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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D. D.,
+Volume IX; Contributions to The Tatler, The Examiner, The Spectator, and The Intelligencer, by Jonathan Swift
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D. D., Volume IX;
+       Contributions to The Tatler, The Examiner, The Spectator,
+       and The Intelligencer
+
+Author: Jonathan Swift
+
+Release Date: August 13, 2004 [EBook #13169]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SWIFT PROSE, VOL. IX ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by G. Graustein and PG Distributed Proofreaders. Produced
+from images provided by the Million Book Project.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE PROSE WORKS OF JONATHAN SWIFT
+
+VOL. IX
+
+GEORGE BELL & SONS
+LONDON: YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN
+CAMBRIDGE: DEIGHTON, BELL & CO.
+NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN CO.
+
+[Illustration: _Jonathan Swift from the picture by Charles Jervas in the
+Bodlean Library Oxford_]
+
+
+THE PROSE WORKS OF JONATHAN SWIFT, D.D.
+
+EDITED BY TEMPLE SCOTT
+
+VOL IX
+
+CONTRIBUTIONS TO "THE TATLER," "THE EXAMINER," "THE SPECTATOR," AND
+"THE INTELLIGENCER"
+
+
+LONDON
+GEORGE BELL AND SONS 1902
+
+CHISWICK PRESS: CHARLES WHITTINGHAM AND CO.
+TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON.
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+Swift has been styled the Prince of Journalists. Like most titles whose
+aim is to express in modern words the character and achievements of a man
+of a past age, this phrase is not of the happiest. Applied to so
+extraordinary a man as Jonathan Swift, it is both misleading and
+inadequate. At best it embodies but a half-truth. It belongs to that
+class of phrases which, in emphasizing a particular side of the
+character, sacrifices truth to a superficial cleverness, and so does
+injustice to the character as a whole. The vogue such phrases obtain is
+thus the measure of the misunderstanding that is current; so that it
+often becomes necessary to receive them with caution and to test them
+with care.
+
+A prince in his art Swift certainly was, but his art was not the art of
+the journalist. Swift was a master of literary expression, and of all
+forms of that expression which aim at embodying in language the common
+life and common facts of men and their common nature. He had his
+limitations, of course; but just here lies the power of his special
+genius. He never attempted to express what he did not fully comprehend.
+If he saw things narrowly, he saw them definitely, and there was no
+mistaking the ideas he wished to convey. "He understands himself," said
+Dr. Johnson, "and his reader always understands him." Within his
+limitations Swift swayed a sovereign power. His narrowness of vision,
+however, did never blind him to the relations that exist between fact and
+fact, between object and subject, between the actual and the possible. At
+the same time it was not his province, as it was not his nature, to
+handle such relations in the abstract. The bent of his mind was towards
+the practical and not the pure reason. The moralist and the statesman
+went hand in hand in him--an excellent example of the eighteenth century
+thinker.
+
+But to say this of Swift is not to say that he was a journalist. The
+journalist is the man of the hour writing for the hour in harmony with
+popular opinion. Both his text and his heads are ready-made for him. He
+follows the beaten road, and only essays new paths when conditions
+have become such as to force him along them. Such a man Swift certainly
+was not. Journalism was not his way to the goal. If anything, it was, as
+Epictetus might have said, but a tavern by the way-side in which he took
+occasion to find the means by which the better to attain his goal. If
+Swift's contributions to the literature of his day be journalism, then
+did journalism spring full-grown into being, and its history since his
+time must be considered as a history of its degeneration. But they were
+much more than journalism. That they took the form they did, in
+contributions to the periodicals of his day, is but an accident which
+does not in the least affect the contributions themselves. These, in
+reality, constitute a criticism of the social and political life of the
+first thirty years of the English eighteenth century. From the time of
+the writing of "A Tale of a Tub" to the days of the Drapier's Letters,
+Swift dissected his countrymen with the pitiless hand of the
+master-surgeon. So profound was his knowledge of human anatomy, individual
+and social, that we shudder now at the pain he must have inflicted in his
+unsparing operations. So accurate was his judgment that we stand amazed
+at his knowledge, and our amazement often turns to a species of horror as
+we see the cuticle flapped open revealing the crude arrangement beneath.
+Nor is it to argue too nicely, to suggest that our present sympathy for
+the past pain, our amazement, and our horror, are, after all, our own
+unconscious tributes to the power of the man who calls them up, and our
+confession of the lasting validity of his criticism.
+
+This is not the power nor is it the kind of criticism that are the
+elements of the art of the journalist. Perhaps we should be glad that it
+is not; which is but to say that we are content with things as they
+exist. It requires a special set of conditions to precipitate a Swift.
+Happily, if we will have it so, the conditions in which we find ourselves
+ask for that kind of journalist whose function is amply fulfilled when
+he has measured the movements of the hour by the somewhat higher
+standards of the day. The conditions under which Swift lived demanded a
+journalist of an entirely different calibre; and they got him. They
+obtained a man who dissolved the petty jealousies of party power in the
+acid of satire, and who distilled the affected fears for Church and State
+in the alembic of a statesmanship that establishes a nation's majesty and
+dignity on the common welfare of its free people. When Swift, at the
+beginning of the November of 1710, was called in to assist the Tory party
+by undertaking the work of "The Examiner," he found a condition of things
+so involved and so unstable, that it required the very nicest
+appreciation, the most delicate handling, and the boldest of hearts to
+readjust and re-establish, without fearful consequences. Harley and St.
+John were safely housed, and, apparently, amply protected by a
+substantial majority. But majorities are often not the most trustworthy
+of supports. Apart from the over-confidence which they inspire, and
+apart from the danger of a too-enthusiastic following, such as found
+expression in the October Club, there was the danger which might come
+from the dissatisfaction of the people at large, should their temper be
+wrongly gauged; and at this juncture it was not easy to gauge. The
+popularity of Marlborough and his victories, on the one hand, was
+undoubted. On the other, however, there was the growing opinion that
+those victories had been paid for at a price greater than England could
+afford. If she had gained reputation and prestige, these could not fill
+the mouths of the landed class, gradually growing poorer, and the members
+of this class were not of a disposition to restrain their feelings as
+they noted the growing prosperity of the Whig stock-jobbers--a
+prosperity that was due to the very war which was beggaring them. If the
+landed man cried for peace, he was answered by the Whig stock-jobber that
+peace meant the ultimate repudiation of the National Debt, with the
+certainty of the reign of the Pretender. If the landed man spoke for the
+Church, the Whig speculator raised the shout of "No Popery!" The war had
+transformed parties into factions, and the ministry stood between a
+Scylla of a peace-at-any-price, on the one side, and a Charybdis of a
+war-at-any-price on the other; or, if not a war, then a peace so
+one-sided that it would be almost impossible to bring it about.
+
+In such troubled waters, and at such a critical juncture, it was given to
+Swift to act as pilot to the ship of State. His papers to "The Examiner"
+must bear witness to the skill with which he accomplished the task set
+before him. His appeal to the people of England for confidence in the
+ministry, should be an appeal not alone on behalf of its distinguished
+and able members, but also on behalf of a policy by which "the crooked
+should be made straight and the rough places plain." Such was to be the
+nature of his appeal, and he made it in a series of essays that turned
+every advantage with admirable effect to the side of his clients. Not
+another man then living could have done what he did; and we question if
+either Harley or St. John ever realized the service he rendered them. The
+later careers of these two men furnish no doubtful hints of what might
+have happened at this period had Swift been other than the man he was.
+
+But Swift's "Examiners" did much more than preserve Harley's head on his
+shoulders; they brought the nation to a calmer sense of its position, and
+tutored it to a juster appreciation of the men who were using it for
+selfish ends. Let us make every allowance for purely special pleadings;
+for indulgence in personal feeling against the men who had either
+disappointed, injured, or angered him; for the party man affecting or
+genuinely feeling party bitterness, for the tricks and subterfuges of the
+paid advocate appealing to the passions and weaknesses of those whose
+favour he was seeking to win; allowing for these, there are yet left in
+these papers a noble spirit of wide-eyed patriotism, and a distinguished
+grasp of the meaning of national greatness and national integrity.
+
+The pamphleteers whom he opposed, and who opposed him, were powerless
+against Swift. Where they pried with the curiosity and meanness of petty
+dealers, Swift's insight seized on the larger relations, and insisted on
+them. Where they "bantered," cajoled, and sneered, arousing a very mild
+irritation, Swift's scornful invective, and biting satire silenced into
+fear the enemies of the Queen's chosen ministers. Where their jejune
+"answers" gained a simper, Swift's virility of mind, range of power, and
+dexterity of handling, compelled a homage. His Whig antagonists had
+good reason to dread him. He scoffed at them for an existence that was
+founded, not on a devotion to principles, but on a jealousy for the power
+others enjoyed. "The bulk of the Whigs appears rather to be linked to a
+certain set of persons, than any certain set of principles." To these
+persons also he directed his grim attention, Somers, Cowper, Godolphin,
+Marlborough, and Wharton were each drawn with iron stylus and acid. To
+Wharton he gave special care (he had some private scores to pay off), and
+in the character of Verres, he etched the portrait of a profligate, an
+unscrupulous governor, a scoundrel, an infidel to his religion and
+country, a reckless, selfish, low-living blackguard. In the Letter to
+Marcus Crassus, Marlborough is addressed in language that the simplest
+farm-labourer could understand. The letter is a lay sermon on the vice of
+avarice, and every point and illustration are taken from Marlborough's
+life with such telling application that Marlborough himself must have
+taken thought as he read it. "No man," Swift finely concludes, "of true
+valour and true understanding, upon whom this vice has stolen unawares;
+when he is convinced he is guilty, will suffer it to remain in his breast
+an hour."
+
+But these attentions to the Whigs as a party and as individuals were,
+after all, but the by-play of the skilled orator preparing the minds of
+his hearers for the true purpose in hand. That purpose may originally
+have been to fix the ministry in the country's favour; but Swift having
+fulfilled it, and so discharged his office, turned it, as indeed he could
+not help turning it, and as later in the Drapier's Letters he turned
+another purpose, to the persuasion of an acceptance of those broad
+principles which so influenced political thought during the last years of
+the reign of Queen Anne. It is with these principles in his mind that Dr.
+Johnson confessed that Swift "dictated for a time the political opinions
+of the English nation." He recalled the nation to a consideration of the
+Constitution; he attributed to the people (because, of course, they had
+elected the new ministry into power) an appreciation of what was best for
+the protection of their ancient privileges and rights. The past twenty
+years had been a period of mismanagement, in which the Constitution had
+been ignored; "but the body of the people is wiser; and by the choice
+they have made, shew they do understand our Constitution, and would bring
+it back to the old form." "The nation has groaned under the intolerable
+burden of those who sucked her blood for gain. We have carried on wars,
+that we might fill the pockets of stock-jobbers. We have revised our
+Constitution, and by a great and united national effort, have secured our
+Protestant succession, only that we may become the tools of a faction,
+who arrogate to themselves the whole merit of what was a national act. We
+are governed by upstarts, who are unsettling the landmarks of our social
+system, and are displacing the influence of our landed gentry by that of
+a class of men who find their profit in our woes." The rule of the
+tradesman must be replaced by the rule of those whose lives are bound up
+with the land of their country. The art of government was not "the
+importation of nutmegs, and the curing of herrings;" but the political
+embodiment of the will of "a Parliament freely chosen, without
+threatening or corruption," and "composed of landed men" whose interests
+being in the soil would be at one with the interests of those who lived
+on the soil. Whigs and Tories may dispute as they will among themselves
+as to the best side from which to defend the country; but the men of the
+true party are the men of the National party--they "whose principles in
+Church and State, are what I have above related; whose actions are
+derived from thence, and who have no attachment to any set of ministers,
+further than as these are friends to the Constitution in all its parts;
+but will do their utmost to save their Prince and Country, whoever be at
+the Helm".[1]
+
+In this spirit and in such wise did Swift temper his time and champion
+the cause of those men who had chosen him. This was a kind of "examining"
+to which neither the Whigs nor the Tories had been accustomed. It shed
+quite a new light on matters, which the country at large was not slow to
+appreciate. Throughout the length and breadth of the kingdom "The
+Examiner" was welcomed and its appeals responded to. Its success was
+notable, even magnificent; but it was not a lasting success. It did the
+work that the ministry had intended it to do, and did it unmistakably;
+but the principles of this National party were for men of a sterner mould
+than either Harley or St. John. Swift had laid a burden on their
+shoulders heavier than they could carry, and they fell when they were
+bereft of his support. But the work Swift did bears witness to-day to a
+very unusual combination of qualities in the genius of this man, whose
+personality stands out even above his work. It was ever his fate to serve
+and never his happiness to command; but then he had himself accepted
+servitude when he donned the robe of the priest.
+
+It is deserving of repeated record to note that Dr. Johnson in admitting
+that Swift, in "The Examiner," had the advantage in argument, adds that
+"with regard to wit, I am afraid none of Swift's papers will be found
+equal to those by which Addison opposed him." To which Monck Mason
+pertinently remarks: "The Doctor should have told us what these papers
+were which Addison wrote in opposition to Swift's 'Examiner;' for the
+last 'Whig Examiner,' written by Addison, was published October 12th,
+1710, and Swift's first 'Examiner' on the 2nd November following."[2]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In this volume have been collected those writings of Swift which form his
+contributions to the periodicals of his time. Care has been taken to give
+the best text and to admit nothing that Swift did not write. In the
+preparation of the volume the editor has received such assistance from
+Mr. W. Spencer Jackson that it might with stricter justice be said that
+he had edited it. He collated the texts, revised the proofs, and supplied
+most of the notes. Without his assistance the volume must inevitably have
+been further delayed, and the editor gladly takes this occasion to
+acknowledge his indebtedness to Mr. Jackson and to thank him for his
+help.
+
+His further indebtedness must be acknowledged to the researches of those
+writers already named in the previously published volumes of this
+edition, and also cited in the notes to the present volume.
+
+TEMPLE SCOTT.
+
+GLEN RIDGE, NEW JERSEY, U.S.A.
+
+_April_ 8, 1902.
+
+[Footnote 1: "Examiner," No. 44, p. 290.]
+
+[Footnote 2: "Hist. St. Patrick's Cathedral," p. 257, note g.]
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+CONTRIBUTIONS TO "THE TATLER"
+Introductory Note
+No. 32, June 23, 1709
+    35,  "  30,  "
+    59, Aug. 25,  "
+    65, Sept. 3,  "
+    66,  "  10,  "
+    67,  "  13,  "
+    68,  "  15,  "
+    70,  "  22,  "
+    71,  "  22,  "
+   230, Sept. 28, 1710
+   258, Dec.  2,  "
+
+Note to Harrison's "Tatler"
+No. 1 (of vol. v.), Jan. 13, 1710-11
+    2 (    "    ),   "   16,   "
+    5 (    "    ),   "   27,   "
+No. 298 (vol. v., No. 20), March 6, 1710-11
+    302 (vol. v., No. 24),  "  15    "
+    306 (vol. v., No. 28),  "  24    "
+
+CONTRIBUTIONS TO "THE EXAMINER"
+Introductory Note
+No. 14 (13), Nov. 2, 1710
+    15 (14),  "  9,     "
+    16 (15),  " 16,     "
+    17 (16),  " 23,     "
+    18 (17),  " 30,     "
+    19 (18), Dec. 7,    "
+    20 (19),  " 14,     "
+    21 (20),  " 21,     "
+    22 (21),  " 28,     "
+    23 (22), Jan. 4, 1710-11
+    24 (23),  " 11,     "
+    25 (24),  " 18,     "
+    26 (25),  " 25,     "
+    27 (26), Feb. 1,    "
+    28 (27),  "  8,     "
+    29 (28), Feb  15, 1710 11
+    30 (29),  "   22,   "
+    31 (30), March 1,   "
+    32 (31),  "    8,   "
+    33 (32),  "   15,   "
+    34 (33),  "   22,   "
+    35 (34),  "   29, 1711
+    36 (35), April 5,   "
+    37 (36),  "   12,   "
+    38 (37),  "   19,   "
+    39 (38),  "   26,   "
+    40 (39), May   3,   "
+    41 (40),  "   10,   "
+    42 (41),  "   17,   "
+    43 (42),  "   24,   "
+    44 (43),  "   31,   "
+    45 (44), June  7,   "
+    46 (45),  "   14,   "
+
+CONTRIBUTIONS TO "THE SPECTATOR"
+  Introductory Note
+  No  50, April 27, 1711 (The Four Indian Kings)
+  Paragraph from No 575, August 2, 1714
+
+CONTRIBUTIONS TO "THE INTELLIGENCER"
+  Introductory Note
+  No 1, May 11, 1728 (Introduction)
+     3, A Vindication of Mr. Gay, and the Beggar's Opera
+    19, The Hardships of the Irish being deprived of their
+         Silver, and decoyed into America
+
+             *   *   *   *   *
+
+
+CONTRIBUTIONS TO "THE TATLER."
+
+NOTE.
+
+In the original dedication of the first volume of "The Tatler" to Arthur
+Maynwaring Richard Steele, its projector and editor, gives characteristic
+expression to the motive which prompted him in its establishment. "The
+state of conversation and business in this town," says Steele, "having
+been long perplexed with pretenders in both kinds, in order to open men's
+eyes against such abuses, it appeared no unprofitable undertaking to
+publish a Paper which should observe upon the manners of the pleasurable,
+as well as the busy, part of mankind." He goes on to say that "the
+general purpose of this Paper is to expose the false arts of life, to
+pull off the disguises of cunning, vanity, and affectation, and to
+recommend a general simplicity in our dress, our discourse, and our
+behaviour."
+
+That Steele succeeded in this laudable purpose has been amply made
+evident by the effect "The Tatler" had upon his literary successors,
+both of his own age and of the generations since his time. "The Tatler"
+was, if we except Defoe's "Weekly Review," the earliest literary
+periodical which, in the language of Scott, "had no small effect in
+fixing and refining the character of the English nation."
+
+Steele conducted his periodical under the name of Isaac Bickerstaff.
+He chose this name purposely because he felt, as he himself expressed
+it, that "a work of this nature required time to grow into the notice of
+the world. It happened very luckily that a little before I had resolved
+upon this design, a gentleman had written predictions, and two or three
+other pieces in my name, which had rendered it famous through all
+parts of Europe; and by an inimitable spirit and humour, raised it to as
+high a pitch of reputation as it could possibly arrive at." The gentleman
+referred to is, of course, Swift, whose pamphlets on Partridge had
+been the talk of the town.
+
+Steele very kindly ascribes the success of the periodical to this "good
+fortune;" and though there may be something in what he said, we, in the
+present day, can more justly appreciate the great benefit conferred upon
+his countrymen by himself and his co-workers.
+
+The influence of "The Tatler" on contemporary thought is acknowledged by
+Gay in his "Present State of Wit," published in 1711. Gay remarks: "His
+writings have set all our wits and men of letters upon a new way of
+thinking, of which they had little or no notion before; and though we
+cannot yet say that any of them have come up to the beauties of the
+original, I think we may venture to affirm that every one of them writes
+and thinks much more justly than they did some time since."
+
+Among the contributors, in addition to the editor himself, were Swift,
+Addison, Yalden, John Hughes, William Harrison, and James Greenwood.
+
+It must always remain to a great extent a matter of conjecture as to the
+exact authorship of "The Tatler" papers. In the preface to the fourth
+volume the authorship of a very few of the articles was admitted. Peter
+Wentworth wrote to his brother, Lord Raby, on May 9th, 1709, saying the
+Tatlers "are writ by a club of wits, who make it their business to pick
+up all the merry stories they can.... Three of the authors are guessed
+at, viz.: Swift,... Yalden, and Steele" ("Wentworth Papers," 85).
+
+Swift's first recognized prose contribution to "The Tatler" was in No. 32
+(June 23rd), and he continued from time to time, as the following reprint
+will show, to assist his friend; but, unfortunately, party politics
+separated the two, and Swift retired from the venture.
+
+A particular meaning was attached to the place from which the articles in
+"The Tatler" were dated. The following notice appeared in the first
+number: "All accounts of gallantry, pleasure, and entertainment, shall be
+under the article of White's Chocolate-house; poetry, under that of
+Will's Coffee-house; learning, under the title of Grecian; foreign and
+domestic news, you will have from St. James's Coffee-house; and what else
+I have to offer on any other subject shall be dated from my own
+Apartment."
+
+"The Tatler" was reprinted in Edinburgh as soon as possible after its
+publication in London, commencing apparently with No. 130, as No. 31
+(Edinburgh, James Watson) is dated April 24th, 1710, and corresponds to
+No. 160 of the original edition, April 18th, 1710. [T.S.]
+
+
+THE TATLER, NUMB. 32.
+
+FROM TUESDAY JUNE 21. TO THURSDAY JUNE 23. 1709.
+
+"To ISAAC BICKERSTAFF ESQ;[1]
+
+_June_ 18. 1709.
+
+"SIR,
+
+"I know not whether you ought to pity or laugh at me; for I am fallen
+desperately in love with a professed _Platonne_, the most unaccountable
+creature of her sex. To hear her talk seraphics, and run over Norris[2]
+and More,[3] and Milton,[4] and the whole set of Intellectual Triflers,
+torments me heartily; for to a lover who understands metaphors, all this
+pretty prattle of ideas gives very fine views of pleasure, which only the
+dear declaimer prevents, by understanding them literally. Why should she
+wish to be a cherubim, when it is flesh and blood that makes her
+adorable? If I speak to her, that is a high breach of the idea of
+intuition: If I offer at her hand or lip, she shrinks from the touch like
+a sensitive plant, and would contract herself into mere spirit. She calls
+her chariot, vehicle; her furbelowed scarf, pinions; her blue manteau and
+petticoat is her azure dress; and her footman goes by the name of Oberon.
+It is my misfortune to be six foot and a half high, two full spans
+between the shoulders, thirteen inches diameter in the calves; and before
+I was in love, I had a noble stomach, and usually went to bed sober with
+two bottles. I am not quite six and twenty, and my nose is marked truly
+aquiline. For these reasons, I am in a very particular manner her
+aversion. What shall I do? Impudence itself cannot reclaim her. If I
+write miserable, she reckons me among the children of perdition, and
+discards me her region: If I assume the gross and substantial, she plays
+the real ghost with me, and vanishes in a moment. I had hopes in the
+hypocrisy of the sex; but perseverance makes it as bad as a fixed
+aversion. I desire your opinion, Whether I may not lawfully play the
+inquisition upon her, make use of a little force, and put her to the rack
+and the torture, only to convince her, she has really fine limbs, without
+spoiling or distorting them. I expect your directions, ere I proceed to
+dwindle and fall away with despair; which at present I don't think
+advisable, because, if she should recant, she may then hate me perhaps
+in the other extreme for my tenuity. I am (with impatience)
+
+"Your most humble servant,
+
+"CHARLES STURDY."
+
+
+My patient has put his case with very much warmth, and represented it in
+so lively a manner, that I see both his torment and tormentor with great
+perspicuity. This order of Platonic ladies are to be dealt with in a
+peculiar manner from all the rest of the sex. Flattery is the general
+way, and the way in this case; but it is not to be done grossly. Every
+man that has wit, and humour, and raillery, can make a good flatterer for
+woman in general; but a _Platonne_ is not to be touched with panegyric:
+she will tell you, it is a sensuality in the soul to be delighted that
+way. You are not therefore to commend, but silently consent to all she
+does and says. You are to consider in her the scorn of you is not humour,
+but opinion.
+
+There were some years since a set of these ladies who were of quality,
+and gave out, that virginity was to be their state of life during this
+mortal condition, and therefore resolved to join their fortunes, and
+erect a nunnery. The place of residence was pitched upon; and a pretty
+situation, full of natural falls and risings of waters, with shady
+coverts, and flowery arbours, was approved by seven of the founders.
+There were as many of our sex who took the liberty to visit those
+mansions of intended severity; among others, a famous rake[5] of that
+time, who had the grave way to an excellence. He came in first; but upon
+seeing a servant coming towards him, with a design to tell him, this was
+no place for him or his companions, up goes my grave impudence to the
+maid: "Young woman," said he, "if any of the ladies are in the way on
+this side of the house, pray carry us on the other side towards the
+gardens: we are, you must know, gentlemen that are travelling England;
+after which we shall go into foreign parts, where some of us have already
+been." Here he bows in the most humble manner, and kissed the girl, who
+knew not how to behave to such a sort of carriage. He goes on; "Now you
+must know we have an ambition to have it to say, that we have a
+Protestant nunnery in England: but pray Mrs. Betty----"--"Sir," she
+replied, "my name is Susan, at your service."--"Then I heartily beg your
+pardon----"--"No offence in the least," says she, "for I have a
+cousin-german whose name is Betty."[6]--"Indeed," said he, "I protest to
+you that was more than I knew, I spoke at random: But since it happens
+that I was near in the right, give me leave to present this gentleman to
+the favour of a civil salute." His friend advances, and so on, till that
+they had all saluted her. By this means, the poor girl was in the middle
+of the crowd of these fellows, at a loss what to do, without courage to
+pass through them; and the Platonics, at several peepholes, pale,
+trembling, and fretting. Rake perceived they were observed, and therefore
+took care to keep Sukey in chat with questions concerning their way of
+life; when appeared at last Madonella,[7] a lady who had writ a fine
+book concerning the recluse life, and was the projectrix of the
+foundation. She approaches into the hall; and Rake, knowing the dignity
+of his own mien and aspect, goes deputy from his company. She begins,
+"Sir, I am obliged to follow the servant, who was sent out to know, What
+affair could make strangers press upon a solitude which we, who are to
+inhabit this place, have devoted to Heaven and our own thoughts?"--
+"Madam," replies Rake, (with an air of great distance, mixed with a
+certain indifference, by which he could dissemble dissimulation) "your
+great intention has made more noise in the world than you design it
+should; and we travellers, who have seen many foreign institutions of
+this kind, have a curiosity to see, in its first rudiments, this seat of
+primitive piety; for such it must be called by future ages, to the
+eternal honour of the founders. I have read Madonella's excellent and
+seraphic discourse on this subject." The lady immediately answers, "If
+what I have said could have contributed to raise any thoughts in you that
+may make for the advancement of intellectual and divine conversation, I
+should think myself extremely happy." He immediately fell back with the
+profoundest veneration; then advancing, "Are you then that admired lady?
+If I may approach lips which have uttered things so sacred--" He salutes
+her. His friends followed his example. The devoted within stood in
+amazement where this would end, to see Madonella receive their address
+and their company. But Rake goes on--"We would not transgress rules; but
+if we may take the liberty to see the place you have thought fit to
+choose for ever, we would go into such parts of the gardens as is
+consistent with the severities you have imposed on yourselves."
+
+To be short, Madonella permitted Rake to lead her into the assembly of
+nuns, followed by his friends, and each took his fair one by the hand,
+after due explanation, to walk round the gardens. The conversation turned
+upon the lilies, the flowers, the arbours, and the growing vegetables;
+and Rake had the solemn impudence, when the whole company stood round
+him, to say, "That he sincerely wished men might rise out of the earth
+like plants;[8] and that our minds were not of necessity to be sullied
+with carnivorous appetites for the generation, as well as support of our
+species." This was spoke with so easy and fixed an assurance, that
+Madonella answered, "Sir, under the notion of a pious thought, you
+deceive yourself in wishing an institution foreign to that of Providence:
+These desires were implanted in us for reverend purposes, in preserving
+the race of men, and giving opportunities for making our chastity more
+heroic." The conference was continued in this celestial strain, and
+carried on so well by the managers on both sides, that it created a
+second and a second interview;[9] and, without entering into further
+particulars, there was hardly one of them but was a mother or father that
+day twelvemonth.
+
+Any unnatural part is long taking up, and as long laying aside; therefore
+Mr. Sturdy may assure himself, Platonica will fly for ever from a forward
+behaviour; but if he approaches her according to this model, she will
+fall in with the necessities of mortal life, and condescend to look with
+pity upon an unhappy man, imprisoned in so much body, and urged by such
+violent desires.
+
+[Footnote 1: This letter is introduced by the following words:
+
+"White's Chocolate-house, June 22.
+
+"An Answer to the following letter being absolutely necessary to be
+dispatched with all expedition, I must trespass upon all that come with
+horary questions into my ante-chamber, to give the gentleman my opinion."
+
+This paper is written in ridicule of some affected ladies of the period,
+who pretended, with rather too much ostentation, to embrace the doctrines
+of Platonic Love. Mrs. Mary Astell, a learned and worthy woman, had
+embraced this fantastic notion so deeply, that, in an essay upon the
+female sex, in 1696, she proposed a sort of female college, in which the
+young might be instructed, and 'ladies nauseating the parade of the
+world,' might find a happy retirement. The plan was disconcerted by
+Bishop Burnet, who, understanding that the Queen intended to give £10,000
+towards the establishment, dissuaded her, by an assurance, that it would
+lead to the introduction of Popish orders, and be called a nunnery. This
+lady is the Madonella of the Tatler.... This paper has been censured as a
+gross reflection on Mrs. Astell's character, but on no very just
+foundation. Swift only prophesies the probable issue of such a scheme, as
+that of the Protestant nunnery; and it is a violent interpretation of his
+words to suppose him to insinuate, that the conclusion had taken place
+without the premises. Indeed, the scourge of ridicule is seldom better
+employed than on that species of _Précieuse_, who is anxious to confound
+the boundaries which nature has fixed for the employments and studies of
+the two sexes. No man was more zealous than Swift for informing the
+female mind in those points most becoming and useful to their sex. His
+"Letter to a Young Married Lady" and "Thoughts on Education" point out
+the extent of those studies. [S.]
+
+Nichols, in his edition of "The Tatler" (1786), ascribes this paper to
+"Swift and Addison"; but he thinks the humour of it "certainly originated
+in the licentious imagination of the Dean of St. Patrick's." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: John Norris (1657-1711), Rector of Bemerton, author of "The
+Theory and Regulation of Love" (1688), and of many other works. His
+correspondence with the famous Platonist, Henry More, is appended to this
+"moral essay." Chalmers speaks of him as "a man of great ingenuity,
+learning, and piety"; but Locke refers to him as "an obscure,
+enthusiastic man." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: Henry More (1614-1687), the famous Cambridge Platonist, and
+author of "Philosophicall Poems" (1647), "The Immortality of the Soul"
+(1659), and other works of a similar nature. Chalmers notes that "Mr.
+Chishall, an eminent bookseller, declared, that Dr. More's 'Mystery of
+Godliness' and his other works, ruled all the booksellers of London for
+twenty years together." [T.S. ]]
+
+[Footnote 4: The reference here is to Milton's "Apology for Smectymnuus."
+Milton and More were, during one year, fellow-students at Christ's
+College, Cambridge. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Said to refer to a Mr. Repington, a well-known wag of the
+time, and a member of an old Warwickshire family, of Amington, near
+Tamworth. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: The Betty here referred to is the Lady Elizabeth Hastings
+(1682-1739), daughter of Theophilus, seventh Earl of Huntingdon. In
+No. 49 of "The Tatler," Steele refers to her in the famous sentence:
+"to love her is a liberal education." She contributed to Mrs. Astell's
+plans for the establishment of a "Protestant nunnery." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: See previous note. Mrs. Mary Astell (1668-1731) the
+authoress of "A Serious Proposal to the Ladies for the Advancement of
+their true and greatest Interest" (1694), was the friend of Lady
+Elizabeth Hastings and the correspondent of John Norris of Bemerton.
+There is not the slightest foundation for the gross and cruel
+insinuations against her character in this paper. The libel is repeated
+in the 59th and 63rd numbers of "The Tatler." Her correspondence with
+Norris was published in 1695, with the title, "Letters Concerning the
+Love of God". Later in life she attacked Atterbury, Locke, and White
+Kennett. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: The reference here is to Sir Thomas Browne's "Religio
+Medici," part ii., section 9. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: M. Bournelle--a pseudonym of William Oldisworth--remarks:
+"The next interview after a _second_ is still a _second_; there is no
+progress in time to lovers" ("Annotations on 'The Tatler'"). Chalmers
+reads here, "a second and a third interview." [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+THE TATLER, NUMB. 35.
+
+
+FROM TUESDAY JUNE 28. TO THURSDAY JUNE 30. 1709.
+
+"SIR,[1]
+
+"Not long since[2] you were pleased to give us a chimerical account of
+the famous family of _Staffs_, from whence I suppose you would insinuate,
+that it is the most ancient and numerous house in all Europe. But I
+positively deny that it is either; and wonder much at your audacious
+proceedings in this matter, since it is well known, that our most
+illustrious, most renowned, and most celebrated Roman family of _Ix_, has
+enjoyed the precedency to all others from the reign of good old Saturn. I
+could say much to the defamation and disgrace of your family; as, that
+your relations _Distaff_ and _Broomstaff_ were both inconsiderate mean
+persons, one spinning, the other sweeping the streets, for their daily
+bread. But I forbear to vent my spleen on objects so much beneath my
+indignation. I shall only give the world a catalogue of my ancestors, and
+leave them to determine which hath hitherto had, and which for the future
+ought to have, the preference.
+
+"First then comes the most famous and popular lady _Meretrix_, parent of
+the fertile family of _Bellatrix, Lotrix, Netrix, Nutrix, Obstetrix,
+Famulatrix, Coctrix, Ornatrix, Sarcinatrix, Fextrix, Balneatrix,
+Portatrix, Saltatrix, Divinatrix, Conjectrix, Comtrix, Debitrix,
+Creditrix, Donatrix, Ambulatrix, Mercatrix, Adsectrix, Assectatrix,
+Palpatrix, Praeceptrix, Pistrix._
+
+"I am yours,
+
+"ELIZ. POTATRIX."
+
+
+[Footnote 1: This letter is introduced:
+
+"From my own Apartment, June 29.
+
+"It would be a very great obligation, and an assistance to my treatise
+upon punning, if any one would please to inform me in what class among
+the learned, who play with words, to place the author of the following
+letter."
+
+The proposed work had been promised in the 32nd number of "The Tatler,"
+where it was stated that, "I shall dedicate this discourse to a
+gentleman, my very good friend, who is the Janus of our times, and
+whom, by his years and wit, you would take to be of the last age; but
+by his dress and morals, of this." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: In the 11th number of "The Tatler," by Heneage Twisden.
+[T.S.]]
+
+
+THE TATLER, NUMB. 59.
+
+
+FROM TUESDAY AUGUST 23. TO THURSDAY AUGUST 25. 1709.
+
+_Will's Coffee-house, August 24._
+
+The author of the ensuing letter, by his name, and the quotations he
+makes from the ancients, seems a sort of spy from the old world, whom we
+moderns ought to be careful of offending; therefore I must be free, and
+own it a fair hit where he takes me, rather than disoblige him.
+
+"SIR, Having a peculiar humour of desiring to be somewhat the better or
+wiser for what I read, I am always uneasy when, in any profound writer
+(for I read no others) I happen to meet with what I cannot understand.
+When this falls out, it is a great grievance to me that I am not able to
+consult the author himself about his meaning; for commentators are a sect
+that has little share in my esteem. Your elaborate writings have, among
+many others, this advantage, that their author is still alive, and ready
+(as his extensive charity makes us expect) to explain whatever may
+be found in them too sublime for vulgar understandings. This, Sir, makes
+me presume to ask you, how the Hampstead hero's character could be
+perfectly new[1] when the last letters came away, and yet Sir John
+Suckling so well acquainted with it sixty years ago? I hope, Sir, you
+will not take this amiss: I can assure you, I have a profound respect
+for you; which makes me write this, with the same disposition with which
+Longinus bids us read Homer and Plato.
+
+"'When in reading,' says he, 'any of those celebrated authors, we meet
+with a passage to which we cannot well reconcile our reasons, we ought
+firmly to believe, that were those great wits present to answer for
+themselves, we should to our wonder be convinced, that we only are guilty
+of the mistakes we before attributed to them.' If you think fit to
+remove the scruple that now torments me, it will be an encouragement to
+me to settle a frequent correspondence with you, several things falling
+in my way which would not, perhaps, be altogether foreign to your
+purpose, and whereon your thoughts would be very acceptable to
+
+"Your most humble servant,
+
+"OBADIAH GREENHAT."
+
+[Footnote 1: In No. 57 of "The Tatler" Steele wrote: "Letters from
+Hampstead say, there is a coxcomb arrived there, of a kind which is
+utterly new. The fellow has courage, which he takes himself to be obliged
+to give proofs of every hour he lives. He is ever fighting with the men,
+and contradicting the women. A lady, who sent him to me, superscribed
+him with this description out of Suckling:
+
+"'I am a man of war and might,
+And know thus much, that I can fight,
+Whether I am i' th' wrong or right.
+  Devoutly.
+'No woman under Heaven I fear,
+New oaths I can exactly swear;
+And forty healths my brains will bear,
+ Most stoutly.'"
+
+The "description out of Suckling" is from that writer's rondeau, "A
+Soldier." As the poet died in 1642, Swift ridicules the statement
+that this kind of coxcomb was "utterly new." [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+THE TATLER, NUMB. 63.
+
+FROM THURSDAY SEPTEMBER I. TO SATURDAY SEPTEMBER 3, 1709.
+"SIR,[1]
+
+"It must be allowed, that Esquire Bickerstaff is of all authors the most
+ingenuous. There are few, very few, that will own themselves in a
+mistake, though all the World sees them to be in downright nonsense.
+You'll be pleased, Sir, to pardon this expression, for the same reason
+for which you once desired us to excuse you when you seemed anything
+dull. Most writers, like the generality of Paul Lorrain's[2] saints, seem
+to place a peculiar vanity in dying hard. But you, Sir, to show a good
+example to your brethren, have not only confessed, but of your own accord
+mended the indictment. Nay, you have been so good-natured as to discover
+beauties in it, which, I will assure you, he that drew it never dreamed
+of: And to make your civility the more accomplished, you have honoured
+him with the title of your kinsman,[3] which, though derived by the left
+hand, he is not a little proud of. My brother (for such Obadiah is) being
+at present very busy about nothing, has ordered me to return you his
+sincere thanks for all these favours; and, as a small token of his
+gratitude, to communicate to you the following piece of intelligence,
+which, he thinks, belongs more properly to you than to any others of our
+modern historians.
+
+"_Madonella_, who as it was thought had long since taken her flight
+towards the ethereal mansions, still walks, it seems, in the regions of
+mortality; where she has found, by deep reflections on the revolution[4]
+mentioned in yours of June the 23rd, that where early instructions have
+been wanting to imprint true ideas of things on the tender souls of those
+of her sex, they are never after able to arrive at such a pitch of
+perfection, as to be above the laws of matter and motion; laws which are
+considerably enforced by the principles usually imbibed in nurseries and
+boarding-schools. To remedy this evil, she has laid the scheme of a
+college for young damsels; where, instead of scissors, needles, and
+samplers; pens, compasses, quadrants, books, manuscripts, Greek, Latin,
+and Hebrew, are to take up their whole time. Only on holidays the
+students will, for moderate exercise, be allowed to divert themselves
+with the use of some of the lightest and most voluble weapons; and proper
+care will be taken to give them at least a superficial tincture of the
+ancient and modern Amazonian tactics. Of these military performances, the
+direction is undertaken by Epicene,[5] the writer of 'Memoirs from the
+Mediterranean,' who, by the help of some artificial poisons conveyed by
+smells, has within these few weeks brought many persons of both sexes
+to an untimely fate; and, what is more surprising, has, contrary to her
+profession, with the same odours, revived others who had long since been
+drowned in the whirlpools of Lethe. Another of the professors is to be a
+certain lady, who is now publishing two of the choicest Saxon novels[6],
+which are said to have been in as great repute with the ladies of Queen
+Emma's Court, as the 'Memoirs from the New Atalantis' are with those of
+ours. I shall make it my business to enquire into the progress of this
+learned institution, and give you the first notice of their
+'Philosophical Transactions[7], and Searches after Nature.'
+
+"Yours, &c.
+
+"TOBIAH GREENHAT."
+
+[Footnote 1: This letter was introduced:
+
+"From my own Apartment, September 2.
+
+"The following letter being a panegyric upon me for a quality which every
+man may attain, an acknowledgment of his faults; I thought it for the
+good of my fellow writers to publish it." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: The Rev. Paul Lorrain was ordinary of Newgate Prison from
+1698 until 1719. He issued the dying speeches and confessions of the
+condemned criminals in the form of broadsheets. In these confessions,
+the penitence of the criminals was most strongly emphasized, hence the
+term "Lorrain's saints." Lorrain died in 1719. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: Isaac Bickerstaff, commenting on the letter in No. 59,
+printed above, says: "I have looked over our pedigree upon the receipt of
+this epistle, and find the Greenhats are a-kin to the Staffs. They
+descend from Maudlin, the left-handed wife of Nehemiah Bickerstaff,
+in the reign of Harry II." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: See No. 32 _ante_. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Mrs. Mary de la Rivière Manley, author of "Memoirs of
+Europe, towards the Close of the Eighth Century" (1710), which she
+dedicated to Isaac Bickerstaff, and of "Secret Memoirs and Manners ...
+from the New Atalantis" (1709). She was associated with Swift in the
+writing of several pamphlets In support of the Harley Administration,
+and in his work on "The Examiner" (see vol. v., pp. 41, 118, and 171 of
+the present edition of Swift's works).
+
+Epicene is an allusion to Ben Jonson's comedy, "Epicoene; or, the
+Silent Woman" (1609).
+
+Mrs. Manley seems to have credited Steele with this attack on her, for
+she attacked him, in turn, in her "New Atalantis," and printed, in her
+dedication to the "Memoirs of Europe," Steele's denial of the authorship
+of this paper. This did not, however, prevent her making new charges
+against him. "The Narrative of Guiscard's Examination," "A Comment on Dr.
+Hare's Sermon," and "The Duke of Marlborough's Vindication," were written
+either by herself, or at the suggestion of, and with instructions from,
+Swift. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: Mrs. Elizabeth Elstob (1683-1756), a niece of the learned
+Dr. Hickes, issued, in 1709, "An English-Saxon Homily on the Birthday
+of St. Gregory." The work was dedicated to Queen Anne. She was a friend
+of Mary Granville, afterwards Mrs. Pendarves, and better known as Mrs.
+Delany. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: An allusion to "Useful Transactions in Philosophy," etc.,
+January and February, 1708/9, which commenced with an article entitled
+"An Essay on the Invention of Samplers," by Mrs. Arabella Manly (_sic_).
+She had a friend, Mrs. Betty Clavel. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+THE TATLER, NUMB. 66.
+
+
+FROM THURSDAY SEPTEMBER 8. TO SATURDAY SEPTEMBER 10. 1709.
+
+_Wills Coffee-house, September_ 9.
+
+We have been very much perplexed here this evening, by two gentlemen who
+took upon them to talk as loud as if it were expected from them to
+entertain the company. Their subject was eloquence and graceful action.
+Lysander, who is something particular in his way of thinking and
+speaking, told us, "a man could not be eloquent without action: for the
+deportment of the body, the turn of the eye, and an apt sound to every
+word that is uttered, must all conspire to make an accomplished speaker.
+Action in one that speaks in public, is the same thing which a good
+mien is in ordinary life. Thus, as a certain insensibility in the
+countenance recommends a sentence of humour and jest, so it must be a
+very lively consciousness that gives grace to great sentiments: For the
+jest is to be a thing unexpected; therefore your undesigning manner is a
+beauty in expressions of mirth; but when you are to talk on a set
+subject, the more you are moved yourself, the more you will move others.
+
+"There is," said he, "a remarkable example of that kind: Aeschines, a
+famous orator of antiquity, had pleaded at Athens in a great cause
+against Demosthenes; but having lost it, retired to Rhodes. Eloquence was
+then the quality most admired among men; and the magistrates of that
+place having heard he had a copy of the speech of Demosthenes, desired
+him to repeat both their pleadings. After his own, he recited also the
+oration of his antagonist. The people expressed their admiration of both,
+but more of that of Demosthenes. 'If you are,' said he, 'thus touched
+with hearing only what that great orator said, how would you have been
+affected had you seen him speak? for he who hears Demosthenes only, loses
+much the better part of the oration.' Certain it is, that they who speak
+gracefully, are very lamely represented, in having their speeches read or
+repeated by unskilful people; for there is something native to each man,
+that is so inherent to his thoughts and sentiments, which it is hardly
+possible for another to give a true idea of. You may observe in common
+talk, when a sentence of any man's is repeated, an acquaintance of his
+shall immediately observe, 'That is so like him, methinks I see how
+he looked when he said it.' But of all the people on the earth, there are
+none who puzzle me so much as the clergy of Great Britain, who are, I
+believe, the most learned body of men now in the world; and yet this art
+of speaking, with the proper ornaments of voice and gesture, is wholly
+neglected among them; and I will engage, were a deaf man to behold the
+greater part of them preach, he would rather think they were reading the
+contents only of some discourse they intended to make, than actually in
+the body of an oration, even when they are upon matters of such a nature
+as one would believe it were impossible to think of without emotion.
+
+"I own there are exceptions to this general observation, and that the
+Dean[1] we heard the other day together, is an orator. He has so much
+regard to his congregation, that he commits to his memory what he is to
+say to them; and has so soft and graceful a behaviour, that it must
+attract your attention. His person it is to be confessed is no small
+recommendation; but he is to be highly commended for not losing that
+advantage, and adding to the propriety of speech (which might pass the
+criticism of Longinus)[2] an action which would have been approved by
+Demosthenes. He has a peculiar force in his way, and has many of his
+audience[3] who could not be intelligent hearers of his discourse,
+were there not explanation as well as grace in his action. This art of
+his is used with the most exact and honest skill: he never attempts your
+passions, till he has convinced your reason. All the objections which he
+can form, are laid before you and dispersed, before he uses the least
+vehemence in his sermon; but when he thinks he has your head, he very
+soon wins your heart; and never pretends to show the beauty of holiness,
+till he has convinced you of the truth of it.
+
+"Would every one of our clergymen be thus careful to recommend truth and
+virtue in their proper figures, and show so much concern for them as to
+give them all the additional force they were able, it is not possible
+that nonsense should have so many hearers as you find it has in
+dissenting congregations, for no reason in the world but because it is
+spoken _extempore_: For ordinary minds are wholly governed by their eyes
+and ears, and there is no way to come at their hearts but by power over
+their imagination. There is my friend and merry companion Daniel[4]: he
+knows a great deal better than he speaks, and can form a proper discourse
+as well as any orthodox neighbour. But he knows very well, that to bawl
+out, 'My beloved;' and the words 'grace! regeneration! sanctification! a
+new light! the day! The day! aye, my beloved, the day!' or rather, 'the
+night! The night is coming! and judgment will come, when we least think
+of it!'--and so forth--He knows, to be vehement is the only way to come
+at his audience; and Daniel, when he sees my friend Greenhat come in, can
+give him a good hint, and cry out, 'This is only for the saints! the
+regenerated!' By this force of action, though mixed with all the
+incoherence and ribaldry imaginable, Daniel can laugh at his diocesan,
+and grow fat by voluntary subscription, while the parson of the parish
+goes to law for half his dues. Daniel will tell you, 'It is not the
+shepherd, but the sheep with the bell, which the flock follows.' Another
+thing, very wonderful this learned body should omit, is, learning to
+read; which is a most necessary part of eloquence in one who is to serve
+at the altar: for there is no man but must be sensible, that the lazy
+tone, and inarticulate sound of our common readers, depreciates the most
+proper form of words that were ever extant in any nation or language, to
+speak our own wants, or His power from whom we ask relief.
+
+"There cannot be a greater instance of the power of action than in little
+parson Dapper,[5] who is the common relief to all the lazy pulpits in
+town. This smart youth has a very good memory, a quick eye, and a clean
+handkerchief. Thus equipped, he opens his text, shuts his book fairly,
+shows he has no notes in his Bible, opens both palms, and shows all is
+fair there too. Thus, with a decisive air, my young man goes on without
+hesitation; and though from the beginning to the end of his pretty
+discourse, he has not used one proper gesture, yet at the conclusion, the
+churchwarden pulls his gloves from off his head; 'Pray, who is this
+extraordinary young man?' Thus the force of action is such, that it is
+more prevalent (even when improper) than all the reason and argument in
+the world without it." This gentleman concluded his discourse by saying,
+"I do not doubt but if our preachers would learn to speak, and our
+readers to read, within six months' time we should not have a dissenter
+within a mile of a church in Great Britain."
+
+[Footnote 1: In his original preface to the fourth volume, Steele
+explains that "the amiable character of the Dean in the sixty-sixth
+'Tatler,' was drawn for Dr. Atterbury." Steele cites this as a proof of
+his impartiality. Scott thinks that it must have cost him "some effort to
+permit insertion of a passage so favourable to a Tory divine." At the
+time the character was published Atterbury was Dean of Carlisle and one
+of the Queen's chaplains. He was later created Bishop of Rochester. There
+is no doubt that Atterbury was deeply implicated in the various Jacobite
+plots for the bringing in of the Pretender. Under a bill of pains and
+penalties he was condemned and deprived of all his ecclesiastical
+offices. In 1723 he left England and died in exile in 1732. His body,
+however, was privately buried in Westminster Abbey. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: "De Sublimitate," viii. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: For twenty years Atterbury was preacher at the chapel of
+Bridewell Hospital. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: Daniel Burgess (1645-1713), the son of a Wiltshire
+clergyman, was a schoolmaster in Ireland before he became minister to the
+Presbyterian meeting-house people in Brydges Street, Covent Garden. A
+chapel was built for him in New Court, Carey Street, Lincoln's Inn, and
+this was destroyed during the Sacheverell riots in 1710. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Dr. Joseph Trapp (1679-1747), professor of poetry at Oxford,
+where he published his "Praelectiones Poeticae" (1711-15), He assisted
+Sacheverell and became a strong partisan of the High Church party.
+Swift thought very little of him. To Stella he writes, he is "a sort of
+pretender to wit, a second-rate pamphleteer for the cause, whom they
+pay by sending him to Ireland" (January 7th, 1710/1, see vol. ii., p.
+96). This sending to Ireland refers to his chaplaincy to Sir Constantine
+Phipps, Lord Chancellor of Ireland (1710-12). On July 17th, 1712,
+Swift again speaks of him to Stella: "I have made Trap chaplain to
+Lord Bolingbroke, and he is mighty happy and thankful for it" (_ibid_.,
+p. 379). Trapp afterwards held several preferments in and near
+London. [T.S.]]
+
+
+THE TATLER, NUMB. 67.
+
+FROM SATURDAY SEPTEMBER 10. TO TUESDAY SEPTEMBER 13. 1709.
+
+_From my own Apartment, September_ 12.
+
+No man can conceive, till he comes to try it, how great a pain it is to
+be a public-spirited person. I am sure I am unable to express to the
+world, how much anxiety I have suffered, to see of how little benefit my
+Lucubrations have been to my fellow-subjects. Men will go on in their
+own way in spite of all my labour. I gave Mr. Didapper a private
+reprimand for wearing red-heeled shoes, and at the same time was so
+indulgent as to connive at him for fourteen days, because I would give
+him the wearing of them out; but after all this I am informed, he
+appeared yesterday with a new pair of the same sort. I have no better
+success with Mr. Whatdee'call[1] as to his buttons: Stentor[2] still
+roars; and box and dice rattle as loud as they did before I writ
+against them. Partridge[3] walks about at noon-day, and Aesculapius[4]
+thinks of adding a new lace to his livery. However, I must still go on in
+laying these enormities before men's eyes, and let them answer for going
+on in their practice.[5] My province is much larger than at first sight
+men would imagine, and I shall lose no part of my jurisdiction, which
+extends not only to futurity, but also is retrospect to things past; and
+the behaviour of persons who have long ago acted their parts, is as much
+liable to my examination, as that of my own contemporaries.
+
+In order to put the whole race of mankind in their proper distinctions,
+according to the opinion their cohabitants conceived of them, I have with
+very much care, and depth of meditation, thought fit to erect a Chamber
+of Fame, and established certain rules, which are to be observed in
+admitting members into this illustrious society. In this Chamber of Fame
+there are to be three tables, but of different lengths; the first is to
+contain exactly twelve persons; the second, twenty; the third, an
+hundred. This is reckoned to be the full number of those who have any
+competent share of fame. At the first of these tables are to be placed
+in their order the twelve most famous persons in the world, not with
+regard to the things they are famous for, but according to the degree of
+their fame, whether in valour, wit, or learning. Thus if a scholar be
+more famous than a soldier, he is to sit above him. Neither must any
+preference be given to virtue, if the person be not equally famous. When
+the first table is filled, the next in renown must be seated at the
+second, and so on in like manner to the number of twenty; as also in the
+same order at the third, which is to hold an hundred. At these tables no
+regard is to be had to seniority: for if Julius Caesar shall be judged
+more famous than Romulus and Scipio, he must have the precedence. No
+person who has not been dead an hundred years, must be offered to a place
+at any of these tables: and because this is altogether a lay society, and
+that sacred persons move upon greater motives than that of fame, no
+persons celebrated in Holy Writ, or any ecclesiastical men whatsoever,
+are to be introduced here.
+
+At the lower end of the room is to be a side-table for persons of great
+fame, but dubious existence, such as Hercules, Theseus, Aeneas, Achilles,
+Hector, and others. But because it is apprehended, that there may be
+great contention about precedence, the proposer humbly desires the
+opinion of the learned towards his assistance in placing every person
+according to his rank, that none may have just occasion of offence.
+
+The merits of the cause shall be judged by plurality of voices.
+
+For the more impartial execution of this important affair, it is desired,
+that no man will offer his favourite hero, scholar, or poet; and that the
+learned will be pleased to send to Mr. Bickerstaff, at Mr. Morphew's near
+Stationers' Hall, their several lists for the first table only, and in
+the order they would have them placed; after which, the composer will
+compare the several lists, and make another for the public, wherein every
+name shall be ranked according to the voices it has had. Under this
+chamber is to be a dark vault for the same number of persons of evil
+fame.
+
+It is humbly submitted to consideration, whether the project would not be
+better, if the persons of true fame meet in a middle room, those of
+dubious existence in an upper room, and those of evil fame in a lower
+dark room.
+
+It is to be noted, that no historians are to be admitted at any of these
+tables, because they are appointed to conduct the several persons to
+their seats, and are to be made use of as ushers to the assemblies.
+
+I call upon the learned world to send me their assistance towards this
+design, it being a matter of too great moment for any one person to
+determine. But I do assure them, their lists shall be examined with great
+fidelity, and those that are exposed to the public, made with all the
+caution imaginable.
+
+[Footnote 1: "N.B. Mr. How'd'call is desired to leave off those
+buttons."--No. 21. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Dr. William Stanley (1647-1731), master of Corpus Christi
+College, Cambridge, was Dean of St. Asaph in 1706-31. In No. 54 of "The
+Tatler," he is described as a person "accustomed to roar and bellow so
+terribly loud in the responses that . . . one of our petty canons, a
+punning Cambridge scholar, calls his way of worship a _Bull-offering._"
+In the sixty-first number a further reference is made to him: "A person
+of eminent wit and piety [Dr. R. South] wrote to Stentor: 'Brother
+Stentor,' said he, 'for the repose of the Church, hearken to Bickerstaff;
+and consider that, while you are so devout at St. Paul's, we cannot
+sleep for you at St. Peter's.'" [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: John Partridge (1644-1715) cobbler, philomath, and quack,
+was the author of "Merlinus Liberatus," first issued in 1680. He libelled
+his master, John Gadbury, in his "Nebulo Anglicanus" (1693), and
+quarrelled with George Parker, a fellow-quack and astrologer. It is of
+him that Swift wrote his famous "Predictions" (see vol. i. of this
+edition, p. 298), and issued his broadside, concluding with the lines:
+
+  "Here, five feet deep, lies on his back,
+  A cobler, starmonger, and quack,
+  Who to the stars in pure good will
+  Does to his best look upward still:
+  Weep, all you customers that use
+  His pills, his almanacks, or shoes."
+
+In No. 59 of "The Tatler," his death is referred to in harmony with
+the tone of Swift's fun: "The late Partridge, who still denies his
+death. I am informed indeed by several that he walks." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: The famous Dr. John Radcliffe (1650-1714) who refused the
+appointment of physician to King William III., and offended Anne by his
+churlish disregard of her requests to attend on her. He fell in love
+with a Miss Tempest, one of Queen Anne's maids of honour. In the 44th
+number of "The Tatler" Steele ridicules this attachment by making him
+address his mistress in the following words: "O fair! for thee I sit
+amidst a crowd of painted deities on my chariot, buttoned in gold,
+clasped in gold, without having any value for that beloved metal, but as
+it adorns the person and laces the hat of thy dying lover." Radcliffe
+attended Swift for his dizziness, but that did not prevent the latter
+from referring to him as "that puppy," in writing to Stella, for
+neglecting to attend to Harley's wound. He seems to have had a high
+standing for skill as a physician, and probably on that account gave
+himself airs. It is told of him that "during a long attendance in the
+family of a particular friend, he regularly refused the fee pressed upon
+him at each visit. At length, when the cure was performed, and the
+doctor about to give up attendance, the convalescent patient again
+proffered him a purse containing the fees for every day's visit. The
+doctor eyed it some time in silence, and at length extended his hand,
+exclaiming, 'Singly, I could have refused them for ever; but altogether
+they are irresistible.'" Radcliffe died at Carshalton in 1714. From his
+bequests were founded the Radcliffe Infirmary and Observatory at Oxford.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Scott omits, from his edition, the whole of this paragraph
+up to this point. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+THE TATLER, NUMB. 68.
+
+FROM TUESDAY SEPTEMBER 13. TO THURSDAY SEPTEMBER 15. 1709.
+
+_From my own Apartment, September_ 14.
+
+The progress of our endeavours will of necessity be very much
+interrupted, except the learned world will please to send their lists to
+the Chamber of Fame with all expedition. There is nothing can so much
+contribute to create a noble emulation in our youth, as the honourable
+mention of such whose actions have outlived the injuries of time, and
+recommended themselves so far to the world, that it is become learning to
+know the least circumstance of their affairs. It is a great incentive to
+see, that some men have raised themselves so highly above their
+fellow-creatures; that the lives of ordinary men are spent in inquiries
+after the particular actions of the most illustrious. True it is, that
+without this impulse to fame and reputation, our industry would stagnate,
+and that lively desire of pleasing each other die away. This opinion was
+so established in the heathen world, that their sense of living appeared
+insipid, except their being was enlivened with a consciousness, that they
+were esteemed by the rest of the world.
+
+Upon examining the proportion of men's fame for my table of twelve, I
+thought it no ill way, since I had laid it down for a rule, that they
+were to be ranked simply as they were famous, without regard to their
+virtue, to ask my sister Jenny's advice, and particularly mentioned to
+her the name of Aristotle. She immediately told me, he was a very great
+scholar, and that she had read him at the boarding-school. She certainly
+means a trifle sold by the hawkers, called, "Aristotle's Problems." [1]
+But this raised a great scruple in me, whether a fame increased by
+imposition of others is to be added to his account, or that these
+excrescencies, which grow out of his real reputation, and give
+encouragement to others to pass things under the covert of his name,
+should be considered in giving him his seat in the Chamber? This
+punctilio is referred to the learned. In the mean time, so ill-natured
+are mankind, that I believe I have names already sent me sufficient to
+fill up my lists for the dark room, and every one is apt enough to send
+in their accounts of ill deservers. This malevolence does not proceed
+from a real dislike of virtue, but a diabolical prejudice against it,
+which makes men willing to destroy what they care not to imitate. Thus
+you see the greatest characters among your acquaintance, and those you
+live with, are traduced by all below them in virtue, who never mention
+them but with an exception. However, I believe I shall not give the world
+much trouble about filling my tables for those of evil fame, for I have
+some thoughts of clapping up the sharpers there as fast as I can lay hold
+of them.
+
+At present, I am employed in looking over the several notices which I
+have received of their manner of dexterity, and the way at dice of making
+all _rugg_, as the cant is. The whole art of securing a die has lately
+been sent me by a person who was of the fraternity, but is disabled by
+the loss of a finger, by which means he cannot, as he used to do, secure
+a die. But I am very much at a loss how to call some of the fair sex, who
+are accomplices with the Knights of Industry; for my metaphorical dogs[2]
+are easily enough understood; but the feminine gender of dogs has so
+harsh a sound, that we know not how to name it. But I am credibly
+informed, that there are female dogs as voracious as the males,
+and make advances to young fellows, without any other design but coming
+to a familiarity with their purses. I have also long lists of persons of
+condition, who are certainly of the same regiment with these banditti,
+and instrumental to their cheats upon undiscerning men of their own rank.
+These add their good reputation to carry on the impostures of those,
+whose very names would otherwise be defence enough against falling into
+their hands. But for the honour of our nation, these shall be
+unmentioned, provided we hear no more of such practices, and that they
+shall not from henceforward suffer the society of such, as they know to
+be the common enemies of order, discipline, and virtue. If it prove that
+they go on in encouraging them, they must be proceeded against according
+to severest rules of history, where all is to be laid before the world
+with impartiality, and without respect to persons.
+
+"So let the stricken deer go weep."[3]
+
+[Footnote 1: This was not a translation of Aristotle's "Problemata," but
+an indecent pamphlet with that title. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: In the 62nd number of "The Tatler" Steele wrote a paper
+comparing some of the pests of society, such as the gamblers, to dogs,
+and said: "It is humbly proposed that they may be all together
+transported to America, where the dogs are few, and the wild beasts
+many." Scott notes that when one of the fraternity referred to threatened
+Steele with personal vengeance, Lord Forbes silenced him with these
+words: "You will find it safer, sir, in this country, to cut a purse than
+to cut a throat." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: "Why, let the stricken deer go weep."--_Hamlet_, iii. 2.
+[T.S.]]
+
+
+
+THE TATLER, NUMB. 70.
+
+FROM SATURDAY SEPTEMBER 17. TO TUESDAY SEPTEMBER 20. 1709.
+
+"SIR,[1]
+
+"I read with great pleasure in the _Tatler_[2] of Saturday last the
+conversation upon eloquence; permit me to hint to you one thing the great
+Roman orator observes upon this subject, _Caput enim arbitrabatur
+oratoris_, (he quotes Menedemus[3] an Athenian) _ut ipsis apud quos
+ageret talis qualem ipse optaret videretur, id fieri vitae dignitate_.[4]
+It is the first rule, in oratory, that a man must appear such as he would
+persuade others to be, and that can be accomplished only by the force of
+his life. I believe it might be of great service to let our public
+orators know, that an unnatural gravity, or an unbecoming levity in their
+behaviour out of the pulpit, will take very much from the force of their
+eloquence in it. Excuse another scrap of Latin; it is from one of the
+Fathers: I think it will appear a just observation to all, as it may have
+authority with some; _Qui autem docent tantum, nec faciunt, ipsi
+praeceptis suis detrahunt pondus; Quis enim obtemperet, cum ipsi
+praeceptores doceant non obtemperare?_[5] I am,
+
+"SIR,
+
+"Your humble servant,
+
+"JONATHAN ROSEHAT.
+
+"P.S. You were complaining in that paper, that the clergy of
+Great-Britain had not yet learned to speak; a very great defect indeed;
+and therefore I shall think myself a well-deserver of the church in
+recommending all the dumb clergy to the famous speaking doctor[6] at
+Kensington. This ingenious gentleman, out of compassion to those of a bad
+utterance, has placed his whole study in the new-modelling the organs of
+voice; which art he has so far advanced, as to be able even to make a
+good orator of a pair of bellows. He lately exhibited a specimen of his
+skill in this way, of which I was informed by the worthy gentlemen then
+present, who were at once delighted and amazed to hear an instrument of
+so simple an organization use an exact articulation of words, a just
+cadency in its sentences, and a wonderful pathos in its pronunciation;
+not that he designs to expatiate in this practice, because he cannot (as
+he says) apprehend what use it may be of to mankind, whose benefit he
+aims at in a more particular manner: and for the same reason, he will
+never more instruct the feathered kind, the parrot having been his last
+scholar in that way. He has a wonderful faculty in making and mending
+echoes, and this he will perform at any time for the use of the solitary
+in the country, being a man born for universal good, and for that reason
+recommended to your patronage by, Sir, yours,
+
+"PHILALETHES."
+
+[Footnote 1: This letter appears under the heading: "From my own
+Apartment, September 19." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: See "The Tatler," No. 66, _ante_. [T. S,]]
+
+[Footnote 3: An Athenian rhetorician who died in Rome about 100 B.C. [T.
+S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: The quotation is not quite correctly given. It is taken from
+Cicero, _De Oratore_, i. 19 (87). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: "But those who teach, and do not live in accordance with
+their own instructions, take away all the weight from their teaching; for
+who will comply with their precepts, when the teachers themselves teach
+us not to obey them?" [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: James Ford proposed to cure stammerers and even restore
+speech to mutes. In the second volume of "The British Apollo" he is
+referred to as having "not only recovered several who stammered to
+a regular speech, but also brought the deaf and dumb to speak." [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+THE TATLER, NUMB. 71.
+
+FROM TUESDAY SEPTEMBER 20. TO THURSDAY SEPTEMBER 22. 1709.
+
+"'SQUIRE BICKERSTAFF,[1]
+
+"Finding your advice and censure to have a good effect, I desire your
+admonition to our vicar and schoolmaster, who in his preaching to his
+auditors, stretches his jaws so wide, that instead of instructing youth,
+it rather frightens them: likewise in reading prayers, he has such a
+careless loll, that people are justly offended at his irreverent posture;
+besides the extraordinary charge they are put to in sending their
+children to dance, to bring them off of those ill gestures. Another evil
+faculty he has, in making the bowling-green his daily residence, instead
+of his church, where his curate reads prayers every day. If the weather
+is fair, his time is spent in visiting; if cold or wet, in bed, or at
+least at home, though within 100 yards of the church. These, out of many
+such irregular practices, I write for his reclamation: but two or three
+things more before I conclude; to wit, that generally when his curate
+preaches in the afternoon, he sleeps sotting in the desk on a hassock.
+With all this, he is so extremely proud, that he will go but once to the
+sick, except they return his visit."
+
+[Footnote 1: This letter is dated as from Will's Coffee-house, September
+20. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+THE TATLER, NUMB. 230.
+
+FROM TUESDAY SEPTEMBER 26. TO THURSDAY SEPTEMBER
+28. 1710.
+
+_From my own Apartment, September 27._[1]
+
+The following letter has laid before me many great and manifest evils in
+the world of letters[2] which I had overlooked; but they open to me a
+very busy scene, and it will require no small care and application to
+amend errors which are become so universal. The affectation of politeness
+is exposed in this epistle with a great deal of wit and discernment; so
+that whatever discourses I may fall into hereafter upon the subjects the
+writer treats of, I shall at present lay the matter before the World
+without the least alteration from the words of my correspondent.
+
+
+"TO ISAAC BICKERSTAFF ESQ;
+
+"SIR,
+
+"There are some abuses among us of great consequence, the reformation of
+which is properly your province, though, as far as I have been conversant
+in your papers, you have not yet considered them. These are, the
+deplorable ignorance that for some years hath reigned among our English
+writers, the great depravity of our taste, and the continual corruption
+of our style. I say nothing here of those who handle particular sciences,
+divinity, law, physic, and the like; I mean, the traders in history and
+politics, and the _belles lettres;_ together with those by whom books
+are not translated, but (as the common expressions are) 'done out of
+French, Latin,' or other language, and 'made English.' I cannot but
+observe to you, that till of late years a Grub-Street book was always
+bound in sheepskin, with suitable print and paper, the price never above
+a shilling, and taken off wholly by common tradesmen, or country pedlars,
+but now they appear in all sizes and shapes, and in all places. They are
+handed about from lapfuls in every coffeehouse to persons of quality, are
+shewn in Westminster-Hall and the Court of Requests. You may see them
+gilt, and in royal paper, of five or six hundred pages, and rated
+accordingly. I would engage to furnish you with a catalogue of English
+books published within the compass of seven years past, which at the
+first hand would cost you a hundred pounds, wherein you shall not be able
+to find ten lines together of common grammar or common sense.
+
+"These two evils, ignorance and want of taste, have produced a third; I
+mean, the continual corruption of our English tongue, which, without some
+timely remedy, will suffer more by the false refinements of twenty years
+past, than it hath been improved in the foregoing hundred: And this is
+what I design chiefly to enlarge upon, leaving the former evils to your
+animadversion.
+
+"But instead of giving you a list of the late refinements crept into our
+language, I here send you the copy of a letter I received some time ago
+from a most accomplished person in this way of writing, upon which I
+shall make some remarks. It is in these terms.
+
+"'SIR,
+
+"'I _couldn't_ get the things you sent for all _about Town._--I _thôt_ to
+_ha'_ come down myself, and then _I'd ha' brôut 'umn;_ but I _han't
+don't,_ and I believe I _can't do't,_ that's _pozz.--Tom[3]_ begins to
+_gi'mself_ airs_ because _he's_ going with the _plenipo's._--'Tis said,
+the _French_ King will _bamboozl us agen,_ which _causes many
+speculations_. The _Jacks,_ and others of that _kidney_, are very
+_uppish_, and _alert upon't_, as you may see by their _phizz's_.--_Will
+Hazzard_ has got the _hipps_, having lost _to the tune of_ five hundr'd
+pound, _thô_ he understands play very well, _nobody better_. He has
+promis't me upon _rep_, to leave off play; but you know 'tis a weakness
+_he's_ too apt to _give into, thô_ he has as much wit as any man,
+_nobody more._ He has lain _incog_ ever since.--The _mobb's_ very quiet
+with us now.--I believe you _thôt I bantered_ you in my last like a
+_country put._--I _sha'n't_ leave Town this month, _&c_.'
+
+"This letter is in every point an admirable pattern of the present polite
+way of writing; nor is it of less authority for being an epistle. You may
+gather every flower in it, with a thousand more of equal sweetness, from
+the books, pamphlets, and single papers, offered us every day in the
+coffeehouses: And these are the beauties introduced to supply the want
+of wit, sense, humour, and learning, which formerly were looked upon as
+qualifications for a writer. If a man of wit, who died forty years ago,
+were to rise from the grave on purpose, how would he be able to read this
+letter? And after he had gone through that difficulty, how would he be
+able to understand it? The first thing that strikes your eye is the
+_breaks_ at the end of almost every sentence; of which I know not the
+use, only that it is a refinement, and very frequently practised. Then
+you will observe the abbreviations and elisions, by which consonants of
+most obdurate sound are joined together, without one softening vowel to
+intervene; and all this only to make one syllable of two, directly
+contrary to the example of the Greeks and Romans; altogether of the
+Gothic strain, and a natural tendency towards relapsing into barbarity,
+which delights in monosyllables, and uniting of mute consonants; as it is
+observable in all the Northern languages. And this is still more visible
+in the next refinement, which consists in pronouncing the first syllable
+in a word that has many, and dismissing the rest; such as _phizz, hipps,
+mobb,[4] poz., rep._ and many more; when we are already overloaded with
+monosyllables, which are the disgrace of our language. Thus we cram one
+syllable, and cut off the rest; as the owl fattened her mice, after she
+had bit off their legs to prevent their running away; and if ours be the
+same reason for maiming words, it will certainly answer the end; for I am
+sure no other Nation will desire to borrow them. Some words are hitherto
+but fairly split, and therefore only in their way to perfection, as
+_incog_ and _plenipo_: But in a short time it is to be hoped they will be
+further docked to _inc_ and _plen_. This reflection has made me of late
+years very impatient for a peace, which I believe would save the lives of
+many brave words, as well as men. The war has introduced abundance of
+polysyllables, which will never be able to live many more campaigns;
+_Speculations, operations, preliminaries, ambassadors, palisadoes,
+communication, circumvallation, battalions_, as numerous as they are, if
+they attack us too frequently in our coffeehouses, we shall certainly put
+them to flight, and cut off the rear.
+
+"The third refinement observable in the letter I send you, consists in
+the choice of certain words invented by some _pretty fellows_; such as
+_banter, bamboozle, country put_, and _kidney_, as it is there applied;
+some of which are now struggling for the vogue, and others are in
+possession of it. I have done my utmost for some years past to stop the
+progress of _mobb_ and _banter_, but have been plainly borne down
+by numbers, and betrayed by those who promised to assist me.
+
+"In the last place, you are to take notice of certain choice phrases
+scattered through the letter; some of them tolerable enough, till they
+were worn to rags by servile imitators. You might easily find them,
+though they were not in a different print, and therefore I need not
+disturb them.
+
+"These are the false refinements in our style which you ought to correct:
+First, by argument and fair means; but if those fail, I think you are to
+make use of your authority as Censor, and by an annual _index
+expurgatorius_ expunge all words and phrases that are offensive to good
+sense, and condemn those barbarous mutilations of vowels and syllables.
+In this last point the usual pretence is, that they spell as they speak;
+a noble standard for language! to depend upon the caprice of every
+coxcomb, who, because words are the clothing of our thoughts, cuts them
+out, and shapes them as he pleases, and changes them oftener than his
+dress. I believe, all reasonable people would be content that such
+refiners were more sparing in their words, and liberal in their syllables:
+And upon this head I should be glad you would bestow some advice upon
+several young readers in our churches, who coming up from the University,
+full fraught with admiration of our Town politeness, will needs correct
+the style of their Prayer-Books. In reading the absolution, they are very
+careful to say "_Pardons and absolves;"_ and in the Prayer for the Royal
+Family, it must be, _endue'um, enrich'um, prosper'um,_ and _bring'um_.[5]
+Then in their sermons they use all the modern terms of art, _sham,
+banter, mob, bubble, bully, cutting shuffling,_ and _palming_, all which,
+and many more of the like stamp, as I have heard them often in the pulpit
+from such young sophisters, so I have read them in some of those sermons
+that have made most noise of late. The design, it seems, is to avoid the
+dreadful imputation of pedantry, to shew us, that they know the Town,
+understand men and manners, and have not been poring upon old
+unfashionable books in the University.
+
+"I should be glad to see you the instrument of introducing into our style
+that simplicity which is the best and truest ornament of most things in
+life, which the politer ages always aimed at in their building and dress,
+_(simplex munditiis)_ as well as their productions of wit. It is
+manifest, that all new, affected modes of speech, whether borrowed from
+the Court, the Town, or the theatre, are the first perishing parts in any
+language, and, as I could prove by many hundred instances, have been so
+in ours. The writings of Hooker,[6] who was a country clergyman, and of
+Parsons[7] the Jesuit, both in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, are in a
+style that, with very few allowances, would not offend any present
+reader; much more clear and intelligible than those of Sir H.
+Wotton,[8]Sir Robert Naunton,[9] Osborn,[10] Daniel[11] the historian,
+and several others who writ later; but being men of the Court, and
+affecting the phrases then in fashion, they are often either not to be
+understood, or appear perfectly ridiculous.
+
+"What remedies are to be applied to these evils I have not room to
+consider, having, I fear, already taken up most of your paper. Besides, I
+think it is our office only to represent abuses, and yours to redress
+them.
+
+"I am, with great respect,
+Sir,
+
+"Your, &c."
+
+
+[Footnote 1: In his "Journal to Stella," Swift writes, under date,
+September 18th, 1710: "Came to town; got home early, and began a letter
+to 'The Tatler' about the corruptions of style and writing, &c." On
+September 23rd, he writes again: "I have sent a long letter to
+Bickerstaff; let the Bp. of Clogher smoke if he can." Again on September
+29th: "I made a 'Tatler' since I came; guess which it is, and whether the
+Bp. Of Clogher smokes it." On October 1st, he asks Stella: "Have you
+smoked the 'Tatler' that I writ? It is much liked here, and I think
+it a pure one." On the 14th of the same month he refers still again to
+the paper which had evidently pleased him: "The Bp. of Clogher has
+smoked my 'Tatler' about shortening of words," etc. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Compare Swift's "Proposal for Correcting the English
+Tongue." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: Thomas Harley, cousin of the first Earl of Oxford. He was
+Secretary of the Treasury, and afterwards minister at Hanover. He
+died in 1737. (T.S.)]
+
+[Footnote 4: It is interesting to note that Swift, who insisted that the
+word "mob" should never be used for "rabble," wrote "mob" in the 15th
+number of "The Examiner," and in Faulkner's reprint of 1741 the
+word was changed to "rabble." Scott notes: "The Dean carried on
+the war against the word 'mob' to the very last. A lady who died in
+1788, and was well known to Swift, used to say that the greatest scrape
+into which she got with him was by using the word 'mob.' 'Why do
+you say that?' said he, in a passion; 'never let me hear you say that
+word again.' 'Why, sir,' said she, 'what am I to say?' 'The "rabble,"
+to be sure,' answered he." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5.] See Swift's Letter to the Earl of Pembroke (Scott's
+edition, vol. xv., p. 350) where a little more fun is poked at the Bishop
+of Clogher, in the same strain. [T.S.]
+
+[Footnote 6: The great Richard Hooker (1554-1600) author of the
+"Ecclesiastical Polity." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: Robert Parsons (1546-1610) the famous Jesuit missionary, and
+the author of a large number of works including the "Conference about the
+next Succession" (1594). Several of his books were privately printed
+by him at a secret printing press, which he set up in East Ham with
+the assistance of the poet Campion. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: Sir Henry Wotton (1568-1639) author of "Reliquiae
+Wottonianae," and the friend of John Donne. He was Provost of Eton from
+1624 until his death, and distinguished himself as a diplomatist. To him
+is ascribed the saying: "An ambassador is an honest man sent to lie
+abroad for the good of his country." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: Sir Robert Naunton (1563-1635), Secretary of State in 1618,
+and author of "Fragmenta Regalia" published in 1641. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: Francis Osborne (1593-1659) wrote "Advice to a Son"
+(1656-58), a work that gave him a great reputation. This work was issued
+with his other writings in a collected form in 1673. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: Samuel Daniel (1562-1619) is said to have succeeded Spenser
+as poet-laureate. In addition to his plays and poems (including a history
+of the Civil Wars in eight books, 1595-1609) he wrote a History of
+England, in two parts (1612-1617). [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+THE TATLER, NUMB. 258.
+
+FROM THURSDAY NOVEMBER 30. TO SATURDAY DECEMBER 2. 1710.
+
+To ISAAC BICKERSTAFF ESQ;
+
+Nov. 22. 1710.[1]
+
+SIR,
+
+Dining yesterday with Mr. _South-British,_ and Mr. _William North-Briton_
+two gentlemen, who, before you ordered it otherwise,[2] were known by the
+names of Mr. _English_ and Mr. _William Scott_. Among other things, the
+maid of the house (who in her time I believe may have been a
+_North-British_ warming-pan) brought us up a dish of _North-British_
+collops. We liked our entertainment very well, only we observed the
+table-cloth, being not so fine as we could have wished, was
+_North-British_ cloth: But the worst of it was, we were disturbed all
+dinner-time by the noise of the children, who were playing in the paved
+court at _North-British_ hoppers; so we paid our _North-Briton_[3] sooner
+than we designed, and took coach to _North-Britain_ yard, about which
+place most of us live. We had indeed gone a-foot, only we were under some
+apprehensions lest a _North-British_ mist should wet a _South-British_
+man to the skin.
+
+We think this matter properly expressed, according to the accuracy of the
+new style settled by you in one of your late papers. You will please to
+give your opinion upon it to,
+
+Sir,
+Your most humble servants,
+
+J.S.
+M.P.
+N.R.
+
+[Footnote 1: This letter appeared originally under the heading: "From my
+own Apartment, December I." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: In his "Journal to Stella" (December 2, 1710) Swift
+writes: "Steele, the rogue, has done the impudentest thing in the world.
+He said something in a 'Tatler,' that we ought to use the word Great
+Britain, and not England, in common conversation, as, the finest lady
+in Great Britain, &c. Upon this Rowe, Prior, and I, sent him a letter,
+turning this into ridicule. He has to-day printed the letter, and signed
+it J.S., M.P. and N.R. the first letters of our names. Congreve
+told me to-day, he smoked it immediately." The passage referred to
+by Swift, was a letter, signed Scoto-Britannus, printed in No. 241 of
+"The Tatler," in which it was objected that a gentleman ended every
+sentence with the words, "the best of any man in England," and called
+upon him to "mend his phrase, and be hereafter the wisest of any man
+in Great Britain." Writing to Alderman Barber, under date August
+8, 1738, Swift remarks: "The modern phrase 'Great Britain' is
+only to distinguish it from Little Britain where old clothes and old
+books are to be bought and sold." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: We paid our _scot; i.e.,_ our share of the reckoning.
+[T.S.]]
+
+
+NOTE.
+
+With No. 271 Steele brought his venture to a close. It was issued
+on January 2nd, 1710. "I am now," he wrote, "come to the end of my
+ambition in this matter, and have nothing further to say to the world
+under the character of Isaac Bickerstaff." His ostensible reason for
+thus terminating so successful an undertaking he put down to the fact
+that Bickerstaff was no longer a disguise, and that he could not hope to
+have the same influence when it was known who it was that led the
+movement. Another reason, however, suggests itself in Steele's
+recognition of Harley's kindness in not depriving him of his
+Commissionership of Stamps, as well as of his Gazetteership for the
+satires Steele permitted to appear against Harley in "The Tatler." That
+Steele did have something further to say to the world may be gathered
+from the fact that two months after "The Tatler's" decease he started
+"The Spectator."
+
+But "The Tatler" was too good a thing for the publishers to permit to
+die. Two days after the issue of No. 271, appeared a No. 272, with the
+imprint of John Baker, of "the Black Boy at Paternoster Row." It extolled
+the "Character of Richard Steele, alias Isaac Bickerstaff, Esq.," and
+promised to continue in his footsteps, and be delivered regularly to its
+subscribers "at 5 in the morning." On January 6th, 1710, No. 273 was
+published by "Isaac Bickerstaff, Jr." John Baker, however, was not to
+have it all his own way, for on January 6th, 1710, Morphew brought out a
+number--not a double number, although called "Numbers 272, 273"--and
+continued it without intermission on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays,
+until May 19th, when the final number, No. 330, was issued. The date 1711
+was first used on March 31st. Meanwhile, on January 13th, A. Baldwin
+issued a No. 1 of a "Tatler," in which the public were informed that
+Isaac Bickerstaff had had no intention to discontinue the paper, but
+would continue to publish it every Tuesday and Saturday. This was the new
+"Tatler" in which Swift was interesting himself on behalf of William
+Harrison. Writing to Stella, under date January 11th, he says: "I am
+setting up a new 'Tatler,' little Harrison, whom I have mentioned to you.
+Others have put him on it, and I encourage him; and he was with me this
+morning and evening, showing me his first, which comes out on Saturday. I
+doubt he will not succeed, for I do not much approve his manner; but the
+scheme is Mr. Secretary St. John's and mine, and would have done well
+enough in good hands." When the paper came out he wrote again: "There is
+not much in it, but I hope he will mend. You must understand that, upon
+Steele's leaving off, there were two or three scrub Tatlers came out, and
+one of them holds on still, and to-day it advertised against Harrison's;
+and so there must be disputes which are genuine, like the strops for
+razors. I am afraid the little toad has not the true vein for it."
+Apparently, he hadn't, for later, referring to another number, Swift
+writes: "The jackanapes wants a right taste: I doubt he won't do."
+
+With all Swift's assistance, Harrison did not hold out. He quarrelled
+with Baldwin, and went to Morphew and Lillie, the publishers of the
+original "Tatler." Only six numbers bear Baldwin's imprint, namely, Nos.
+1-6, dated respectively, January 13th, January 16th, January 20th,
+January 23rd, January 27th, and February 1st. Harrison's first number,
+under Morphew, was called No. 285 (February 3rd). For a very exhaustive
+and careful research into the publications of "The Tatler" and its
+imitators the reader is referred to Aitken's "Life of Sir Richard
+Steele" (2 vols., 1889).
+
+William Harrison (1685-1713) was educated at Winchester College and New
+College, Oxford. He obtained Addison's favour by his acquaintance with
+"polite literature," and was introduced by him to Swift. Swift took to
+him very kindly, spoke of the young fellow "we are all fond of," thought
+him "a pretty little fellow, with a great deal of wit, good sense, and
+good nature," and interested himself in him to the extent that through
+him St. John got Lord Raby to take him to The Hague as his secretary. He
+returned with the Barrier Treaty, but without a penny. He had not been
+paid any of his salary. Swift heard of this, and immediately went about
+collecting a sum of money for his assistance. When, however, he called
+with the money, at Harrison's lodgings in Knightsbridge, he found the
+poor fellow had died an hour before.
+
+These contributions to the new "Tatler" are printed from the original
+periodical issue with the exception of No. 5, which is taken from the
+second edition of the reprint (1720), as no copy of the original issue
+has been met with.
+
+[T.S.]
+
+
+THE TATLER, NUMB. I.
+
+_Quis ego sum saltem, si non sum Sosia? Te interrogo._
+PLAUT. AMPHITR.[1]
+
+SATURDAY, JANUARY 13. 1711.[2]
+
+It is impossible, perhaps, for the best and wisest amongst us, to keep so
+constant a guard upon our temper, but that we may at one time or other
+lie open to the strokes of Fortune, and such incidents as we cannot
+foresee. With sentiments of this kind I came home to my lodgings last
+night, much fatigued with a long and sudden journey from the country, and
+full of the ungrateful occasion of it. It was natural for me to have
+immediate recourse to my pen and ink; but before I would offer to make
+use of them, I resolved deliberately to tell over a hundred, and when I
+came to the end of that sum, I found it more advisable to defer drawing
+up my intended remonstrance, till I had slept soundly on my resentments.
+Without any other preface than this, I shall give the world a fair
+account of the treatment I have lately met with, and leave them to judge,
+whether the uneasiness I have suffered be inconsistent with the character
+I have generally pretended to. About three weeks since, I received an
+invitation from a kinsman in Staffordshire, to spend my Christmas in
+those parts. Upon taking leave of Mr. Morphew, I put as many papers into
+his hands as would serve till my return, and charged him at parting to be
+very punctual with the town. In what manner he and Mr. Lillie have been
+tampered with since, I cannot say; they have given me my revenge, if I
+desired any, by allowing their names to an idle paper, that in all human
+probability cannot live a fortnight to an end. Myself, and the family I
+was with, were in the midst of gaiety, and a plentiful entertainment,
+when I received a letter from my sister Jenny, who, after mentioning some
+little affairs I had intrusted to her, goes on thus:--"The inclosed,[2] I
+believe, will give you some surprise, as it has already astonished every
+body here: Who Mr. Steele is, that subscribes it, I do not know, any more
+than I can comprehend what could induce him to it. Morphew and Lillie, I
+am told, are both in the secret. I shall not presume to instruct you,
+but hope you will use some means to disappoint the ill nature of those
+who are taking pains to deprive the world of one of its most reasonable
+entertainments. I am, &c."
+
+I am to thank my sister for her compliment; but be that as it will, I
+shall not easily be discouraged from my former undertaking. In pursuance
+of it, I was obliged upon this notice to take places in the coach for
+myself and my maid with the utmost expedition, lest I should, in a short
+time, be rallied out of my existence, as some people will needs fancy Mr.
+Partridge has been, and the real Isaac Bickerstaff have passed for a
+creature of Mr. Steele's imagination. This illusion might have hoped for
+some tolerable success, if I had not more than once produced my person in
+a crowded theatre; and such a person as Mr. Steele, if I am not
+misinformed in the gentleman, would hardly think it an advantage to own,
+though I should throw him in all the little honour I have gained by my
+"Lucubrations." I may be allowed, perhaps, to understand pleasantry as
+well as other men, and can (in the usual phrase) take a jest without
+being angry; but I appeal to the world, whether the gentleman has not
+carried it too far, and whether he ought not to make a public
+recantation, if the credulity of some unthinking people should force me
+to insist upon it. The following letter is just come to hand, and I think
+it not improper to be inserted in this paper.
+
+"TO ISAAC BICKERSTAFF, ESQ;
+
+"Sir,
+
+"I am extremely glad to hear you are come to town, for in your absence we
+were all mightily surprised with an unaccountable paper, signed 'Richard
+Steele,' who is esteemed by those that know him, to be a man of wit and
+honour; and therefore we took it either to be a counterfeit, or a perfect
+Christmas frolic of that ingenious gentleman. But then, your paper
+ceasing immediately after, we were at a loss what to think: If you were
+weary of the work you had so long carried on, and had given this Mr.
+Steele orders to signify so to the public, he should have said it in
+plain terms; but as that paper is worded, one would be apt to judge, that
+he had a mind to persuade the town that there was some analogy between
+Isaac Bickerstaff and him. Possibly there may be a secret in this which I
+cannot enter into; but I flatter my self that you never had any thoughts
+of giving over your labours for the benefit of mankind, when you cannot
+but know how many subjects are yet unexhausted, and how many others, as
+being less obvious, are wholly untouched. I dare promise, not only for my
+self, but many other abler friends, that we shall still continue to
+furnish you with hints on all proper occasions, which is all your genius
+requires. I think, by the way, you cannot in honour have any more to do
+with Morphew and Lillie, who have gone beyond the ordinary pitch of
+assurance, and transgressed the very letter of the proverb, by
+endeavouring to cheat you of your Christian and surname too. Wishing you,
+Sir, long to live for our instruction and diversion, and to the defeating
+of all impostors, I remain,
+
+"Your most obedient humble servant,
+
+"and affectionate kinsman,
+
+"HUMPHRY WAGSTAFF."
+
+[Footnote 1: _Amphitryon_, I. i 282. "Who am I, at all events, if I am
+not Sosia? I ask you _that_."--H.T. RILEY. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: _I.e._ 1710-11. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: This, no doubt, was Steele's last "Tatler," No. 271. [T.
+S.]]
+
+
+THE TATLER, No. 2.
+
+_Alios viri reverentia, vultusque ad continendum populum mire formatus,
+alios etiam, quibus ipse interesse non potuit, vis scribendi tamen,
+et magni nominis autoritas pervicere._--TULL. EPIST.[1]
+
+FROM SATURD. JAN. 13. TO TUESDAY JAN, l6. 1710.[2]
+
+
+I remember Ménage,[3] tells a story of Monsieur Racan, who had appointed
+a day and hour to meet a certain lady of great wit whom he had never
+seen, in order to make an acquaintance between them. "Two of Racan's
+friends, who had heard of the appointment, resolved to play him a trick.
+The first went to the lady two hours before the time, said his name was
+Racan, and talked with her an hour; they were both mightily pleased,
+began a great friendship, and parted with much satisfaction. A few
+minutes after comes the second, and sends up the same name; the lady
+wonders at the meaning, and tells him, Mr. Racan had just left her. The
+gentleman says it was some rascally impostor, and that he had been
+frequently used in that manner. The lady is convinced, and they laugh at
+the oddness of the adventure. She now calls to mind several passages,
+which confirm her that the former was a cheat. He appoints a second
+meeting, and takes his leave. He was no sooner gone, but the true Racan
+comes to the door, and desires, under that name, to see the lady. She was
+out of all patience, sends for him up, rates him for an impostor, and,
+after a thousand injuries, flings a slipper at his head. It was
+impossible to pacify or disabuse her; he was forced to retire, and it was
+not without some time, and the intervention of friends, that they could
+come to an _éclaircissement_." This, as I take it, is exactly the case
+with Mr. S[tee]le, the pretended "TATLER" from Morphew, and myself, only
+(I presume) the world will be sooner undeceived than the lady in Ménage.
+The very day my last paper came out, my printer brought me another of the
+same date, called "The Tatler," by Isaac Bickerstaff Esq; and, which was
+still more pleasant, with an advertisement[4] at the end, calling me the
+"_Female_ TATLER": it is not enough to rob me of my name, but now they
+must impose a sex on me, when my years have long since determined me to
+be of none at all. There is only one thing wanting in the operation, that
+they would renew my age, and then I will heartily forgive them all the
+rest. In the mean time, whatever uneasiness I have suffered from the
+little malice of these men, and my retirement in the country, the
+pleasures I have received from the same occasion, will fairly balance the
+account. On the one hand, I have been highly delighted to see my name and
+character assumed by the scribblers of the age, in order to recommend
+themselves to it; and on the other, to observe the good taste of the
+town, in distinguishing and exploding them through every disguise, and
+sacrificing their trifles to the supposed _manes_ of Isaac Bickerstaff
+Esquire. But the greatest merit of my journey into Staffordshire, is,
+that it has opened to me a new fund of unreproved follies and errors that
+have hitherto lain out of my view, and, by their situation, escaped my
+censure. For, as I have lived generally in town, the images I had of the
+country were such only as my senses received very early, and my memory
+has since preserved with all the advantages they first appeared in.
+
+Hence it was that I thought our parish church the noblest structure in
+England, and the Squire's Place-House, as we called it, a most
+magnificent palace. I had the same opinion of the alms-house in the
+churchyard, and of a bridge over the brook that parts our parish from the
+next. It was the common vogue of our school, that the master was the best
+scholar in Europe, and the usher the second. Not happening to correct
+these notions, by comparing them with what I saw when I came into the
+world, upon returning back, I began to resume my former imaginations, and
+expected all things should appear in the same view as I left them when
+I was a boy: but to my utter disappointment I found them wonderfully
+shrunk, and lessened almost out of my knowledge. I looked with contempt
+on the tribes painted on the church walls, which I once so much admired,
+and on the carved chimneypiece in the Squire's Hall. I found my old
+master to be a poor ignorant pedant; and, in short, the whole scene to be
+extremely changed for the worse. This I could not help mentioning,
+because though it be of no consequence in itself, yet it is certain, that
+most prejudices are contracted and retained by this narrow way of
+thinking, which, in matters of the greatest moment are hardly shook off:
+and which we only think true, because we were made to believe so, before
+we were capable to distinguish between truth and falsehood. But there was
+one prepossession which I confess to have parted with, much to my regret:
+I mean the opinion of that native honesty and simplicity of manners,
+which I had always imagined to be inherent in country-people. I soon
+observed it was with them and us, as they say of animals; That every
+species at land has one to resemble it at sea; for it was easy to
+discover the seeds and principles of every vice and folly that one meets
+with in the more known world, though shooting up in different forms. I
+took a fancy out of the several inhabitants round, to furnish the camp,
+the bar, and the Exchange, and some certain chocolate and coffeehouses,
+with exact parallels to what, in many instances, they already produce.
+There was a drunken quarrelsome smith, whom I have a hundred times
+fancied at the head of a troop of dragoons. A weaver, within two doors of
+my kinsman, was perpetually setting neighbours together by the ears. I
+lamented to see how his talents were misplaced, and imagined what a
+figure he might make in Westminster-Hall. Goodman Crop of Compton Farm,
+wants nothing but a plum and a gold chain to qualify him for the
+government of the City. My kinsman's stable-boy was a gibing companion
+that would always have his jest. He would often put cow-itch in the
+maids' beds, pull stools from under folks, and lay a coal upon their
+shoes when they were asleep. He was at last turned off for some notable
+piece of roguery, and when I came away, was loitering among the
+ale-houses. Bless me, thought I, what a prodigious wit would this have
+been with us! I could have matched all the sharpers between St. James's
+and Covent Garden, with a notable fellow in the same neighbourhood,
+(since hanged for picking pockets at fairs) could he have had the
+advantages of their education. So nearly are the corruptions of the
+country allied to those of the town, with no further difference than what
+is made by another turn of thought and method of living!
+
+[Footnote 1: "A reverend aspect, and a countenance formed to command,
+have power to restrain some people; while others, who pay no regard to
+those, are prevailed upon by the dint of writing, and the authority of a
+great name." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: _I.e._ 1710-11. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: Gilles Ménage (1613-1692). The story is given in "Menagiana"
+(vol. ii. pp. 49-51, second edition, 1695). C. Sorel, however, in his
+"Francion" (1623) tells a similar story of a poet named Saluste, who
+was fooled in like manner. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: Morphew's "Tatler" for January 13th, 1710 (No. 276),
+contains the following: "Whereas an advertisement was yesterday delivered
+out by the author of the late 'Female Tatler,' insinuating, [according to
+his custom] that he is Isaac Bickerstaff Esq.; This is to give notice,
+that this paper is continued to be sold by John Morphew as formerly,"
+etc.
+
+"The Female Tatler, by Mrs. Crackenthorpe, a Lady that knows every thing,"
+had been begun July 8th, 1709, but was now defunct. [T.S.]]
+
+
+THE TATLER, No. 5.
+
+----_Laceratque, trahitque_
+_Molle pecus_               VIR.[1]
+
+FROM TUESDAY JAN. 23. TO SATURDAY JAN. 27. 1710.[2]
+
+
+Amongst other severities I have met with from some critics, the cruellest
+for an old man is, that they will not let me be at quiet in my bed, but
+pursue me to my very dreams. I must not dream but when they please, nor
+upon long continued subjects, however visionary in their own natures;
+because there is a manifest moral quite through them, which to produce as
+a dream is improbable and unnatural. The pain I might have had from this
+objection, is prevented by considering they have missed another, against
+which I should have been at a loss to defend myself. They should have
+asked me, whether the dreams I publish can properly be called
+Lucubrations, which is the name I have given to all my papers, whether in
+volumes or half-sheets: so manifest a contradiction _in terminis_, that I
+wonder no sophister ever thought of it: But the other is a cavil. I
+remember when I was a boy at school, I have often dreamed out the whole
+passages of a day; that I rode a journey, baited, supped, went to bed,
+and rose the next morning: and I have known young ladies who could dream
+a whole contexture of adventures in one night large enough to make a
+novel. In youth the imagination is strong, not mixed with cares, nor
+tinged with those passions that most disturb and confound it, such as
+avarice, ambition, and many others. Now as old men are said to grow
+children again, so in this article of dreaming, I am returned to my
+childhood. My imagination is at full ease, without care, avarice, or
+ambition, to clog it; by which, among many others, I have this advantage
+of doubling the small remainder of my time, and living four-and-twenty
+hours in the day. However, the dream I am now going to relate, is as wild
+as can well be imagined, and adapted to please these refiners upon sleep,
+without any moral that I can discover.
+
+"It happened that my maid left on the table in my bedchamber, one of her
+story books (as she calls them) which I took up, and found full of
+strange impertinences, fitted to her taste and condition; of poor
+servants that came to be ladies, and serving-men of low degree, who
+married kings' daughters. Among other things, I met this sage
+observation, 'That a lion would never hurt a true virgin.' With this
+medley of nonsense in my fancy I went to bed, and dreamed that a friend
+waked me in the morning, and proposed for pastime to spend a few hours in
+seeing the parish lions, which he had not done since he came to town; and
+because they showed but once a week, he would not miss the opportunity. I
+said I would humour him; though, to speak the truth, I was not fond of
+those cruel spectacles; and if it were not so ancient a custom, founded,
+as I had heard, upon the wisest maxims, I should be apt to censure the
+inhumanity of those who introduced it." All this will be a riddle to the
+waking reader, till I discover the scene my imagination had formed upon
+the maxim, "That a lion would never hurt a true virgin." "I dreamed, that
+by a law of immemorial time, a he-lion was kept in every parish at the
+common charge, and in a place provided, adjoining to the churchyard:
+that, before any one of the fair sex was married, if she affirmed herself
+to be a virgin, she must on her wedding day, and in her wedding clothes,
+perform the ceremony of going alone into the den, and stay an hour with
+the lion let loose, and kept fasting four-and-twenty hours on purpose. At
+a proper height, above the den, were convenient galleries for the
+relations and friends of the young couple, and open to all spectators. No
+maiden was forced to offer herself to the lion; but if she refused, it
+was a disgrace to marry her, and every one might have liberty of calling
+her a whore. And methought it was as usual a diversion to see the parish
+lions, as with us to go to a play or an opera. And it was reckoned
+convenient to be near the church, either for marrying the virgin if she
+escaped the trial, or for burying the bones when the lion had devoured
+the rest, as he constantly did."
+
+To go on therefore with the dream: "We called first (as I remember) to
+see St. Dunstan's lion, but we were told they did not shew to-day: From
+thence we went to that of Covent-Garden, which, to my great surprise, we
+found as lean as a skeleton, when I expected quite the contrary; but the
+keeper said it was no wonder at all, because the poor beast had not got
+an ounce of woman's flesh since he came into the parish. This amazed me
+more than the other, and I was forming to myself a mighty veneration for
+the ladies in that quarter of the town, when the keeper went on, and
+said, He wondered the parish would be at the charge of maintaining a lion
+for nothing. Friend, (said I) do you call it nothing, to justify the
+virtue of so many ladies, or has your lion lost his distinguishing
+faculty? Can there be anything more for the honour of your parish, than
+that all the ladies married in your church were pure virgins? That is
+true, (said he) and the doctor knows it to his sorrow; for there has not
+been a couple married in our church since his worship has been amongst
+us. The virgins hereabouts are too wise to venture the claws of the lion;
+and because nobody will marry them, have all entered into vows of
+virginity. So that in proportion we have much the largest nunnery in
+the whole town. This manner of ladies entering into a vow of virginity,
+because they were not virgins, I easily conceived; and my dream told me,
+that the whole kingdom was full of nunneries, plentifully stocked from
+the same reason.
+
+"We went to see another lion, where we found much company met in the
+gallery; the keeper told us, we should see sport enough, as he called it;
+and in a little time, we saw a young beautiful lady put into the den, who
+walked up towards the lion with all imaginable security in her
+countenance, and looked smiling upon her lover and friends in the
+gallery; which I thought nothing extraordinary, because it was never
+known that any lion had been mistaken. But, however, we were all
+disappointed, for the lion lifted up his right paw, which was the fatal
+sign, and advancing forward, seized her by the arm, and began to tear it:
+The poor lady gave a terrible shriek, and cried out, 'The lion is just, I
+am no true virgin! Oh! Sappho, Sappho.' She could say no more, for the
+lion gave her the _coup de grace_, by a squeeze in the throat, and she
+expired at his feet. The keeper dragged away her body to feed the animal
+when the company was gone, for the parish-lions never used to eat in
+public. After a little pause, another lady came on towards the lion in
+the same manner as the former; we observed the beast smell her with great
+diligence, he scratched both her hands with lifting them to his nose, and
+clapping a claw on her bosom, drew blood; however he let her go, and at
+the same time turned from her with a sort of contempt, at which she was
+not a little mortified, and retired with some confusion to her friends in
+the gallery. Methought the whole company immediately understood the
+meaning of this, that the easiness of the lady had suffered her to admit
+certain imprudent and dangerous familiarities, bordering too much upon
+what is criminal; neither was it sure whether the lover then present
+had not some sharers with him in those freedoms, of which a lady can
+never be too sparing.
+
+"This happened to be an extraordinary day, for a third lady came into the
+den, laughing loud, playing with her fan, tossing her head, and smiling
+round on the young fellows in the gallery. However, the lion leaped on
+her with great fury, and we gave her for gone; but on a sudden he let go
+his hold, turned from her as if he were nauseated, then gave her a lash
+with his tail; after which she returned to the gallery, not the least out
+of countenance: and this, it seems, was the usual treatment of coquettes.
+
+"I thought we had now seen enough, but my friend would needs have us go
+and visit one or two lions in the city. We called at two or three dens
+where they happened not to shew, but we generally found half a score
+young girls, between eight and eleven years old, playing with each lion,
+sitting on his back, and putting their hands into his mouth; some of them
+would now and then get a scratch; but we always discovered, upon
+examining, that they had been hoydening with the young apprentices. One
+of them was calling to a pretty girl of about twelve years, that stood by
+us in the gallery, to come down to the lion, and upon her refusal, said,
+'Ah! Miss Betty, we could never get you to come near the lion, since you
+played at hoop and hide with my brother in the garret.'
+
+"We followed a couple, with the wedding-folks, going to the church of St.
+Mary-Axe. The lady, though well stricken in years, extremely crooked and
+deformed, was dressed out beyond the gaiety of fifteen; having jumbled
+together, as I imagined, all the tawdry remains of aunts, godmothers, and
+grandmothers, for some generations past: One of the neighbours whispered
+me, that she was an old maid, and had the clearest reputation of any in
+the parish. There is nothing strange in that, thought I, but was much
+surprised, when I observed afterwards that she went towards the lion with
+distrust and concern. The beast was lying down, but upon sight of her,
+snuffed up his nose two or three times, and then giving the sign of
+death, proceeded instantly to execution. In the midst of her agonies, she
+was heard to name the words, 'Italy' and 'artifices,' with the utmost
+horror, and several repeated execrations: and at last concluded, 'Fool
+that I was, to put so much confidence in the toughness of my skin.'
+
+"The keeper immediately set all in order again for another customer,
+which happened to be a famous prude, whom her parents after long
+threatenings, and much persuasion, had with the extremest difficulty
+prevailed on to accept a young handsome goldsmith, that might have
+pretended to five times her fortune. The fathers and mothers in the
+neighbourhood used to quote her for an example to their daughters. Her
+elbows were rivetted to her sides, and her whole person so ordered as to
+inform everybody that she was afraid they should touch her. She only
+dreaded to approach the lion, because it was a he one, and abhorred to
+think an animal of that sex should presume to breathe on her. The sight
+of a man at twenty yards distance made her draw back her head. She always
+sat upon the farther corner of the chair, though there were six chairs
+between her and her lover, and with the door wide open, and her little
+sister in the room. She was never saluted but at the tip of her ear, and
+her father had much ado to make her dine without her gloves, when there
+was a man at table. She entered the den with some fear, which we took to
+proceed from the height of her modesty, offended at the sight of so many
+men in the gallery. The lion beholding her at a distance, immediately
+gave the deadly sign; at which the poor creature (methinks I see her
+still) miscarried in a fright before us all. The lion seemed to be
+surprised as much as we, and gave her time to make her confession, 'That
+she was four months gone, by the foreman of her father's shop, that this
+was her third big belly;' and when her friends asked, why she would
+venture the trial? she said, 'Her nurse assured her, that a lion would
+never hurt a woman with child.'" Upon this I immediately waked, and could
+not help wishing, that the deputy-censors of my late institution were
+endued with the same instinct as these parish-lions were.
+
+[Footnote 1:
+    "Manditque, trahitque
+Molle pecus."
+                       _Aeneid_, ix. 340-341.
+"Devours and tears the peaceful flock."
+                                    [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: _I.e._ 1710-11. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+THE TATLER, NUMB. 298.[1]
+
+_Ingenuas didicisse fideliter artes,
+Emollit mores._                         OVID.[2]
+
+FROM SATURDAY MARCH 3. TO TUESDAY MARCH 6. 1710.[3]
+
+
+_From my own Apartment in Channel-Row, March 5_.
+
+Those inferior duties of life which the French call _les petites
+morales,_ or the smaller morals, are with us distinguished by the name of
+good manners,[4] or breeding. This I look upon, in the general notion of
+it, to be a sort of artificial good sense, adapted to the meanest
+capacities, and introduced to make mankind easy in their commerce
+with each other. Low and little understandings, without some rules of
+this kind, would be perpetually wandering into a thousand indecencies and
+irregularities in behaviour, and in their ordinary conversation fall into
+the same boisterous familiarities that one observes amongst them, when a
+debauch has quite taken away the use of their reason. In other instances,
+it is odd to consider, that for want of common discretion the very end of
+good breeding is wholly perverted, and civility, intended to make us
+easy, is employed in laying chains and fetters upon us, in debarring us
+of our wishes, and in crossing our most reasonable desires and
+inclinations. This abuse reigns chiefly in the country, as I found to my
+vexation, when I was last there, in a visit I made to a neighbour about
+two miles from my cousin. As soon as I entered the parlour, they forced
+me into the great chair that stood close by a huge fire, and kept me
+there by force till I was almost stifled. Then a boy came in great hurry
+to pull off my boots, which I in vain opposed, urging that I must return
+soon after dinner. In the mean time the good lady whispered her eldest
+daughter, and slipped a key into her hand. She returned instantly with
+a beer glass half full of _aqua mirabilis_ and syrup of gillyflowers.
+I took as much as I had a mind for; but Madam vowed I should drink it
+off, (for she was sure it would do me good after coming out of the cold
+air) and I was forced to obey, which absolutely took away my stomach.
+When dinner came in, I had a mind to sit at a distance from the fire; but
+they told me, it was as much as my life was worth, and set me with my
+back just against it. Though my appetite was quite gone, I resolved to
+force down as much as I could, and desired the leg of a pullet. "Indeed,
+Mr. Bickerstaff," says the lady, "you must eat a wing to oblige me," and
+so put a couple upon my plate. I was persecuted at this rate during the
+whole meal. As often as I called for small beer, the master tipped the
+wink, and the servant brought me a brimmer of October. Some time after
+dinner, I ordered my cousin's man who came with me to get ready the
+horses; but it was resolved I should not stir that night; and when I
+seemed pretty much bent upon going, they ordered the stable door to be
+locked, and the children hid away my cloak and boots. The next question
+was, what I would have for supper? I said I never eat anything at
+night, but was at last in my own defence obliged to name the first thing
+that came into my head. After three hours spent chiefly in apology for my
+entertainment, insinuating to me, "That this was the worst time of the
+year for provisions, that they were at a great distance from any market,
+that they were afraid I should be starved, and they knew they kept me to
+my loss," the lady went, and left me to her husband (for they took
+special care I should never be alone.) As soon as her back was turned,
+the little misses ran backwards and forwards every moment; and constantly
+as they came in or went out, made a curtsy directly at me, which in good
+manners I was forced to return with a bow, and "Your humble servant
+pretty Miss." Exactly at eight the mother came up, and discovered by the
+redness of her face, that supper was not far off. It was twice as large
+as the dinner, and my persecution doubled in proportion. I desired at
+my usual hour to go to my repose, and was conducted to my chamber by the
+gentleman, his lady, and the whole train of children. They importuned me
+to drink something before I went to bed, and upon my refusing, at last
+left a bottle of stingo, as they called it, for fear I should wake and be
+thirsty in the night. I was forced in the morning to rise and dress
+myself in the dark, because they would not suffer my kinsman's servant to
+disturb me at the hour I had desired to be called. I was now resolved to
+break through all measures to get away, and after sitting down to a
+monstrous breakfast of cold beef, mutton, neats'-tongues, venison-pasty,
+and stale beer, took leave of the family; but the gentleman would needs
+see me part of my way, and carry me a short cut through his own grounds,
+which he told me would save half a mile's riding. This last piece of
+civility had like to have cost me dear, being once or twice in danger of
+my neck, by leaping over his ditches, and at last forced to alight in the
+dirt, when my horse, having slipped his bridle, ran away, and took us up
+more than an hour to recover him again.
+
+It is evident that none of the absurdities I met with in this visit
+proceeded from an ill intention, but from a wrong judgment of
+complaisance, and a misapplication of the rules of it. I cannot so easily
+excuse the more refined critics upon behaviour, who having professed no
+other study, are yet infinitely defective in the most material parts of
+it. Ned Fashion has been bred all his life about Court, and understands
+to a tittle all the punctilios of a drawing-room. He visits most of the
+fine women near St. James's, and upon all occasions says the civilest and
+softest things to them of any man breathing. To Mr. Isaac[5] he owes an
+easy slide in his bow, and a graceful manner of coming into a room. But
+in some other cases he is very far from being a well-bred person: He
+laughs at men of far superior understanding to his own, for not being as
+well dressed as himself, despises all his acquaintance that are not
+quality, and in public places has on that account often avoided taking
+notice of some of the best speakers in the House of Commons. He rails
+strenuously at both Universities before the members of either, and never
+is heard to swear an oath, or break in upon morality or religion, but in
+the company of divines. On the other hand, a man of right sense has all
+the essentials of good breeding, though he may be wanting in the forms of
+it. Horatio has spent most of his time at Oxford. He has a great deal of
+learning, an agreeable wit, and as much modesty as serves to adorn
+without concealing his other good qualities. In that retired way of
+living, he seems to have formed a notion of human nature, as he has found
+it described in the writings of the greatest men, not as he is like to
+meet with it in the common course of life. Hence it is, that he gives no
+offence, that he converses with great deference, candour, and humanity.
+His bow, I must confess, is somewhat awkward; but then he has an
+extensive, universal, and unaffected knowledge, which makes some amends
+for it. He would make no extraordinary figure at a ball; but I can
+assure the ladies in his behalf, and for their own consolation, that he
+has writ better verses on the sex than any man now living, and is
+preparing such a poem for the press as will transmit their praises and
+his own to many generations.
+
+[Footnote 1: In the reprint of "The Tatler," volume v., this number was
+called No. 20. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: _Epist. ex Ponto_, II. ix. 47-48.
+
+"An understanding in the liberal arts
+Softens men's manners."
+                         [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: _I.e._ 1710-11. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: Compare Swift's "Treatise on Good Manners and Good
+Breeding." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: A famous dancing-master in those days. [FAULKNER.] He died
+in 1740. [T.S.]]
+
+
+THE TATLER, NUMB, 302.[1]
+
+_O Lycida, vivi pervenimus, advena nostri,
+(Quod numquam veriti sumus) ut possessor agelli
+Diceret, Haec mea sunt, veteres migrate coloni._
+VIRG.[2]
+
+
+FROM TUESDAY MARCH 13. TO THURSDAY MARCH 15. 1710.[3]
+
+_From my own Apartment in Channel-Row, March 14._
+
+The dignity and distinction of men of wit is seldom enough considered,
+either by themselves or others; their own behaviour, and the usage they
+meet with, being generally very much of a piece. I have at this time in
+my hands an alphabetical list of the _beaux esprits_ about this town,
+four or five of whom have made the proper use of their genius, by gaining
+the esteem of the best and greatest men, and by turning it to their own
+advantage in some establishment of their fortunes, however unequal to
+their merit; others satisfying themselves with the honour of having
+access to great tables, and of being subject to the call of every man
+of quality, who upon occasion wants one to say witty things for the
+diversion of the company. This treatment never moves my indignation so
+much, as when it is practised by a person, who though he owes his own
+rise purely to the reputation of his parts, yet appears to be as much
+ashamed of it, as a rich city knight to be denominated from the trade
+he was first apprenticed to, and affects the air of a man born to his
+titles, and consequently above the character of a wit, or a scholar. If
+those who possess great endowments of the mind would set a just value
+upon themselves, they would think no man's acquaintance whatsoever a
+condescension, nor accept it from the greatest upon unworthy or
+ignominious terms. I know a certain lord that has often invited a set
+of people, and proposed for their diversion a buffoon player, and an
+eminent poet, to be of the party; and which was yet worse, thought them
+both sufficiently recompensed by the dinner, and the honour of his
+company. This kind of insolence is risen to such a height, that I my self
+was the other day sent to by a man with a title, whom I had never seen,
+desiring the favour that I would dine with him and half a dozen of his
+select friends. I found afterwards, the footman had told my maid below
+stairs, that my lord having a mind to be merry, had resolved right or
+wrong to send for honest Isaac. I was sufficiently provoked with the
+message; however I gave the fellow no other answer, than that "I believed
+he had mistaken the person, for I did not remember that his lord had ever
+been introduced to me." I have reason to apprehend that this abuse hath
+been owing rather to a meanness of spirit in men of parts, than to the
+natural pride or ignorance of their patrons. Young students coming up
+to town from the places of their education, are dazzled with the grandeur
+they everywhere meet, and making too much haste to distinguish their
+parts, instead of waiting to be desired and caressed, are ready to pay
+their court at any rate to a great man, whose name they have seen in a
+public paper, or the frontispiece of a dedication. It has not always been
+thus: wit in polite ages has ever begot either esteem or fear. The hopes
+of being celebrated, or the dread of being stigmatized, procured an
+universal respect and awe for the persons of such as were allowed to have
+the power of distributing fame or infamy where they pleased. Aretine had
+all the princes of Europe his tributaries, and when any of them had
+committed a folly that laid them open to his censure, they were forced by
+some present extraordinary to compound for his silence; of which there is
+a famous instance on record. When Charles the Fifth had miscarried
+in his African expedition, which was looked upon as the weakest
+undertaking of that great Emperor, he sent Aretine[4] a gold chain, who
+made some difficulty of accepting it, saying, "It was too small a present
+in all reason for so great a folly." For my own part, in this point I
+differ from him, and never could be prevailed upon, by any valuable
+consideration to conceal a fault or a folly since I first took the
+censorship upon me.
+
+Having long considered with my self the ill application that some make of
+their talents, I have this day erected a Court of Alienation, by the
+statutes of which the next a kin is empowered to _beg_ the parts and
+understanding of any such person as can be proved, either by embezzling,
+making a wrong use, or no use at all of the said parts and understanding,
+not to know the true value thereof: who shall immediately be put out of
+possession, and disqualified for ever; the said kinsman giving sufficient
+security that he will employ them as the court shall direct. I have set
+down under certain heads the several ways by which men prostitute and
+abuse their parts, and from thence have framed a table of rules, whereby
+the plaintiff may be informed when he has a good title to eject the
+defendant. I may in a following paper give the world some account of the
+proceedings of this court. I have already got two able critics for my
+assessors upon the bench, who, though they have always exercised their
+pens in taking off from the wit of others, have never pretended to
+challenge any themselves, and consequently are in no danger of being
+engaged in making claims, or of having any suits commence against them.
+Every writer shall be tried by his peers, throughly versed in that point
+wherein he pretends to excel; for which reason the jury can never consist
+of above half the ordinary number. I shall in general be very tender how
+I put any person out of his wits; but as the management of such
+possessions is of great consequence to the world, I shall hold my self
+obliged to vest the right in such hands as will answer the great purposes
+they were intended for, and leave the former proprietors to seek their
+fortune in some other way.
+
+[Footnote 1: Called No. 24 in the reprint of "The Tatler," vol. v. [T.
+S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: _Eclogues_, ix. 2-4.
+
+  "O Lycidas,
+  We never thought, yet have we lived to see
+  A stranger seize our farm, and say, 'Tis mine,
+  Begone, ye old inhabitants."--C.R. KENNEDY.
+  [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: _I.e._ 1710-11. Under date March 14th Swift writes to
+Stella: "Little Harrison the 'Tatler' came to me, and begged me to
+dictate a paper to him, which I was forced in charity to do." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: Pietro Aretino (1492-1557), called "the scourge of Princes."
+His prose is fiercely satirical, and his poetry as strongly obscene. His
+works were condemned for their indecency and impiety. He received
+numerous and valuable gifts from those who were afraid of his criticisms.
+His sonnets, written to accompany engravings by Marc Antonio, from
+designs by Giulio Romano (1524), largely contributed to his reputation
+for obscenity. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+THE TATLER, NUMB. 306.[1]
+
+
+  _Morte carent animae; semperque, priore relictâ
+  Sede, novis domibus habitant vivuntque receptae.
+  Ipse ego (nam memini) Trojani tempore belli
+  Panthoides Euphorbus eram_--
+  OVID. MET.[2]
+
+FROM THURSDAY MARCH 22, TO SATURDAY MARCH 24, 1710.[3]
+
+
+_From my own Apartment, March 22._
+
+My other correspondents will excuse me if I give the precedency to a
+lady, whose letter, amongst many more, is just come to hand.
+
+"DEAR ISAAC,
+
+"I burn with impatience to know what and who you are. The curiosity of my
+whole sex is fallen upon me, and has kept me waking these three nights. I
+have dreamed often of you within this fortnight, and every time you
+appeared in a different form. As you value my repose, tell me in which of
+them I am to be
+
+"Your admirer,
+
+"SYLVIA."
+
+It is natural for a man who receives a favour of this kind from an
+unknown fair, to frame immediately some idea of her person, which being
+suited to the opinion we have of our own merit, is commonly as beautiful
+and perfect as the most lavish imagination can furnish out. Strongly
+possessed with these notions, I have read over Sylvia's billet; and
+notwithstanding the reserve I have had upon this matter, am resolved to
+go a much greater length, than I yet ever did, in making my self known to
+the world, and, in particular, to my charming correspondent. In order to
+it I must premise, that the person produced as mine in the play-house
+last winter, did in nowise appertain to me. It was such a one however as
+agreed well with the impression my writings had made, and served the
+purpose I intended it for; which was to continue the awe and reverence
+due to the character I was vested with, and, at the same time, to let my
+enemies see how much I was the delight and favourite of this town. This
+innocent imposture, which I have all along taken care to carry on, as
+it then was of some use, has since been of singular service to me, and by
+being mentioned in one of my papers, effectually recovered my egoity out
+of the hands of some gentlemen who endeavoured to wrest it from me. This
+is saying, in short, what I am not: what I am, and have been for many
+years, is next to be explained. Here it will not be improper to remind
+Sylvia, that there was formerly such a philosopher as Pythagoras, who,
+amongst other doctrines, taught the transmigration of souls, which, if
+she sincerely believes, she will not be much startled at the following
+relation.
+
+I will not trouble her, nor my other readers, with the particulars of all
+the lives I have successively passed through since my first entrance into
+mortal being, which is now many centuries ago. It is enough that I have
+in every one of them opposed myself with the utmost resolution to the
+follies and vices of the several ages I have been acquainted with, that I
+have often rallied the world into good manners, and kept the greatest
+princes in awe of my satire. There is one circumstance which I shall not
+omit, though it may seem to reflect on my character, I mean that infinite
+love of change which has ever appeared in the disposal of my existence.
+Since the days of the Emperor Trajan, I have not been confined to the
+same person for twenty years together; but have passed from one abode to
+another, much quicker than the Pythagorean system generally allows. By
+this means, I have seldom had a body to myself, but have lodged up and
+down wherever I found a genius suitable to my own. In this manner I
+continued, some time with the top wit of France, at another with that of
+Italy, who had a statue erected to his memory in Rome. Towards the end of
+the 17th century, I set out for England; but the gentleman I came over in
+dying as soon as he got to shore, I was obliged to look out again for a
+new habitation. It was not long before I met with one to my mind, for
+having mixed myself invisibly with the _literati_ of this kingdom, I
+found it was unanimously agreed amongst them, That nobody was endowed
+with greater talents than Hiereus;[4] or, consequently, would be better
+pleased with my company. I slipped down his throat one night as he was
+fast asleep, and the next morning, as soon as he awaked, he fell to
+writing a treatise that was received with great applause, though he had
+the modesty not to set his name to that nor to any other of our
+productions. Some time after, he published a paper of predictions,
+which were translated into several languages, and alarmed some of the
+greatest princes in Europe. To these he prefixed the name of Isaac
+Bickerstaff, Esq; which I have been extremely fond of ever since, and
+have taken care that most of the writings I have been concerned in should
+be distinguished by it; though I must observe, that there have been many
+counterfeits imposed upon the public by this means. This extraordinary
+man being called out of the kingdom by affairs of his own, I resolved,
+however, to continue somewhat longer in a country where my works had
+been so well received, and accordingly bestowed myself with Hilario.[5]
+His natural wit, his lively turn of humour, and great penetration into
+human nature, easily determined me to this choice, the effects of which
+were soon after produced in this paper, called "The Tatler." I know not
+how it happened, but in less than two years' time Hilario grew weary of
+my company, and gave me warning to be gone. In the height of my
+resentment, I cast my eyes on a young fellow,[6] of no extraordinary
+qualifications, whom, for that very reason, I had the more pride in
+taking under my direction, and enabling him, by some means or other, to
+carry on the work I was before engaged in. Lest he should grow too vain
+upon this encouragement, I to this day keep him under due mortification.
+I seldom reside with him when any of his friends are at leisure to
+receive me, by whose hands, however, he is duly supplied. As I have
+passed through many scenes of life, and a long series of years, I choose
+to be considered in the character of an old fellow, and take care that
+those under my influence should speak consonantly to it. This account, I
+presume, will give no small consolation to Sylvia, who may rest assured,
+that Isaac Bickerstaff is to be seen in more forms than she dreamt of;
+out of which variety she may choose what is most agreeable to her fancy.
+On Tuesdays, he is sometimes a black, proper, young gentleman, with a
+mole on his left cheek. On Thursdays, a decent well-looking man, of a
+middle stature, long flaxen hair, and a florid complexion. On Saturdays,
+he is somewhat of the shortest, and may be known from others of that size
+by talking in a low voice, and passing through the streets without much
+precipitation.
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 28 in the reprint of "The Tatler," vol. v. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: _Metamorphoses_, xv. 158-161.
+
+  "Nor dies the spirit, but new life repeats
+  In other forms, and only changes seats.
+    Ev'n I, who these mysterious truths declare,
+  Was once Euphorbus in the Trojan war."
+
+J. DRYDEN.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: I.e. 1710-11. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: Swift. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Steele. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: Harrison. [T.S.]]
+
+
+                   *   *   *   *   *   *
+
+
+
+CONTRIBUTIONS TO "THE EXAMINER."
+
+
+NOTE.
+
+
+The new ministry, which came into power on the fall of the able
+administration of Godolphin in 1710, was the famous Oxford ministry
+headed by Harley and St. John. The new leaders were well aware that they
+would have to use all the means in their power not only to justify
+themselves to the English nation, but successfully to defeat the strong
+opposition which had such a man as Marlborough for its moving spirit. The
+address to Queen Anne from the Commons, showing undoubted evidences of
+St. John's hand, was the first employment of a means by which this
+ministry hoped to appeal to the public. But this remarkable literary
+effort had already been preceded by the establishment of a weekly
+political paper, entitled "The Examiner," a few weeks before
+Godolphin's fall. During the months of August, September, and
+October, in which were issued twelve papers, Dr. Freind, Atterbury,
+Prior and St. John, were the men employed to arouse the nation to a
+necessary condition of discontent. Now that the ministry was in
+power, the necessity for continuing these public appeals was felt to be
+all the stronger; and Harley's shrewdness in selecting Swift to take
+this important matter in hand shows his ability as a party leader.
+
+The first number of "The Examiner" was issued on August 3rd, 1710,
+and the paper was continued until July 26th, 1711. On December 6th,
+1711, William Oldisworth revived it, and issued it weekly until December
+18th, 1712, after which date it was published twice a week until
+July 26th, 1714, though it occasionally happened that only one was
+issued in a week. The last number was No. 19 of the sixth volume, so
+that Oldisworth edited vols. ii., iii., iv., v., and what was published
+of vol. vi. The death of the Queen put an end to the publication.
+
+Swift was called to his work about the middle of October of 1710,
+and his first paper appeared in No. 14. From that number to No. 45,
+Swift continued with unabated zeal and with masterly effect to carry
+out the policy of his friends. He also wrote a part of No. 46, and Nos.
+16 and 21 of the third volume, which appeared on January 16th and
+February 2nd, 1712-13. These two last numbers are not included in
+the present volume; since they have been printed in the fifth volume
+of this edition of Swift's works with the titles "An Appendix to the
+Conduct of the Allies" and "The Vindication of Erasmus Lewis."
+
+The appearance of "The Examiner" had brought an opposition paper into the
+field, entitled "The Whig Examiner," a periodical that ably maintained
+its party's stand in the face of St. John's attacks. But this paper only
+lasted for five weeks, and when Swift took charge of the Tory organ, the
+position of "The Examiner" was entirely altered. As Mr. Churton Collins
+ably remarks: "It became a voice of power in every town and in every
+hamlet throughout England. It was an appeal made, not to the political
+cliques of the metropolis, but to the whole kingdom; and to the whole
+kingdom it spoke.... No one who will take the trouble to glance at
+Swift's contributions to 'The Examiner' will be surprised at their
+effect. They are masterpieces of polemical skill. Every sentence--every
+word--comes home. Their logic, adapted to the meanest capacity, smites
+like a hammer. Their statements, often a tissue of mere sophistry and
+assumption, appear so plausible, that it is difficult even for the cool
+historian to avoid being carried away by them. At a time when party
+spirit was running high, and few men stopped to weigh evidence, they must
+have been irresistible." ("Jonathan Swift," 1893, p. 81.)
+
+In his "Memoirs relating to that Change" (vol. v., p 384), Swift gives
+the following explanation of the foundation of this paper. "Upon the rise
+of this ministry the principal persons in power thought it necessary that
+some weekly paper should be published, with just reflections upon former
+proceedings, and defending the present measures of Her Majesty. This was
+begun about the time of the Lord Godolphin's removal, under the name of
+'The Examiner.' ... The determination was that I should continue it,
+which I did accordingly for about eight months."
+
+Gay remarks in his pamphlet, "The Present State of Wit, in a Letter to a
+Friend in the Country," 1711: "'The Examiner' is a paper which all men,
+who speak without prejudice, allow to be well writ. Though his subject
+will admit of no great variety, he is continually placing it on so many
+different lights, and endeavouring to inculcate the same thing by so many
+beautiful changes of expressions, that men who are concerned in no party,
+may read him with pleasure. His way of assuming the question in debate is
+extremely artful; and his 'Letter to Crassus' [No. 28] is, I think, a
+masterpiece.... I presume I need not tell you that 'The Examiner' carries
+much the more sail as 'tis supposed to be writ by the direction, and
+under the eye of some great persons who sit at the helm of affairs, and
+is consequently looked on as a sort of public notice which way they are
+steering us. The reputed author is Dr. S[wif]t, with the assistance
+sometimes of Dr. Att[erbur]y and Mr. P[rio]r." With the fall of
+Bolingbroke on the death of Queen Anne and the accession of George I.,
+"The Examiner" collapsed. [T.S.]
+
+
+
+THE EXAMINER.
+
+
+NUMB. 14.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY OCTOBER 26 TO THURSDAY NOVEMBER  2, 1710.
+
+  --_Longa est injuria, longae
+  Ambages, sed summa sequar fastigia rerum_.[2]
+
+
+It is a practice I have generally followed, to converse in equal freedom
+with the deserving men of both parties; and it was never without some
+contempt, that I have observed persons wholly out of employment, affect
+to do otherwise: I doubted whether any man could owe so much to the side
+he was of, though he were retained by it; but without some great point of
+interest, either in possession or prospect, I thought it was the mark of
+a low and narrow spirit.
+
+It is hard, that, for some weeks past, I have been forced in my own
+defence, to follow a proceeding that I have so much condemned in others.
+But several of my acquaintance among the declining party, are grown so
+insufferably peevish and splenetic, profess such violent apprehensions
+for the public, and represent the state of things in such formidable
+ideas, that I find myself disposed to share in their afflictions, though
+I know them to be groundless and imaginary, or, which is worse, purely
+affected. To offer them comfort one by one, would be not only an
+endless, but a disobliging task. Some of them, I am convinced would be
+less melancholy, if there were more occasion. I shall therefore, instead
+of hearkening to further complaints, employ some part of this paper for
+the future, in letting such men see, that their natural or acquired fears
+are ill-grounded, and their artificial ones as ill-intended. That all
+our present inconveniencies,[3] are the consequence of the very counsels
+they so much admire, which would still have increased, if those had
+continued: and that neither our constitution in Church or State, could
+probably have been long preserved, without such methods as have been
+lately taken.
+
+The late revolutions at court, have given room to some specious
+objections, which I have heard repeated by well-meaning men, just as they
+had taken them up on the credit of others, who have worse designs. They
+wonder the Queen would choose to change her ministry at this juncture,[4]
+and thereby give uneasiness to a general who has been so long successful
+abroad; and might think himself injured, if the entire ministry were not
+of his own nomination. That there were few complaints of any consequence
+against the late men in power, and none at all in Parliament; which on
+the contrary, passed votes in favour of the chief minister. That if her
+Majesty had a mind to introduce the other party, it would have been more
+seasonable after a peace, which now we have made desperate, by spiriting
+the French, who rejoice at these changes, and by the fall of our credit,
+which unqualifies us for continuing the war. That the Parliament so
+untimely dissolved,[5] had been diligent in their supplies, and dutiful
+in their behaviour. That one consequence of these changes appears already
+in the fall of the stocks: that we may soon expect more and worse: and
+lastly, that all this naturally tends to break the settlement of the
+Crown, and call over the Pretender.
+
+These and the like notions are plentifully scattered abroad, by the
+malice of a ruined party, to render the Queen and her administration
+odious, and to inflame the nation. And these are what, upon occasion, I
+shall endeavour to overthrow, by discovering the falsehood and absurdity
+of them.
+
+It is a great unhappiness, when in a government constituted like ours, it
+should be so brought about, that the continuance of a war, must be for
+the interest of vast numbers (peaceable as well as military) who would
+otherwise have been as unknown as their original. I think our present
+condition of affairs, is admirably described by two verses in Lucan,
+
+  _Hinc usura vorax, avidumque in tempore foenus,
+  Hinc concussa fides, et multis utile bellum_,[6]
+
+which without any great force upon the words, may be thus translated,
+
+"Hence are derived those exorbitant interests and annuities; hence those
+large discounts for advances and prompt payment; hence public credit is
+shaken, and hence great numbers find their profit in prolonging the war."
+
+It is odd, that among a free trading people, as we take ourselves to be,
+there should so many be found to close in with those counsels, who have
+been ever averse from all overtures towards a peace. But yet there is no
+great mystery in the matter. Let any man observe the equipages in this
+town; he shall find the greater number of those who make a figure, to be
+a species of men quite different from any that were ever known before the
+Revolution, consisting either of generals and colonels, or of such whose
+whole fortunes lie in funds and stocks: so that power, which according to
+the old maxim, was used to follow land, is now gone over to money; and
+the country gentleman is in the condition of a young heir, out of whose
+estate a scrivener receives half the rents for interest, and hath a
+mortgage on the whole, and is therefore always ready to feed his vices
+and extravagancies while there is any thing left. So that if the war
+continues some years longer, a landed man will be little better than a
+farmer at a rack rent, to the army, and to the public funds.
+
+It may perhaps be worth inquiring from what beginnings, and by what steps
+we have been brought into this desperate condition: and in search of
+this, we must run up as high as the Revolution.
+
+Most of the nobility and gentry who invited over the Prince of Orange, or
+attended him in his expedition, were true lovers of their country and its
+constitution, in Church and State; and were brought to yield to those
+breaches in the succession of the crown, out of a regard to the necessity
+of the kingdom, and the safety of the people, which did, and could only,
+make them lawful; but without intention of drawing such a practice into
+precedent, or making it a standing measure by which to proceed in all
+times to come; and therefore we find their counsels ever tended to keep
+things as much as possible in the old course. But soon after, an under
+set of men, who had nothing to lose, and had neither borne the burthen
+nor heat of the day, found means to whisper in the king's ear, that the
+principles of loyalty in the Church of England, were wholly inconsistent
+with the Revolution.[7] Hence began the early practice of caressing
+the dissenters, reviling the universities, as maintainers of arbitrary
+power, and reproaching the clergy with the doctrines of divine-right,
+passive obedience and non-resistance.[8] At the same time, in order to
+fasten wealthy people to the new government, they proposed those
+pernicious expedients of borrowing money by vast _premiums_, and at
+exorbitant interest: a practice as old as Eumenes,[9] one of Alexander's
+captains, who setting up for himself after the death of his master,
+persuaded his principal officers to lend him great sums, after which they
+were forced to follow him for their own security.
+
+This introduced a number of new dexterous men into business and credit:
+It was argued, that the war could not last above two or three campaigns,
+and that it was easier for the subject to raise a fund for paying
+interest, than to tax them annually to the full expense of the war.
+Several persons who had small or encumbered estates, sold them, and
+turned their money into those funds to great advantage: merchants, as
+well as other moneyed men, finding trade was dangerous, pursued the same
+method: But the war continuing, and growing more expensive, taxes were
+increased, and funds multiplied every year, till they have arrived at the
+monstrous height we now behold them. And that which was at first a
+corruption, is at last grown necessary, and what every good subject must
+now fall in with, though he may be allowed to wish it might soon have an
+end; because it is with a kingdom, as with a private fortune, where every
+new incumbrance adds a double weight. By this means the wealth of the
+nation, that used to be reckoned by the value of land, is now computed by
+the rise and fall of stocks: and although the foundation of credit be
+still the same, and upon a bottom that can never be shaken; and though
+all interest be duly paid by the public, yet through the contrivance and
+cunning of stock-jobbers, there has been brought in such a complication
+of knavery and cozenage, such a mystery of iniquity, and such an
+unintelligible jargon of terms to involve it in, as were never known in
+any other age or country of the world. I have heard it affirmed by
+persons skilled in these calculations, that if the funds appropriated to
+the payment of interest and annuities, were added to the yearly taxes,
+and the four-shilling aid[10] strictly exacted in all counties of the
+kingdom, it would very near, if not fully, supply the occasions of the
+war, at least such a part, as in the opinion of very able persons, had
+been at that time prudence not to exceed. For I make it a question,
+whether any wise prince or state, in the continuance of a war, which was
+not purely defensive, or immediately at his own door, did ever propose
+that his expense should perpetually exceed what he was able to impose
+annually upon his subjects? Neither if the war lasts many years longer,
+do I see how the next generation will be able to begin another, which in
+the course of human affairs, and according to the various interests and
+ambition of princes, may be as necessary for them as it has been for us.
+And had our fathers left us as deeply involved as we are like to leave
+our children, I appeal to any man, what sort of figure we should have
+been able to make these twenty years past. Besides, neither our enemies,
+nor allies, are upon the same foot with us in this particular. France and
+Holland, our nearest neighbours, and the farthest engaged, will much
+sooner recover themselves after a war. The first, by the absolute power
+of the prince who being master of the lives and fortunes of his subjects,
+will quickly find expedients to pay his debts: and so will the other, by
+their prudent administration, the greatness of their trade, their
+wonderful parsimony, the willingness of their people to undergo all kind
+of taxes, and their justice in applotting as well as collecting them. But
+above all, we are to consider that France and Holland fight in the
+continent, either upon, or near their own territories, and the greatest
+part of the money circulates among themselves; whereas ours crosses the
+sea either to Flanders, Spain, or Portugal, and every penny of it,
+whether in specie or returns, is so much lost to the nation for ever.
+
+Upon these considerations alone, it was the most prudent course
+imaginable in the Queen, to lay hold of the disposition of the people for
+changing the Parliament and ministry at this juncture, and extricating
+herself, as soon as possible, out of the pupillage of those who found
+their accounts only in perpetuating the war. Neither have we the least
+reason to doubt, but the ensuing Parliament will assist her Majesty with
+the utmost vigour,[11] till her enemies _again_ be brought to sue for
+peace, and _again_ offer such terms as will make it both honourable and
+lasting; only with this difference, that the Ministry perhaps will not
+_again_ refuse them.[12]
+
+  _Audiet pugnas vitio parentum
+  Rara Juventus_.[13]
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 13 in the reprint. The No. 13 (from Thursday, October
+19, to Thursday, October 26, 1710) of the original is omitted from the
+reprint, and the Nos. from 14 to 48 are slipped back one. No. 49 also
+is omitted, and Nos. 50 to 52 slipped back two. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Virgil, "Aeneid," i. 341-2.
+
+  "Her whole tale of wrong
+  'Twere tedious to relate. But I will give
+  The leading facts."--R. KENNEDY.
+  [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: "The Observator" of Nov. 8th, commenting on this statement,
+remarks: "All the inconveniences we labour under at present, are so far
+from being the consequence of the counsels of the late ministry, that
+they are visibly the consequence of those of the 'Examiner's' party,
+who brought the nation to the brink of Popery and slavery, from which
+they were delivered by the Revolution; and are pursuing the same
+measures again," etc. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: See "Memoirs relating to that Change" (vol. v., pp. 359-90).
+The Queen's action in dismissing her ministers and dissolving Parliament
+in September was, even to Swift himself, a matter for wonder:
+"I never remember," he writes to Stella (Sept. 20th, 1710), "such
+bold steps taken by a Court." And Tindal, commenting on the change,
+says: "So sudden and so entire a change in the ministry is scarce to be
+found in our history, especially where men of great abilities had served
+with such zeal and success." ("Hist. of England," iv. 192.) [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Parliament was dissolved by proclamation on September 21st.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: "Pharsalia," i. 181-2.
+
+  "Hence debt unthrifty, careless to repay,
+  And usury still watching for its day:
+  Hence perjuries in every wrangling court;
+  And war, the needy bankrupt's last resort,"
+  N. ROWE.
+
+Lucan wrote "_et_ concussa," [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: Commenting on this passage, "The Observator" of Nov. 8th
+remarked: "One would take the author to be some very great man, since
+he speaks so contemptuously of both Houses of Parliament; for they
+actually found those doctrines, as then preached up, to be inconsistent
+with the Revolution, and declared it loudly to the world without
+whispering." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: Writing to the Earl of Peterborough (Feb. 1710/1), Swift
+refers to "a pamphlet come out, called 'A Letter to Jacob Banks,' showing
+that the liberty of Sweden was destroyed by the principle of passive
+obedience." The pamphlet was written by one W. Benson, and bore
+the title, "A Letter to Sir J---- B----, By Birth a S----,... Concerning
+the late Minehead doctrine," etc., 1711. "This dispute," says
+Swift to Peterborough, "would soon be ended, if the dunces who write
+on each side, would plainly tell us what the object of this passive
+obedience is in our country." (Scott, vol. xv., p. 423.)
+
+See also, on this matter, "Examiner," Nos. 34 and 40 _post_. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: Eumenes of Cardia was secretary to Alexander the Great, and
+distinguished himself both as a statesman and general. He was killed
+B.C. 316. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: The land tax at the time was four shillings in the pound.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: In her speech to Parliament on Nov. 27th, 1710, Anne said:
+"The carrying on the war in all its parts, but particularly in Spain,
+with the utmost vigour, is the likeliest means, with God's blessing, to
+procure a safe and honourable peace for us and all our allies, whose
+support and interest I have truly at heart" ("Journals of House of
+Lords," xix, 166).]
+
+[Footnote 12: This is a dig at the Duke of Marlborough, for what the
+Tories thought an unnecessarily harsh insistence on the inclusion of a
+clause in the preliminaries of the Gertruydenberg Treaty, which it was
+thought he must have known would be rejected by Louis. They suspected
+Marlborough did this in order to keep the war going, and so permit
+himself further opportunities for enriching himself. The treaty for
+peace, carried on at Gertruydenberg in 1710, was discussed by Marlborough
+and Townshend acting for England, the Marquis de Torcy acting for France,
+and Buys and Vanderdussen for the States. Several conferences took place,
+and preliminary articles were even signed, but the Allies demanded a
+security for the delivering of Spain. This Louis XIV. refused to do, and
+the conference broke up in July, 1710. See Swift's "Conduct of the Allies"
+(vol. v., pp. 55-123). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: Horace, "Odes," I. ii. 23, 24.
+"Our youth will hear, astonished at our crimes,
+That Roman armies Romans slew;
+Our youth, alas! will then be few."--A. MAYNWARING.
+[T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 15.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY NOVEMBER 2, TO THURSDAY NOVEMBER 9, 1710.
+
+  _E quibis hi vacuas implent sermonibus aures,
+  Hi narrata ferunt alio: mensuraque ficti
+  Crescit, et auditis aliquid novus adjicit autor,
+  Illic Credulitas, illic temerarius Error,
+  Vanaque Laetitia est, consternatique Timores,
+  Seditioque recens, dubioque autore susurri._[2]
+
+
+I am prevailed on, through the importunity of friends, to interrupt the
+scheme I had begun in my last paper, by an Essay upon the Art of
+Political Lying. We are told, "the Devil is the father of lies, and was a
+liar from the beginning"; so that beyond contradiction, the invention is
+old: And which is more, his first essay of it was purely political,
+employed in undermining the authority of his Prince, and seducing a third
+part of the subjects from their obedience. For which he was driven down
+from Heaven, where (as Milton expresseth it) he had been viceroy of a
+great western province;[3] and forced to exercise his talent in inferior
+regions among other fallen spirits, or poor deluded men, whom he still
+daily tempts to his own sin, and will ever do so till he is chained in
+the bottomless pit.
+
+But though the Devil be the father of lies, he seems, like other great
+inventors, to have lost much of his reputation, by the continual
+improvements that have been made upon him.
+
+Who first reduced lying into an art, and adapted it to politics, is not
+so clear from history, though I have made some diligent enquiries: I
+shall therefore consider it only according to the modern system, as it
+has been cultivated these twenty years past in the southern part of our
+own island.
+
+The poets tell us, that after the giants were overthrown by the gods, the
+earth in revenge produced her last offspring, which was Fame.[4] And the
+fable is thus interpreted; that when tumults and seditions are quieted,
+rumours and false reports are plentifully spread through a nation. So
+that by this account, _lying_ is the last relief of a routed, earth-born,
+rebellious party in a state. But here, the moderns have made great
+additions, applying this art to the gaining of power, and preserving it,
+as well as revenging themselves after they have lost it: as the same
+instruments are made use of by animals to feed themselves when they are
+hungry, and bite those that tread upon them.
+
+But the same genealogy cannot always be admitted for _political lying;_ I
+shall therefore desire to refine upon it, by adding some circumstances of
+its birth and parents. A political lie is sometimes born out of a
+discarded statesman's head, and thence delivered to be nursed and dandled
+by the mob. Sometimes it is produced a monster, and _licked_ into shape;
+at other times it comes into the world completely formed, and is spoiled
+in the licking. It is often born an infant in the regular way, and
+requires time to mature it: and often it sees the light in its full
+growth, but dwindles away by degrees. Sometimes it is of noble birth; and
+sometimes the spawn of a stock-jobber. _Here_, it screams aloud at the
+opening of the womb; and _there_, it is delivered with a whisper. I know
+a lie that now disturbs half the kingdom with its noise, which though too
+proud and great at present to own its parents, I can remember in its
+whisper-hood. To conclude the nativity of this monster; when it comes
+into the world without a _sting_, it is still-born; and whenever it loses
+its sting, it dies.
+
+No wonder, if an infant so miraculous in its birth, should be destined
+for great adventures: and accordingly we see it has been the guardian
+spirit of a prevailing party for almost twenty years. It can conquer
+kingdoms without fighting, and sometimes with the loss of a battle: It
+gives and resumes employments; can sink a mountain to a mole-hill, and
+raise a mole-hill to a mountain; has presided for many years at
+committees of elections; can wash a blackamoor white; make a saint of an
+atheist, and a patriot of a profligate; can furnish foreign ministers
+with intelligence, and raise or let fall the credit of the nation. This
+goddess flies with a huge looking-glass in her hands, to dazzle the
+crowd, and make them see, according as she turns it, their ruin in their
+interest, and their interest in their ruin. In this glass you will behold
+your best friends clad in coats powdered with _flower-de-luces_[5] and
+triple crowns; their girdles hung round with chains, and beads, and
+wooden shoes: and your worst enemies adorned with the ensigns of liberty,
+property, indulgence, and moderation, and a cornucopia in their hands.
+Her large wings, like those of a flying-fish, are of no use but while
+they are moist; she therefore dips them in mud, and soaring aloft
+scatters it in the eyes of the multitude, flying with great swiftness;
+but at every turn is forced to stoop in dirty way for new supplies.
+
+I have been sometimes thinking, if a man had the art of the second sight
+for seeing lies, as they have in Scotland for seeing spirits, how
+admirably he might entertain himself in this town; to observe the
+different shapes, sizes, and colours, of those swarms of lies which buzz
+about the heads of some people, like flies about a horse's ears in
+summer: or those legions hovering every afternoon in Popes-head Alley[6],
+enough to darken the air; or over a club of discontented grandees, and
+thence sent down in cargoes to be scattered at elections.
+
+There is one essential point wherein a political liar differs from others
+of the faculty; that he ought to have but a short memory, which is
+necessary according to the various occasions he meets with every hour, of
+differing from himself, and swearing to both sides of a contradiction, as
+he finds the persons disposed, with whom he has to deal. In describing
+the virtues and vices of mankind, it is convenient upon every article, to
+have some eminent person in our eye, from whence we copy our description.
+I have strictly observed this rule; and my imagination this minute
+represents before me a certain great man[7] famous for this talent, to
+the constant practice of which he owes his twenty years' reputation of
+the most skilful head in England, for the management of nice affairs. The
+superiority of his genius consists in nothing else but an inexhaustible
+fund of political lies, which he plentifully distributes every minute he
+speaks, and by an unparalleled generosity forgets, and consequently
+contradicts the next half-hour. He never yet considered whether any
+proposition were true or false, but whether it were convenient for the
+present minute or company to affirm or deny it; so that if you think to
+refine upon him, by interpreting every thing he says, as we do dreams by
+the contrary, you are still to seek, and will find yourself equally
+deceived, whether you believe him or no: the only remedy is to suppose
+that you have heard some inarticulate sounds, without any meaning at all.
+And besides, that will take off the horror you might be apt to conceive
+at the oaths wherewith he perpetually tags both ends of every
+proposition: though at the same time I think he cannot with any justice
+be taxed for perjury, when he invokes God and Christ, because he has
+often fairly given public notice to the world, that he believes in
+neither.
+
+Some people may think that such an accomplishment as this, can be of no
+great use to the owner or his party, after it has been often practised,
+and is become notorious; but they are widely mistaken: Few lies carry the
+inventor's mark; and the most prostitute enemy to truth may spread a
+thousand without being known for the author. Besides, as the vilest
+writer has his readers, so the greatest liar has his believers; and it
+often happens, that if a lie be believed only for an hour, it has done
+its work, and there is no farther occasion for it. Falsehood flies, and
+Truth comes limping after it; so that when men come to be undeceived, it
+is too late, the jest is over, and the tale has had its effect: like a
+man who has thought of a good repartee, when the discourse is changed, or
+the company parted: or, like a physician who has found out an infallible
+medicine, after the patient is dead.
+
+Considering that natural disposition in many men to lie, and in
+multitudes to believe, I have been perplexed what to do with that maxim,
+so frequent in every body's mouth, that "Truth will at last prevail."
+Here, has this island of ours, for the greatest part of twenty years,
+lain under the influence of such counsels and persons, whose principle
+and interest it was to corrupt our manners, blind our understandings,
+drain our wealth, and in time destroy our constitution both in Church and
+State; and we at last were brought to the very brink of ruin; yet by the
+means of perpetual misrepresentations, have never been able to
+distinguish between our enemies and friends. We have seen a great part of
+the nation's money got into the hands of those, who by their birth,
+education and merit, could pretend no higher than to wear our liveries;
+while others,[8] who by their credit, quality and fortune, were only able
+to give reputation and success to the Revolution, were not only laid
+aside, as dangerous and useless; but loaden with the scandal of
+Jacobites, men of arbitrary principles, and pensioners to France; while
+Truth, who is said to lie in a well, seemed now to be buried there under
+a heap of stones. But I remember, it was a usual complaint among the
+Whigs, that the bulk of landed men was not in their interests, which some
+of the wisest looked on as an ill omen; and we saw it was with the utmost
+difficulty that they could preserve a majority, while the court and
+ministry were on their side; till they had learned those admirable
+expedients for deciding elections, and influencing distant boroughs by
+_powerful motives_ from the city. But all this was mere force and
+constraint, however upheld by most dexterous artifice and management:
+till the people began to apprehend their properties, their religion, and
+the monarchy itself in danger; then we saw them greedily laying hold on
+the first occasion to interpose. But of this mighty change in the
+dispositions of the people, I shall discourse more at large in some
+following paper; wherein I shall endeavour to undeceive those deluded or
+deluding persons, who hope or pretend, it is only a short madness in the
+vulgar, from which they may soon recover. Whereas I believe it will
+appear to be very different in its causes, its symptoms, and its
+consequences; and prove a great example to illustrate the maxim I lately
+mentioned, that "Truth" (however sometimes late) "will at last prevail."
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 14 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Ovid, "Metamorphoses," xii. 56-61.
+
+"The troubled air with empty sounds they beat.
+Intent to hear, and eager to repeat.
+Error sits brooding there, with added train
+Of vain Credulity, and Joys as vain:
+Suspicion, with Sedition joined, are near,
+And Rumours raised, and Murmurs mixed, and panic Fear."
+                               J. DRYDEN.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: "Paradise Lost," v. 708-710. Milton makes Satan say: "We
+possess the quarters of the North," and places his throne in "the limits
+of the North." By speaking of a _western_ province Swift intends Ireland,
+then under the government of the Earl of Wharton. This paper may be read
+in connection with the 23rd number of "The Examiner," and the "Short
+Character of Wharton" (vol. v., pp. 1-28). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: Fama was said to be a daughter of Terra. See Virgil,
+"Aeneid," iv. 173-178. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: A reply to the insinuations that the Tories were sympathetic
+to France, and that the Whigs were the true patriots. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: The reprint has "Exchange Alley." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: The Earl of Wharton. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: Refers to the Tories generally, and in particular to Sir
+Thomas Osborne, Bart. (1631-1712), who was created Duke of Leeds in 1694.
+In 1679, as Earl of Danby, he was impeached by the Commons, and
+imprisoned in the Tower for five years. "He assisted greatly," says
+Scott, "in the Revolution, yet continued a steady Tory, and avowed at
+Sacheverell's trial, that, had he known the Prince of Orange designed
+to assume the crown, he never would have drawn a sword for him."
+[T.S.]]
+
+
+
+
+NUMB. 16.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY NOVEMBER 9, TO THURSDAY NOVEMBER 16, 1710.
+
+
+  ---_medioque ut limite curras,
+  Icare, ait, moneo: ne si demissior ibis,
+  Unda gravet pennas, si celsior, ignis adurat._[2]
+
+
+It must be avowed, that for some years past, there have been few things
+more wanted in England, than such a paper as this ought to be; and such
+as I will endeavour to make it, as long as it shall be found of any use,
+without entering into the violences of either party. Considering the many
+grievous misrepresentations of persons and things, it is highly
+requisite, at this juncture, that the people throughout the kingdom,
+should, if possible, be set right in their opinions by some impartial
+hand, which has never been yet attempted: those who have hitherto
+undertaken it, being upon every account the least qualified of all
+human-kind for such a work.
+
+We live here under a limited monarchy, and under the doctrine and
+discipline of an excellent Church: We are unhappily divided into two
+parties, both which pretend a mighty zeal for our religion and
+government, only they disagree about the means.[3] The evils we must
+fence against are, on one side, fanaticism and infidelity in religion;
+and anarchy, under the name of a commonwealth, in government: on the
+other side, popery, slavery, and the Pretender from France. Now to inform
+and direct us in our sentiments, upon these weighty points; here are on
+one side two stupid, illiterate scribblers, both of them fanatics by
+profession; I mean the "Review"[4] and "Observator."[5] On the other side
+we have an open Nonjuror,[6] whose character and person, as well as good
+learning and sense, discovered upon other subjects, do indeed deserve
+respect and esteem; but his "Rehearsal," and the rest of his political
+papers, are yet more pernicious than those of the former two. If the
+generality of the people know not how to talk or think, till they have
+read their lesson in the papers of the week, what a misfortune is it that
+their duty should be conveyed to them through such vehicles as those? For
+let some gentlemen think what they please, I cannot but suspect, that the
+two worthies I first mentioned, have in a degree done mischief among us;
+the mock authoritative manner of the one, and the insipid mirth of the
+other, however insupportable to reasonable ears, being of a level with
+great numbers among the lowest part of mankind. Neither was the author of
+the "Rehearsal," while he continued that paper, less infectious to many
+persons of better figure, who perhaps were as well qualified, and much
+less prejudiced, to judge for themselves.
+
+It was this reason, that moved me to take the matter out of those rough,
+as well as those dirty hands, to let the remote and uninstructed part of
+the nation see, that they have been misled on both sides, by mad,
+ridiculous extremes, at a wide distance on each side from the truth;
+while the right path is so broad and plain, as to be easily kept, if they
+were once put into it.
+
+Further, I had lately entered on a resolution to take very little notice
+of other papers, unless it were such, where the malice and falsehood, had
+so great a mixture of wit and spirit, as would make them dangerous; which
+in the present circle of scribbles, from twelvepence to a halfpenny, I
+could easily foresee would not very frequently occur. But here again, I
+am forced to dispense with my resolution, though it be only to tell my
+reader, what measures I am like to take on such occasions for the future.
+I was told that the paper called "The Observator," was twice filled last
+week with remarks upon a late "Examiner."[7] These I read with the first
+opportunity, and to speak in the news-writers' phrase, they gave me
+occasion for many speculations. I observed with singular pleasure, the
+nature of those things, which the owners of them, usually call _answers_;
+and with what dexterity this matchless author had fallen into the whole
+art and cant of them. To transcribe here and there three or four detached
+lines of least weight in a discourse, and by a foolish comment mistake
+every syllable of the meaning, is what I have known many of a superior
+class, to this formidable adversary, entitle an "Answer."[8] This is what
+he has exactly done in about thrice as many words as my whole discourse;
+which is so mighty an advantage over me, that I shall by no means engage
+in so unequal a combat; but as far as I can judge of my own temper,
+entirely dismiss him for the future; heartily wishing he had a match
+exactly of his own size to meddle with, who should only have the odds of
+truth and honesty; which as I take it, would be an effectual way to
+silence him for ever. Upon this occasion, I cannot forbear a short story
+of a fanatic farmer who lived in my neighbourhood, and was so great a
+disputant in religion, that the servants in all the families thereabouts,
+reported, how he had confuted the bishop and all his clergy. I had then a
+footman who was fond of reading the Bible, and I borrowed a comment for
+him, which he studied so close, that in a month or two I thought him a
+match for the farmer. They disputed at several houses, with a ring of
+servants and other people always about them, where Ned explained his
+texts so full and clear, to the capacity of his audience, and showed the
+insignificancy of his adversary's cant, to the meanest understanding,
+that he got the whole country of his side, and the farmer was cured of
+his itch of disputation for ever after.
+
+The worst of it is, that this sort of outrageous party-writers I have
+above spoke of, are like a couple of make-bates, who inflame small
+quarrels by a thousand stories, and by keeping friends at a distance
+hinder them from coming to a good understanding, as they certainly would,
+if they were suffered to meet and debate between themselves. For let any
+one examine a reasonable honest man of either side, upon those opinions
+in religion and government, which both parties daily buffet each other
+about, he shall hardly find one material point in difference between
+them. I would be glad to ask a question about two great men[9] of the
+late ministry, how they came to be Whigs? and by what figure of speech,
+half a dozen others, lately put into great employments, can be called
+Tories? I doubt, whoever would suit the definition to the persons, must
+make it directly contrary to what we understood it at the time of the
+Revolution.
+
+In order to remove these misapprehensions among us, I believe it will be
+necessary upon occasion, to detect the malice and falsehood of some
+popular maxims, which those idiots scatter from the press twice a week,
+and draw an hundred absurd consequences from them.
+
+For example, I have heard it often objected as a great piece of insolence
+in the clergy and others, to say or hint that the Church was in danger,
+when it was voted otherwise in Parliament some years ago: and the Queen
+herself in her last speech, did openly condemn all such insinuations.[10]
+Notwithstanding which, I did then, and do still believe, the Church has,
+since that vote, been in very imminent danger; and I think I might then
+have said so, without the least offence to her Majesty, or either of the
+two Houses. The Queen's words, as near as I can remember, mentioned the
+Church being in danger from her administration; and whoever says or
+thinks that, deserves, in my opinion, to be hanged for a traitor. But
+that the Church and State may be both in danger under the best princes
+that ever reigned, and without the least guilt of theirs, is such a
+truth, as a man must be a great stranger to history or common sense, to
+doubt. The wisest prince on earth may be forced, by the necessity of his
+affairs, and the present power of an unruly faction, or deceived by the
+craft of ill designing men: One or two ministers, most in his confidence,
+may _at first_ have good intentions, but grow corrupted by time, by
+avarice, by love, by ambition, and have fairer terms offered them, to
+gratify their passions or interests, from _one set of men_ than another,
+till they are too far involved for a retreat; and so be forced to take
+"seven spirits more wicked than themselves." This is a very possible
+case; and will not "the last state of such men be worse than the first"?
+that is to say, will not the public, which was safe at first, grow in
+danger by such proceedings as these? And shall a faithful subject, who
+foresees and trembles at the consequences, be called _disaffected_,
+because he delivers his opinion, though the prince declares, as he justly
+may, that the danger is not owing to his administration? Or, shall the
+prince himself be blamed, when in such a juncture he puts his affairs
+into other hands, with the universal applause of his people? As to the
+vote against those who should affirm the Church was in danger, I think it
+likewise referred to danger from or under the Queen's administration,
+(for I neither have it by me, nor can suddenly have recourse to it;) but
+if it were otherwise, I know not how it can refer to any dangers but what
+were past, or at that time present; or how it could affect the future,
+unless the senators were all _inspired_, or at least that majority which
+voted it. Neither do I see any crime further than ill manners, to differ
+in opinion from a majority of either or both Houses; and that ill
+manners, I must confess I have been often guilty of for some years past,
+though I hope I never shall again.
+
+Another topic of great use to these weekly inflamers, is the young
+Pretender[11] in France, to whom their whole party is in a high measure
+indebted for all their greatness; and whenever it lies in their power,
+they may perhaps return their acknowledgments, as out of their zeal for
+frequent revolutions, they were ready to do to his supposed father:
+which is a piece of secret history, that I hope will one day see the
+light; and I am sure it shall, if ever I am master of it, without
+regarding whose ears may tingle.[12] But at present, the word _Pretender_
+is a term of art in their possession: A secretary of state cannot desire
+leave to resign, but the Pretender is at bottom: the Queen cannot
+dissolve a Parliament, but it is a plot to dethrone herself, and bring in
+the Pretender. Half a score stock-jobbers are playing the knave in
+Exchange-Alley, and there goes the Pretender with a sponge. One would be
+apt to think they bawl out the Pretender so often, to take off the
+terror; or tell so many lies about him, to slacken our caution, that when
+he is really coming, _by their connivance_, we may not believe them; as
+the boy served the shepherds about the coming of the wolf. Or perhaps
+they scare us with the Pretender, because they think he may be like some
+diseases, that come with a fright. Do they not believe that the Queen's
+present ministry love her Majesty, at least as well as _some others_
+loved the Church? And why is it not as great mark of disaffection now to
+say the Queen is in danger, as it was some months ago to affirm the same
+of the Church? Suppose it be a false opinion, that the Queen's right is
+hereditary and indefeasible; yet how is it possible that those who hold
+and believe that doctrine, can be in the Pretender's interest? His title
+is weakened by every argument that strengthens hers. It is as plain as
+the words of an Act of Parliament can make it, that her present Majesty
+is heir to the survivor of the late King and Queen her sister. Is not
+that an hereditary right? What need we explain it any further? I have
+known an Article of Faith expounded in much looser and more general
+terms, and that by an author whose opinions are very much followed by a
+certain party.[13] Suppose we go further, and examine the word
+_indefeasible_, with which some writers of late have made themselves so
+merry: I confess it is hard to conceive, how any law which the supreme
+power makes, may not by the same power be repealed: so that I shall not
+determine, whether the Queen's right be indefeasible or no. But this I
+will maintain, that whoever affirms it so, is not guilty of a crime. For
+in that settlement of the crown after the Revolution, where her present
+Majesty is named in remainder,[14] there are (as near as I can remember)
+these remarkable words, "to which we bind ourselves and our posterity for
+ever." Lawyers may explain this, or call them words of form, as they
+please: and reasoners may argue that such an obligation is against the
+very nature of government; but a plain reader, who takes the words in
+their natural meaning, may be excused, in thinking a right so confirmed,
+is _indefeasible_; and if there be an absurdity in such an opinion, he is
+not to answer for it.
+
+_P.S._ When this paper was going to the press, the printer brought me two
+more _Observators_,[15] wholly taken up in my _Examiner_ upon lying,
+which I was at the pains to read; and they are just such an answer, as
+the two others I have mentioned. This is all I have to say on that
+matter.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 15 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Ovid, "Metamorphoses," viii. 203-5.
+
+            "My boy, take care
+  To wing your course along the middle air:
+  If low, the surges wet your flagging plumes;
+  If high, the sun the melting wax consumes."
+                             S. CROXALL.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: See the pamphlets: "The Thoughts of an Honest Tory," 1710
+[by Bp. Hoadly]; "Faults on both Sides ... by way of answer to
+'The Thoughts of an Honest Tory,'" 1710 [by a Mr. Clements]; and
+"Faults in the Fault-Finder: or, a Specimen of Errors in ... 'Faults
+on Both Sides,'" 1710; etc., etc. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: "The Review" was edited by Daniel Defoe. He commenced
+it on February 19th, 1703/4, as "A Weekly Review of the Affairs of
+France"; but about this time it had lost much of its early spring and
+verve. It was discontinued after June 11th, 1713. Gay thought,
+speaking of "The Review," that Defoe was "a lively instance of
+those wits, who, as an ingenious author says, will endure but one
+skimming" ("Present State of Wit"). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: "The Observator" was founded by John Tutchin. The first
+number was issued April 1st, 1702, and it appeared, with some intervals,
+until July, 1712, though Tutchin himself died in 1707. For his
+partisanship for Monmouth poor Tutchin came under the anger of Judge
+Jeffreys, who sentenced him to several floggings. Pope's couplet in
+the "Dunciad" has immortalized him:
+
+  "Earless on high stood unabashed De Foe,
+  And Tutchin flagrant from the scourge below."
+  [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: This was the Rev. Charles Leslie, whose periodical, "The
+Rehearsal," was avowedly Jacobite. The paper appeared from August
+5th, 1704, until March 26th, 1709. In 1708-9 all the numbers were
+republished in four volumes folio, with the title: "A View of the
+Times, their Principles and Practices: in the First [Second, etc.]
+Volume of the Rehearsals," and under the pseudonym "Philalethes."
+Later he engaged in a controversy with Bishop Hoadly. See also
+note on p. 354, vol. v.
+
+Of Swift's use of the term "Nonjuror," "The Medley" (June 18th,
+1711, No. 38) made the following remarks: "If he speaks of him with
+relation to his party, there can be nothing so inconsistent as a Whig
+and a Nonjuror: and if he talks of him merely as an author, all the
+authors in the world are Nonjurors, but the ingenious divine who writ
+'The Tale of a Tub' ... for he is the first man who introduced those
+figures of rhetoric we call swearing and cursing in print." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: "The Observator" for November 8th, 1710 (vol. ix., No. 85),
+was filled with _more_ remarks on the fourteenth "Examiner." Presumably
+the issue for November 4th, which is not accessible, commenced the
+attack. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: A humorous specimen of this kind of an "Answer" was given by
+Swift in No. 23 of "The Examiner," _post._ [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: The Duke of Marlborough and Lord Godolphin, who commenced
+their political career as Tories, and only became Whigs through the
+necessity of identifying their own principles with that of the party
+which supported their power. [S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: On December 6th, 1705, the House of Lords passed the
+following resolution: "That the Church of England ... is now, by God's
+blessing, under the happy reign of her Majesty, in a most safe and
+flourishing condition; and that whoever goes about to suggest and
+insinuate, that the Church is in danger under her Majesty's
+administration, is an enemy to the Queen, the Church, and the Kingdom"
+("Jls. of House of Lords," xviii. 43). On December 8th the House of
+Commons, by a majority of 212 against 162, agreed to this resolution. In
+her speech at the prorogation of Parliament on April 5th, 1710, the Queen
+said: "The suppressing immorality ... is what I have always earnestly
+recommended; ... but, this being an evil complained of in all times, it
+is very injurious to take a pretence from thence, to insinuate that the
+Church is in any danger from my administration" ("Jls. Of House of
+Lords," xix. 145). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: James, Duke of Cornwall (1688-1766), known as the Chevalier
+de St. George. At one time the belief was current that the wife of James
+II. did not give birth to a child, and the "young Pretender" was supposed
+to be a son of one Mary Grey (see note on p. 409 of vol. v. of present
+edition of Swift's works). See also: "State-Amusements, Serious and
+Hypocritical ... Birth of the Pretended Prince of Wales," 1711;
+"Seasonable Queries relating to the Birth and Birthright of a Certain
+Person," 1714; and other pamphlets. In the Act for the Succession to the
+Crown (6 Ann. c. 41), he is styled, "the Pretended Prince of Wales."
+History afterwards called him the "Old Pretender" to distinguish him from
+Charles Edward, the "bonnie Prince Charlie," the Young Pretender. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: Swift kept his word. See "An Enquiry into ... the Queen's
+Last Ministry," 1715 (Swift's Works, vol. v., p. 458 _sq._), and his
+"History of the Four Last Years of the Queen," 1758. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: By Bishop Burnet in his "Exposition of the Thirty-Nine
+Articles." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 14: The reference here is to the Bill of Rights (1 William and
+Mary, Sess. 2, c. 2), where it is said: "And thereunto the said Lords
+spiritual and temporal and Commons do, in the name of all the people
+aforesaid, most humbly and faithfully submit themselves, their heirs and
+posterities, for ever." In the recital in the Act of Settlement (12 and
+13 W. III. c. 2) the words "for ever" are omitted. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 15: "The Observator" of November 11th and 15th (vol. ix., Nos.
+86 and 87). In No. 86 "The Examiner" is given "a spiritual shove," and,
+quoting his statement that a political liar "ought to have but a short
+memory" to meet occasions "of differing from himself, and swearing to
+both sides of a contradiction," adds, "the 'Examiner' has this essential
+qualification of a political liar." It is amusing to find in the same
+issue "The Observator" calling Jezebel a Tory, and Elijah and Naboth,
+Whigs! [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 17.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY NOVEMBER 16, TO THURSDAY NOVEMBER 23, 1710.
+
+_Qui sunt boni cives? Qui belli, qui domi de patriâ bene merentes, nisi
+qui patriae beneficia meminerunt?_[2]
+
+
+I will employ this present paper upon a subject, which of late hath very
+much affected me, which I have considered with a good deal of
+application, and made several enquiries about, among those persons who I
+thought were best able to inform me; and if I deliver my sentiments with
+some freedom, I hope it will be forgiven, while I accompany it with that
+tenderness which so nice a point requires.
+
+I said in a former paper (Numb. 14) that one specious objection to the
+late removals at court, was the fear of giving uneasiness to a general,
+who has been long successful abroad: and accordingly, the common clamour
+of tongues and pens for some months past, has run against the baseness,
+the inconstancy and ingratitude of the whole kingdom to the Duke of
+M[arlborough], in return of the most eminent services that ever were
+performed by a subject to his country; not to be equalled in history. And
+then to be sure some bitter stroke of detraction against Alexander and
+Caesar, who never did us the least injury. Besides, the people that read
+Plutarch come upon us with parallels drawn from the Greeks and Romans,
+who ungratefully dealt with I know not how many of their most deserving
+generals: while the profounder politicians, have seen pamphlets, where
+Tacitus and Machiavel have been quoted to shew the danger of too
+resplendent a merit. Should a stranger hear these furious outcries of
+ingratitude against our general, without knowing the particulars, he
+would be apt to enquire where was his tomb, or whether he were allowed
+Christian burial? not doubting but we had put him to some ignominious
+death. Or, has he been tried for his life, and very narrowly escaped? has
+he been accused of high crimes and misdemeanours? has the prince seized
+on his estate, and left him to starve? has he been hooted at as he passed
+the streets, by an ungrateful mob? have neither honours, offices nor
+grants, been conferred on him or his family? have not he and they been
+barbarously stripped of them all? have not he and his forces been ill
+paid abroad? and does not the prince by a scanty, limited commission,
+hinder him from pursuing his own methods in the conduct of the war?
+has he no power at all of disposing commissions as he pleases? is he not
+severely used by the ministry or Parliament, who yearly call him to a
+strict account? has the senate ever thanked him for good success, and
+have they not always publicly censured him for the least miscarriage?
+Will the accusers of the nation join issue upon any of these particulars,
+or tell us in what point, our damnable sin of ingratitude lies? Why, it
+is plain and clear; for while he is commanding abroad, the Queen
+dissolves her Parliament, and changes her ministry at home: in which
+universal calamity, no less than two persons[3] allied by marriage to the
+general, have lost their places. Whence came this wonderful sympathy
+between the civil and military powers? Will the troops in Flanders refuse
+to fight, unless they can have their own lord keeper, their own lord
+president of the council, their own chief Governor of Ireland, and their
+own Parliament? In a kingdom where the people are free, how came they to
+be so fond of having their councils under the influence of their army, or
+those that lead it? who in all well instituted states, had no commerce
+with the civil power, further than to receive their orders, and obey them
+without reserve.
+
+When a general is not so popular, either in his army or at home, as one
+might expect from a long course of success; it may perhaps be ascribed to
+his wisdom, or perhaps to his complexion. The possession of some one
+quality, or a defect in some other, will extremely damp the people's
+favour, as well as the love of the soldiers. Besides, this is not an age
+to produce favourites of the people, while we live under a Queen who
+engrosses all our love, and all our veneration; and where, the only way
+for a great general or minister, to acquire any degree of subordinate
+affection from the public, must be by all marks of the most entire
+submission and respect, to her sacred person and commands;[4] otherwise,
+no pretence of great services, either in the field or the cabinet, will
+be able to screen them from universal hatred.
+
+But the late ministry was closely joined to the general, by friendship,
+interest, alliance, inclination and opinion, which cannot be affirmed of
+the present; and the ingratitude of the nation, lies in the people's
+joining as one man, to wish, that such a ministry should be changed. Is
+it not at the same time notorious to the whole kingdom, that nothing but
+a tender regard to the general, was able to preserve that ministry so
+long, till neither God nor man could suffer their continuance? Yet in the
+highest ferment of things, we heard few or no reflections upon this great
+commander, but all seemed unanimous in wishing he might still be at the
+head of the confederate forces; only at the same time, in case he were
+resolved to resign, they chose rather to turn their thoughts somewhere
+else, than throw up all in despair. And this I cannot but add, in defence
+of the people, with regard to the person we are speaking of, that in the
+high station he has been for many years past, his real defects (as
+nothing human is without them) have in a detracting age been very
+sparingly mentioned, either in libels or conversation, and all his
+successes very freely and universally applauded.
+
+There is an active and a passive ingratitude; applying both to this
+occasion, we may say, the first is, when a prince or people returns good
+services with cruelty or ill usage: the other is, when good services are
+not at all, or very meanly rewarded. We have already spoke of the former;
+let us therefore in the second place, examine how the services of our
+general have been rewarded; and whether upon that article, either prince
+or people have been guilty of ingratitude?
+
+Those are the most valuable rewards, which are given to us from the
+certain knowledge of the donor, that they _fit our temper best:_ I shall
+therefore say nothing of the title of Duke, or the Garter, which the
+Queen bestowed [on] the general in the beginning of her reign; but I
+shall come to more substantial instances, and mention nothing which has
+not been given in the face of the world.[5] The lands of Woodstock, may,
+I believe, be reckoned worth 40,000_l_. On the building of Blenheim
+Castle 200,000_l_. have been already expended, though it be not yet near
+finished. The grant of 5,000_l. per ann._ on the post-office, is richly
+worth 100,000_l_. His principality in Germany may be computed at
+30,000_l_. Pictures, jewels, and other gifts from foreign princes,
+60,000_l_. The grant at the Pall-Mall, the rangership, &c. for want of
+more certain knowledge, may be called 10,000,_l_. His own, and his
+duchess's employments at five years value, reckoning only the known and
+avowed salaries, are very low rated at 100,000_l_. Here is a good deal
+above half a million of money, and I dare say, those who are loudest with
+the clamour of ingratitude, will readily own, that all this is but a
+trifle in comparison of what is untold.[6]
+
+The reason of my stating this account is only to convince the world, that
+we are not quite so ungrateful either as the Greeks or the Romans. And in
+order to adjust this matter with all fairness, I shall confine myself to
+the latter, who were much the more generous of the two. A victorious
+general of Rome in the height of that empire, having entirely subdued his
+enemy, was rewarded with the larger triumph; and perhaps a statue in the
+Forum, a bull for a sacrifice, an embroidered garment to appear in: a
+crown of laurel, a monumental trophy with inscriptions; sometimes five
+hundred or a thousand copper coins were struck on occasion of the
+victory, which doing honour to the general, we will place to his account;
+and lastly, sometimes, though not very frequently, a triumphal arch.
+These are all the rewards that I can call to mind, which a victorious
+general received after his return from the most glorious expedition,
+conquered some great kingdom, brought the king himself, his family and
+nobles to adorn the triumph in chains, and made the kingdom either a
+Roman province, or at best a poor depending state, in humble alliance to
+that empire. Now of all these rewards, I find but two which were of real
+profit to the general; the laurel crown, made and sent him at the charge
+of the public, and the embroidered garment; but I cannot find whether
+this last were paid for by the senate or the general: however, we will
+take the more favourable opinion, and in all the rest, admit the whole
+expense, as if it were ready money in the general's pocket. Now according
+to these computations on both sides, we will draw up two fair accounts,
+the one of Roman gratitude, and the other of British ingratitude, and set
+them together in balance.
+
+A BILL OF ROMAN GRATITUDE.
+
+                                             l.   s.   d.
+Imprimis for frankincense and earthen pots
+to burn it in                                 4   10    0
+A bull for sacrifice                          8    0    0
+An embroidered garment                       50    0    0
+A crown of laurel                             0    0    2
+A statue                                    100    0    0
+A trophy                                     80    0    0
+A thousand copper medals value half pence
+a piece                                       2    1    8
+A triumphal arch                            500    0    0
+A triumphal car, valued as a modern coach   100    0    0
+Casual charges at the triumph               150    0    0
+                                            -------------
+                                Sum total   994   11   10
+
+A BILL OF BRITISH INGRATITUDE.
+
+                                             l.   s.   d.
+Imprimis Woodstock                       40,000    0    0
+Blenheim                                200,000    0    0
+Post-office grant                       100,000    0    0
+Mildenheim                               30,000    0    0
+Pictures, jewels, &c.                    60,000    0    0
+Pall-Mall grant, &c.                     10,000    0    0
+Employments                             100,000    0    0
+                                        -----------------
+                         Sum total[7]   540,000    0    0
+
+This is an account of the visible profits on both sides; and if the Roman
+general had any private perquisites, they may be easily discounted, and
+by more probable computations, and differ yet more upon the balance; if
+we consider, that all the gold and silver for safeguards and
+contributions, also all valuable prizes taken in the war were openly
+exposed in the triumph, and then lodged in the Capitol for the
+public service.
+
+So that upon the whole, we are not yet quite so bad at _worst_, as the
+Romans were at _best_. And I doubt, those who raise this hideous cry of
+ingratitude, may be mightily mistaken in the consequence they propose
+from such complaints. I remember a saying of Seneca, _Multos ingratos
+invenimus, plures facimus;_ "We find many ungrateful persons in the
+world, but we _make_ more," by setting too high a rate upon our
+pretensions, and under-valuing the rewards we receive. When unreasonable
+bills are brought in, they ought to be taxed, or cut off in the middle.
+Where there have been long accounts between two persons, I have known one
+of them perpetually making large demands and pressing for payments, who
+when the accounts were cast up on both sides, was found to be creditor
+for some hundreds. I am thinking if a proclamation were issued out for
+every man to send in his _bill of merits_, and the lowest price he set
+them at, what a pretty sum it would amount to, and how many such islands
+as this must be sold to pay them. I form my judgment from the practice of
+those who sometimes happen to pay themselves, and I dare affirm, would
+not be so unjust to take a farthing more than they think is due to their
+deserts. I will instance only in one article. A lady of my
+acquaintance,[8] appropriated twenty-six pounds a year out of her
+allowance, for certain uses, which her woman received, and was to pay to
+the lady or her order, as it was called for. But after eight years, it
+appeared upon the strictest calculation, that the woman had paid but four
+pound a year, and sunk two-and-twenty for her own pocket. It is but
+supposing instead of twenty-six pound, twenty-six thousand, and by that
+you may judge what the pretensions of _modern merit_ are, where it
+happens to be its own paymaster.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 16 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: "Who are the good citizens? Who are they who--whether at
+war or at home--deserve well of their country, but those who bear in
+mind the benefits she has already conferred upon them?" [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: The Earl of Sunderland and Lord Godolphin. Sunderland was
+succeeded by Dartmouth, in June, as Secretary of State, and Godolphin
+returned his staff of treasurer in August, the office being placed in
+commission. Sunderland and Godolphin were both related to Marlborough
+by marriage. The former married Anne, and the son of the latter
+Henrietta, daughters of the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: See "Memoirs relating to that Change" (Swift's Works, vol.
+v., pp. 367-8). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: The Queen's Message, proposing to grant to the Duke of
+Marlborough the Manor of Woodstock and Hundred of Wootton, was read
+January 17th, 1704/5. A Bill carrying this proposal into effect was
+introduced January 25th, and passed February 3rd. Blenheim House, erected
+at the Queen's expense, was settled to go with the dukedom by a Bill
+introduced in the House of Lords, which passed all its stages in the
+Commons December 20th, 1706. The pension of £5,000 per annum upon the
+revenue of the Post Office, granted by the Queen for her lifetime
+in December, 1702--at a time when the Commons expressed their "trouble"
+that they could not comply--was made perpetual by a Bill introduced
+January 14th, 1706/7, passed January 18th, Royal Assent given January
+28th (see "Journals of House of Commons," xiv. and xv.). [T.S.] ]
+
+[Footnote 6: A broadside, printed in 1712, entitled, "The D----e and D---
+-s of M----h's Loss; being an Estimate of their former Yearly Income,"
+reckons the duke's emoluments at £54,825 per annum, and those of the
+duchess at £7,500. In the second edition the following paragraph is
+added:
+
+"The following sums have been rec'd since the year 1701:
+
+"Receiv'd on Accompt of Bread and Bread-waggons    £63,319  3  7
+Receiv'd 10,000,_l_. by Annual Contingencies       100,000  0  0
+Receiv'd by 2 and 1/2 _per cent_, from the
+payment of Troops                                  460,062  6  7-3/4
+                                                   -----------------
+                                                   623,381  10 2-3/4"
+                                                   -----------------]
+
+
+[Footnote 7: In the tenth number of "The Medley" (December 4th, 1710)
+occurs the following: "'The Examiner,' having it in his thoughts to
+publish the falsest, as well as the most impudent paper that ever was
+printed, writ a previous discourse about lying, as a necessary
+introduction to what was to follow. The first paper was the precept, and
+the second was the example. By the falsest paper that ever was printed, I
+mean the 'Examiner' Numb. 17, in which he pretends to give an account of
+what the Duke of Marlborough has got by his services." The writer in the
+"Medley," admitting even the correctness of the "Examiner's" sum of
+£540,000, sets off against this the value of the several battles won by
+the Duke, and "twenty seven towns taken, which being reckoned at
+300,000_l_. a town (the price that Dunkirk was sold at before it was
+fortified) amounts in all, throwing in the battles and the
+fortifications, to 8,100,000_l_." The balance in favour of the Duke, and
+presumably in justification of the gifts made him, gave a net result of
+£7,560,000. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: The Duchess of Marlborough, who admitted that the comparison
+was intended for herself, explained the matter thus: "At the Queen's
+accession to the government, she ... desired me to take out of the
+privy-purse 2,000_l_. a year, in order to some purchase for my advantage
+... I constantly declined it; until the time, that, notwithstanding the
+uncommon regard I had shown to Her Majesty's interest and honour in the
+execution of my trusts, she was pleased to dismiss me from her service
+... By the advice of my friends, I sent the Queen one of her own letters,
+in which she had pressed me to take the 2,00_l_. a year; and I wrote at
+the same time to ask Her Majesty whether she would allow me to charge in
+the privy-purse accounts, which I was to send her, that yearly sum from
+the time of the offer, amounting to 18,000_l_. Her Majesty was pleased to
+answer, that I might charge it. This therefore I did" ("An Account of the
+Conduct of ... Duchess of Marlborough," 1742, pp. 293-5). The Duchess of
+Somerset and Mrs. Masham superseded the Duchess of Marlborough in
+January, 1710/1. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 18.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY NOVEMBER 23, TO THURSDAY NOVEMBER 30, 1710.
+
+_Quas res luxuries in flagitus,... avaritia in rapinis, superbia in
+contumeliis efficere potuisset; eas omnes sese hoc uno praetore per
+triennium pertulisse aiebant_.[2]
+
+When I first undertook this paper, I was resolved to concern myself only
+with things, and not with persons. Whether I have kept or broken this
+resolution, I cannot recollect; and I will not be at the pains to
+examine, but leave the matter to those little antagonists, who may want a
+topic for criticism. Thus much I have discovered, that it is in writing
+as in building; where, after all our schemes and calculations, we are
+mightily deceived in our accounts, and often forced to make use of any
+materials we can find, that the work may be kept a going. Besides, to
+speak my opinion, the things I have occasion to mention, are so closely
+linked to persons, that nothing but Time (the father of Oblivion) can
+separate them. Let me put a parallel case: Suppose I should complain,
+that last week my coach was within an inch of overturning, in a smooth,
+even way, and drawn by very gentle horses; to be sure, all my friends
+would immediately lay the fault upon John,[3] because they knew, he then
+presided in my coach-box. Again, suppose I should discover some
+uneasiness to find myself, I knew not how, over head-and-ears in debt,
+though I was sure my tenants paid their rents very well, and that I never
+spent half my income; they would certainly advise me to turn off Mr.
+Oldfox[4] my receiver, and take another. If, as a justice of peace, I
+should tell a friend that my warrants and mittimuses were never drawn up
+as I would have them; that I had the misfortune to send an honest man to
+gaol, and dismiss a knave; he would bid me no longer trust Charles and
+Harry,[5] my two clerks, whom he knew to be ignorant, wilful, assuming
+and ill-inclined fellows. If I should add, that my tenants made me very
+uneasy with their squabbles and broils among themselves; he would
+counsel me to cashier Will Bigamy,[6] the seneschal of my manor. And
+lastly, if my neighbour and I happened to have a misunderstanding about
+the delivery of a message, what could I do less than strip and discard
+the blundering or malicious rascal that carried it?[7]
+
+It is the same thing in the conduct of public affairs, where they have
+been managed with rashness or wilfulness, corruption, ignorance or
+injustice; barely to relate the facts, at least, while they are fresh in
+memory, will as much reflect upon the persons concerned, as if we had
+told their names at length.
+
+I have therefore since thought of another expedient, frequently practised
+with great safety and success by satirical writers: which is, that of
+looking into history for some character bearing a resemblance to the
+person we would describe; and with the absolute power of altering, adding
+or suppressing what circumstances we please, I conceived we must have
+very bad luck, or very little skill to fail. However, some days ago in a
+coffee-house, looking into one of the politic weekly papers; I found the
+writer had fallen into this scheme, and I happened to light on that part,
+where he was describing a person, who from small beginnings grew (as I
+remember) to be constable of France, and had a very haughty, imperious
+wife.[8] I took the author as a friend to our faction, (for so with great
+propriety of speech they call the Queen and ministry, almost the whole
+clergy, and nine parts in ten of the kingdom)[9] and I said to a
+gentleman near me, that although I knew well enough what persons the
+author meant, yet there were several particulars in the husband's
+character, which I could not reconcile, for that of the lady was just and
+adequate enough; but it seems I mistook the whole matter, and applied all
+I had read to a couple of persons, who were not at that time in the
+writer's thoughts.
+
+Now to avoid such a misfortune as this, I have been for some time
+consulting Livy and Tacitus, to find out a character of a _Princeps
+Senatus,_ a _Praetor Urbanus,_ a _Quaestor Aerarius_, a _Caesari ab
+Epistolis_, and a _Proconsul_;[10] but among the worst of them, I cannot
+discover one from whom to draw a parallel, without doing injury to a
+Roman memory: so that I am compelled to have recourse to Tully. But this
+author relating facts only as an orator, I thought it would be best to
+observe his method, and make an extract from six harangues of his against
+Verres, only still preserving the form of an oration. I remember a
+younger brother of mine, who deceased about two months ago, presented
+the world with a speech of Alcibiades against an Athenian brewer:[11]
+Now, I am told for certain, that in those days there was no ale in
+Athens; and therefore that speech, or at least a great part of it, must
+needs be spurious. The difference between me and my brother is this; he
+makes Alcibiades say a great deal more than he really did, and I make
+Cicero say a great deal less.[12] This Verres had been the Roman governor
+of Sicily for three years; and on return from his government, the
+Sicilians entreated Cicero to impeach him in the Senate, which he
+accordingly did in several orations, from whence I have faithfully
+translated and abstracted that which follows.
+
+"MY LORDS,[13]
+
+"A pernicious opinion hath for some time prevailed, not only at Rome, but
+among our neighbouring nations, that a man who has money enough, though
+he be ever so guilty, cannot be condemned in this place. But however
+industriously this opinion be spread, to cast an odium on the Senate, we
+have brought before your lordships Caius Verres, a person, for his life
+and actions, already condemned by all men; but as he hopes, and gives
+out, by the influence of his wealth, to be here absolved. In condemning
+this man, you have an opportunity of belying that general scandal, of
+redeeming the credit lost by former judgments, and recovering the love of
+the Roman people, as well as of our neighbours. I have brought a man here
+before you, my lords, who is a robber of the public treasure, an
+overturner of law and justice, and the disgrace, as well as destruction,
+of the Sicilian province: of whom, if you shall determine with equity and
+due severity, your authority will remain entire, and upon such an
+establishment as it ought to be: but if his great riches will be able to
+force their way through that religious reverence and truth, which become
+so awful an assembly, I shall, however, obtain thus much, that the defect
+will be laid where it ought, and that it shall not be objected that the
+criminal was not produced, or that there wanted an orator to accuse him.
+This man, my lords, has publicly said, that those ought to be afraid of
+accusations who have only robbed enough for their own support and
+maintenance; but that _he_ has plundered sufficient to bribe numbers, and
+that nothing is so high or so holy which money cannot corrupt. Take that
+support from him, and he can have no other left. For what eloquence will
+be able to defend a man, whose life has been tainted with so many
+scandalous vices, and who has been so long condemned by the universal
+opinion of the world? To pass over the foul stains and ignominy of his
+youth, his corrupt management in all employments he has borne, his
+treachery and irreligion, his injustice and oppression, he has left of
+late such monuments of his villainies in Sicily, made such havoc and
+confusion there, during his government, that the province cannot by any
+means be restored to its former state, and hardly recover itself at all
+under many years, and by a long succession of good governors. While this
+man governed in that island, the Sicilians had neither the benefit of our
+laws, nor their own, nor even of common right. In Sicily, no man now
+possesses more than what the governor's lust and avarice have overlooked,
+or what he was forced to neglect out of mere weariness and satiety of
+oppression. Every thing where he presided, was determined by his
+arbitrary will, and the best subjects he treated as enemies. To recount
+his abominable debaucheries, would offend any modest ear, since so many
+could not preserve their daughters and wives from his lust. I believe
+there is no man who ever heard his name, that cannot relate his
+enormities. We bring before you in judgment, my lords, a public robber,
+an adulterer, a DEFILER OF ALTARS,[14] an enemy of religion, and of all
+that is sacred; he sold all employments in Sicily of judicature,
+magistracy, and trust, places in the council, and the priesthood itself,
+to the highest bidder; and has plundered that island of forty millions of
+sesterces. And here I cannot but observe to your lordships, in what
+manner Verres passed the day: the morning was spent in taking bribes, and
+selling employments, the rest of it in drunkenness and lust. His
+discourse at table was scandalously unbecoming the dignity of his
+station; noise, brutality, and obsceneness. One particular I cannot omit,
+that in the high character of governor of Sicily, upon a solemn day, a
+day set apart for public prayer for the safety of the commonwealth; he
+stole at evening, in a chair, to a married woman of infamous
+character,[15] against all decency and prudence, as well as against all
+laws both human and divine. Didst thou think, O Verres, the government of
+Sicily was given thee with so large a commission, only by the power of
+that to break all the bars of law, modesty, and duty, to suppose all
+men's fortunes thine, and leave no house free from thy rapine, or lust?
+&c."
+
+This extract, to deal ingenuously, has cost me more pains than I think it
+is worth, having only served to convince me, that modern corruptions are
+not to be paralleled by ancient examples, without having recourse to
+poetry or fable. For instance, I never read in story of a law enacted to
+take away the force of all laws whatsoever;[16] by which a man may safely
+commit upon the last of June, what he would infallibly be hanged for if
+he committed on the first of July; by which the greatest criminals may
+escape, provided they continue long enough in power to antiquate their
+crimes, and by stifling them a while, can deceive the legislature into an
+amnesty, of which the enactors do not at that time foresee the
+consequence. A cautious merchant will be apt to suspect, when he finds a
+man who has the repute of a cunning dealer, and with whom he has old
+accounts, urging for a general release. When I reflect on this
+proceeding, I am not surprised, that those who contrived a parliamentary
+sponge for their crimes, are now afraid of a new revolution sponge for
+their money: and if it were possible to contrive a sponge that could only
+affect those who had need of the other, perhaps it would not be ill
+employed.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 17 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Cicero, "In Q. Caec." i. 3: "They said that whatever luxury
+could accomplish in the way of vice,... avarice in the way of plunder, or
+arrogance in the way of insult, had all been borne by them for the last
+three years, while this one man was praetor."--C.D. YONGE. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: John Churchill, Duke of Maryborough, who had been
+Captain-General since 1702. He was dismissed from all his offices,
+December 31st, 1711. The Duke of Ormonde was appointed Commander-in-Chief
+on January 4th. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: Godolphin, Lord-Treasurer, nicknamed Volpone. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Charles, Earl of Sunderland, and Henry Boyle (1670-1725),
+were Secretaries of State. Boyle was created Lord Carleton in 1714.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: William; Earl Cowper (1665-1723), was Lord Chancellor under
+Godolphin's administration (1707-1710), and also in 1714-1718. The
+"Biographia Britannica" (second edition, vol. iv., p. 389 _n_.) refers to
+a story that Cowper went through an informal marriage in the early
+part of his life with a Mrs. Elizabeth Culling, of Hungerfordbury Park.
+Cowper's first wife was Judith, daughter of Sir Robert Booth, of London;
+and after her death he married Mary Clavering. See also "Examiner,"
+No. 23, _post_. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: Horatio Walpole, secretary to the English Embassy at the
+treaty of Gertruydenberg. See Swift's accusation against him in "The
+Conduct of the Allies" (vol. v of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: "The Medley" (Nos. 6 and 7, November 6th and 13th, 1710)
+contains a "Story of the Marquiss D'Ancre and his Wife Galigai," from
+the French of M. Le Vassor. The Marquis is there described as "the
+greatest cheat in the whole world"; and "Galigai had the insolence
+to say a thousand offensive things." The article was intended as a
+reflection on Harley and Mrs. Masham; but Swift takes it as for the
+Duke and Duchess of Marlborough. Certainly the character of Galigai
+may with greater justice be applied to the Duchess. (See "Histoire
+du regne de Louis XIII. par M. Michel Le Vassor.") Concino Concini,
+Maréchal D'Ancre, was born at Florence, and died in 1617.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: "The Medley" was constantly deriding this alleged
+proportion. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: "The Observator" for December 6th remarks: "If the
+'Examiner' don't find better parallels for his _Princeps Senates, Praetor
+Urbanus, Quaestor Aerarius_, and _Caesari ab Epistolis_, than he has done
+for his Proconsul, Roger, the gentlemen he aims at may sleep without
+disturbance." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: "The Whig Examiner" (No. 3, September 28th, 1710) prints a
+speech alleged to have been made by Alcibiades in a contest with an
+Athenian brewer named Taureas. The allusion was to the Westminster
+election, when General Stanhope was opposed by a brewer named Thomas
+Cross. "The Whig Examiner" was written by Addison. Five numbers only were
+issued (September 14th to October 12th, 1710). "The light and comic style
+of Addison's parody," notes Scott, may be compared "with the fierce,
+stern, and vindictive tone of Swift's philippic against the Earl of
+Wharton, under the name of Verres." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: "The Medley" (No. 11, December 11th, 1710) remarks of this
+adaptation from Cicero, that the writer "has added more rude reflections
+of his own than are to be found in that author, whose only fault is his
+falling too much into such reflections." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: See also Swift's "Short Character," etc. (vol. v., pp. 1-28
+of present edition), and note _in loco_. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 14: Hawkesworth notes: "The story of the Lord Wharton is true;
+who, with some other wretches, went into a pulpit, and defiled it in
+the most filthy manner." See also "Examiner," No. 23, _post_. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 15: Probably Mrs. Coningsby. See Swift's "Short Character"
+(vol. v., p. 27). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 16: The "Act for the Queen's most gracious, general, and free
+pardon" was passed in 1708 (7 Ann., c. 22). The Earl of Wharton himself
+profited by this Act. A Mr. George Hutchinson gave Wharton £1,000
+to procure his appointment to the office of Register of the Seizures.
+This was proved before the House of Commons in May, 1713, and the
+House resolved that it was "a scandalous corruption," and that as it
+took place "before the Act of Her Majesty's most gracious, general,
+and free pardon; this House will proceed no further in that matter."
+("Journals of House of Commons," vol. xvii., p. 356.) [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 19.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY NOVEMBER 30, TO THURSDAY DECEMBER 7, 1710.
+
+
+_Quippe ubi fas versunt atque nefas: tot bella per orbem:
+Tam multae, scelerum facies_----[2]
+
+I am often violently tempted to let the world freely know who the author
+of this paper is; to tell them my name and titles at length; which would
+prevent abundance of inconsistent criticisms I daily hear upon it. Those
+who are enemies to the notions and opinions I would advance, are
+sometimes apt to quarrel with the "Examiner" as defective in point of
+wit, and sometimes of truth. At other times they are so generous and
+candid, to allow, it is written by a club, and that very great hands have
+fingers in it. As for those who only appear its adversaries in print,
+they give me but very little pain: The paper I hold lies at my mercy, and
+I can govern it as I please; therefore, when I begin to find the wit too
+bright, the learning too deep, and the satire too keen for me to deal
+with, (a very frequent case no doubt, where a man is constantly attacked
+by such shrewd adversaries) I peaceably fold it up, or fling it aside,
+and read no more. It would be happy for me to have the same power over
+people's tongues, and not be forced to hear my own work railed at and
+commended fifty times a day, affecting all the while a countenance wholly
+unconcerned, and joining out of policy or good manners with the judgment
+of both parties: this, I confess, is too great a hardship for so bashful
+and unexperienced a writer.[3]
+
+But, alas, I lie under another discouragement of much more weight: I was
+very unfortunate in the choice of my party when I set up to be a writer;
+where is the merit, or what opportunity to discover our wit, our courage,
+or our learning, in drawing our pens for the defence of a cause, which
+the Queen and both Houses of Parliament, and nine parts in ten of the
+kingdom, have so unanimously embraced? I am cruelly afraid, we politic
+authors must begin to lessen our expenses, and lie for the future at the
+mercy of our printers. All hopes now are gone of writing ourselves into
+places or pensions. A certain starveling author who worked under the late
+administration, told me with a heavy heart, above a month ago, that he
+and some others of his brethren had secretly offered their service
+dog-cheap to the present ministry, but were all refused, and are now
+maintained by contribution, like Jacobites or fanatics. I have been of
+late employed out of perfect commiseration, in doing them good offices:
+for, whereas some were of opinion that these hungry zealots should not be
+suffered any longer in their malapert way to snarl at the present course
+of public proceedings; and whereas, others proposed, that they should be
+limited to a certain number, and permitted to write for their masters, in
+the same manner as counsel are assigned for _other_ criminals; that is,
+to say all they can in defence of their client, but not reflect upon the
+court: I humbly gave my advice, that they should be suffered to write on,
+as they used to do; which I did purely out of regard to their persons:
+for I hoped it would keep them out of harm's way, and prevent them from
+falling into evil courses, which though of little consequence to the
+public, would certainly be fatal to themselves. If I have room at the
+bottom of this paper, I will transcribe a petition to the present
+ministry, sent me by one of these authors, in behalf of himself and
+fourscore others of his brethren.
+
+For my own part, notwithstanding the little encouragement to be hoped for
+at this time from the men in power, I shall continue my paper till either
+the world or myself grow weary of it: the latter is easily determined;
+and for the former, I shall not leave it to the partiality of either
+party, but to the infallible judgment of my printer. One principal end I
+designed by it, was to undeceive those well-meaning people, who have been
+drawn unaware into a wrong sense of things, either by the common
+prejudices of education and company, the great personal qualities of some
+party leaders, or the foul misrepresentations that were constantly made
+of all who durst differ from them in the smallest article. I have known
+such men struck with the thoughts of some late changes, which, as they
+pretend to think, were made without any reason visible to the world. In
+answer to this, it is not sufficient to allege, what nobody doubts, that
+a prince may choose his own servants without giving a reason to his
+subjects; because it is certain, that a wise and good prince will not
+change his ministers without very important reasons; and a good subject
+ought to suppose, that in such a case there are such reasons, though he
+be not apprised of them, otherwise he must inwardly tax his prince of
+capriciousness, inconstancy, or ill-design. Such reasons indeed, may not
+be obvious to persons prejudiced, or at great distance, or short
+thinkers; and therefore, if they be no secrets of state, nor any ill
+consequences to be apprehended from their publication; it is no
+uncommendable work in any private hand to lay them open for the
+satisfaction of all men. And if what I have already said, or shall
+hereafter say of this kind, be thought to reflect upon persons, though
+none have been named, I know not how it can possibly be avoided. The
+Queen in her speech mentions, "with great concern," that "the navy and
+other offices are burthened with heavy debts, and desires that the like
+may be prevented for the time to come."[4] And, if it be _now_ possible
+to prevent the continuance of an evil that has been so long growing upon
+us, and is arrived to such a height, surely those corruptions and
+mismanagements must have been great which first introduced them, before
+our taxes were eaten up by annuities.
+
+If I were able to rip up, and discover in all their colours, only about
+eight or nine thousand of the most scandalous abuses,[5] that have been
+committed in all parts of public management for twenty years past, by a
+certain set of men and their instruments, I should reckon it some service
+to my country, and to posterity. But to say the truth, I should be glad
+the authors' names were conveyed to future times along with their
+actions. For though the present age may understand well enough the little
+hints we give, the parallels we draw, and the characters we describe, yet
+this will all be lost to the next. However, if these papers, reduced into
+a more durable form, should happen to live till our grandchildren are
+men, I hope they may have curiosity enough to consult annals, and compare
+dates, in order to find out what names were then intrusted with the
+conduct of affairs, in the consequences whereof, themselves will so
+deeply share; like a heavy debt in a private family, which often lies an
+incumbrance upon an estate for three generations.
+
+But leaving the care of informing posterity to better pens, I shall with
+due regard to truth, discretion, and the safety of my person from the men
+of the new-fangled moderation, continue to take all proper opportunities
+of letting the misled part of the people see how grossly they have been
+abused, and in what particulars: I shall also endeavour to convince them,
+that the present course we are in, is the most probable means, with the
+blessing of God, to extricate ourselves out of all our difficulties.
+
+Among those who are pleased to write or talk against this paper, I have
+observed a strange manner of reasoning, which I should be glad to hear
+them explain themselves upon. They make no ceremony of exclaiming upon
+all occasions against a change of ministry, in so critical and dangerous
+a conjuncture. What shall we, who heartily approve and join in those
+proceedings, say in defence of them? We own the juncture of affairs to be
+as they describe: we are pushed for an answer, and are forced at last
+freely to confess, that the corruptions and abuses in every branch of
+the administration, were so numerous and intolerable, that all things
+must have ended in ruin, without some speedy reformation. This I have
+already asserted in a former paper; and the replies I have read or heard,
+have been in plain terms to affirm the direct contrary; and not only to
+defend and celebrate the late persons and proceedings, but to threaten me
+with law and vengeance, for casting reflections on so many great and
+honourable men, whose birth, virtue and abilities, whose morals and
+religion, whose love of their country and its constitution in Church and
+State, were so universally allowed; and all this set off with odious
+comparisons reflecting on the present choice. Is not this in plain and
+direct terms to tell all the world that the Qu[een] has in a most
+dangerous crisis turned out a whole set of the best ministers that ever
+served a prince, without any manner of reason but her royal pleasure, and
+brought in others of a character directly contrary? And how so vile an
+opinion as this can consist with the least pretence to loyalty or good
+manners, let the world determine.
+
+I confess myself so little a refiner in the politics, as not to be able
+to discover, what other motive besides obedience to the Queen, a sense of
+public danger, and a true love of their country, joined with invincible
+courage, could spirit those great men, who have now under her Majesty's
+authority undertaken the direction of affairs. What can they expect but
+the utmost efforts of malice from a set of enraged domestic adversaries,
+perpetually watching over their conduct, crossing all their designs, and
+using every art to foment divisions among them, in order to join with the
+weakest upon any rupture? The difficulties they must encounter are nine
+times more and greater than ever; and the prospects of interest, after
+the reapings and gleanings of so many years, nine times less. Every
+misfortune at home or abroad, though the necessary consequence of former
+counsels, will be imputed to them; and all the good success given to the
+merit of former schemes. A sharper has held your cards all the evening,
+played booty, and lost your money, and when things are almost desperate,
+you employ an honest gentleman to retrieve your losses.
+
+I would ask whether the Queen's speech does not contain her intentions,
+in every particular relating to the public, that a good subject, a Briton
+and a Protestant can possibly have at heart? "To carry on the war in all
+its parts, particularly in Spain,[6] with the utmost vigour, in order to
+procure a safe and honourable peace for us and our allies; to find some
+ways of paying the debts on the navy; to support and encourage the Church
+of England; to preserve the British constitution according to the Union;
+to maintain the indulgence by law allowed to scrupulous consciences; and
+to employ none but such as are for the Protestant succession in the house
+of Hanover."[7] It is known enough, that speeches on these occasions, are
+ever digested by the advice of those who are in the chief confidence, and
+consequently that these are the sentiments of her Majesty's ministers, as
+well as her own; and we see, the two Houses have unanimously agreed with
+her in every article. When the least counterpaces[8] are made to any of
+these resolutions, it will then be time enough for our malcontents to
+bawl out Popery, persecution, arbitrary power, and the Pretender. In the
+mean while, it is a little hard to think, that this island can hold but
+six men of honesty and ability enough to serve their prince and country;
+or that our safety should depend upon their credit, any more than it
+would upon the breath in their nostrils. Why should not a revolution in
+the ministry be sometimes necessary as well as a revolution in the crown?
+It is to be presumed, the former is at least as lawful in itself, and
+perhaps the experiment not quite so dangerous. The revolution of the sun
+about the earth was formerly thought a necessary expedient to solve
+appearances, though it left many difficulties unanswered; till
+philosophers contrived a better, which is that of the earth's revolution
+about the sun. This is found upon experience to save much time and
+labour, to correct many irregular motions, and is better suited to the
+respect due from a planet to a fixed star.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 18 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Virgil, "Georgics," i. 505-6:
+
+"For right and wrong we see perverted here:
+So many wars arise, such countless forms
+Of crime and evil agitate the globe."--R. KENNEDY.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: This remark seems to have tickled the writer of the twelfth
+number of "The Medley," who professed to be transported at the idea of
+the "Examiner" being a bashful writer. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: In her speech at the opening of Parliament on November 27th,
+1710, the Queen said: "I cannot without great concern mention to you,
+that the Navy and other offices are burthened with heavy debts, which so
+far affect the public service, that I most earnestly desire you to find
+some way to answer those demands, and to prevent the like for the time to
+come." ("Journals of House of Lords," vol. xix., p. 166.) [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: "The Medley" (No. 13, December 25th, 1710) remarks: "When
+he ... promises to discover 'only about eight or nine thousand of their
+most scandalous abuses,' without pretending to discover one; and when he
+audaciously reviles a general, whose services have been the wonder both
+of friends and enemies ... all this he calls 'defending the cause of the
+Q---- and both Houses of Parliament, and nine parts in ten of the
+kingdom.'" [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: It was a general complaint, that the war in Spain had been
+neglected, in order to supply that army which was more immediately under
+the management of Marlborough. [S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: The quotation is not given verbatim, but is substantially
+correct. See "Journals of House of Lords," vol. xix., p. 166. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: The word is defined by Dr. Murray as "a movement in a
+contrary or reverse direction; a movement or step against something."
+[T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 20.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY DECEMBER 7, TO THURSDAY DECEMBER 14, 1710.
+
+
+  _Sunt quibus in Satira videor nimis acer, et ultra
+  Legem tendere opus: sine nervis altera, quicquid
+  Composui, pars esse putat----_[2]
+
+
+When the printer came last week for his copy, he brought along with him a
+bundle of those papers,[3] which in the phrase of Whig coffee-houses have
+"swinged off" the "Examiner," most of which I had never seen nor heard of
+before. I remember some time ago in one of the "Tatlers" to have read a
+letter,[4] wherein several reasons are assigned for the present
+corruption and degeneracy of our taste, but I think the writer has
+omitted the principal one, which I take to be the prejudice of parties.
+Neither can I excuse either side of this infirmity; I have heard the
+arrantest drivellers _pro_ and _con_ commended for their smartness even
+by men of tolerable judgment; and the best performances exploded as
+nonsense and stupidity. This indeed may partly be imputed to policy and
+prudence; but it is chiefly owing to that blindness, which prejudice and
+passion cast over the understanding: I mention this because I think it
+properly within my province in quality of _Examiner_. And having granted
+more than is usual for an enemy to do, I must now take leave to say, that
+so weak a cause, and so ruined a faction, were never provided with pens
+more resembling their condition, or less suited to their occasions.
+
+  _Non tali auxilio, nec defensoribus istis
+  Tempus eget----_[5]
+
+This is the more to be wondered at, when we consider they have the full
+liberty of the press, that they have no other way left to recover
+themselves, and that they want not men of excellent parts to set their
+arguments in the best light they will bear. Now if two men would argue on
+both sides with fairness, good sense, and good manners, it would be no
+ill entertainment to the town, and perhaps be the most effectual means to
+reconcile us. But I am apt to think that men of a great genius are hardly
+brought to prostitute their pens in a very odious cause; which besides,
+is more properly undertaken by noise and impudence, by gross railing and
+scurrility, by calumny and lying, and by little trifling cavils and
+carpings in the wrong place, which those whifflers use for arguments and
+answers.
+
+I was well enough pleased with a story of one of these answerers, who in
+a paper[6] last week found many faults with a late calculation of mine.
+Being it seems more deep learned than his fellows, he was resolved to
+begin his answer with a Latin verse, as well as other folks: His business
+was to look out for something against an "Examiner" that would pretend
+to _tax_ accounts; and turning over Virgil, he had the luck to find these
+words,
+
+  ------_fugiant examina taxos;_[7]
+
+so down they went, and out they would have come, if one of his unlucky
+prompters had not hindered it.
+
+I here declare once for all, that if these people will not be quiet, I
+shall take the bread out of their mouths, and answer the "Examiner"
+myself;[8] which I protest I have never yet done, though I have been
+often charged with it; neither have those answers been written or
+published with my privity, as malicious people are pleased to give out;
+nor do I believe the common Whiggish report, that the authors are hired
+by the ministry to give my paper a value.
+
+But the friends of this paper have given me more uneasiness with their
+impatience, than its enemies by their answers. I heard myself censured
+last week by some of the former, for promising to discover the
+corruptions in the late administration, but never performing any thing.
+The latter on the other side, are thundering out their anathemas against
+me for discovering so many. I am at a loss how to decide between these
+contraries, and shall therefore proceed after my own way, as I have
+hitherto done: my design being of more importance than that of writing
+only to gratify the spleen of one side, or provoke that of the other,
+though it may occasionally have both effects.
+
+I shall therefore go on to relate some facts that in my humble opinion
+were no hindrance to the change of the ministry.
+
+The first I shall mention, was that of introducing certain new phrases
+into the court style, which had been very seldom or never made use of in
+former times. They usually ran in the following terms: "Madam, I cannot
+serve you while such a one is in employment: I desire humbly to resign my
+commission, if Mr. ------ continues secretary of state: I cannot answer
+that the city will lend money, unless my L-- ------ be pr[esiden]t of the
+c[ounc]il. I must beg leave to surrender, except ------ has the staff. I
+must not accept the seals, unless ------ comes into the other office."
+This has been the language of late years from subjects to their
+prince.[9] Thus they stood upon terms, and must have their own conditions
+to ruin the nation. Nay, this dutiful manner of capitulating, had spread
+so far, that every understrapper began at length to perk up and assume:
+he "expected a regiment"; or "his son must be a major"; or "his brother
+a collector", else he threatened to vote "according to his conscience."
+
+Another of their glorious attempts, was the clause intended in the bill
+for the encouragement of learning;[10] for taking off the obligation upon
+fellows of colleges in both Universities to enter upon holy orders: the
+design of which, as I have heard the undertakers often confess, was to
+remove the care of educating youth out of the hands of the clergy, who
+are apt to infuse into their pupils too great a regard for the Church and
+the Monarchy. But there was a farther secret in this clause, which may
+best be discovered by the first projectors, or at least the garblers of
+it; and these are known to be C[o]ll[i]ns[11] and Tindal,[12] in
+conjunction with a most pious lawyer their disciple.[13]
+
+What shall we say to their prodigious skill in arithmetic, discovered so
+constantly in their decision of elections; where they were able to make
+out by the _rule of false_, that three were more than three-and-twenty,
+and fifteen than fifty? Nay it was a maxim which I never heard any of
+them dispute, that in determining elections, they were not to consider
+where the right lay, but which of the candidates was likelier to be true
+to "the cause." This they used to illustrate by a very apt and decent
+similitude, of gaming with a sharper; if you cannot cheat as well as he,
+you are certainly undone.
+
+Another cast of their politics was that of endeavouring to impeach an
+innocent l[a]dy, for no reason imaginable, but her faithful and diligent
+service to the Q[ueen],[14] and the favour her M[ajesty] bore to her upon
+that account, when others had acted contrary in so shameful a manner.
+What else was the crime? Had she treated her royal mistress with
+insolence or neglect? Had she enriched herself by a long practice of
+bribery, and obtaining exorbitant grants? Had she engrossed her
+M[ajest]y's favours, without admitting any access but through her means?
+Had she heaped employments upon herself, her family and dependants? Had
+she an imperious, haughty behaviour? Or, after all, was it a perfect
+blunder and mistake of one person for another? I have heard of a man who
+lay all night on a rough pavement; and in the morning, wondering what it
+could possibly be, that made him rest so ill, happened to see a feather
+under him, and imputed the uneasiness of his lodging to that. I remember
+likewise the story of a giant in Rabelais,[15] who used to feed upon
+wind-mills, but was unfortunately choked with a small lump of fresh
+butter, before a warm oven.
+
+And here I cannot but observe how very refined some people are in their
+generosity and gratitude. There is a certain great person[16] (I shall
+not say of what sex) who for many years past, was the constant mark and
+butt, against which our present malcontents used to discharge their
+resentment: upon whom they bestowed all the terms of scurrility, that
+malice, envy and indignation could invent; whom they publicly accused of
+every vice that can possess a human heart: pride, covetousness,
+ingratitude, oppression, treachery, dissimulation, violence and fury, all
+in the highest extremes: but of late, they have changed their language on
+a sudden; that person is now the most faithful and just that ever served
+a prince; that person, originally differing from them in principles, as
+far as east and west, but united in practice, and falling together, they
+are now reconciled, and find twenty resemblances between each other,
+which they could never discover before. _Tanti est ut placeam tibi
+perire._[17]
+
+But to return: How could it be longer suffered in a free nation, that all
+avenues to preferment should be shut up, except a very few, when one or
+two stood constant sentry, who docked all favours they handed down; or
+spread a huge invisible net, between the prince and subject, through
+which nothing of value could pass? And here I cannot but admire at one
+consequence from this management, which is of an extraordinary nature:
+Generally speaking, princes who have ill ministers are apt to suffer in
+their reputation, as well as in the love of the people: but it was not so
+with the Q[ueen]. When the sun is overcast by those clouds he exhales
+from the earth, we still acknowledge his light and influence, and at last
+find he can dispel and drive them down to the horizon. The wisest prince,
+by the necessity of affairs, the misrepresentations of designing men, or
+the innocent mistakes, even of a good predecessor, may find himself
+encompassed by a crew of courtiers, whom time, opportunity and success,
+have miserably corrupted. And if he can save himself and his people from
+ruin, under the _worst_ administration, what may not his subjects hope
+for, when with their universal applause, he changes hands, and makes use
+of the _best_?
+
+Another great objection with me against the late party, was the cruel
+tyranny they put upon conscience, by a barbarous inquisition, refusing to
+admit the least toleration or indulgence. They imposed a hundred tests,
+but could never be prevailed with to dispense with, or take off the
+smallest, nor even admit of _occasional_ conformity;[18] but went on
+daily (as their apostle Tindal expresseth it) narrowing their terms of
+communion; pronouncing nine parts in ten of the kingdom heretics, and
+shutting them out of the pale of their Church. These very men, who talk
+so much of a comprehension in religion among us, how came they to allow
+so little of it in politics, which is _their sole religion?_ You shall
+hear them pretending to bewail the animosities kept up between the
+Church of England and Dissenters, where the differences in opinion are so
+few and inconsiderable; yet these very sons of moderation were pleased to
+excommunicate every man who disagreed with them in the smallest article
+of their _political creed_, or who refused to receive any new article,
+how difficult soever to digest, which the leaders imposed at pleasure to
+serve their own interest.
+
+I will quit this subject for the present, when I have told one story.[19]
+"There was a great king in Scythia, whose dominions were bounded to the
+north, by the poor, mountainous territories of a petty lord, who paid
+homage as the king's vassal. The Scythian prime minister being largely
+bribed, indirectly obtained his master's consent to suffer this lord to
+build forts, and provide himself with arms, under pretence of preventing
+the inroads of the Tartars. This little depending sovereign, finding he
+was now in a condition to be troublesome, began to insist upon terms, and
+threatened upon every occasion to unite with the Tartars: upon which,
+the prime minister, who began to be in pain about his head, proposed a
+match betwixt his master, and the only daughter of this tributary lord,
+which he had the good luck to bring to pass: and from that time, valued
+himself as author of a most glorious union, which indeed was grown of
+absolute necessity by his corruption." This passage, cited literally from
+an old history of Sarmatia, I thought fit to set down, on purpose to
+perplex little smattering remarkers, and put them upon the hunt for an
+application.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 19 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Horace, "Satires," II. i. 1-3:
+
+  "There are, to whom too poignant I appear;
+  Beyond the laws of satire too severe.
+  My lines are weak, unsinewed, others say."--P. FRANCIS.
+  [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: One of these papers was "The Observator." The issue for
+December 6th (vol. ix., No. 93) dealt largely with "The Examiner's"
+attack on Verres (No. 18, _ante_), and the following number returned to
+the charge, criticizing the attacks made in Nos. 17 and 18 of "The
+Examiner" on the Duke of Marlborough. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: This appears to refer to "The Tatler," No. 183 (June 10th,
+1710), where Steele writes: "The ridicule among us runs strong against
+laudable actions. Nay, in the ordinary course of things, and the
+common regards of life, negligence of the public is an epidemic vice...
+It were to be wished, that love of their country were the first principle
+of action in men of business." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Virgil, "Aeneid," ii. 521-2:
+
+  "'Tis not such aid or such defence as thine
+  The time demands."---R. KENNEDY.
+  [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: The paper in all probability was "The Medley," No. 10
+(December 4th), which was mainly devoted to a reply to Swift's
+"calculation" as to the rewards of the Duke of Marlborough. Scott thinks
+the answerer may have been Defoe, for in No. 114 (of vol. vii.) of his
+"Review of the State of the British Nation," he has a passage evidently
+directed at Swift: "I know another, that is an orator in the Latin, a
+walking index of books, has all the libraries in Europe in his head, from
+the Vatican at Rome, to the learned collection of Dr. Salmon at
+Fleet-Ditch; but at the same time, he is a cynic in behaviour, a fury in
+temper, impolite in conversation, abusive and scurrilous in language, and
+ungovernable in passion. Is this to be learned? Then may I be still
+_illiterate_. I have been in my time, pretty well master of five
+languages, and have not lost them yet, though I write no bill over my
+door, or set _Latin quotations_ in the front of the 'Review.' But, to my
+irreparable loss, I was bred but by halves; for my father, forgetting
+Juno's royal academy, left the language of Billingsgate quite out of my
+education: hence I am perfectly _illiterate_ in the polite style of the
+street, and am not fit to converse with the porters and carmen of quality,
+who grace their diction with the beauties of calling names, and
+curse their neighbour with a _bonne grace_." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: "Eclogues," ix. 30:
+
+  "So may thy bees the poisonous yew forgo."
+             ARCHDN. F. WRANGHAM.
+  [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: See No. 23, _post._ [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: See Swift's account of the intrigues of the Duke of
+Marlborough and Lord Godolphin to secure Harley's dismissal in his
+"Memoirs Relating to that Change" (vol. v., pp. 370-371 of present
+edition), and "Some Considerations" (vol. v., pp. 421-422, _ibid._).]
+
+[Footnote 10: The "Bill for the Encouragement of Learning" was introduced
+in the House of Commons, January 11th, 1709/10, passed March 14th, and
+obtained royal assent April 5th, 1710. There were several amendments,
+but the "Journals of the House of Commons" throw no light on their
+purport. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: Anthony Collins (1676-1729), the deist, who wrote "A
+Discourse of Free-Thinking" (1713), which received a reply from Swift
+(see vol. iii., pp. 163-192 of present edition). The most thorough reply,
+however, was made by Bentley, under the pen-name "Phileleutherus
+Lipsiensis." Collins's controversies with Dr. Samuel Clarke were the
+outcome of the former's thinking on Locke's teaching. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: Matthew Tindal (1657?-1733) was the author of "The Rights
+of the Christian Church Asserted" (1706), a work that created a great
+stir at the time, and occasioned many replies. Swift deals with him in
+his "Remarks upon a Book, intituled, 'The Rights of the Christian
+Church'" (see vol. iii., pp. 79-124, also note on p. 9 of same volume
+of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: The pious lawyer was John Asgill (1659-1738), who was
+called to the bar in 1692. He was elected to Parliament for Bramber
+(1698-1700 and 1702-1707), but was expelled the House of Commons for
+blasphemy (see note on p. 9 of vol. iii, of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 14: Mrs. Masham, when Abigail Hill, was appointed
+bedchamber-woman to the Princess of Denmark. See vol. v., p. 365 of
+present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 15: The giant Widenostrils had swallowed every pan, kettle,
+"dripping-pan, and brass and iron pot in the land, for want of windmills,
+which, were his daily food." But he "choked himself with eating a huge
+lump of fresh butter at the mouth of a hot oven, by the advice of
+physicians."--RABELAIS, iv. 17; Motteux's translation. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 16: Daniel Finch, second Earl of Nottingham (1647-1730), was
+Secretary of State (1689-1693 and 1702-1704). He is the Don Diego
+Dismallo of "The Tatler" (No. 21). See also vol. v., p. 247, of present
+edition of Swift's works. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 17: "It is worth while to perish that I may give you pleasure."
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 18: The Occasional Conformity Bill was rejected in 1702, and
+again in 1703 and 1704. It was, however, passed in 1711; but repealed in
+1718. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 19: "The Medley," No. 14 (January 1st, 1710) [_sic_], translates
+this story into an account of the Union. It is the same story, in
+effect, which gave great offence to the Scotch peers when printed in "The
+Public Spirit of the Whigs." The "Medley's" version runs: "England being
+bounded on the north by a poor mountainous people called Scots, who were
+vassals to that crown, and the English prime minister, being largely
+bribed, obtained the Q----'s consent for the Scots to arm and exercise
+themselves; and they finding they were now in a condition to be
+troublesome, began to insist upon terms, and threatened upon every
+occasion to join with the French. Upon which the prime minister, who
+began to be in pain about his head, set on foot a treaty to unite the two
+kingdoms, which he had the good luck to bring to pass, and from that time
+valued himself as author of a most glorious union, which indeed was grown
+of absolute necessity by his corruption." [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+
+NUMB. 21.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY DECEMBER 14, TO THURSDAY DECEMBER 21, 1710.
+
+  _----Pugnacem scirent sapiente minorem._[2]
+
+I am very much at a loss how to proceed upon the subject intended in this
+paper, which a new incident has led me to engage in: The subject I mean,
+is that of soldiers and the army; but being a matter wholly out of my
+trade, I shall handle it in as cautious a manner as I am able.
+
+It is certain, that the art of war hath suffered great changes, almost in
+every age and country of the world; however, there are some maxims
+relating to it, that will be eternal truths, and which every reasonable
+man will allow.
+
+In the early times of Greece and Rome, the armies of those states were
+composed of their citizens, who took no pay, because the quarrel was
+their own; and therefore the war was usually decided in one campaign; or,
+if it lasted longer, however in winter the soldiers returned to their
+several callings, and were not distinguished from the rest of the people.
+The Gothic governments in Europe, though they were of military
+institution, yet observed almost the same method. I shall instance only
+here in England. Those who held lands _in capite_ of the king, were
+obliged to attend him in his wars with a certain number of men, who
+all held lands from them at easy rents on that condition. These fought
+without pay, and when the service was over, returned again to their
+farms. It is recorded of William Rufus, that being absent in Normandy,
+and engaged in a war with his brother, he ordered twenty thousand men to
+be raised, and sent over from hence to supply his army;[3] but having
+struck up a peace before they were embarked, he gave them leave to
+disband, on condition they would pay him ten shillings a man, which
+amounted to a mighty sum in those days.
+
+Consider a kingdom as a great family, whereof the prince is the father,
+and it will appear plainly that mercenary troops are only servants armed,
+either to awe the children at home; or else to defend from invaders, the
+family who are otherwise employed, and choose to contribute out of their
+stock for paying their defenders, rather than leave their affairs to be
+neglected in their absence. The art of making soldiery a trade, and
+keeping armies in pay, seems in Europe to have had two originals. The
+first was usurpation, when popular men destroyed the liberties of their
+country, and seized the power into their own hands, which they were
+forced to maintain by hiring guards to bridle the people. Such were
+anciently the tyrants in most of the small states in Greece, and such
+were those in several parts of Italy, about three or four centuries ago,
+as Machiavel informs us. The other original of mercenary armies, seems to
+have risen from larger kingdoms or commonwealths, which had subdued
+provinces at a distance, and were forced to maintain troops upon them, to
+prevent insurrections from the natives: Of this sort were Macedon,
+Carthage and Rome of old; Venice and Holland at this day; as well as most
+kingdoms of Europe. So that mercenary forces in a free state, whether
+monarchy or commonwealth, seem only necessary, either for preserving
+their conquests, (which in such governments it is not prudent to extend
+too far) or else for maintaining a war at distance.
+
+In this last, which at present is our most important case, there are
+certain maxims that all wise governments have observed.
+
+The first I shall mention is, that no private man should have a
+commission to be general for life,[4] let his merit and services be ever
+so great. Or, if a prince be unadvisedly brought to offer such a
+commission in one hand, let him (to save time and blood) deliver up his
+crown with the other. The Romans in the height and perfection of their
+government, usually sent out one of the new consuls to be general against
+their most formidable enemy, and recalled the old one, who often returned
+before the next election, and according as he had merit was sent to
+command in some other part, which perhaps was continued to him for a
+second, and sometimes a third year. But if Paulus Aemilius,[5] or
+Scipio[6] himself, had presumed to move the Senate to continue their
+commissions for life, they certainly would have fallen a sacrifice to the
+jealousy of the people. Caesar indeed (between whom and a certain
+general, some of late with much discretion have made a parallel) had his
+command in Gaul continued to him for five years, and was afterwards made
+perpetual Dictator, that is to say, general for life, which gave him the
+power and the will of utterly destroying the Roman liberty. But in his
+time the Romans were very much degenerated, and great corruptions crept
+into their morals and discipline. However, we see there still were some
+remains of a noble spirit among them; for when Caesar sent to be chosen
+consul, notwithstanding his absence, they decreed he should come in
+person, give up his command, and _petere more majorum._[7]
+
+It is not impossible but a general may desire such a commission out of
+inadvertency, at the instigation of his friends, or perhaps of his
+enemies, or merely for the benefit and honour of it, without intending
+any such dreadful consequences; and in that case, a wise prince or state
+may barely refuse it without shewing any marks of their displeasure. But
+the request in its own nature is highly criminal, and ought to be entered
+so upon record, to terrify others in time to come from venturing to make
+it.
+
+Another maxim to be observed by a free state engaged in war, is to keep
+the military power in absolute subjection to the civil, nor ever suffer
+the former to influence or interfere with the latter. A general and his
+army are servants hired by the civil power to act as they are directed
+from thence, and with a commission large or limited as the administration
+shall think fit; for which they are largely paid in profit and honour.
+The whole system by which armies are governed, is quite alien from the
+peaceful institutions of states at home; and if the rewards be so
+inviting as to tempt a senator to take a post in the army, while he is
+there on his duty, he ought to consider himself in no other capacity. I
+know not any sort of men so apt as soldiers are, to reprimand those who
+presume to interfere in what relates to their trade. When they hear any
+of us in a coffeehouse, wondering that such a victory was not pursued,
+complaining that such a town cost more men and money than it was worth to
+take it; or that such an opportunity was lost, of fighting the enemy;
+they presently reprove us, and often with justice enough, for meddling in
+matters out of our sphere, and clearly convince us of our mistakes in
+terms of art that none of us understand. Nor do we escape so; for they
+reflect with the utmost contempt of our ignorance, that we who sit at
+home in ease and security, never stirring from our firesides, should
+pretend from books, and general reason, to argue upon military affairs;
+which after all, if we may judge from the share of intellectuals in some
+who are said to excel that way, is not so very profound or difficult a
+science. But if there be any weight in what they offer, as perhaps there
+may be a great deal; surely these gentlemen have a much weaker pretence
+to concern themselves in matters of the cabinet, which are always either
+far above, or much beside their capacities. Soldiers may as well pretend
+to prescribe rules for trade, to determine points in philosophy, to be
+moderators in an assembly of divines, or direct in a court of justice, as
+to misplace their talent in examining affairs of state, especially in
+what relates to the choice of ministers, who are never so likely to be
+ill chosen as when approved by them. It would be endless to shew how
+pernicious all steps of this nature have been in many parts and ages of
+the world. I shall only produce two at present; one in Rome, and the
+other in England. The first is of Caesar, when he came to the city with
+his soldiers to settle the ministry, there was an end of their liberty
+for ever. The second was in the great rebellion against King Charles the
+First. The King and both Houses were agreed upon the terms of a peace,
+but the officers of the army (as Ludlow relates it) sets a guard upon the
+House of Commons, took a list of the members, and kept all by force out
+of the House, except those who were for bringing the King to a trial.[8]
+Some years after, when they erected a military government, and ruled the
+island by major-generals, we received most admirable instances of their
+skill in politics. To say the truth, such formidable sticklers[9] can
+have but two reasons for desiring to interfere in the administration; the
+first is that of Caesar and Cromwell, of which, God forbid, I should
+accuse or suspect any body; since the second is pernicious enough, and
+that is, to preserve those in power who are for perpetuating a war,
+rather than see others advanced, who they are sure will use all proper
+means to promote a safe and honourable peace.
+
+Thirdly, Since it is observed of armies, that in the present age they are
+brought to some degree of humanity, and a more regular demeanour to each
+other and to the world, than in former times; it is certainly a good
+maxim to endeavour preserving this temper among them, without which
+they would soon degenerate into savages. To this end, it would be prudent
+among other things, to forbid that detestable custom of drinking to the
+damnation or confusion of any person whatsoever.
+
+Such desperate acts, and the opinions infused along with them, into heads
+already inflamed by youth and wine, are enough to scatter madness and
+sedition through a whole camp. So seldom upon their knees to pray, and so
+often to curse! This is not properly atheism, but a sort of anti-religion
+prescribed by the Devil, and which an atheist of common sense would scorn
+as an absurdity. I have heard it mentioned as a common practice last
+autumn, somewhere or other, to drink damnation and confusion[10] (and
+this with circumstances very aggravating and horrid) to the new ministry,
+and to those who _had any hand_ in turning out the old; that is to say,
+to those persons whom her Majesty has thought fit to employ in her
+greatest affairs, with something more than a glance against the Qu[een]
+herself. And if it be true that these orgies were attended with certain
+doubtful words of standing by their g[enera]l, who without question
+abhorred them; let any man consider the consequence of such dispositions,
+if they should happen to spread. I could only wish for the honour of the
+Army, as well as of the Qu[een] and ministry, that a remedy had been
+applied to the disease, in the place and time where it grew. If men of
+such principles were able to propagate them in a camp, and were sure of a
+general for life, who had any tincture of ambition, we might soon bid
+farewell to ministers and parliaments, whether new or old.
+
+I am only sorry such an accident has happened towards the close of a war,
+when it is chiefly the interest of those gentlemen who have posts in the
+army, to behave themselves in such a manner as might encourage the
+legislature to make some provision for them, when there will be no
+further need of their services. They are to consider themselves as
+persons by their educations unqualified for many other stations of life.
+Their fortunes will not suffer them to retain to a party after its fall,
+nor have they weight or abilities to help towards its resurrection. Their
+future dependence is wholly upon the prince and Parliament, to which they
+will never make their way, by solemn execrations of the ministry; a
+ministry of the Qu[een]'s own election, and fully answering the wishes of
+her people. This unhappy step in some of their brethren, may pass for an
+uncontrollable argument, that politics are not their business or their
+element. The fortune of war hath raised several persons up to swelling
+titles, and great commands over numbers of men, which they are too apt to
+transfer along with them into civil life, and appear in all companies as
+if it were at the head of their regiments, with a sort of deportment
+that ought to have been dropt behind, in that short passage to Harwich.
+It puts me in mind of a dialogue in Lucian,[11] where Charon wafting one
+of their predecessors over Styx, ordered him to strip off his armour and
+fine clothes, yet still thought him too heavy; "But" (said he) "put off
+likewise that pride and presumption, those high-swelling words, and that
+vain-glory;" because they were of no use on the other side the water.
+Thus if all that array of military grandeur were confined to the proper
+scene, it would be much more for the interest of the owners, and less
+offensive to their fellow subjects.[12]
+
+
+[Footnote: 1: No. 20 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Ovid, "Metamorphoses," xiii. 353:
+
+"Well assured, that art
+And conduct were of war the better part."
+                       J. DRYDEN.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: A.D. 1093. See Matthew Paris. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: Lord Campbell, in his "Lives of the Chancellors" (vol. iv.,
+p. 322), states that Marlborough, in order to increase the confidence of
+the allies, proposed "he should receive a patent as commander-in-chief
+for life." On consulting with Lord Chancellor Cowper he was told
+that such a proceeding would be unconstitutional. Marlborough, however,
+petitioned the Queen, who rejected his application. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Aemilius Paulus, the celebrated Roman general, and conqueror
+of Macedonia, was twice consul, and died B.C. 160. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: Scipio Africanus, the greatest of Roman generals and the
+conqueror of Carthage, who died _c._ B.C. 184. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: Julius Caesar "applied to the Senate to be exempted from the
+usual law, and to become a candidate in his absence" ("Dict. of Greek and
+Roman Biog."). This was strongly opposed; so that to be a candidate it
+was necessary for him "to solicit after the custom of his ancestors."
+[T.S.]
+
+The "Examiner" seems to allude to the remarkable, and, to say the least,
+imprudent, article in "The Tatler," No. 37. Such a passage, published by
+so warm an adherent of Marlborough as Steele, gives credit to
+Macpherson's assertion, that there really was some intention of
+maintaining the Duke in power, by his influence in the army. It is even
+affirmed, that under pretence his commission under the great seal could
+not be superseded by the Queen's order of dismissal, it was designed that
+he should assemble the troops which were in town, and secure the court
+and capital. To prevent which, his commission was superseded by another
+under the great seal being issued as speedily as possible. The
+industrious editor of "The Tatler," in 1786, is of opinion, that the
+article was written by Addison; but the violent counsels which it
+intimates seem less congenial to his character than to that of Steele, a
+less reflecting man, and bred a soldier. It is worthy of notice, that
+the passage is cancelled in all subsequent editions of "The Tatler,"
+till restored from the original folio in that of 1786. This evidently
+implies Steele's own sense, that more was meant than met the ear; and
+it affords a presumptive proof, that very violent measures had at least
+been proposed, if not agreed upon, by some of Marlborough's adherents.
+[S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: General Ireton and Colonel Pride placed guards outside the
+entrances to the House of Commons "that none might be permitted to pass
+into the House but such as had continued faithful to the public interest"
+(Ludlow's "Memoirs," vol. i., p. 270). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: The judges of the field, in a formal duel, whose duty it was
+to interfere when the rules of judicial combat were violated, were called
+sticklers, from the wooden truncheons which they held in their hands.
+Hence the verb to _stickle_. [S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: In his "Journal to Stella" Swift writes, under date
+December 13th, 1710: "You hear the havoc making in the army: Meredyth,
+Macartney, and Col. Honeywood, are obliged to sell their commands at half
+value, and leave the army, for drinking destruction to the present
+ministry," etc. (see vol. ii., p. 71, of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: "Dialogues of the Dead. X. Charon, Hermes, and a number of
+Ghosts." Hermes required Lampichus to leave behind him his pride, folly,
+insolence, etc. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: Of this paper "The Medley," No. 14 (January 1st, 1710
+[_sic_]), says: "He not only writes whatever he believes or knows to be
+false, but plainly shows 'tis his business and duty to do so, and that
+this alone is the merit of his service." [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 22.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY DECEMBER 21, TO THURSDAY DECEMBER 28, 1710.[2]
+
+_Nam et, majorum instituta tueri sacris, ceremoniisque retinendis,
+  sapientis est.
+                --Ruituraque semper
+                Stat (mirum!) moles--_[3]
+
+
+Whoever is a true lover of our constitution, must needs be pleased to see
+what successful endeavours are daily made to restore it in every branch
+to its ancient form, from the languishing condition it hath long lain in,
+and with such deadly symptoms.
+
+I have already handled some abuses during the late management, and shall
+in convenient time go on with the rest. Hitherto I have confined myself
+to those of the State; but with the good leave of those who think it a
+matter of small moment, I shall now take liberty to say something of the
+Church.[4]
+
+For several years past, there hath not I think in Europe, been any
+society of men upon so unhappy a foot, as the clergy of England, nor more
+hardly treated, by those very persons from whom they deserved much better
+quarter, and in whose power they chiefly had put it to use them so ill.
+I would not willingly misrepresent facts; but I think it generally
+allowed by enemies and friends, that the bold and brave defences made
+before the Revolution against those many invasions of our rights,
+proceeded principally from the clergy; who are likewise known to have
+rejected all advances made them to close with the measures at that time
+concerting; while the Dissenters, to gratify their ambition and revenge,
+fell into the basest compliances with the court, approved of all
+proceedings by their numerous and fulsome addresses, and took employments
+and commissions by virtue of the dispensing power, against the direct
+laws of the land.[5] All this is so true, that if ever the Pretender comes
+in, they will, next to those of his own religion, have the fairest claim
+and pretensions to his favour, from their merit and eminent services to
+his supposed father, who, without such encouragement, would probably
+never have been misled to go the lengths he did. It should likewise be
+remembered to the everlasting honour of the London divines, that in those
+dangerous times, they writ and published the best collection of arguments
+against Popery, that ever appeared in the world. At the Revolution, the
+body of the clergy joined heartily in the common cause (except a few,
+whose sufferings perhaps have atoned for their mistakes) like men who are
+content to go about, for avoiding a gulf or a precipice, but come into
+the old straight road again as soon as they can. But another temper had
+now begun to prevail. For as in the reign of K. Charles the First,
+several well-meaning people were ready to join in reforming some abuses;
+while others who had deeper designs, were still calling out for a
+thorough reformation, which ended at last in the ruin of the kingdom; so
+after the late king's coming to the throne, there was a restless cry from
+men of the same principles, for a thorough revolution, which as some were
+carrying it on, must have ended in the destruction of the Monarchy and
+Church.
+
+What a violent humour hath run ever since against the clergy, and from
+what corner spread and fomented, is, I believe, manifest to all men. It
+looked like a set quarrel against Christianity, and if we call to mind
+several of the leaders, it must in a great measure have been actually so.
+Nothing was more common in writing and conversation, than to hear that
+reverend body charged in gross with what was utterly inconsistent:
+despised for their poverty, hated for their riches; reproached with
+avarice, and taxed with luxury; accused for promoting arbitrary power,
+and resisting the prerogative; censured for their pride, and scorned for
+their meanness of spirit. The representatives of the lower clergy railed
+at for disputing the power of the bishops, by the known abhorrers of
+episcopacy; and abused for doing nothing in their convocations, by those
+very men who helped to bind up their hands. The vice, the folly, the
+ignorance of every single man, were laid upon the character; their
+jurisdiction, censures and discipline trampled under foot, yet mighty
+complaints against their excessive power.[6] The men of wit employed to
+turn the priesthood itself into ridicule. In short, groaning every where
+under the weight of poverty, oppression, contempt and obloquy. A fair
+return for the time and money spent in their education to fit them for
+the service of the Altar; and a fair encouragement for worthy men to come
+into the Church. However, it may be some comfort for persons of that holy
+function, that their Divine Founder as well as His harbinger, met with
+the like reception. "John came neither eating nor drinking, and they say
+he hath a devil; the Son of Man came eating and drinking, and they say,
+behold a glutton and a wine-bibber, &c."
+
+In this deplorable state of the clergy, nothing but the hand of
+Providence, working by its glorious instrument, the QUEEN, could have
+been able to turn the people's hearts so surprisingly in their favour.
+This Princess, destined for the safety of Europe, and a blessing to her
+subjects, began her reign with a noble benefaction to the Church;[7] and
+it was hoped the nation would have followed such an example, which
+nothing could have prevented, but the false politics of a set of men, who
+form their maxims upon those of every tottering commonwealth, which is
+always struggling for life, subsisting by expedients, and often at the
+mercy of any powerful neighbour. These men take it into their
+imagination, that trade can never flourish unless the country becomes
+a common receptacle for all nations, religions and languages; a system
+only proper for small popular states, but altogether unworthy, and below
+the dignity of an imperial crown; which with us is best upheld by a
+monarch in possession of his just prerogative, a senate of nobles and
+of commons, and a clergy established in its due rights with a suitable
+maintenance by law. But these men come with the spirit of shopkeepers to
+frame rules for the administration of kingdoms; or, as if they thought
+the whole art of government consisted in the importation of nutmegs, and
+the curing of herrings. Such an island as ours can afford enough to
+support the majesty of a crown, the honour of a nobility, and the dignity
+of a magistracy; we can encourage arts and sciences, maintain our bishops
+and clergy, and suffer our gentry to live in a decent, hospitable manner;
+yet still there will remain hands sufficient for trade and manufactures,
+which do always indeed deserve the best encouragement, but not to a
+degree of sending every living soul into the warehouse or the workhouse.
+
+This pedantry of republican politics hath done infinite mischief among
+us. To this we owe those noble schemes of treating Christianity as a
+system of speculative opinions, which no man should be bound to believe;
+of making the being and the worship of God, a creature of the state. In
+consequence of these, that the teachers of religion ought to hold their
+maintenance at pleasure, or live by the alms and charitable collection of
+the people, and be equally encouraged of all opinions: that they should
+be prescribed what to teach, by those who are to learn from them; and,
+upon default, have a staff and a pair of shoes left at their door;[8]
+with many other projects of equal piety, wisdom, and good nature.
+
+But, God be thanked, they and their schemes are vanished, and "their
+places shall know them no more." When I think of that inundation of
+atheism, infidelity, profaneness and licentiousness which were like to
+overwhelm us, from what mouths and hearts it first proceeded, and how the
+people joined with the Queen's endeavours to divert this flood, I cannot
+but reflect on that remarkable passage in the Revelation,[9] where "the
+serpent with seven heads cast out of his mouth water after the woman like
+a flood, that he might cause her to be carried away of the flood: But the
+earth helped the woman, and the earth opened her mouth, and swallowed up
+the flood which the dragon had cast out of his mouth." For the Queen
+having changed her ministry suitable to her own wisdom, and the wishes of
+her subjects, and having called a free Parliament; at the same time
+summoned the convocation, by her royal writ,[10] "as in all times had
+been accustomed," and soon after their meeting, sent a most gracious
+letter[11] to the Archbishop of Canterbury, to be communicated to the
+bishops and clergy of his province; taking notice of "the loose and
+profane principles which had been openly scattered and propagated among
+her subjects: that the consultations of the clergy were particularly
+requisite to repress and prevent such daring attempts, for which her
+subjects, from all parts of the kingdom, have shown their just
+abhorrence. She hopes, the endeavours of the clergy, in this respect,
+will not be unsuccessful; and for her part, is ready to give them all fit
+encouragement, to proceed in the dispatch of such business as properly
+belongs to them; and to grant them powers requisite to carry on so good a
+work." In conclusion, "earnestly recommending to them, to avoid disputes,
+and determining to do all that in her lies to compose and extinguish
+them."
+
+It is to be hoped, that this last part of her Majesty's letter, will be
+the first she will please to execute; for, it seems, this very letter
+created the first dispute.[12] The fact whereof is thus related: The
+Upper House having formed an address to the QUEEN, before they received
+her Majesty's letter, sent both address and letter together, to the Lower
+House, with a message, excusing their not mentioning the letter in the
+address, because this was formed before the other was received:[l3] The
+Lower House returned them, with a desire, that an address might be
+formed, with due regard and acknowledgments for the letter. After some
+difficulties, the same address was sent down again with a clause
+inserted, making some short mention of the said letter. This the Lower
+House did not think sufficient, and sent it back again with the same
+request: whereupon the archbishop, after a short consultation with _some_
+of his brethren, immediately adjourned the convocation for a month, and
+no address at all was sent to the QUEEN.
+
+I understand not ecclesiastical affairs well enough to comment upon this
+matter;[14] but it seems to me, that all methods of doing service to the
+Church and kingdom, by means of a convocation, may be at any time eluded,
+if there be no remedy against such an incident. And if this proceeding be
+agreeable to the institution, spiritual assemblies must needs be
+strangely contrived, very different from any lay senate yet known in the
+world. Surely, from the nature of such a synod, it must be a very unhappy
+circumstance, when the majority of the bishops draws one way, and that
+of the lower clergy another. The latter, I think, are not at this time
+suspected for any principles bordering upon those professed by enemies to
+episcopacy; and if they happen to differ from the greater part of the
+present set of bishops, I doubt it will call some things to mind, that
+may turn the scale of general favour on the inferior clergy's side, who
+with a profound duty to her Majesty, are perfectly pleased with the
+present turn of affairs. Besides, curious people will be apt to enquire
+into the dates of some promotions, to call to mind what designs were then
+upon the anvil, and from thence make malicious deductions. Perhaps they
+will observe the manner of voting on the bishops' bench, and compare it
+with what shall pass in the upper house of convocation. There is,
+however, one comfort, that under the present dispositions of the kingdom,
+a dislike to the proceedings of any of their lordships, even to the
+number of a majority, will be purely personal, and not turned to the
+disadvantage of the order. And for my part, as I am a true lover of the
+Church, I had rather find the inclinations of the people favourable to
+episcopacy in general, than see a majority of prelates cried up by those
+who are known enemies to the character. Nor, indeed, hath anything given
+me more offence for several years past, than to observe how some of that
+bench have been caressed by certain persons; and others of them openly
+celebrated by the infamous pens of atheists, republicans and fanatics.
+
+Time and mortality can only remedy these inconveniencies in the Church,
+which are not to be cured like those in the State, by a change of
+ministry. If we may guess the temper of a convocation, from the choice of
+a prolocutor,[15] as it is usual to do that of a House of Commons by the
+speaker, we may expect great things from that reverend body, who have
+done themselves much reputation, by pitching upon a gentleman of so much
+piety, wit and learning, for that office; and one who is so thoroughly
+versed in those parts of knowledge which are proper for it. I am sorry
+that the three Latin speeches, delivered upon presenting the prolocutor,
+were not made public;[16] they might perhaps have given us some light
+into the dispositions of each house: and besides, one of them is said to
+be so peculiar in the style and matter, as might have made up in
+entertainment what it wanted in instruction.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 21 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Under date January 1st, 1710/1, Swift writes to Stella: "Get
+the 'Examiners,' and read them; the last nine or ten are full of the
+reasons for the late change, and of the abuses of the last ministry; and
+the great men assure me they are all true. They are written by their
+encouragement and direction" (vol. ii., p. 88, of present edition).
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3:
+
+"For it is the part of a wise man to defend the institutions of his
+forefathers, and uphold the sacred rites and ceremonies.
+                And ever threatening to fall
+                The mass--a marvel--stands."
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: A pamphlet, ascribed to W. Wotton, was issued in reply to
+this paper. It was entitled, "The Case of the Present Convocation
+Consider'd; In Answer to the Examiner's Unfair Representation of it, and
+Unjust Reflections upon it." 1711.]
+
+[Footnote 5: The Dissenters were at first
+disposed to make common cause with the Catholics in favour of the
+dispensing power claimed by James II.; and an address from the
+Presbyterians went so far as to praise the king for having "restored to
+God His empire over conscience." [S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: "The Case etc. Consider'd," remarks: "The boldest, and the
+most insolent book of that sort, is the 'Rights of the Church' ... Yet
+how long was Dr. T[inda]ll, then Fellow of All Souls, suffered at Oxford
+after the 'Rights' appeared?" Dr. Matthew Tindal, author of "The Rights
+of the Christian Church" (1706), was a fellow of All Souls College,
+Oxford, from 1678 till his death in 1733. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: "At this time [February, 1703/4] Queen Anne gave up the
+_first-fruits_ and _tenths_, which had long been possessed by the crown,
+to be appropriated to a fund for the increase of small livings. This fund
+is known as Queen Anne's Bounty" (Lathbury's "Hist. of Convocation,"
+second edition, p. 386). The Queen's Message to Parliament was dated
+February 7th, 1703/4, and the Bill was introduced February 17th, and
+received the royal assent April 3rd, 1704. See also Swift's
+"Answer" in the following number. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: A hint to withdraw. [T.S.]
+This is said to have been the mode in which the governors of a Dutch
+province were wont to give intimation to those who intermeddled with
+state affairs, that they would do wisely to withdraw themselves from the
+state. [S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: Swift notices his own misquotation in the succeeding number
+(_q.v._). See a further reference to the subject in No. 26. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: Convocation was assembled on November 25th, and the Latin
+sermon preached by Kennet. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: Queen Anne's letter was printed in "The Daily Courant" for
+December 19th. It is dated December 12th, and says: "It is with
+great grief of heart we observe the scandalous attempts which of late
+years have been made to infect the minds of our good subjects by loose
+and profane principles openly scattered and propagated among them.
+We think the consultations of the clergy particularly requisite to
+repress these daring attempts and to prevent the like for the future. The
+just abhorrence that our subjects from all parts of the kingdom have
+expressed of such wicked principles and their abettors, give us good
+ground to hope that the endeavours of the clergy in this respect will
+not be unsuccessful. For our part we are ready to give them all fitting
+encouragement to proceed in the dispatch of such business as properly
+belongs to them, and to grant them such powers as shall be thought
+requisite," etc. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: The Queen's letter was intended to put an end to disputes
+in Convocation. She expressed her hope that her royal intentions would
+not be frustrated "by any unseasonable disputes between the two Houses of
+Convocation about unnecessary forms and methods of proceeding." She
+earnestly recommended that such disputes might cease. The bishops
+prepared an address, but the Lower House insisted "on the enlarging the
+fourth paragraph, and upon answering the several heads of the Queen's
+letter" (Chamberlen's "History of Queen Anne," p. 365, and "Daily
+Courant," Dec. 19th). The real reason for the disputes between the two
+Houses at this time lay in the fact that the Upper House, owing to
+Tenison's influence, was largely Low Church in sympathy, whereas the
+Lower House, with Atterbury as its leader, was of the High Church party.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: Dr. Smalridge (1662-1719) called for the Queen's letter to
+be read. The Archbishop prorogued Convocation for two days, and then
+again until January 17th. An address to the Queen was presented on
+January 26th (Lathbury's "History of Convocation," second edition,
+p. 407). Smalridge was Dean of Carlisle, 1711-13, and Bishop of
+Bristol, 1714-19. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 14: "The Case etc. Consider'd" quotes on the title-page: "Jude
+10. But these speak evil of those things which they know not." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 15: "Dr. Atterbury, in preference to Dr. Kennet, was chosen
+prolocutor by a great majority."--TINDAL, iv. 206. [T.S.]]
+
+Footnote 16: The Latin speeches were made on December 6th, when the
+prolocutor was presented to the Archbishop, by Dr. Smalridge, Atterbury,
+and Tenison. The one speech to which Swift refers may have been
+Tenison's, whose style was fairly dull. [T.S.]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 23.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY DECEMBER 28, TO THURSDAY JANUARY 4, 1710.[2]
+
+
+_Nullae sunt occultiores insidiae, quam eae quae latent in simulatione
+officii, aut in aliquo necessitudinis nomine._[3]
+
+_The following answer is written in the true style, and with the usual
+candour of such pieces; which I have imitated to the best of my skill,
+and doubt not but the reader will be extremely satisfied with it._
+
+_The Examiner cross-examined, or,
+A full Answer to the last Examiner._
+
+If I durst be so bold with this author, I would gladly ask him a familiar
+question; Pray, Sir, who made you an Examiner? He talks in one of his
+insipid papers, of eight or nine thousand corruptions,[4] while _we_ were
+at the head of affairs, yet, in all this time, he has hardly produced
+fifty:
+
+_Parturiunt montes, &c._[5]
+
+But I shall confine myself, at present, to his last paper. He tells us,
+"The Queen began her reign with a noble benefaction to the Church."
+Here's priestcraft with a witness; this is the constant language of your
+highfliers, to call those who are hired to teach _the religion of the
+magistrate_ by the name of the Church.[6] But this is not all; for, in
+the very next line he says, "It was hoped the nation would have followed
+this example." You see the faction begins already to speak out; this is
+an open demand for the abbey-lands; this furious zealot would have us
+priest-ridden again, like our popish ancestors: but, it is to be hoped
+the government will take timely care to suppress such audacious attempts,
+else we have spent so much blood and treasure to very little purpose, in
+maintaining religion and Revolution. But what can we expect from a man,
+who at one blow endeavours to ruin our trade? "A country" (says he) "may
+flourish" (these are his own words) "without being the common receptacle
+for all nations, religions, and languages." What! We must immediately
+banish or murder the Palatines; forbid all foreign merchants, not only
+the Exchange, but the kingdom; persecute the Dissenters with fire and
+faggot, and make it high-treason to speak any other tongue but English.
+In another place he talks of a "serpent with seven heads," which is a
+manifest corruption of the text; for the words "_seven heads_" are not
+mentioned in that verse.[7] However, we know what serpent he would mean;
+a serpent with fourteen legs; or, indeed, no serpent at all, but seven
+great men, who were the best ministers, the truest Protestants, and the
+most disinterested patriots that ever served a prince.[8] But nothing is
+so inconsistent as this writer; I know not whether to call him a Whig or
+a Tory, a Protestant or a Papist; he finds fault with convocations; says,
+"they are assemblies strangely contrived;" and yet lays the fault upon
+us, that we bound their hands: I wish we could have bound their tongues
+too; but as fast as their hands were bound, they could make a shift to
+hold their pens, and have their share in the guilt of ruining the
+hopefullest party and ministry that ever prescribed to a crown. This
+captious gentleman is angry to "see a majority of prelates cried up by
+those who are enemies to the character"; now I always thought, that the
+concessions of enemies were more to a man's advantage than the praise of
+his friends. "Time and mortality," he says, "can only remedy these
+inconveniencies in the Church." That is, in other words, when certain
+bishops are dead, we shall have others of our own stamp. Not so fast; you
+are not yet so sure of your game. We have already got one comfortable
+loss in Spain, though by a G[enera]l of our own.[9] For joy of which, our
+J[un]to had a merry meeting at the house of their great proselyte, on the
+very day we received the happy news. One or two more such blows would,
+perhaps, set us right again, and then we can employ "mortality" as well
+as others. He concludes with wishing, that "three letters, spoke when the
+prolocutor was presented, were made public." I suppose he would be
+content with one, and that is more than we shall humour him to grant.
+However, I hope he will allow it possible to have grace, without either
+eloquence or Latin, which is all I shall say to his malicious innuendo.
+
+Having thus, I hope, given a full and satisfactory answer to the
+Examiner's last paper, I shall now go on to a more important affair;
+which is, to prove, by several undeniable instances, that the late
+m[inist]ry, and their abettors, were true friends to the Church. It is
+yet, I confess, a secret to the clergy, wherein this friendship did
+consist. For information therefore of that reverend body, that they may
+never forget their benefactors, as well as of all others who may be
+equally ignorant, I have determined to display _our_ merits to the world
+upon that weighty article. And I could wish, that what I am to say were
+to be written in brass, for an eternal memorial; the rather, because for
+the future, the Church must endeavour to stand unsupported by those
+patrons, who expired in doing it their last good office, and will never
+rise to preserve it any more.
+
+Let us therefore produce the pious endeavours of these church-defenders,
+who were its patrons by their power and authority, as well as ornaments
+of it by their exemplary lives.
+
+First, St. Paul tells us, "there must be heresies in the Church, that the
+truth may be manifest"; and therefore, by due course of reasoning, the
+more heresies there are, the more manifest will the truth be made. This
+being maturely considered by these lovers of the Church, they endeavoured
+to propagate as many heresies as they could, that the light of truth
+might shine the clearer.
+
+Secondly, To shew their zeal for the Church's defence, they took the care
+of it entirely out of the hands of God Almighty (because that was a
+foreign jurisdiction) and made it their own creature, depending
+altogether upon them; and issued out their orders to Tindal, and others,
+to give public notice of it.
+
+Thirdly, Because charity is the most celebrated of all Christian virtues,
+therefore they extended theirs beyond all bounds; and instead of shutting
+the Church against Dissenters, were ready to open it to all comers, and
+break down its walls, rather than that any should want room to enter. The
+strength of a state, we know, consists in the number of people, how
+different soever in their callings; and why should not the strength of a
+Church consist in the same, how different soever in their creeds? For
+that reason, they charitably attempted to abolish the test, which tied up
+so many hands from getting employments, in order to protect the Church.
+
+I know very well that this attempt is objected to us as a crime, by
+several malignant Tories, and denied as a slander by many unthinking
+people among ourselves. The latter are apt in their defence to ask such
+questions as these; Was your test repealed?[10] Had we not a majority?
+Might we not have done it if we pleased? To which the others answer, You
+did what you could; you prepared the way, but you found a fatal
+impediment from that quarter, whence the sanction of the law must come,
+and therefore to save your credit, you condemned a paper to be burnt
+which yourselves had brought in.[11] But alas! the miscarriage of that
+noble project for the safety of the Church, had another original; the
+knowledge whereof depends upon a piece of secret history that I shall now
+lay open.
+
+These church-protectors had directed a Presbyterian preacher to draw up a
+bill for repealing the test; it was accordingly done with great art, and
+in the preamble, several expressions of civility to the established
+Church; and when it came to the qualifications of all those who were to
+enter on any office, the compiler had taken special care to make them
+large enough for all Christians whatsoever, by transcribing the very
+words (only formed into an oath) which Quakers are obliged to profess by
+a former Act of Parliament; as I shall here set them down.[12] "I _A.B._
+profess faith in God the Father, and in Jesus Christ His eternal Son, the
+true God, and in the Holy Spirit one God blessed for evermore; and do
+acknowledge the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be given
+by divine inspiration." This bill was carried to the chief leaders for
+their approbation, with these terrible words turned into an oath: What
+should they do? Those few among them who fancied they believed in God,
+were sure they did not believe in Christ, or the Holy Spirit, or one
+syllable of the Bible; and they were as sure that every body knew their
+opinion in those matters, which indeed they had been always too sincere
+to disguise; how therefore could they take such an oath as that, without
+ruining their reputation with Tindal, Toland,[13] Coward,[14] Collins,
+Clendon,[15] and all the tribe of free-thinkers, and so give a scandal to
+weak unbelievers. Upon this nice point of honour and conscience the
+matter was hushed, the project for repealing the test let fall, and the
+Sacrament left as the smaller evil of the two.
+
+Fourthly, These pillars of the Church, because "the harvest was great,
+and the labourers few," and because they would ease the bishops from that
+grievous trouble of laying on hands: were willing to allow that power to
+all men whatsoever, to prevent that terrible consequence of unchurching
+those, who thought a hand from under a cloak as effectual as from
+lawn-sleeves. And indeed, what could more contribute to the advancement
+of true religion, than a bill of general naturalization for priesthood?
+
+Fifthly, In order to fix religion in the minds of men, because truth
+never appears so fair as when confronted with falsehood; they directed
+books to be published, that denied the being of a God, the divinity of
+the Second and Third Person, the truth of all revelation, and the
+immortality of the soul. To this we owe that great sense of religion,
+that respect and kindness to the clergy, and that true love of virtue so
+manifest of late years among the youth of our nation. Nor could anything
+be more discreet, than to leave the merits of each cause to such wise
+impartial judges, who might otherwise fall under the slavery of believing
+by education and prejudice.
+
+Sixthly, Because nothing so much distracts the thoughts, as too great a
+variety of subjects; therefore they had kindly prepared a bill, to
+prescribe the clergy what subjects they should preach upon, and in what
+manner, that they might be at no loss; and this no doubt, was a proper
+work for such hands, so thoroughly versed in the theory and practice of
+all Christian duties.
+
+Seventhly, To save trouble and expense to the clergy, they contrived that
+convocations should meet as seldom as possible; and when they were
+suffered to assemble, would never allow them to meddle with any business;
+because they said, the office of a clergyman was enough to take up the
+whole man. For the same reason they were very desirous to excuse the
+bishops from sitting in Parliament, that they might be at more leisure to
+stay at home and look after their clergy.
+
+I shall mention at present but one more instance of their pious zeal for
+the Church. They had somewhere heard the maxim, that _Sanguis martyrum
+est semen ecclesiae_;[16] therefore in order to sow this seed, they began
+with impeaching a clergyman: and that it might be a true martyrdom in
+every circumstance, they proceeded as much as possible against common
+law,[17] which the long-robe part of the managers knew was in a hundred
+instances directly contrary to all their positions, and were sufficiently
+warned of it beforehand; but their love of the Church prevailed. Neither
+was this impeachment an affair taken up on a sudden. For, a certain great
+person (whose Character has been lately published by some stupid and
+lying writer)[18] who very much distinguished himself by his zeal in
+forwarding this impeachment, had several years ago endeavoured to
+persuade the late King to give way to just such another attempt. He told
+his Majesty, there was a certain clergyman preached very dangerous
+sermons, and that the only way to put a stop to such insolence, was to
+impeach him in Parliament. The King enquired the character of the man;
+"O, sir," said my lord, "the most violent, hot, positive fellow in
+England; so extremely wilful, that I believe he would be heartily glad to
+be a martyr." The King answered, "Is it so? Then I am resolved to
+disappoint him"; and would never hear more of the matter; by which that
+hopeful project unhappily miscarried.
+
+I have hitherto confined myself to those endeavours for the good of the
+Church, which were common to all the leaders and principal men of our
+party; but if my paper were not drawing towards an end, I could produce
+several instances of particular persons, who by their exemplary lives and
+actions have confirmed the character so justly due to the whole body. I
+shall at present mention only two, and illustrate the merits of each by a
+matter of fact.
+
+That worthy patriot, and true lover of the Church, whom the late
+"Examiner" is supposed to reflect on under the name of Verres,[19] felt a
+pious impulse to be a benefactor to the Cathedral of Gloucester, but how
+to do it in the most decent, generous manner, was the question. At last
+he thought of an expedient: One morning or night he stole into the
+Church, mounted upon the altar, and there did that which in cleanly
+phrase is called disburthening of nature: He was discovered, prosecuted,
+and condemned to pay a thousand pounds, which sum was all employed to
+support the Church, as, no doubt, the benefactor meant it.
+
+There is another person whom the same writer is thought to point at under
+the name of Will Bigamy.[20] This gentleman, knowing that marriage fees
+were a considerable perquisite to the clergy, found out a way of
+improving them _cent. per cent._ for the good of the Church. His
+invention was to marry a second wife while the first was alive,
+convincing her of the lawfulness by such arguments, as he did not doubt
+would make others follow the same example: These he had drawn up in
+writing with intention to publish for the general good; and it is hoped
+he may now have leisure to finish them.[21]
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 22 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: _I. e._ 1710-11. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: Cicero, "in Verrem," II. i. 15: "There are no intrigues more
+difficult to guard against than those which are concealed under a
+pretence of duty, or under the name of some intimate connexion."--C.D.
+YONGE. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: See No. 19, _ante_ (not quoted correctly). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Horace, "Ars Poetica," 139:
+
+"The mountains laboured with prodigious throes."--P. FRANCIS.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: See No. 22, _ante_. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: The serpent, or dragon, is said to have seven heads in an
+earlier verse of the same chapter. See Rev. xii., 3, 9, 15. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: The Earl of Sunderland and Henry Boyle (Secretaries of
+State), Earl of Godolphin (Lord Treasurer), Lord Somers (President of the
+Council), Lord Cowper (Lord Chancellor), Duke of Marlborough
+(Captain General), and Horatio Walpole (Secretary of War). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: General Stanhope, at Brihuega, was surprised and compelled
+to surrender on December 9th, 1710. Oldmixon's "Sequel" (p. 452)
+remarks: "The misfortune which happened to General Stanhope at
+Brihuega, where he was surrounded by the French and Spanish, armies,
+and after a most gallant defence, obliged to surrender himself with
+several English battalions prisoners of war, was some relief to
+high-church; ... they did not stick to rejoice at it." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: The Test Act was passed in 1672 and repealed only in 1828.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: This paper was a pamphlet by Charles Leslie, published
+October, 1708, which was condemned to be burnt by the House of Commons in
+January, 1709/10. It was entitled, "A Letter from a Gentleman in
+Scotland to his Friend in England, against the Sacramental Test."
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: This declaration was prescribed by the Act I William and
+Mary, c. 18, s. 13. It was repealed in 1871. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: John Toland, author of "Christianity not Mysterious" (1696)
+and other works. See note on p. 9 of vol. iii. of present edition.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 14: William Coward (1656-1725), physician, was the author of
+"Second Thoughts Concerning Human Soul" (1702), and "The Grand Essay;
+or A Vindication of Reason and Religion" (1703/4). Both these works
+were ordered by the House of Commons to be burnt, March 17th,
+1703/4. See also note on p. 9 of vol. iii. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 15: John Clendon was the author of "A Treatise of the Word
+Person" (17-09/10) which the House of Commons ordered to be burnt, March
+24, 17-09/10. See also note on p. 185 of vol. iii. of present edition.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 16: "The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the Church."
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 17: For preaching a sermon at St. Paul's on "Perils from false
+brethren" (November 5th, 1709), Dr. Sacheverell was, on the complaint
+of Mr. Dolben (December 13th), impeached in the House of Commons on
+December 14th, 1709, and in the House of Lords on December 15th. The
+sermon was printed and widely circulated, and Sacheverell received for it
+the thanks of the Lord Mayor. Mr. Dolben objected to Godolphin being
+referred to as Volpone. Out of this arose the famous Sacheverell trial,
+so disastrous in its effect on the Whig ministry. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 18: Lord Wharton. See vol. v., pp. 1-28 of present edition of
+Swift's Works. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 19: Lord Wharton. But see correction in No. 25, _post_. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 20: See previous note on Lord Cowper. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 21: Cowper was at this time out of office. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 24.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY JANUARY 4, TO THURSDAY JANUARY 11, 1710.[2]
+
+_Bellum ita suscipiatur, ut nihil aliud nisi Pax quaesita videatur._[3]
+
+I am satisfied, that no reasonable man of either party, can justly be
+offended at any thing I said in one of my papers relating to the Army;[4]
+from the maxims I there laid down, perhaps many persons may conclude,
+that I had a mind the world should think, there had been occasion given
+by some late abuses among men of that calling; and they conclude right.
+For my intention is, that my hints may be understood, and my quotations
+and allegories applied; and I am in some pain to think, that in the
+Orcades on one side, and the western coasts of Ireland on the other, the
+"Examiner" may want a key in several parts, which I wish I could furnish
+them with. As for the French king, I am under no concern at all; I hear
+he has left off reading my papers, and by what he has found in them,
+dislikes our proceedings more than ever, and intends either to make great
+additions to his armies, or propose new terms for a peace: So false is
+that which is commonly reported, of his mighty satisfaction in our change
+of ministry: And I think it clear that his late letter of "Thanks to the
+Tories of Great Britain,"[5] must either have been extorted from him
+against his judgment, or was a cast of his politics to set the people
+against the present ministry, wherein it has wonderfully succeeded.
+
+But though I have never heard, or never regarded any objections made
+against that paper, which mentions the army; yet I intended this as a
+sort of apology for it. And first, I declare, (because we live in a
+mistaking world) that in hinting at some proceedings, wherein a few
+persons are said to be concerned, I did not intend to charge them upon
+the body of the army. I have too much detested that barbarous injustice
+among the writers of a late party, to be ever guilty of it myself; I mean
+the accusing societies for the crimes of a few. On the other side, I must
+take leave to believe, that armies are no more exempt from corruptions
+than other numbers of men. The maxims proposed were occasionally
+introduced by the report of certain facts, which I am bound to believe is
+true, because I am sure, considering what has passed, it would be a crime
+to think otherwise. All posts in the army, all employments at court, and
+many others, are (or ought to be) given and resumed at the mere pleasure
+of the prince; yet when I see a great officer broke, a change made in the
+court or the ministry, and this under the most just and gracious Princess
+that ever reigned, I must naturally conclude it is done upon prudent
+considerations, and for some great demerit in the sufferers. But then; is
+not the punishment sufficient? Is it generous or charitable to trample on
+the unfortunate, and expose their faults to the world in the strongest
+colours? And would it not suit better with magnanimity as well as common
+good-nature, to leave them at quiet to their own thoughts and repentance?
+Yes without question, provided it could be so contrived that their very
+names, as well as actions, might be forgotten for ever; _such_ an act of
+oblivion would be for the honour of our nation, and beget a better
+opinion of us with posterity; and then I might have spared the world and
+myself the trouble of _examining_. But at present, there is a cruel
+dilemma in the case: The friends and abettors of the late ministry are
+every day publishing their praises to the world, and casting reflections
+upon the present persons in power. This is so barefaced an aspersion upon
+the Q[ueen], that I know not how any good subject can with patience
+endure it, though he were ever so indifferent with regard to the opinions
+in dispute. Shall they who have lost all power and love of the people, be
+allowed to scatter their poison; and shall not those, who are, at least,
+of the strongest side, be suffered to bring an antidote? And how can we
+undeceive the deluded remainder, but by letting them see, that those
+discarded statesmen were justly laid aside, and producing as many
+instances to prove it as we can? not from any personal hatred to them,
+but in justification to the best of queens. The many scurrilities I have
+heard and read against this poor paper of mine, are in such a strain,
+that considering the present state of affairs, they look like a jest.
+They usually run after the following manner: "What? shall this insolent
+writer presume to censure the late ministry, the ablest, the most
+faithful, and truest lovers of their country, and its constitution that
+ever served a prince? Shall he reflect on the best H[ouse] of C[ommons]
+that ever sat within those walls? Has not the Queen changed both for a
+ministry and Parliament of Jacobites and highfliers, who are selling us
+to France, and bringing over the Pretender?" This is the very sum and
+force of all their reasonings, and this their method of complaining
+against the "Examiner." In _them_ it is humble and loyal to reflect upon
+the Q[ueen] and the ministry, and Parliament she has chosen with the
+universal applause of her people; in _us_ it is insolent to defend her
+Majesty and her choice, or to answer their objections, by shewing the
+reasons why those changes were necessary.
+
+The same style has been used in the late case relating to some gentlemen
+in the army;[6] such a clamour was raised by a set of men, who had the
+boldness to tax the administration with cruelty and injustice, that I
+thought it necessary to interfere a little, by shewing the ill
+consequences that might arise from some proceedings, though without
+application to particular persons. And what do they offer in answer?
+Nothing but a few poor common-places against calumny and informers, which
+might have been full as just and seasonable in a plot against the sacred
+person of the Q[ueen].
+
+But, by the way; why are these idle people so indiscreet to name those
+two words, which afford occasion of laying open to the world such an
+infamous scene of subornation and perjury, as well as calumny and
+informing, as I believe is without example: when a whole cabal attempted
+an action, wherein a condemned criminal refused to join with them for
+the reward of his life?[7] Not that I disapprove their sagacity, who
+could foretell so long before, by what hand they should one day fall, and
+therefore thought any means justifiable by which they might prevent it.
+
+But waiving this at present, it must be owned in justice to the army,
+that those violences did not proceed so far among them as some have
+believed; nor ought the madness of a few to be laid at their doors. For
+the rest, I am so far from denying the due praises to those victorious
+troops, who did their part in procuring so many victories for the allies,
+that I could wish every officer and private soldier had their full share
+of honour in proportion to their deserts; being thus far of the
+Athenians' mind, who when it was proposed that the statue of Miltiades
+should be set up alone in some public place of the city, said they would
+agree to it, _whenever he conquered alone_, but not before. Neither do I
+at all blame the officers of the army, for preferring in their hearts the
+late ministry before the present; or, if wishing alone could be of any
+use, to wish their continuance, because then they might be secure of the
+war's continuance too: whereas, since affairs have been put into other
+hands, they may perhaps lie under some apprehensions of a peace, which no
+army, especially in a course of success, was ever inclined to, and which
+all wise states have in such a juncture, chiefly endeavoured. This is
+a point wherein the civil and military politics have always disagreed.
+And for that reason, I affirmed it necessary in all free governments,
+that the latter should be absolutely in subjection to the former;
+otherwise, one of these two inconveniencies must arise, either to be
+perpetually in war, or to turn the civil institution into a military.
+
+I am ready to allow all that has been said of the valour and experience
+of our troops, who have fully contributed their part to the great
+successes abroad; nor is it their fault, that those important victories
+had no better consequences at home, though it may be their advantage. War
+is their trade and business: to improve and cultivate the advantages of
+success, is an affair of the cabinet; and the neglect of this, whether
+proceeding from weakness or corruption, according to the usual
+uncertainty of wars, may be of the most fatal consequence to a nation.
+For, pray let me represent our condition in such a light, as I believe
+both parties will allow, though perhaps not the consequences I shall
+deduce from it. We have been for above nine years, blessed with a QUEEN,
+who besides all virtues that can enter into the composition of a private
+person, possesses every regal quality that can contribute to make a
+people happy: of great wisdom, yet ready to receive the advice of her
+counsellors: of much discernment in choosing proper instruments, when she
+follows her own judgment, and only capable of being deceived by that
+excess of goodness which makes her judge of others by herself. Frugal in
+her management in order to contribute to the public, which in proportion
+she does, and that voluntarily, beyond any of her subjects; but from her
+own nature, generous and charitable to all that want or deserve; and in
+order to exercise those virtues, denying herself all entertainments of
+expense which many others enjoy. Then if we look abroad, at least in
+Flanders, our arms have been crowned with perpetual success in battles
+and sieges, not to mention several fortunate actions in Spain. These
+facts being thus stated, which none can deny, it is natural to ask how we
+have improved such advantages, and to what account they have turned? I
+shall use no discouraging terms. When a patient grows daily worse by the
+tampering of mountebanks, there is nothing left but to call in the best
+physicians before the case grows desperate: But I would ask, whether
+France or any other kingdom, would have made so little use of such
+prodigious opportunities, the fruits whereof could never have fallen to
+the ground, without the extremist degree of folly and corruption, and
+where those have lain, let the world judge? Instead of aiming at peace,
+while we had the advantage of the war, which has been the perpetual maxim
+of all wise states, it has been reckoned factious and malignant even to
+express our wishes for it; and such a condition imposed, as was never
+offered to any prince who had an inch of ground to dispute; _Quae enim
+est conditio pacis; in qua ei cum quo pacem facias, nihil concedi
+potest?_[8]
+
+It is not obvious to conceive what could move men who sat at home, and
+were called to consult upon the good of the kingdom, to be so utterly
+averse from putting an end to a long expensive war, which the victorious,
+as well as conquered side, were heartily weary of. Few or none of them
+were men of the sword; they had no share in the honour; they had made
+large fortunes, and were at the head of all affairs. But they well knew
+by what tenure they held their power; that the Qu[een] saw through their
+designs, that they had entirely lost the hearts of the clergy; that the
+landed men were against them; that they were detested by the body of the
+people; and that nothing bore them up but their credit with the bank and
+other stocks, which would be neither formidable nor necessary when the
+war was at an end. For these reasons they resolved to disappoint all
+overtures of a peace, till they and their party should be so deeply
+rooted as to make it impossible to shake them. To this end, they began to
+precipitate matters so fast, as in a little time must have ruined the
+constitution, if the crown had not interposed, and rather ventured the
+accidental effects of their malice, than such dreadful consequences of
+their power. And indeed, had the former danger been greater than some
+hoped or feared, I see no difficulty in the choice, which was the same
+with his, who said, "he had rather be devoured by wolves than by rats." I
+therefore still insist that we cannot wonder at, or find fault with the
+army, for concurring with a ministry who was for prolonging the war. The
+inclination is natural in them all, pardonable in those who have not yet
+made their fortunes, and as lawful in the rest, as love of power or love
+of money can make it. But as natural, as pardonable, and as lawful as
+this inclination is, when it is not under check of the civil power, or
+when a corrupt ministry joins in giving it too great a scope, the
+consequence can be nothing less than infallible ruin and slavery to a
+state.
+
+After I had finished this Paper, the printer sent me two small pamphlets,
+called "The Management of the War,"_[9] written with some plausibility,
+much artifice, and abundance of misrepresentation, as well as direct
+falsehoods in point of fact. These I have thought worth _Examining_,
+which I shall accordingly do when I find an opportunity.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 23 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: I.e. 1710-11. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: Cicero, "De Officiis," i. 23: "In the undertaking of a war
+there should be such a prospect, as if the only end of it were peace."--
+SIR R. L'ESTRANGE. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: See "Examiner," No. 21. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Scott mistakes this as the pretended letter quoted in "The
+Medley," No. 14. Swift refers to a half sheet printed for A. Baldwin in
+the latter part of 1710, and entitled: "The French King's Thanks to the
+Tories of Great-Britain." It was ascribed to Hoadly.
+
+In this print Louis XIV. is made to thank the Tories for "what hath given
+me too deep and lasting impressions of respect, and gratitude, ever to be
+forgotten. If I should endeavour to recount all the numerous obligations
+I have to you, I should not know where to begin, nor where to make an
+end.... To you and your predecessors I owe that supineness and negligence
+of the English court, which, gave me opportunity and ability to form and
+prosecute my designs." Alluding to William III. he says: "To you I owed
+the impotence of his life and the comfort of his death. At that juncture
+how vast were my hopes?... But a princess ascended your throne, whom you
+seemed to court with some personal fondness ... She had a general whom
+her predecessor had wrought into the confidence and favour of the
+Allies.... It is with pleasure I have observed, that every victory he
+hath obtained abroad, hath been retrieved by your management at home....
+What a figure have your tumults, your addresses, and the progresses of
+your Doctor, made in my Gazettes? What comfort have I received from
+them?... And with what impatience do we now wait for that dissolution,
+with the hopes of which you have so long flattered us ?... Blessed be the
+engines, to which so glorious events are owing. Republican,
+Antimonarchical, Danger of the Church, Non-resistance, Hereditary and
+Divine Right, words of force and energy!... How great are my obligations
+to all these!" In a postscript, King Louis is made to say further: "My
+Brother of England [i.e. the Pretender] ... thanks you for ... your late
+loyal addresses; your open avowal in them of that unlimited non-resistance
+by which he keeps up his claim," etc. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: "Lieut.-Gen. Meredith, Major-Gen. Macartney, and Brigadier
+Honeywood were superseded, upon an information laid before the Q----,
+that these three gentlemen had, in their cups, drank Damnation and
+Confusion to the new ministry, and to those who had any hand in turning
+out of the old."--TINDAL, iv. 195. See also No. 21 and note, p. 127.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: William Gregg, a clerk in Harley's office, who was convicted
+of a treasonable correspondence with France. See Swift's "Some Remarks,"
+etc., in vol. v., p. 38, of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: "For what condition of peace is that in which nothing is
+conceded him with whom you are making peace?" [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: The two pamphlets referred to were both written by Dr.
+Francis Hare, chaplain-general to the Duke of Marlborough, and afterwards
+Bishop of Chichester. The first was dated November 23rd, 1710, and
+was entitled, "The Management of the War. In a Letter to a Tory-Member."
+The second was called, "The Management of the War. In a Second Letter to
+a Tory-Member," and was dated November 30th, 1710. The pamphlets are again
+referred to in the twenty-ninth number of "The Examiner," where the writer
+states that on second thoughts he has decided to deal with them "in a
+discourse by itself." This he did. See note on p. 184. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 25.[1]
+
+
+FROM THURSDAY JANUARY 11, TO THURSDAY JANUARY 18, 1710.[2]
+
+  _Parva momenta in spem metumque impellunt animos._[3]
+
+Hopes are natural to most men, especially to sanguine complexions, and
+among the various changes that happen in the course of public affairs,
+they are seldom without some grounds: Even in desperate cases, where it
+is impossible they should have any foundation, they are often affected,
+to keep a countenance, and make an enemy think we have some resource
+which they know nothing of. This appears to have been for some months
+past the condition of those people, whom I am forced, for want of other
+phrases, to called the _ruined party_. They have taken up since their
+fall, some real, and some pretended hopes. When the E. of S[underlan]d
+was discarded, they _hoped_ her M[ajesty] would proceed no farther in the
+change of her ministry, and had the insolence to misrepresent her words
+to foreign states. They _hoped_, nobody durst advise the dissolution of
+the Parliament. When this was done, and further alterations made at
+Court, they _hoped_ and endeavoured to ruin the credit of the nation.
+They likewise _hoped_ that we should have some terrible loss abroad,
+which would force us to unravel all, and begin again upon their bottom.
+But, of all their _hopes_, whether real or assumed, there is none more
+extraordinary than that which they now would seem to place their whole
+confidence in: that this great turn of affairs was only occasioned by a
+short madness of the people, from which they will recover in a little
+time, when their eyes are open, and they grow cool and sober enough to
+consider the truth of things, and how much they have been deceived. It
+is not improbable, that some few of the deepest sighted among these
+reasoners, are well enough convinced how vain all such _hopes_ must be:
+but for the rest, the wisest of them seem to have been very ill judges of
+the people's dispositions, the want of which knowledge was a principal
+occasion to hasten their ruin; for surely had they suspected which way
+the popular current inclined, they never would have run against it by
+that impeachment. I therefore conclude, they generally are so blind, as
+to imagine some comfort from this fantastical opinion, that the people of
+England are at present distracted, but will shortly come to their senses
+again.
+
+For the service therefore of our adversaries and friends, I shall briefly
+_examine_ this point, by shewing what are the causes and symptoms of a
+people's madness, and how it differs from their natural bent and
+inclination.
+
+It is Machiavel's observation, that the people when left to their own
+judgment, do seldom mistake their true interests; and indeed they
+naturally love the constitution they are born under, never desiring to
+change but under great oppressions. However, they are to be deceived by
+several means. It has often happened in Greece, and sometimes in Rome,
+that those very men who have contributed to shake off a former tyranny,
+have, instead of restoring the old constitution, deluded the People into
+a worse and more ignominious slavery. Besides, all great changes have the
+same effect upon commonwealths that thunder has upon liquors, making the
+dregs fly up to the top: the lowest plebeians rise to the head of
+affairs, and there preserve themselves by representing the nobles and
+other friends to the old government, as enemies to the public. The
+encouraging of new mysteries and new deities, with the pretences of
+further purity in religion, hath likewise been a frequent topic to
+mislead the people. And, not to mention more, the promoting false reports
+of dangers from abroad, hath often served to prevent them from fencing
+against real dangers at home. By these and the like arts, in conjunction
+with a great depravity of manners, and a weak or corrupt administration,
+the madness of the people hath risen to such a height as to break in
+pieces the whole frame of the best instituted governments. But however,
+such great frenzies being artificially raised, are a perfect force and
+constraint upon human nature, and under a wise steady prince, will
+certainly decline of themselves, settling like the sea after a storm, and
+then the true bent and genius of the people will appear. Ancient and
+modern story are full of instances to illustrate what I say. In our own
+island we had a great example of a long madness in the people, kept up by
+a thousand artifices like intoxicating medicines, till the constitution
+was destroyed; yet the malignity being spent, and the humour exhausted
+that served to foment it; before the usurpers could fix upon a new
+scheme, the people suddenly recovered, and peaceably restored the old
+constitution.
+
+From what I have offered, it will be easy to decide, whether this late
+change in the dispositions of the people were a new madness, or a
+recovery from an old one. Neither do I see how it can be proved that such
+a change had in any circumstance the least symptoms of madness, whether
+my description of it be right or no. It is agreed, that the truest way of
+judging the dispositions of the people in the choice of their
+representatives, is by computing the county-elections; and in these, it
+is manifest that five in six are entirely for the present measures;
+although the court was so far from interposing its credit, that there was
+no change in the admiralty, not above one or two in the lieutenancy, nor
+any other methods used to influence elections.[4] The free unextorted
+addresses[5] sent some time before from every part of the kingdom,
+plainly shewed what sort of bent the people had taken, and from what
+motives. The election of members for this great city,[6] carried contrary
+to all conjecture, against the united interest of those two great bodies,
+the Bank and East India Company, was another convincing argument.
+Besides, the Whigs themselves have always confessed, that the bulk of
+landed men in England was generally of Tories. So that this change must
+be allowed to be according to the natural genius and disposition of the
+people, whether it were just and reasonable in itself or not.
+
+Notwithstanding all which, you shall frequently hear the partisans of the
+late men in power, gravely and decisively pronounce, that the present
+ministry cannot possibly stand.[7] Now, they who affirm this, if they
+believe themselves, must ground their opinion, upon the iniquity of the
+_last_ being so far established, and deeply rooted, that no endeavours of
+honest men, will be able to restore things to their former state. Or
+else these reasoners have been so misled by twenty years' mismanagement,
+that they have forgot our constitution, and talk as if our monarchy and
+revolution began together. But the body of the people is wiser, and by
+the choice they have made, shew they _do_ understand our constitution,
+and would bring it back to the old form; which if the new ministers take
+care to maintain, they will and ought to stand, otherwise they may fall
+like their predecessors. But I think we may easily foresee what a
+Parliament freely chosen, without threatening or corruption, is likely to
+do, when no man shall be in any danger to lose his place by the freedom
+of his voice.
+
+But, who are those advancers of this opinion, that the present ministry
+cannot hold? It must be either such as are afraid to be called to an
+account, in case it should hold; or those who keep offices, from which
+others, better qualified, were removed; and may reasonably apprehend to
+be turned out, for worthier men to come in their places, since perhaps
+it will be necessary to make some changes, that the public business of
+the nation may go on: or lastly, stock-jobbers, who industriously spread
+such reports that actions may fall, and their friends buy to advantage.
+
+Yet these hopes, thus freely expressed, as they are more sincere, so they
+are more supportable, than when they appear under the disguise and
+pretence of fears. Some of these gentlemen are employed to shake their
+heads in proper companies; to doubt where all this will end; to be in
+mighty pain for the nation; to shew how impossible it is, that the public
+credit can be supported: to pray that all may do well in whatever hands;
+but very much to doubt that the Pretender is at the bottom. I know not
+any thing so nearly resembling this behaviour, as what I have often seen
+among the friends of a sick man, whose interest it is that he should die:
+The physicians protest they see no danger; the symptoms are good, the
+medicines answer expectation; yet still they are not to be comforted;
+they whisper, he is a gone man; it is not possible he should hold out; he
+has perfect death in his face; they never liked this doctor: At last the
+patient recovers, and their joy is as false as their grief.
+
+I believe there is no man so sanguine, who did not apprehend some ill
+consequences from the late change, though not in any proportion to the
+good ones: but it is manifest, the former have proved much fewer and
+lighter than were expected, either at home or abroad, by the fears of our
+friends, or the hopes of our enemies. Those remedies that stir the
+humours in a diseased body, are at first more painful than the malady
+itself; yet certain death is the consequence of deferring them too long.
+Actions have fallen, and the loans are said to come in slowly. But
+beside, that something of this must have been, whether there had been any
+change or no; beside, that the surprise of every change, for the better
+as well as the worse, is apt to affect credit for a while; there is a
+further reason, which is plain and scandalous. When the late party was at
+the helm, those who were called the Tories, never put their resentments
+in balance with the safety of the nation, but cheerfully contributed to
+the common cause. Now the scene is changed, the fallen party seems to act
+from very different motives: they have _given the word about;_ they will
+keep their money and be passive; and in this point stand upon the same
+foot with Papists and Nonjurors. What would have become of the public, if
+the present great majority had acted thus, during the late
+administration? Had acted thus, before the others were masters of that
+wealth they have squeezed out of the landed men, and with the strength of
+that, would now hold the kingdom at defiance?
+
+Thus much I have thought fit to say, without pointing reflections upon
+any particular person; which I have hitherto but sparingly done, and that
+only towards those whose characters are too profligate, that the managing
+of them should be of any consequence: Besides as it is a talent I am not
+naturally fond of, so, in the subjects I treat, it is generally needless.
+If I display the effects of avarice and ambition, of bribery and
+corruption, of gross immorality and irreligion, those who are the least
+conversant in things, will easily know where to apply them. Not that I
+lay any weight upon the objections of such who charge me with this
+proceeding: it is notorious enough that the writers of the other side
+were the first aggressors. Not to mention their scurrilous libels many
+years ago, directly levelled at particular persons; how many papers do
+now come out every week, full of rude invectives against the present
+ministry, with the first and last letters of their names to prevent
+mistakes? It is good sometimes to let these people see, that we neither
+want spirit nor materials to retaliate; and therefore in this point
+_alone_, I shall follow their example, whenever I find myself
+sufficiently provoked; only with one addition, that whatever charges I
+bring, either general or particular, shall be religiously true, either
+upon avowed facts which none can deny, or such as I can prove from my own
+knowledge.
+
+Being resolved publicly to acknowledge any mistakes I have been guilty
+of; I do here humbly desire the reader's pardon for one of mighty
+importance, about a fact in one of my papers, said to be done in the
+cathedral of Gloucester.[8] A whole Hydra of errors in two words: For as
+I am since informed, it was neither in the cathedral, nor city, nor
+county of Gloucester, but some other church of that diocese. If I had
+ever met any other objection of equal weight, though from the meanest
+hands, I should certainly have answered it.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 24 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: I.e. 1710-11. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: "The merest trifles affect our spirits, and fill us with
+hope or fear." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: See Swift's "Memoirs Relating to that Change," etc., vol.
+v., p. 386 of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: "The general ferment soon after [1710, summer] broke out
+into numerous addresses, of very different style and tenor, that were
+presented to the Queen. ... The high-church addresses not only exceeded
+the others in number, but were also far better received; as complimenting
+the Queen with a more extensive prerogative, and an hereditary title"
+(Chamberlen's "History of Queen Anne," p. 347). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: At the general election in October and November, 1710, the
+City of London returned four Tories: Sir Wm. Withers, Sir R. Hoare, Sir
+G. Newland, and Mr. John Cass. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: Harley's ministry continued in power until July, 1714.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: This act of Wharton's was alluded to by the Duke of Leeds in
+the House of Lords on December 6th, 1705. See Dartmouth's note on
+Burnet's "Own Times," vol. ii., p. 435, and compare "History of
+Parliament," and "Journals of House of Lords." When the Duke of
+Leeds insinuated pretty plainly to Wharton the nature of his offence,
+Dartmouth remarks that the "Lord Wharton was very silent for the
+rest of that day, and desired no further explanations." [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+
+NUMB. 26.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY JANUARY 18, TO THURSDAY JANUARY 25, 1710-11.
+
+[Greek: Dialexamenoi tina haesuchae, to men sumpan epi te tae dunas eia
+kai kata ton echthron sunomosan.]
+
+_Summissa quaedam voce collocuti sunt; quorum summa erat de dominatione
+sibi confirmanda, ac inimicis delendis conjuratio._[2]
+
+Not many days ago I observed a knot of discontented gentlemen cursing the
+Tories to Hell for their uncharitableness, in affirming, that if the late
+ministry had continued to this time, we should have had neither Church
+nor Monarchy left. They are usually so candid as to call that the opinion
+of a party, which they hear in a coffeehouse, or over a bottle from some
+warm young people, whom it is odds but they have provoked to say more
+than they believed, by some positions as absurd and ridiculous of their
+own. And so it proved in this very instance: for, asking one of these
+gentlemen, what it was that provoked those he had been disputing with, to
+advance such a paradox? he assured me in a very calm manner, it was
+nothing in the world, but that himself and some others of the company had
+made it appear, that the design of the present P[arliamen]t and
+m[inistr]y, was to bring in Popery, arbitrary power, and the Pretender:
+which I take to be an opinion fifty times more improbable, as well as
+more uncharitable, than what is charged upon the Whigs: because I defy
+our adversaries to produce one single reason for suspecting such designs
+in the persons now at the helm; whereas I can upon demand produce twenty
+to shew, that some late men had strong views towards a commonwealth, and
+the alteration of the Church.
+
+It is natural indeed, when a storm is over, that has only untiled our
+houses, and blown down some of our chimneys, to consider what further
+mischiefs might have ensued, if it had lasted longer. However, in the
+present case, I am not of the opinion above-mentioned; I believe the
+Church and State might have lasted somewhat longer, though the late
+enemies to both had done their worst: I can hardly conceive how things
+would have been so soon ripe for a new revolution. I am convinced, that
+if they had offered to make such large and sudden strides, it must have
+come to blows, and according to the computation we have now reason to
+think a right one, I can partly guess what would have been the issue.
+Besides, we are sure the Q[uee]n would have interposed before they came
+to extremities, and as little as they regarded the regal authority, would
+have been a check in their career.
+
+But instead of this question; What would have been the consequence if the
+late ministry had continued? I will propose another, which will be more
+useful for us to consider; and that is, What we may reasonably expect
+they will do, if ever they come into power again? This, we know, is the
+design and endeavour of all those scribbles that daily fly about in their
+favour; of all the false, insolent, and scandalous libels against the
+present administration; and of all those engines set at work to sink the
+actions, and blow up the public credit. As for those who shew their
+inclinations by writing, there is one consideration, which I wonder does
+not sometimes affect them: for how can they forbear having a good opinion
+of the gentleness and innocence of those, who permit them to employ their
+pens as they do? It puts me in mind of an insolent pragmatical orator
+somewhere in Greece, who railing with great freedom at the chief men in
+the state, was answered by one who had been very instrumental in
+recovering the liberty of the city, that "he thanked the gods they had
+now arrived to the condition he always wished them, when every man in
+that city might securely say what they pleased." I wish these gentlemen
+would however compare the liberty they take with what their masters used
+to give: how many messengers and warrants would have gone out against any
+that durst have opened their lips, or drawn their pens, against the
+persons and proceedings of their juntoes and cabals? How would their
+weekly writers have been calling out for prosecution and punishment? We
+remember when a poor nickname,[3] borrowed from an old play of Ben
+Jonson, and mentioned in a sermon without any particular application, was
+made use of as a motive to spur an impeachment. But after all, it must be
+confessed, they had reasons to be thus severe, which their successors
+have not: _their_ faults would never endure the light; and to have
+exposed them sooner, would have raised the kingdom against the actors,
+before the time.
+
+But, to come to the subject I have now undertaken; which is to _examine_,
+what the consequences would be, upon supposition that the Whigs were now
+restored to their power. I already imagine the present free P[arliamen]t
+dissolved, and another of a different epithet met, by the force of money
+and management. I read immediately a dozen or two stinging votes against
+the proceedings of the late ministry. The bill now to be repealed would
+then be re-enacted, and the birthright of an Englishman reduced again to
+the value of twelvepence.[4] But to give the reader a stronger
+imagination of such a scene; let me represent the designs of some men,
+lately endeavoured and projected, in the form of a paper of votes.
+
+"Ordered, That a Bill be brought in for repealing the Sacramental Test.
+
+"A petition of T[in]d[a]l, C[o]ll[in]s, Cl[en]d[o]n, C[o]w[ar]d,
+T[o]l[a]nd,[5] in behalf of themselves and many hundreds of their
+disciples, some of which are Members of this honourable H[ouse], desiring
+that leave be given to bring in a Bill for qualifying Atheists, Deists
+and Socinians, to serve their Country in any employment.
+
+"Ordered, That leave be given to bring in a Bill, according to the prayer
+of the said petition, and that Mr. L[ec]h[me]re[6] do prepare and bring
+it in.
+
+"Ordered, That a Bill be brought in for removing the education of youth
+out of the hands of the Clergy.
+
+"Another, to forbid the Clergy preaching certain duties in religion,
+especially obedience to Princes.
+
+"Another, to take away the jurisdiction of Bishops.
+
+"Another, for constituting a General for life; with instructions to the
+committee, that care may be taken to make the war last as long as the
+life of the said General.
+
+"A Bill of Attainder against C[harles] D[uke] of Sh[rewsbury], J[ohn]
+D[uke] of B[uckingham], L[aurence] E[arl] of R[ochester], Sir S[imon]
+H[arcourt], k[nigh]t, R[obert] H[arley], H[enry] S[t. John],[7] Esqs;
+A[bigail] M[asham], spinster,[8] and others, for high treason against the
+j[u]nto.
+
+"Resolved, That S[ara]h D[uchess] of M[arlborough] hath been a most
+dutiful, just, and grateful servant to Her M[ajest]y.
+
+"Resolved, That to advise the dissolution of a W[hi]g Parliament, or the
+removal of a W[hi]g Ministry, was in order to bring in Popery and the
+Pretender; and that the said advice was high treason.
+
+"Resolved, That by the original compact the Government of this Realm is
+by a junto, and a K[ing] or Qu[een]; but the Administration solely in the
+junto.
+
+"Ordered, That a Bill be brought in for further limiting the Prerogative.
+
+"Ordered, That it be a standing order of this H[ouse] that the merit of
+elections be not determined by the number of voices, or right of
+electors, but by weight; and that one Whig shall weigh down ten Tories.
+
+"A motion being made, and the question being put, that when a Whig is
+detected of manifest bribery, and his competitor being a Tory, has ten to
+one a majority, there shall be a new election; it passed in the negative.
+
+"Resolved, That for a K[ing] or Q[ueen] of this Realm, to read or examine
+a paper brought them to be signed by a j[un]to Minister, is arbitrary and
+illegal, and a violation of the liberties of the people."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+These and the like reformations would, in all probability, be the first
+fruits of the Whigs' resurrection; and what structures such able artists
+might in a short time build upon such foundations, I leave others to
+conjecture. All hopes of a peace cut off; the nation industriously
+involved in further debts to a degree, that none would dare undertake
+the management of affairs, but those whose interest lay in ruining the
+constitution. I do not see how the wisest prince under such necessities
+could be able to extricate himself. Then, as to the Church, the bishops
+would by degrees be dismissed, first from the Parliament, next from their
+revenues, and at last from their office; and the clergy, instead of their
+idle claim of independency on the state, would be forced to depend for
+their daily bread on every individual. But what system of future
+government was designed; whether it were already digested, or would have
+been left for time and incidents to mature, I shall not now _Examine_.
+Only upon this occasion I cannot help reflecting on a fact, which it is
+probable, the reader knows as well as myself. There was a picture drawn
+some time ago, representing five persons as large as the life, sitting at
+council together like a Pentarchy. A void space was left for a sixth,
+which was to have been the Qu[een], to whom they intended that honour:
+but her M[ajest]y having since fallen under their displeasure, they have
+made a shift to crowd in two better friends in her place, which makes it
+a complete Heptarchy.[9] This piece is now in the country, reserved till
+better times, and hangs in a hall, among the pictures of Cromwell,
+Bradshaw, Ireton, and some other predecessors.
+
+I must now desire leave to say something to a gentleman, who has been
+pleased to publish a discourse against a paper of mine relating to the
+convocation.[10] He promises to set me right, without any undue
+reflections or undecent language. I suppose he means in comparison with
+others, who pretend to answer the "Examiner": So far he is right; but if
+he thinks he has behaved himself as becomes a candid antagonist, I
+believe he is mistaken. He says, in his title-page, my "representations
+are unfair, and my reflections unjust." And his conclusion is yet more
+severe,[11] where he "doubts I and my friends are enraged against the
+Dutch, because they preserved us from Popery and arbitrary power at the
+Revolution; and since that time, from being overrun by the exorbitant
+power of France, and becoming a prey to the Pretender." Because this
+author seems in general to write with an honest meaning, I would
+seriously put to him the question, whether he thinks I and my friends
+are for Popery, arbitrary power, France and the Pretender? I omit other
+instances of smaller moment, which however do not suit in my opinion with
+due reflection or decent language. The fact relating to the convocation,
+came from a good hand, and I do not find this author differs from me
+in any material circumstance about it. My reflections were no more than
+what might be obvious to any other gentleman, who had heard of their late
+proceedings. If the notion be right which this author gives us of a Lower
+House of Convocation, it is a very melancholy one,[12] and to me seems
+utterly inconsistent with that of a body of men whom he owns to have a
+negative; and therefore, since a great majority of the clergy differs
+from him in several points he advances, I shall rather choose to be of
+their opinion than his. I fancy, when the whole synod met in one house,
+as this writer affirms, they were upon a better foot with their bishops,
+and therefore whether this treatment so extremely _de haut en bas_, since
+their exclusion, be suitable to primitive custom or primitive humility
+towards brethren, is not my business to enquire. One may allow the divine
+or apostolic right of Episcopacy, and their great superiority over
+presbyters, and yet dispute the methods of exercising the latter, which
+being of human institution, are subject to encroachments and usurpations.
+I know, every clergyman in a diocese has a good deal of dependence upon
+his bishop, and owes him canonical obedience: but I was apt to think,
+when the whole representative of the clergy met in a synod, they were
+considered in another light, at least since they are allowed to have a
+negative. If I am mistaken, I desire to be excused, as talking out of my
+trade: only there is one thing wherein I entirely differ from this
+author. Since in the disputes about privileges, one side must recede;
+where so very few privileges remain, it is a hundred to one odds, the
+encroachments are not on the inferior clergy's side; and no man can blame
+them for insisting on the small number that is left. There is one fact
+wherein I must take occasion to set this author right; that the person
+who first moved the QUEEN to remit the first-fruits and tenths to the
+clergy, was an eminent instrument in the late turn of affairs;[13] and as
+I am told, has lately prevailed to have the same favour granted for the
+clergy of Ireland.[14]
+
+But I must beg leave to inform the author, that this paper is not
+intended for the management of controversy, which would be of very little
+import to most readers, and only misspend time, that I would gladly
+employ to better purposes. For where it is a man's business to entertain
+a whole room-full, it is unmannerly to apply himself to a particular
+person, and turn his back upon the rest of the company.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 25 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: "They met and whispered together; and their entire aim was
+the confirmation of their own power and an oath for the destruction of
+their enemies." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: The following is the passage in Sacheverell's sermon in
+which the nickname is used: "What dependence can there be upon a man of
+no principles? ... In what moving and lively colours does the holy
+Psalmist paint out the crafty insidiousness of such wily Volpones!"
+Godolphin, in spite of Somers's protest against such action, brought
+about the preacher's impeachment, for this description of himself, as he
+took it. See also vol. v., p. 219 and note of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: An attempt was made to repeal the Act for Naturalizing
+Foreign Protestants (7 Ann. c. 5), which received the royal assent, March
+23rd, 170-8/9, by a Bill which passed the House of Commons, January 31st,
+171-0/1, but was thrown out by the Lords, February 5th. Persons
+naturalized under this Act had to pay a fee of one shilling on taking the
+prescribed oath of allegiance. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: See Nos. 20 and 23, _ante_, and notes pp. 118 and 141.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: Nicholas Lechmere (1675-1727), member for Appleby (1708-10),
+Cockermouth (1710-17), and Tewkesbury (1717-21), was one of the
+managers in the impeachment of Sacheverell. He, with Addison,
+Hoadly, and Minshull corrected Steele's draft of "The Crisis" for
+publication. He was created Lord Lechmere in 1721, after he had held
+the offices of solicitor-general (1714-18) and attorney-general (1718-20).
+See also vol. v., p. 326 note, of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: "R.H. H.S. Esqs;" in both editions. In Faulkner's collected
+reprint the second name was altered to William Shippen, and Scott
+follows Faulkner; but there can be no doubt that the initials were
+intended for St. John, since the persons named were those who succeeded
+to the places of the dismissed ministers. Shippen was a prominent
+member of the October Club, but he did not hold any public office.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: In No. 19 of "The Medley," the writer calls "The Examiner"
+to account for writing Abigail Masham, _spinster_. She was then Mrs.
+Masham. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: See No. 23, _ante_, and notes p. 138. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: "The Case of the Present Convocation Consider'd; In Answer
+to the Examiner's Unfair Representation of it, and Unjust Reflections
+upon it." 1711, See note p. 129. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: "They [the Dutch] have a right to put us in mind, that
+without their assistance in 1688, Popery and arbitrary power must, without
+a miracle, have over-run us; and that even since that time, we must have
+sunk under the exorbitant power of France, and our Church and Queen
+must have been a prey to a Pretender imposed upon us by this exorbitant
+power, if that tottering commonwealth ... had not heartily joined with
+us.... But I forget my self, and I doubt, allege those very things in
+their favour, for which the 'Examiner' and his friends, are the most
+enraged against them." ("The Case," etc., p. 24). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: They [_i.e._ the bishops] say that the prolocutor is "the
+referendary of the lower house, _i.e._ one who is to carry messages and
+admonitions from the upper house to the lower, and to represent their
+sense, and to carry their petitions to the upper: That originally the
+synod met all in one house in this, as it still does in the other
+province." ("The Case," etc., p. 14). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: Bishop Burnet had made a similar proposal to Queen Mary
+several years before, "so that she was fully resolved, if ever she had
+lived to see peace and settlement, ... to have applied it to the
+augmentation of small benefices." He had also laid it very fully before
+the Princess of Denmark in the reign of King William ("Hist. Own Times,"
+ii. 370).
+
+"This very project ... was first set on foot by a great minister in the
+last reign. It was then far advanced, and would have been finished, had
+he stayed but a few months longer in the ministry" ("The Case," etc., p.
+23). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 14: Swift's own Memorial to Harley, petitioning the Queen to
+surrender the first-fruits in Ireland is given in Scott's edition (vol.
+xv., pp. 381-4). It was on behalf of these first-fruits that Swift came
+to England, in 1707, on a commission from Archbishop King. Then he made
+his application as a Whig to a Whig government, but failing with Somers
+and Halifax both in this and in his hopes for advancement, he joined
+Harley's fortunes. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+
+NUMB. 27.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY JANUARY 25, TO THURSDAY FEBRUARY 1, 1710-11.[2]
+
+_Ea autem est gloria, laus recte factorum, magnorumque in rempublicam
+meritorum: Quae cum optimi cujusque, tum etiam multitudinis testimonio
+comprobatur._[3]
+
+I am thinking, what a mighty advantage it is to be entertained as a
+writer to a ruined cause. I remember a fanatic preacher, who was inclined
+to come into the Church, and take orders; but upon mature thoughts was
+diverted from that design, when he considered that the collections of the
+_godly_ were a much heartier and readier penny, than he could get by
+wrangling for tithes. He certainly had reason, and the two cases are
+parallel. If you write in defence of a fallen party, you are maintained
+by contribution as a necessary person, you have little more to do than to
+carp and cavil at those who hold the pen on the other side; you are sure
+to be celebrated and caressed by all your party, to a man. You may affirm
+and deny what you please, without truth or probability, since it is but
+loss of time to contradict you. Besides, commiseration is often on your
+side, and you have a pretence to be thought honest and disinterested, for
+adhering to friends in distress. After which, if your party ever happens
+to turn up again, you have a strong fund of merit towards making your
+fortune. Then, you never fail to be well furnished with materials, every
+one bringing in his _quota_, and falsehood being naturally more plentiful
+than truth. Not to mention the wonderful delight of libelling men in
+power, and hugging yourself in a corner with mighty satisfaction for what
+you have done.
+
+It is quite otherwise with us, who engage as volunteers in the service of
+a flourishing ministry, in full credit with the Q[uee]n, and beloved by
+the people, because they have no sinister ends or dangerous designs, but
+pursue with steadiness and resolution the true interests of both. Upon
+which account they little want or desire our assistance; and we may write
+till the world is weary of reading, without having our pretences allowed
+either to a place or a pension: besides, we are refused the common
+benefit of the party, to have our works cried up of course; the readers
+of our own side being as ungentle and hard to please, as if we writ
+against them; and our papers never make their way in the world, but
+barely in proportion to their merit. The design of _their_ labours who
+write on the conquered side, is likewise of greater importance than ours;
+they are like cordials for dying men, which must be repeated; whereas
+ours are, in the Scripture phrase, but "meat for babes": at least, all I
+can pretend, is to undeceive the ignorant and those at distance; but
+their task is to keep up the sinking spirits of a whole party.
+
+After such reflections, I cannot be angry with those gentlemen for
+perpetually writing against me: it furnishes them largely with topics,
+and is besides, their proper business: neither is it affectation, or
+altogether scorn, that I do not reply. But as things are, we both act
+suitable to our several provinces: mine is, by laying open some
+corruptions in the late management, to set those who are ignorant, right
+in their opinions of persons and things: it is theirs to cover with
+fig-leaves all the faults of their friends, as well as they can: When I
+have produced my facts, and offered my arguments, I have nothing farther
+to advance; it is their office to deny and disprove; and then let the
+world decide. If I were as they, my chief endeavour should certainly be
+to batter down the "Examiner," therefore I cannot but approve their
+design, Besides, they have indeed another reason for barking incessantly
+at this paper: they have in their prints openly taxed a most ingenious
+person as author of it;[4] one who is in great and very deserved
+reputation with the world, both on account of his poetical works, and his
+talents for public business. They were wise enough to consider, what
+a sanction it would give their performances, to fall under the
+animadversion of such a pen; and have therefore used all the forms of
+provocation commonly practised by little obscure pedants, who are fond of
+distinguishing themselves by the fame of an adversary. So nice a taste
+have these judicious critics, in pretending to discover an author by his
+style and manner of thinking: not to mention the justice and candour of
+exhausting all the stale topics of scurrility in reviling a paper, and
+then flinging at a venture the whole load upon one who is entirely
+innocent; and whose greatest fault, perhaps, is too much gentleness
+toward a party, from whose leaders he has received quite contrary
+treatment.
+
+The concern I have for the ease and reputation of so deserving a
+gentleman, hath at length forced me, much against my interest and
+inclination, to let these angry people know who is _not_ the author of
+the "Examiner."[5] For, I observed, the opinion began to spread, and I
+chose rather to sacrifice the honour I received by it, than let
+injudicious people entitle him to a performance, that perhaps he might
+have reason to be ashamed of: still faithfully promising, never to
+disturb those worthy advocates; but suffer them in quiet to roar on at
+the "Examiner," if they or their party find any ease in it; as physicians
+say there is, to people in torment, such as men in the gout, or women in
+labour.
+
+However, I must acknowledge myself indebted to them for one hint, which I
+shall now pursue, though in a different manner. Since the fall of the
+late ministry, I have seen many papers filled with their encomiums; I
+conceive, in imitation of those who write the lives of famous men, where,
+after their deaths, immediately follow their characters. When I saw the
+poor virtues thus dealt at random, I thought the disposers had flung
+their names, like valentines into a hat, to be drawn as fortune pleased,
+by the j[u]nto and their friends. There, Crassus[6] drew liberty and
+gratitude; Fulvia,[7] humility and gentleness; Clodius,[8] piety and
+justice; Gracchus,[9] loyalty to his prince; Cinna,[10] love of his
+country and constitution; and so of the rest. Or, to quit this allegory,
+I have often seen of late, the whole set of discarded statesmen,
+celebrated by their judicious hirelings, for those very qualities which
+their admirers owned they chiefly wanted. Did these heroes put off and
+lock up their virtues when they came into employment, and have they now
+resumed them since their dismissions? If they wore them, I am sure it was
+_under_ their greatness, and without ever once convincing the world of
+their visibility or influence.
+
+But why should not the present ministry find a pen to praise them as well
+as the last? This is what I shall now undertake, and it may be more
+impartial in me, from whom they have deserved so little. I have, _without
+being called_, served them half a year in quality of champion,[11] and by
+help of the Qu[een] and a majority of nine in ten of the kingdom, have
+been able to protect them against a routed cabal of hated politicians,
+with a dozen of scribblers at their head; yet so far have they been from
+rewarding me suitable to my deserts, that to this day they never so much
+as sent to the printer to enquire who I was; though I have known a time
+and a ministry, where a person of half my merit and consideration would
+have had fifty promises, and in the mean time a pension settled on him,
+whereof the _first quarter_ should be honestly paid. Therefore my
+resentments shall so far prevail, that in praising those who are now at
+the head of affairs, I shall at the same time take notice of their
+defects.
+
+Was any man more eminent in his profession than the present l[or]d
+k[eepe]r,[12] or more distinguished by his eloquence and great abilities
+in the House of Commons? And will not his enemies allow him to be fully
+equal to the great station he now adorns? But then it must be granted,
+that he is wholly ignorant in the speculative as well as practical part
+of polygamy: he knows not how to metamorphose a sober man into a
+lunatic:[13] he is no freethinker in religion, nor has courage to be
+patron of an atheistical book,[14] while he is guardian of the Qu[een]'s
+conscience. Though after all, to speak my private opinion, I cannot think
+these such mighty objections to his character, as some would pretend.
+
+The person who now presides at the council,[15] is descended from a great
+and honourable father, not from the dregs of the people; he was at the
+head of the treasury for some years, and rather chose to enrich his
+prince than himself. In the height of favour and credit, he sacrificed
+the greatest employment in the kingdom to his conscience and honour: he
+has been always firm in his loyalty and religion, zealous for supporting
+the prerogative of the crown, and preserving the liberties of the people.
+But then, his best friends must own that he is neither Deist nor
+Socinian: he has never conversed with T[o]l[a]nd, to open and enlarge his
+thoughts, and dispel the prejudices of education; nor was he ever able to
+arrive at that perfection of gallantry, to ruin and imprison the husband,
+in order to keep the wife without disturbance.[16]
+
+The present l[or]d st[ewa]rd[17] has been always distinguished for his
+wit and knowledge; is of consummate wisdom and experience in affairs; has
+continued constant to the true interest of the nation, which he espoused
+from the beginning, and is every way qualified to support the dignity of
+his office: but in point of oratory must give place to his
+predecessor.[18]
+
+The D. of Sh[rewsbur]y[19] was highly instrumental in bringing about the
+Revolution, in which service he freely exposed his life and fortune. He
+has ever been the favourite of the nation, being possessed of all the
+amiable qualities that can accomplish a great man; but in the
+agreeableness and fragrancy of his person, and the profoundness of his
+politics, must be allowed to fall very short of ----.[20]
+
+Mr. H[arley] had the honour of being chosen Speaker successively to three
+Parliaments;[21] he was the first of late years, that ventured to restore
+the forgotten custom of treating his PRINCE with duty and respect. Easy
+and disengaged in private conversation, with such a weight of affairs
+upon his shoulders;[22] of great learning, and as great a favourer and
+protector of it; intrepid by nature, as well as by the consciousness of
+his own integrity, and a despiser of money; pursuing the true interest of
+his PRINCE and country against all obstacles. Sagacious to view into the
+remotest consequences of things, by which all difficulties fly before
+him. A firm friend, and a placable enemy, sacrificing his justest
+resentments, not only to public good, but to common intercession and
+acknowledgment. Yet with all these virtues it must be granted, there is
+some mixture of human infirmity: His greatest admirers must confess his
+skill at cards and dice to be very low and superficial: in horse-racing
+he is utterly ignorant:[23] then, to save a few millions to the public,
+he never regards how many worthy citizens he hinders from making up their
+plum. And surely there is one thing never to be forgiven him, that he
+delights to have his table filled with black coats, whom he uses as if
+they were gentlemen.
+
+My Lord D[artmouth][24] is a man of letters, full of good sense, good
+nature and honour, of strict virtue and regularity in life; but labours
+under one great defect, that he treats his clerks with more civility and
+good manners, than others, in his station, have done the Qu[een].[25]
+
+Omitting some others, I will close this character of the present
+ministry, with that of Mr. S[t. John],[26] who from his youth applying
+those admirable talents of nature and improvements of art to public
+business, grew eminent in court and Parliament at an age when the
+generality of mankind is employed in trifles and folly. It is to be
+lamented, that he has not yet procured himself a busy, important
+countenance, nor learned that profound part of wisdom, to be difficult of
+access. Besides, he has clearly mistaken the true use of books, which he
+has thumbed and spoiled with reading, when he ought to have multiplied
+them on his shelves:[27] not like a great man of my acquaintance, who
+knew a book by the back, better than a friend by the face, though he
+had never conversed with the former, and often with the latter.
+
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 26 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+[Footnote 2: Writing to Stella, under date February 3rd, 1710/1, Swift
+says: "They are plaguy Whigs, especially the sister Armstrong [Mrs.
+Armstrong, Lady Lucy's sister], the most insupportable of all women
+pretending to wit, without any taste. She was running down the last
+'Examiner,' the prettiest I had read, with a character of the present
+ministry" (vol. ii., p. 112 of present edition.) [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: "For that is true glory and praise for noble deeds that
+deserve well of the state, when they not only win the approval of the
+best men but also that of the multitude." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: It was reported that the author of "The Examiner" was
+Matthew Prior, late under-secretary of state. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: To Stella Swift wrote in his "Journal," under date February
+9th:--"The account you give of that weekly paper [_i.e._ 'The Examiner,']
+agrees with us here. Mr. Prior was like to be insulted in the street for
+being supposed the author of it, but one of the last papers cleared him.
+Nobody knows who it is, but those few in the secret. I suppose the
+ministry and the printer" (vol. ii., p. 116 of present edition).]
+
+[Footnote 6: The Duke of Marlborough. See "The Examiner," No. 28,
+p. 177. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: The Duchess of Marlborough. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: Earl of Wharton, notorious for his profligacy. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: This may refer to Godolphin. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: Probably Earl Cowper. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: This applies to the paper. "The Examiner" had existed for
+six months, but Swift had written it for only three months, at this time.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: Sir Simon Harcourt (1661?-1727) who was lord chancellor,
+1713-14. He was made lord keeper, October 19th, 1710, after Cowper
+resigned the chancellorship. In the Sacheverell trial Harcourt was the
+doctor's counsel. He was created Baron Harcourt in 1711. See also note on
+p. 213 of vol. v. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: This refers to the case of Richard, fifth Viscount Wenman,
+against whom Cowper, in 1709, granted a commission of lunacy. He was
+under the care of Francis Wroughton, Esq., whose sister, Susannah, he had
+married in the early part of 1709. His brother-in-law sued him for
+payment of his sister's portion, and asked that trustees be appointed for
+his estate. Cowper decided against Wenman, and the commission granted.
+
+The case is referred to in No. 40 of "The Tatler" (July 12th, 1709).
+Campbell says ("Chancellors," iv. 330) the commission "very properly
+issued." Luttrell in his "Diary" (July 30th, 1709) notes that "the jury
+yesterday brought it in that he [Wenman] was no idiot" (vi. 470). Lord
+Wenman died November 28th, 1729. See also Nos. 18 and 23, _ante_, and
+note, p. 101. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 14: Tindal dedicated to Cowper "a pious work which was not
+altogether orthodox" (Campbell's "Chancellors," iv. 330). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 15: Laurence Hyde (1641-1711), created Earl of Rochester in
+1682, was appointed lord president of the council, September 21st, 1710,
+succeeding Somers. See also No. 41, _post._ Swift unkindly sneers at
+Somers's low birth. See note on Somers on p. 29 of vol. i. of present
+edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 16: Mrs. Manley, in her "Memoirs of Europe towards the Close of
+the Eighth Century," has something very characteristic to say on this
+subject. Speaking of Somers under the name Cicero, she says: "Cicero,
+Madam, is by birth a plebeian" ... "Cicero himself, an oracle of wisdom,
+was whirled about by his lusts, at the pleasure of a fantastic worn-out
+mistress. He prostituted his inimitable sense, reason, and good nature,
+either to revenge, or reward, as her caprice directed; and what made this
+commerce more detestable, this mistress of his was a wife!" ... "that she
+was the wife of an injured friend! a friend who passionately loved her,
+and had tenderly obliged him, rather heightened his desires" (i., 200;
+ii., 54, 83). The mistress is said to be Mrs. Blunt, daughter of Sir R.
+Fanshaw. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 17: John Sheffield (1647-1721), third Earl of Mulgrave, was
+created Marquess of Normanby, 1694, and Duke of Buckingham and Normanby
+in 1702/3. He succeeded the Duke of Devonshire as lord steward of the
+household on September 21st, 1710. He was the author of a poetical "Essay
+on Poetry," and an interesting prose "Account of the Revolution." As
+patron to Dryden he received the dedication of that poet's "Aurengzebe."
+Pope edited his collected works in 1722-23. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 18: William Cavendish (1673?-1729) succeeded his father as
+second Duke of Devonshire in 1707. He was lord steward, 1707-10, and
+lord president, 1716-17.]
+
+[Footnote 19: Charles Talbot, Duke of Shrewsbury, is styled by Swift
+elsewhere (Letter to Archbishop King, October 20th, 1713; Scott's
+edition, xvi. 71), "the finest gentleman we have" (see note on p. 377 of
+vol. v. of present edition). He was lord chamberlain, 1710-14. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 20: Henry de Grey (1664?-1740) succeeded his father as eleventh
+Earl of Kent in 1702. He was created Marquess of Kent, 1706, and Duke
+of Kent, 1710. He held the office of lord chamberlain of the household
+from 1704 to 1710. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 21: Harley was first chosen Speaker, February 10th, 1700/1, for
+a Parliament that lasted nine months; then again, December 30th, 1701,
+for a Parliament that lasted only six months; and finally October 20th or
+21st, 1702. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 22: "The Queen dismissed the Earl of Godolphin from being lord
+treasurer, and put the treasury in commission: Lord Powlet was the first
+in form, but Mr. Harley was the person with whom the secret was lodged"
+(Burnet, "Own Times," ii. 552-3). He was appointed August 10th, 1710.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 23: Godolphin was very devoted to the turf. See Swift's poem
+entitled, "The Virtues of Sid Hamet's Rod" (Aldine edition, iii. 10).
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 24: William Legge (1672-1750) succeeded his father as second
+Lord Dartmouth in 1691, and was created Earl of Dartmouth in 1711. On
+June 14th, 1710, he was appointed secretary of state in place of the Earl
+of Sunderland. See note on p. 229 of vol. v. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 25: The Earl of Sunderland was rude and overbearing in his
+manner towards the Queen. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 26: Henry St. John (1678-1751) was created Viscount Bolingbroke
+in 1712. He was secretary of war, 1704-1708, and secretary of state,
+1710-14. In 1715 he was attainted and left England to enter the service
+of the Pretender. See also Swift's "An Enquiry," etc. (vol. v., p. 430 of
+present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 27: "Those more early acquaintance of yours, your books, which
+a friend of ours once wittily said, 'Your L--p had mistaken the true use
+of, by thumbing and spoiling them with reading'" ("A Letter to the
+Rt. Hon. the Ld. Viscount B--ke," 1714-15). [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+
+NUMB. 28.[1]
+
+
+
+FROM THURSDAY FEBRUARY 1, TO THURSDAY FEBRUARY 8, 1710-11.
+
+_Caput est in omni procuratione negotii et muneris publici, ut
+avaritiae pellatur etiam minima suspicio._[2]
+
+
+There is no vice which mankind carries to such wild extremes as that of
+avarice: Those two which seem to rival it in this point, are lust and
+ambition: but, the former is checked by difficulties and diseases,
+destroys itself by its own pursuits, and usually declines with old age:
+and the latter requiring courage, conduct and fortune in a high degree,
+and meeting with a thousand dangers and oppositions, succeeds too seldom
+in an age to fall under common observation. Or, is avarice perhaps the
+same passion with ambition, only placed in more ignoble and dastardly
+minds, by which the object is changed from power to money? Or it may be,
+that one man pursues power in order to wealth, and another wealth in
+order to power; which last is the safer way, though longer about, and
+suiting with every period as well as condition of life, is more generally
+followed.
+
+However it be, the extremes of this passion are certainly more frequent
+than of any other, and often to a degree so absurd and ridiculous, that
+if it were not for their frequency, they could hardly obtain belief. The
+_stage_, which carries other follies and vices beyond nature and
+probability, falls very short in the representations of avarice; nor are
+there any extravagances in this kind described by ancient or modern
+comedies, which are not outdone by an hundred instances, commonly told,
+among ourselves.
+
+I am ready to conclude from hence, that a vice which keeps so firm a hold
+upon human nature, and governs it with so unlimited a tyranny, since it
+cannot be wholly eradicated, ought at least to be confined to particular
+objects, to thrift and penury, to private fraud and extortion, and never
+suffered to prey upon the public; and should certainly be rejected as the
+most unqualifying circumstance for any employment, where bribery and
+corruption can possibly enter.
+
+If the mischiefs of this vice, in a public station, were confined to
+enriching only those particular persons employed, the evil would be more
+supportable; but it is usually quite otherwise. When a steward defrauds
+his lord, he must connive at the rest of the servants, while they are
+following the same practice in their several spheres; so that in some
+families you may observe a subordination of knaves in a link downwards to
+the very helper in the stables, all cheating by concert, and with
+impunity: And even if this were all, perhaps the master could bear it
+without being undone; but it so happens, that for every shilling the
+servant gets by his iniquity, the master loses twenty; the perquisites
+of servants being but small compositions for suffering shopkeepers to
+bring in what bills they please.[3] It is exactly the same thing in a
+state: an avaricious man in office is in confederacy with the whole
+_clan_ of his district or dependence, which in modern terms of art is
+called, "To live, and let live;" and yet _their_ gains are the smallest
+part of the public's loss. Give a guinea to a knavish land-waiter, and
+he shall connive at the merchant for cheating the Queen of an hundred. A
+brewer gives a bribe to have the privilege of selling drink to the Navy;
+but the fraud is ten times greater than the bribe, and the public is at
+the whole loss.[4]
+
+Moralists make two kinds of avarice; that of Catiline, _alieni appetens,
+sui profusus;_[5] and the other more generally understood by that name;
+which is, the endless desire of hoarding: But I take the former to be
+more dangerous in a state, because it mingles well with ambition, which I
+think the latter cannot; for though the same breast may be capable of
+admitting both, it is not able to cultivate them; and where the love of
+heaping wealth prevails, there is not in my opinion, much to be
+apprehended from ambition. The disgrace of that sordid vice is sooner apt
+to spread than any other, and is always attended with the hatred and
+scorn of the people: so that whenever those two passions happen to meet
+in the same subject, it is not unlikely that Providence hath placed
+avarice to be a check upon ambition; and I have reason to think, some
+great ministers of state have been of my opinion.
+
+The divine authority of Holy Writ, the precepts of philosophers, the
+lashes and ridicule of satirical poets, have been all employed in
+exploding this insatiable thirst of money, and all equally controlled by
+the daily practice of mankind. Nothing new remains to be said upon the
+occasion, and if there did, I must remember my character, that I am an
+_Examiner_ only, and not a Reformer.
+
+However, in those cases where the frailties of particular men do nearly
+affect the public welfare, such as a prime minister of state, or a great
+general of an army; methinks there should be some expedient contrived, to
+let them know impartially what is the world's opinion in the point:
+Encompassed with a crowd of depending flatterers, they are many degrees
+blinder to their own faults than the common infirmities of human nature
+can plead in their excuse; Advice dares not be offered, or is wholly
+lost, or returned with hatred: and whatever appears in public against
+their prevailing vice, goes for nothing; being either not applied, or
+passing only for libel and slander, proceeding from the malice and envy
+of a party.
+
+I have sometimes thought, that if I had lived at Rome in the time of the
+first Triumvirate, I should have been tempted to write a letter, as from
+an unknown hand, to those three great men, who had then usurped the
+sovereign power; wherein I would freely and sincerely tell each of them
+that fault which I conceived was most odious, and of most consequence
+to the commonwealth: That, to Crassus, should have been sent to him after
+his conquests in Mesopotamia, and in the following terms.[6]
+
+"_To Marcus Crassus, health._
+
+"_If you apply as you ought, what I now write,[7] you will be more
+obliged to me than to all the world, hardly excepting your parents or
+your country. I intend to tell you, without disguise or prejudice, the
+opinion which the world has entertained of you: and to let you see I
+write this without any sort of ill will, you shall first hear the
+sentiments they have to your advantage. No man disputes the gracefulness
+of your person; you are allowed to have a good and clear understanding,
+cultivated by the knowledge of men and manners, though not by literature.
+You are no ill orator in the Senate; you are said to excel in the art of
+bridling and subduing your anger, and stifling or concealing your
+resentments. You have been a most successful general, of long experience,
+great conduct, and much personal courage. You have gained many important
+victories for the commonwealth, and forced the strongest towns in
+Mesopotamia to surrender, for which frequent supplications have been
+decreed by the Senate. Yet with all these qualities, and this merit, give
+me leave to say, you are neither beloved by the patricians, or plebeians
+at home, nor by the officers or private soldiers of your own army abroad:
+And, do you know, Crassus, that this is owing to a fault, of which you
+may cure yourself, by one minutes reflection? What shall I say? You are
+the richest person in the commonwealth; you have no male child, your
+daughters are all married to wealthy patricians; you are far in the
+decline of life; and yet you are deeply stained with that odious and
+ignoble vice of covetousness:[8] It is affirmed, that you descend even to
+the meanest and most scandalous degrees of it; and while you possess so
+many millions, while you are daily acquiring so many more, you are
+solicitous how to save a single sesterce, of which a hundred ignominious
+instances are produced, and in all men's mouths. I will only mention that
+passage of the buskins,[9] which after abundance of persuasion, you would
+hardly suffer to be cut from your legs, when they were so wet and cold,
+that to have kept them on, would have endangered your life.
+
+"Instead of using the common arguments to dissuade you from this weakness,
+I will endeavour to convince you, that you are really guilty of it, and
+leave the cure to your own good sense. For perhaps, you are not yet
+persuaded that this is your crime, you have probably never yet been
+reproached for it to your face, and what you are now told, comes from one
+unknown, and it may be, from an enemy. You will allow yourself indeed to
+be prudent in the management of your fortune; you are not a prodigal,
+like Clodius[10] or Catiline, but surely that deserves not the name of
+avarice. I will inform you how to be convinced. Disguise your person; go
+among the common people in Rome; introduce discourses about yourself;
+inquire your own character; do the same in your camp, walk about it in
+the evening, hearken at every tent, and if you do not hear every mouth
+censuring, lamenting, cursing this vice in you, and even you for this
+vice, conclude yourself innocent. If you are not yet persuaded, send for
+Atticus,[11] Servius Sulpicius, Cato or Brutus, they are all your
+friends; conjure them to tell you ingenuously which is your great fault,
+and which they would chiefly wish you to correct; if they do not all
+agree in their verdict, in the name of all the gods, you are acquitted.
+
+"When your adversaries reflect how far you are gone in this vice, they are
+tempted to talk as if we owed our success, not to your courage or
+conduct, but to those veteran troops you command, who are able to conquer
+under any general, with so many brave and experienced officers to lead
+them. Besides, we know the consequences your avarice hath often
+occasioned. The soldier hath been starving for bread, surrounded with
+plenty, and in an enemy's country, but all under safeguards and
+contributions; which if you had sometimes pleased to have exchanged for
+provisions, might at the expense of a few talents in a campaign, have so
+endeared you to the army, that they would have desired you to lead them
+to the utmost limits of Asia. But you rather chose to confine your
+conquests within the fruitful country of Mesopotamia, where plenty of
+money might be raised. How far that fatal greediness of gold may have
+influenced you, in breaking off the treaty[12] with the old Parthian King
+Orodes,[13] you best can tell; your enemies charge you with it, your
+friends offer nothing material in your defence; and all agree, there is
+nothing so pernicious, which the extremes of avarice may not be able to
+inspire.
+
+"The moment you quit this vice, you will be a truly great man; and still
+there will imperfections enough remain to convince us, you are not a god.
+Farewell."_
+
+Perhaps a letter of this nature, sent to so reasonable a man as Crassus,
+might have put him upon _Examining_ into himself, and correcting that
+little sordid appetite, so utterly inconsistent with all pretences to a
+hero. A youth in the heat of blood may plead with some shew of reason,
+that he is not able to subdue his lusts; An ambitious man may use the
+same arguments for his love of power, or perhaps other arguments to
+justify it. But, excess of avarice hath neither of these pleas to offer;
+it is not to be justified, and cannot pretend temptation for excuse:
+Whence can the temptation come? Reason disclaims it altogether, and it
+cannot be said to lodge in the blood, or the animal spirits. So that I
+conclude, no man of true valour and true understanding, upon whom this
+vice has stolen unawares, when he is convinced he is guilty, will suffer
+it to remain in his breast an hour.
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 27 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: "It is of the greatest importance in the discharge of every
+office of trade, or of the public treasury, that the least suspicion of
+avarice should be avoided." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: The Commissioners for examining the public accounts reported
+to the House of Commons (December 21st, 1711) that the Duke of
+Marlborough had received from Sir Solomon de Medina (army contractor
+for bread) and his predecessor, during the years 1702 to 1711,
+a sum of £63,319 3s. 7d. "In this report was contained the deposition
+of Sir Solomon Medina, charging the Duke of Marlborough and
+Adam Cardonell, his secretary, of various peculations, with regard to
+the contracts for bread and bread-wagons for the army in Flanders."
+The Duke admitted the fact in a letter to the Queen, dated November
+10th, 1711, but said that the whole sum had "been constantly employed
+for the service of the public, in keeping secret correspondence,
+and in getting intelligence of the enemy's motions and designs"
+(Macpherson's "Great Britain," ii. 512; Tindal's "History," iv.
+232; and "Journals of House of Commons," xvii. 16). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: See the remarks in No. 39, _post_, p.250. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Sallust, "Catiline," 5. "Greedy of what was not his own,
+lavish of what was." Catiline was extravagant and profligate, and quite
+unscrupulous in the pursuit of his many pleasures. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: A most severe censure on the Duke of Marlborough. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: Commenting on this "The Medley" (No. 20, February 12th,
+1711) remarks: "Of all that ever made it their business to defame,
+there never was such a bungler sure as my friend. He writes a letter
+now to Crassus, as a man marked out for destruction, because that hint
+was given him six months ago; and does not seem to know yet that he
+is still employed, and that in attacking him, he affronts the Q[uee]n."
+
+Writing to Stella, under date February 18th, Swift says: "Lord Rivers,
+talking to me the other day, cursed the paper called 'The Examiner,' for
+speaking civilly of the Duke of Marlborough: this I happened to talk of
+to the Secretary [St. John], who blamed the warmth of that lord, and some
+others, and swore, that, if their advice were followed, they would be
+blown up in twenty-four hours" (vol. ii., p. 123 of present edition).
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: To Stella Swift writes somewhat later (March 7th): "Yes, I
+do read the 'Examiners,' and they are written very finely as you judge.
+I do not think they are too severe on the Duke; they only tax him of
+avarice, and his avarice has ruined us. You may count upon all things in
+them to be true. The author has said, it is not Prior; but perhaps it may
+be Atterbury" (vol. ii., p. 133 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: Wet stockings. [FAULKNER.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: Clodius Albinus, the Roman general, died 197 A.D. The
+reference here is to the Earl of Wharton (see No. 27, _ante_, p. 169).
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: T. Pomponius Atticus, the friend and correspondent of
+Cicero. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: The Treaty of Gertruydenberg (see No. 14, _ante_, and note
+on p. 77; see also note on pp. 201-2 of vol. v. of present edition).
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: Orodes I. (Arsaces XIV.), King of Parthia, defeated
+Crassus, B.C. 53. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+
+NUMB. 29.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY FEBRUARY 8, TO THURSDAY FEBRUARY 15, 1710-11.
+
+_Inultus ut tu riseris Cotyttia?_[2]
+
+An Answer to the "Letter to the Examiner."[3]
+
+
+London, Feb. 15, 1710/11.
+
+Sir,
+
+Though I have wanted leisure to acknowledge the honour of a letter you
+were pleased to write to me about six months ago; yet I have been very
+careful in obeying some of your commands, and am going on as fast as I
+can with the rest. I wish you had thought fit to have conveyed them to me
+by a more private hand, than that of the printing-house: for though I was
+pleased with a pattern of style and spirit which I proposed to imitate,
+yet I was sorry the world should be a witness how far I fell short in
+both.
+
+I am afraid you did not consider what an abundance of work you have cut
+out for me; neither am I at all comforted by the promise you are so kind
+to make, that when I have performed my task,[4] "D[olbe]n shall blush in
+his grave among the dead, W[alpo]le among the living, and even Vol[pon]e
+shall feel some remorse." How the gentleman in his grave may have kept
+his countenance, I cannot inform you, having no acquaintance at all with
+the sexton; but for the other two, I take leave to assure you, there have
+not yet appeared the least signs of blushing or remorse in either, though
+some very good opportunities have offered, if they had thought fit to
+accept them; so that with your permission, I had rather engage to
+continue this work till they are in their graves too, which I am sure
+will happen much sooner than the other.
+
+You desire I would collect "some of those indignities offered last year
+to her M[ajest]y." I am ready to oblige you; and have got a pretty
+tolerable collection by me, which I am in doubt whether to publish by
+itself in a large volume in folio, or scatter them here and there
+occasionally in my papers. Though indeed I am sometimes thinking to
+stifle them altogether; because such a history will be apt to give
+foreigners a monstrous opinion of our country. But since it is your
+absolute opinion, the world should be informed; I will with the first
+occasion pick out a few choice instances, and let them take their chance
+in the ensuing papers. I have likewise in my cabinet certain quires of
+paper filled with facts of corruption, mismanagement, cowardice,
+treachery, avarice, ambition, and the like, with an alphabetical table,
+to save trouble. And perhaps you will not wonder at the care I take to be
+so well provided, when you consider the vast expense I am at: I feed
+weekly two or three wit-starved writers, who have no other visible
+support; besides several others that live upon my offals. In short, I am
+like a nurse who suckles twins at one time, and has likewise one or two
+whelps constantly to draw her breasts.
+
+I must needs confess, (and it is with grief I speak it) that I have been
+the innocent cause of a great circulation of dullness: at the same time,
+I have often wondered how it has come to pass, that these industrious
+people, after poring so constantly upon the "Examiner,"[5] a paper writ
+with plain sense, and in a tolerable style, have made so little
+improvement. I am sure it would have fallen out quite otherwise with me;
+for, by what I have seen of their performances (and I am credibly
+informed they are all of a piece) if I had perused them till now, I
+should have been fit for little but to make an advocate in the same
+cause.
+
+You, Sir, perhaps will wonder, as most others do, what end these angry
+folks propose, in writing perpetually against the "Examiner": it is not
+to beget a better opinion of the late ministry, or with any hope to
+convince the world that I am in the wrong in any one fact I relate; they
+know all that to be lost labour; and yet their design is important
+enough: they would fain provoke me by all sort of methods, within the
+length of their capacity, to answer their papers; which would render mine
+wholly useless to the public; for if it once came to rejoinder and reply,
+we should be all upon a level, and then their work would be done.
+
+There is one gentleman indeed, who has written three small pamphlets upon
+"the Management of the War," and "the Treaty of Peace:"[6] These I had
+intended to have bestowed a paper in _Examining_, and could easily have
+made it appear, that whatever he says of truth, relates nothing at all to
+the evils we complain of, or controls one syllable of what I have ever
+advanced. Nobody that I know of did ever dispute the Duke of
+M[arlboroug]h's courage, conduct or success, they have been always
+unquestionable, and will continue to be so, in spite of the malice of his
+enemies, or, which is yet more, the _weakness of his advocates_. The
+nation only wished to see him taken out of ill hands, and put into
+better. But, what is all this to the conduct of the late m[i]n[i]stry,
+the shameful mismanagements in Spain, or the wrong steps in the treaty of
+peace, the secret of which will not bear the light, and is consequently
+by this author very poorly defended? These and many other things I
+would have shewn; but upon second thoughts determined to have done it in
+a discourse by itself,[7] rather than take up room here, and break into
+the design of this paper, from whence I have resolved to banish
+controversy as much as possible. But the postscript to his third pamphlet
+was enough to disgust me from having any dealings at all with such a
+writer; unless that part was left to some footman[8] he had picked up
+among the boys who follow the camp, whose character it would suit much
+better than that of the supposed author.[9] At least, the foul language,
+the idle impotent menace, and the gross perverting of an innocent
+expression in the 4th "Examiner,"[10] joined to that respect I shall ever
+have for the function of a divine, would incline me to believe so. But
+when he turns off his footman, and disclaims that postscript, I will tear
+it out, and see how far the rest deserves to be considered.
+
+But, Sir, I labour under a much greater difficulty, upon which I should
+be glad to hear your advice. I am worried on one side by the Whigs for
+being too severe, and by the Tories on the other for being too gentle. I
+have formerly hinted a complaint of this; but having lately received two
+peculiar letters, among many others, I thought nothing could better
+represent my condition, or the opinion which the warm men of both sides
+have of my conduct, than to send you a transcript of each. The former is
+exactly in these words.
+
+"_To the 'Examiner.'_
+
+"_MR. EXAMINER,_
+
+"_By your continual reflecting upon the conduct of the late m[i]n[i]stry,
+and by your encomiums on the present, it is as clear as the sun at noon-
+day, that your are a Jesuit or Nonjuror, employed by the friends of the
+Pretender, to endeavour to introduce Popery, and slavery, and arbitrary
+power, and to infringe the sacred Act of Toleration of Dissenters. Now,
+Sir, since the most ingenious authors who write weekly against you, are
+not able to teach you better manners, I would have you to know, that
+those great and excellent men, as low as you think them at present, do
+not want friends that will take the first proper occasion to cut your
+throat, as all such enemies to moderation ought to be served. It is well
+you have cleared another person[11] from being author of your cursed
+libels; though d--mme, perhaps after all, that may be a bamboozle too.
+However I hope we shall soon ferret you out. Therefore I advise you as a
+friend, to let fall your pen, and retire betimes; for our patience is now
+at an end. It is enough to lose our power and employments, without
+setting the whole nation against us. Consider three years is the life of
+a party; and d--mme, every dog has his day, and it will be our turn next;
+therefore take warning, and learn to sleep in a whole skin, or whenever
+we are uppermost, by G--d you shall find no mercy._"
+
+The other letter was in the following terms.
+
+"_To the 'Examiner.'_
+
+"_SIR,_,
+
+"_I am a country member, and constantly send a dozen of your papers down
+to my electors. I have read them all, but I confess not with the
+satisfaction I expected. It is plain you know a great deal more than you
+write; why will you not let us have it all out? We are told, that the
+Qu[een] has been a long time treated with insolence by those she has
+most obliged; Pray, Sir, let us have a few good stories upon that head.
+We have been cheated of several millions; why will you not set a mark on
+the knaves who are guilty, and shew us what ways they took to rob the
+public at such a rate? Inform us how we came to be disappointed of peace
+about two years ago: In short, turn the whole mystery of iniquity
+inside-out, that every body may have a view of it. But above all, explain
+to us, what was at the bottom of that same impeachment: I am sure I never
+liked it; for at that very time, a dissenting preacher in our
+neighbourhood, came often to see our parson; it could be for no good, for
+he would walk about the barns and stables, and desire to look into the
+church, as who should say, These will shortly be mine; and we all
+believed he was then contriving some alterations against he got into
+possession: And I shall never forget, that a Whig justice offered me then
+very high for my bishop's lease. I must be so bold to tell you, Sir, that
+you are too favourable: I am sure, there was no living in quiet for us
+while they were in the saddle. I was turned out of the commission, and
+called a Jacobite, though it cost me a thousand pound in joining with
+the Prince of Orange at the Revolution. The discoveries I would have you
+make, are of some facts for which they ought to be hanged; not that I
+value their heads, but I would see them exposed, which may be done upon
+the owners' shoulders, as well as upon a pole, &c."_
+
+
+These, Sir, are the sentiments of a whole party on one side, and of
+considerable numbers on the other: however, taking the _medium_ between
+these extremes, I think to go on as I have hitherto done, though I am
+sensible my paper would be more popular, if I did not lean too much to
+the favourable side. For nothing delights the people more than to see
+their oppressors humbled, and all their actions, painted with proper
+colours, set out in open view. _Exactos tyrannos densum humeris bibit
+aure vulgus._[12]
+
+But as for the Whigs, I am in some doubt whether this mighty concern they
+shew for the honour of the late ministry, may not be affected, at least
+whether their masters will thank them for their zeal in such a cause. It
+is I think, a known story of a gentleman who fought another for calling
+him "son of a whore;" but the lady desired her son to make no more
+quarrels upon that subject, _because it was true_. For pray, Sir; does it
+not look like a jest, that such a pernicious crew, after draining our
+wealth, and discovering the most destructive designs against our Church
+and State, instead of thanking fortune that they are got off safe in
+their persons and plunder, should hire these bullies of the pen to defend
+their reputations? I remember I thought it the hardest case in the world,
+when a poor acquaintance of mine, having fallen among sharpers, where he
+lost all his money, and then complaining he was cheated, got a good
+beating into the bargain, for offering to affront gentlemen. I believe
+the only reason why these purloiners of the public, cause such a clutter
+to be made about their reputations, is to prevent inquisitions, that
+might tend towards making them refund: like those women they call
+shoplifters, who when they are challenged for their thefts, appear to be
+mighty angry and affronted, for fear of being searched.
+
+I will dismiss you, Sir, when I have taken notice of one particular.
+Perhaps you may have observed in the tolerated factious papers of the
+week, that the E[arl] of R[ochester][13] is frequently reflected on for
+having been ecclesiastical commissioner and lord treasurer, in the reign
+of the late King James. The fact is true; and it will not be denied to
+his immortal honour, that because he could not comply with the measures
+then taking, he resigned both those employments; of which the latter was
+immediately supplied by a commission, composed of two popish lords and
+the present E[ar]l of G[o]d[o]l[phi]n.[14]
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 28 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Horace, "Epodes," xvii. 56.
+
+  "Safely shalt thou Cotytto's rites
+    Divulge?"--J. DUNCOMBE.
+
+   [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: "A Letter to the Examiner. Printed in the year, 1710,"
+appeared shortly after the issue of the second number of "The Examiner."
+It was attributed to St. John. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: The writer of the "Letter" invited the "Examiner" to "paint
+... the present state of the war abroad, and expose to public view those
+principles upon which, of late, it has been carried on ... Collect some
+few of the indignities which have been this year offered to her
+Majesty.... When this is done, D----n shall blush in his grave among the
+dead, W----le among the living, and even Vol----e shall feel some
+remorse." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: "The Medley" treated "The Examiner" with scant courtesy, and
+never failed to cast ridicule on its work. In No. 21 (February 19th,
+1711) the writer says: "No man of common sense ever thought any body
+wrote the paper but Abel Roper, or some of his allies, there being not
+one quality in 'The Examiner' which Abel has not eminently distinguished
+himself by since he set up for a political writer. 'Tis true, Abel is the
+more modest of the two, and it never entered into his head to say, as my
+friend does of his paper, 'Tis writ with plain sense and in a tolerable
+style.'" In No. 23 (March 5th) he says: "There is indeed a great
+resemblance between his brother Abel and himself; and I find a great
+dispute among the party, to which of them to give the preference. They
+are both news writers, as they utter things which no body ever heard of
+_but from their papers_."
+
+Abel Roper conducted the Tory paper called "The Post Boy." (See note on
+p. 290 of vol. v. of present edition.) [T.S.] ]
+
+[Footnote 6: Two of these pamphlets were already referred to in a
+postscript to No. 24 of "The Examiner" (see note, p. 151). The third was
+"The Negotiations for a Treaty of Peace, in 1709. Consider'd, In a Third
+Letter to a Tory-Member. Part the First." Dated December 22nd, 1710, The
+"Fourth Letter" was dated January 10th, 1710/11. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: It may be that Swift's intention was carried out in two
+pamphlets, one entitled, "An Examination of the Management of the War. In
+a Letter to My Lord * * *," published March 3rd, 1710/1; and the other
+styled, "An Examination of the Third and Fourth Letters to a Tory
+Member, relating to the Negociations for a Treaty of Peace in 1709. In
+a Second Letter to My Lord * * *" [With a Postscript to the Medley's
+Footman], published March 15th of the same year. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: The postscript to "An Examination of the Third and Fourth
+Letters" mentions a pamphlet, "An Answer to the Examination of the
+Management of the War," by the Medley's Footman. "The Medley," No. 21
+(February 19th), remarks: "He could also prove there were wrong steps in
+the Treaty of Peace, the Allies would have all; but he won't do it,
+because he is treated like a footman." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: _I. e._ Dr. Francis Hare. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: Dr. Hare, in the postscript to his third pamphlet, said:
+"The Examiner is extremely mistaken, if he thinks I shall enter the lists
+with so prostitute a writer, who can neither speak truth, nor knows when
+he hears it." He calls the writer "a mercenary scribbler," and speaks of
+his paper as "weekly libels." He then quotes an expression from the
+fourth number (published before Swift undertook "The Examiner"), and
+concludes by saying that he had met more than his   match in the
+ingenious writer of "The Medley," even were he much abler than he is.
+
+The fourth "Examiner" had printed a "Letter from the Country," in which
+the following passage occurs: "Can any wise people think it possible,
+that the Crown should be so mad as to choose ministers, who would not
+support public credit? ... This is such a wildness as is never ... to be
+met with in the Roman story; except in a devouring Sejanus at home, or an
+ambitious Catiline at the head of a mercenary army."
+
+The writer of "An Examination of the Third and Fourth Letters," says:
+"The words indeed are in the paper quoted, that is, 'The Examiner,' No.
+4, but the application is certainly the proper thought of the author of
+the postscript" (p. 28). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: _I. e._ Prior. See No. 27, p. 168. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: Horace, "Odes," II. xiii. 31-2.
+                    "Tyrants slain,
+In thicker crowds the shadowy throng
+Drink deeper down the martial song."--P. FRANCIS.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: Laurence Hyde, Earl of Rochester, was lord treasurer from
+168 4/5 to 168 6/7, when five commissioners were appointed: Lord
+Belasyse, Lord Godolphin, Lord Dover, Sir John Ernle (chancellor of the
+exchequer), and Sir Stephen Foxe. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 14: "The Medley," No. 22 (February 26th, 1711) remarks on this:
+"He might have said with as much truth, 'twas supplied by my Lord G----
+and two Protestant knights, Sir Stephen Fox and Sir John Ernle." [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+
+NUMB. 30.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY FEBRUARY 15, TO THURSDAY FEBRUARY 22, 1710-11.
+
+_Laus summa in fortunae bonis, non extulisse se in potestate, non fuisse
+insolentem in pecuniâ, non se praetulisse aliis propter abundantiam
+fortunae._[2]
+
+I am conscious to myself that I write this paper with no other intention
+but that of doing good: I never received injury from the late ministry,
+nor advantage from the present, further than in common with every good
+subject. There were among the former one or two, who must be allowed to
+have possessed very valuable qualities; but proceeding by a system of
+politics, which our constitution could not suffer; and discovering a
+contempt of all religion, but especially of that which hath been so
+happily established among us ever since the Reformation, they seem to
+have been justly suspected of no very good inclinations to either.
+
+It is possible, that a man may speculatively prefer the constitution of
+another country, or an Utopia of his own, before that of the nation where
+he is born and lives; yet from considering the dangers of innovation, the
+corruptions of mankind, and the frequent impossibility of reducing ideas
+to practice, he may join heartily in preserving the present order of
+things, and be a true friend to the government already settled. So in
+religion; a man may perhaps have little or none of it at heart; yet if he
+conceals his opinions, if he endeavours to make no proselytes, advances
+no impious tenets in writing or discourse: if, according to the common
+atheistical notion, he believes religion to be only a contrivance of
+politicians for keeping the vulgar in awe, and that the present model is
+better adjusted than any other to so useful an end: though the condition
+of such a man as to his own future state be very deplorable; yet
+Providence, which often works good out of evil, can make even such a
+man an instrument for contributing toward the preservation of the Church.
+
+On the other side, I take a state to be truly in danger, both as to its
+religion and government, when a set of ambitious politicians, bred up in
+a hatred to the constitution, and a contempt for all religion, are forced
+upon exerting these qualities in order to keep or increase their power,
+by widening their bottom, and taking in (like Mahomet) some principles
+from every party, that is any way discontented at the present faith and
+settlement; which was manifestly our case. Upon this occasion I remember
+to have asked some considerable Whigs, whether it did not bring a
+disreputation upon their body, to have the whole herd of Presbyterians,
+Independents, Atheists, Anabaptists, Deists, Quakers and Socinians,
+openly and universally listed under their banners? They answered, that
+all this was absolutely necessary, in order to make a balance against
+the Tories, and all little enough: for indeed, it was as much as they
+could possibly do, though assisted with the absolute power of disposing
+every employment; while the bulk of English gentry kept firm to their old
+principles in Church and State.
+
+But notwithstanding whatever I have hitherto said, I am informed, several
+among the Whigs continue still so refractory, that they will hardly allow
+the heads of their party to have entertained any designs of ruining the
+constitution, or that they would have endeavoured it, if they had
+continued in power, I beg their pardon if I have discovered a secret; but
+who could imagine they ever intended it should be one, after those overt
+acts with which they thought fit to conclude their farce? But perhaps
+they _now_ find it convenient to deny vigorously, that the question may
+remain; "Why was the old ministry changed?" which they urge on without
+ceasing, as if no occasion in the least had been given, but that all were
+owing to the insinuations of crafty men, practising upon the weakness of
+an easy pr[inc]e. I shall therefore offer among a hundred, one reason for
+this change, which I think would justify any monarch that ever reigned,
+for the like proceeding.
+
+It is notorious enough, how highly princes have been blamed in the
+histories of all countries, particularly of our own; upon the account of
+minions; who have been ever justly odious to the people, for their
+insolence and avarice, and engrossing the favour of their masters.
+Whoever has been the least conversant in the English story cannot but
+have heard of Gaveston[3], the Spencers[4], and the Earl of Oxford[5];
+who by the excess and abuse of their power, cost the princes they served,
+or rather governed, their crowns and lives. However, in the case of
+minions, it must at least be acknowledged that the prince is pleased and
+happy, though his subjects be aggrieved; and he has the plea of
+friendship to excuse him, which is a disposition of generous minds.
+Besides, a wise minion, though he be haughty to others, is humble and
+insinuating to his master, and cultivates his favour by obedience and
+respect. But _our_ misfortune has been a great deal worse: we have
+suffered for some years under the oppression, the avarice and insolence
+of those, for whom the Qu[ee]n had neither esteem nor friendship; who
+rather seemed to snatch their own dues, than receive the favour of their
+sovereign, and were so far from returning respect, that they forgot
+common good manners. They imposed on their prince, by urging the
+necessity of affairs of their own creating: they first raised
+difficulties, and then offered them as arguments to keep themselves in
+power. They united themselves against nature and principle, to a party
+they had always abhorred, and which was now content to come in upon any
+terms, leaving them and their creatures in full possession of the court.
+Then they urged the formidable strength of that party, and the dangers
+which must follow by disobliging of it. So that it seems almost a
+miracle, how a prince, thus besieged on all sides, could _alone_ have
+courage and prudence enough to extricate herself.
+
+And indeed there is a point of history relating to this matter, which
+well deserves to be considered. When her M[ajest]y came to the crown, she
+took into favour and employment, several persons who were esteemed the
+best friends of the old constitution; among whom none were reckoned
+further gone in the high church principles (as they are usually called)
+than two or three, who had at that time most credit, and ever since, till
+within these few months, possessed all power at court. So that the first
+umbrage given to the Whigs, and the pretences for clamouring against
+France and the Pretender, were derived from them. And I believe nothing
+appeared then more unlikely, than that such different opinions should
+ever incorporate; that party having upon former occasions treated those
+very persons with enmity enough. But some l[or]ds then about court, and
+in the Qu[een]'s good graces, not able to endure those growing
+impositions upon the prince and people, presumed to interpose, and were
+consequently soon removed and disgraced: However, when a most exorbitant
+grant was proposed,[6] antecedent to any visible merit, it miscarried in
+Parliament, for want of being seconded by those who had most credit in
+the House, and who having always opposed the like excesses in a former
+reign, thought it their duty to do so still, to shew the world that the
+dislike was not against persons but things. But this was to cross the
+oligarchy in the tenderest point, a point which outweighed all
+considerations of duty and gratitude to their prince, or regard to the
+constitution. And therefore after having in several private meetings
+concerted measures with their old enemies, and granted as well as
+received conditions, they began to change their style and their
+countenance, and to put it as a maxim in the mouths of their emissaries,
+that England must be saved by the Whigs. This unnatural league was
+afterwards cultivated by another incident; I mean the Act of Security,[7]
+and the consequences of it, which every body knows; when (to use the
+words of my correspondent)[8] "the sovereign authority was parcelled out
+among a faction, and made the purchase of indemnity for an offending
+M[iniste]r:" Thus the union of the two kingdoms improved that between the
+ministry and the j[u]nto, which was afterwards cemented by their mutual
+danger in that storm they so narrowly escaped about three years ago;[9]
+but however was not quite perfected till the Prince's death;[10] and then
+they went lovingly on together, both satisfied with their several shares,
+at full liberty to gratify their predominant inclinations; the first,
+their avarice and ambition; the other, their models of innovation in
+Church and State.
+
+Therefore, whoever thinks fit to revive that baffled question, "Why was
+the late ministry changed?" may receive the following answer; That it was
+become necessary by the insolence and avarice of some about the Qu[een],
+who in order to perpetuate their tyranny had made a monstrous alliance
+with those who profess principles destructive to our religion and
+government: If this will not suffice, let him make an abstract of all the
+abuses I have mentioned in my former papers, and view them together;
+after which if he still remains unsatisfied, let him suspend his opinion
+a few weeks longer. Though after all, I think the question as trifling as
+that of the Papists, when they ask us, "where was our religion before
+Luther?" And indeed, the ministry was changed for the same reason that
+religion was reformed, because a thousand corruptions had crept into the
+discipline and doctrine of the state, by the pride, the avarice, the
+fraud, and the ambition of those who administered to us in secular
+affairs.
+
+I heard myself censured the other day in a coffee-house, for seeming to
+glance in the letter to Crassus,[11] against a great man, who is still in
+employment, and likely to continue so. What if I had really intended that
+such an application should be given it? I cannot perceive how I could be
+justly blamed for so gentle a reproof. If I saw a handsome young fellow
+going to a ball at court with a great smut upon his face, could he take
+it ill in me to point out the place, and desire him with abundance of
+good words to pull out his handkerchief and wipe it off; or bring him to
+a glass, where he might plainly see it with his own eyes? Does any man
+think I shall suffer my pen to inveigh against vices, only because they
+are charged upon persons who are no longer in power? Every body knows,
+that certain vices are more or less pernicious, according to the stations
+of those who possess them. For example, lewdness and intemperance
+are not of so bad consequences in a town rake as a divine. Cowardice in a
+lawyer is more supportable than in an officer of the army. If I should
+find fault with an admiral because he wanted politeness, or an alderman
+for not understanding Greek; that indeed would be to go out of my way,
+for an occasion of quarrelling; but excessive avarice in a g[enera]l, is
+I think the greatest defect he can be liable to, next to those of courage
+and conduct, and may be attended with the most ruinous consequences, as
+it was in Crassus, who to that vice alone owed the destruction of himself
+and his army.[12] It is the same thing in praising men's excellencies,
+which are more or less valuable, as the person you commend has occasion
+to employ them. A man may perhaps mean honestly, yet if he be not able to
+spell, he shall never have my vote for a secretary: Another may have wit
+and learning in a post where honesty, with plain common sense, are of
+much more use: You may praise a soldier for his skill at chess, because
+it is said to be a military game, and the emblem of drawing up an army;
+but this to a tr[easure]r would be no more a compliment, than if you
+called him a gamester or a jockey.[13]
+
+P.S. I received a letter relating to Mr. Greenshields; the person who
+sent it may know, that I will say something to it in the next paper.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 29 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: "Tractanda in laudationibus etiam haec sunt naturae et
+fortunae bona, in quibus est summa laus: non extulisse," etc.--CICERO,
+_De Oratore_ ii. 84.
+
+"These blessings of nature and fortune fall within the province of
+panegyric, the highest strain of which is, that a man possessed power
+without pride, riches without insolence, and the fullness of fortune
+without the arrogance of greatness."--W. GUTHRIE. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: Piers Gaveston, Earl of Cornwall, the favourite of Edward
+II. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: Hugh le Despencer, Earl of Winchester, and his son of the
+same name, both favourites of Edward II., and both hanged in 1326.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford, favourite of Richard II.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: See No. 17, _ante_, and note, p. 95. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: The Bill of Security passed the Scottish Parliament in 1703,
+but was refused the Royal Assent. It provided for the separation of the
+Crowns of England and Scotland unless security was given to the latter
+for full religious and commercial independence. It was again passed
+in 1704. (See also note in vol. v., p. 336 of present edition.) [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: The writer of the "Letter" does not ascribe this result to
+the Act of Security, but to the Queen raising some of her servants to the
+highest degree of power who were unable "to associate with, men of
+honester principles than themselves," which led to "subjection to the
+will of an arbitrary junto and to the caprice of an insolent woman." [T.
+S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: The Duke of Marlborough and Lord Godolphin threatened to
+resign in February, 1707/8, unless Harley was dismissed. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: Prince George died October 28th, 1708. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: "The Medley," No. 20 (February 12th) was largely taken up
+with remarks on this letter, which appeared in "The Examiner," No. 28.
+See passage there quoted in the note, p. 177. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: Crassus was defeated by Orodes, King of Parthia, through
+the treachery of Ariamnes. After Crassus was beheaded Orodes caused
+molten gold to be poured into his mouth. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: Godolphin. See No. 27, _ante_, p. 172. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 31.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY FEBRUARY 22, TO THURSDAY MARCH 1, 1710-11.
+
+
+_Quae enim domus tam stabilis, quae tam firma civitas est, quae non odiis
+atque discidiis funditus possit everti?_[2]
+
+If we examine what societies of men are in closest union among
+themselves, we shall find them either to be those who are engaged in some
+evil design, or who labour under one common misfortune: Thus the troops
+of _banditti_ in several countries abroad, the knots of highwaymen in our
+own nation, the several tribes of sharpers, thieves and pickpockets, with
+many others, are so firmly knit together, that nothing is more difficult
+than to break or dissolve their several gangs. So likewise those who are
+fellow-sufferers under any misfortune, whether it be in reality or
+opinion, are usually contracted into a very strict union; as we may
+observe in the Papists throughout this kingdom, under those real
+difficulties which are justly put on them; and in the several schisms of
+Presbyterians, and other sects, under that grievous persecution of the
+modern kind, called want of power. And the reason why such confederacies,
+are kept so sacred and inviolable, is very plain, because in each of
+those cases I have mentioned, the whole body is moved by one common
+spirit, in pursuit of one general end, and the interest of individuals is
+not crossed by each other, or by the whole.
+
+Now, both these motives are joined to unite the high-flying Whigs at
+present: they have been always engaged in an evil design, and of late
+they are faster rivetted by that terrible calamity, the loss of power. So
+that whatever designs a mischievous crew of dark confederates may
+possibly entertain, who will stop at no means to compass them, may be
+justly apprehended from these.
+
+On the other side, those who wish well to the public, and would gladly
+contribute to its service, are apt to differ in their opinions about the
+methods of promoting it, and when their party flourishes, are sometimes
+envious at those in power, ready to overvalue their own merit, and be
+impatient till it is rewarded by the measure they have prescribed for
+themselves. There is a further topic of contention, which a ruling party
+is apt to fall into, in relation to retrospections, and enquiry into past
+miscarriages; wherein some are thought too warm and zealous; others too
+cool and remiss; while in the meantime these divisions are industriously
+fomented by the discarded faction; which though it be an old practice,
+hath been much improved in the schools of the Jesuits, who when they
+despaired of perverting this nation to popery, by arguments or plots
+against the state, sent their emissaries to subdivide us into schisms.[3]
+And this expedient is now with great propriety taken up by our men of
+incensed moderation, because they suppose themselves able to attack the
+strongest of our subdivisions, and so subdue us one after another.
+Nothing better resembles this proceeding, than that famous combat between
+the Horatii and Curiatii,[4] where two of the former being killed, the
+third, who remained entire and untouched, was able to kill his three
+wounded adversaries, after he had divided them by a stratagem. I well
+know with how tender a hand all this should be touched; yet at the same
+time I think it my duty to warn the friends as well as expose the enemies
+of the public weal, and to begin preaching up union upon the first
+suspicion that any steps are made to disturb it.
+
+But the two chief subjects of discontent, which, in most great changes,
+in the management of public affairs, are apt to breed differences among
+those who are in possession, are what I have just now mentioned; a desire
+of punishing the corruptions of former managers; and the rewarding merit,
+among those who have been any way instrumental or consenting to the
+change. The first of these is a point so nice, that I shall purposely
+waive it; but the latter I take to fall properly within my district: By
+merit I here understand that value which every man puts upon his own
+deservings from the public. And I believe there could not be a more
+difficult employment found out, than that of paymaster general to this
+sort of merit; or a more noisy, crowded place, than a court of
+judicature, erected to settle and adjust every man's claim upon that
+article. I imagine, if this had fallen into the fancy of the ancient
+poets, they would have dressed it up after their manner into an agreeable
+fiction, and given us a genealogy and description of merit, perhaps not
+very different from that which follows.
+
+_A Poetical Genealogy and Description of_ MERIT.
+
+That true Merit, was the son of Virtue and Honour; but that there was
+likewise a spurious child who usurped the name, and whose parents were
+Vanity and Impudence. That, at a distance, there was a great resemblance
+between them, and they were often mistaken for each other. That the
+bastard issue had a loud shrill voice, which was perpetually employed in
+cravings and complaints; while the other never spoke louder than a
+whisper, and was often so bashful that he could not speak at all. That in
+all great assemblies, the false Merit would step before the true, and
+stand just in his way; was constantly at court, or great men's levees, or
+whispering in some minister's ear. That the more you fed him, the more
+hungry and importunate he grew. That he often passed for the true son of
+Virtue and Honour, and the genuine for an impostor. That he was born
+distorted and a dwarf, but by force of art appeared of a handsome shape,
+and taller than the usual size; and that none but those who were wise and
+good, as well as vigilant, could discover his littleness or deformity.
+That the true Merit had been often forced to the indignity of applying to
+the false, for his credit with those in power, and to keep himself from
+starving. That he filled the antechambers with a crew of his dependants
+and creatures, such as projectors, schematises, occasional converts to a
+party, prostitute flatterers, starveling writers, buffoons, shallow
+politicians, empty orators, and the like, who all owned him for their
+patron, and grew discontented if they were not immediately fed.
+
+
+This metaphorical description of false Merit, is, I doubt,
+calculated for most countries in Christendom; and as to
+our own, I believe it may be said with a sufficient reserve of charity,
+that we are fully able to reward every man among us according to his real
+deservings. And I think I may add, without suspicion of flattery, that
+never any prince had a ministry with a better judgment to distinguish
+between false and real merit, than that which is now at the helm; or
+whose inclination as well as interest it is to encourage the latter. And
+it ought to be observed, that those great and excellent persons we see at
+the head of affairs, are of the Qu[een]'s own personal voluntary choice;
+not forced upon her by any insolent, overgrown favourite; or by the
+pretended necessity of complying with an unruly faction.
+
+Yet these are the persons whom those scandals to the press, in their
+daily pamphlets and papers, openly revile at so ignominious a rate, as I
+believe was never tolerated before under any government. For surely no
+lawful power derived from a prince, should be so far affronted, as to
+leave those who are in authority exposed to every scurrilous libeller.
+Because in this point I make a mighty difference between those who are
+_in_, and those who are _out_ of power; not upon any regard to their
+persons, but the stations they are placed in by the sovereign. And if my
+distinction be right, I think I might appeal to any man, whether if a
+stranger were to read the invectives which are daily published against
+the present ministry, and the outrageous fury of the authors against me
+for censuring the _last_; he would not conclude the Whigs to be at this
+time in full possession of power and favour, and the Tories entirely at
+mercy? But all this now ceases to be a wonder, since the Qu[een] herself
+is no longer spared; witness the libel published some days ago under the
+title of "A Letter to Sir J[aco]b B[an]ks,"[5] where the reflections upon
+her sacred Majesty are much more plain and direct, than ever the
+"Examiner" thought fit to publish against the most obnoxious persons in a
+m[inistr]y, discarded for endeavouring the ruin of their prince and
+country. Caesar indeed threatened to hang the pirates for presuming to
+disturb him while he was their prisoner aboard their ship.[6] But it was
+Caesar who did so, and he did it to a crew of public robbers; and it
+became the greatness of his spirit, for he lived to execute what he had
+threatened. Had _they_ been in his power, and sent such a message, it
+could be imputed to nothing but the extremes of impudence, folly or
+madness.
+
+I had a letter last week relating to Mr. Greenshields[7] an Episcopal
+clergyman of Scotland, and the writer seems to be a gentleman of that
+part of Britain. I remember formerly to have read a printed account of
+Mr. Greenshields's case, who has been prosecuted and silenced for no
+other reason beside reading divine service, after the manner of the
+Church of England, to his own congregation, who desired it: though, as
+the gentleman who writes to me says, there is no law in Scotland against
+those meetings; and he adds, that the sentence pronounced against Mr.
+Greenshields, "will soon be affirmed, if some care be not taken to
+prevent it." I am altogether uninformed in the particulars of this case,
+and besides to treat it justly, would not come within the compass of my
+paper; therefore I could wish the gentleman would undertake it in a
+discourse by itself; and I should be glad he would inform the public in
+one fact, whether Episcopal assemblies are freely allowed in Scotland? It
+is notorious that abundance of their clergy fled from thence some years
+ago into England and Ireland, as from a persecution; but it was alleged
+by their enemies, that they refused to take the oaths to the government,
+which however none of them scrupled when they came among us. It is
+somewhat extraordinary to see our Whigs and fanatics keep such a stir
+about the sacred Act of Toleration, while their brethren will not allow a
+connivance in so near a neighbourhood; especially if what the gentleman
+insists on in his letter be true, that nine parts in ten of the nobility
+and gentry, and two in three of the commons, be Episcopal; of which one
+argument he offers, is the present choice of their representatives in
+both Houses, though opposed to the utmost by the preachings, threatenings
+and anathemas of the kirk. Such usage to a majority, may, as he thinks,
+be of dangerous consequence; and I entirely agree with him. If these be
+the principles of high kirk, God preserve at least the southern parts
+from their tyranny!
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 30 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Cicero, "De Amicitiâ," vii. "For what family is so firmly
+rooted, what state so strong, as not to be liable to complete overthrow
+from hatred and strife."--G.H. Wells. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: Refers to the October Club. See Swift's "Memoirs Relating to
+that Change," etc. (vol. v., pp. 385-6 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: The contest is the subject of one of Macaulay's "Lays."
+Three brothers named Horatius fought with three named Curiatius, and the
+fight resulted in Publius Horatius being the sole survivor. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: In his letter to the Earl of Peterborough, dated February,
+1710/1 (Scott, vol. xv., pp. 422-3), Swift speaks more favourably of this
+pamphlet. His remarks to the Earl throw considerable light on Swift's own
+position as a Tory: "The piece is shrewdly written; and, in my opinion,
+not to be answered, otherwise than by disclaiming that sort of passive
+obedience which the Tories are charged with. This dispute would soon be
+ended, if the dunces who write on each side would plainly tell us what the
+object of this passive obedience is in our country; for I dare swear nine
+in ten of the Whigs will allow it to be the legislature, and as many of
+the Tories deny it to the prince alone; and I hardly ever saw a Whig
+and a Tory together, whom I could not immediately reconcile on that
+article when I made them explain themselves."
+
+The pamphlet was written by a Mr. Benson in reply to Sir Jacob Banks,
+who, as member for Minehead, had, in 1709-10 presented an address from
+his constituents in which it was pretty broadly avowed that subjects must
+obey their monarch, since he was responsible to God alone. The writer of
+the letter institutes a clever parallel between England and Sweden. See
+note to No. 14, _ante_, and No. 34, _post_, pp. 75 and 216. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: Julius Caesar was captured by pirates off the coast of
+Miletus (_c._ 75 B.C.) and held to ransom. The threat of crucifixion he
+then held out to his captors he afterwards fulfilled. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: The Rev. James Greenshields was imprisoned (September 15th,
+1709) for conducting in Edinburgh the service according to the English
+Prayer Book. He appealed to the House of Lords, and the judgment against
+him was reversed, March 1st. 1710/1 ("Journals of House of Lords," xix).
+[T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 32.[1]
+
+
+FROM THURSDAY MARCH 1, TO THURSDAY MARCH 8, 1710-11.
+
+  _----Garrit aniles
+  Ex re fabellas_.[2]
+
+
+
+
+I had last week sent me by an unknown hand, a passage
+out of Plato,[3] with some hints how to apply it. That author puts a
+fable into the mouth of Aristophanes, with an account of the original of
+love. That, mankind was at first created with four arms and legs, and all
+other parts double to what they are now; till Jupiter, as a punishment for
+his sins, cleft him in two with a thunderbolt, since which time we are
+always looking for our _other half_; and this is the cause of love. But
+Jupiter threatened, that if they did not mend their manners, he would give
+them t'other slit, and leave them to hop about in the shape of figures in
+_basso relievo_. The effect of this last threatening, my correspondent
+imagines, is now come to pass; and that as the first splitting was the
+original of love, by inclining us to search for our t'other half, so the
+second was the cause of hatred, by prompting us to fly from our other side,
+and dividing the same body into two, gave each slice the name of a party.
+
+I approve the fable and application, with this refinement upon it. For
+parties do not only split a nation, but every individual among them,
+leaving each but half their strength, and wit, and honesty, and good
+nature; but one eye and ear for their sight and hearing, and equally
+lopping the rest of the senses: Where parties are pretty equal in a
+state, no man can perceive one bad quality in his own, or good one in his
+adversaries. Besides, party being a dry disagreeable subject, it renders
+conversation insipid or sour, and confines invention. I speak not here of
+the leaders, but the insignificant crowd of followers in a party, who
+have been the instruments of mixing it in every condition and
+circumstance of life. As the zealots among the Jews bound the law about
+their foreheads, and wrists, and hems of their garments; so the women
+among us have got the distinguishing marks of party in their muffs, their
+fans, and their furbelows. The Whig ladies put on their patches in a
+different manner from the Tories.[4] They have made schisms in the
+playhouse, and each have their particular sides at the opera: and when a
+man changes his party, he must infallibly count upon the loss of his
+mistress. I asked a gentleman the other day, how he liked such a lady?
+but he would not give me his opinion till I had answered him whether she
+were a Whig or a Tory. Mr.----[5] since he is known to visit the present
+m[inist]ry, and lay some time under a suspicion of writing the
+"Examiner," is no longer a man of wit; his very poems have contracted a
+stupidity many years after they were printed.
+
+Having lately ventured upon a metaphorical genealogy of Merit, I thought
+it would be proper to add another of Party, or rather, of Faction, (to
+avoid mistake) not telling the reader whether it be my own or a
+quotation, till I know how it is approved; but whether I read or dreamed
+it, the fable is as follows.
+
+"_Liberty, the daughter of Oppression, after having brought forth several
+fair children, as Riches, Arts, Learning, Trade, and many others, was at
+last delivered of her youngest daughter, called Faction; whom Juno, doing
+the office of the midwife, distorted in its birth, out of envy to the
+mother, from whence it derived its peevishness and sickly constitution.
+However, as it is often the nature of parents to grow most fond of their
+youngest and disagreeablest children, so it happened with Liberty, who
+doted on this daughter to such a degree, that by her good will she would
+never suffer the girl to be out of her sight. As Miss Faction grew up,
+she became so termagant and froward, that there was no enduring her any
+longer in Heaven. Jupiter gave her warning to be gone; and her mother
+rather than forsake her, took the whole family down to earth. She landed
+at first in Greece, was expelled by degrees through all the Cities by her
+daughter's ill-conduct; fled afterwards to Italy, and being banished
+thence, took shelter among the Goths, with whom she passed into most
+parts of Europe; but driven out every where, she began to lose esteem,
+and her daughter's faults were imputed to herself. So that at this time,
+she has hardly a place in the world to retire to. One would wonder what
+strange qualities this daughter must possess, sufficient to blast the
+influence of so divine a mother, and the rest of her children: She always
+affected to keep mean and scandalous company; valuing nobody, but just
+as they agreed with her in every capricious opinion she thought fit to
+take up; and rigorously exacting compliance, though she changed her
+sentiments ever so often. Her great employment was to breed discord among
+friends and relations, and make up monstrous alliances between those
+whose dispositions least resembled each other. Whoever offered to
+contradict her, though in the most insignificant trifle, she would be
+sure to distinguish by some ignominious appellation, and allow them to
+have neither honour, wit, beauty, learning, honesty or common sense. She
+intruded into all companies at the most unseasonable times, mixed at
+balls, assemblies, and other parties of pleasure; haunted every coffee-
+house and bookseller's shop, and by her perpetual talking filled all
+places with disturbance and confusion. She buzzed about the merchant in
+the Exchange, the divine in his pulpit, and the shopkeeper behind his
+counter. Above all, she frequented public assemblies, where she sat in
+the shape of an obscene, ominous bird, ready to prompt her friends as
+they spoke_."
+
+If I understand this fable of Faction right, it ought to be applied to
+those who set themselves up against the true interest and constitution of
+their country; which I wish the undertakers for the late m[inistr]y would
+please to take notice of; or tell us by what figure of speech they
+pretend to call so great and _unforced_ a majority, with the Qu[een] at
+the head, by the name of "the Faction": which is unlike the phrase of the
+Nonjurors, who dignifying one or two deprived bishops, and half a score
+clergymen of the same stamp, with the title of the "Church of England,"
+exclude all the rest as schismatics; or like the Presbyterians, laying
+the same accusation, with equal justice, against the established
+religion.
+
+And here it may be worth inquiring what are the true characteristics of a
+faction, or how it is to be distinguished from that great body of the
+people who are friends to the constitution? The heads of a faction, are
+usually a set of upstarts, or men ruined in their fortunes, whom some
+great change in a government, did at first, out of their obscurity
+produce upon the stage. They associate themselves with those who dislike
+the old establishment, religious and civil. They are full of new schemes
+in politics and divinity; they have an incurable hatred against the old
+nobility, and strengthen their party by dependants raised from the lowest
+of the people; they have several ways of working themselves into power;
+but they are sure to be called when a corrupt administration wants to be
+supported, against those who are endeavouring at a reformation; and they
+firmly observe that celebrated maxim of preserving power by the same arts
+it is attained. They act with the spirit of those who believe their _time
+is but short;_ and their first care is to heap up immense riches at the
+public expense; in which they have two ends, beside that common one of
+insatiable avarice; which are, to make themselves necessary, and to keep
+the Commonwealth in dependence: Thus they hope to compass their design,
+which is, instead of fitting their principles to the constitution, to
+alter and adjust the constitution to their own pernicious principles.
+
+It is easy determining by this test, to which side the name of faction
+most properly belongs. But however, I will give them any system of law or
+regal government, from William the Conqueror to this present time, to try
+whether they can tally it with their late models; excepting only that of
+Cromwell, whom perhaps they will reckon for a monarch.
+
+If the present ministry, and so great a majority in the Parliament and
+Kingdom, be only a faction, it must appear by some actions which answers
+the idea we usually conceive from that word. Have they abused the
+prerogatives of the prince, or invaded the rights and liberties of the
+subject? Have they offered at any dangerous innovations in Church or
+State? Have they broached any doctrines of heresy, rebellion or tyranny?
+Have any of them treated their sovereign with insolence, engrossed and
+sold all her favours, or deceived her by base, gross misrepresentations
+of her most faithful servants? These are the arts of a faction, and
+whoever has practised them, they and their followers must take up with
+the name.
+
+It is usually reckoned a Whig principle to appeal to the people; but that
+is only when they have been so wise as to poison their understandings
+beforehand: Will they now stand to this appeal, and be determined by
+their _vox populi_, to which side their title of faction belongs? And
+that the people are now left to the natural freedom of their
+understanding and choice, I believe our adversaries will hardly deny.
+They will now refuse this appeal, and it is reasonable they should; and I
+will further add, that if our people resembled the old Grecians, there
+might be danger in such a trial. A pragmatical orator told a great man at
+Athens, that whenever the people were in their rage, they would certainly
+tear him to pieces; "Yes," says the other, "and they will do the same to
+you, whenever they are in their wits." But God be thanked, our populace
+is more merciful in their nature, and at present under better direction;
+and the orators among us have attempted to confound both prerogative and
+law, in their sovereign's presence, and before the highest court of
+judicature, without any hazard to their persons.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 31 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+
+[Footnote 2: Horace, "Satires," II. vi. 77-8.
+"To club his part in pithy tales."--P. FRANCIS.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: The "Symposium," 189-192. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: See "The Spectator," No. 81 (June 2nd, 1711): "Their patches
+were placed in those different situations, as party signals to
+distinguish friends from foes." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Matthew Prior. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 33.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY MARCH 8, TO THURSDAY MARCH 15, 1710-11.[2]
+
+
+_Non ea est medicina, cum sanae parti corporis scalpellum adhibetur,
+atque integrae; carnificina est ista, et crudelitas. Hi medentur
+Reipublicae qui exsecant pestem aliquam, tanquam strumam Civitatis_.[3]
+
+I am diverted from the general subject of my discourses, to reflect upon
+an event of a very extraordinary and surprising nature: A great minister,
+in high confidence with the Queen, under whose management the weight of
+affairs at present is in a great measure supposed to lie; sitting in
+council, in a royal palace, with a dozen of the chief officers of the
+state, is stabbed at the very board,[4] in the execution of his office,
+by the hand of a French Papist, then under examination for high treason.
+The assassin redoubles his blow, to make sure work; and concluding the
+chancellor was dispatched, goes on with the same rage to murder a
+principal secretary of state: and that whole noble assembly are forced to
+rise, and draw their swords in their own defence, as if a wild beast had
+been let loose among them.
+
+This fact hath some circumstances of aggravation not to be paralleled by
+any of the like kind we meet with in history. Caesar's murder being
+performed in the Senate, comes nearest to the case; but that was an
+affair concerted by great numbers of the chief senators, who were
+likewise the actors in it, and not the work of a vile, single ruffian.
+Harry the Third of France was stabbed by an enthusiastic friar,[5] whom
+he suffered to approach his person, while those who attended him stood at
+some distance. His successor met the same fate in a coach, where neither
+he nor his nobles, in such a confinement, were able to defend themselves.
+In our own country we have, I think, but one instance of this sort, which
+has made any noise, I mean that of Felton, about fourscore years ago: but
+he took the opportunity to stab the Duke of Buckingham in passing through
+a dark lobby, from one room to another:[6] The blow was neither seen nor
+heard, and the murderer might have escaped, if his own concern and
+horror, as it is usual in such cases, had not betrayed him. Besides, that
+act of Felton will admit of some extenuation, from the motives he is said
+to have had: but this attempt of Guiscard seems to have outdone them all
+in every heightening circumstance, except the difference of persons
+between a king and a great minister: for I give no allowance at all to
+the difference of success (which however is yet uncertain and depending)
+nor think it the least alleviation to the crime, whatever it may be to
+the punishment.
+
+I am sensible, it is ill arguing from particulars to generals, and that
+we ought not to charge upon a nation the crimes of a few desperate
+villains it is so unfortunate to produce: Yet at the same time it must be
+avowed, that the French have for these last centuries, been somewhat too
+liberal of their daggers, upon the persons of their greatest men; such
+as the Admiral de Coligny,[7] the Dukes of Guise,[8] father and son, and
+the two kings I last mentioned. I have sometimes wondered how a people,
+whose genius seems wholly turned to singing and dancing, and prating, to
+vanity and impertinence; who lay so much weight upon modes and gestures;
+whose essentialities are generally so very superficial; who are usually
+so serious upon trifles, and so trifling upon what is serious, have been
+capable of committing such solid villanies; more suitable to the gravity
+of a Spaniard, or silence and thoughtfulness of an Italian: unless it be,
+that in a nation naturally so full of themselves, and of so restless
+imaginations, when any of them happen to be of a morose and gloomy
+constitution, that huddle of confused thoughts, for want of evaporating,
+usually terminates in rage or despair. D'Avila[9] observes, that Jacques
+Clément was a sort of buffoon, whom the rest of the friars used to make
+sport with: but at last, giving his folly a serious turn, it ended in
+enthusiasm, and qualified him for that desperate act of murdering his
+king.
+
+But in the Marquis de Guiscard there seems to have been a complication of
+ingredients for such an attempt: He had committed several enormities in
+France, was extremely prodigal and vicious; of a dark melancholy
+complexion, and cloudy countenance, such as in vulgar physiognomy is
+called an ill look. For the rest, his talents were very mean, having a
+sort of inferior cunning, but very small abilities; so that a great man
+of the late m[inist]ry, by whom he was invited over,[10] and with much
+discretion raised at first step from a profligate popish priest to a
+lieutenant-general, and colonel of a regiment of horse, was forced at
+last to drop him for shame.[11]
+
+Had such an accident happened[12] under that m[inis]try, and to so
+considerable a member of it, they would have immediately charged it upon
+the whole body of those they are pleased to call "the faction." This
+would have been styled a high-church principle; the clergy would have
+been accused as promoters and abettors of the fact; com[mittee]s would
+have been sent to promise the criminal his life provided they might have
+liberty to direct and dictate his confession: and a black list would have
+been printed of all those who had been ever seen in the murderer's
+company. But the present men in power hate and despise all such
+detestable arts, which they might now turn upon their adversaries with
+much more plausibility, than ever these did their honourable negotiations
+with Gregg.[13]
+
+And here it may be worth observing how unanimous a concurrence there is
+between some persons once in great power, and a French Papist; both
+agreeing in the great end of taking away Mr. Harley's life, though
+differing in their methods: the first proceeding by subornation, the
+other by violence; wherein Guiscard seems to have the advantage, as
+aiming no further than his life; while the others designed to destroy at
+once both that and his reputation. The malice of both against this
+gentleman seems to have risen from the same cause, his discovering
+designs against the government. It was Mr. Harley who detected the
+treasonable correspondence of Gregg, and secured him betimes; when a
+certain great man who shall be nameless, had, out of the depth of his
+politics, sent him a caution to make his escape; which would certainly
+have fixed the appearance of guilt[14] upon Mr. Harley: but when that was
+prevented, they would have enticed the condemned criminal with promise of
+a pardon, to write and sign an accusation against the secretary. But to
+use Gregg's own expression, "His death was nothing near so ignominious,
+as would have been such a life that must be saved by prostituting his
+conscience." The same gentleman lies now stabbed by his other enemy, a
+Popish spy, whose treason he has discovered. God preserve the rest of
+her Majesty's ministers from such Protestants, and from such Papists!
+
+I shall take occasion to hint at some particularities in this surprising
+fact, for the sake of those at distance, or who may not be thoroughly
+informed.[15] The murderer confessed in Newgate, that his chief design
+was against Mr. Secretary St. John, who happened to change seats with Mr.
+Harley, for more convenience of examining the criminal:[16] and being
+asked what provoked him to stab the chancellor? he said, that not being
+able to come at the secretary, as he intended, it was some satisfaction
+to murder the person whom he thought Mr. St. John loved best.[17]
+
+And here, if Mr. Harley has still any enemies left, whom his blood spilt
+in the public service cannot reconcile, I hope they will at least admire
+his magnanimity, which is a quality esteemed even in an enemy: and I
+think there are few greater instances of it to be found in story. After
+the wound was given, he was observed neither to change his countenance,
+nor discover any concern or disorder in his speech: he rose up, and
+walked along the room while he was able, with the greatest tranquillity,
+during the midst of the confusion. When the surgeon came, he took him
+aside, and desired he would inform him freely whether the wound
+were mortal, because in that case, he said, he had some affairs to
+settle, relating to his family. The blade of the penknife, broken by the
+violence of the blow against a rib, within a quarter of an inch of the
+handle, was dropt out (I know not whether from the wound, or his clothes)
+as the surgeon was going to dress him; he ordered it to be taken up, and
+wiping it himself, gave it some body to keep, saying, he thought "it now
+properly belonging to him." He shewed no sort of resentment, or spoke one
+violent word against Guiscard, but appeared all the while the least
+concerned of any in the company--a state of mind, which in such an
+exigency, nothing but innocence can give, and is truly worthy of a
+Christian philosopher.
+
+If there be really so great a difference in principle between the
+high-flying Whigs, and the friends of France, I cannot but repeat the
+question, how come they to join in the destruction of the same man? Can
+his death be possibly for the interest of both? or have they both the
+same quarrel against him, that he is perpetually discovering and
+preventing the treacherous designs of our enemies? However it be, this
+great minister may now say with St. Paul, that he hath been "in perils by
+his own countrymen, and in perils by strangers."
+
+In the midst of so melancholy a subject, I cannot but congratulate with
+our own country, that such a savage monster as the Marquis de Guiscard,
+is none of her production; a wretch perhaps more detestable in his own
+nature, than even this barbarous act has been yet able to represent him
+to the world. For there are good reasons to believe, from several
+circumstances, that he had intentions of a deeper dye, than those he
+happened to execute;[18] I mean such as every good subject must tremble
+to think on. He hath of late been frequently seen going up the back
+stairs at court, and walking alone in an outer room adjoining to her
+Ma[jest]y's bed-chamber. He has often and earnestly pressed for some time
+to have access to the Qu[een], even since his correspondence with France;
+and he has now given such a proof of his disposition, as leaves it easy
+to guess what was before in his thoughts, and what he was capable of
+attempting.
+
+It is humbly to be hoped, that the legislature[19] will interpose on so
+extraordinary an occasion as this, and direct a punishment[20] some way
+proportionable to so execrable a crime.
+
+  _Et quicunque tuum violavit vulnere corpus,
+  Morte luat merita_----[21]
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 32 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: To this number the writer of "The Political State of Great
+Britain" made a pretty tart reply. In the issue for April, 1711, pp.
+315-320 he says: "One of the Tory writers, shall I call him? or rather
+libellers--one who presumptuously sets up for an Examiner--who, in order,
+as he fondly expects, to make his court to some men in power, with equal
+insolence and malice, makes it his weekly business to slander the
+moderate party; who, without the least provocation, brandishes his
+virulent pen against the best men ... instances in the murders of Caesar,
+Henry III. and Henry IV. of France, and of the Duke of Buckingham; and
+having extenuated the last, 'from the motives Felton is said to have
+had,' he concludes," etc. The writer further goes on to say: "As to the
+imputation of villanous assassinations, which the Examiner charges so
+home on the French nation, I am heartily sorry he has given them so fair
+an opportunity to retort the unfair and unjust argument from particulars
+to generals. For, without mentioning Felton, whose crime this writer has
+endeavoured _to extenuate_, no foreign records can afford a greater
+number of murders, parricides, and, to use the Examiner's expression,
+solid villanies, than our English history." Swift retorted on this writer
+in No. 42, _post_, pp. 276, 277. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: Cicero, "Pro Sestio," 65. "But that is not a remedy when the
+knife is applied to some sound and healthy part of the body; that is the
+act of an executioner and mere inhumanity. Those are the men who really
+apply healing remedies to the republic, who cut out some pestilence as if
+it were a wen on the person of the state."--C.D. YONGE. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: This refers to the attempted assassination of Harley and St.
+John by the Marquis de Guiscard. See Swift's "Memoirs Relating to that
+Change," etc. (vol. v., pp. 387-9 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Henri III. was assassinated by Jacques Clément, a Dominican
+friar, August 1st, 1589. Henri IV. was assassinated by François
+Ravaillac, May 14th, 1610. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: George Villiers, fourth Duke of Buckingham, was stabbed by
+Lieut. John Felton, August 23rd, 1628. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: Admiral de Coligny was assassinated August 23rd, 1572.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: Francois de Lorraine, Due de Guise, was shot in 1563. His
+son and successor (Henri le Balafré) was killed December 23rd, 1588.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: Davila was the author of "Historia delle Guerre Civili di
+Francia" (_c._ 1630). He was assassinated in 1631. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: "The first thing I would beg of this libeller," asks "The
+Medley" (No. 25, March 19th, 1711), "is to make out what he affirms of
+his being 'invited over.' If he would but prove that one particular, I
+would forgive him all his lies past and yet to come."
+
+Of course. Swift's extreme phrase of "invited over" referred to the fact
+that Guiscard had a Whig commission in the army. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: Antoine de Guiscard, at one time Abbé de la Bourlie, was
+born in 1658. For misconduct he was compelled, in 1703, to forsake his
+benefice and his country, and he undertook the cause of the Protestant
+Camisards in the Cevennes, in their insurrection against Louis XIV. It is
+known that he had been envoy to Turin, and had received a pension from
+Holland. On taking refuge in England he obtained a pension from the
+government, and by means of the influence of the Duke of Ormonde, who was
+his brother's friend, became a frequenter in fashionable circles. The
+death, however, of his friend Count Briançon seems to have deprived him
+of means. He fell into bad ways, became poor, and solicited a pension
+from the Queen, through St. John whose acquaintance he had made. A
+pension of £500 was granted him; but this sum Harley reduced. Afraid that
+even this means of a livelihood would be taken from him he opened a
+treasonable correspondence with one Moreau, a Parisian banker. The rest
+of the story of this poor wretch's life may be gathered from the
+excellent account of the Harley-Guiscard incident given by W. Sichel in
+his "Bolingbroke and his Times" (pp. 308-313).
+
+N. Luttrell has several entries in his Diary relating to Guiscard and the
+attempted assassination of Harley, and there is a long account of him in
+Boyer's "Political State" (vol. i., pp. 275-314). See also Portland
+MS., vol. iv., Wentworth Papers, and Swift's "Journal to Stella," and
+"Some Remarks," etc. (vol. v. of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: "Had such an accident ... against the secretary." The
+writer of "A Letter to the Seven Lords" (1711) quotes this passage, and
+remarks that "The Examiner" "intended seriously to charge you all, with
+subornation, in order to proceed to murder." See also Swift's "Some
+Remarks," etc. (vol. v., pp. 29-53 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: See note on p. 263. Also note on p. 30 of vol. v. of
+present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 14: William Gregg declared in his last confession that Mr.
+Harley "was not privy to my writing to France, directly nor indirectly,"
+and he thanked God for touching his "conscience so powerfully ... as to
+prevent my prostituting the same to save my life."--"William Gregg's
+Paper," "Published by Authority," 1708. Gregg told the Rev. Paul
+Lorrain "that he was profferred his life, and a great reward, if he
+would accuse his master" (F. Hoffman's "Secret Transactions," 1711,
+p. 8). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 15: Swift furnished Mrs. Manley with hints for her pamphlet
+entitled, "A True Narrative Of what pass'd at the Examination Of the
+Marquis De Guiscard," 1711. See note on p. 41 of vol. v. of present
+edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 16: "The matter was thus represented in the weekly paper called
+'The Examiner'; which Mr. St. John perused before it was printed, but
+made no alteration in that passage." Swift's "Memoirs Relating to
+that Change," etc. (vol v., p. 389 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 17: Guiscard could hardly have been aware of St. John's true
+sentiments towards Harley. In 1717 Bolingbroke, writing in his "Letter to
+Sir William Windham," says: "I abhorred Oxford to that degree, that I
+could not bear to be joined with him in any case" (edit. 1753, p. 94).
+And yet, when it was feared that Harley might die from his wound,
+St. John remarked to Swift that "he was but an ill dissembler" and
+Harley's life was "absolutely necessary." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 18: "It was thought he had a design against the Queen's person,
+for he had tried by all the ways that he could contrive to be admitted to
+speak with her in private." (BURNET'S "Own Times," ii., 566). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 19: An Act to make an Attempt on the Life of a Privy Councillor
+in the Execution of his Office to be Felony without Benefit of Clergy (9
+Ann. c. 21). This Act, which indemnified all those who had caused
+Guiscard's death, was recommended in a Royal Message, March 14th,
+introduced April 5th, passed the House of Commons, April  19th, and
+received the Royal Assent, May 16th, 1711. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 20: Writing to Stella, under date March 15th, Swift says: "I
+am sorry he [Guiscard] is dying; for they had found out a way to hang
+him. He certainly had an intention to murder the Queen." Two days later
+he says: "The coroner's inquest have found that he was killed by bruises
+received from a messenger, so to clear the cabinet counsellors from whom
+he received his wounds." (Vol. ii., p. 139 of present edition.) [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 21:
+"He who profaned thy body by a wound
+Must pay the penalty of death."
+[T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 34.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY MARCH 15, TO THURSDAY MARCH 22, 1710-11.
+
+
+_De Libertate retinenda, qua certe nihil est dulcius, tibi assentior._[2]
+
+The apologies of the ancient Fathers are reckoned to have been the most
+useful parts of their writings, and to have done greatest service to the
+Christian religion, because they removed those misrepresentations which
+had done it most injury. The methods these writers took, was openly and
+freely to discover every point of their faith, to detect the falsehood of
+their accusers, and to charge nothing upon their adversaries but what
+they were sure to make good. This example has been ill followed of later
+times; the Papists since the Reformation using all arts to palliate the
+absurdities of their tenets, and loading the Reformers with a thousand
+calumnies; the consequence of which has been only a more various, wide,
+and inveterate separation. It is the same thing in civil schisms: a Whig
+forms an image of a Tory, just after the thing he most abhors, and that
+image serves to represent the whole body.
+
+I am not sensible of any material difference there is between those who
+call themselves the Old Whigs, and a great majority of the present
+Tories; at least by all I could ever find, from examining several persons
+of each denomination. But it must be confessed that the present body of
+Whigs, as they now constitute that party, is a very odd mixture of
+mankind, being forced to enlarge their bottom by taking in every
+heterodox professor either in religion or government, whose opinions they
+were obliged to encourage for fear of lessening their number; while the
+bulk of the landed men and people were entirely of the old sentiments.
+However, they still pretended a due regard to the monarchy and the
+Church, even at the time when they were making the largest steps towards
+the ruin of both: but not being able to wipe off the many accusations
+laid to their charge, they endeavoured, by throwing of scandal, to make
+the Tories appear blacker than themselves, that so the people might join
+with _them_, as the smaller evil of the two.
+
+But among all the reproaches which the Whigs have flung upon their
+adversaries, there is none hath done them more service than that of
+_passive obedience_, as they represent it, with the consequences of
+non-resistance, arbitrary power, indefeasible right, tyranny, popery, and
+what not? There is no accusation which has passed with more plausibility
+than this, nor any that is supported with less justice. In order
+therefore to undeceive those who have been misled by false
+representations, I thought it would be no improper undertaking to set
+this matter in a fair light, which I think has not yet been done. A Whig
+asks whether you hold passive obedience? you affirm it: he then
+immediately cries out, "You are a Jacobite, a friend of France and the
+Pretender;" because he makes you answerable for the definition he has
+formed of that term, however different it be from what you understand. I
+will therefore give two descriptions of passive obedience; the first as
+it is falsely charged by the Whigs; the other as it is really professed
+by the Tories, at least by nineteen in twenty of all I ever conversed
+with.
+
+Passive Obedience as charged by the Whigs.
+
+_The doctrine of passive obedience is to believe that a king, even in a
+limited monarchy, holding his power only from God, is only answerable to
+Him. That such a king is above all law, that the cruellest tyrant must be
+submitted to in all things; and if his commands be ever so unlawful, you
+must neither fly nor resist, nor use any other weapons than prayers and
+tears. Though he should force your wife or daughter, murder your children
+before your face, or cut off five hundred heads in a morning for his
+diversion, you are still to wish him a long prosperous reign, and to be
+patient under all his cruelties, with the same resignation as under a
+plague or a famine; because to resist him would be to resist God in the
+person of His vicegerent. If a king of England should go through the
+streets of London, in order to murder every man he met, passive obedience
+commands them to submit. All laws made to limit him signify nothing,
+though passed by his own consent, if he thinks fit to break them. God
+will indeed call him to a severe account, but the whole people, united to
+a man, cannot presume to hold his hands, or offer him the least active
+disobedience. The people were certainly created for him, and not he for
+the people. His next heir, though worse than what I have described,
+though a fool or a madman, has a divine undefeasible right to succeed
+him, which no law can disannul; nay though he should kill his father upon
+the throne, he is immediately king to all intents and purposes, the
+possession of the crown wiping off all stains. But whosoever sits on the
+throne without this title, though never so peaceably, and by consent of
+former kings and parliaments, is an usurper, while there is any where in
+the world another person who hath a nearer hereditary right, and the
+whole kingdom lies under mortal sin till that heir be restored; because
+he has a divine title which no human law can defeat._
+
+This and a great deal more hath, in a thousand papers[3] and pamphlets,
+been laid to that doctrine of passive obedience, which the Whigs are
+pleased to charge upon us. This is what they perpetually are instilling
+into the people to believe, as the undoubted principles by which the
+present ministry, and a great majority in Parliament, do at this time
+proceed. This is what they accuse the clergy of delivering from the
+pulpits, and of preaching up as doctrines absolutely necessary to
+salvation. And whoever affirms in general, that passive obedience is due
+to the supreme power, he is presently loaden by our candid adversaries
+with such consequences as these. Let us therefore see what this doctrine
+is, when stripped of such misrepresentations, by describing it as really
+taught and practised by the Tories, and then it will appear what grounds
+our adversaries have to accuse us upon this article.
+
+Passive Obedience, as professed and practised by the Tories.
+
+_They think that in every government, whether monarchy or republic, there
+is placed a supreme, absolute, unlimited power, to which passive
+obedience is due. That wherever is entrusted the power of making laws,
+that power is without all bounds, can repeal or enact at pleasure
+whatever laws it thinks fit, and justly demands universal obedience and
+non-resistance. That among us, as every body knows, this power is lodged
+in the king or queen, together with the lords and commons of the kingdom;
+and therefore all decrees whatsoever, made by that power, are to be
+actively or passively obeyed. That the administration or executive part
+of this power is in England solely entrusted with the prince, who in
+administering those laws, ought to be no more resisted than the
+legislative power itself. But they do not conceive the same absolute
+passive obedience to be due to a limited prince's commands, when they are
+directly contrary to the laws he has consented to, and sworn to maintain.
+The crown may be sued as well as a private person; and if an arbitrary
+king of England should send his officers to seize my lands or goods
+against law, I can lawfully resist them. The ministers by whom he acts
+are liable to prosecution and impeachment, though his own person be
+sacred. But if he interposes his royal authority to support their
+insolence, I see no remedy, till it grows a general grievance, or till
+the body of the people have reason to apprehend it will be so; after
+which it becomes a case of necessity, and then I suppose a free people
+may assert their own rights, yet without any violation to the person or
+lawful power of the prince. But although the Tories allow all this, and
+did justify it by the share they had in the Revolution, yet they see no
+reason for entering upon so ungrateful a subject, or raising controversies
+upon it, as if we were in daily apprehensions of tyranny, under the reign
+of so excellent a princess, and while we have so many laws[4] of late
+years made to limit the prerogative; when according to the judgment of
+those who know our constitution best, things rather seem to lean to the
+other extreme, which is equally to be avoided. As to the succession; the
+Tories think an hereditary right to be the best in its own nature, and
+most agreeable to our old constitution; yet at the same time they allow
+it to be defeasible by Act of Parliament, and so is_ Magna Charta _too,
+if the legislature thinks fit; which is a truth so manifest, that no man
+who understands the nature of government, can be in doubt concerning it._
+
+These I take to be the sentiments of a great majority among the Tories,
+with respect to passive obedience: and if the Whigs insist, from the
+writings or common talk of warm and ignorant men, to form a judgment of
+the whole body, according to the first account I have here given, I will
+engage to produce as many of their side, who are utterly against passive
+obedience even to the legislature; who will assert the last resort of
+power to be in the people, against those whom they have chosen and
+trusted as their representatives, with the prince at the head; and who
+will put wild improbable cases to shew the reasonableness and necessity
+of resisting the legislative power, in such imaginary junctures. Than
+which however nothing can be more idle; for I dare undertake in any
+system of government, either speculative or practic, that was ever yet in
+the world, from Plato's "Republic" to Harrington's "Oceana,"[5] to put
+such difficulties as cannot be answered.
+
+All the other calumnies raised by the Whigs may be as easily wiped off;
+and I have charity to wish they could as fully answer the just
+accusations we have against them. Dodwell, Hicks, and Lesley,[6] are
+gravely quoted, to prove that the Tories design to bring in the
+Pretender; and if I should quote them to prove that the same thing is
+intended by the Whigs, it would be full as reasonable, since I am sure
+they have at least as much to do with Nonjurors as we. But our objections
+against the Whigs are built upon their constant practice for many years,
+whereof I have produced a hundred instances, against any single one of
+which no answer hath yet been attempted, though I have been curious
+enough to look into all the papers I could meet with that are writ
+against the "Examiner"; such a task as I hope no man thinks I would
+undergo for any other end, but that of finding an opportunity to own and
+rectify my mistakes; as I would be ready to do upon call of the meanest
+adversary. Upon which occasion, I shall take leave to add a few words.
+
+I flattered myself last Thursday, from the nature of my subject, and the
+inoffensive manner I handled it, that I should have one week's respite
+from those merciless pens, whose severity will some time break my heart;
+but I am deceived, and find them more violent than ever. They charge me
+with two lies and a blunder. The first lie is a truth, that Guiscard was
+invited over:[7] but it is of no consequence; I do not tax it as a fault;
+such sort of men have often been serviceable: I only blamed the
+indiscretion of raising a profligate abbot, at the first step, to a
+lieutenant-general and colonel of a regiment of horse, without staying
+some reasonable time, as is usual in such cases, till he had given some
+proofs of his fidelity, as well as of that interest and credit he
+pretended to have in his country: But that is said to be another lie, for
+he was a Papist, and could not have a regiment. However this other lie is
+a truth too; for a regiment he had, and paid by us, to his agent Monsieur
+Le Bas, for his use. The third is a blunder, that I say Guiscard's design
+was against Mr. Secretary St. John, and yet my reasonings upon it, are,
+as if it were personal against Mr. Harley. But I say no such thing, and
+my reasonings are just; I relate only what Guiscard said in Newgate,
+because it was a particularity the reader might be curious to know (and
+accordingly it lies in a paragraph by itself, after my reflections)[8]
+but I never meant to be answerable for what Guiscard said, or thought it
+of weight enough for me to draw conclusions from thence, when I had the
+Address of both Houses to direct me better; where it is expressly
+said,[9] "That Mr. Harley's fidelity to her Majesty, and zeal for her
+service, have drawn upon him the hatred of all the abettors of Popery and
+faction."[10] This is what I believe, and what I shall stick to.
+
+But alas, these are not the passages which have raised so much fury
+against me. One or two mistakes in facts of no importance, or a single
+blunder, would not have provoked them; they are not so tender of my
+reputation as a writer. All their outrage is occasioned by those passages
+in that paper, which they do not in the least pretend to answer, and with
+the utmost reluctancy are forced to mention. They take abundance of pains
+to clear Guiscard from a design against Mr. Harley's life, but offer not
+one argument to clear their other friends, who in the business of Gregg,
+were equally guilty of the same design against the same person; whose
+tongues were very swords, and whose penknives were axes.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 33 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Cicero, "Ep. ad Att.," xv. 13. "As to the maintenance of
+liberty--surely the most precious thing in the world--I agree with
+you."--E.S. SHUCKBURGH.]
+
+[Footnote 3: The following pamphlets may be instanced:--"Julian the
+Apostate," [by S. Johnson], 1682; "[Passive Obedience] A Sermon preached
+before the ... Lord Mayor," etc., by B. Calamy, 1683; "Passive Obedience
+Stated and Asserted," by T. Pomfret, 1683; "The Doctrine of
+Non-Resistance," [by E. Bohun], 1689; "History of Passive Obedience," [by
+A. Seller], 1689; "A Discourse concerning the Unreasonableness," etc. [by
+E. Stillingfleet], 1689; "Christianity, a Doctrine of the Cross," [by J.
+Kettlewell], 1691; and "The Measures of Submission," by B. Hoadly, 1706.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: The Act declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject
+(1 Will. and Mary, Sess. 2, c. 2), and the Act for the Further Limitation
+of the Crown (12 and 13 Will. III. c. 2), limited the power of the Crown
+in various respects. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: "The Commonwealth of Oceana," by James Harrington, 1656.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: Henry Dodwell (1641-1711), non-juror, and author of "An
+Admonitory Discourse ... Schism" (1704), "Occasional Communion" (1705),
+etc.
+
+George Hickes (1642-1715), non-juror. Dean of Worcester (1683-91), and
+author of "The Pretences of the Prince of Wales Examined, and Rejected"
+(1701).
+
+Charles Leslie, see No. 16, _ante_, and note, p. 85. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: "Such, a vile slanderer is the 'Examiner,' who says: 'he was
+invited over by the late ministry, preferred to a regiment, and made
+lieut.-general,' when there is an Act of Parliament against Papists being
+so."--"The Medley," No. 25 (March 19th). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: See No. 33, _ante_, p. 212. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: This is fairly quoted, changing the person. See Swift's
+remarks in the following number. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: "A Letter to the Seven Lords" says: "The Examiner knows
+_you_ are as much intended by 'faction,' as Guiscard was by 'Popery.'"
+[T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 35.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY MARCH 22, TO THURSDAY MARCH 29, 1711.
+
+  _--Sunt hic etiam sua praemia laudi;
+  Sunt lacrimae rerum, et mentem mortalia tangunt._[2]
+
+
+I begin to be heartily weary of my employment as _Examiner_; which I wish
+the m[inist]ry would consider, with half so much concern as I do, and
+assign me some other with less pains, and a larger pension. There may
+soon be a vacancy, either on the bench, in the revenue, or the army, and
+I am _equally_ qualified for each: but this trade of _Examining_, I
+apprehend may at one time or other go near to sour my temper. I did
+lately propose that some of those ingenious pens, which are engaged on
+the other side, might be employed to succeed me, and I undertook to
+bring them over for _t'other crown;_ but it was answered, that those
+gentlemen do much better service in the stations where they are. It was
+added, that abundance of abuses yet remained to be laid open to the
+world, which I had often promised to do, but was too much diverted by
+other subjects that came into my head. On the other side, the advice of
+some friends, and the threats of many enemies, have put me upon
+considering what would become of me if _times should alter._ This I have
+done very maturely, and the result is, that I am in no manner of pain. I
+grant, that what I have said upon occasion, concerning the late men in
+power, may be called satire by some unthinking people, as long as that
+faction is down; but if ever they come into play again, I must give them
+warning beforehand, that I shall expect to be a favourite, and that those
+pretended advocates of theirs, will be pilloried for libellers. For I
+appeal to any man, whether I ever charged that party, or its leaders,
+with one single action or design, which (if we may judge by their former
+practices) they will not openly profess, be proud of, and score up for
+merit, when they come again to the head of affairs? I said, they were
+insolent to the Qu[een]; will they not value themselves upon that, as an
+argument to prove them bold assertors of the people's liberty? I affirmed
+they were against a peace; will they be angry with me for setting forth
+the refinements of their politics, in pursuing the _only_ method left to
+preserve them in power? I said, they had involved the nation in debts,
+and engrossed much of its money; they go beyond me, and boast they have
+got it all, and the credit too. I have urged the probability of their
+intending great alterations in religion and government: if they destroy
+both at their next coming, will they not reckon my foretelling it, rather
+as a panegyric than an affront? I said,[3] they had formerly a design
+against Mr. H[arle]y's life: if they were now in power, would they not
+immediately cut off his head, and thank me for justifying the sincerity
+of their intentions? In short, there is nothing I ever said of those
+worthy patriots, which may not be as well excused; therefore, as soon as
+they resume their places, I positively design to put in my claim; and, I
+think, may do it with much better grace, than many of that party who
+now make their court to the present m[inist]ry. I know two or three great
+men, at whose levees you may daily observe a score of the most forward
+faces, which every body is ashamed of, except those that wear them. But I
+conceive my pretensions will be upon a very different foot: Let me offer
+a parallel case. Suppose, King Charles the First had entirely subdued the
+rebels at Naseby, and reduced the kingdom to his obedience: whoever had
+gone about to reason, from the former conduct of those _saints_, that if
+the victory had fallen on their side, they would have murdered their
+prince, destroyed monarchy and the Church and made the king's party
+compound for their estates as delinquents; would have been called a
+false, uncharitable libeller, by those very persons who afterwards
+gloried in all this, and called it the "work of the Lord," when they
+happened to succeed. I remember there was a person fined and imprisoned
+for _scandalum magnatum_, because he said the Duke of York was a Papist;
+but when that prince came to be king, and made open profession of his
+religion, he had the justice immediately to release his prisoner, who in
+his opinion had put a compliment upon him, and not a reproach: and
+therefore Colonel Titus,[4] who had warmly asserted the same thing in
+Parliament, was made a privy-councillor.
+
+By this rule, if that which, for some politic reasons, is now called
+scandal upon the late m[inist]ry, proves one day to be only an abstract
+of such a character as they will assume and be proud of; I think I may
+fairly offer my pretensions, and hope for their favour. And I am the more
+confirmed in this notion by what I have observed in those papers, that
+come weekly out against the "Examiner." The authors are perpetually
+telling me of my ingratitude to my masters, that I blunder, and betray
+the cause; and write with more bitterness against those that hire me,
+than against the Whigs. Now I took all this at first only for so many
+strains of wit, and pretty paradoxes to divert the reader; but upon
+further thinking I find they are serious. I imagined I had complimented
+the present ministry for their dutiful behaviour to the Queen; for their
+love of the old constitution in Church and State; for their generosity
+and justice, and for their desire of a speedy, honourable peace: but it
+seems I am mistaken, and they reckon all this for satire, because it is
+directly contrary to the practice of all those whom they set up to
+defend, and utterly against all their notions of a good ministry.
+Therefore I cannot but think they have reason on their side: for suppose
+I should write the character of an honest, a religious, and a learned
+man; and send the first to Newgate, the second to the Grecian
+Coffee-house, and the last to White's;[5] would they not all pass for
+satires, and justly enough, among the companies to whom they were sent?
+
+Having therefore employed several papers in such sort of panegyrics, and
+but very few on what they understand to be satires; I shall henceforth
+upon occasion be more liberal of the latter, of which they are like to
+have a taste, in the remainder of this present paper.
+
+Among all the advantages which the kingdom hath received by the late
+change of ministry, the greatest must be allowed to be the calling of the
+present Parliament, upon the dissolution of the last. It is acknowledged,
+that this excellent assembly hath entirely recovered the honour of
+P[arliamen]ts, which had been unhappily prostituted for some years past
+by the factious proceedings of an unnatural majority, in concert with a
+most corrupt administration. It is plain, by the present choice of
+members, that the electors of England, when left to themselves, do
+rightly understand their true interest. The moderate Whigs begin to be
+convinced that we have been all this while in wrong hands, and that
+things are now as they should be. And as the present House of Commons is
+the best representative of the nation that hath ever been summoned in our
+memories; so they have taken care in their first session, by that noble
+Bill of Qualification,[6] that future Parliaments should be composed of
+landed men, and our properties lie no more at mercy of those who have
+none themselves, or at least only what is transient or imaginary. If
+there be any gratitude in posterity, the memory of this assembly will be
+always celebrated; if otherwise, at least we, who share in the blessings
+they derive to us, ought with grateful hearts to acknowledge them.
+
+I design, in some following papers, to draw up a list (for I can do no
+more) of the great things this Parliament hath already performed, the
+many abuses they have detected; their justice in deciding elections
+without regard of party; their cheerfulness and address in raising
+supplies for the war, and at the same time providing for the nation's
+debts; their duty to the Queen, and their kindness to the Church. In the
+mean time I cannot forbear mentioning two particulars, which in my
+opinion do discover, in some measure, the temper of the present
+Parliament; and bear analogy to those passages related by Plutarch, in
+the lives of certain great men; which, as himself observes, "Though they
+be not of actions which make any great noise or figure in history, yet
+give more light into the characters of persons, than we could receive
+from an account of their most renowned achievements."
+
+Something like this may be observed from two late instances of decency
+and good nature, in that illustrious assembly I am speaking of. The first
+was, when after that inhuman attempt upon Mr. Harley, they were pleased
+to vote an Address to the Queen,[7] wherein they express their utmost
+detestation of the fact, their high esteem and great concern for that
+able minister, and justly impute his misfortunes to that zeal for her
+Majesty's service, which had "drawn upon him the hatred of all the
+abettors of Popery and faction." I dare affirm, that so distinguishing a
+mark of honour and good will from such a Parliament, was more acceptable
+to a person of Mr. H[arle]y's generous nature, than the most bountiful
+grant that was ever yet made to a subject; as her Majesty's answer,
+filled with gracious expressions in his favour, adds more to his real
+glory, than any _titles_ she could bestow. The prince and representatives
+of the whole kingdom, join in their concern for so important a life.
+These are the true rewards of virtue, and this is the commerce between
+noble spirits, in a coin which the giver knows where to bestow, and the
+receiver how to value, though neither avarice nor ambition would be able
+to comprehend its worth.
+
+The other instance I intended to produce of decency and good nature, in
+the present House of Commons, relates to their most worthy Speaker;[8]
+who having unfortunately lost his eldest son,[9] the assembly, moved with
+a generous pity for so sensible an affliction, adjourned themselves for a
+week, that so good a servant of the public, might have some interval to
+wipe away a father's tears: And indeed that gentleman has too just an
+occasion for his grief, by the death of a son, who had already acquired
+so great a reputation for every amiable quality, and who might have lived
+to be so great an honour and an ornament to his ancient family.
+
+Before I conclude, I must desire one favour of the reader, that when he
+thinks it worth his while to peruse any paper writ against the
+"Examiner," he will not form his judgment by any mangled quotation out of
+it which he finds in such papers, but be so just to read the paragraph
+referred to; which I am confident will be found a sufficient answer to
+all that ever those papers can object. At least I have seen above fifty
+of them, and never yet observed one single quotation transcribed with
+common candour.
+
+
+[Footnote: 1 No. 34 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote: 2 Virgil, "Aeneid," i. 461-2.
+"Even here
+Has merit its reward. Woe wakens tears,
+And mortal sufferings touch the heart of man."--R. KENNEDY.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: See No. 33, _ante_, p. 211. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: Silas Titus (1622-1704) was the author of "Killing no
+Murder," published in 1657. He sat in Parliament successively for
+Ludgershall, Lostwithiel, Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire, and Ludlow, In
+1688 he was made a privy councillor. In his notes on Burnet Swift says:
+"Titus was the greatest rogue in England" (Burnet's "Own Times,"
+i. 11). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: For the signification of these coffee-houses see the remarks
+prefixed to the "Tatlers" in this volume, p. 4. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: An Act for Securing the Freedom of Parliaments (9 Ann. c. 5)
+provided that English members should show a land qualification. It was
+introduced December 13th, 1710, and received the Royal Assent, February
+28th. See also No. 45, _post_, p. 294. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: The Address to the Queen was presented on March 13th, Swift
+somewhat strengthens the language of the address, the original words
+stating that the Houses had "to our great concern been informed," etc.;
+and "we cannot but be most deeply affected to find such an instance of
+inveterate malice, against one employed in your Majesty's council," etc.
+The Queen, in her reply, referred to "that barbarous attempt on Mr.
+Harley, whose zeal and fidelity in my service must appear yet more
+eminently by that horrid endeavour," etc.--"Journals of House of Lords,"
+xix.; "Journals of House of Commons," xvi. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: William Bromley (1664-1732) was Speaker from 1710 till
+1713. See note on p. 334 of vol. v. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: Clobery Bromley (1688-1711) was elected M.P. for Coventry,
+December, 1710. Only a few days before his death he had been appointed
+one of the commissioners to examine the public accounts. "The House being
+informed [March 20th] that Clobery Bromley, Esq., son to the Speaker,
+died that morning; out of respect to the father, and to give him time,
+both to perform the funeral rites, and to indulge his just affliction,
+they thought fit to adjourn to" the 26th.--"Hist. and Proc. of House of
+Commons," iv. 199.
+
+Swift wrote to Stella on the matter under date March 20th, 1711: "The
+Speaker's eldest son is just dead of the small pox, and the House is
+adjourned a week, to give him time to wipe off his tears. I think it
+very handsomely done; but I believe one reason is, that they want Mr.
+Harley so much" (vol. ii., p. 141 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 36.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY MARCH 29, TO THURSDAY APRIL 5, 1711.
+
+
+_Nullo suo peccato impediantur, quo minus alterius peccata demonstrare
+possint._[2]
+
+I have been considering the old constitution of this kingdom, comparing
+it with the monarchies and republics whereof we meet so many accounts in
+ancient story, and with those at present in most parts of Europe: I have
+considered our religion, established here by the legislature soon after
+the Reformation: I have likewise examined the genius and disposition of
+the people, under that reasonable freedom they possess: Then I have
+turned my reflections upon those two great divisions of Whig and Tory,
+(which, some way or other, take in the whole kingdom) with the principles
+they both profess, as well as those wherewith they reproach one another.
+From all this, I endeavour to determine, from which side her present
+M[ajest]y may reasonably hope for most security to her person and
+government, and to which she ought, in prudence, to trust the
+administration of her affairs. If these two rivals were really no more
+than _parties_, according to the common acceptation of the word, I should
+agree with those politicians who think, a prince descends from his
+dignity by putting himself at the head of either; and that his wisest
+course is, to keep them in a balance; raising or depressing either as it
+best suited with his designs. But when the visible interest of his crown
+and kingdom lies on one side, and when the other is but a faction, raised
+and strengthened by incidents and intrigues, and by deceiving the people
+with false representations of things; he ought, in prudence, to take the
+first opportunity of opening his subjects' eyes, and declaring himself in
+favour of those, who are for preserving the civil and religious rights of
+the nation, wherewith his own are so interwoven.
+
+This was certainly our case: for I do not take the heads, advocates, and
+followers of the Whigs, to make up, strictly speaking, a national party;
+being patched up of heterogeneous, inconsistent parts, whom nothing
+served to unite but the common interest of sharing in the spoil and
+plunder of the people; the present dread of their adversaries, by whom
+they apprehended to be called to an account, and that general conspiracy,
+of endeavouring to overturn the Church and State; which, however, if they
+could have compassed, they would certainly have fallen out among
+themselves, and broke in pieces, as _their predecessors_ did, after
+they destroyed the monarchy and religion. For, how could a Whig, who is
+against all discipline, agree with a Presbyterian, that carries it higher
+than the Papists themselves? How could a Socinian adjust his models to
+either? Or how could any of these cement with a Deist or Freethinker,
+when they came to consult upon settling points of faith? Neither would
+they have agreed better in their systems of government, where some would
+have been for a king, under the limitations of a Duke of Venice; others
+for a Dutch republic; a third party for an aristocracy, and most of them
+all for some new fabric of their own contriving.
+
+But however, let us consider them as a party, and under those general
+tenets wherein they agreed, and which they publicly owned, without
+charging them with any that they pretend to deny. Then let us _Examine_
+those principles of the Tories, which their adversaries allow them to
+profess, and do not pretend to tax them with any actions contrary to
+those professions: after which, let the reader judge from which of these
+two parties a prince hath most to fear; and whether her M[ajest]y did not
+consider the ease, the safety and dignity of her person, the security of
+her crown, and the transmission of monarchy to her Protestant successors,
+when she put her affairs into the present hands.
+
+Suppose the matter were now entire; the Qu[een] to make her choice, and
+for that end, should order the principles on both sides to be fairly laid
+before her. First, I conceive the Whigs would grant, that they have
+naturally no very great veneration for crowned heads; that they allow,
+the person of the prince may, upon many occasions, be resisted by arms;
+and that they do not condemn the war raised against King Charles the
+First, or own it to be a rebellion, though they would be thought to blame
+his murder. They do not think the prerogative to be yet sufficiently
+limited, and have therefore taken care (as a particular mark of their
+veneration for the illustrious house of Hanover) to clip it closer
+against next reign; which, consequently, they would be glad to see done
+in the present: not to mention, that the majority of them, if it were put
+to the vote, would allow, that they prefer a commonwealth before a
+monarchy. As to religion; their universal, undisputed maxim is, that it
+ought to make no distinction at all among Protestants; and in the word
+Protestant they include every body who is not a Papist, and who will, by
+an oath, give security to the government. Union in discipline and
+doctrine, the offensive sin of schism, the notion of a Church and a
+hierarchy, they laugh at as foppery, cant and priestcraft. They see no
+necessity at all that there should be a national faith; and what we
+usually call by that name, they only style the "religion of the
+magistrate."[3] Since the Dissenters and we agree in the main, why should
+the difference of a few speculative points, or modes of dress,
+incapacitate them from serving their prince and country, in a juncture
+when we ought to have all hands up against the common enemy? And why
+should they be forced to take the sacrament from our clergy's hands, and
+in our posture, or indeed why compelled to receive it at all, when
+they take an employment which has nothing to do with religion?
+
+These are the notions which most of that party avow, and which they do
+not endeavour to disguise or set off with false colours, or complain of
+being misrepresented about, I have here placed them on purpose, in the
+same light which themselves do, in the very apologies they make for what
+we accuse them of; and how inviting even these doctrines are, for such a
+monarch to close with, as our law, both statute and common, understands a
+King of England to be, let others decide. But then, if to these we should
+add other opinions, which most of their own writers justify, and which
+their universal practice has given a sanction to, they are no more than
+what a prince might reasonably expect, as the natural consequence of
+those avowed principles. For when such persons are at the head of
+affairs, the low opinion they have of princes, will certainly tempt them
+to violate that respect they ought to bear; and at the same time, their
+own want of duty to their sovereign is largely made up, by exacting
+greater submissions to themselves from their fellow-subjects: it being
+indisputably true, that the same principle of pride and ambition makes a
+man treat his equals with insolence, in the same proportion as he
+affronts his superiors; as both Prince and people have sufficiently felt
+from the late m[inist]ry.
+
+Then from their confessed notions of religion, as above related, I see no
+reason to wonder, why they countenanced not only all sorts of Dissenters,
+but the several gradations of freethinkers among us (all which were
+openly enrolled in their party); nor why they were so very averse from
+the present established form of worship, which by prescribing obedience
+to princes from the topic of conscience, would be sure to thwart all
+their schemes of innovation.
+
+One thing I might add, as another acknowledged maxim in that party, and
+in my opinion, as dangerous to the constitution as any I have mentioned;
+I mean, that of preferring, on all occasions, the moneyed interest before
+the landed; which they were so far from denying, that they would gravely
+debate the reasonableness and justice of it; and at the rate they went
+on, might in a little time have found a majority of representatives,
+fitly qualified to lay those heavy burthens on the rest of the nation,
+which themselves would not touch with one of their fingers.
+
+However, to deal impartially, there are some motives which might compel a
+prince, under the necessity of affairs, to deliver himself over to that
+party. They were _said_ to possess the great bulk of cash, and
+consequently of credit in the nation, and the heads of them had the
+reputation of presiding over those societies who have the great direction
+of both:[4] so that all applications for loans to the public service,
+upon any emergency, must be made through them; and it might prove highly
+dangerous to disoblige them, because in that case, it was not to be
+doubted, that they would be obstinate and malicious, ready to obstruct
+all affairs, not only by shutting their own purses, but by endeavouring
+to sink credit, though with some present imaginary loss to themselves,
+only to shew, it was a creature of their own.
+
+From this summary of Whig-principles and dispositions, we find what a
+prince may reasonably fear and hope from that party. Let us now very
+briefly consider, the doctrines of the Tories, which their adversaries
+will not dispute. As they prefer a well-regulated monarchy before all
+other forms of government; so they think it next to impossible to alter
+that institution here, without involving our whole island in blood and
+desolation. They believe, that the prerogative of a sovereign ought, at
+least, to be held as sacred and inviolable as the rights of his people,
+if only for this reason, because without a due share of power, he will
+not be able to protect them. They think, that by many known laws of
+this realm, both statute and common, neither the person, nor lawful
+authority of the prince, ought, upon any pretence whatsoever, to be
+resisted or disobeyed. Their sentiments, in relation to the Church, are
+known enough, and will not be controverted, being just the reverse to
+what I have delivered as the doctrine and practice of the Whigs upon that
+article.
+
+But here I must likewise deal impartially too, and add one principle as a
+characteristic of the Tories, which has much discouraged some princes
+from making use of them in affairs. Give the Whigs but power enough to
+insult their sovereign, engross his favours to themselves, and to oppress
+and plunder their fellow-subjects; they presently grow into good humour
+and good language towards the crown; profess they will stand by it with
+their lives and fortunes; and whatever rudenesses they may be guilty of
+in private, yet they assure the world, that there never was so gracious a
+monarch. But to the shame of the Tories, it must be confessed, that
+nothing of all this hath been ever observed in them; in or out of favour,
+you see no alteration, further than a little cheerfulness or cloud in
+their countenances; the highest employments can add nothing to their
+loyalty, but their behaviour to their prince, as well as their
+expressions of love and duty, are, in all conditions, exactly the same.
+
+Having thus impartially stated the avowed principles of Whig and Tory;
+let the reader determine, as he pleases, to which of these two a wise
+prince may, with most safety to himself and the public, trust his person
+and his affairs; and whether it were rashness or prudence in her
+M[ajest]y to make those changes in the ministry, which have been so
+highly extolled by some, and condemned by others.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 35 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: "None are prevented by their own faults from pointing out
+the faults of another."--H.T. RILEY. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: See Swift's "Letter Concerning the Sacramental Test" (vol.
+iv., p. 11 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: The Bank and the East India Company. The former was so
+decidedly in the Whig interest, that the great Doctor Sacheverell, on
+appearing to give his vote for choosing governors and directors for the
+Bank, was very rudely treated. Nor were the ministry successful in an
+attempt made about that time to put these great companies under Tory
+management. [S.] And see No. 25, _ante_, pp. 154-5. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 37.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY APRIL 5, TO THURSDAY APRIL 12, 1711.
+
+
+  _Tres species tam dissimiles, tria talia texta
+  Una dies dedit exitio----_[2]
+
+
+I write this paper for the sake of the Dissenters, whom I take to be the
+most spreading branch of the Whig party, that professeth Christianity,
+and the only one that seems to be zealous for any particular system of
+it; the bulk of those we call the Low Church, being generally
+indifferent, and undetermined in that point; and the other subdivisions
+having not yet taken either the Old or New Testament into their scheme.
+By the Dissenters therefore, it will easily be understood, that I mean
+the Presbyterians, as they include the sects of Anabaptists,
+Independents, and others, which have been melted down into them since the
+Restoration. This sect, in order to make itself national, having gone so
+far as to raise a Rebellion, murder their king, destroy monarchy and the
+Church, was afterwards broken in pieces by its own divisions; which made
+way for the king's return from his exile. However, the zealous among them
+did still entertain hopes of recovering the "dominion of grace;" whereof
+I have read a remarkable passage, in a book published about the year 1661
+and written by one of their own side. As one of the regicides was going
+to his execution, a friend asked him, whether he thought the cause would
+revive? He answered, "The cause is in the bosom of Christ, and as sure as
+Christ rose from the dead, so sure will the cause revive also."[3] And
+therefore the Nonconformists were strictly watched and restrained by
+penal laws, during the reign of King Charles the Second; the court and
+kingdom looking on them as a faction, ready to join in any design against
+the government in Church or State: And surely this was reasonable enough,
+while so many continued alive, who had voted, and fought, and preached
+against both, and gave no proof that they had changed their principles.
+The Nonconformists were then exactly upon the same foot with our
+Nonjurors now, whom we double tax, forbid their conventicles, and keep
+under hatches; without thinking ourselves possessed with a persecuting
+spirit, because we know they want nothing but the power to ruin us. This,
+in my opinion, should altogether silence the Dissenters' complaints of
+persecution under King Charles the Second; or make them shew us wherein
+they differed, at that time, from what our Jacobites are now.
+
+Their inclinations to the Church were soon discovered, when King James
+the Second succeeded to the crown, with whom they unanimously joined in
+its ruin, to revenge themselves for that restraint they had most justly
+suffered in the foregoing reign; not from the persecuting temper of the
+clergy, as their clamours would suggest, but the prudence and caution of
+the legislature. The same indulgence against law, was made use of by them
+and the Papists, and they amicably employed their power, as in defence of
+one common interest.
+
+But the Revolution happening soon after, served to wash away the memory
+of the rebellion; upon which, the run against Popery, was, no doubt, as
+just and seasonable, as that of fanaticism, after the Restoration: and
+the dread of Popery, being then our latest danger, and consequently the
+most fresh upon our spirits, all mouths were open against that; the
+Dissenters were rewarded with an indulgence by law; the rebellion and
+king's murder were now no longer a reproach; the former was only a civil
+war, and whoever durst call it a rebellion, was a Jacobite, and friend to
+France. This was the more unexpected, because the Revolution being wholly
+brought about by Church of England hands, they hoped one good consequence
+of it, would be the relieving us from the encroachments of Dissenters, as
+well as those of Papists, since both had equally confederated towards our
+ruin; and therefore, when the crown was new settled, it was hoped at
+least that the rest of the constitution would be restored. But this
+affair took a very different turn; the Dissenters had just made a shift
+to save a tide, and joined with the Prince of Orange, when they found all
+was desperate with their protector King James. And observing a party,
+then forming against the old principles in Church and State, under the
+name of Whigs and Low-Churchmen, they listed themselves of it, where they
+have ever since continued.
+
+It is therefore, upon the foot they now are, that I would apply myself to
+them, and desire they would consider the different circumstances at
+present, from what they were under, when they began their designs against
+the Church and monarchy, about seventy years ago. At that juncture they
+made up the body of the party, and whosoever joined with them from
+principles of revenge, discontent, ambition, or love of change, were all
+forced to shelter under their denomination; united heartily in the
+pretences of a further and purer Reformation in religion, and of
+advancing the "great work" (as the cant was then) "that God was about
+to do in these nations," received the systems of doctrine and discipline
+prescribed by the Scots, and readily took the Covenant;[4] so that there
+appeared no division among them, till after the common enemy was subdued.
+
+But now their case is quite otherwise, and I can hardly think it worth
+being of a party, upon the terms they have been received of late years;
+for suppose the whole faction should at length succeed in their design of
+destroying the Church; are they so weak to imagine, that the new
+modelling of religion, would be put into their hands? Would their
+brethren, the Low-Churchmen and Freethinkers, submit to their discipline,
+their synods or their classes, and divide the lands of bishops, or deans
+and chapters, among them? How can they help observing that their allies,
+instead of pretending more sanctity than other men, are some of them for
+levelling all religion, and the rest for abolishing it? Is it not
+manifest, that they have been treated by their confederates, exactly
+after the same manner, as they were by King James the Second, made
+instruments to ruin the Church, not for their sakes, but under a
+pretended project of universal freedom in opinion, to advance the dark
+designs of those who employ them? For, excepting the anti-monarchical
+principle, and a few false notions about liberty, I see but little
+agreement betwixt them; and even in these, I believe, it would be
+impossible to contrive a frame of government, that would please them all,
+if they had it now in their power to try. But however, to be sure, the
+Presbyterian institution would never obtain. For, suppose they should, in
+imitation of their predecessors, propose to have no King but our Saviour
+Christ, the whole clan of Freethinkers would immediately object, and
+refuse His authority. Neither would their Low-Church brethren use them
+better, as well knowing what enemies they are to that doctrine of
+unlimited toleration, wherever they are suffered to preside. So that upon
+the whole, I do not see, as their present circumstances stand, where the
+Dissenters can find better quarter, than from the Church of England.
+
+Besides, I leave it to their consideration, whether, with all their zeal
+against the Church, they ought not to shew a little decency, and how far
+it consists with their reputation, to act in concert with such
+confederates. It was reckoned a very infamous proceeding in the present
+most Christian king, to assist the Turk against the Emperor: policy, and
+reasons of state, were not allowed sufficient excuses, for taking part
+with an infidel against a believer. It is one of the Dissenters' quarrels
+against the Church, that she is not enough reformed from Popery; yet they
+boldly entered into a league with Papists and a popish prince, to destroy
+her. They profess much sanctity, and object against the wicked lives of
+some of our members; yet they have been long, and still continue, in
+strict combination with libertines and atheists, to contrive our ruin.
+What if the Jews should multiply, and become a formidable party among us?
+Would the Dissenters join in alliance with them likewise, because they
+agree already in some general principles, and because the Jews are
+allowed to be a "stiffnecked and rebellious people"?
+
+It is the part of wise men to conceal their passions, when they are not
+in circumstances of exerting them to purpose: the arts of getting power,
+and preserving indulgence, are very different. For the former, the
+reasonable hopes of the Dissenters, seem to be at an end; their comrades,
+the Whigs and Freethinkers, are just in a condition proper to be
+forsaken; and the Parliament, as well as the body of the people, will be
+deluded no longer. Besides, it sometimes happens for a cause to be
+exhausted and worn out, as that of the Whigs in general, seems at present
+to be: the nation has had enough of it. It is as vain to hope restoring
+that decayed interest, as for a man of sixty to talk of entering on a new
+scene of life, that is only proper for youth and vigour. New
+circumstances and new men must arise, as well as new occasions, which are
+not like to happen in our time. So that the Dissenters have no game left,
+at present, but to secure their indulgence: in order to which, I will be
+so bold to offer them some advice.
+
+First, That until some late proceedings are a little forgot, they would
+take care not to provoke, by any violence of tongue or pen, so great a
+majority, as there is now against them, nor keep up any longer that
+combination with their broken allies, but disperse themselves, and lie
+dormant against some better opportunity: I have shewn, they could have
+got no advantage if the late party had prevailed; and they will certainly
+lose none by its fall, unless through their own fault. They pretend a
+mighty veneration for the Queen; let them give proof of it, by quitting
+the ruined interest of those who have used her so ill; and by a due
+respect to the persons she is pleased to trust at present with her
+affairs: When they can no longer hope to govern, when struggling can do
+them no good, and may possibly hurt them, what is left but to be silent
+and passive?
+
+Secondly, Though there be no law (beside that of God Almighty) against
+_occasional conformity_,[5] it would be prudence in the Dissenters to use
+it as tenderly as they can: for, besides the infamous hypocrisy of the
+thing itself, too frequent practice would perhaps make a remedy
+necessary. And after all they have said to justify themselves in this
+point, it still continues hard to conceive, how those consciences can
+pretend to be scrupulous, upon which an employment has more power than
+the love of unity.
+
+In the last place, I am humbly of opinion, That the Dissenters would do
+well to drop that lesson they have learned from their directors, of
+affecting to be under horrible apprehensions, that the Tories are in the
+interests of the Pretender, and would be ready to embrace the first
+opportunity of inviting him over. It is with the worst grace in the
+world, that they offer to join in the cry upon this article: as if those,
+who alone stood in the gap against all the encroachments of Popery and
+arbitrary power, are not more likely to keep out both, than a set of
+schismatics, who to gratify their ambition and revenge, did, by the
+meanest compliances, encourage and spirit up that unfortunate prince, to
+fell upon such measures, as must, at last, have ended in the ruin of our
+liberty and religion.
+
+_I wish those who give themselves the trouble to write to the "Examiner"
+would consider whether what they send be proper for such a paper to take
+notice of: I had one letter last week, written, as I suppose, by a
+divine, to desire I would offer some reasons against a Bill now before
+the Parliament for Ascertaining the Tithe of Hops;[6] from which the
+writer apprehends great damage to the clergy, especially the poorer
+vicars: If it be, as he says, (and he seems to argue very reasonably upon
+it) the convocation now sitting, will, no doubt, upon due application,
+represent the matter to the House of Commons; and he may expect all
+justice and favour from that great body, who have already appeared so
+tender of their rights.
+
+A gentleman, likewise, who hath sent me several letters, relating to
+personal hardships he received from some of the late ministry; is advised
+to publish a narrative of them, they being too large, and not proper for
+this paper._
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 36 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2:
+"Three different forms, of threefold threads combined,
+The selfsame day in common ruin joined."
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: It is recorded in "The Speeches and Prayers of ... Mr. John
+Carew," 1660, and in "Rebels no Saints," 1661, that at the execution of
+John Carew, on October 15th, 1660: "One asked him if he thought there
+would be a resurrection of the cause? He answered, he died in the faith
+of that, as much as he did that his body should rise again." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: The Scotch General Assembly approved the "Solemn League and
+Covenant" on August 17th, 1643; it was publicly taken by the House of
+Commons at St. Margaret's, Westminster, on September 25th. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Such a law was passed December 20th, 1711. It was entitled
+"An Act for preserving the Protestant Religion" (10 Ann, c. 6), and
+required persons appointed to various offices to conform to the Church of
+England for one year and to receive the Sacrament three times. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: Leave was given for a Bill for Ascertaining the Tithe of
+Hops, March 26th, 1711, and the Bill was presented May 10th. It does not
+appear to have gone any further. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 38.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY APRIL 12, TO THURSDAY APRIL 19, 1711.
+
+  _Semper causae eventorum magis movent quam ipsa eventa.[2]_
+
+I am glad to observe, that several among the Whigs have begun very much
+to change their language of late. The style is now among the reasonable
+part of them, when they meet a man in business, or a Member of
+Parliament; "Well, gentlemen, if you go on as you have hitherto done, we
+shall no longer have any pretence to complain." They find, it seems, that
+there have been yet no overtures made to bring in the Pretender, nor any
+preparatory steps towards it. They read no enslaving votes, nor bills
+brought in to endanger the subject. The indulgence to scrupulous
+consciences,[3] is again confirmed from the throne, inviolably preserved,
+and not the least whisper offered that may affect it. All care is taken
+to support the war; supplies cheerfully granted, and funds readily
+subscribed to, in spite of the little arts made use of to discredit them.
+The just resentments of some, which are laudable in themselves, and which
+at another juncture it might be proper to give way to, have been softened
+or diverted by the calmness of others. So that upon the article of
+present management, I do not see how any objection of weight can well be
+raised.
+
+However, our adversaries still allege, that this great success was wholly
+unexpected, and out of all probable view. That in public affairs, we
+ought least of all others, to judge by events; that the attempt of
+changing a ministry, during the difficulties of a long war, was rash and
+inconsiderate: That if the Qu[een] were disposed by her inclinations, or
+from any personal dislike, for such a change, it might have been done
+with more safety, in a time of peace: That if it had miscarried by any of
+those incidents, which in all appearance might have intervened, the
+consequences would perhaps have ruined the whole confederacy; and,
+therefore, however it hath now succeeded, the experiment was too
+dangerous to try.
+
+But this is what we can by no means allow them. We never will admit
+rashness or chance to have produced all this harmony and order. It is
+visible to the world, that the several steps towards this change were
+slowly taken, and with the utmost caution. The movers observed as they
+went on, how matters would bear, and advanced no farther at first, than
+so as they might be able to stop or go back, if circumstances were not
+mature. Things were grown to such a height, that it was no longer the
+question, whether a person who aimed at an employment, were a Whig or a
+Tory, much less, whether he had merit or proper abilities for what he
+pretended to: he must owe his preferment only to the favourites; and the
+crown was so far from nominating, that they would not allow it a
+negative. This, the Qu[een] was resolved no longer to endure, and began
+to break into their prescription, by bestowing one or two places of
+consequence,[4] without consulting her ephori; after they had fixed them
+for others, and concluded as usually, that all their business was to
+signify their pleasure to her M[ajest]y. But though the persons the
+Qu[een] had chosen, were such as no objection could well be raised
+against upon the score of party; yet the oligarchy took the alarm;[5]
+their sovereign authority was, it seems, called in question; they grew
+into anger and discontent, as if their undoubted rights were violated.
+All former obligations to their sovereign now became cancelled; and they
+put themselves upon the foot of people, who were hardly used after the
+most eminent services.
+
+I believe all men, who know any thing in politics, will agree, that a
+prince thus treated, by those he has most confided in, and perpetually
+loaded with his favours, ought to extricate himself as soon as possible;
+and is then only blamable in his choice of time, when he defers one
+minute after it is in his power; because, from the monstrous
+encroachments of exorbitant avarice and ambition, he cannot tell how long
+it may continue to be so. And it will be found, upon enquiring into
+history, that most of those princes, who have been ruined by favourites,
+have owed their misfortune to the neglect of early remedies; deferring to
+struggle till they were quite sunk.
+
+The Whigs are every day cursing the ungovernable rage, the haughty pride,
+and unsatiable covetousness of a certain person,[6] as the cause of their
+fall; and are apt to tell their thoughts, that one single removal might
+have set all things right. But the interests of that single person, were
+found, upon experience, so complicated and woven with the rest, by love,
+by awe, by marriage, by alliance, that they would rather confound heaven
+and earth, than dissolve such an union.
+
+I have always heard and understood, that a king of England, possessed of
+his people's hearts, at the head of a free Parliament, and in full
+agreement with a great majority, made the true figure in the world that
+such a monarch ought to do, and pursued the real interest of himself and
+his kingdom. Will they allow her M[ajest]y to be in those circumstances
+at present? And was it not plain by the addresses sent from all parts of
+the island,[7] and by the visible disposition of the people, that such a
+Parliament would undoubtedly be chosen? And so it proved, without the
+court's using any arts to influence elections.
+
+What people then, are these in a corner, to whom the constitution must
+truckle? If the whole nation's credit cannot supply funds for the war,
+without humble application from the entire legislature to a few retailers
+of money, it is high time we should sue for a peace. What new maxims
+are these, which neither we nor our forefathers ever heard of before, and
+which no wise institution would ever allow? Must our laws from
+henceforward pass the Bank and East India Company, or have their royal
+assent before they are in force?
+
+To hear some of those worthy reasoners talking of credit, that she is so
+nice, so squeamish, so capricious; you would think they were describing a
+lady troubled with vapours or the colick, to be only removed by a course
+of steel, and swallowing a bullet. By the narrowness of their thoughts,
+one would imagine they conceived the world to be no wider than Exchange
+Alley. It is probable they may have such a sickly dame among them, and it
+is well if she has no worse diseases, considering what hands she passes
+through. But the national credit is of another complexion; of sound
+health, and an even temper, her life and existence being a quintessence
+drawn from the vitals of the whole kingdom. And we find these
+money-politicians, after all their noise, to be of the same opinion, by
+the court they paid her, when she lately appeared to them in the form of a
+_lottery_.[8]
+
+As to that mighty error in politics, they charge upon the Qu[een], for
+changing her ministry in the height of a war, I suppose, it is only
+looked upon as an error under a Whiggish administration; otherwise, the
+late King has much to answer for, who did it pretty frequently. And it
+is well known, that the late ministry of famous memory, was brought in
+during this present war,[9] only with this circumstance, that two or
+three of the chief, did first change their own principles, and then took
+in suitable companions.
+
+But however, I see no reason why the Tories should not value their wisdom
+by events, as well as the Whigs. Nothing was ever thought a more
+precipitate rash counsel, than that of altering the coin at the juncture
+it was done;[10] yet the prudence of the undertaking was sufficiently
+justified by the success. Perhaps it will be said, that the attempt was
+necessary, because the whole species of money, was so grievously clipped
+and counterfeit. And, is not her Majesty's authority as sacred as her
+coin? And has not that been most scandalously clipped and mangled, and
+often counterfeited too?
+
+It is another grievous complaint of the Whigs, that their late friends,
+and the whole party, are treated with abundance of severity in print, and
+in particular by the "Examiner." They think it hard, that when they are
+wholly deprived of power, hated by the people, and out of all hope of
+re-establishing themselves, their infirmities should be so often
+displayed, in order to render them yet more odious to mankind. This is
+what they employ their writers to set forth in their papers of the week;
+and it is humoursome enough to observe one page taken up in railing at the
+"Examiner" for his invectives against a discarded ministry; and the other
+side filled with the falsest and vilest abuses, against those who are now
+in the highest power and credit with their sovereign, and whose least
+breath would scatter them into silence and obscurity. However, though I
+have indeed often wondered to see so much licentiousness taken and
+connived at, and am sure it would not be suffered in any other country of
+Christendom; yet I never once invoked the assistance of the gaol or the
+pillory, which upon the least provocation, was the usual style during
+their tyranny. There hath not passed a week these twenty years without
+some malicious paper, scattered in every coffee-house by the emissaries
+of that party, whether it were down or up. I believe, they will not
+pretend to object the same thing to us. Nor do I remember any constant
+weekly paper, with reflections on the late ministry or j[u]nto. They have
+many weak, defenceless parts, they have not been used to a regular
+attack, and therefore it is that they are so ill able to endure one, when
+it comes to be their turn. So that they complain more of a few months'
+truths from us, than we did of all their scandal and malice, for twice as
+many years.
+
+I cannot forbear observing upon this occasion, that those worthy authors
+I am speaking of, seem to me, not fairly to represent the sentiments of
+their party; who in disputing with us, do generally give up several of
+the late m[inist]ry, and freely own many of their failings. They confess
+the monstrous debt upon the navy, to have been caused by most scandalous
+mismanagement; they allow the insolence of some, and the avarice of
+others, to have been insupportable: but these gentlemen are most liberal
+in their praises to those persons, and upon those very articles, where
+their wisest friends give up the point. They gravely tell us, that such a
+one was the most faithful servant that ever any prince had; another the
+most dutiful, a third the most generous, and a fourth of the greatest
+integrity. So that I look upon these champions, rather as retained by a
+cabal than a party, which I desire the reasonable men among them would
+please to consider.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 37 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Cicero, "Ep. ad Att.," ix. 5. "I am always more affected by
+the causes of events than by the events themselves."--E.S. SHUCKBURGH.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: "I am resolved  ... to maintain the indulgence by law
+allowed to scrupulous consciences" (Queen Anne's Speech, November 27th,
+1710). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: The Queen appointed Earl Rivers to the lieutenancy of the
+Tower without the Duke of Marlborough's concurrence. See "Memoirs
+Relating to that Change," etc. (vol. v., pp. 375-7 of present edition).
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: "Upon the fall of that great minister and favourite
+[Godolphin], that whole party became dispirited, and seemed to expect the
+worst that could follow". (Swift's "Memoirs Relating to that Change,"
+etc., vol v., p. 378 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: The Duchess of Marlborough. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: "The bulk of the high-church, or Tory-party ... were both
+very industrious in procuring addresses, which, under the pretence of
+expressing their loyalty to the Queen, and affection to the Church
+established, were mainly levelled, like so many batteries, against the
+ministry and Parliament," etc. (Boyer's "Annals of Queen Anne," ix.
+158-9). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: An Act for reviving ... certain Duties (9 Ann., c. 6),
+provided that £1,500,000 should be raised "by way of a lottery." It was
+introduced February 15th, and received the Royal Assent March 6th, 1710/1
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: The Queen appointed a ministry with Lord Godolphin as
+lord treasurer in the first months of her reign, May-July, 1702. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: The clipping of coin had become so widespread that it was
+absolutely imperative that steps should be taken to readjust matters. It
+was resolved, therefore, in 1695, to call in all light money and recoin
+it. The matter was placed in charge of the then chancellor of the
+exchequer, Charles Montague, afterwards Earl of Halifax, and he,
+with the assistance of Sir Isaac Newton, successfully accomplished the
+very arduous task. It cost the nation about £2,200,000, and a
+considerable inconvenience owing to lack of coins. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 39.[1]
+
+
+FROM THURSDAY APRIL 19, TO THURSDAY APRIL 26, 1711.
+
+_Indignum est in ed civitate, quae legibus continetur, discedi a
+legibus._[2]
+
+I[3] have been often considering how it comes to pass, that the dexterity
+of mankind in evil, should always outgrow, not only the prudence and
+caution of private persons, but the continual expedients of the wisest
+laws contrived to prevent it. I cannot imagine a knave to possess a
+greater share of natural wit or genius, than an honest man. I have known
+very notable sharpers at play, who upon all other occasions, were as
+great dunces, as human shape can well allow; and I believe, the same
+might be observed among the other knots of thieves and pickpockets, about
+this town. The proposition however is certainly true, and to be confirmed
+by an hundred instances. A scrivener, an attorney, a stock-jobber, and
+many other retailers of fraud, shall not only be able to overreach
+others, much wiser than themselves, but find out new inventions, to elude
+the force of any law made against them. I suppose, the reason of this
+may be, that as the aggressor is said to have generally the advantage of
+the defender; so the makers of the law, which is to defend our rights,
+have usually not so much industry or vigour, as those whose interest
+leads them to attack it. Besides, it rarely happens that men are rewarded
+by the public for their justice and virtue; neither do those who act upon
+such principles, expect any recompense till the next world: whereas
+fraud, where it succeeds, gives present pay; and this is allowed the
+greatest spur imaginable both to labour and invention. When a law is made
+to stop some growing evil, the wits of those, whose interest it is to
+break it with secrecy or impunity, are immediately at work; and even
+among those who pretend to fairer characters, many would gladly find
+means to avoid, what they would not be thought to violate. They desire to
+reap the advantage, if possible, without the shame, or at least, without
+the danger. This art is what I take that dexterous race of men, sprung
+up soon after the Revolution, to have studied with great application ever
+since, and to have arrived at great perfection in it. According to the
+doctrine of some Romish casuists, they have found out _quam propè ad
+peccatum sine peccato possint accedere_.[3] They can tell how to go
+within an inch of an impeachment, and yet come back untouched. They know
+what degree of corruption will just forfeit an employment, and whether
+the bribe you receive be sufficient to set you right, and put something
+in your pocket besides. How much to a penny, you may safely cheat the
+Qu[ee]n, whether forty, fifty or sixty _per cent._ according to the
+station you are in, and the dispositions of the persons in office, below
+and above you. They have computed the price you may securely take or give
+for a place, or what part of the salary you ought to reserve. They can
+discreetly distribute five hundred pounds in a small borough, without
+any danger from the statutes, against bribing elections. They can manage
+a bargain for an office, by a third, fourth or fifth hand, so that you
+shall not know whom to accuse; and win a thousand guineas at play, in
+spite of the dice, and send away the loser satisfied: They can pass the
+most exorbitant accounts, overpay the creditor with half his demands, and
+sink the rest.
+
+It would be endless to relate, or rather indeed impossible to discover,
+the several arts which curious men have found out to enrich themselves,
+by defrauding the public, in defiance of the law. The military men, both
+by sea and land, have equally cultivated this most useful science:
+neither hath it been altogether neglected by the other sex; of which, on
+the contrary, I could produce an instance, that would make ours blush to
+be so far outdone.
+
+Besides, to confess the truth, our laws themselves are extremely
+defective in many articles, which I take to be one ill effect of our best
+possession, liberty. Some years ago, the ambassador of a great prince was
+arrested,[4] and outrages committed on his person in our streets, without
+any possibility of redress from Westminster-Hall, or the prerogative of
+the sovereign; and the legislature was forced to provide a remedy against
+the like evils in times to come. A commissioner of the stamped paper[5]
+was lately discovered to have notoriously cheated the public of great
+sums for many years, by counterfeiting the stamps, which the law had made
+capital. But the aggravation of his crime, proved to be the cause that
+saved his life; and that additional heightening circumstance of betraying
+his trust, was found to be a legal defence. I am assured, that the
+notorious cheat of the brewers at Portsmouth,[6] detected about two
+months ago in Parliament, cannot by any law now in force, be punished in
+any degree, equal to the guilt and infamy of it. Nay, what is almost
+incredible, had Guiscard survived his detestable attempt upon Mr.
+Harley's person, all the inflaming circumstances of the fact, would not
+have sufficed, in the opinion of many lawyers, to have punished him with
+death;[7] and the public must have lain under this dilemma, either to
+condemn him by a law, _ex post facto_ (which would have been of dangerous
+consequence, and form an ignominious precedent) or undergo the
+mortification to see the greatest villain upon earth escape unpunished,
+to the infinite triumph and delight of Popery and faction. But even this
+is not to be wondered at, when we consider, that of all the insolences
+offered to the Qu[een] since the Act of Indemnity, (at least, that ever
+came to my ears) I can hardly instance above two or three, which, by the
+letter of the law could amount to high treason.
+
+From these defects in our laws, and the want of some discretionary power
+safely lodged, to exert upon emergencies; as well as from the great
+acquirements of able men, to elude the penalties of those laws they
+break, it is no wonder, the injuries done to the public, are so seldom
+redressed. But besides, no individual suffers, by any wrong he does to
+the commonwealth, in proportion to the advantage he gains by doing it.
+There are seven or eight millions who contribute to the loss, while the
+whole gain is sunk among a few. The damage suffered by the public, is not
+so immediately or heavily felt by particular persons, and the zeal of
+prosecution is apt to drop and be lost among numbers.
+
+But imagine a set of politicians for many years at the head of affairs,
+the game visibly their own, and by consequence acting with great
+security: may not these be sometimes tempted to forget their caution, by
+length of time, by excess of avarice and ambition, by the insolence or
+violence of their nature, or perhaps by a mere contempt for their
+adversaries? May not such motives as these, put them often upon actions
+directly against the law, such as no evasions can be found for, and which
+will lay them fully open to the vengeance of a prevailing interest,
+whenever they are out of power? It is answered in the affirmative. And
+here we cannot refuse the late m[inistr]y their due praises, who
+foreseeing a storm, provided for their own safety, by two admirable
+expedients, by which, with great prudence, they have escaped the
+punishments due to pernicious counsels and corrupt management. The first,
+was to procure, under pretences hardly specious, a general Act of
+Indemnity,[8] which cuts off all impeachments. The second, was yet more
+refined: suppose, for instance, a counsel is to be pursued, which is
+necessary to carry on the dangerous designs of a prevailing party, to
+preserve them in power, to gratify the immeasurable appetites of a few
+leaders, civil and military, though by hazarding the ruin of the whole
+nation: this counsel, desperate in itself, unprecedented in the nature of
+it, they procure a majority to form into an address,[9] which makes it
+look like the sense of the nation. Under that shelter they carry on their
+work, and lie secure against after-reckonings.
+
+I must be so free to tell my meaning in this, that among other things, I
+understand it of the address made to the Qu[een] about three years ago,
+to desire that her M[ajest]y would not consent to a peace, without the
+entire restitution of Sp[ai]n.[10] A proceeding, which to people abroad,
+must look like the highest strain of temerity, folly, and gasconade. But
+we at home, who allow the promoters of that advice to be no fools, can
+easily comprehend the depth and mystery of it. They were assured by this
+means, to pin down the war upon us, consequently to increase their own
+power and wealth, and multiply difficulties on the Qu[een] and kingdom,
+till they had fixed their party too firmly to be shaken, whenever they
+should find themselves disposed to reverse their address, and give us
+leave to wish for a peace.
+
+If any man entertains a more favourable opinion of this monstrous step in
+politics; I would ask him what we must do, in case we find it impossible
+to recover Spain? Those among the Whigs who believe a God, will confess,
+that the events of war lie in His hands; and the rest of them, who
+acknowledge no such power, will allow, that Fortune hath too great a
+share in the good or ill success of military actions, to let a wise man
+reason upon them, as if they were entirely in his power. If Providence
+shall think fit to refuse success to our arms, with how ill a grace, with
+what shame and confusion, shall we be obliged to recant that precipitate
+address, unless the world will be so charitable to consider, that
+parliaments among us, differ as much as princes, and that by the fatal
+conjunction of many unhappy circumstances, it is very possible for our
+island to be represented sometimes by those who have the least
+pretensions to it. So little truth or justice there is in what some
+pretend to advance, that the actions of former senates, ought always to
+be treated with respect by the latter; that those assemblies are all
+equally venerable, and no one to be preferred before another: by which
+argument, the Parliament that began the rebellion against King Charles
+the First, voted his trial, and appointed his murderers, ought to be
+remembered with respect.
+
+But to return from this digression; it is very plain, that considering
+the defectiveness of our laws, the variety of cases, the weakness of the
+prerogative, the power or the cunning of ill-designing men, it is
+possible, that many great abuses may be visibly committed, which cannot
+be legally punished: especially if we add to this, that some enquiries
+might probably involve those, whom upon other accounts, it is not
+thought convenient to disturb. Therefore, it is very false reasoning,
+especially in the management of public affairs, to argue that men are
+innocent, because the law hath not pronounced them guilty.
+
+I am apt to think, it was to supply such defects as these, that satire
+was first introduced into the world; whereby those whom neither religion,
+nor natural virtue, nor fear of punishment, were able to keep within the
+bounds of their duty, might be withheld by the shame of having their
+crimes exposed to open view in the strongest colours, and themselves
+rendered odious to mankind. Perhaps all this may be little regarded by
+such hardened and abandoned natures as I have to deal with; but, next to
+taming or binding a savage animal, the best service you can do the
+neighbourhood, is to give them warning, either to arm themselves, or not
+come in its way.
+
+Could I have hoped for any signs of remorse from the leaders of that
+faction, I should very gladly have changed my style, and forgot or passed
+by their million of enormities. But they are every day more fond of
+discovering their impotent zeal and malice: witness their conduct in the
+city about a fortnight ago,[11] which had no other end imaginable, beside
+that of perplexing our affairs, and endeavouring to make things
+desperate, that themselves may be thought necessary. While they continue
+in this frantic mood, I shall not forbear to treat them as they deserve;
+that is to say, as the inveterate, irreconcilable enemies to our country
+and its constitution.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 38 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: "It is a shameful thing in a state which is governed by
+laws, that there should be any departure from them." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: This paper called forth a reply which was printed in two
+forms, one with the title: "A Few Words upon the Examiner's Scandalous
+Peace" (London, 1711), and the other, "Reflections upon the
+Examiner's Scandalous Peace" (London: A. Baldwin, 1711). A careful
+comparison of these pamphlets shows that the text corresponds
+page for page. The author commences: "Though 'The Examiner' be certainly
+the most trifling, scurrilous, and malicious writer that ever appeared,
+yet, in spite of all his gross untruths and absurd notions, by assuming
+to himself an air of authority, and speaking in the person of one
+employed by the ministry, he sometimes gives a kind of weight to what he
+says, so as to make impressions of terror upon honest minds." Then, after
+quoting several of the Queen's Speeches to Parliament, and the Addresses
+in reply, he observes: "The 'Examiner' is resolved to continue so
+faithful to his principal quality of speaking untruths, that he has
+industriously taken care not to recite truly the very Address he makes it
+his business to rail at;" and he points out that it was not the
+"restitution of Spain," but the restoration of the Spanish Monarchy to
+the House of Austria that was desired. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: "How near to sin they can go without actually sinning."
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: The Muscovite Ambassador (A.A. Matveof) was arrested and
+taken out of his coach by violence. A Bill was brought into the House
+of Commons "for preserving the Privileges of Ambassadors," February
+7th, 1708/9, and obtained the Royal Assent, April 21st, 1709 (7 Ann.
+c. 12).
+
+Matveof, it seemed, was arrested by his creditors, who feared that,
+since he had taken leave at Court, they would never be paid. Peter
+the Great was angry at the indignity thus offered his representative,
+and was only unwillingly pacified by the above Act. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Richard Dyet, J.P., "is discovered to have counterfeited
+stamped paper, in which he was a commissioner; and, with his accomplices,
+has cheated the Queen of £100,000" (Swift's "Journal to Stella," October
+3rd, 1710, vol. ii., p. 20 of present edition). He was tried for felony
+at the Old Bailey, January 13th, 1710/1, and was acquitted, because his
+offence was only a breach of trust. He was, however, re-committed
+for trial on the charge of misdemeanour. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: "Some very considerable abuses," the chancellor of the
+exchequer informed the House of Commons on January 3rd, 1710/1, "have
+been discovered in the victualling." It appears that the seamen in the
+navy were allowed seven pints of beer per day, during the time they were
+on board. In port, of course the sailors were permitted to go ashore, but
+the allowance was still charged to the ship's account; and became a
+perquisite of the purser. It often happened that the contractors did not
+send in the full amount of beer paid for, but gave the purser money in
+exchange for the difference. The scandal was brought to the attention
+of the House as stated, and a committee was appointed to inquire into
+the abuse. On February 15th the House considered the committee's report,
+and it was found that Thomas Ridge, Member for Portsmouth, contracted to
+supply 5,513 tons of beer, and had delivered only 3,213. Several other
+brewers of Portsmouth had been guilty of the same fraud. Mr. Ridge was
+expelled the House the same day. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: See Swift's "Journal," quoted in notes to No. 33, _ante_, p.
+214. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: This Act was passed in 1708. See No. 18, _ante_, and note,
+p. 105. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: The Address from both Houses, presented to the Queen,
+February 18th, 1709/10, prayed that she "would be pleased to order the
+Duke of Marlborough's immediate departure for Holland, where his presence
+will be equally necessary, to assist at the negotiations of peace, and to
+hasten the preparations for an early campaign," etc. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: The Address of both Houses to the Queen, presented on
+December 23rd, 1707, urged: "That nothing could restore a just balance of
+power in Europe, but the reducing the whole Spanish monarchy to the
+obedience of the House of Austria; and ... That no peace can be
+honourable or safe, for your Majesty or your allies, if Spain, the West
+Indies, or any part of the Spanish Monarchy, be suffered to remain under
+the power of the House of Bourbon." The resolutions as carried in the
+House of Lords on December 19th did not include the words "or any part of
+the Spanish Monarchy"; these words were introduced on a motion by Somers
+who was in the chair when the Select Committee met on December 20th to
+embody the resolutions in proper form. The altered resolution was quickly
+hurried through the Lords and agreed to by the Commons, and the Address
+as amended was presented to the Queen. By this bold move Somers prolonged
+the war indefinitely. See also note at the commencement of this number.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: This refers to the election of the governor and directors
+of the Bank of England on April 12th and 13th. All the Whig candidates
+were returned, and Sir H. Furnese was on the same day chosen Alderman for
+Bridge Within. See also No. 41, _post_, p. 267, [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+
+NUMB. 40.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY APRIL 26, TO THURSDAY MAY 3, 1711.
+
+  _Quis tulerit Gracchos de seditione querentes?_[2]
+
+There have been certain topics of reproach, liberally bestowed for some
+years past, by the Whigs and Tories, upon each other. We charge the
+former with a design of destroying the established Church, and
+introducing fanaticism and freethinking in its stead. We accuse them as
+enemies to monarchy; as endeavouring to undermine the present form of
+government, and to build a commonwealth, or some new scheme of their own,
+upon its ruins. On the other side, their clamours against us, may be
+summed up in those three formidable words, Popery, Arbitrary Power, and
+the Pretender. Our accusations against them we endeavour to make good by
+certain overt acts; such as their perpetually abusing the whole body of
+the clergy; their declared contempt for the very order of priesthood;
+their aversion for episcopacy; the public encouragement and patronage
+they gave to Tindall, Toland, and other atheistical writers; their
+appearing as professed advocates, retained by the Dissenters, excusing
+their separation, and laying the guilt of it to the obstinacy of the
+Church; their frequent endeavours to repeal the test, and their setting
+up the indulgence to scrupulous consciences, as a point of greater
+importance than the established worship. The regard they bear to our
+monarchy, hath appeared by their open ridiculing the martyrdom of King
+Charles the First, in their Calves-head Clubs,[3] their common discourses
+and their pamphlets: their denying the unnatural war raised against that
+prince, to have been a rebellion; their justifying his murder in the
+allowed papers of the week; their industry in publishing and spreading
+seditious and republican tracts; such as Ludlow's "Memoirs," Sidney "Of
+Government,"[4] and many others; their endless lopping of the
+prerogative, and mincing into nothing her M[ajest]y's titles to the
+crown.
+
+What proofs they bring for our endeavouring to introduce Popery,
+arbitrary power, and the Pretender, I cannot readily tell, and would be
+glad to hear; however, those important words having by dexterous
+management, been found of mighty service to their cause, though applied
+with little colour, either of reason or justice; I have been considering
+whether they may not be adapted to more proper objects.
+
+As to Popery, which is the first of these, to deal plainly, I can hardly
+think there is any set of men among us, except the professors of it, who
+have any direct intention to introduce it among us: but the question is,
+whether the principles and practices of us, or the Whigs, be most likely
+to make way for it? It is allowed, on all hands, that among the methods
+concerted at Rome, for bringing over England into the bosom of the
+Catholic Church; one of the chief was, to send Jesuits and other
+emissaries, in lay habits, who personating tradesmen and mechanics,
+should mix with the people, and under the pretence of a further and purer
+reformation, endeavour to divide us into as many sects as possible, which
+would either put us under the necessity of returning to our old errors,
+to preserve peace at home; or by our divisions make way for some powerful
+neighbour, with the assistance of the Pope's permission, and a
+consecrated banner, to convert and enslave us at once. If this hath been
+reckoned good politics (and it was the best the Jesuit schools could
+invent) I appeal to any man, whether the Whigs, for many years past, have
+not been employed in the very same work? They professed on all occasions,
+that they knew no reason why any one system of speculative opinions (as
+they termed the doctrines of the Church) should be established by law
+more than another; or why employments should be confined to the religion
+of the magistrate, and that called the Church established. The grand
+maxim they laid down was, That no man, for the sake of a few notions and
+ceremonies, under the names of doctrine and discipline, should be denied
+the liberty of serving his country: as if places would go a begging,
+unless Brownists, Familists, Sweet-singers, Quakers, Anabaptists and
+Muggletonians, would take them off our hands.
+
+I have been sometimes imagining this scheme brought to perfection, and
+how diverting it would look to see half a dozen Sweet-singers on the
+bench in their ermines, and two or three Quakers with their white staves
+at court. I can only say, this project is the very counterpart of the
+late King James's design, which he took up as the best method for
+introducing his own religion, under the pretext of an universal liberty
+of conscience, and that no difference in religion, should make any in his
+favour. Accordingly, to save appearances, he dealt some employments among
+Dissenters of most denominations; and what he did was, no doubt, in
+pursuance of the best advice he could get at home or abroad; and the
+Church thought it the most dangerous step he could take for her
+destruction. It is true, King James admitted Papists among the rest,
+which the Whigs would not; but this is sufficiently made up by a material
+circumstance, wherein they seem to have much outdone that prince, and to
+have carried their liberty of conscience to a higher point, having
+granted it to all the classes of Freethinkers, which the nice conscience
+of a Popish prince would not give him leave to do; and was therein
+mightily overseen; because it is agreed by the learned, that there is
+but a very narrow step from atheism, to the other extreme, superstition.
+So that upon the whole, whether the Whigs had any real design of bringing
+in Popery or no, it is very plain, that they took the most effectual step
+towards it; and if the Jesuits had been their immediate directors, they
+could not have taught them better, nor have found apter scholars.
+
+Their second accusation is, That we encourage and maintain arbitrary
+power in princes, and promote enslaving doctrines among the people. This
+they go about to prove by instances, producing the particular opinions of
+certain divines in King Charles the Second's reign; a decree of Oxford
+University,[5] and some few writers since the Revolution. What they mean,
+is the principle of passive obedience and non-resistance, which those who
+affirm, did, I believe, never intend should include arbitrary power.
+However, though I am sensible that it is not reckoned prudent in a
+dispute, to make any concessions without the last necessity; yet I do
+agree, that in my own private opinion, some writers did carry that tenet
+of passive obedience to a height, which seemed hardly consistent with the
+liberties of a country, whose laws can be neither enacted nor repealed,
+without the consent of the whole people. I mean not those who affirm it
+due in general, as it certainly is to the Legislature, but such as fix it
+entirely in the prince's person. This last has, I believe, been done by a
+very few; but when the Whigs quote authors to prove it upon us, they
+bring in all who mention it as a duty in general, without applying it to
+princes, abstracted from their senate.
+
+By thus freely declaring my own sentiments of passive obedience, it will
+at least appear, that I do not write for a party: neither do I, upon any
+occasion, pretend to speak their sentiments, but my own. The majority of
+the two Houses, and the present ministry (if those be a party) seem to me
+in all their proceedings, to pursue the real interest of Church and
+State: and if I shall happen to differ from particular persons among
+them, in a single notion about government, I suppose they will not, upon
+that account, explode me and my paper. However, as an answer once for
+all, to the tedious scurrilities of those idle people, who affirm, I am
+hired and directed what to write;[6] I must here inform them, that their
+censure is an effect of their principles: The present m[inistr]y are
+under no necessity of employing prostitute pens; they have no dark
+designs to promote, by advancing heterodox opinions.
+
+But (to return) suppose two or three private divines, under King Charles
+the Second, did a little overstrain the doctrine of passive obedience to
+princes; some allowance might be given to the memory of that unnatural
+rebellion against his father, and the dismal consequences of resistance.
+It is plain, by the proceedings of the Churchmen before and at the
+Revolution, that this doctrine was never designed to introduce arbitrary
+power.[7]
+
+I look upon the Whigs and Dissenters to be exactly of the same political
+faith; let us, therefore, see what share each of them had in advancing
+arbitrary power. It is manifest, that the fanatics made Cromwell the most
+absolute tyrant in Christendom:[8] The Rump abolished the House of Lords;
+the army abolished the Rump; and by this army of _saints_, he governed.
+The Dissenters took liberty of conscience and employments from the late
+King James, as an acknowledgment of his dispensing power; which makes a
+King of England as absolute as the Turk. The Whigs, under the late king,
+perpetually declared for keeping up a standing army, in times of peace;
+which has in all ages been the first and great step to the ruin of
+liberty. They were, besides, discovering every day their inclinations to
+destroy the rights of the Church; and declared their opinion, in all
+companies, against the bishops sitting in the House of Peers: which
+was exactly copying after their predecessors of 'Forty-one. I need not
+say their real intentions were to make the king absolute, but whatever be
+the designs of innovating men, they usually end in a tyranny: as we may
+see by an hundred examples in Greece, and in the later commonwealths of
+Italy, mentioned by Machiavel.
+
+In the third place, the Whigs accuse us of a design to bring in the
+Pretender; and to give it a greater air of probability, they suppose the
+Qu[een] to be a party in this design; which however, is no very
+extraordinary supposition in those who have advanced such singular
+paradoxes concerning Gregg and Guiscard. Upon this article, their charge
+is general, without ever offering to produce an instance. But I verily
+think, and believe it will appear no paradox, that if ever he be brought
+in, the Whigs are his men. For, first, it is an undoubted truth, that a
+year or two after the Revolution, several leaders of that party had their
+pardons sent them by the late King James,[9] and had entered upon
+measures to restore him, on account of some disobligations they received
+from King William. Besides, I would ask, whether those who are under the
+greatest ties of gratitude to King James, are not at this day become the
+most zealous Whigs? And of what party those are now, who kept a long
+correspondence with St. Germains?
+
+It is likewise very observable of late, that the Whigs upon all
+occasions, profess their belief of the Pretender's being no impostor, but
+a real prince, born of the late Queen's body:[10] which whether it be
+true or false, is very unseasonably advanced, considering the weight such
+an opinion must have with the vulgar, if they once thoroughly believe it.
+Neither is it at all improbable, that the Pretender himself puts his
+chief hopes in the friendship he expects from the Dissenters and Whigs,
+by his choice to invade the kingdom when the latter were most in credit:
+and he had reason to count upon the former, from the gracious treatment
+they received from his supposed father, and their joyful acceptance
+of it. But further, what could be more consistent with the Whiggish
+notion of a revolution-principle, than to bring in the Pretender? A
+revolution-principle, as their writings and discourses have taught us to
+define it, is a principle perpetually disposing men to revolutions: and
+this is suitable to the famous saying of a great Whig, "That the more
+revolutions the better"; which how odd a maxim soever in appearance, I
+take to be the true characteristic of the party.
+
+A dog loves to turn round often; yet after certain revolutions, he lies
+down to rest: but heads, under the dominion of the moon, are for
+perpetual changes, and perpetual revolutions: besides, the Whigs owe all
+their wealth to wars and revolutions; like the girl at Bartholomew-fair,
+who gets a penny by turning round a hundred times, with swords in her
+hands.[11]
+
+To conclude, the Whigs have a natural faculty of bringing in pretenders,
+and will therefore probably endeavour to bring in the great one at last:
+How many _pretenders_ to wit, honour, nobility, politics, have they
+brought in these last twenty years? In short, they have been sometimes
+able to procure a majority of pretenders in Parliament; and wanted
+nothing to render the work complete, except a Pretender at their head.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 39 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Juvenal, "Satires," ii. 24.
+
+  "Who his spleen could rein,
+  And hear the Gracchi of the mob complain?"--W. GIFFORD.
+
+  [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: The Calves-Head Club "was erected by an impudent set of
+people, who have their feast of calves-heads in several parts of the
+town, on the 30th of January; in derision of the day, and defiance of
+monarchy" ("Secret History of the Calves-Head Club," 1703). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: These works can hardly be called "tracts." Algernon Sidney's
+"Discourses concerning Government" (1698), is a portly folio of 467
+pages, and Ludlow's "Memoirs" (1698-9) occupy three stout octavo volumes.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: On July 21st, 1683, the University of Oxford passed a decree
+condemning as "false, seditious, and impious," a series of twenty-seven
+propositions, among which were the following:
+
+"All civil authority is derived originally from the people."
+
+"The King has but a co-ordinate power, and may be over-ruled by the Lords
+and Commons."
+
+"Wicked kings and tyrants ought to be put to death."
+
+"King Charles the First was lawfully put to death."
+
+The decree was reprinted in 1709/10 with the title, "An Entire
+Confutation of Mr. Hoadley's Book, of the Original of Government." It was
+burnt by the order of the House of Lords, dated March 23rd, 1709/10.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: In a letter to Dr. Chenevix, Bishop of Waterford (dated May
+23rd, 1758), Lord Chesterfield, speaking of Swift's "Last Four Years,"
+says that it "is a party pamphlet, founded on the lie of the day,
+which, as Lord Bolingbroke who had read it often assured me, _was
+coined and delivered out to him, to write 'Examiners' and other
+political papers upon_" (Chesterfield's "Works," ii. 498, edit. 1777).
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: From this and many previous passages it is obvious, that, in
+joining the Tories, Swift reserved to himself the right of putting his
+own interpretation upon the speculative points of their political creed.
+[S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: See Swift's "Presbyterians' Plea of Merit," and note, vol.
+iv., p. 36, of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: James II. sent a Declaration to England, dated April 20th,
+1692, in which he promised to pardon all those who should return to their
+duty. He made a few exceptions, and among these were Ormonde, Sunderland,
+Nottingham, Churchill, etc. It is said that of Churchill James remarked
+that he never could forgive him until he should efface the memory of his
+ingratitude by some eminent service. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: "The Pretended Prince of Wales," as he is styled in several
+Acts of Parliament, was first called "the Pretender" in Queen Anne's
+speech to Parliament on March 11th, 1707/8. She then said: "The French
+fleet sailed from Dunkirk, Tuesday, at three in the morning, northward,
+with the Pretender on board." The same epithet is employed in the
+Addresses by the two Houses in reply to this speech.
+
+It was currently reported that he was not a son of James II. and Queen
+Mary. Several pamphlets were written by "W. Fuller," to prove that he was
+the son of a gentlewoman named Grey, who was brought to England from
+Ireland in 1688 by the Countess of Tyrconnel. See also note on p. 409 of
+vol. v. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: An exhibition described at length in Ward's "London Spy."
+The wonder and dexterity of the feat consisted in the damsel sustaining a
+number of drawn swords upright upon her hands, shoulders, and neck, and
+turning round so nimbly as to make the spectators giddy. [S.]]
+
+
+
+
+NUMB. 41.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY MAY 3, TO THURSDAY MAY 10, 1711.[2]
+
+
+  _Dos est magna parentium virtus._[3]
+
+I took up a paper[4] some days ago in a coffee-house; and if the
+correctness of the style, and a superior spirit in it, had not
+immediately undeceived me, I should have been apt to imagine, I had been
+reading an "Examiner." In this paper, there were several important
+propositions advanced. For instance, that "Providence raised up Mr.
+H[arle]y to be an instrument of great good, in a very critical juncture,
+when it was much wanted." That, "his very enemies acknowledge his eminent
+abilities, and distinguishing merit, by their unwearied and restless
+endeavours against his person and reputation": That "they have had
+an inveterate malice against both": That he "has been wonderfully
+preserved from _some_ unparalleled attempts"; with more to the same
+purpose. I immediately computed by rules of arithmetic, that in the last
+cited words there was something more intended than the attempt of
+Guiscard, which I think can properly pass but for _one_ of the "some."
+And, though I dare not pretend to guess the author's meaning; yet the
+expression allows such a latitude, that I would venture to hold a wager,
+most readers, both Whig and Tory, have agreed with me, that this plural
+number must, in all probability, among other facts, take in the business
+of Gregg.[5]
+
+See now the difference of styles. Had I been to have told my thoughts on
+this occasion; instead of saying how Mr. H[arle]y was "treated by some
+persons," and "preserved from some unparalleled attempts"; I should with
+intolerable bluntness and ill manners, have told a formal story, of a
+com[mitt]ee[6] sent to a condemned criminal in Newgate, to bribe him with
+a pardon, on condition he would swear high treason against his master,
+who discovered his correspondence, and secured his person, when a certain
+grave politician had given him warning to make his escape: and by this
+means I should have drawn a whole swarm of hedge-writers to exhaust their
+catalogue of scurrilities against me as a liar, and a slanderer. But with
+submission to the author of that forementioned paper, I think he has
+carried that expression to the utmost it will bear: for after all this
+noise, I know of but two "attempts" against Mr. H[arle]y, that can really
+be called "unparalleled," which are those aforesaid of Gregg and
+Guiscard; and as to the rest, I will engage to parallel them from the
+story of Catiline, and others I could produce.
+
+However, I cannot but observe, with infinite pleasure, that a great part
+of what I have charged upon the late prevailing faction, and for
+affirming which, I have been adorned with so many decent epithets, hath
+been sufficiently confirmed at several times, by the resolutions of one
+or the other House of Parliament.[7] I may therefore now say, I hope,
+with good authority, that there have been "some unparalleled attempts"
+against Mr. Harley. That the late ministry were justly to blame in some
+management, which occasioned the unfortunate battle of Almanza,[8] and
+the disappointment at Toulon.[9] That the public has been grievously
+wronged by most notorious frauds, during the Whig administration. That
+those who advised the bringing in the Palatines,[10] were enemies to the
+kingdom. That the late managers of the revenue have not duly passed their
+accounts,[11] for a great part of thirty-five millions, and ought not to
+be trusted in such employments any more. Perhaps in a little time, I may
+venture to affirm some other paradoxes of this kind, and produce the same
+vouchers. And perhaps also, if it had not been so busy a period, instead
+of one "Examiner," the late ministry might have had above four hundred,
+each of whose little fingers would be heavier than my loins. It makes me
+think of Neptune's threat to the winds:
+
+  _Quos ego--sed motos praestat componere fluctus._[12]
+
+Thus when these sons of Aeolus, had almost sunk the ship with the
+tempests they raised, it was necessary to smooth the ocean, and secure
+the vessel, instead of pursuing the offenders.
+
+But I observe the general expectation at present, instead of dwelling any
+longer upon conjectures who is to be punished for past miscarriages,
+seems bent upon the rewards intended to those, who have been so highly
+instrumental in rescuing our constitution from its late dangers. It is
+the observation of Tacitus, in the life of Agricola, that his eminent
+services had raised a general opinion of his being designed, by the
+emperor, for praetor of Britain. _Nullis in hoc suis sermonibus, sed quia
+par videbatur:_ and then he adds, _Non semper errat fama, aliquando et
+eligit._[13] The judgment of a wise prince, and the general disposition
+of the people, do often point at the same person; and sometimes the
+popular wishes, do even foretell the reward intended for some superior
+merit. Thus among several deserving persons, there are two,[14] whom the
+public vogue hath in a peculiar manner singled out, as designed very soon
+to receive the choicest marks of the royal favour. One of them to be
+placed in a very high station, and both to increase the number of our
+nobility. This, I say, is the general conjecture; for I pretend to none,
+nor will be chargeable if it be not fulfilled; since it is enough for
+their honour, that the nation thinks them worthy of the greatest rewards.
+
+Upon this occasion I cannot but take notice, that of all the heresies in
+politics, profusely scattered by the partisans of the late
+administration, none ever displeased me more, or seemed to have more
+dangerous consequences to monarchy, than that pernicious talent so much
+affected, of discovering a contempt for birth, family, and ancient
+nobility. All the threadbare topics of poets and orators were displayed
+to discover to us, that merit and virtue were the only nobility; and that
+the advantages of blood, could not make a knave or a fool either honest
+or wise. Most popular commotions we read of in histories of Greece and
+Rome, took their rise from unjust quarrels to the nobles; and in the
+latter, the plebeians' encroachments on the patricians, were the first
+cause of their ruin.
+
+Suppose there be nothing but opinion in the difference of blood; every
+body knows, that authority is very much founded on opinion. But surely,
+that difference is not wholly imaginary. The advantages of a liberal
+education, of choosing the best companions to converse with; not being
+under the necessity of practising little mean tricks by a scanty
+allowance; the enlarging of thought, and acquiring the knowledge of men
+and things by travel; the example of ancestors inciting to great and good
+actions. These are usually some of the opportunities, that fall in the
+way of those who are born, of what we call the better families; and
+allowing genius to be equal in them and the vulgar, the odds are clearly
+on their side. Nay, we may observe in some, who by the appearance of
+merit, or favour of fortune, have risen to great stations, from an
+obscure birth, that they have still retained some sordid vices of their
+parentage or education, either insatiable avarice, or ignominious
+falsehood and corruption.
+
+To say the truth, the great neglect of education, in several noble
+families, whose sons are suffered to pass the most improvable seasons of
+their youth, in vice and idleness, have too much lessened their
+reputation; but even this misfortune we owe, among all the rest, to that
+Whiggish practice of reviling the Universities, under the pretence of
+their instilling pedantry, narrow principles, and high-church doctrines.
+
+I would not be thought to undervalue merit and virtue, wherever they are
+to be found; but will allow them capable of the highest dignities in a
+state, when they are in a very great degree of eminence. A pearl holds
+its value though it be found in a dunghill; but however, that is not the
+most probable place to search for it. Nay, I will go farther, and admit,
+that a man of quality without merit, is just so much the worse for his
+quality; which at once sets his vices in a more public view, and
+reproaches him for them. But on the other side, I doubt, those who are
+always undervaluing the advantages of birth, and celebrating personal
+merit, have principally an eye to their own, which they are fully
+satisfied with, and which nobody will dispute with them about; whereas
+they cannot, without impudence and folly, pretend to be nobly born:
+because this is a secret too easily discovered: for no men's parentage is
+so nicely inquired into, as that of assuming upstarts; especially when
+they affect to make it better than it is, as they often do, or behave
+themselves with insolence.
+
+But whatever may be the opinion of others upon this subject, whose
+philosophical scorn for blood and families, reaches even to those that
+are royal, or perhaps took its rise from a Whiggish contempt of the
+latter; I am pleased to find two such instances of extraordinary merit,
+as I have mentioned, joined with ancient and honourable birth, which
+whether it be of real or imaginary value, hath been held in veneration by
+all wise, polite states, both ancient and modern. And, as much a foppery,
+as men pretend to think it, nothing is more observable in those who rise
+to great place or wealth, from mean originals, than their mighty
+solicitude to convince the world that they are not so low as is commonly
+believed. They are glad to find it made out by some strained genealogy,
+that they have some remote alliance with better families. Cromwell
+himself was pleased with the impudence of a flatterer, who undertook to
+prove him descended from a branch of the royal stem. I know a
+citizen,[15] who adds or alters a letter in his name with every plum he
+acquires: he now wants but the change of a vowel, to be allied to a
+sovereign prince in Italy; and that perhaps he may contrive to be done,
+by a _mistake_ of the graver upon his tombstone.
+
+When I am upon this subject of nobility, I am sorry for the occasion
+given me, to mention the loss of a person who was so great an ornament to
+it, as the late lord president;[16] who began early to distinguish
+himself in the public service, and passed through the highest employments
+of state, in the most difficult times, with great abilities and untainted
+honour. As he was of a good old age, his principles of religion and
+loyalty had received no mixture from late infusions, but were instilled
+into him by his illustrious father, and other noble spirits, who had
+exposed their lives and fortunes for the royal martyr.
+
+            ----_Pulcherrima proles,
+  Magnanimi heroes nati melioribus annis._[17]
+
+His first great action was, like Scipio, to defend his father,[18] when
+oppressed by numbers; and his filial piety was not only rewarded with
+long life, but with a son, who upon the like occasion, would have shewn
+the same resolution. No man ever preserved his dignity better when he was
+out of power, nor shewed more affability while he was in. To conclude:
+his character (which I do not here pretend to draw) is such, as his
+nearest friends may safely trust to the most impartial pen; nor wants the
+least of that allowance which, they say, is required for those who are
+dead.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 40 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Writing to Stella, May 14th, 1711, Swift informs her: "Dr.
+Freind was with me, and pulled out a twopenny pamphlet just published
+called 'The State of Wit,' giving a character of all the papers that have
+come out of late. The author seems to be a Whig, yet he speaks very
+highly of a paper called 'The Examiner,' and says the supposed author of
+it is Dr. Swift" (vol. ii., p. 176, of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: Horace, "Odes," III. xxiv. 21.
+
+  "The lovers there for dowry claim
+  The father's virtue, and the mother's fame."
+                               P. FRANCIS.
+
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: "The Congratulatory Speech of William Bromley, Esq., ...
+together with the Chancellor of the Exchequer's Answer."--See also No.
+42, _post_, pp. 273-4. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: See No. 33, _ante_, pp. 207-14. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: The writer of "A Letter to the Seven Lords" says this means
+"that there was a committee of seven lords, sent to a condemned criminal
+in Newgate, to bribe him with a pardon, on condition he would swear high
+treason, against his master."
+
+In Hoffman's "Secret Transactions" (pp. 14, 15) the matter is thus
+referred to: "Who those persons were that offered Gregg his life, with
+great preferments and advantages (if he would but accuse his master) may
+not uneasily be guessed at, for most of the time he was locked up none
+but people of note, were permitted to come near him, who made him strange
+promises, and often repeated them." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: "He does, with his own impudence, and with the malice of a
+devil, bring in both Houses of P---- to say and mean the same thing....
+It is matter of wonder ... to see the greatest ministers of state we ever
+had (till now) treated by a poor paper-pedlar, every Thursday, like the
+veriest rascals in the kingdom.... I could, if it were needful, bring a
+great many instances, of this licentious way of the scum of mankind's
+treating the greatest peers in the nation" ("A Letter to the Seven
+Lords"). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: The Earl of Galway was defeated by the Duke of Berwick at
+this battle on April 25th, 1707. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: The Allies, under the Duke of Savoy, unsuccessfully laid
+siege to Toulon from July 26th to August 21st, 1707. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: The Palatines, who were mostly Lutherans, came over to
+England in great numbers in May and June of 1709. So large was the
+immigration that the House of Commons, on April 14th, 1711, passed a
+resolution declaring that the inviting and bringing over of the Palatines
+"at the public expense, was an extravagant and unreasonable charge to the
+kingdom, and a scandalous misapplication of the public money." Whoever
+advised it, said the resolution, "was an enemy to the Queen and this
+kingdom." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: A Committee, appointed January 13th, 1710/1, reported in
+April, 1711, that accounts for _£_35,302,107 18_s._ 9-5/8_d._(_sic_) had
+not been passed. On February 21st, 1711/2, the auditors presented a
+statement which showed that of these accounts (which went back to 1681),
+_£_6,133,571 had then been passed, and that a considerable portion of the
+remainder was waiting for technicalities only. On June 11th, 1713, it was
+reported that _£_24,624,436 had been either passed or "adjusted." See
+"Journals of House of Commons," xvi., xvii. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: Virgil, "Aeneid," i. 135.
+"Whom I--but first this uproar must be quelled."--R. KENNEDY.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: Tacitus, "Agricola," 9. (Tacitus wrote "Haud semper," etc.)
+"An opinion not founded upon any suggestions of his own, but upon his
+being thought equal to the station. Common fame does not always err,
+sometimes it even directs a choice" ("Oxford Translation" revised).
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 14: Harley, who was created Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer,
+May 23rd, 1711, and Sir Simon Harcourt, made Baron Harcourt, September
+3rd, 1711. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 15: Sir Henry Furnese (1658-1712), Bart. He obtained his
+baronetcy June 18th, 1707, and was the first to receive that dignity
+since the Union. He sat in the House as Member for Bramber and Sandwich,
+and was twice expelled. He was, however, re-elected for Sandwich and
+represented that constituency until his death on November 30th, 1712.
+
+The variety of ways in which his name has been spelt is quite remarkable.
+In the "Calendar of State Papers" for 1691 and 1692, the name is given as
+Furness, Furnese, and Furnes. The "Journals of the House of Commons,"
+recording his expulsion, speaks of him as Furnesse. When he was knighted
+(October 11th, 1691), the "Gazette" of October 19th printed it Furnace,
+and when he was made a baronet, the same journal had it Furnese. In the
+official "Return of Names of Members," the name is given successively as,
+Furnace, Furnac, Furnice, Furnise, Furness and Furnese. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 16: Laurence Hyde, Earl of Rochester, second son of the first
+Earl of Clarendon (see No. 27, _ante_, p. 170). He undertook the defence
+of his father when the latter was impeached by the House of Commons,
+October 30th, 1667, on a charge of high treason. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 17: Virgil, "Aeneid," vi. 648-9.
+
+  "Warriors, high souled, in better ages born,
+  Great Teucer's noble race, these plains adorn."--J.M. KING.
+
+  [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 18: "When the tumultuous perplexed charge of accumulated
+treasons was preferred against him by the Commons; his son Laurence, then
+a Member of that House, stept forth with this brave defiance to his
+accusers, that, if they could make out any proof of any one single
+article, he would, as he was authorized, join in the condemnation of his
+father" (Burton's "Genuineness of Clarendon's History," p. 111). [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+
+NUMB. 42.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY MAY 10, TO THURSDAY MAY 17, 1711.
+
+
+  _------Quem cur distringere coner,
+  Tutus ab infestis latronibus?_[2]
+
+
+I never let slip an opportunity of endeavouring to convince the world,
+that I am not partial, and to confound the idle reproach of my being
+hired or directed what to write in defence of the present ministry,[3] or
+for detecting the practices of the former. When I first undertook this
+paper, I firmly resolved, that if ever I observed any gross neglect,
+abuse or corruption in the public management, which might give any just
+offence to reasonable people, I would take notice of it with that
+innocent boldness which becomes an honest man, and a true lover of his
+country; at the same time preserving the respect due to persons so highly
+entrusted by so wise and excellent a Queen. I know not how such a liberty
+might have been resented; but I thank God there has been no occasion
+given me to exercise it; for I can safely affirm, that I have with the
+utmost rigour, examined all the actions of the present ministry, as far
+as they fall under general cognizance, without being able to accuse them
+of one ill or mistaken step. Observing indeed some time ago, that seeds
+of dissension[4] had been plentifully scattered from a certain corner,
+and fearing they began to rise and spread, I immediately writ a paper on
+the subject; which I treated with that warmth I thought it required: but
+the prudence of those at the helm soon prevented this growing evil; and
+at present it seems likely to have no consequences.
+
+I have had indeed for some time a small occasion of quarrelling, which I
+thought too inconsiderable for a formal subject of complaint, though I
+have hinted at it more than once. But it is grown at present to as great
+a height, as a matter of that nature can possibly bear; and therefore I
+conceive it high time that an effectual stop should be put to it. I have
+been amazed at the flaming licentiousness of several weekly papers, which
+for some months past, have been chiefly employed in barefaced
+scurrilities against those who are in the greatest trust and favour with
+the Qu[een], with the first and last letters of their names frequently
+printed; or some periphrasis describing their station, or other
+innuendoes, contrived too plain to be mistaken. The consequence of which
+is, (and it is natural it should be so) that their long impunity hath
+rendered them still more audacious.
+
+At this time I particularly intend a paper called the "Medley"; whose
+indefatigable, incessant railings against me, I never thought convenient
+to take notice of, because it would have diverted my design, which I
+thought was of public use.[5] Besides, I never yet observed that writer,
+or those writers, (for it is every way a "Medley") to argue against any
+one material point or fact that I had advanced, or make one fair
+quotation. And after all, I knew very well how soon the world grow weary
+of controversy. It is plain to me, that three or four hands at least have
+been joined at times in that worthy composition; but the outlines as well
+as the finishing, seem to have been always the work of the same pen, as
+it is visible from half a score beauties of style inseparable from it.
+But who these Meddlers are, or where the judicious leaders have picked
+them up, I shall never go about to conjecture: factious rancour, false
+wit, abandoned scurrility, impudent falsehood, and servile pedantry,
+having so many fathers, and so few to own them, that curiosity herself
+would not be at the pains to guess. It is the first time I ever did
+myself the honour to mention that admirable paper: nor could I imagine
+any occasion likely to happen, that would make it necessary for me to
+engage with such an adversary. This paper is weekly published, and as
+appears by the number, has been so for several months, and is next to the
+"Observator,"[6] allowed to be the best production of the party. Last
+week my printer brought me that of May 7, Numb. 32. where there are two
+paragraphs[7] relating to the Speaker of the House of Commons, and to Mr.
+Harley; which, as little as I am inclined to engage with such an
+antagonist, I cannot let pass, without failing in my duty to the public:
+and if those in power will suffer such infamous insinuations to pass with
+impunity, they act without precedent from any age or country of the
+world.
+
+I desire to open this matter, and leave the Whigs themselves to determine
+upon it. The House of Commons resolved, _nemine contradicente_, that the
+Speaker should congratulate Mr. Harley's escape and recovery[8] in the
+name of the House, upon his first attendance on their service. This is
+accordingly done; and the speech, together with the chancellor of the
+exchequer's, are printed by order of the House.[9] The author of the
+"Medley" takes this speech to task the very next week after it is
+published, telling us, in the aforesaid paper, that the Speaker's
+commending Mr. Harley, for being "an instrument of great good" to the
+nation, was "ill-chosen flattery"; because Mr. Harley had brought the
+"nation under great difficulties, to say no more:" He says, that when the
+Speaker tells Mr. Harley, that Providence has "wonderfully preserved" him
+"from some unparalleled attempts" (for that the "Medley" alludes to) he
+only "revives a false and groundless calumny upon other men"; which is
+"an instance of impotent, but inveterate malice,"[10] that makes him [the
+Speaker] "still appear more vile and contemptible." This is an extract
+from his first paragraph. In the next this writer says, that the
+Speaker's "praying to God for the continuance of Mr. Harley's life, as an
+invaluable blessing,[11] was a fulsome piece of insincerity, which
+exposes him to shame and derision"; because he is "known to bear ill will
+to Mr. Harley, to have an extreme bad opinion of him, and to think him an
+obstructor of those fine measures he would bring about."
+
+I now appeal to the Whigs themselves, whether a great minister of state,
+in high favour with the Qu[een], and a Speaker of the House of Commons,
+were ever publicly treated after so extraordinary a manner, in the most
+licentious times? For this is not a clandestine libel stolen into the
+world, but openly printed and sold, with the bookseller's name and place
+of abode at the bottom. And the juncture is admirable, when Mr. H[arle]y
+is generally believed upon the very point to be made an earl, and
+promoted to the most important station of the kingdom:[12] nay, the very
+marks of esteem he hath so lately received from the whole representative
+body of the people, are called "ill-chosen flattery," and "a fulsome
+piece of insincerity," exposing the donors "to shame and derision."
+
+Does this intrepid writer think he has sufficiently disguised the matter,
+by that stale artifice of altering the story, and putting it as a
+supposed case? Did any man who ever saw the congratulatory speech, read
+either of those paragraphs in the "Medley," without interpreting them
+just as I have done? Will the author declare upon his great sincerity,
+that he never had any such meaning? Is it enough, that a jury at
+Westminster-Hall would, perhaps, not find him guilty of defaming the
+Speaker and Mr. Harley in that paper? which however, I am much in doubt
+of too; and must think the law very defective, if the reputation of such
+persons must lie at the mercy of such pens. I do not remember to have
+seen any libel, supposed to be writ with caution and double meaning, in
+order to prevent prosecution, delivered under so thin a cover, or so
+unartificially made up as this; whether it were from an apprehension of
+his readers' dullness, or an effect of his own. He hath transcribed the
+very phrases of the Speaker, and put them in a different character, for
+fear they might pass unobserved, and to prevent all possibility of being
+mistaken. I shall be pleased to see him have recourse to the old evasion,
+and say, that I who make the application, am chargeable with the abuse:
+let any reader of either party be judge. But I cannot forbear asserting,
+as my opinion, that for a m[inist]ry to endure such open calumny, without
+calling the author to account, is next to deserving it. And this is an
+omission I venture to charge upon the present m[inist]ry, who are too apt
+to despise little things, which however have not always little
+consequences.
+
+When this paper was first undertaken, one design, among others, was, to
+_Examine_ some of those writings so frequently published with an evil
+tendency, either to religion or government; but I was long diverted by
+other enquiries, which I thought more immediately necessary, to
+animadvert upon men's actions, rather than their speculations: to shew
+the necessity there was of changing the ministry, that our constitution
+in Church and State might be preserved; to expose some dangerous
+principles and practices under the former administration, and prove by
+many instances, that those who are now at the helm, are entirely in the
+true interest of prince and people. This I may modestly hope, hath in
+some measure been already done, sufficient to answer the end proposed,
+which was to inform the ignorant and those at distance, and to convince
+such as are not engaged in a party, from other motives than that of
+conscience. I know not whether I shall have any appetite to continue this
+work much longer; if I do, perhaps some time may be spent in exposing and
+overturning the false reasonings of those who engage their pens on the
+other side, without losing time in vindicating myself against their
+scurrilities, much less in retorting them. Of this sort there is a
+certain humble companion, a French _maître de langues_,[13] who every
+month publishes an extract from votes, newspapers, speeches and
+proclamations, larded with some insipid remarks of his own; which he
+calls "The Political State of Great Britain:"[14] This ingenious piece he
+tells us himself, is constantly translated into French, and printed in
+Holland, where the Dutch, no doubt, conceive most noble sentiments of us,
+conveyed through such a vehicle. It is observable in his account for
+April, that the vanity, so predominant in many of his nation, has made
+him more concerned for the honour of Guiscard, than the safety of Mr.
+H[arle]y: And for fear we should think the worse of his country upon that
+assassin's account,[15] he tells us, there have been more murders,
+parricides and villanies, committed in England, than any other part of
+the world. I cannot imagine how an illiterate foreigner, who is neither
+master of our language, or indeed of common sense, and who is devoted to
+a faction, I suppose, for no other reason, but his having more Whig
+customers than Tories, should take it into his head to write politic
+tracts of our affairs. But I presume, he builds upon the foundation of
+having being called to an account for his insolence in one of his former
+monthly productions,[16] which is a method that seldom fails of giving
+some vogue to the foolishest composition. If such a work must be done, I
+wish some tolerable hand would undertake it; and that we would not suffer
+a little whiffling Frenchman to neglect his trade of teaching his
+language to our children, and presume to instruct foreigners in our
+politics.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 41 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Horace, "Satires," II. i. 41-2.
+          "Safe it lies
+Within the sheath, till villains round me rise."--P. FRANCIS.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: See No. 40, _ante_, and note, p. 259. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: In "A Discourse of the Contests and Dissensions ... Athens
+and Rome," 1701 (vol. i., pp. 227-270, of present edition). See also
+Swift's reference to this pamphlet in his "Memoirs Relating to that
+Change," etc. (vol. v., p. 379). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: "The Medley," under Maynwaring, with occasional help from
+Addison and Steele, seems to have been published for the sole purpose
+of replying to the "Examiner." No. 40 (July 2nd, 1711) begins: "The
+'Examiner' is grown so insipid and contemptible that my acquaintance
+are offended at my troubling myself about him." No. 45 (the final number,
+August 6th, 1711) expresses the writer's "deep concern" for the loss of
+his "dear friend 'The Examiner,' who has at once left the world and me,
+quite unprovided for so great a blow." When the "Examiner" was revived by
+W. Oldisworth in December, 1711, it was soon followed by a reappearance
+of "The Medley." It started afresh with Numb. I. on March 3rd, 1712
+(_i.e._ 1711/2), and continued until August 4th, 1712, the date of the
+publication of Numb. XLV. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: See No. 16, _ante_, and note p. 85. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: The two paragraphs appeared in No. 32 of "The Medley," and
+the writer introduces them by a reference to "praise and censure, which I
+choose out of all the rest, because it only concerns the 'Examiner' to be
+well instructed in them, he having no other business but to flatter the
+new m[inistry], and abuse the old." The first paragraph runs:
+
+"In the first place, whenever any body would praise another, all he can
+say will have no weight or effect, if it be not true or probable. If
+therefore, for example, my friend should take it into his head to commend
+a man, _for having been an instrument of great good to a nation_, when in
+truth that very person had brought that same nation under great
+difficulties, to say no more; such ill-chosen flattery would be of no use
+or moment, nor add the least credit to the person so commended. Or if he
+should take that occasion to revive any false and groundless calumny upon
+other men, or another party of men; such an instance of _impotent but
+inveterate malice_, would make him still appear more vile and
+contemptible. The reason of all which is, that what he said was neither
+just, proper, nor real, and therefore must needs want the force of true
+eloquence, which consists in nothing else but in well representing things
+as they really are. I advise therefore my friend, before he praises any
+more of his heroes, to learn the common rules of writing; and
+particularly to read over and over a certain chapter in Aristotle's first
+book of Rhetoric, where are given very proper and necessary directions,
+_for praising a man who has done nothing that he ought to be praised
+for_."
+
+There is no reference here to the Speaker. The reference is to the
+"Examiner"; nor is there any mention of Providence having wonderfully
+preserved him from some unparalleled attempts.
+
+The second paragraph runs:
+
+"But the ancients did not think it enough for men to speak what was true
+or probable, they required further that their orators should be heartily
+in earnest; and that they should have all those motions and affections in
+their own minds which they endeavoured to raise in others. He that
+thinks, says Cicero, to warm others with his eloquence, must first be
+warm himself. And Quintilian says, We must first be affected ourselves,
+before we can move others. This made Pliny's panegyric upon Trajan so
+well received by his hearers, because every body knew the wonderful
+esteem and affection which he had for the person he commended: and
+therefore, when he concluded with a prayer to Jupiter, that he would take
+care of the life and safety of that great and good man, which he said
+contained in it all other blessings; though the expression was so high,
+it passed very well with those that heard him, as being agreeable to the
+known sentiments and affection of the speaker. Whereas, if my friend
+should be known to bear ill-will to another person, or to have an extreme
+bad opinion of him, or to think him an abstractor of those fine measures
+he would bring about, and should yet in one of his panegyrics pray to God
+for the continuance of that very person's life, as '_an invaluable
+blessing_'; such a fulsome piece of insincerity would only expose him to
+shame and derision." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: The House of Commons resolved on April 11th, that the
+Speaker should congratulate Mr. Harley when he was able to attend the
+House. This was done on April 26th. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: The House of Commons, on April 27th, ordered, "That Mr.
+Speaker be desired to print his congratulatory speech ... with the Answer
+of Mr. Chancellor of the Exchequer to the same." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: The Speaker thanks God that Harley's enemies had "not been
+able to accomplish what their inveterate, but impotent, malice, had
+designed." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: The Speaker prayed that Providence might "continue still to
+preserve so invaluable a life." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: Harley was appointed lord treasurer, May 30th, 1711, and
+created Earl of Oxford, May 23rd. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: Abel Boyer (1667-1729), author of a French dictionary, a
+French grammar, "History of William III.," "History of Queen Anne," "The
+Political State," "The Post Boy" (1705-9), and many other works. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 14: "The Political State of Great Britain" was started in
+January, 1710/1, and continued monthly until 1740. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 15: See No. 33, _ante_, and note, p. 207. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 16: Boyer appeared before the House of Lords, March 6th,
+1710/1, and owned that he was the compiler of "The Political State of
+Great Britain." He was kept in custody till March 12th, when he was
+reprimanded, and discharged after he had paid his fees. His offence was
+that "an account is pretended to be given of the Debates and Proceedings
+of this House" ("Journals of House of Lords," xix). The third number of
+"The Political State," Boyer issued on March 17th, giving his reason for
+the delay in its appearance: "An unavoidable and unvoluntary avocation,
+of which I may give you an account hereafter, has obliged me to write to
+you a fortnight later than usual." [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+
+NUMB. 43.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY MAY 17, TO THURSDAY MAY 24, 1711.
+
+  _Delicta majorum immeritus lues,
+  Romane; donec templa refeceris,
+      Aedesque labentes deorum_----[2]
+
+
+
+Several letters have been lately sent me, desiring I would make
+honourable mention of the pious design of building fifty churches, in
+several parts of London and Westminster, where they are most wanted;
+occasioned by an address of the convocation to the Queen,[3] and
+recommended by her Majesty to the House of Commons; who immediately
+promised, they would enable her "to accomplish so excellent a design,"
+and are now preparing a Bill accordingly. I thought to have deferred any
+notice of this important affair till the end of this session; at which
+time I proposed to deliver a particular account of the great and useful
+things already performed by this present Parliament. But in compliance to
+those who give themselves the trouble of advising me; and partly
+convinced by the reasons they offer; I am content to bestow a paper upon
+a subject, that indeed so well deserves it.
+
+The clergy, and whoever else have a true concern for the constitution of
+the Church, cannot but be highly pleased with one prospect in this new
+scene of public affairs. They may very well remember the time, when every
+session of Parliament, was like a cloud hanging over their heads; and if
+it happened to pass without bursting into some storm upon the Church, we
+thanked God, and thought it an happy escape till the next meeting; upon
+which we resumed our secret apprehensions, though we were not allowed to
+believe any danger. Things are now altered; the Parliament takes the
+necessities of the Church into consideration, receives the proposals of
+the clergy met in convocation, and amidst all the exigencies of a long
+expensive war, and under the pressure of heavy debts, finds a supply for
+erecting fifty edifices for the service of God. And it appears by the
+address of the Commons to her Majesty upon this occasion (wherein they
+discovered a true spirit of religion) that the applying the money granted
+"to accomplish so excellent a design,"[4] would, in their opinion, be the
+most effectual way of carrying on the war; that it would (to use their
+own words) "be a means of drawing down blessings on her Majesty's
+undertakings, as it adds to the number of those places, where the prayers
+of her devout and faithful subjects, will be daily offered up to God, for
+the prosperity of her government at home, and the success of her arms
+abroad."
+
+I am sometimes hoping, that we are not naturally so bad a people, as we
+have appeared for some years past. Faction, in order to support itself,
+is generally forced to make use of such abominable instruments, that as
+long as it prevails, the genius of a nation is overpressed, and cannot
+appear to exert itself: but when _that_ is broke and suppressed, when
+things return to the old course, mankind will naturally fall to act from
+principles of reason and religion. The Romans, upon a great victory, or
+escape from public danger, frequently built a temple in honour of some
+god, to whose peculiar favour they imputed their success or delivery: and
+sometimes the general did the like, _at his own expense_, to acquit
+himself of some pious vow he had made. How little of any thing resembling
+this hath been done by us after all our victories! and perhaps for that
+reason, among others, they have turned to so little account. But what
+could we expect? We acted all along as if we believed nothing of a God or
+His providence; and therefore it was consistent to offer up our edifices
+only to those, whom we looked upon as givers of all victory, in His
+stead.
+
+I have computed, that fifty churches may be built by a medium, at six
+thousand pound for a church; which is somewhat _under_ the price of a
+subject's palace: yet perhaps the care of above two hundred thousand
+souls, with the benefit of their prayers for the prosperity of their
+Queen and country, may be almost put in the balance with the domestic
+convenience, or even magnificence of any subject whatsoever.
+
+Sir William Petty, who under the name of Captain Graunt, published some
+observations upon bills of mortality about five years after the
+Restoration;[5] tells us, the parishes in London, were even then so
+unequally divided, that some were two hundred times larger than others.
+Since that time, the increase of trade, the frequency of Parliaments, the
+desire of living in the metropolis, together with that genius for
+building, which began after the fire, and hath ever since continued, have
+prodigiously enlarged this town on all sides, where it was capable of
+increase; and those tracts of land built into streets, have generally
+continued of the same parish they belonged to, while they lay in fields;
+so that the care of above thirty thousand souls, hath been sometimes
+committed to one minister, whose church would hardly contain the
+twentieth part of his flock: neither, I think, was any family in those
+parishes obliged to pay above a groat a year to their spiritual pastor.
+Some few of those parishes have been since divided; in others were
+erected chapels of ease, where a preacher is maintained by general
+contribution. Such poor shifts and expedients, to the infinite shame
+and scandal, of so vast and flourishing a city, have been thought
+sufficient for the service of God and religion; as if they were
+circumstances wholly indifferent.
+
+This defect, among other consequences of it, hath made schism a sort of
+necessary evil, there being at least three hundred thousand inhabitants
+in this town, whom the churches would not be able to contain, if the
+people were ever so well disposed: and in a city not overstocked with
+zeal, the only way to preserve any degree of religion, is to make all
+attendance upon the duties of it, as easy and cheap as possible: whereas
+on the contrary, in the larger parishes, the press is so great, and the
+pew-keeper's tax so exorbitant, that those who love to save trouble and
+money, either stay at home, or retire to the conventicles. I believe
+there are few examples in any Christian country of so great a neglect
+for religion; and the dissenting teachers have made their advantages
+largely by it, "sowing tares among the wheat while men slept;" being much
+more expert at procuring contributions, which is a trade they are bred up
+in, than men of a liberal education.
+
+And to say truth, the way practised by several parishes in and about this
+town, of maintaining their clergy by voluntary subscriptions, is not only
+an indignity to the character, but hath many pernicious consequences
+attending it; such a precarious dependence, subjecting a clergyman, who
+hath not more than ordinary spirit and resolution, to many
+inconveniences, which are obvious to imagine: but this defect will, no
+doubt, be remedied by the wisdom and piety of the present Parliament; and
+a tax laid upon every house in a parish, for the support of their pastor.
+Neither indeed can it be conceived, why a house, whose purchase is not
+reckoned above one-third less than land of the same yearly rent, should
+not pay a twentieth part annually (which is half tithe) to the support of
+the minister. One thing I could wish, that in fixing the maintenance to
+the several ministers in these new intended parishes, no determinate sum
+of money may be named, which in all perpetuities ought by any means to be
+avoided; but rather a tax in proportion to the rent of each house, though
+it be but a twentieth or even a thirtieth part. The contrary of this, I
+am told, was done in several parishes of the city after the fire; where
+the incumbent and his successors were to receive for ever a certain sum;
+for example, one or two hundred pounds a year. But the lawgivers did not
+consider, that what we call at present, one hundred pounds, will, in
+process of time, have not the intrinsic value of twenty; as twenty pounds
+now are hardly equal to forty shillings, three hundred years ago. There
+are a thousand instances of this all over England, in reserved rents
+applied to hospitals, in old chiefries, and even among the clergy
+themselves, in those payments which, I think, they call a _modus_.[6]
+
+As no prince had ever better dispositions than her present Majesty, for
+the advancement of true religion, so there was never any age that
+produced greater occasions to employ them on. It is an unspeakable
+misfortune, that any designs of so excellent a Queen, should be checked
+by the necessities of a long and ruinous war, which the folly or
+corruption of modern politicians have involved us in, against all the
+maxims whereby our country flourished so many hundred years: else her
+Majesty's care of religion would certainly have reached even to her
+American plantations. Those noble countries, stocked by numbers from
+hence, whereof too many are in no very great reputation for faith
+or morals, will be a perpetual reproach to us, till some better care is
+taken for cultivating Christianity among them. If the governors of those
+several colonies were obliged, at certain times, to transmit an exact
+representation of the state of religion, in their several districts; and
+the legislature here would, in a time of leisure, take that affair under
+their consideration, it might be perfected with little difficulty, and be
+a great addition to the glories of her Majesty's reign.
+
+But to waive further speculations upon so remote a scene, while we have
+subjects enough to employ them on at home; it is to be hoped, the clergy
+will not let slip any proper opportunity of improving the pious
+dispositions of the Queen and kingdom, for the advantage of the Church;
+when by the example of times past, they consider how rarely such
+conjunctures are like to happen. What if some method were thought on
+towards repairing of churches? for which there is like to be too frequent
+occasions, those ancient Gothic structures, throughout this kingdom,
+going every year to decay. That expedient of repairing or rebuilding them
+by charitable collections, seems in my opinion not very suitable, either
+to the dignity and usefulness of the work, or to the honour of our
+country; since it might be so easily done, with very little charge to the
+public, in a much more decent and honourable manner, while Parliaments
+are so frequently called. But these and other regulations must be left to
+a time of peace, which I shall humbly presume to wish may soon be our
+share, however offensive it may be to any, either abroad or at home, who
+are gainers by the war.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 42 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Horace, "Odes," III. vi. 1-3.
+
+  "Those ills your ancestors have done,
+   Romans, are now become your own;
+   And they will cost you dear,
+   Unless you soon repair
+   The falling temples which the gods provoke."
+
+  EARL OF ROSCOMMON (1672). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: The minister and churchwardens of Greenwich applied to the
+House of Commons on February 14th, 1710/1, for aid in the rebuilding of
+their church. The House referred the application to a committee. On
+February 28th the lower house of Convocation sent a deputation to the
+Speaker expressing their satisfaction at what had been done. On his
+reporting this to the House on the following day, they expressed their
+readiness to receive information. The lower house of Convocation prepared
+a scheme and presented it to the Speaker on March 9th; this was referred
+to the committee on the 10th. Acting on a hint received from the court,
+the bishops and clergy presented an Address to the Queen on March 26th,
+and this was followed by a Message from Her Majesty, on the 29th, to the
+House of Commons, recommending that Parliament should undertake "the
+great and necessary work of building more churches." On April 9th the
+House of Commons replied in an Address, promising to make provision, and
+resolved, on May 1st, to grant a supply for building fifty new churches
+in or about London and Westminster. On May 8th it fixed the amount at a
+sum "not exceeding £350,000." In pursuance of this a Bill was introduced
+on May 18th, which received the Royal Assent on June 12th (9 Ann. c. 17).
+This Bill granted £350,000 (to be raised by a duty on coals) for building
+fifty new churches in London and Westminster.
+
+In this connection it is interesting to remember that Swift, two years
+before, had recommended the building of more churches as part of his
+suggestions for "the advancement of religion." See his "Project for
+the Advancement of Religion" (vol. iii., p. 45 of present edition).
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: In their Address, on April 9th, 1711, the House of Commons
+said: "Neither the long expensive war, in which we are engaged, nor the
+pressure of heavy debts, under which we labour, shall hinder us from
+granting to your Majesty whatever is necessary, to accomplish so
+excellent a design, which, we hope, may be a means of drawing down
+blessings from Heaven on all your Majesty's other undertakings, as it
+adds to the number of those places, where the prayers of your devout and
+faithful subjects will be daily offered up to God, for the prosperity of
+your Majesty's government at home, and the success of your arms abroad."
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: "Natural and Political Observations ... upon the Bills of
+Mortality." By John Graunt, 1662. The writer says in chap. x. that
+Cripplegate parish was two hundred times as big as some of the parishes
+in the city. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: An abbreviation of _modus decimandi_, a composition in lieu
+of payment of tithes. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+
+NUMB. 44.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY MAY 24, TO THURSDAY MAY 31, 1711.
+
+
+  _Scilicet, ut possem curvo dignoscere rectum._[2]
+
+Having been forced in my papers to use the cant-words of Whig and Tory,
+which have so often varied their significations, for twenty years past; I
+think it necessary to say something of the several changes those two
+terms have undergone since that period; and then to tell the reader what
+I have always understood by each of them, since I undertook this work. I
+reckon that these sorts of conceited appellations, are usually invented
+by the vulgar; who not troubling themselves to examine through the merits
+of a cause, are consequently the most violent partisans of what they
+espouse; and in their quarrels, usually proceed to their beloved argument
+of _calling names_, till at length they light upon one which is sure to
+stick; and in time, each party grows proud of that appellation, which
+their adversaries at first intended for a reproach. Of this kind were the
+Prasini and Veneti,[3] the Guelfs and Ghibellines,[4] Huguenots and
+Papists, Roundheads and Cavaliers,[5] with many others, of ancient and
+modern date. Among us of late there seems to have been a barrenness of
+invention in this point, the words Whig and Tory,[6] though they are not
+much above thirty years old, having been pressed to the service of many
+successions of parties, with very different ideas fastened to them. This
+distinction, I think, began towards the latter part of King Charles the
+Second's reign, was dropped during that of his successor, and then
+revived at the Revolution, since which it has perpetually flourished,
+though applied to very different kinds of principles and persons. In that
+Convention of Lords and Commons,[7] some of both Houses were for a
+regency to the Prince of Orange, with a reservation of style and title to
+the absent king, which should be made use of in all public acts. Others,
+when they were brought to allow the throne vacant, thought the succession
+should immediately go to the next heir, according to the fundamental laws
+of the kingdom, as if the last king were actually dead. And though the
+dissenting lords (in whose House the chief opposition was) did at last
+yield both those points, took the oaths to the new king, and many of them
+employments, yet they were looked upon with an evil eye by the warm
+zealots of the other side; neither did the court ever heartily favour any
+of them, though some were of the most eminent for abilities and virtue,
+and served that prince, both in his councils and his army, with untainted
+faith. It was apprehended, at the same time, and perhaps it might have
+been true, that many of the clergy would have been better pleased with
+that scheme of a regency, or at least an uninterrupted lineal succession,
+for the sake of those whose consciences were truly scrupulous; and they
+thought there were some circumstances, in the case of the deprived
+bishops,[8] that looked a little hard, or at least deserved
+commiseration.
+
+These, and other the like reflections did, as I conceive, revive the
+denominations of Whig and Tory.
+
+Some time after the Revolution the distinction of high and low-church
+came in, which was raised by the Dissenters, in order to break the Church
+party, by dividing the members into high and low; and the opinions
+raised, that the high joined with the Papists, inclined the low to fall
+in with the Dissenters.
+
+And here I shall take leave to produce some principles, which in the
+several periods of the late reign, served to denote a man of one or the
+other party. To be against a standing army in time of peace, was all
+high-church, Tory and Tantivy.[9] To differ from a majority of b[isho]ps
+was the same. To raise the prerogative above law for serving a turn, was
+low-church and Whig. The opinion of the majority in the House of Commons,
+especially of the country-party or landed interest, was high-flying[10]
+and rank Tory. To exalt the king's supremacy beyond all precedent, was
+low-church, Whiggish and moderate. To make the least doubt of the
+pretended prince being supposititious, and a tiler's son, was, in their
+phrase, "top and topgallant," and perfect Jacobitism. To resume the most
+exorbitant grants, that were ever given to a set of profligate
+favourites, and apply them to the public, was the very quintessence of
+Toryism; notwithstanding those grants were known to be acquired, by
+sacrificing the honour and the wealth of England.
+
+In most of these principles, the two parties seem to have shifted
+opinions, since their institution under King Charles the Second, and
+indeed to have gone very different from what was expected from each, even
+at the time of the Revolution. But as to that concerning the Pretender,
+the Whigs have so far renounced it, that they are grown the great
+advocates for his legitimacy: which gives me the opportunity of
+vindicating a noble d[uke] who was accused of a blunder in the House,
+when upon a certain lord's mentioning the pretended Prince, his g[race]
+told the lords, he "must be plain with them, and call that person, not
+the pretended prince, but the pretended impostor:" which was so far from
+a blunder in that polite l[or]d, as his ill-willers give out, that it was
+only a refined way of delivering the avowed sentiments of his whole
+party.
+
+But to return, this was the state of principles when the Qu[een] came to
+the crown; some time after which, it pleased certain great persons, who
+had been all their lives in the altitude of Tory-profession, to enter
+into a treaty with the Whigs, from whom they could get better terms than
+from their old friends, who began to be resty, and would not allow
+monopolies of power and favour; nor consent to carry on the war entirely
+at the expense of this nation, that they might have pensions from abroad;
+while another people, more immediately concerned in the war, traded with
+the enemy as in times of peace. Whereas, the other party, whose case
+appeared then as desperate, was ready to yield to any conditions that
+would bring them into play. And I cannot help affirming, that this nation
+was made a sacrifice to the immeasurable appetite of power and wealth in
+a very few, that shall be nameless, who in every step they made, acted
+directly against what they had always professed. And if his Royal
+Highness the Prince[11] had died some years sooner (who was a perpetual
+check in their career) it is dreadful to think how far they might have
+proceeded.
+
+Since that time, the bulk of the Whigs appears rather to be linked to a
+certain set of persons, than any certain set of principles: so that if I
+were to define a member of that party, I would say, he was one "who
+believed in the late m[inist]ry." And therefore, whatever I have affirmed
+of Whigs in any of these papers, or objected against them, ought to be
+understood, either of those who were partisans of the late men in power,
+and privy to their designs; or such who joined with them, from a hatred
+to our monarchy and Church, as unbelievers and Dissenters of all sizes;
+or men in office, who had been guilty of much corruption, and dreaded a
+change; which would not only put a stop to further abuses for the future,
+but might, perhaps, introduce examinations of what was past. Or those who
+had been too highly obliged, to quit their supporters with any common
+decency. Or lastly, the money-traders, who could never hope to make their
+markets so well of _premiums_ and exorbitant interest, and high
+remittances, under any other administration.
+
+Under these heads, may be reduced the whole body of those whom I have all
+along understood for Whigs: for I do not include within this number, any
+of those who have been misled by ignorance, or seduced by plausible
+pretences, to think better of that sort of men than they deserve, and to
+apprehend mighty danger from their disgrace: because, I believe, the
+greatest part of such well-meaning people, are now thoroughly converted.
+
+And indeed, it must be allowed, that those two fantastic names of Whig
+and Tory, have at present very little relation to those opinions, which
+were at first thought to distinguish them. Whoever formerly professed
+himself to approve the Revolution, to be against the Pretender, to
+justify the succession in the house of Hanover, to think the British
+monarchy not absolute, but limited by laws, which the executive power
+could not dispense with, and to allow an indulgence to scrupulous
+consciences; such a man was content to be called a Whig. On the other
+side, whoever asserted the Queen's hereditary right; that the persons of
+princes were sacred; their lawful authority not to be resisted on any
+pretence; nor even their usurpations, without the most extreme necessity:
+that breaches in the succession were highly dangerous; that schism was a
+great evil, both in itself and its consequences; that the ruin of the
+Church, would probably be attended with that of the State; that no power
+should be trusted with those who are not of the established religion;
+such a man was usually called a Tory. Now, though the opinions of both
+these are very consistent, and I really think are maintained at present
+by a great majority of the kingdom; yet, according as men apprehend the
+danger greater, either from the Pretender and his party, or from the
+violence and cunning of other enemies to the constitution; so their
+common discourses and reasonings, turn either to the first or second set
+of these opinions I have mentioned, and are consequently styled either
+Whigs or Tories. Which is, as if two brothers apprehended their house
+would be set upon, but disagreed about the place from whence they thought
+the robbers would come, and therefore would go on different sides to
+defend it. They must needs weaken and expose themselves by such a
+separation; and so did we, only our case was worse: for in order to keep
+off a weak, remote enemy, from whom we could not suddenly apprehend any
+danger, we took a nearer and a stronger one into the house. I make no
+comparison at all between the two enemies: Popery and slavery are without
+doubt the greatest and most dreadful of any; but I may venture to affirm,
+that the fear of these, have not, at least since the Revolution, been so
+close and pressing upon us, as that from another faction; excepting only
+one short period, when the leaders of that very faction, invited the
+abdicating king to return; of which I have formerly taken notice.
+
+Having thus declared what sort of persons I have always meant, under the
+denomination of Whigs, it will be easy to shew whom I understand by
+Tories. Such whose principles in Church and State, are what I have above
+related; whose actions are derived from thence, and who have no
+attachment to any set of ministers, further than as these are friends
+to the constitution in all its parts, but will do their utmost to save
+their prince and country, whoever be at the helm.
+
+By these descriptions of Whig and Tory, I am sensible those names are
+given to several persons very undeservedly; and that many a man is called
+by one or the other, who has not the least title to the blame or praise I
+have bestowed on each of them throughout my papers.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 43 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Horace, "Epistles," II. ii. 44.
+"Fair truth from falsehood to discern."--P. FRANCIS.
+ [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: There were four factions, or parties, distinguished by their
+colours, which contended in the ancient circus at Constantinople. The
+white and the red were the most ancient. In the sixth century the
+dissension between the green (or Prasini) and the blue (or Veneti) was so
+violent, that 40,000 men were killed, and the factions were abolished
+from that time. See also Gibbon's "Rome," chap. xl. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: The Guelfs were the Papal and popular party in Italy, and
+the Ghibellines were the imperial and aristocratic. It is said that these
+names were first used as war cries at the battle of Weinsberg in 1140.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: These terms came into use about 1641. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: Writing under date, 1681, Burnet says "At this time the
+distinguishing names of Whig and Tory came to be the denominations of the
+parties" ("Hist. Own Times," i. 499) [T.S.]
+
+_Whig a more_ was a nick name given to the western peasantry of Scotland,
+from then using the words frequently in driving strings of horses. Hence,
+as connected with Calvinistical principles in religion, and republican
+doctrines in policy, it was given as a term of reproach to the opposition
+party in the latter years of Charles II. These retorted upon the
+courtiers the word _Tory_, signifying an Irish free-booter, and
+particularly applicable to the Roman Catholic followers of the Duke of
+York. [S]
+
+Macaulay's explanation of the origin of these two terms is somewhat
+different from that given by Scott. "In Scotland," he says, "some of the
+persecuted Covenanters, driven mad by oppression, had lately murdered the
+Primate, had taken aims against the government," etc. "These zealots were
+most numerous among the rustics of the western lowlands, who were
+vulgarly called Whigs. Thus the appellation of Whig was fastened on the
+Presbyterian zealots of Scotland, and was transferred to those English
+politicians who showed a disposition to oppose the court, and to treat
+Protestant Nonconformists with indulgence. The bogs of Ireland, at the
+same time, afforded a refuge to Popish outlaws, much resembling those who
+were afterwards known as Whiteboys. These men were then called Tories.
+The name of Tory was therefore given to Englishmen who refused to concur
+in excluding a Roman Catholic prince from the throne." ("History of
+England," vol. i, chap. ii) [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: The Convention was summoned by the Prince of Orange in
+December, 1688. After a lengthened debate they resolved, on February
+12th, 1688/9, that the Prince and Princess of Orange should "be declared
+King and Queen." The Sovereigns were proclaimed on February 13th, and on
+the 20th the Convention was voted a Parliament. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: The bishops who were deprived for refusing to take the oath
+of allegiance to King William were: Sancroft, the Archbishop of
+Canterbury; Ken, Bishop of Bath; White, Bishop of Peterborough; Turner,
+Bishop of Ely; Frampton, Bishop of Gloucester; and Lloyd, Bishop of
+Norwich. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: Writing to Stella, under date October 10th, 1711, Swift
+complains that "The Protestant Post-Boy" says "that an ambitious tantivy,
+missing of his towering hopes of preferment in Ireland, is come over to
+vent his spleen on the late ministry," etc. (vol. ii., p. 258, of present
+edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: "The most virtuous and pious enemy to their wicked
+principles [_i.e._, to those of the Calves-Head Club] is always cried
+down as a high-flyer, a Papist, and a traitor to his country" ("Secret
+History of the Calves-Head Club," 7th edit., 1709). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: Prince George of Denmark died October 28th, 1708. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 45.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY MAY 31, TO THURSDAY JUNE 7, 1711.[2]
+
+  _Magna vis est, magnum nomen, unum et idem sentieritis Senatus._[3]
+
+Whoever calls to mind the clamour and the calumny, the artificial fears
+and jealousies, the shameful misrepresentation of persons and of things,
+that were raised and spread by the leaders and instruments of a certain
+party, upon the change of the last ministry, and dissolution of
+Parliament; if he be a true lover of his country, must feel a mighty
+pleasure, though mixed with some indignation, to see the wishes, the
+conjectures, the endeavours, of an inveterate faction entirely
+disappointed; and this important period wholly spent, in restoring the
+prerogative to the prince, liberty to the subject, in reforming past
+abuses, preventing future, supplying old deficiencies, providing for
+debts, restoring the clergy to their rights, and taking care of the
+necessities of the Church: and all this unattended with any of those
+misfortunes which some men hoped for, while they pretended to fear.
+
+For my own part, I must confess, the difficulties appeared so great to
+me, from such a noise and shew of opposition, that I thought nothing but
+the absolute necessity of affairs, could ever justify so daring an
+attempt. But, a wise and good prince, at the head of an able ministry,
+and of a senate freely chosen; all united to pursue the true interest of
+their country, is a power, against which, the little inferior politics
+of any faction, will be able to make no long resistance. To this we may
+add one additional strength, which in the opinion of our adversaries, is
+the greatest and justest of any; I mean the _vox populi_, so indisputably
+declarative on the same side. I am apt to think, when these discarded
+politicians begin seriously to consider all this, they will think it
+proper to give out, and reserve their wisdom for some more convenient
+juncture.
+
+It was pleasant enough to observe, that those who were the chief
+instruments of raising the noise, who started fears, bespoke dangers, and
+formed ominous prognostics, in order scare the allies, to spirit the
+French, and fright ignorant people at home; made use of those very
+opinions themselves had broached, for arguments to prove, that the change
+of ministers was dangerous and unseasonable. But if a house be swept, the
+more occasion there is for such a work, the more dust it will raise; if
+it be going to ruin, the repairs, however necessary, will make a noise,
+and disturb the neighbourhood a while. And as to the rejoicings made in
+France,[4] if it be true, that they had any, upon the news of those
+alterations among us; their joy was grounded upon the same hopes with
+that of the Whigs, who comforted themselves, that a change of ministry
+and Parliament, would infallibly put us all into confusion, increase our
+divisions, and destroy our credit; wherein, I suppose, by this time they
+are equally undeceived.
+
+But this long session, being in a manner ended,[5] which several
+circumstances, and one accident, altogether unforeseen, have drawn out
+beyond the usual time; it may be some small piece of justice to so
+excellent an assembly, barely to mention a few of those great things they
+have done for the service of their QUEEN and country; which I shall take
+notice of, just as they come to my memory.
+
+The credit of the nation began mightily to suffer by a discount upon
+exchequer bills, which have been generally reckoned the surest and most
+sacred of all securities. The present lord treasurer, then a member of
+the House of Commons, proposed a method, which was immediately complied
+with, of raising them to a _par_ with _specie_;[6] and so they have ever
+since continued.
+
+The British colonies of Nevis and St. Christopher's,[7] had been
+miserably plundered by the French, their houses burnt, their plantations
+destroyed, and many of the inhabitants carried away prisoners: they had
+often, for some years past, applied in vain for relief from hence; till
+the present Parliament, considering their condition as a case of justice
+and mercy, voted them one hundred thousand pound by way of recompense, in
+some manner, for their sufferings.
+
+Some persons, whom the voice of the nation authorizes me to call her
+enemies, taking advantage of the general Naturalization Act, had invited
+over a great number of foreigners of all religions, under the name of
+Palatines;[8] who understood no trade or handicraft, yet rather chose to
+beg than labour;[9] who besides infesting our streets, bred contagious
+diseases, by which we lost in natives, thrice the number of what we
+gained in foreigners. The House of Commons, as a remedy against this
+evil, brought in a bill for repealing that Act of general Naturalization,
+which, to the surprise of most people, was rejected by the L[or]ds.[10]
+And upon this occasion, I must allow myself to have been justly rebuked
+by one of my weekly monitors, for pretending in a former paper, to hope
+that law would be repealed; wherein the Commons being disappointed, took
+care however to send many of the Palatines away, and to represent their
+being invited over, as a pernicious counsel.[11]
+
+The Qualification Bill,[12] incapacitating all men to serve in
+Parliament, who have not some estate in land, either in possession or
+certain reversion, is perhaps the greatest security that ever was
+contrived for preserving the constitution, which otherwise might, in a
+little time, lie wholly at the mercy of the moneyed interest: And since
+much the greatest part of the taxes is paid, either immediately from
+land, or from the productions of it, it is but common justice, that those
+who are the proprietors, should appoint what portion of it ought to go to
+the support of the public; otherwise, the engrossers of money, would be
+apt to lay heavy loads on others, which themselves never touch with one
+of their fingers.
+
+The public debts were so prodigiously increased, by the negligence and
+corruption of those who had been managers of the revenue; that the late
+m[iniste]rs, like careless men, who run out their fortunes, were so far
+from any thoughts of payment, as they had not the courage to state or
+compute them. The Parliament found that thirty-five millions had never
+been accounted for; and that the debt on the navy, wholly unprovided for,
+amounted to nine millions.[13] The late chancellor of the exchequer,
+suitable to his transcendent genius for public affairs, proposed a fund
+to be security for that immense debt, which is now confirmed by a law,
+and is likely to prove the greatest restoration and establishment of
+the kingdom's credit.[14] Nor content with this, the legislature
+hath appointed commissioners of accompts, to inspect into past
+mismanagements of the public money, and prevent them for the future.[15]
+
+I have, in a former paper, mentioned the Act for building fifty new
+Churches in London and Westminster,[16] with a fund appropriated for that
+pious and noble work. But while I am mentioning acts of piety, it would
+be unjust to conceal my lord high treasurer's concern for religion, which
+have extended even to another kingdom: his lordship having some months
+ago, obtained of her Majesty a remission of the first-fruits and tenths
+to the clergy of Ireland,[17] as he is known to have formerly done for
+that reverend body in this kingdom.
+
+The Act for carrying on a Trade to the South-Sea,[18] proposed by the
+same great person, whose thoughts are perpetually employed, and always
+with success, on the good of his country, will, in all probability, if
+duly executed, be of mighty advantage to the kingdom, and an everlasting
+honour to the present Parliament.[19]
+
+I might go on further, and mention that seasonable law against excessive
+gaming;[20] the putting a stop to that scandalous fraud of false musters
+in the Guards;[21] the diligent and effectual enquiry made by the Commons
+into several gross abuses.[22] I might produce many instances of their
+impartial justice in deciding controverted election, against former
+example, and great provocations to retaliate.[23] I might shew their
+cheerful readiness in granting such vast supplies; their great unanimity,
+not to be broken by all the arts of a malicious and cunning faction;
+their unfeigned duty to the QUEEN; and lastly, that representation made
+to her Majesty from the House of Commons, discovering such a spirit and
+disposition in that noble assembly, to redress all those evils, which a
+long mal-administration had brought upon us.[24]
+
+It is probable, that trusting only to my memory, I may have omitted many
+things of great importance; neither do I pretend further in the compass
+of this paper, than to give the world some general, however imperfect
+idea, how worthily this great assembly hath discharged the trust of those
+who so freely chose them; and what we may reasonably hope and expect from
+the piety, courage, wisdom, and loyalty of such excellent patriots, in a
+time so fruitful of occasions to exert the greatest abilities.
+
+And now I conceive the main design I had in writing these papers, is
+fully executed. A great majority of the nation is at length thoroughly
+convinced, that the Qu[een] proceeded with the highest wisdom, in
+changing her ministry and Parliament. That under a former administration,
+the greatest abuses of all kinds were committed, and the most dangerous
+attempts against the constitution for some time intended. The whole
+kingdom finds the present persons in power, directly and openly pursuing
+the true service of their QUEEN and country; and to be such whom their
+most bitter enemies cannot tax with bribery, covetousness, ambition,
+pride, insolence, or any pernicious principles in religion or government.
+
+For my own particular, those little barking pens which have so constantly
+pursued me, I take to be of no further consequence to what I have writ,
+than the scoffing slaves of old, placed behind the chariot, to put the
+general in mind of his mortality;[25] which was but a thing of form, and
+made no stop or disturbance in the shew. However, if those perpetual
+snarlers against me, had the same design, I must own they have
+effectually compassed it; since nothing can well be more mortifying, than
+to reflect that I am of the same species with creatures capable of
+uttering so much scurrility, dullness, falsehood and impertinence, to the
+scandal and disgrace of human nature.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 44 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: To Stella, about this time, Swift wrote giving a decided
+hint of the end of his term on "The Examiner." Under date June 7th, 1711,
+he says: "As for the 'Examiner,' I have heard a whisper, that after that
+of this day, which tells what this Parliament has done, you will hardly
+find them so good. I prophesy they will be trash for the future; and
+methinks in this day's 'Examiner' the author talks doubtfully, as if he
+would write no more" (vol. ii., pp. 192-3 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: "Great is the power, great the name, of a Senate which is
+unanimous in its opinions."--H.T. RILEY, [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: See No. 24, _ante_, and note on p. 145. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: The session did not actually close till June 12th. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: The House of Commons had resolved on January 16th, 1710/1,
+to provide for converting all non-specie exchequer bills into specie.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: The Act for licensing and regulating hackney coaches, etc.
+(9 Ann. c. 16) provided that a sum of £103,003 11_s._ 4_d._ should be
+distributed among those proprietors and inhabitants of Nevis and St.
+Christopher's who had suffered "very great losses by a late invasion of
+the French." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: See note on p. 264. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: A petition was presented to the House of Commons on January
+15th, 1710/1, against the Palatines as likely to spread disease and to
+become chargeable to the parish. [T.S.]
+
+The exactions of the French armies in the Palatinate, in the year 1709,
+drove from their habitations six or seven thousand persons of all
+descriptions and professions, who came into Holland with a view of
+emigrating to British America. It was never accurately ascertained, with
+what view, or by whose persuasions, their course was changed, but, by
+direction from the English ministers, they were furnished with shipping
+to come to England. In the settlements, they would have been a valuable
+colony; but in the vicinity of London, this huge accession to the poor of
+the metropolis was a burthen and a nuisance. They were encamped on
+Blackheath, near Greenwich, where, so soon as their countrymen heard that
+they were supported by British charity, the number of the fugitives began
+to increase by recruits from the Continent, till government prohibited
+further importation. A general Naturalization Act, passed in favour of
+the French Protestants, greatly encouraged this influx of strangers. This
+matter was inquired into by the Tory Parliament, who voted, that the
+bringing over the Palatines was an oppression on the nation, and a waste
+of the public money, and that he who advised it was an enemy to his
+country. The unfortunate fugitives had been already dispersed; some of
+them to North America, some to Ireland, and some through Britain. The
+pretence alleged for the vote against them, was the apprehension
+expressed by the guardians of the poor in several parishes, that they
+might introduce contagious diseases; but the real reason was a wish to
+gratify the prejudice of the common people against foreigners, and to
+dimmish the number of Dissenters. [S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: See No. 26, _ante_, and note on p. 160. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: On the invitation of the lord lieutenant 3,000 Palatines
+were sent into Ireland in August, 1709, and 800 in the following
+February. Many of them subsequently returned to England in the hope that
+they would be sent to Carolina. Large numbers had been brought to England
+from Holland at the Queen's expense, after the passing of the
+Naturalization Act. The government spent _£_22,275 in transporting
+3,300 of them to New York and establishing them there, undertaking to
+maintain them until they could provide for themselves. These sums were to
+be repaid within four years. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: See No. 35, _ante_, and note on p. 225. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: See No. 41, _ante_, and note on p. 264. The debt on the
+navy is a portion of the thirty-five millions referred to. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 14: Harley proposed a scheme, on May 2nd, 1711, by which all
+public and national debts and deficiencies were to be satisfied.
+Resolutions were passed on May 3rd, and a Bill brought in on the 17th,
+which was the origin of the celebrated South Sea scheme referred to later
+in the text. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 15: The Bill for examining the Public Accounts (9 Ann. c. 18)
+became law on May 16th. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 16: See No. 43, _ante_, pp. 278 _et seq._ [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 17: On August 15th, 1711, Swift wrote to Archbishop King: "He
+[the lord treasurer] told me, 'he had lately received a letter from the
+bishops of Ireland, subscribed (as I remember) by seventeen,
+acknowledging his favour about the first-fruits'" (Scott's edition, xv.
+465). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 18: The South Sea Company was established in pursuance of the
+Act 9 Ann. c. 15. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 19: The disastrous results of the South Sea scheme, when the
+company failed in 1720-21, are matter of history. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 20: A Bill for the better preventing of Excessive and Deceitful
+Gaming, was introduced January 25th, 1710/1, passed April 11th, and
+obtained the Royal Assent, May 16th (9 Ann. c. 19). A similar bill,
+which had passed the House of Commons in 1709/10, was dropped in the
+House of Lords. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 21: A committee of the House of Commons was appointed, on
+February 5th, 1710/1 to inquire into alleged false musters in the Guards.
+A petition was presented to the House on February 13th, complaining that
+tradesmen were listed in Her Majesty's Guards "to screen and protect them
+from their creditors." A clause was inserted in the Recruiting Bill to
+remedy this evil (10 Ann. c. 12; see sec. 39), and the House passed a
+strong resolution against the practice, on May 26th, when considering the
+report of the committee. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 22: The House of Commons, on June 4th, presented a
+representation to the Queen on mismanagements and abuses. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 23: A large number of petitions to the House of Commons
+concerning controverted elections had been considered in December, 1710.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 24: Towards the close of the very long representation
+addressed to the Queen on June 4th, the Commons said: "We ... beseech
+your Majesty ... that you would employ in places of authority and trust
+such only, as have given good testimonies of their duty to your Majesty,
+and of their affection to the true interest of your kingdom." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 25: In a Roman triumph a slave accompanied the victorious
+general to whisper in his ear: "Remember that thou art but a man."
+[T.S.]]
+
+
+
+
+NUMB. 46.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY JUNE 7, TO THURSDAY JUNE 14, 1711.[2]
+
+  _Melius non tangere clamo_.[3]
+
+When a general has conquered an army, and reduced a country to obedience,
+he often finds it necessary to send out small bodies, in order to take in
+petty castles and forts, and beat little straggling parties, which are
+otherwise, apt to make head and infest the neighbourhood: This case
+exactly resembles mine; I count the main body of the Whigs entirely
+subdued; at least, till they appear with new reinforcements, I shall
+reckon them as such; and therefore do now find myself at leisure to
+_Examine_ inferior abuses. The business I have left, is, to fall on those
+wretches that will be still keeping the war on foot, when they have no
+country to defend, no forces to bring into the field, nor any thing
+remaining, but their bare good-will towards faction and mischief: I mean,
+the present set of writers, whom I have suffered, without molestation, so
+long to infest the town. Were there not a concurrence from prejudice,
+party, weak understanding, and misrepresentation, I should think them too
+inconsiderable in themselves to deserve correction: But as my endeavour
+hath been to expose the gross impositions of the fallen party, I will
+give a taste, in the following petition, of the sincerity of these their
+factors, to shew how little those writers for the Whigs were guided by
+conscience or honour, their business being only to gratify a prevailing
+interest.
+
+
+"_To the Right Honourable the present M[inist]ry, the humble Petition of
+the Party Writers to the late M[inist]ry._
+
+"HUMBLY SHEWETH,
+
+"_That your petitioners have served their time to the trade of writing
+pamphlets and weekly papers, in defence of the Whigs, against the Church
+of England, and the Christian religion, and her Majesty's prerogative,
+and her title to the crown: That since the late change of ministry, and
+meeting of this Parliament, the said trade is mightily fallen off, and
+the call for the said pamphlets and papers, much less than formerly; and
+it is feared, to our further prejudice, that the 'Examiner' may
+discontinue writing, whereby some of your petitioners will be brought to
+utter distress, forasmuch as through false quotations, noted absurdities,
+and other legal abuses, many of your petitioners, to their great comfort
+and support, were enabled to pick up a weekly subsistence out of the said
+'Examiner.'
+
+"That your said poor petitioners, did humbly offer your Honours to write
+in defence of the late change of ministry and Parliament, much cheaper
+than they did for your predecessors, which your Honours were pleased to
+refuse.
+
+"Notwithstanding which offer, your petitioners are under daily
+apprehension, that your Honours will forbid them to follow the said trade
+any longer; by which your petitioners, to the number of fourscore, with
+their wives and families, will inevitably starve, having been bound to no
+other calling._
+
+"Your petitioners desire your Honours will tenderly consider the
+premisses, and suffer your said petitioners to continue their trade
+(those who set them at work, being still willing to employ them, though
+at lower rates) and your said petitioners will give security to make use
+of the same stuff, and dress it in the same manner, as they always did,
+and no other. _And your petitioners" &c._
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 45 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: In his "Journal to Stella," under date June 22nd, 1711,
+Swift writes: "Yesterday's was a sad 'Examiner,' and last week was very
+indifferent, though, some little scraps of the old spirit, as if he had
+given some hints; but yesterday's is all trash. It is plain the hand is
+changed." (vol. ii., p, 195).
+
+On November 2nd he gives the following account: "I have sent to Leigh the
+set of 'Examiners'; the first thirteen were written by several hands;
+some good, some bad; the next three-and-thirty were all by one hand, that
+makes forty-six: then that author, whoever he was, laid it down on
+purpose to confound guessers; and the last six were written by a woman"
+(vol. ii., p. 273). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: Horace, "Satires," II. i. 45.
+"'Better not touch me, friend,' I loud exclaim."--P. FRANCIS. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+
+CONTRIBUTION TO "THE SPECTATOR."
+
+
+NOTE.
+
+"THE SPECTATOR," projected by Steele, assisted and made famous by
+Addison, was first started on March 1st, 1710/1, and continued to be
+issued daily until December 6th, 1712. An interval of eighteen months
+then occurred, during six of which these two writers were busy with
+"The Guardian." On June 18th, 1714, however, "The Spectator" was resumed,
+and appeared daily until its final number on December 20th of that year.
+As with "The Tatler," so with "The Spectator," its success proved too
+great a temptation to be resisted; so that we find a spurious "Spectator"
+also. This was begun on Monday, January 3rd, 1714/5, and concluded
+August 3rd of the same year. Its sixty numbers (for it was issued twice a
+week) were afterwards published as "The Spectator, volume ninth and
+last." The principal writer to this spurious edition was said to be Dr.
+George Sewell.
+
+Of the contributions to Steele's "Spectator," by far the greater
+number were written by the projector and Addison. The other contributors
+were Eustace Budgell, John Hughes, John Byrom, Henry Grove, Thomas
+Parnell, "Orator" Henley, Dr. Zachary Pearce, Philip Yorke, and a few
+others whose identity is doubtful. Swift's contribution consisted of one
+paper only, and (probably) a single paragraph in another. [T.S.]
+
+
+
+
+THE SPECTATOR, NUMB. L.[1]
+
+
+  _Nunquam aliud natura, aliud sapientia dicit._
+  JUV.[2]
+
+FRIDAY, APRIL 27. 1711.
+
+When the four Indian kings[3] were in this country about a twelvemonth
+ago, I often mixed with the rabble and followed them a whole day
+together, being wonderfully struck with the sight of everything that is
+new or uncommon. I have, since their departure, employed a friend to make
+many enquiries of their landlord the upholsterer[4] relating to their
+manners and conversation, as also concerning the remarks which they made
+in this country: for next to the forming a right notion of such
+strangers, I should be desirous of learning what ideas they have
+conceived of us.
+
+The upholsterer finding my friend very inquisitive about these his
+lodgers, brought him some time since a little bundle of papers, which he
+assured him were written by King Sa Ga Yean Qua Rash Tow, and, as he
+supposes, left behind by some mistake. These papers are now translated,
+and contain abundance of very odd observations, which I find this little
+fraternity of kings made during their stay in the isle of Great Britain.
+I shall present my reader with a short specimen of them in this paper,
+and may perhaps communicate more to him hereafter. In the article of
+London are the following words, which without doubt are meant of the
+church of St. Paul.
+
+"On the most rising part of the town there stands a huge house, big
+enough to contain the whole nation of which I am king. Our good brother E
+Tow O Koam king of the Rivers, is of opinion it was made by the hands of
+that great God to whom it is consecrated. The kings of Granajah and of
+the Six Nations believe that it was created with the earth, and produced
+on the same day with the sun and moon. But for my own part, by the best
+information that I could get of this matter, I am apt to think that this
+prodigious pile was fashioned into the shape it now bears by several
+tools and instruments; of which they have a wonderful variety in this
+country. It was probably at first an huge mis-shapen rock that grew upon
+the top of the hill, which the natives of the country (after having cut
+it into a kind of regular figure) bored and hollowed with incredible
+pains and industry, till they had wrought in it all those beautiful
+vaults and caverns into which it is divided at this day. As soon as this
+rock was thus curiously scooped to their liking, a prodigious number of
+hands must have been employed in chipping the outside of it, which is now
+as smooth as polished marble;[5] and is in several places hewn out into
+pillars that stand like the trunks of so many trees bound about the top
+with garlands of leaves. It is probable that when this great work was
+begun, which must have been many hundred years ago, there was some
+religion among this people; for they give it the name of a temple, and
+have a tradition that it was designed for men to pay their devotions in.
+And indeed, there are several reasons which make us think, that the
+natives of this Country had formerly among them some sort of worship; for
+they set apart every seventh day as sacred: but upon my going into one of
+those holy houses on that day, I could not observe any circumstance of
+devotion in their behaviour: There was indeed a man in black who was
+mounted above the rest, and seemed to utter something with a great deal
+of vehemence; but as for those underneath him, instead of paying their
+worship to the Deity of the place, they were most of them bowing and
+curtsying to one another, and a considerable number of them fast asleep.
+
+"The Queen of the country appointed two men to attend us, that had enough
+of our language to make themselves understood in some few particulars.
+But we soon perceived these two were great enemies to one another, and
+did not always agree in the same story. We could make a shift to gather
+out of one of them, that this island was very much infested with a
+monstrous kind of animals, in the shape of men, called Whigs; and he
+often told us, that he hoped we should meet with none of them in our way,
+for that if we did, they would be apt to knock us down for being kings.
+
+"Our other interpreter used to talk very much of a kind of animal called
+a Tory, that was as great a monster as the Whig, and would treat us as
+ill for being foreigners.[6] These two creatures, it seems, are born with
+a secret antipathy to one another, and engage when they meet as naturally
+as the elephant and the rhinoceros. But as we saw none of either of these
+species, we are apt to think that our guides deceived us with
+misrepresentations and fictions, and amused us with an account of such
+monsters as are not really in their country.
+
+"These particulars we made a shift to pick out from the discourse of our
+interpreters; which we put together as well as we could, being able to
+understand but here and there a word of what they said, and afterwards
+making up the meaning of it among ourselves. The men of the country are
+very cunning and ingenious in handicraft works; but withal so very idle,
+that we often saw young lusty raw-boned fellows carried up and down the
+streets in little covered rooms by a couple of porters who are hired for
+that service. Their dress is likewise very barbarous, for they almost
+strangle themselves about the neck, and bind their bodies with many
+ligatures, that we are apt to think are the occasion of several
+distempers among them which our country is entirely free from. Instead of
+those beautiful feathers with which we adorn our heads, they often buy up
+a monstrous bush of hair, which covers their heads, and falls down in a
+large fleece below the middle of their backs; with which they walk up and
+down the streets, and are as proud of it as if it was of their own
+growth.
+
+"We were invited to one of their public diversions, where we hoped to
+have seen the great men of their country running down a stag or pitching
+a bar, that we might have discovered who were the men of the greatest
+perfections in their country;[7] but instead of that, they conveyed us
+into an huge room lighted up with abundance of candles, where this lazy
+people sat still above three hours to see several feats of ingenuity
+performed by others, who it seems were paid for it.
+
+"As for the women of the country, not being able to talk with them, we
+could only make our remarks upon them at a distance. They let the hair of
+their heads grow to a great length; but as the men make a great show with
+heads of hair that are none of their own, the women, who they say have
+very fine heads of hair, tie it up in a knot and cover it from being
+seen. The women look like angels, and would be more beautiful than the
+sun, were it not for little black spots[8] that are apt to break out in
+their faces, and sometimes rise in very odd figures. I have observed that
+those little blemishes wear off very soon; but when they disappear in one
+part of the face, they are very apt to break out in another, insomuch
+that I have seen a spot upon the forehead in the afternoon, which was
+upon the chin in the morning."
+
+The author then proceeds to shew the absurdity of breeches and
+petticoats, with many other curious observations, which I shall reserve
+for another occasion. I cannot however conclude this paper without taking
+notice, that amidst these wild remarks there now and then appears
+something very reasonable. I cannot likewise forbear observing, that we
+are all guilty in some measure of the same narrow way of thinking which
+we meet with in this abstract of the Indian journal; when we fancy the
+customs, dresses, and manners of other countries are ridiculous and
+extravagant, if they do not resemble those of our own.[9]
+
+
+[Footnote 1: On March 16th, 1711, Swift writes to Stella: "Have you seen
+the 'Spectator' yet, a paper that comes out every day? 'Tis written by
+Mr. Steele, who seems to have gathered new life, and have a new fund
+of wit; it is in the same nature as his 'Tatlers,' and they have all of
+them had something pretty. I believe Addison and he club." On April 28th
+he writes again: "'The Spectator' is written by Steele with Addison's
+help: 'tis often very pretty. Yesterday it was made of a noble hint I
+gave him long ago for his 'Tatlers,' about an Indian supposed to write
+his travels into England. I repent he ever had it. I intended to have
+written a book on that subject. I believe he has spent it all in one
+paper, and all the under hints there are mine too" (vol. ii., pp. 139 and
+166 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Juvenal, "Satires," xiv. 321.
+
+    "Nature and wisdom never are at strife."--W. GIFFORD.
+
+  [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: Steele's paper on the four Indian kings appeared in "The
+Tatler" for May 13th, 1710 (No. 171):--"Who can convince the world that
+four kings shall come over here, and He at the Two Crowns and Cushion,
+and one of them fall sick, and the place be called King Street, and all
+this by mere accident?"--The so-called kings were four Iroquois chiefs
+who came over to see Queen Anne. The Queen saw them on April 19th, 1710.
+During their visit here Colonel Schuyler and Colonel Francis Nicholson
+were appointed to attend them. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: They lodged over the shop of Mr. Arne--father of Dr. Arne
+and Mrs. Cibber--in King Street, Covent Garden. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: The edition of 1712 has, "as the surface of a pebble."
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: In "The Tatler" for February 4th, 1709/10 (No. 129),
+Steele prints a letter from "Pasquin of Rome," in which he says: "It
+would also be very acceptable here to receive an account of those two
+religious orders which are lately sprung up amongst you, the Whigs and
+the Tories, with the points of doctrine, severities in discipline,
+penances, mortifications, and good works, by which they differ one from
+another." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: The edition of 1712 has: "the persons of the greatest
+abilities among them." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: See "The Spectator," No. 81, and "The Examiner," No. 32. The
+"black spots" are the patches ladies stuck on their faces. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: This paper is signed "C.", in the edition of 1712, which is
+one of the signatures used by Addison. See, however, Swift's "Journal,"
+quoted above. [T.S.]]
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[The following paragraph in "The Spectator," No. 575
+Monday, August 2. 1714. is believed to have been contributed
+by Swift.]
+
+"The following question is started by one of the schoolmen. Supposing the
+whole body of the earth were a great ball or mass of the finest sand, and
+that a single grain or particle of this sand should be annihilated every
+thousand years. Supposing then that you had it in your choice to be happy
+all the while this prodigious mass of sand was consuming by this slow
+method till there was not a grain of it left, on condition you were to be
+miserable for ever after; or, supposing that you might be happy for ever
+after, on condition you would be miserable till the whole mass of sand
+were thus annihilated at the rate of one sand in a thousand years: Which
+of these two cases would you make your choice?"
+
+
+
+
+CONTRIBUTIONS TO "THE INTELLIGENCER."
+
+
+NOTE.
+
+"THE INTELLIGENCER" was published in Dublin, commencing May 11th, 1728,
+and continued for nineteen numbers. On June 12th, 1731, Swift, writing to
+Pope, gives some account of its inception, and the amount of writing he
+did for it: "Two or three of us had a fancy, three years ago, to write a
+weekly paper, and call it an 'Intelligencer.' But it continued not long;
+for the whole volume (it was reprinted in London, and I find you have
+seen it) was the work only of two, myself, and Dr. Sheridan. If we could
+have got some ingenious young man to have been the manager, who should
+have published all that might be sent him, it might have continued
+longer, for there were hints enough. But the printer here could not
+afford such a young man one farthing for his trouble, the sale being so
+small, and the price one halfpenny; and so it dropped. In the volume you
+saw, (to answer your questions,) the 1, 3, 5, 7, were mine. Of the 8th I
+writ only the verses, (very uncorrect, but against a fellow we all hated
+[Richard Tighe],) the 9th mine, the 10th only the verses, and of those
+not the four last slovenly lines; the 15th is a pamphlet of mine printed
+before, with Dr. Sheridan's preface, merely for laziness, not to
+disappoint the town: and so was the 19th, which contains only a parcel of
+facts relating purely to the miseries of Ireland, and wholly useless and
+unentertaining" (Scott's edition, xvii. 375-6).
+
+Of the contributions thus acknowledged, Nos. 1, 3, and 19 are reprinted
+here from the original edition; Nos. 5 and 7 were included by Pope in the
+fourth volume of "Miscellanies," under the title "An Essay on the Fates
+of Clergymen"; No. 9 he entitled "An Essay on Modern Education"; No. 15
+was a reprint of the pamphlet "A Short View of the State of Ireland"--
+these will be found in this edition under the above titles. The verses in
+No. 8 ("Mad Mullinix and Timothy") and in No. 10 ("Tim and the Fables")
+are in Swift's "Poems," Aldine edition, vol. iii., pp. 132-43.
+
+The nineteen numbers of "The Intelligencer" were collected and published
+in one volume, which was reprinted in London in 1729, "and sold by A.
+Moor in St. Paul's Church-yard." Monck Mason never saw a copy of the
+London reprint referred to by Swift. He had in his possession the
+original papers; "they are twenty in number," he says; "the last is
+double." The second London edition, published in 12mo in 1730, as
+"printed for Francis Cogan, at the Middle-Temple-Gate in Fleet-street,"
+includes No. 20, "Dean Smedley, gone to seek his Fortune," and also a
+poem, "The Pheasant and the Lark. A Fable." In the poem, several writers
+are compared to birds, Swift being the nightingale:
+
+  "At length the nightingale was heard,
+  For voice and wisdom long revered,
+  Esteemed of all the wise and good,
+  The guardian genius of the wood;" etc.
+
+The poem was written by Swift's friend, Dr. Delany. The title-page of
+this second edition ascribes the authorship, "By the Author of a Tale
+of a Tub."
+
+"The Intelligencer," in the words of W. Monck Mason, "served as a vehicle
+of satire against the Dean's political and literary enemies; of these the
+chief were, Richard Tighe, Sir Thomas Prendergast, and Jonathan Smedley,
+Dean of Clogher" ("Hist, and Antiq. of St. Patrick's," pp. 376-7). [T.S.]
+
+
+
+THE INTELLIGENCER, NUMB. 1.[1]
+
+SATURDAY, MAY 11, TO BE CONTINUED WEEKLY.
+
+
+It may be said, without offence to other cities, of much greater
+consequence in the world, that our town of Dublin doth not want its due
+proportion of folly, and vice, both native and imported; and as to those
+imported, we have the advantage to receive them last, and consequently
+after our happy manner to improve, and refine upon them.
+
+But, because there are many effects of folly and vice among us, whereof
+some are general, others confined to smaller numbers, and others again,
+perhaps to a few individuals; there is a society lately established, who
+at great expense, have erected an office of Intelligence, from which they
+are to receive weekly information of all important events and
+singularities, which this famous metropolis can furnish. Strict
+injunctions are given to have the truest information: in order to which,
+certain qualified persons are employed to attend upon duty in their
+several posts; some at the play-house, others in churches, some at balls,
+assemblies, coffee-houses, and meetings for quadrille,[2] some at the
+several courts of justice, both spiritual and temporal, some at the
+college, some upon my lord mayor, and aldermen in their public affairs;
+lastly, some to converse with favourite chamber-maids, and to frequent
+those ale-houses, and brandy-shops, where the footmen of great families
+meet in a morning; only the barracks and Parliament-house are excepted;
+because we have yet found no _enfans perdus_ bold enough to venture their
+persons at either. Out of these and some other store-houses, we hope to
+gather materials enough to inform, or divert, or correct, or vex the
+town.
+
+But as facts, passages, and adventures of all kinds, are like to have the
+greatest share in our paper, whereof we cannot always answer for the
+truth; due care shall be taken to have them applied to feigned names,
+whereby all just offence will be removed; for if none be guilty, none
+will have cause to blush or be angry; if otherwise, then the guilty
+person is safe for the future upon his present amendment, and safe for
+the present, from all but his own conscience.
+
+There is another resolution taken among us, which I fear will give a
+greater and more general discontent, and is of so singular a nature, that
+I have hardly confidence enough to mention it, although it be absolutely
+necessary by way of apology, for so bold and unpopular an attempt. But so
+it is, that we have taken a desperate counsel to produce into the world
+every distinguished action, either of justice, prudence, generosity,
+charity, friendship, or public spirit, which comes well attested to us.
+And although we shall neither here be so daring as to assign names, yet
+we shall hardly forbear to give some hints, that perhaps to the great
+displeasure of such deserving persons may endanger a discovery. For we
+think that even virtue itself, should submit to such a mortification, as
+by its visibility and example, will render it more useful to the world.
+But however, the readers of these papers, need not be in pain of being
+overcharged, with so dull and ungrateful a subject. And yet who knows,
+but such an occasion may be offered to us, once in a year or two, after
+we shall have settled a correspondence round the kingdom.
+
+But after all our boasts of materials, sent us by our several emissaries,
+we may probably soon fall short, if the town will not be pleased to lend
+us further assistance toward entertaining itself. The world best knows
+its own faults and virtues, and whatever is sent shall be faithfully
+returned back, only a little embellished according to the custom of
+authors. We do therefore demand and expect continual advertisements in
+great numbers, to be sent to the printer of this paper, who hath employed
+a judicious secretary to collect such as may be most useful for the
+public.
+
+And although we do not intend to expose our own persons by mentioning
+names, yet we are so far from requiring the same caution in our
+correspondents, that on the contrary, we expressly _charge_ and _command_
+them, in all the facts they send us, to set down the names, titles, and
+places of abode at length; together with a very particular description
+of the persons, dresses, and dispositions of the several lords, ladies,
+squires, madams, lawyers, gamesters, toupees, sots, wits, rakes, and
+informers, whom they shall have occasion to mention; otherwise it will
+not be possible for us to adjust our style to the different qualities,
+and capacities of the persons concerned, and treat them with the respect
+or familiarity, that may be due to their stations and characters, which
+we are determined to observe with the utmost strictness, that none may
+have cause to complain.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: In the "Contents" to both the editions of 1729 and 1730,
+this is called "Introduction." Each of the numbers has a special title in
+this table, as follows:
+
+No. I. Introduction.
+II. The Inhospitable Temper of 'Squire Wether.
+III. A Vindication of Mr. Gay, and the Beggar's Opera.
+IV. The Folly of Gaming.
+V. A Description of what the World calls Discretion.
+VI. A Representation of the Present Condition of Ireland.
+VII. The Character of Corusodes and Eugenio.
+VIII. A Dialogue between Mullinix and Timothy.
+IX. The foolish Methods of Education among the Nobility.
+X. Tim and Gay's Fables.
+XI. Proposals in Prose and Verse for, An Universal View of all the
+eminent Writers on the Holy Scriptures, &c.
+XII. Sir Ralph the Patriot turned Courtier.
+XIII. The Art of Story-Telling.
+XIV. Prometheus's Art of Man-making: And the Tale of the T--d.
+XV. The Services the Drapier has done his Country, and the Steps taken to
+ruin it.
+XVI. The Adventures of the three Brothers, George, Patrick, and Andrew.
+XVII. The Marks of Ireland's Poverty, shewn to be evident Proofs of its
+Riches.
+XVIII. St. Andrew's Day, and the Drapier's Birth-Day.
+XIX. The Hardships of the Irish being deprived of their Silver, and
+decoyed into America.
+[XX. Dean Smedley, gone to seek his Fortune.
+The Pheasant and the Lark. A Fable.]-[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: A fashionable card game of the time. See also Swift's poem,
+"The Journal of a Modern Lady" (Aldine edition, vol. i., pp. 214-23), and
+"A New Proposal for the better regulation ... of Quadrille," written by
+Dr. Josiah Hort, Bp. of Kilmore, in 1735/6 (afterwards Abp. of Tuam), and
+included by Scott in his edition of Swift (vii. 372-7). [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+THE INTELLIGENCER, NUMB. III.[1]
+
+  --_Ipse per omnes
+  Ibit personas, et turbam reddet in unam._[2]
+
+The players having now almost done with the comedy, called the "Beggar's
+Opera,"[3] for this season, it may be no unpleasant speculation, to
+reflect a little upon this dramatic piece, so singular in the subject,
+and the manner, so much an original, and which hath frequently given so
+very agreeable an entertainment.[4]
+
+Although an evil taste be very apt to prevail, both here, and in London,
+yet there is a point which whoever can rightly touch, will never fail of
+pleasing a very great majority; so great, that the dislikers, out of
+dullness or affectation will be silent, and forced to fall in with the
+herd; the point I mean, is what we call humour, which in its perfection
+is allowed to be much preferable to wit, if it be not rather the most
+useful, and agreeable species of it.
+
+I agree with Sir William Temple, that the word is peculiar to our English
+tongue, but I differ from him in the opinion, that the thing itself is
+peculiar to the English nation,[5] because the contrary may be found in
+many Spanish, Italian and French productions, and particularly, whoever
+hath a taste for true humour, will find a hundred instances of it in
+those volumes printed in France, under the name of _Le Théâtre
+Italien_,[6] to say nothing of Rabelais, Cervantes, and many others.
+
+Now I take the comedy or farce, (or whatever name the critics will allow
+it) called the "Beggar's Opera"; to excel in this article of humour; and,
+upon that merit, to have met with such prodigious success both here, and
+in England.
+
+As to poetry, eloquence and music, which are said to have most power over
+the minds of men, it is certain that very few have a taste or judgment of
+the excellencies of the two former, and if a man succeeds in either, it
+is upon the authority of those few judges, that lend their taste to the
+bulk of readers, who have none of their own. I am told there are as few
+good judges in music, and that among those who crowd the operas, nine in
+ten go thither merely out of curiosity, fashion, or affectation.
+
+But a taste for humour is in some manner fixed to the very nature of man,
+and generally obvious to the vulgar, except upon subjects too refined,
+and superior to their understanding.
+
+And as this taste of humour is purely natural, so is humour itself,
+neither is it a talent confined to men of wit, or learning; for we
+observe it sometimes among common servants, and the meanest of the
+people, while the very owners are often ignorant of the gift they
+possess.
+
+I know very well, that this happy talent is contemptibly treated by
+critics, under the name of low humour, or low comedy; but I know
+likewise, that the Spaniards and Italians, who are allowed to have the
+most wit of any nation in Europe, do most excel in it, and do most esteem
+it.
+
+By what disposition of the mind, what influence of the stars, or what
+situation of the climate this endowment is bestowed upon mankind, may be
+a question fit for philosophers to discuss. It is certainly the best
+ingredient toward that kind of satire, which is most useful, and gives
+the least offence; which instead of lashing, laughs men out of their
+follies, and vices, and is the character which gives Horace the
+preference to Juvenal.
+
+And although some things are too serious, solemn or sacred to be turned
+into ridicule, yet the abuses of them are certainly not, since it is
+allowed that corruption in religion, politics, and law, may be proper
+topics for this kind of satire.
+
+There are two ends that men propose in writing satire, one of them less
+noble than the other, as regarding nothing further than personal
+satisfaction, and pleasure of the writer; but without any view towards
+personal malice; the other is a public spirit, prompting men of genius
+and virtue, to mend the world as far as they are able. And as both these
+ends are innocent, so the latter is highly commendable. With regard to
+the former, I demand whether I have not as good a title to laugh, as men
+have to be ridiculous, and to expose vice, as another hath to be vicious.
+If I ridicule the follies and corruptions of a court, a ministry, or a
+senate; are they not amply paid by pensions, titles, and power, while I
+expect and desire no other reward, than that of laughing with a few
+friends in a corner. Yet, if those who take offence, think me in the
+wrong, I am ready to change the scene with them, whenever they please.
+
+But if my design be to make mankind better, then I think it is my duty,
+at least I am sure it is the interest of those very courts and ministers,
+whose follies or vices I ridicule, to reward me for my good intentions;
+for, if it be reckoned a high point of wisdom to get the laughers on
+our side, it is much more easy, as well as wise to get those on our side,
+who can make millions laugh when they please.
+
+My reason for mentioning courts, and ministers, (whom I never think on,
+but with the most profound veneration) is because an opinion obtains that
+in the "Beggar's Opera" there appears to be some reflection upon
+courtiers and statesmen, whereof I am by no means a judge[7].
+
+It is true indeed that Mr. Gay, the author of this piece, hath been
+somewhat singular in the course of his fortunes, for it hath happened,
+that after fourteen years attending the court, with a large stock of real
+merit, a modest, and agreeable conversation, a hundred promises, and five
+hundred friends [he] hath failed of preferment, and upon a very weighty
+reason. He lay under the suspicion of having written a libel, or lampoon
+against a great m[inister][8]. It is true that great m[inister] was
+demonstratively convinced, and publicly owned his conviction, that Mr.
+Gay was not the author; but having lain under the suspicion, it seemed
+very just, that he should suffer the punishment; because in this most
+reformed age, the virtues of a great m[inister] are no more to be
+suspected, than the chastity of Caesar's wife.
+
+It must be allowed, that the "Beggar's Opera" is not the first of Mr.
+Gay's works, wherein he hath been faulty, with regard to courtiers and
+statesmen. For, to omit his other pieces even in his Fables, published
+within two years past, and dedicated to the Duke of Cumberland, for which
+he was promised a reward[9]; he hath been thought somewhat too bold upon
+courtiers. And although it is highly probable, he meant only the
+courtiers of former times, yet he acted unwarily, by not considering that
+the malignity of some people might misinterpret what he said to the
+disadvantage of present persons, and affairs.
+
+But I have now done with Mr. Gay as a politician, and shall consider him
+henceforward only as author of the "Beggar's Opera," wherein he hath by a
+turn of humour, entirely new, placed vices of all kinds in the strongest
+and most odious light; and thereby done eminent service, both to religion
+and morality. This appears from the unparalleled success he hath met
+with. All ranks parties and denominations of men, either crowding to see
+his opera, or reading it with delight in their closets, even ministers of
+state, whom he is thought to have most offended (next to those whom the
+actors more immediately represent) appearing frequently at the theatre,
+from a consciousness of their own innocence, and to convince the world
+how unjust a parallel, malice, envy, and disaffection to the government
+have made.
+
+I am assured that several worthy clergymen in this city, went privately
+to see the "Beggar's Opera" represented; and that the fleering coxcombs
+in the pit, amused themselves with making discoveries, and spreading the
+names of those gentlemen round the audience.
+
+I shall not pretend to vindicate a clergyman, who would appear openly in
+his habit at a theatre, among such a vicious crew, as would probably
+stand round him, and at such lewd comedies, and profane tragedies as are
+often represented. Besides I know very well, that persons of their
+function are bound to avoid the appearance of evil, or of giving cause of
+offence. But when the lords chancellors, who are keepers of the king's
+conscience, when the judges of the land, whose title is _reverend_, when
+ladies, who are bound by the rules of their sex, to the strictest
+decency, appear in the theatre without censure, I cannot understand, why
+a young clergyman who goes concealed out of curiosity to see an innocent
+and moral play, should be so highly condemned; nor do I much approve the
+rigour of a great p[rela]te, who said, "he hoped none of his clergy were
+there." I am glad to hear there are no weightier objections against that
+reverend body, planted in this city, and I wish there never may. But I
+should be very sorry that any of them should be so weak, as to imitate a
+court chaplain in England, who preached against the "Beggar's Opera,"
+which will probably do more good than a thousand sermons of so stupid, so
+injudicious, and so prostitute a divine[10].
+
+In this happy performance of Mr. Gay, all the characters are just, and
+none of them carried beyond nature, or hardly beyond practice. It
+discovers the whole system of that commonwealth, or that _imperium in
+imperio_ of iniquity, established among us, by which neither our lives,
+nor our properties are secure, either in the highways, or in public
+assemblies, or even in our own houses. It shews the miserable lives, and
+the constant fate of those abandoned wretches; for how little they sell
+their lives and souls; betrayed by their whores, their comrades, and the
+receivers and purchasers of these thefts and robberies. This comedy
+contains likewise a satire, which, although it doth by no means affect
+the present age, yet might have been useful in the former, and may
+possibly be so in ages to come. I mean where the author takes occasion of
+comparing those common robbers to robbers of the public;[11] and their
+several stratagems of betraying, undermining, and hanging each other,[12]
+to the several arts of politicians in times of corruption.
+
+This comedy likewise exposeth with great justice, that unnatural taste
+for Italian music among us,[13] which is wholly unsuitable to our
+northern climate, and the genius of the people, whereby we are over-run
+with Italian effeminacy, and Italian nonsense. An old gentleman said to
+me, that many years ago, when the practice of an unnatural vice grew so
+frequent in London, that many were prosecuted for it, he was sure it
+would be a forerunner[14] of Italian operas, and singers; and then we
+should want nothing but stabbing or poisoning, to make us perfect
+Italians.
+
+Upon the whole, I deliver my judgment, that nothing but servile
+attachment to a party, affectation of singularity, lamentable dullness,
+mistaken zeal, or studied hypocrisy, can have the least reasonable
+objection against this excellent moral performance of the celebrated Mr.
+Gay.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: See title in note above, p. 313. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: "He will go among the people, and will draw a crowd
+together." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: Gay's "The Beggar's Opera" was produced by Rich at the
+Theatre Royal in Lincoln's Inn Fields, January 29th, 1727/8, and
+published in book form in 1728. It was shortly afterwards performed in
+Dublin, Bath, and other places. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: Writing to Pope, May 10th, 1728, Swift says: "Mr. Gay's
+Opera has been acted here twenty times, and my lord lieutenant tells me
+it is very well performed; he has seen it often, and approves it much....
+'The Beggar's Opera' has done its task, _discedat uti conviva satur_"
+(Scott's edition, xvii. 188-9). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: In his essay "Of Poetry," Sir William Temple, writing of
+dramatic poetry, says: "Yet I am deceived, if our English has not in some
+kind excelled both the modern and the ancient, which has been by force of
+a vein natural perhaps to our country, and which with us is called
+humour, a word peculiar to our language too, and hard to be expressed
+in any other;" etc.--"Works," vol. i., p. 247 (1720). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: "Le Théâtre Italian, ou le Recueil de toutes les Comédies et
+Scènes Françoises, qui out été jouées sur le Théâtre Italian." The
+collection was edited by Evariste Gherardi, and published in 1695. Two
+further volumes were issued in 1698, the third containing complete
+plays. The collection was afterwards extended to six volumes. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: A modern writer says of it: "It bristles with keen,
+well-pointed satire on the corrupt and venal politicians and courtiers of
+the day" (W.H. Husk in Grove's "Dict. of Music").[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: In the character of Robin of Bagshot Gay intended Sir Robert
+Walpole.[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: Gay's "Fables" was first published in 1727, with a
+dedication "To his Highness William Duke of Cumberland." The Fables are
+said to have been "invented for his amusement." Cumberland was the second
+son of George, Prince of Wales, and was afterwards known as "the
+butcher."[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: Dr. Thomas Herring, preacher at Lincoln's Inn, and
+afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, preached a sermon against "The
+Beggar's Opera" in March, 1727-8. It is referred to in a letter to the
+"Whitehall Evening Post," dated March 30th, 1728, reprinted in the
+Appendix to "Letters from Dr. T. Herring to W. Duncombe," 1777. As
+Archbishop of York, Herring interested himself greatly, during the
+rebellion of 1745, in forming an association for the defence of the
+liberties of the people and the constitution of the country. Writing to
+Swift, under date May 16th, 1728, Gay remarks: "I suppose you must have
+heard, that I had the honour to have had a sermon preached against my
+works by a court-chaplain, which I look upon as no small addition to my
+fame" (Scott, xvii. 194). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: The edition of 1729 has "those common robbers of the
+public." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: Peachum says: "Can it be expected that we should hang our
+acquaintance for nothing, when our betters will hardly save theirs
+without being paid for it?"--Act II., sc. x. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: The rivalry between Handel and the Italian composers had
+then been keen for nearly twenty years. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 14: The edition of 1729 has "the fore-runner." [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+
+THE INTELLIGENCER, NUMB. XIX[1].
+
+_Having on the 12th of October last, received a letter signed_ ANDREW
+DEALER, _and_ PATRICK PENNYLESS; _I believe the following_ PAPER, _just
+come to my hands, will be a sufficient answer to it[2]._
+
+  _Sic vos non vobis vellera fertis oves._
+  VlRG.[3]
+
+SIR,
+
+I am a country gentleman, and a Member of Parliament, with an estate of
+about 1400_l_. a year, which as a Northern landlord, I receive from above
+two hundred tenants, and my lands having been let, near twenty years ago,
+the rents, till very lately, were esteemed to be not above half value;
+yet by the intolerable scarcity of silver[4], I lie under the greatest
+difficulties in receiving them, as well as in paying my labourers, or
+buying any thing necessary for my family from tradesmen, who are not able
+to be long out of their money. But the sufferings of me, and those of my
+rank, are trifles in comparison, of what the meaner sort undergo; such as
+the buyers and sellers, at fairs, and markets; the shopkeepers in every
+town, the farmers in general. All those who travel with fish, poultry,
+pedlary-ware, and other conveniencies to sell: But more especially
+handicrafts-men, who work for us by the day, and common labourers, whom I
+have already mentioned. Both these kinds of people, I am forced to
+employ, till their wages amount to a double pistole,[5] or a moidore,
+(for we hardly have any gold of lower value left among us) to divide it
+among themselves as they can; and this is generally done at an ale-house
+or brandy shop; where, besides the cost of getting drunk, (which is
+usually the case) they must pay tenpence or a shilling, for changing
+their piece into silver, to some huckstering fellow, who follows that
+trade. But what is infinitely worse, those poor men for want of due
+payment, are forced to take up their oatmeal, and other necessaries of
+life, at almost double value, and consequently are not able, to discharge
+half their score, especially under the scarceness of corn, for two years
+past, and the melancholy disappointment of the present crop.
+
+The causes of this, and a thousand other evils, are clear and manifest to
+you and all other thinking men, though hidden from the vulgar: these
+indeed complain of hard times, the dearth of corn, the want of money, the
+badness of seasons; that their goods bear no price, and the poor cannot
+find work; but their weak reasonings never carry them to the hatred, and
+contempt, borne us by our neighbours, and brethren, without the least
+grounds of provocation, who rejoice at our sufferings, although sometimes
+to their own disadvantage; of the dead weight upon every beneficial
+branch of our trade;[6] of half our revenues sent annually to England,
+and many other grievances peculiar to this unhappy kingdom, excepted for
+our sins, which keep us from enjoying the common benefits of mankind, as
+you and some other lovers of their country, have so often observed, with
+such good inclinations, and so little effect.
+
+It is true indeed, that under our circumstances in general, this
+complaint for the want of silver, may appear as ridiculous, as for a man
+to be impatient, about a cut finger, when he is struck with the plague;
+and yet a poor fellow going to the gallows, may be allowed to feel the
+smart of wasps, while he is upon Tyburn Road. This misfortune is too
+urging,[7] and vexatious in every kind of small traffic, and so hourly
+pressing upon all persons in the country whatsoever, that a hundred
+inconveniences, of perhaps greater moment in themselves, have been
+timely[8] submitted to, with far less disquietude and murmurs. And the
+case seems yet the harder, if it be true, what many skilful men assert,
+that nothing is more easy, than a remedy; and, that the want of silver,
+in proportion to the little gold remaining among us, is altogether as
+unnecessary, as it is inconvenient. A person of distinction assured me
+very lately, that, in discoursing with the lord lieutenant,[9] before his
+last return to England, his excellency said, "He had pressed the matter
+often, in proper time and place, and to proper persons; and could not see
+any difficulty of the least moment, that could prevent us from being easy
+upon that article."[10]
+
+Whoever carries to England, twenty-seven English shillings, and brings
+back one moidore, of full weight, is a gainer of ninepence Irish; in a
+guinea, the advantage is threepence, and twopence in a pistole. The
+BANKERS, who are generally masters of all our gold, and silver, with this
+advantage, have sent over as much of the latter, as came into their
+hands. The value of one thousand moidores in silver, would thus amount in
+clear profit, to 37_l_. 10,_s_. The shopkeepers, and other traders, who
+go to London to buy goods, followed the same practice, by which we have
+been driven into this insupportable distress.
+
+To a common thinker, it should seem, that nothing would be more easy,
+than for the government to redress this evil, at any time they shall
+please. When the value of guineas was lowered in England, from 21_s_.
+6_d_. to only 21_s_.[11] the consequences to this kingdom, were obvious,
+and manifest to us all; and a sober man, may be allowed at least to
+wonder, though he dare not complain, why a new regulation of coin among
+us, was not then made; much more, why it hath never been since. It would
+surely require no very profound skill in algebra, to reduce the
+difference of ninepence in thirty shillings, or threepence in a guinea,
+to less than a farthing; and so small a fraction could be no temptation,
+either to bankers, to hazard their silver at sea, or tradesmen to load
+themselves with it, in their journeys to England. In my humble opinion,
+it would be no unseasonable condescension, if the government would
+graciously please, to signify to the poor loyal Protestant subjects of
+Ireland, either that this miserable want of silver, is not possible to be
+remedied in any degree, by the nicest skill in arithmetic; or else, that
+it doth not stand with the good pleasure of England, to suffer any silver
+at all among us. In the former case, it would be madness, to expect
+impossibilities: and in the other, we must submit: For, lives, and
+fortunes are always at the mercy of the CONQUEROR.
+
+The question hath been often put in printed papers, by the DRAPIER,[12]
+and others, or perhaps by the same WRITER, under different styles, why
+this kingdom should not be permitted to have a mint of its own, for the
+coinage of gold, silver, and copper, which is a power exercised by many
+bishops, and every petty prince in Germany. But this question hath never
+been answered, nor the least application that I have heard of, made to
+the Crown from hence, for the grant of a public mint, although it stands
+upon record, that several cities, and corporations here, had the liberty
+of coining silver. I can see no reasons, why we alone of all nations, are
+thus restrained, but such as I dare not mention; only thus far, I may
+venture, that Ireland is the first imperial kingdom, since Nimrod, which
+ever wanted power, to coin their own money.
+
+I know very well, that in England it is lawful for any subject, to
+petition either the Prince, or the Parliament, provided it be done in a
+dutiful, and regular manner; but what is lawful for a subject of Ireland,
+I profess I cannot determine; nor will undertake, that your printer shall
+not be prosecuted, in a court of justice, for publishing my wishes, that
+a poor shopkeeper might be able to change a guinea, or a moidore, when a
+customer comes for a crown's worth of goods. I have known less crimes
+punished with the utmost severity, under the title of disaffection: And,
+I cannot but approve the wisdom of the ancients, who, after Astraea had
+fled from the earth,[13] at least took care to provide three upright
+judges for Hell. Men's ears among us, are indeed grown so nice, that
+whoever happens to think out of fashion, in what relates to the welfare
+of this kingdom, dare not so much as complain of the toothache, lest our
+weak and busy dabblers in politic should be ready to swear against him
+for disaffection.
+
+There was a method practised by Sir Ambrose Crawley,[14] the great dealer
+in iron-works, which I wonder the gentlemen o£ our country, under this
+great exigence, have not thought fit to imitate. In the several towns,
+and villages, where he dealt, and many miles round, he gave notes,
+instead of money, from twopence, to twenty shillings, which passed
+current in all shops, and markets, as well as in houses, where meat, or
+drink was sold. I see no reason, why the like practice, may not be
+introduced among us, with some degree of success, or at least may not
+serve, as a poor expedient, in this our blessed age of paper, which, as
+it dischargeth all our greatest payments, may be equally useful in the
+smaller, and may just keep us alive, till an English Act of Parliament
+shall forbid it.
+
+I have been told, that among some of our poorest American colonies, upon
+the continent, the people enjoy the liberty of cutting the little money
+among them into halves, and quarters, for the conveniences of small
+traffic. How happy should we be in comparison of our present condition,
+if the like privilege, were granted to us, of employing the shears, for
+want of a mint, upon our foreign gold; by clipping it into half-crowns,
+and shillings, and even lower denominations; for beggars must be content
+to live upon scraps; and it would be our felicity, that these scraps
+would never[15] be exported to other countries, while any thing better
+was left.
+
+If neither of these projects will avail, I see nothing left us, but to
+truck and barter our goods, like the wild Indians, with each other, or
+with our too powerful neighbours; only with this disadvantage on our
+side, that the Indians enjoy the product of their own land, whereas the
+better half of ours is sent away without so much as a recompense in
+bugles, or glass, in return.
+
+It must needs be a very comfortable circumstance, in the present
+juncture, that some thousand families are gone, or going, or preparing to
+go, from hence, and settle themselves in America. The poorer sort, for
+want of work; the farmers whose beneficial bargains, are now become a
+rack-rent, too hard to be borne. And those who have any ready money,
+or can purchase any, by the sale of their goods, or leases; because they
+find their fortunes hourly decaying; that their goods will bear no price,
+and that few or none, have any money to buy the very necessaries of life,
+are hastening to follow their departed neighbours. It is true, corn among
+us, carries a very high price; but it is for the same reason, that rats,
+and cats, and dead horses, have been often bought for gold, in a town
+besieged.
+
+There is a person of quality in my neighbourhood, who twenty years ago,
+when he was just come to age, being unexperienced, and of a generous
+temper, let his lands, even as times went then, at a low rate, to able
+tenants, and consequently by the rise of land, since that time, looked
+upon his estate, to be set at half value. But numbers of these tenants,
+or their descendants are now offering to sell their leases by cant, even
+those which were for lives, some of them renewable for ever, and some
+fee-farms, which the landlord himself hath bought in, at half the price
+they would have yielded seven years ago. And some leases let at the same
+time, for lives, have been given up to him, without any consideration at
+all.
+
+This is the most favourable face of things at present among us, I say,
+among us of the North, who are esteemed the only thriving people of the
+kingdom: And how far, and how soon, this misery and desolation may
+spread, is easy to foresee.
+
+The vast sums of money daily carried off, by our numerous adventurers to
+America, have deprived us of our gold in these parts, almost as much as
+of our silver.
+
+And the good wives who came[16] to our houses, offer us their pieces of
+linen, upon which their whole dependence lies, for so little profit, that
+it can neither half pay their rents, nor half support their families.
+
+It is remarkable, that this enthusiasm spread among our northern people,
+of sheltering themselves in the continent of America, hath no other
+foundation, than their present insupportable condition at home. I have
+made all possible inquiries, to learn what encouragement our people have
+met with, by any intelligence from those plantations, sufficient to make
+them undertake so tedious, and hazardous a voyage in all seasons of the
+year; and so ill accommodated in their ships, that many of them have died
+miserably in their passage; but, could never get one satisfactory answer.
+Somebody, they know not who, had written a letter to his friend, or
+cousin, from thence, inviting him by all means, to come over; that it was
+a fine fruitful country, and to be held for ever, at a penny an acre. But
+the truth of the fact is this, The English established in those colonies,
+are in great want of men to inhabit that tract of ground, which lies
+between them, and the wild Indians, who are not reduced under their
+dominion. We read of some barbarous people, whom the Romans placed in
+their armies, for no other service, than to blunt their enemies' swords,
+and afterwards to fill up trenches with their dead bodies. And thus our
+people who transport themselves, are settled in those interjacent tracts,
+as a screen against the insults of the savages, and many have as much
+land, as they can clear from the woods, at a very reasonable rate, if
+they can afford to pay about a hundred years' purchase by their labour.
+Now beside the fox's reasons which inclines all those, who have already
+ventured thither, to represent everything, in a false light, as well for
+justifying their own conduct, as for getting companions, in their misery;
+so, the governing people in those plantations, have wisely provided,[17]
+that no letters shall be suffered to pass from thence hither, without
+being first viewed by the council, by which our people here, are wholly
+deceived in the opinions, they have of the happy condition of their
+friends, gone before them. This was accidentally discovered some months
+ago, by an honest man who having transported himself, and family thither,
+and finding all things directly contrary to his hope, had the luck to
+convey a private note, by a faithful hand, to his relation here,
+entreating him, not to think of such a voyage, and to discourage all his
+friends from attempting it. Yet this, although it be a truth well known,
+hath produced very little effects; which is no manner of wonder, for as
+it is natural to a man in a fever to turn often, although without any
+hope of ease, or when he is pursued to leap down a precipice, to avoid an
+enemy just at his back; so, men in the extremest degree of misery, and
+want, will naturally fly to the first appearance of relief, let it be
+ever so vain, or visionary.
+
+You may observe, that I have very superficially touched the subject I
+began with, and with the utmost caution: for I know how criminal the
+least complaint hath been thought, however seasonable or just, or
+honestly intended, which hath forced me to offer up my daily prayers,
+that it may never, at least in my time, be interpreted by innuendoes as a
+false scandalous, seditious, and disaffected action, for a man to roar
+under an acute fit of the gout, which beside the loss and the danger,
+would be very inconvenient to one of my age, so severely afflicted with
+that distemper.
+
+I wish you good success, but I can promise you little, in an ungrateful
+office you have taken up, without the least view, either to reputation or
+profit. Perhaps your comfort is, that none but villains, and betrayers of
+their country, can be your enemies. Upon which, I have little to say,
+having not the honour, to be acquainted with many of that sort, and
+therefore, as you easily may believe, am compelled to lead a very retired
+life.
+
+I am Sir,
+Your most obedient,
+Humble servant,
+
+A. NORTH.
+
+County of Down,
+Dec. 2d. 1728.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: See title for this in note above to No. 1, p. 313. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: No. 19 of "The Intelligencer" is a reprint of a tract which
+I have not been able to find. It appeared again in 1736 under the title:
+"A Letter from the Revd. J.S.D.S.P.D. to a Country Gentleman in the
+North of Ireland."[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: "Apud Donati Vitam," 17:
+
+  "Thus do ye sheep grow fleeces for others."--W.F.H. KING.
+
+  [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: Writing to Dr. Sheridan, under date September 18th, 1728,
+Swift says: "I think the sufferings of the country for want of silver
+deserves a paper, since the remedy is so easy, and those in power so
+negligent" (Scott, xvii. 204). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: The price of the pistole in Ireland was fixed at 18_s_.
+6_d_., the double pistole at _£_1 17_s_., and the moidore _£_1 10_s_.
+These prices were fixed by order of the Lords Justices, July 30th, 1712.
+In 1737 the moidore was reduced to _£_1 9_s_. 3_d_. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: "A Letter," etc., referred to in note on preceding page,
+has: "They consider not the dead weight upon every beneficial branch of
+our trade; that half our revenues are annually sent to England; with
+many other grievances peculiar to this unhappy kingdom; which keep
+us," etc. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: The 1736 edition of "A Letter," etc., has "is so urging."
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: The 1736 edition of "A Letter," etc., has "tamely."
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: John Carteret (1690-1763) succeeded his father as second
+Baron Carteret in 1695, and his mother as Earl Granville in 1744. He was
+Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1724 to 1730. See Swift's "Vindication
+of ... Lord Carteret" in vol. vi. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: "A Letter," etc. (1736 edition), has "being made easy upon
+this article." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: On December 22nd, 1717, the price of the guinea was
+reduced, by a proclamation, from 21_s_. 6_d_. to 21_s_. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: See vol. vii. of present edition of Swift's Works, dealing
+with the Drapier Letters. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: Astraea withdrew from the earth at the close of the Golden
+Age. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 14: Sir Ambrose Crowley (or Crawley), Liveryman of the
+Drapers' Company and Alderman for Dowgate Ward, sat in Parliament for
+Andover in 1713. He was satirized in "The Spectator" (No. 299,
+February 12th, 1711/2) as Sir John Enville, and in "The Tatler" (No.
+73, September 27th, 1709) as Sir Arthur de Bradley. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 15: "A Letter," etc. (1736), has "could never." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 16: The reprint of 1730, and "A Letter," etc. (1736), have "who
+come." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 17: "A Letter," etc. (1736), has: "The governing people in
+those plantations, have also wisely provided," etc. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+ALMANZA, battle of
+Anne, Queen, her change of ministry in 1710;
+  and the Church;
+  establishment of Queen Anne's bounty;
+  letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury.
+Aretino, Pietro.
+Army, essays on the.
+Asgill, John.
+Astell, Mrs. Mary.
+Atterbury, Bishop, his character in "The Tatler";
+  contributes to "The Examiner";
+  his influence in Convocation.
+Avarice, essay on.
+
+Bank, the, in the Whig interest.
+"Banks, Sir Jacob, Letter to".
+Bickerstaff, Isaac, Steele's pseudonym.
+Birth, value of.
+Boyer, Abel.
+Boyle, Henry.
+Bromley, Clobery.
+Bromley, William, speaker;
+  "Congratulatory Speech of".
+Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of, assassination of.
+Buckingham and Normanby, John, Duke of.
+Burgess, Daniel.
+Burnet, Bishop.
+
+Caesar, Julius.
+Calves-Head Club, the.
+Carew, John, speech at the execution of.
+Carteret, Lord.
+Chamber of Fame.
+Charles V. and Aretino.
+Church, the, resolution in Parliament as to the state of;;
+  essay on
+  answer to essay on;
+  the Whigs and.
+Churches, scheme for building new.
+Clément, Jacques.
+Clendon, John.
+Coffee-houses, signification of the.
+Coin, clipping of.
+Coligny, Admiral de, assassination of.
+Collins, Anthony.
+Coningsby, Mrs.
+Court of Alienation.
+Coward, William.
+Cowper, Earl.
+Crackanthorpe, Mrs.
+Crassus, Marcus, the Duke of Marlborough attacked under the name of.
+Crawley, Sir Ambrose.
+
+D'Ancre, Maréchal.
+Daniel, Samuel.
+Dartmouth, Lord.
+Davila.
+Defoe, Daniel, edited "The Review".
+Devonshire, William, 2nd Duke of.
+Dissenters, the,
+  under James II.;
+  essay on;
+  Whigs and.
+Dodwell, Henry.
+Dyet, Richard.
+
+Eloquence, essay on;
+  further references to,
+Elstob, Mrs. Elizabeth.
+English tongue, corruption of the.
+Eumenes.
+"Examiner, The," establishment of.
+"Examiner, Letter to the."
+
+Faction,
+  fable of;
+  true characteristics of.
+Felton, John.
+"Female Tatler, The".
+Ford, James.
+Freind, Dr.
+"French King's Thanks to the Tories of Great Britain, The".
+Furnese, Sir Henry.
+
+Gay, John,
+  on "The Examiner";
+  vindication of his "Beggar's Opera";
+  his fables.
+George, Prince, of Denmark.
+Gertruydenberg, treaty of.
+Godolphin, Lord, his change of politics;
+  dismissal of;
+  nicknamed "Volpone";
+  his intrigues against Harley;
+  as "Gracchus";
+  devoted to the turf;
+  ministry of.
+Good manners, essay on.
+Greenshields, Rev. James.
+Gregg, William.
+Guiscard, Marquis de;
+  account of.
+Guise, Dukes of, assassination of,.
+
+Harcourt, Sir Simon.
+Hare, Dr. Francis.
+Harley, Robert, attempted assassination of;
+  made Earl of Oxford;
+  the Speaker's congratulation on his escape;
+  his scheme for securing debts;
+  his remission of first-fruits to the Irish Clergy.
+Harley, Thomas,
+Harrison, William, contributed to "The Tatler";
+  new issue of "The Tatler" by.
+Hastings, Lady Elizabeth.
+Henry III, of France, assassination of.
+Henry IV. of France, assassination of.
+Herring, Dr. Thomas.
+Hickes, George.
+Honeywood, General, superseded.
+Hooker, Richard.
+
+Indemnity, Act of (1708).
+Indian Kings, the, in London.
+"Intelligencer, The".
+Ireland, scarcity of silver in.
+Isaac, Mr., a dancing-master.
+Italian music, the taste for.
+
+James II., King, and the Dissenters;
+  and the Whigs.
+
+Kent, Duke of.
+
+Learning, Bill for the Encouragement of.
+Lechmere, Nicholas.
+Leeds, Duke of.
+Leslie, Rev. Charles.
+"Lewis, Erasmus, The Vindication of".
+Lions, dream of the.
+Lorrain, Paul.
+Louis XIV.
+
+Macartney, General, superseded.
+Madonella.
+"Management of the War, The," pamphlets by Dr. Hare.
+Manley, Mrs., attacked as "Madonella";
+  her "Memoirs of Europe".
+Marlborough, Duke of
+  the Treaty of Gertruydenberg;
+  his change of politics;
+  rewards and grants to;
+  his intrigues against Harley;
+  his proposal to be made Commander-in-chief for life;
+  attacked by Swift under the name of "Crassus";
+  charged with peculations with regard to bread contracts;
+  threatened resignation of in 1708.
+Marlborough, Duchess of.
+Masham, Mrs.
+Matveof, Muscovite Ambassador, arrest of.
+Medina, Sir Solomon de, and the Duke of Marlborough.
+"Medley, The," attack by Swift on;
+  and see notes to "The Examiner," _passim_
+Ménage, Gilles.
+Meredith, General, superseded.
+Merit, genealogy and description of.
+Milton, John.
+Ministry, reasons for the change of;
+"Mob," Swift's dislike of the word.
+More, Henry.
+Morphew, the publisher.
+
+Naturalization Act.
+Naunton, Sir Robert.
+Nevis.
+Norris, John.
+Nottingham, Earl of.
+
+"Observator, The".
+Occasional Conformity Bill, the.
+October Club, the.
+Oldisworth, William;
+  revival of "The Examiner" by.
+Osborne, Francis.
+Oxford University, decree of.
+
+Palatines, the.
+Parsons, Robert.
+Partridge, John.
+Passive obedience, doctrine of;
+  according to the Whigs;
+  according to the Tories;
+Peace, Address to the Queen concerning (1707).
+People, madness of the.
+Peterborough, Earl of, letter from Swift to.
+Petty, Sir William.
+Platonic ladies.
+Political Lying, the Art of.
+"Political State of Great Britain, The"
+Popery, the Tories and.
+Pretender, the, party capital made out of;
+  and the Whigs.
+Prior, Matthew, contributes to "The Examiner";
+  stated to be the author of "The Examiner".
+
+Qualification Bill.
+
+Racan, Mons.
+Radcliffe, Dr John.
+"Rehearsal, The".
+Repington, Mr.
+"Review, The".
+Ridge, Thomas.
+Rivers, Earl, appointed Lieutenant of the Tower.
+Rochester, Laurence Hyde, Earl of.
+Roper, Abel, suspected as author of "The Examiner".
+
+Sacheverell, Dr.
+St. Christopher's.
+St John, Henry, and "The Examiner,"
+  character of;
+  "A Letter to The Examiner" attributed to;
+  attempted assassination of;
+  his hatred of Harley.
+Scythia, story of the king of.
+Security, Bill of.
+Sewell, Dr. George.
+Shippen, William.
+Shrewsbury, Charles, Duke of.
+Silver, scarcity of, in Ireland.
+Smalridge, Dr.
+Somers, Lord.
+South Sea Company, establishment of the.
+"Spectator, The".
+Stanhope, General.
+Stanley, Dr William.
+Steele, Richard, and "The Tatler";
+  article on Marlborough in "The Taller" by;
+  and "The Spectator".
+Suckling, Sir John.
+Sunderland, Earl of.
+Swift, Jonathan, his contributions to "The Tatler";
+  supports Harrison with the new "Tatler";
+  his contentions to "The Examiner";
+  his memorial to Harley regarding the first-fruits in Ireland;
+  his contribution to "The Spectator";
+  his contributions to "The Intelligencer".
+
+"Tatler, The," founding and success of;
+  authorship of papers in;
+  discontinued by Steele;
+  new issues of.
+Taxes, increase of.
+Temple, Sir William, on humour.
+Temson, Archbp.
+Test Act, the.
+Tindal, Matthew.
+Titus, Colonel Silas.
+Toland, John.
+Tones, principles of the, explained.
+Tory, origin of the word.
+Toulon, siege of.
+Trapp, Dr. Joseph.
+Tutchin, John, editor of "The Observator".
+Twisden, Heneage.
+
+Verres (Lord Wharton).
+
+Walpole, Horatio.
+War, many people interested in continuance of the;
+  pamphlets on the management of the.
+Wenman, Viscount.
+Wharton, Lord;
+  as "Clodius";
+  attacked by Swift under the name of Verres;
+  desecration of a church by.
+Whig and Tory, designation of the words.
+"Whig Examiner, The".
+Whigs, principles of the, explained;
+  and Dissenters;
+  and the Pretender.
+Wotton, Sir Henry.
+Wotton, W., his "Case of the Present Convocation considered".
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D.
+D., Volume IX; Contributions to The Tatler, The Examiner, The Spectator,
+and The Intelligencer, by Jonathan Swift
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+    <title>
+      The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift,
+    </title>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D. D.,
+Volume IX; Contributions to The Tatler, The Examiner, The Spectator, and The Intelligencer, by Jonathan Swift
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D. D., Volume IX;
+       Contributions to The Tatler, The Examiner, The Spectator,
+       and The Intelligencer
+
+Author: Jonathan Swift
+
+Release Date: August 13, 2004 [EBook #13169]
+Last Updated: January 21, 2019
+
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SWIFT PROSE, VOL. IX ***
+
+
+
+
+Etext produced by G. Graustein and PG Distributed Proofreaders. Produced
+from images provided by the Million Book Project.
+
+HTML file produced by David Widger
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+    <div style="height: 8em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h1>
+      THE PROSE WORKS OF JONATHAN SWIFT
+    </h1>
+    <h3>
+      VOL. IX
+    </h3>
+    <h2>
+      By Jonathan Swift, D.D.
+    </h2>
+    <h4>>
+      CONTRIBUTIONS TO "THE TATLER," "THE EXAMINER," "THE SPECTATOR," AND "THE
+      INTELLIGENCER"
+    </h4>
+    <h4>
+      LONDON GEORGE BELL AND SONS 1902
+    </h4>
+    <h5>
+      CHISWICK PRESS: CHARLES WHITTINGHAM AND CO. TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE,
+      LONDON.
+    </h5>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <b>CONTENTS</b>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_INTR"> INTRODUCTION </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0002"> CONTRIBUTIONS TO "THE TATLER." </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0003"> THE TATLER, NUMB. 32. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0004"> THE TATLER, NUMB. 35. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0005"> THE TATLER, NUMB. 59. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0006"> THE TATLER, NUMB. 63. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0007"> THE TATLER, NUMB. 66. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0008"> THE TATLER, NUMB. 67. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0009"> THE TATLER, NUMB. 68. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0010"> THE TATLER, NUMB. 70. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0011"> THE TATLER, NUMB. 71. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0012"> THE TATLER, NUMB. 230. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0013"> THE TATLER, NUMB. 258. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0014"> THE TATLER, NUMB. I. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0015"> THE TATLER, No. 2. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0016"> THE TATLER, No. 5. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0017"> THE TATLER, NUMB. 298.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0018"> THE TATLER, NUMB. 302.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0019"> THE TATLER, NUMB. 306.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0020"> CONTRIBUTIONS TO "THE EXAMINER." </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0021"> THE EXAMINER. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0022"> NUMB. 14.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0023"> NUMB. 15.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0024"> NUMB. 16.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0025"> NUMB. 17.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0026"> NUMB. 18.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0027"> NUMB. 19.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0028"> NUMB. 20.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0029"> NUMB. 21.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0030"> NUMB. 22.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0031"> NUMB. 23.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0032"> NUMB. 24.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0033"> NUMB. 25.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0034"> NUMB. 26.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0035"> NUMB. 27.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0036"> NUMB. 28.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0037"> NUMB. 29.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0038"> NUMB. 30.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0039"> NUMB. 31.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0040"> NUMB. 32.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0041"> NUMB. 33.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0042"> NUMB. 34.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0043"> NUMB. 35.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0044"> NUMB. 36.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0045"> NUMB. 37.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0046"> NUMB. 38.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0047"> NUMB. 39.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0048"> NUMB. 40.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0049"> NUMB. 41.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0050"> NUMB. 42.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0051"> NUMB. 43.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0052"> NUMB. 44.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0053"> NUMB. 45.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0054"> NUMB. 46.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0055"> CONTRIBUTION TO "THE SPECTATOR." </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0056"> THE SPECTATOR, NUMB. L.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0057"> CONTRIBUTIONS TO "THE INTELLIGENCER." </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0058"> THE INTELLIGENCER, NUMB. 1.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0059"> THE INTELLIGENCER, NUMB. III.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0060"> THE INTELLIGENCER, NUMB. XIX[1]. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0061"> INDEX. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_INTR" id="link2H_INTR"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      INTRODUCTION
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Swift has been styled the Prince of Journalists. Like most titles whose
+      aim is to express in modern words the character and achievements of a man
+      of a past age, this phrase is not of the happiest. Applied to so
+      extraordinary a man as Jonathan Swift, it is both misleading and
+      inadequate. At best it embodies but a half-truth. It belongs to that class
+      of phrases which, in emphasizing a particular side of the character,
+      sacrifices truth to a superficial cleverness, and so does injustice to the
+      character as a whole. The vogue such phrases obtain is thus the measure of
+      the misunderstanding that is current; so that it often becomes necessary
+      to receive them with caution and to test them with care.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A prince in his art Swift certainly was, but his art was not the art of
+      the journalist. Swift was a master of literary expression, and of all
+      forms of that expression which aim at embodying in language the common
+      life and common facts of men and their common nature. He had his
+      limitations, of course; but just here lies the power of his special
+      genius. He never attempted to express what he did not fully comprehend. If
+      he saw things narrowly, he saw them definitely, and there was no mistaking
+      the ideas he wished to convey. "He understands himself," said Dr. Johnson,
+      "and his reader always understands him." Within his limitations Swift
+      swayed a sovereign power. His narrowness of vision, however, did never
+      blind him to the relations that exist between fact and fact, between
+      object and subject, between the actual and the possible. At the same time
+      it was not his province, as it was not his nature, to handle such
+      relations in the abstract. The bent of his mind was towards the practical
+      and not the pure reason. The moralist and the statesman went hand in hand
+      in him&mdash;an excellent example of the eighteenth century thinker.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But to say this of Swift is not to say that he was a journalist. The
+      journalist is the man of the hour writing for the hour in harmony with
+      popular opinion. Both his text and his heads are ready-made for him. He
+      follows the beaten road, and only essays new paths when conditions have
+      become such as to force him along them. Such a man Swift certainly was
+      not. Journalism was not his way to the goal. If anything, it was, as
+      Epictetus might have said, but a tavern by the way-side in which he took
+      occasion to find the means by which the better to attain his goal. If
+      Swift's contributions to the literature of his day be journalism, then did
+      journalism spring full-grown into being, and its history since his time
+      must be considered as a history of its degeneration. But they were much
+      more than journalism. That they took the form they did, in contributions
+      to the periodicals of his day, is but an accident which does not in the
+      least affect the contributions themselves. These, in reality, constitute a
+      criticism of the social and political life of the first thirty years of
+      the English eighteenth century. From the time of the writing of "A Tale of
+      a Tub" to the days of the Drapier's Letters, Swift dissected his
+      countrymen with the pitiless hand of the master-surgeon. So profound was
+      his knowledge of human anatomy, individual and social, that we shudder now
+      at the pain he must have inflicted in his unsparing operations. So
+      accurate was his judgment that we stand amazed at his knowledge, and our
+      amazement often turns to a species of horror as we see the cuticle flapped
+      open revealing the crude arrangement beneath. Nor is it to argue too
+      nicely, to suggest that our present sympathy for the past pain, our
+      amazement, and our horror, are, after all, our own unconscious tributes to
+      the power of the man who calls them up, and our confession of the lasting
+      validity of his criticism.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This is not the power nor is it the kind of criticism that are the
+      elements of the art of the journalist. Perhaps we should be glad that it
+      is not; which is but to say that we are content with things as they exist.
+      It requires a special set of conditions to precipitate a Swift. Happily,
+      if we will have it so, the conditions in which we find ourselves ask for
+      that kind of journalist whose function is amply fulfilled when he has
+      measured the movements of the hour by the somewhat higher standards of the
+      day. The conditions under which Swift lived demanded a journalist of an
+      entirely different calibre; and they got him. They obtained a man who
+      dissolved the petty jealousies of party power in the acid of satire, and
+      who distilled the affected fears for Church and State in the alembic of a
+      statesmanship that establishes a nation's majesty and dignity on the
+      common welfare of its free people. When Swift, at the beginning of the
+      November of 1710, was called in to assist the Tory party by undertaking
+      the work of "The Examiner," he found a condition of things so involved and
+      so unstable, that it required the very nicest appreciation, the most
+      delicate handling, and the boldest of hearts to readjust and re-establish,
+      without fearful consequences. Harley and St. John were safely housed, and,
+      apparently, amply protected by a substantial majority. But majorities are
+      often not the most trustworthy of supports. Apart from the over-confidence
+      which they inspire, and apart from the danger of a too-enthusiastic
+      following, such as found expression in the October Club, there was the
+      danger which might come from the dissatisfaction of the people at large,
+      should their temper be wrongly gauged; and at this juncture it was not
+      easy to gauge. The popularity of Marlborough and his victories, on the one
+      hand, was undoubted. On the other, however, there was the growing opinion
+      that those victories had been paid for at a price greater than England
+      could afford. If she had gained reputation and prestige, these could not
+      fill the mouths of the landed class, gradually growing poorer, and the
+      members of this class were not of a disposition to restrain their feelings
+      as they noted the growing prosperity of the Whig stock-jobbers&mdash;a
+      prosperity that was due to the very war which was beggaring them. If the
+      landed man cried for peace, he was answered by the Whig stock-jobber that
+      peace meant the ultimate repudiation of the National Debt, with the
+      certainty of the reign of the Pretender. If the landed man spoke for the
+      Church, the Whig speculator raised the shout of "No Popery!" The war had
+      transformed parties into factions, and the ministry stood between a Scylla
+      of a peace-at-any-price, on the one side, and a Charybdis of a
+      war-at-any-price on the other; or, if not a war, then a peace so one-sided
+      that it would be almost impossible to bring it about.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In such troubled waters, and at such a critical juncture, it was given to
+      Swift to act as pilot to the ship of State. His papers to "The Examiner"
+      must bear witness to the skill with which he accomplished the task set
+      before him. His appeal to the people of England for confidence in the
+      ministry, should be an appeal not alone on behalf of its distinguished and
+      able members, but also on behalf of a policy by which "the crooked should
+      be made straight and the rough places plain." Such was to be the nature of
+      his appeal, and he made it in a series of essays that turned every
+      advantage with admirable effect to the side of his clients. Not another
+      man then living could have done what he did; and we question if either
+      Harley or St. John ever realized the service he rendered them. The later
+      careers of these two men furnish no doubtful hints of what might have
+      happened at this period had Swift been other than the man he was.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But Swift's "Examiners" did much more than preserve Harley's head on his
+      shoulders; they brought the nation to a calmer sense of its position, and
+      tutored it to a juster appreciation of the men who were using it for
+      selfish ends. Let us make every allowance for purely special pleadings;
+      for indulgence in personal feeling against the men who had either
+      disappointed, injured, or angered him; for the party man affecting or
+      genuinely feeling party bitterness, for the tricks and subterfuges of the
+      paid advocate appealing to the passions and weaknesses of those whose
+      favour he was seeking to win; allowing for these, there are yet left in
+      these papers a noble spirit of wide-eyed patriotism, and a distinguished
+      grasp of the meaning of national greatness and national integrity.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The pamphleteers whom he opposed, and who opposed him, were powerless
+      against Swift. Where they pried with the curiosity and meanness of petty
+      dealers, Swift's insight seized on the larger relations, and insisted on
+      them. Where they "bantered," cajoled, and sneered, arousing a very mild
+      irritation, Swift's scornful invective, and biting satire silenced into
+      fear the enemies of the Queen's chosen ministers. Where their jejune
+      "answers" gained a simper, Swift's virility of mind, range of power, and
+      dexterity of handling, compelled a homage. His Whig antagonists had good
+      reason to dread him. He scoffed at them for an existence that was founded,
+      not on a devotion to principles, but on a jealousy for the power others
+      enjoyed. "The bulk of the Whigs appears rather to be linked to a certain
+      set of persons, than any certain set of principles." To these persons also
+      he directed his grim attention, Somers, Cowper, Godolphin, Marlborough,
+      and Wharton were each drawn with iron stylus and acid. To Wharton he gave
+      special care (he had some private scores to pay off), and in the character
+      of Verres, he etched the portrait of a profligate, an unscrupulous
+      governor, a scoundrel, an infidel to his religion and country, a reckless,
+      selfish, low-living blackguard. In the Letter to Marcus Crassus,
+      Marlborough is addressed in language that the simplest farm-labourer could
+      understand. The letter is a lay sermon on the vice of avarice, and every
+      point and illustration are taken from Marlborough's life with such telling
+      application that Marlborough himself must have taken thought as he read
+      it. "No man," Swift finely concludes, "of true valour and true
+      understanding, upon whom this vice has stolen unawares; when he is
+      convinced he is guilty, will suffer it to remain in his breast an hour."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But these attentions to the Whigs as a party and as individuals were,
+      after all, but the by-play of the skilled orator preparing the minds of
+      his hearers for the true purpose in hand. That purpose may originally have
+      been to fix the ministry in the country's favour; but Swift having
+      fulfilled it, and so discharged his office, turned it, as indeed he could
+      not help turning it, and as later in the Drapier's Letters he turned
+      another purpose, to the persuasion of an acceptance of those broad
+      principles which so influenced political thought during the last years of
+      the reign of Queen Anne. It is with these principles in his mind that Dr.
+      Johnson confessed that Swift "dictated for a time the political opinions
+      of the English nation." He recalled the nation to a consideration of the
+      Constitution; he attributed to the people (because, of course, they had
+      elected the new ministry into power) an appreciation of what was best for
+      the protection of their ancient privileges and rights. The past twenty
+      years had been a period of mismanagement, in which the Constitution had
+      been ignored; "but the body of the people is wiser; and by the choice they
+      have made, shew they do understand our Constitution, and would bring it
+      back to the old form." "The nation has groaned under the intolerable
+      burden of those who sucked her blood for gain. We have carried on wars,
+      that we might fill the pockets of stock-jobbers. We have revised our
+      Constitution, and by a great and united national effort, have secured our
+      Protestant succession, only that we may become the tools of a faction, who
+      arrogate to themselves the whole merit of what was a national act. We are
+      governed by upstarts, who are unsettling the landmarks of our social
+      system, and are displacing the influence of our landed gentry by that of a
+      class of men who find their profit in our woes." The rule of the tradesman
+      must be replaced by the rule of those whose lives are bound up with the
+      land of their country. The art of government was not "the importation of
+      nutmegs, and the curing of herrings;" but the political embodiment of the
+      will of "a Parliament freely chosen, without threatening or corruption,"
+      and "composed of landed men" whose interests being in the soil would be at
+      one with the interests of those who lived on the soil. Whigs and Tories
+      may dispute as they will among themselves as to the best side from which
+      to defend the country; but the men of the true party are the men of the
+      National party&mdash;they "whose principles in Church and State, are what
+      I have above related; whose actions are derived from thence, and who have
+      no attachment to any set of ministers, further than as these are friends
+      to the Constitution in all its parts; but will do their utmost to save
+      their Prince and Country, whoever be at the Helm".[1]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In this spirit and in such wise did Swift temper his time and champion the
+      cause of those men who had chosen him. This was a kind of "examining" to
+      which neither the Whigs nor the Tories had been accustomed. It shed quite
+      a new light on matters, which the country at large was not slow to
+      appreciate. Throughout the length and breadth of the kingdom "The
+      Examiner" was welcomed and its appeals responded to. Its success was
+      notable, even magnificent; but it was not a lasting success. It did the
+      work that the ministry had intended it to do, and did it unmistakably; but
+      the principles of this National party were for men of a sterner mould than
+      either Harley or St. John. Swift had laid a burden on their shoulders
+      heavier than they could carry, and they fell when they were bereft of his
+      support. But the work Swift did bears witness to-day to a very unusual
+      combination of qualities in the genius of this man, whose personality
+      stands out even above his work. It was ever his fate to serve and never
+      his happiness to command; but then he had himself accepted servitude when
+      he donned the robe of the priest.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is deserving of repeated record to note that Dr. Johnson in admitting
+      that Swift, in "The Examiner," had the advantage in argument, adds that
+      "with regard to wit, I am afraid none of Swift's papers will be found
+      equal to those by which Addison opposed him." To which Monck Mason
+      pertinently remarks: "The Doctor should have told us what these papers
+      were which Addison wrote in opposition to Swift's 'Examiner;' for the last
+      'Whig Examiner,' written by Addison, was published October 12th, 1710, and
+      Swift's first 'Examiner' on the 2nd November following."[2]
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      In this volume have been collected those writings of Swift which form his
+      contributions to the periodicals of his time. Care has been taken to give
+      the best text and to admit nothing that Swift did not write. In the
+      preparation of the volume the editor has received such assistance from Mr.
+      W. Spencer Jackson that it might with stricter justice be said that he had
+      edited it. He collated the texts, revised the proofs, and supplied most of
+      the notes. Without his assistance the volume must inevitably have been
+      further delayed, and the editor gladly takes this occasion to acknowledge
+      his indebtedness to Mr. Jackson and to thank him for his help.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      His further indebtedness must be acknowledged to the researches of those
+      writers already named in the previously published volumes of this edition,
+      and also cited in the notes to the present volume.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Temple Scott.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Glen Ridge, New Jersey, U.S.A.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>April</i> 8, 1902.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: "Examiner," No. 44, p. 290.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: "Hist. St. Patrick's Cathedral," p. 257, note g.]
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+     DETAILED CONTENTS
+
+     CONTRIBUTIONS TO "THE TATLER"
+     Introductory Note
+     No. 32, June 23, 1709
+         35,  "  30,  "
+         59, Aug. 25,  "
+         65, Sept. 3,  "
+         66,  "  10,  "
+         67,  "  13,  "
+         68,  "  15,  "
+         70,  "  22,  "
+         71,  "  22,  "
+        230, Sept. 28, 1710
+        258, Dec.  2,  "
+
+     Note to Harrison's "Tatler"
+     No. 1 (of vol. v.), Jan. 13, 1710-11
+         2 (    "    ),   "   16,   "
+         5 (    "    ),   "   27,   "
+     No. 298 (vol. v., No. 20), March 6, 1710-11
+         302 (vol. v., No. 24),  "  15    "
+         306 (vol. v., No. 28),  "  24    "
+
+     CONTRIBUTIONS TO "THE EXAMINER"
+     Introductory Note
+     No. 14 (13), Nov. 2, 1710
+         15 (14),  "  9,     "
+         16 (15),  " 16,     "
+         17 (16),  " 23,     "
+         18 (17),  " 30,     "
+         19 (18), Dec. 7,    "
+         20 (19),  " 14,     "
+         21 (20),  " 21,     "
+         22 (21),  " 28,     "
+         23 (22), Jan. 4, 1710-11
+         24 (23),  " 11,     "
+         25 (24),  " 18,     "
+         26 (25),  " 25,     "
+         27 (26), Feb. 1,    "
+         28 (27),  "  8,     "
+         29 (28), Feb  15, 1710 11
+         30 (29),  "   22,   "
+         31 (30), March 1,   "
+         32 (31),  "    8,   "
+         33 (32),  "   15,   "
+         34 (33),  "   22,   "
+         35 (34),  "   29, 1711
+         36 (35), April 5,   "
+         37 (36),  "   12,   "
+         38 (37),  "   19,   "
+         39 (38),  "   26,   "
+         40 (39), May   3,   "
+         41 (40),  "   10,   "
+         42 (41),  "   17,   "
+         43 (42),  "   24,   "
+         44 (43),  "   31,   "
+         45 (44), June  7,   "
+         46 (45),  "   14,   "
+
+     CONTRIBUTIONS TO "THE SPECTATOR"
+       Introductory Note
+       No  50, April 27, 1711 (The Four Indian Kings)
+       Paragraph from No 575, August 2, 1714
+
+     CONTRIBUTIONS TO "THE INTELLIGENCER"
+       Introductory Note
+       No 1, May 11, 1728 (Introduction)
+          3, A Vindication of Mr. Gay, and the Beggar's Opera
+         19, The Hardships of the Irish being deprived of their
+              Silver, and decoyed into America
+
+</pre>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0002" id="link2H_4_0002"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CONTRIBUTIONS TO "THE TATLER."
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      NOTE.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      In the original dedication of the first volume of "The Tatler" to Arthur
+      Maynwaring Richard Steele, its projector and editor, gives characteristic
+      expression to the motive which prompted him in its establishment. "The
+      state of conversation and business in this town," says Steele, "having
+      been long perplexed with pretenders in both kinds, in order to open men's
+      eyes against such abuses, it appeared no unprofitable undertaking to
+      publish a Paper which should observe upon the manners of the pleasurable,
+      as well as the busy, part of mankind." He goes on to say that "the general
+      purpose of this Paper is to expose the false arts of life, to pull off the
+      disguises of cunning, vanity, and affectation, and to recommend a general
+      simplicity in our dress, our discourse, and our behaviour."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That Steele succeeded in this laudable purpose has been amply made evident
+      by the effect "The Tatler" had upon his literary successors, both of his
+      own age and of the generations since his time. "The Tatler" was, if we
+      except Defoe's "Weekly Review," the earliest literary periodical which, in
+      the language of Scott, "had no small effect in fixing and refining the
+      character of the English nation."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Steele conducted his periodical under the name of Isaac Bickerstaff. He
+      chose this name purposely because he felt, as he himself expressed it,
+      that "a work of this nature required time to grow into the notice of the
+      world. It happened very luckily that a little before I had resolved upon
+      this design, a gentleman had written predictions, and two or three other
+      pieces in my name, which had rendered it famous through all parts of
+      Europe; and by an inimitable spirit and humour, raised it to as high a
+      pitch of reputation as it could possibly arrive at." The gentleman
+      referred to is, of course, Swift, whose pamphlets on Partridge had been
+      the talk of the town.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Steele very kindly ascribes the success of the periodical to this "good
+      fortune;" and though there may be something in what he said, we, in the
+      present day, can more justly appreciate the great benefit conferred upon
+      his countrymen by himself and his co-workers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The influence of "The Tatler" on contemporary thought is acknowledged by
+      Gay in his "Present State of Wit," published in 1711. Gay remarks: "His
+      writings have set all our wits and men of letters upon a new way of
+      thinking, of which they had little or no notion before; and though we
+      cannot yet say that any of them have come up to the beauties of the
+      original, I think we may venture to affirm that every one of them writes
+      and thinks much more justly than they did some time since."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Among the contributors, in addition to the editor himself, were Swift,
+      Addison, Yalden, John Hughes, William Harrison, and James Greenwood.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It must always remain to a great extent a matter of conjecture as to the
+      exact authorship of "The Tatler" papers. In the preface to the fourth
+      volume the authorship of a very few of the articles was admitted. Peter
+      Wentworth wrote to his brother, Lord Raby, on May 9th, 1709, saying the
+      Tatlers "are writ by a club of wits, who make it their business to pick up
+      all the merry stories they can.... Three of the authors are guessed at,
+      viz.: Swift,... Yalden, and Steele" ("Wentworth Papers," 85).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Swift's first recognized prose contribution to "The Tatler" was in No. 32
+      (June 23rd), and he continued from time to time, as the following reprint
+      will show, to assist his friend; but, unfortunately, party politics
+      separated the two, and Swift retired from the venture.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A particular meaning was attached to the place from which the articles in
+      "The Tatler" were dated. The following notice appeared in the first
+      number: "All accounts of gallantry, pleasure, and entertainment, shall be
+      under the article of White's Chocolate-house; poetry, under that of Will's
+      Coffee-house; learning, under the title of Grecian; foreign and domestic
+      news, you will have from St. James's Coffee-house; and what else I have to
+      offer on any other subject shall be dated from my own Apartment."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The Tatler" was reprinted in Edinburgh as soon as possible after its
+      publication in London, commencing apparently with No. 130, as No. 31
+      (Edinburgh, James Watson) is dated April 24th, 1710, and corresponds to
+      No. 160 of the original edition, April 18th, 1710. [T.S.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0003" id="link2H_4_0003"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      THE TATLER, NUMB. 32.
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM TUESDAY JUNE 21. TO THURSDAY JUNE 23. 1709.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      "To ISAAC BICKERSTAFF ESQ;[1]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>June</i> 18. 1709.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      "SIR,
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      "I know not whether you ought to pity or laugh at me; for I am fallen
+      desperately in love with a professed <i>Platonne</i>, the most
+      unaccountable creature of her sex. To hear her talk seraphics, and run
+      over Norris[2] and More,[3] and Milton,[4] and the whole set of
+      Intellectual Triflers, torments me heartily; for to a lover who
+      understands metaphors, all this pretty prattle of ideas gives very fine
+      views of pleasure, which only the dear declaimer prevents, by
+      understanding them literally. Why should she wish to be a cherubim, when
+      it is flesh and blood that makes her adorable? If I speak to her, that is
+      a high breach of the idea of intuition: If I offer at her hand or lip, she
+      shrinks from the touch like a sensitive plant, and would contract herself
+      into mere spirit. She calls her chariot, vehicle; her furbelowed scarf,
+      pinions; her blue manteau and petticoat is her azure dress; and her
+      footman goes by the name of Oberon. It is my misfortune to be six foot and
+      a half high, two full spans between the shoulders, thirteen inches
+      diameter in the calves; and before I was in love, I had a noble stomach,
+      and usually went to bed sober with two bottles. I am not quite six and
+      twenty, and my nose is marked truly aquiline. For these reasons, I am in a
+      very particular manner her aversion. What shall I do? Impudence itself
+      cannot reclaim her. If I write miserable, she reckons me among the
+      children of perdition, and discards me her region: If I assume the gross
+      and substantial, she plays the real ghost with me, and vanishes in a
+      moment. I had hopes in the hypocrisy of the sex; but perseverance makes it
+      as bad as a fixed aversion. I desire your opinion, Whether I may not
+      lawfully play the inquisition upon her, make use of a little force, and
+      put her to the rack and the torture, only to convince her, she has really
+      fine limbs, without spoiling or distorting them. I expect your directions,
+      ere I proceed to dwindle and fall away with despair; which at present I
+      don't think advisable, because, if she should recant, she may then hate me
+      perhaps in the other extreme for my tenuity. I am (with impatience)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Your most humble servant,
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      "CHARLES STURDY."
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      My patient has put his case with very much warmth, and represented it in
+      so lively a manner, that I see both his torment and tormentor with great
+      perspicuity. This order of Platonic ladies are to be dealt with in a
+      peculiar manner from all the rest of the sex. Flattery is the general way,
+      and the way in this case; but it is not to be done grossly. Every man that
+      has wit, and humour, and raillery, can make a good flatterer for woman in
+      general; but a <i>Platonne</i> is not to be touched with panegyric: she
+      will tell you, it is a sensuality in the soul to be delighted that way.
+      You are not therefore to commend, but silently consent to all she does and
+      says. You are to consider in her the scorn of you is not humour, but
+      opinion.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      There were some years since a set of these ladies who were of quality, and
+      gave out, that virginity was to be their state of life during this mortal
+      condition, and therefore resolved to join their fortunes, and erect a
+      nunnery. The place of residence was pitched upon; and a pretty situation,
+      full of natural falls and risings of waters, with shady coverts, and
+      flowery arbours, was approved by seven of the founders. There were as many
+      of our sex who took the liberty to visit those mansions of intended
+      severity; among others, a famous rake[5] of that time, who had the grave
+      way to an excellence. He came in first; but upon seeing a servant coming
+      towards him, with a design to tell him, this was no place for him or his
+      companions, up goes my grave impudence to the maid: "Young woman," said
+      he, "if any of the ladies are in the way on this side of the house, pray
+      carry us on the other side towards the gardens: we are, you must know,
+      gentlemen that are travelling England; after which we shall go into
+      foreign parts, where some of us have already been." Here he bows in the
+      most humble manner, and kissed the girl, who knew not how to behave to
+      such a sort of carriage. He goes on; "Now you must know we have an
+      ambition to have it to say, that we have a Protestant nunnery in England:
+      but pray Mrs. Betty&mdash;&mdash;"&mdash;"Sir," she replied, "my name is
+      Susan, at your service."&mdash;"Then I heartily beg your pardon&mdash;&mdash;"&mdash;"No
+      offence in the least," says she, "for I have a cousin-german whose name is
+      Betty."[6]&mdash;"Indeed," said he, "I protest to you that was more than I
+      knew, I spoke at random: But since it happens that I was near in the
+      right, give me leave to present this gentleman to the favour of a civil
+      salute." His friend advances, and so on, till that they had all saluted
+      her. By this means, the poor girl was in the middle of the crowd of these
+      fellows, at a loss what to do, without courage to pass through them; and
+      the Platonics, at several peepholes, pale, trembling, and fretting. Rake
+      perceived they were observed, and therefore took care to keep Sukey in
+      chat with questions concerning their way of life; when appeared at last
+      Madonella,[7] a lady who had writ a fine book concerning the recluse life,
+      and was the projectrix of the foundation. She approaches into the hall;
+      and Rake, knowing the dignity of his own mien and aspect, goes deputy from
+      his company. She begins, "Sir, I am obliged to follow the servant, who was
+      sent out to know, What affair could make strangers press upon a solitude
+      which we, who are to inhabit this place, have devoted to Heaven and our
+      own thoughts?"&mdash; "Madam," replies Rake, (with an air of great
+      distance, mixed with a certain indifference, by which he could dissemble
+      dissimulation) "your great intention has made more noise in the world than
+      you design it should; and we travellers, who have seen many foreign
+      institutions of this kind, have a curiosity to see, in its first
+      rudiments, this seat of primitive piety; for such it must be called by
+      future ages, to the eternal honour of the founders. I have read
+      Madonella's excellent and seraphic discourse on this subject." The lady
+      immediately answers, "If what I have said could have contributed to raise
+      any thoughts in you that may make for the advancement of intellectual and
+      divine conversation, I should think myself extremely happy." He
+      immediately fell back with the profoundest veneration; then advancing,
+      "Are you then that admired lady? If I may approach lips which have uttered
+      things so sacred&mdash;" He salutes her. His friends followed his example.
+      The devoted within stood in amazement where this would end, to see
+      Madonella receive their address and their company. But Rake goes on&mdash;"We
+      would not transgress rules; but if we may take the liberty to see the
+      place you have thought fit to choose for ever, we would go into such parts
+      of the gardens as is consistent with the severities you have imposed on
+      yourselves."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To be short, Madonella permitted Rake to lead her into the assembly of
+      nuns, followed by his friends, and each took his fair one by the hand,
+      after due explanation, to walk round the gardens. The conversation turned
+      upon the lilies, the flowers, the arbours, and the growing vegetables; and
+      Rake had the solemn impudence, when the whole company stood round him, to
+      say, "That he sincerely wished men might rise out of the earth like
+      plants;[8] and that our minds were not of necessity to be sullied with
+      carnivorous appetites for the generation, as well as support of our
+      species." This was spoke with so easy and fixed an assurance, that
+      Madonella answered, "Sir, under the notion of a pious thought, you deceive
+      yourself in wishing an institution foreign to that of Providence: These
+      desires were implanted in us for reverend purposes, in preserving the race
+      of men, and giving opportunities for making our chastity more heroic." The
+      conference was continued in this celestial strain, and carried on so well
+      by the managers on both sides, that it created a second and a second
+      interview;[9] and, without entering into further particulars, there was
+      hardly one of them but was a mother or father that day twelvemonth.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Any unnatural part is long taking up, and as long laying aside; therefore
+      Mr. Sturdy may assure himself, Platonica will fly for ever from a forward
+      behaviour; but if he approaches her according to this model, she will fall
+      in with the necessities of mortal life, and condescend to look with pity
+      upon an unhappy man, imprisoned in so much body, and urged by such violent
+      desires.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: This letter is introduced by the following words:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "White's Chocolate-house, June 22.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "An Answer to the following letter being absolutely necessary to be
+      dispatched with all expedition, I must trespass upon all that come with
+      horary questions into my ante-chamber, to give the gentleman my opinion."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This paper is written in ridicule of some affected ladies of the period,
+      who pretended, with rather too much ostentation, to embrace the doctrines
+      of Platonic Love. Mrs. Mary Astell, a learned and worthy woman, had
+      embraced this fantastic notion so deeply, that, in an essay upon the
+      female sex, in 1696, she proposed a sort of female college, in which the
+      young might be instructed, and 'ladies nauseating the parade of the
+      world,' might find a happy retirement. The plan was disconcerted by Bishop
+      Burnet, who, understanding that the Queen intended to give £10,000 towards
+      the establishment, dissuaded her, by an assurance, that it would lead to
+      the introduction of Popish orders, and be called a nunnery. This lady is
+      the Madonella of the Tatler.... This paper has been censured as a gross
+      reflection on Mrs. Astell's character, but on no very just foundation.
+      Swift only prophesies the probable issue of such a scheme, as that of the
+      Protestant nunnery; and it is a violent interpretation of his words to
+      suppose him to insinuate, that the conclusion had taken place without the
+      premises. Indeed, the scourge of ridicule is seldom better employed than
+      on that species of <i>Précieuse</i>, who is anxious to confound the
+      boundaries which nature has fixed for the employments and studies of the
+      two sexes. No man was more zealous than Swift for informing the female
+      mind in those points most becoming and useful to their sex. His "Letter to
+      a Young Married Lady" and "Thoughts on Education" point out the extent of
+      those studies. [S.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Nichols, in his edition of "The Tatler" (1786), ascribes this paper to
+      "Swift and Addison"; but he thinks the humour of it "certainly originated
+      in the licentious imagination of the Dean of St. Patrick's." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: John Norris (1657-1711), Rector of Bemerton, author of "The
+      Theory and Regulation of Love" (1688), and of many other works. His
+      correspondence with the famous Platonist, Henry More, is appended to this
+      "moral essay." Chalmers speaks of him as "a man of great ingenuity,
+      learning, and piety"; but Locke refers to him as "an obscure, enthusiastic
+      man." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: Henry More (1614-1687), the famous Cambridge Platonist, and
+      author of "Philosophicall Poems" (1647), "The Immortality of the Soul"
+      (1659), and other works of a similar nature. Chalmers notes that "Mr.
+      Chishall, an eminent bookseller, declared, that Dr. More's 'Mystery of
+      Godliness' and his other works, ruled all the booksellers of London for
+      twenty years together." [T.S. ]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: The reference here is to Milton's "Apology for Smectymnuus."
+      Milton and More were, during one year, fellow-students at Christ's
+      College, Cambridge. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: Said to refer to a Mr. Repington, a well-known wag of the
+      time, and a member of an old Warwickshire family, of Amington, near
+      Tamworth. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: The Betty here referred to is the Lady Elizabeth Hastings
+      (1682-1739), daughter of Theophilus, seventh Earl of Huntingdon. In No. 49
+      of "The Tatler," Steele refers to her in the famous sentence: "to love her
+      is a liberal education." She contributed to Mrs. Astell's plans for the
+      establishment of a "Protestant nunnery." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: See previous note. Mrs. Mary Astell (1668-1731) the authoress
+      of "A Serious Proposal to the Ladies for the Advancement of their true and
+      greatest Interest" (1694), was the friend of Lady Elizabeth Hastings and
+      the correspondent of John Norris of Bemerton. There is not the slightest
+      foundation for the gross and cruel insinuations against her character in
+      this paper. The libel is repeated in the 59th and 63rd numbers of "The
+      Tatler." Her correspondence with Norris was published in 1695, with the
+      title, "Letters Concerning the Love of God". Later in life she attacked
+      Atterbury, Locke, and White Kennett. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: The reference here is to Sir Thomas Browne's "Religio
+      Medici," part ii., section 9. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: M. Bournelle&mdash;a pseudonym of William Oldisworth&mdash;remarks:
+      "The next interview after a <i>second</i> is still a <i>second</i>; there
+      is no progress in time to lovers" ("Annotations on 'The Tatler'").
+      Chalmers reads here, "a second and a third interview." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0004" id="link2H_4_0004"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      THE TATLER, NUMB. 35.
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM TUESDAY JUNE 28. TO THURSDAY JUNE 30. 1709.
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      "SIR,[1]
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      "Not long since[2] you were pleased to give us a chimerical account of the
+      famous family of <i>Staffs</i>, from whence I suppose you would insinuate,
+      that it is the most ancient and numerous house in all Europe. But I
+      positively deny that it is either; and wonder much at your audacious
+      proceedings in this matter, since it is well known, that our most
+      illustrious, most renowned, and most celebrated Roman family of <i>Ix</i>,
+      has enjoyed the precedency to all others from the reign of good old
+      Saturn. I could say much to the defamation and disgrace of your family;
+      as, that your relations <i>Distaff</i> and <i>Broomstaff</i> were both
+      inconsiderate mean persons, one spinning, the other sweeping the streets,
+      for their daily bread. But I forbear to vent my spleen on objects so much
+      beneath my indignation. I shall only give the world a catalogue of my
+      ancestors, and leave them to determine which hath hitherto had, and which
+      for the future ought to have, the preference.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "First then comes the most famous and popular lady <i>Meretrix</i>, parent
+      of the fertile family of <i>Bellatrix, Lotrix, Netrix, Nutrix, Obstetrix,
+      Famulatrix, Coctrix, Ornatrix, Sarcinatrix, Fextrix, Balneatrix,
+      Portatrix, Saltatrix, Divinatrix, Conjectrix, Comtrix, Debitrix,
+      Creditrix, Donatrix, Ambulatrix, Mercatrix, Adsectrix, Assectatrix,
+      Palpatrix, Praeceptrix, Pistrix.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I am yours,
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      "ELIZ. POTATRIX."
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: This letter is introduced:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "From my own Apartment, June 29.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "It would be a very great obligation, and an assistance to my treatise
+      upon punning, if any one would please to inform me in what class among the
+      learned, who play with words, to place the author of the following
+      letter."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The proposed work had been promised in the 32nd number of "The Tatler,"
+      where it was stated that, "I shall dedicate this discourse to a gentleman,
+      my very good friend, who is the Janus of our times, and whom, by his years
+      and wit, you would take to be of the last age; but by his dress and
+      morals, of this." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: In the 11th number of "The Tatler," by Heneage Twisden.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0005" id="link2H_4_0005"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      THE TATLER, NUMB. 59.
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM TUESDAY AUGUST 23. TO THURSDAY AUGUST 25. 1709.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Will's Coffee-house, August 24.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The author of the ensuing letter, by his name, and the quotations he makes
+      from the ancients, seems a sort of spy from the old world, whom we moderns
+      ought to be careful of offending; therefore I must be free, and own it a
+      fair hit where he takes me, rather than disoblige him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "SIR, Having a peculiar humour of desiring to be somewhat the better or
+      wiser for what I read, I am always uneasy when, in any profound writer
+      (for I read no others) I happen to meet with what I cannot understand.
+      When this falls out, it is a great grievance to me that I am not able to
+      consult the author himself about his meaning; for commentators are a sect
+      that has little share in my esteem. Your elaborate writings have, among
+      many others, this advantage, that their author is still alive, and ready
+      (as his extensive charity makes us expect) to explain whatever may be
+      found in them too sublime for vulgar understandings. This, Sir, makes me
+      presume to ask you, how the Hampstead hero's character could be perfectly
+      new[1] when the last letters came away, and yet Sir John Suckling so well
+      acquainted with it sixty years ago? I hope, Sir, you will not take this
+      amiss: I can assure you, I have a profound respect for you; which makes me
+      write this, with the same disposition with which Longinus bids us read
+      Homer and Plato.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "'When in reading,' says he, 'any of those celebrated authors, we meet
+      with a passage to which we cannot well reconcile our reasons, we ought
+      firmly to believe, that were those great wits present to answer for
+      themselves, we should to our wonder be convinced, that we only are guilty
+      of the mistakes we before attributed to them.' If you think fit to remove
+      the scruple that now torments me, it will be an encouragement to me to settle
+      a frequent correspondence with you, several things falling in my way which
+      would not, perhaps, be altogether foreign to your purpose, and whereon
+      your thoughts would be very acceptable to
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Your most humble servant,
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      "OBADIAH GREENHAT."
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: In No. 57 of "The Tatler" Steele wrote: "Letters from
+      Hampstead say, there is a coxcomb arrived there, of a kind which is
+      utterly new. The fellow has courage, which he takes himself to be obliged
+      to give proofs of every hour he lives. He is ever fighting with the men,
+      and contradicting the women. A lady, who sent him to me, superscribed him
+      with this description out of Suckling:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+               "'I am a man of war and might,
+               And know thus much, that I can fight,
+               Whether I am i' th' wrong or right.
+                 Devoutly.
+               'No woman under Heaven I fear,
+               New oaths I can exactly swear;
+               And forty healths my brains will bear,
+                Most stoutly.'"
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The "description out of Suckling" is from that writer's rondeau, "A
+      Soldier." As the poet died in 1642, Swift ridicules the statement that
+      this kind of coxcomb was "utterly new." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0006" id="link2H_4_0006"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      THE TATLER, NUMB. 63.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      FROM THURSDAY SEPTEMBER I. TO SATURDAY SEPTEMBER 3, 1709. "SIR,[1]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "It must be allowed, that Esquire Bickerstaff is of all authors the most
+      ingenuous. There are few, very few, that will own themselves in a mistake,
+      though all the World sees them to be in downright nonsense. You'll be
+      pleased, Sir, to pardon this expression, for the same reason for which you
+      once desired us to excuse you when you seemed anything dull. Most writers,
+      like the generality of Paul Lorrain's[2] saints, seem to place a peculiar
+      vanity in dying hard. But you, Sir, to show a good example to your
+      brethren, have not only confessed, but of your own accord mended the
+      indictment. Nay, you have been so good-natured as to discover beauties in
+      it, which, I will assure you, he that drew it never dreamed of: And to
+      make your civility the more accomplished, you have honoured him with the
+      title of your kinsman,[3] which, though derived by the left hand, he is
+      not a little proud of. My brother (for such Obadiah is) being at present
+      very busy about nothing, has ordered me to return you his sincere thanks
+      for all these favours; and, as a small token of his gratitude, to
+      communicate to you the following piece of intelligence, which, he thinks,
+      belongs more properly to you than to any others of our modern historians.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "<i>Madonella</i>, who as it was thought had long since taken her flight
+      towards the ethereal mansions, still walks, it seems, in the regions of
+      mortality; where she has found, by deep reflections on the revolution[4]
+      mentioned in yours of June the 23rd, that where early instructions have
+      been wanting to imprint true ideas of things on the tender souls of those
+      of her sex, they are never after able to arrive at such a pitch of
+      perfection, as to be above the laws of matter and motion; laws which are
+      considerably enforced by the principles usually imbibed in nurseries and
+      boarding-schools. To remedy this evil, she has laid the scheme of a
+      college for young damsels; where, instead of scissors, needles, and
+      samplers; pens, compasses, quadrants, books, manuscripts, Greek, Latin,
+      and Hebrew, are to take up their whole time. Only on holidays the students
+      will, for moderate exercise, be allowed to divert themselves with the use
+      of some of the lightest and most voluble weapons; and proper care will be
+      taken to give them at least a superficial tincture of the ancient and
+      modern Amazonian tactics. Of these military performances, the direction is
+      undertaken by Epicene,[5] the writer of 'Memoirs from the Mediterranean,'
+      who, by the help of some artificial poisons conveyed by smells, has within
+      these few weeks brought many persons of both sexes to an untimely fate;
+      and, what is more surprising, has, contrary to her profession, with the
+      same odours, revived others who had long since been drowned in the
+      whirlpools of Lethe. Another of the professors is to be a certain lady,
+      who is now publishing two of the choicest Saxon novels[6], which are said
+      to have been in as great repute with the ladies of Queen Emma's Court, as
+      the 'Memoirs from the New Atalantis' are with those of ours. I shall make
+      it my business to enquire into the progress of this learned institution,
+      and give you the first notice of their 'Philosophical Transactions[7], and
+      Searches after Nature.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Yours, &amp;c.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      "TOBIAH GREENHAT."
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: This letter was introduced:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "From my own Apartment, September 2.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The following letter being a panegyric upon me for a quality which every
+      man may attain, an acknowledgment of his faults; I thought it for the good
+      of my fellow writers to publish it." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: The Rev. Paul Lorrain was ordinary of Newgate Prison from
+      1698 until 1719. He issued the dying speeches and confessions of the
+      condemned criminals in the form of broadsheets. In these confessions, the
+      penitence of the criminals was most strongly emphasized, hence the term
+      "Lorrain's saints." Lorrain died in 1719. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: Isaac Bickerstaff, commenting on the letter in No. 59,
+      printed above, says: "I have looked over our pedigree upon the receipt of
+      this epistle, and find the Greenhats are a-kin to the Staffs. They descend
+      from Maudlin, the left-handed wife of Nehemiah Bickerstaff, in the reign
+      of Harry II." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: See No. 32 <i>ante</i>. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: Mrs. Mary de la Rivière Manley, author of "Memoirs of Europe,
+      towards the Close of the Eighth Century" (1710), which she dedicated to
+      Isaac Bickerstaff, and of "Secret Memoirs and Manners ... from the New
+      Atalantis" (1709). She was associated with Swift in the writing of several
+      pamphlets In support of the Harley Administration, and in his work on "The
+      Examiner" (see vol. v., pp. 41, 118, and 171 of the present edition of
+      Swift's works).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Epicene is an allusion to Ben Jonson's comedy, "Epicoene; or, the Silent
+      Woman" (1609).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mrs. Manley seems to have credited Steele with this attack on her, for she
+      attacked him, in turn, in her "New Atalantis," and printed, in her
+      dedication to the "Memoirs of Europe," Steele's denial of the authorship
+      of this paper. This did not, however, prevent her making new charges
+      against him. "The Narrative of Guiscard's Examination," "A Comment on Dr.
+      Hare's Sermon," and "The Duke of Marlborough's Vindication," were written
+      either by herself, or at the suggestion of, and with instructions from,
+      Swift. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: Mrs. Elizabeth Elstob (1683-1756), a niece of the learned Dr.
+      Hickes, issued, in 1709, "An English-Saxon Homily on the Birthday of St.
+      Gregory." The work was dedicated to Queen Anne. She was a friend of Mary
+      Granville, afterwards Mrs. Pendarves, and better known as Mrs. Delany.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: An allusion to "Useful Transactions in Philosophy," etc.,
+      January and February, 1708/9, which commenced with an article entitled "An
+      Essay on the Invention of Samplers," by Mrs. Arabella Manly (<i>sic</i>).
+      She had a friend, Mrs. Betty Clavel. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0007" id="link2H_4_0007"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      THE TATLER, NUMB. 66.
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY SEPTEMBER 8. TO SATURDAY SEPTEMBER 10. 1709.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Wills Coffee-house, September</i> 9.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      We have been very much perplexed here this evening, by two gentlemen who
+      took upon them to talk as loud as if it were expected from them to
+      entertain the company. Their subject was eloquence and graceful action.
+      Lysander, who is something particular in his way of thinking and speaking,
+      told us, "a man could not be eloquent without action: for the deportment
+      of the body, the turn of the eye, and an apt sound to every word that is
+      uttered, must all conspire to make an accomplished speaker. Action in one
+      that speaks in public, is the same thing which a good mien is in ordinary
+      life. Thus, as a certain insensibility in the countenance recommends a
+      sentence of humour and jest, so it must be a very lively consciousness
+      that gives grace to great sentiments: For the jest is to be a thing
+      unexpected; therefore your undesigning manner is a beauty in expressions
+      of mirth; but when you are to talk on a set subject, the more you are
+      moved yourself, the more you will move others.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "There is," said he, "a remarkable example of that kind: Aeschines, a
+      famous orator of antiquity, had pleaded at Athens in a great cause against
+      Demosthenes; but having lost it, retired to Rhodes. Eloquence was then the
+      quality most admired among men; and the magistrates of that place having
+      heard he had a copy of the speech of Demosthenes, desired him to repeat
+      both their pleadings. After his own, he recited also the oration of his
+      antagonist. The people expressed their admiration of both, but more of
+      that of Demosthenes. 'If you are,' said he, 'thus touched with hearing
+      only what that great orator said, how would you have been affected had you
+      seen him speak? for he who hears Demosthenes only, loses much the better
+      part of the oration.' Certain it is, that they who speak gracefully, are
+      very lamely represented, in having their speeches read or repeated by
+      unskilful people; for there is something native to each man, that is so
+      inherent to his thoughts and sentiments, which it is hardly possible for
+      another to give a true idea of. You may observe in common talk, when a
+      sentence of any man's is repeated, an acquaintance of his shall
+      immediately observe, 'That is so like him, methinks I see how he looked
+      when he said it.' But of all the people on the earth, there are none who
+      puzzle me so much as the clergy of Great Britain, who are, I believe, the
+      most learned body of men now in the world; and yet this art of speaking,
+      with the proper ornaments of voice and gesture, is wholly neglected among
+      them; and I will engage, were a deaf man to behold the greater part of
+      them preach, he would rather think they were reading the contents only of
+      some discourse they intended to make, than actually in the body of an
+      oration, even when they are upon matters of such a nature as one would
+      believe it were impossible to think of without emotion.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I own there are exceptions to this general observation, and that the
+      Dean[1] we heard the other day together, is an orator. He has so much
+      regard to his congregation, that he commits to his memory what he is to
+      say to them; and has so soft and graceful a behaviour, that it must
+      attract your attention. His person it is to be confessed is no small
+      recommendation; but he is to be highly commended for not losing that
+      advantage, and adding to the propriety of speech (which might pass the
+      criticism of Longinus)[2] an action which would have been approved by
+      Demosthenes. He has a peculiar force in his way, and has many of his
+      audience[3] who could not be intelligent hearers of his discourse, were
+      there not explanation as well as grace in his action. This art of his is
+      used with the most exact and honest skill: he never attempts your
+      passions, till he has convinced your reason. All the objections which he
+      can form, are laid before you and dispersed, before he uses the least
+      vehemence in his sermon; but when he thinks he has your head, he very soon
+      wins your heart; and never pretends to show the beauty of holiness, till
+      he has convinced you of the truth of it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Would every one of our clergymen be thus careful to recommend truth and
+      virtue in their proper figures, and show so much concern for them as to
+      give them all the additional force they were able, it is not possible that
+      nonsense should have so many hearers as you find it has in dissenting
+      congregations, for no reason in the world but because it is spoken <i>extempore</i>:
+      For ordinary minds are wholly governed by their eyes and ears, and there
+      is no way to come at their hearts but by power over their imagination.
+      There is my friend and merry companion Daniel[4]: he knows a great deal
+      better than he speaks, and can form a proper discourse as well as any
+      orthodox neighbour. But he knows very well, that to bawl out, 'My
+      beloved;' and the words 'grace! regeneration! sanctification! a new light!
+      the day! The day! aye, my beloved, the day!' or rather, 'the night! The
+      night is coming! and judgment will come, when we least think of it!'&mdash;and
+      so forth&mdash;He knows, to be vehement is the only way to come at his
+      audience; and Daniel, when he sees my friend Greenhat come in, can give
+      him a good hint, and cry out, 'This is only for the saints! the
+      regenerated!' By this force of action, though mixed with all the
+      incoherence and ribaldry imaginable, Daniel can laugh at his diocesan, and
+      grow fat by voluntary subscription, while the parson of the parish goes to
+      law for half his dues. Daniel will tell you, 'It is not the shepherd, but
+      the sheep with the bell, which the flock follows.' Another thing, very
+      wonderful this learned body should omit, is, learning to read; which is a
+      most necessary part of eloquence in one who is to serve at the altar: for
+      there is no man but must be sensible, that the lazy tone, and inarticulate
+      sound of our common readers, depreciates the most proper form of words
+      that were ever extant in any nation or language, to speak our own wants,
+      or His power from whom we ask relief.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "There cannot be a greater instance of the power of action than in little
+      parson Dapper,[5] who is the common relief to all the lazy pulpits in
+      town. This smart youth has a very good memory, a quick eye, and a clean
+      handkerchief. Thus equipped, he opens his text, shuts his book fairly,
+      shows he has no notes in his Bible, opens both palms, and shows all is
+      fair there too. Thus, with a decisive air, my young man goes on without
+      hesitation; and though from the beginning to the end of his pretty
+      discourse, he has not used one proper gesture, yet at the conclusion, the
+      churchwarden pulls his gloves from off his head; 'Pray, who is this
+      extraordinary young man?' Thus the force of action is such, that it is
+      more prevalent (even when improper) than all the reason and argument in
+      the world without it." This gentleman concluded his discourse by saying,
+      "I do not doubt but if our preachers would learn to speak, and our readers
+      to read, within six months' time we should not have a dissenter within a
+      mile of a church in Great Britain."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: In his original preface to the fourth volume, Steele explains
+      that "the amiable character of the Dean in the sixty-sixth 'Tatler,' was
+      drawn for Dr. Atterbury." Steele cites this as a proof of his
+      impartiality. Scott thinks that it must have cost him "some effort to
+      permit insertion of a passage so favourable to a Tory divine." At the time
+      the character was published Atterbury was Dean of Carlisle and one of the
+      Queen's chaplains. He was later created Bishop of Rochester. There is no
+      doubt that Atterbury was deeply implicated in the various Jacobite plots
+      for the bringing in of the Pretender. Under a bill of pains and penalties
+      he was condemned and deprived of all his ecclesiastical offices. In 1723
+      he left England and died in exile in 1732. His body, however, was
+      privately buried in Westminster Abbey. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: "De Sublimitate," viii. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: For twenty years Atterbury was preacher at the chapel of
+      Bridewell Hospital. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: Daniel Burgess (1645-1713), the son of a Wiltshire clergyman,
+      was a schoolmaster in Ireland before he became minister to the
+      Presbyterian meeting-house people in Brydges Street, Covent Garden. A
+      chapel was built for him in New Court, Carey Street, Lincoln's Inn, and
+      this was destroyed during the Sacheverell riots in 1710. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: Dr. Joseph Trapp (1679-1747), professor of poetry at Oxford,
+      where he published his "Praelectiones Poeticae" (1711-15), He assisted
+      Sacheverell and became a strong partisan of the High Church party. Swift
+      thought very little of him. To Stella he writes, he is "a sort of
+      pretender to wit, a second-rate pamphleteer for the cause, whom they pay
+      by sending him to Ireland" (January 7th, 1710/1, see vol. ii., p. 96).
+      This sending to Ireland refers to his chaplaincy to Sir Constantine
+      Phipps, Lord Chancellor of Ireland (1710-12). On July 17th, 1712, Swift
+      again speaks of him to Stella: "I have made Trap chaplain to Lord
+      Bolingbroke, and he is mighty happy and thankful for it" (<i>ibid</i>., p.
+      379). Trapp afterwards held several preferments in and near London.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0008" id="link2H_4_0008"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      THE TATLER, NUMB. 67.
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM SATURDAY SEPTEMBER 10. TO TUESDAY SEPTEMBER 13. 1709.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>From my own Apartment, September</i> 12.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      No man can conceive, till he comes to try it, how great a pain it is to be
+      a public-spirited person. I am sure I am unable to express to the world,
+      how much anxiety I have suffered, to see of how little benefit my
+      Lucubrations have been to my fellow-subjects. Men will go on in their own
+      way in spite of all my labour. I gave Mr. Didapper a private reprimand for
+      wearing red-heeled shoes, and at the same time was so indulgent as to
+      connive at him for fourteen days, because I would give him the wearing of
+      them out; but after all this I am informed, he appeared yesterday with a
+      new pair of the same sort. I have no better success with Mr.
+      Whatdee'call[1] as to his buttons: Stentor[2] still roars; and box and
+      dice rattle as loud as they did before I writ against them. Partridge[3]
+      walks about at noon-day, and Aesculapius[4] thinks of adding a new lace to
+      his livery. However, I must still go on in laying these enormities before
+      men's eyes, and let them answer for going on in their practice.[5] My
+      province is much larger than at first sight men would imagine, and I shall
+      lose no part of my jurisdiction, which extends not only to futurity, but
+      also is retrospect to things past; and the behaviour of persons who have
+      long ago acted their parts, is as much liable to my examination, as that
+      of my own contemporaries.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In order to put the whole race of mankind in their proper distinctions,
+      according to the opinion their cohabitants conceived of them, I have with
+      very much care, and depth of meditation, thought fit to erect a Chamber of
+      Fame, and established certain rules, which are to be observed in admitting
+      members into this illustrious society. In this Chamber of Fame there are
+      to be three tables, but of different lengths; the first is to contain
+      exactly twelve persons; the second, twenty; the third, an hundred. This is
+      reckoned to be the full number of those who have any competent share of
+      fame. At the first of these tables are to be placed in their order the
+      twelve most famous persons in the world, not with regard to the things
+      they are famous for, but according to the degree of their fame, whether in
+      valour, wit, or learning. Thus if a scholar be more famous than a soldier,
+      he is to sit above him. Neither must any preference be given to virtue, if
+      the person be not equally famous. When the first table is filled, the next
+      in renown must be seated at the second, and so on in like manner to the
+      number of twenty; as also in the same order at the third, which is to hold
+      an hundred. At these tables no regard is to be had to seniority: for if
+      Julius Caesar shall be judged more famous than Romulus and Scipio, he must
+      have the precedence. No person who has not been dead an hundred years,
+      must be offered to a place at any of these tables: and because this is
+      altogether a lay society, and that sacred persons move upon greater
+      motives than that of fame, no persons celebrated in Holy Writ, or any
+      ecclesiastical men whatsoever, are to be introduced here.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At the lower end of the room is to be a side-table for persons of great
+      fame, but dubious existence, such as Hercules, Theseus, Aeneas, Achilles,
+      Hector, and others. But because it is apprehended, that there may be great
+      contention about precedence, the proposer humbly desires the opinion of
+      the learned towards his assistance in placing every person according to
+      his rank, that none may have just occasion of offence.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The merits of the cause shall be judged by plurality of voices.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For the more impartial execution of this important affair, it is desired,
+      that no man will offer his favourite hero, scholar, or poet; and that the
+      learned will be pleased to send to Mr. Bickerstaff, at Mr. Morphew's near
+      Stationers' Hall, their several lists for the first table only, and in the
+      order they would have them placed; after which, the composer will compare
+      the several lists, and make another for the public, wherein every name
+      shall be ranked according to the voices it has had. Under this chamber is
+      to be a dark vault for the same number of persons of evil fame.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is humbly submitted to consideration, whether the project would not be
+      better, if the persons of true fame meet in a middle room, those of
+      dubious existence in an upper room, and those of evil fame in a lower dark
+      room.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is to be noted, that no historians are to be admitted at any of these
+      tables, because they are appointed to conduct the several persons to their
+      seats, and are to be made use of as ushers to the assemblies.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I call upon the learned world to send me their assistance towards this
+      design, it being a matter of too great moment for any one person to
+      determine. But I do assure them, their lists shall be examined with great
+      fidelity, and those that are exposed to the public, made with all the
+      caution imaginable.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: "N.B. Mr. How'd'call is desired to leave off those buttons."&mdash;No.
+      21. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: Dr. William Stanley (1647-1731), master of Corpus Christi
+      College, Cambridge, was Dean of St. Asaph in 1706-31. In No. 54 of "The
+      Tatler," he is described as a person "accustomed to roar and bellow so
+      terribly loud in the responses that . . . one of our petty canons, a
+      punning Cambridge scholar, calls his way of worship a <i>Bull-offering.</i>"
+      In the sixty-first number a further reference is made to him: "A person of
+      eminent wit and piety [Dr. R. South] wrote to Stentor: 'Brother Stentor,'
+      said he, 'for the repose of the Church, hearken to Bickerstaff; and
+      consider that, while you are so devout at St. Paul's, we cannot sleep for
+      you at St. Peter's.'" [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: John Partridge (1644-1715) cobbler, philomath, and quack, was
+      the author of "Merlinus Liberatus," first issued in 1680. He libelled his
+      master, John Gadbury, in his "Nebulo Anglicanus" (1693), and quarrelled
+      with George Parker, a fellow-quack and astrologer. It is of him that Swift
+      wrote his famous "Predictions" (see vol. i. of this edition, p. 298), and
+      issued his broadside, concluding with the lines:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+              "Here, five feet deep, lies on his back,
+              A cobler, starmonger, and quack,
+              Who to the stars in pure good will
+              Does to his best look upward still:
+              Weep, all you customers that use
+              His pills, his almanacks, or shoes."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      In No. 59 of "The Tatler," his death is referred to in harmony with the
+      tone of Swift's fun: "The late Partridge, who still denies his death. I am
+      informed indeed by several that he walks." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: The famous Dr. John Radcliffe (1650-1714) who refused the
+      appointment of physician to King William III., and offended Anne by his
+      churlish disregard of her requests to attend on her. He fell in love with
+      a Miss Tempest, one of Queen Anne's maids of honour. In the 44th number of
+      "The Tatler" Steele ridicules this attachment by making him address his
+      mistress in the following words: "O fair! for thee I sit amidst a crowd of
+      painted deities on my chariot, buttoned in gold, clasped in gold, without
+      having any value for that beloved metal, but as it adorns the person and
+      laces the hat of thy dying lover." Radcliffe attended Swift for his
+      dizziness, but that did not prevent the latter from referring to him as
+      "that puppy," in writing to Stella, for neglecting to attend to Harley's
+      wound. He seems to have had a high standing for skill as a physician, and
+      probably on that account gave himself airs. It is told of him that "during
+      a long attendance in the family of a particular friend, he regularly
+      refused the fee pressed upon him at each visit. At length, when the cure
+      was performed, and the doctor about to give up attendance, the
+      convalescent patient again proffered him a purse containing the fees for
+      every day's visit. The doctor eyed it some time in silence, and at length
+      extended his hand, exclaiming, 'Singly, I could have refused them for
+      ever; but altogether they are irresistible.'" Radcliffe died at Carshalton
+      in 1714. From his bequests were founded the Radcliffe Infirmary and
+      Observatory at Oxford. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: Scott omits, from his edition, the whole of this paragraph up
+      to this point. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0009" id="link2H_4_0009"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      THE TATLER, NUMB. 68.
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM TUESDAY SEPTEMBER 13. TO THURSDAY SEPTEMBER 15. 1709.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>From my own Apartment, September</i> 14.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The progress of our endeavours will of necessity be very much interrupted,
+      except the learned world will please to send their lists to the Chamber of
+      Fame with all expedition. There is nothing can so much contribute to
+      create a noble emulation in our youth, as the honourable mention of such
+      whose actions have outlived the injuries of time, and recommended
+      themselves so far to the world, that it is become learning to know the
+      least circumstance of their affairs. It is a great incentive to see, that
+      some men have raised themselves so highly above their fellow-creatures;
+      that the lives of ordinary men are spent in inquiries after the particular
+      actions of the most illustrious. True it is, that without this impulse to
+      fame and reputation, our industry would stagnate, and that lively desire
+      of pleasing each other die away. This opinion was so established in the
+      heathen world, that their sense of living appeared insipid, except their
+      being was enlivened with a consciousness, that they were esteemed by the
+      rest of the world.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Upon examining the proportion of men's fame for my table of twelve, I
+      thought it no ill way, since I had laid it down for a rule, that they were
+      to be ranked simply as they were famous, without regard to their virtue,
+      to ask my sister Jenny's advice, and particularly mentioned to her the
+      name of Aristotle. She immediately told me, he was a very great scholar,
+      and that she had read him at the boarding-school. She certainly means a
+      trifle sold by the hawkers, called, "Aristotle's Problems." [1] But this
+      raised a great scruple in me, whether a fame increased by imposition of
+      others is to be added to his account, or that these excrescencies, which
+      grow out of his real reputation, and give encouragement to others to pass
+      things under the covert of his name, should be considered in giving him
+      his seat in the Chamber? This punctilio is referred to the learned. In the
+      mean time, so ill-natured are mankind, that I believe I have names already
+      sent me sufficient to fill up my lists for the dark room, and every one is
+      apt enough to send in their accounts of ill deservers. This malevolence
+      does not proceed from a real dislike of virtue, but a diabolical prejudice
+      against it, which makes men willing to destroy what they care not to
+      imitate. Thus you see the greatest characters among your acquaintance, and
+      those you live with, are traduced by all below them in virtue, who never
+      mention them but with an exception. However, I believe I shall not give
+      the world much trouble about filling my tables for those of evil fame, for
+      I have some thoughts of clapping up the sharpers there as fast as I can
+      lay hold of them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At present, I am employed in looking over the several notices which I have
+      received of their manner of dexterity, and the way at dice of making all
+      <i>rugg</i>, as the cant is. The whole art of securing a die has lately
+      been sent me by a person who was of the fraternity, but is disabled by the
+      loss of a finger, by which means he cannot, as he used to do, secure a
+      die. But I am very much at a loss how to call some of the fair sex, who
+      are accomplices with the Knights of Industry; for my metaphorical dogs[2]
+      are easily enough understood; but the feminine gender of dogs has so harsh
+      a sound, that we know not how to name it. But I am credibly informed, that
+      there are female dogs as voracious as the males, and make advances to
+      young fellows, without any other design but coming to a familiarity with
+      their purses. I have also long lists of persons of condition, who are
+      certainly of the same regiment with these banditti, and instrumental to
+      their cheats upon undiscerning men of their own rank. These add their good
+      reputation to carry on the impostures of those, whose very names would
+      otherwise be defence enough against falling into their hands. But for the
+      honour of our nation, these shall be unmentioned, provided we hear no more
+      of such practices, and that they shall not from henceforward suffer the
+      society of such, as they know to be the common enemies of order,
+      discipline, and virtue. If it prove that they go on in encouraging them,
+      they must be proceeded against according to severest rules of history,
+      where all is to be laid before the world with impartiality, and without
+      respect to persons.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "So let the stricken deer go weep."[3]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: This was not a translation of Aristotle's "Problemata," but
+      an indecent pamphlet with that title. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: In the 62nd number of "The Tatler" Steele wrote a paper
+      comparing some of the pests of society, such as the gamblers, to dogs, and
+      said: "It is humbly proposed that they may be all together transported to
+      America, where the dogs are few, and the wild beasts many." Scott notes
+      that when one of the fraternity referred to threatened Steele with
+      personal vengeance, Lord Forbes silenced him with these words: "You will
+      find it safer, sir, in this country, to cut a purse than to cut a throat."
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: "Why, let the stricken deer go weep."&mdash;<i>Hamlet</i>,
+      iii. 2. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0010" id="link2H_4_0010"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      THE TATLER, NUMB. 70.
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM SATURDAY SEPTEMBER 17. TO TUESDAY SEPTEMBER 20. 1709.
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      "SIR,[1]
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      "I read with great pleasure in the <i>Tatler</i>[2] of Saturday last the
+      conversation upon eloquence; permit me to hint to you one thing the great
+      Roman orator observes upon this subject, <i>Caput enim arbitrabatur
+      oratoris</i>, (he quotes Menedemus[3] an Athenian) <i>ut ipsis apud quos
+      ageret talis qualem ipse optaret videretur, id fieri vitae dignitate</i>.[4]
+      It is the first rule, in oratory, that a man must appear such as he would
+      persuade others to be, and that can be accomplished only by the force of
+      his life. I believe it might be of great service to let our public orators
+      know, that an unnatural gravity, or an unbecoming levity in their
+      behaviour out of the pulpit, will take very much from the force of their
+      eloquence in it. Excuse another scrap of Latin; it is from one of the
+      Fathers: I think it will appear a just observation to all, as it may have
+      authority with some; <i>Qui autem docent tantum, nec faciunt, ipsi
+      praeceptis suis detrahunt pondus; Quis enim obtemperet, cum ipsi
+      praeceptores doceant non obtemperare?</i>[5] I am,
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      "SIR,
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      "Your humble servant,
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      "JONATHAN ROSEHAT.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      "P.S. You were complaining in that paper, that the clergy of Great-Britain
+      had not yet learned to speak; a very great defect indeed; and therefore I
+      shall think myself a well-deserver of the church in recommending all the
+      dumb clergy to the famous speaking doctor[6] at Kensington. This ingenious
+      gentleman, out of compassion to those of a bad utterance, has placed his
+      whole study in the new-modelling the organs of voice; which art he has so
+      far advanced, as to be able even to make a good orator of a pair of
+      bellows. He lately exhibited a specimen of his skill in this way, of which
+      I was informed by the worthy gentlemen then present, who were at once
+      delighted and amazed to hear an instrument of so simple an organization
+      use an exact articulation of words, a just cadency in its sentences, and a
+      wonderful pathos in its pronunciation; not that he designs to expatiate in
+      this practice, because he cannot (as he says) apprehend what use it may be
+      of to mankind, whose benefit he aims at in a more particular manner: and
+      for the same reason, he will never more instruct the feathered kind, the
+      parrot having been his last scholar in that way. He has a wonderful
+      faculty in making and mending echoes, and this he will perform at any time
+      for the use of the solitary in the country, being a man born for universal
+      good, and for that reason recommended to your patronage by, Sir, yours,
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      "PHILALETHES."
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: This letter appears under the heading: "From my own
+      Apartment, September 19." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: See "The Tatler," No. 66, <i>ante</i>. [T. S,]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: An Athenian rhetorician who died in Rome about 100 B.C. [T.
+      S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: The quotation is not quite correctly given. It is taken from
+      Cicero, <i>De Oratore</i>, i. 19 (87). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: "But those who teach, and do not live in accordance with
+      their own instructions, take away all the weight from their teaching; for
+      who will comply with their precepts, when the teachers themselves teach us
+      not to obey them?" [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: James Ford proposed to cure stammerers and even restore
+      speech to mutes. In the second volume of "The British Apollo" he is
+      referred to as having "not only recovered several who stammered to a
+      regular speech, but also brought the deaf and dumb to speak." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0011" id="link2H_4_0011"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      THE TATLER, NUMB. 71.
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM TUESDAY SEPTEMBER 20. TO THURSDAY SEPTEMBER 22. 1709.
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      "'SQUIRE BICKERSTAFF,[1]
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      "Finding your advice and censure to have a good effect, I desire your
+      admonition to our vicar and schoolmaster, who in his preaching to his
+      auditors, stretches his jaws so wide, that instead of instructing youth,
+      it rather frightens them: likewise in reading prayers, he has such a
+      careless loll, that people are justly offended at his irreverent posture;
+      besides the extraordinary charge they are put to in sending their children
+      to dance, to bring them off of those ill gestures. Another evil faculty he
+      has, in making the bowling-green his daily residence, instead of his
+      church, where his curate reads prayers every day. If the weather is fair,
+      his time is spent in visiting; if cold or wet, in bed, or at least at
+      home, though within 100 yards of the church. These, out of many such
+      irregular practices, I write for his reclamation: but two or three things
+      more before I conclude; to wit, that generally when his curate preaches in
+      the afternoon, he sleeps sotting in the desk on a hassock. With all this,
+      he is so extremely proud, that he will go but once to the sick, except
+      they return his visit."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: This letter is dated as from Will's Coffee-house, September
+      20. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0012" id="link2H_4_0012"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      THE TATLER, NUMB. 230.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      FROM TUESDAY SEPTEMBER 26. TO THURSDAY SEPTEMBER 28. 1710.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>From my own Apartment, September 27.</i>[1]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following letter has laid before me many great and manifest evils in
+      the world of letters[2] which I had overlooked; but they open to me a very
+      busy scene, and it will require no small care and application to amend
+      errors which are become so universal. The affectation of politeness is
+      exposed in this epistle with a great deal of wit and discernment; so that
+      whatever discourses I may fall into hereafter upon the subjects the writer
+      treats of, I shall at present lay the matter before the World without the
+      least alteration from the words of my correspondent.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      "TO ISAAC BICKERSTAFF ESQ;
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      "SIR,
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      "There are some abuses among us of great consequence, the reformation of
+      which is properly your province, though, as far as I have been conversant
+      in your papers, you have not yet considered them. These are, the
+      deplorable ignorance that for some years hath reigned among our English
+      writers, the great depravity of our taste, and the continual corruption of
+      our style. I say nothing here of those who handle particular sciences,
+      divinity, law, physic, and the like; I mean, the traders in history and
+      politics, and the <i>belles lettres;</i> together with those by whom books
+      are not translated, but (as the common expressions are) 'done out of
+      French, Latin,' or other language, and 'made English.' I cannot but
+      observe to you, that till of late years a Grub-Street book was always
+      bound in sheepskin, with suitable print and paper, the price never above a
+      shilling, and taken off wholly by common tradesmen, or country pedlars,
+      but now they appear in all sizes and shapes, and in all places. They are
+      handed about from lapfuls in every coffeehouse to persons of quality, are
+      shewn in Westminster-Hall and the Court of Requests. You may see them
+      gilt, and in royal paper, of five or six hundred pages, and rated
+      accordingly. I would engage to furnish you with a catalogue of English
+      books published within the compass of seven years past, which at the first
+      hand would cost you a hundred pounds, wherein you shall not be able to
+      find ten lines together of common grammar or common sense.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "These two evils, ignorance and want of taste, have produced a third; I
+      mean, the continual corruption of our English tongue, which, without some
+      timely remedy, will suffer more by the false refinements of twenty years
+      past, than it hath been improved in the foregoing hundred: And this is
+      what I design chiefly to enlarge upon, leaving the former evils to your
+      animadversion.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "But instead of giving you a list of the late refinements crept into our
+      language, I here send you the copy of a letter I received some time ago
+      from a most accomplished person in this way of writing, upon which I shall
+      make some remarks. It is in these terms.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      "'SIR,
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      "'I couldn't get the things you sent for all about Town.&mdash;I thôt to
+      ha' come down myself, and then I'd ha' brôut 'umn; but I han't don't, and
+      I believe I can't do't, that's pozz.&mdash;Tom[3] begins to gi'mself airs
+      because he's going with the plenipo's.&mdash;'Tis said, the French King
+      will bamboozl us agen, which causes many speculations. The Jacks, and
+      others of that kidney, are very uppish, and alert upon't, as you may see
+      by their phizz's.&mdash;Will Hazzard has got the hipps, having lost to the
+      tune of five hundr'd pound, thô he understands play very well, nobody
+      better. He has promis't me upon rep, to leave off play; but you know 'tis
+      a weakness he's too apt to give into, thô he has as much wit as any man,
+      nobody more. He has lain incog ever since.&mdash;The mobb's very quiet
+      with us now.&mdash;I believe you thôt I bantered you in my last like a
+      country put.&mdash;I sha'n't leave Town this month, &amp;c.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "This letter is in every point an admirable pattern of the present polite
+      way of writing; nor is it of less authority for being an epistle. You may
+      gather every flower in it, with a thousand more of equal sweetness, from
+      the books, pamphlets, and single papers, offered us every day in the
+      coffeehouses: And these are the beauties introduced to supply the want of
+      wit, sense, humour, and learning, which formerly were looked upon as
+      qualifications for a writer. If a man of wit, who died forty years ago,
+      were to rise from the grave on purpose, how would he be able to read this
+      letter? And after he had gone through that difficulty, how would he be
+      able to understand it? The first thing that strikes your eye is the <i>breaks</i>
+      at the end of almost every sentence; of which I know not the use, only
+      that it is a refinement, and very frequently practised. Then you will
+      observe the abbreviations and elisions, by which consonants of most
+      obdurate sound are joined together, without one softening vowel to
+      intervene; and all this only to make one syllable of two, directly
+      contrary to the example of the Greeks and Romans; altogether of the Gothic
+      strain, and a natural tendency towards relapsing into barbarity, which
+      delights in monosyllables, and uniting of mute consonants; as it is
+      observable in all the Northern languages. And this is still more visible
+      in the next refinement, which consists in pronouncing the first syllable
+      in a word that has many, and dismissing the rest; such as <i>phizz, hipps,
+      mobb,[4] poz., rep.</i> and many more; when we are already overloaded with
+      monosyllables, which are the disgrace of our language. Thus we cram one
+      syllable, and cut off the rest; as the owl fattened her mice, after she
+      had bit off their legs to prevent their running away; and if ours be the
+      same reason for maiming words, it will certainly answer the end; for I am
+      sure no other Nation will desire to borrow them. Some words are hitherto
+      but fairly split, and therefore only in their way to perfection, as <i>incog</i>
+      and <i>plenipo</i>: But in a short time it is to be hoped they will be
+      further docked to <i>inc</i> and <i>plen</i>. This reflection has made me
+      of late years very impatient for a peace, which I believe would save the
+      lives of many brave words, as well as men. The war has introduced
+      abundance of polysyllables, which will never be able to live many more
+      campaigns; <i>Speculations, operations, preliminaries, ambassadors,
+      palisadoes, communication, circumvallation, battalions</i>, as numerous as
+      they are, if they attack us too frequently in our coffeehouses, we shall
+      certainly put them to flight, and cut off the rear.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The third refinement observable in the letter I send you, consists in the
+      choice of certain words invented by some <i>pretty fellows</i>; such as <i>banter,
+      bamboozle, country put</i>, and <i>kidney</i>, as it is there applied;
+      some of which are now struggling for the vogue, and others are in
+      possession of it. I have done my utmost for some years past to stop the
+      progress of <i>mobb</i> and <i>banter</i>, but have been plainly borne
+      down by numbers, and betrayed by those who promised to assist me.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "In the last place, you are to take notice of certain choice phrases
+      scattered through the letter; some of them tolerable enough, till they
+      were worn to rags by servile imitators. You might easily find them, though
+      they were not in a different print, and therefore I need not disturb them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "These are the false refinements in our style which you ought to correct:
+      First, by argument and fair means; but if those fail, I think you are to
+      make use of your authority as Censor, and by an annual <i>index
+      expurgatorius</i> expunge all words and phrases that are offensive to good
+      sense, and condemn those barbarous mutilations of vowels and syllables. In
+      this last point the usual pretence is, that they spell as they speak; a
+      noble standard for language! to depend upon the caprice of every coxcomb,
+      who, because words are the clothing of our thoughts, cuts them out, and
+      shapes them as he pleases, and changes them oftener than his dress. I
+      believe, all reasonable people would be content that such refiners were
+      more sparing in their words, and liberal in their syllables: And upon this
+      head I should be glad you would bestow some advice upon several young
+      readers in our churches, who coming up from the University, full fraught
+      with admiration of our Town politeness, will needs correct the style of
+      their Prayer-Books. In reading the absolution, they are very careful to
+      say "<i>Pardons and absolves;"</i> and in the Prayer for the Royal Family,
+      it must be, <i>endue'um, enrich'um, prosper'um,</i> and <i>bring'um</i>.[5]
+      Then in their sermons they use all the modern terms of art, <i>sham,
+      banter, mob, bubble, bully, cutting shuffling,</i> and <i>palming</i>, all
+      which, and many more of the like stamp, as I have heard them often in the
+      pulpit from such young sophisters, so I have read them in some of those
+      sermons that have made most noise of late. The design, it seems, is to
+      avoid the dreadful imputation of pedantry, to shew us, that they know the
+      Town, understand men and manners, and have not been poring upon old
+      unfashionable books in the University.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I should be glad to see you the instrument of introducing into our style
+      that simplicity which is the best and truest ornament of most things in
+      life, which the politer ages always aimed at in their building and dress,
+      <i>(simplex munditiis)</i> as well as their productions of wit. It is
+      manifest, that all new, affected modes of speech, whether borrowed from
+      the Court, the Town, or the theatre, are the first perishing parts in any
+      language, and, as I could prove by many hundred instances, have been so in
+      ours. The writings of Hooker,[6] who was a country clergyman, and of
+      Parsons[7] the Jesuit, both in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, are in a
+      style that, with very few allowances, would not offend any present reader;
+      much more clear and intelligible than those of Sir H. Wotton,[8]Sir Robert
+      Naunton,[9] Osborn,[10] Daniel[11] the historian, and several others who
+      writ later; but being men of the Court, and affecting the phrases then in
+      fashion, they are often either not to be understood, or appear perfectly
+      ridiculous.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "What remedies are to be applied to these evils I have not room to
+      consider, having, I fear, already taken up most of your paper. Besides, I
+      think it is our office only to represent abuses, and yours to redress
+      them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I am, with great respect, Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Your, &amp;c."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: In his "Journal to Stella," Swift writes, under date,
+      September 18th, 1710: "Came to town; got home early, and began a letter to
+      'The Tatler' about the corruptions of style and writing, &amp;c." On
+      September 23rd, he writes again: "I have sent a long letter to
+      Bickerstaff; let the Bp. of Clogher smoke if he can." Again on September
+      29th: "I made a 'Tatler' since I came; guess which it is, and whether the
+      Bp. Of Clogher smokes it." On October 1st, he asks Stella: "Have you
+      smoked the 'Tatler' that I writ? It is much liked here, and I think it a
+      pure one." On the 14th of the same month he refers still again to the
+      paper which had evidently pleased him: "The Bp. of Clogher has smoked my
+      'Tatler' about shortening of words," etc. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: Compare Swift's "Proposal for Correcting the English Tongue."
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: Thomas Harley, cousin of the first Earl of Oxford. He was
+      Secretary of the Treasury, and afterwards minister at Hanover. He died in
+      1737. (T.S.)]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: It is interesting to note that Swift, who insisted that the
+      word "mob" should never be used for "rabble," wrote "mob" in the 15th
+      number of "The Examiner," and in Faulkner's reprint of 1741 the word was
+      changed to "rabble." Scott notes: "The Dean carried on the war against the
+      word 'mob' to the very last. A lady who died in 1788, and was well known
+      to Swift, used to say that the greatest scrape into which she got with him
+      was by using the word 'mob.' 'Why do you say that?' said he, in a passion;
+      'never let me hear you say that word again.' 'Why, sir,' said she, 'what
+      am I to say?' 'The "rabble," to be sure,' answered he." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5.] See Swift's Letter to the Earl of Pembroke (Scott's edition,
+      vol. xv., p. 350) where a little more fun is poked at the Bishop of
+      Clogher, in the same strain. [T.S.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: The great Richard Hooker (1554-1600) author of the
+      "Ecclesiastical Polity." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: Robert Parsons (1546-1610) the famous Jesuit missionary, and
+      the author of a large number of works including the "Conference about the
+      next Succession" (1594). Several of his books were privately printed by
+      him at a secret printing press, which he set up in East Ham with the
+      assistance of the poet Campion. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: Sir Henry Wotton (1568-1639) author of "Reliquiae
+      Wottonianae," and the friend of John Donne. He was Provost of Eton from
+      1624 until his death, and distinguished himself as a diplomatist. To him
+      is ascribed the saying: "An ambassador is an honest man sent to lie abroad
+      for the good of his country." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: Sir Robert Naunton (1563-1635), Secretary of State in 1618,
+      and author of "Fragmenta Regalia" published in 1641. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 10: Francis Osborne (1593-1659) wrote "Advice to a Son"
+      (1656-58), a work that gave him a great reputation. This work was issued
+      with his other writings in a collected form in 1673. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 11: Samuel Daniel (1562-1619) is said to have succeeded Spenser
+      as poet-laureate. In addition to his plays and poems (including a history
+      of the Civil Wars in eight books, 1595-1609) he wrote a History of
+      England, in two parts (1612-1617). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0013" id="link2H_4_0013"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      THE TATLER, NUMB. 258.
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY NOVEMBER 30. TO SATURDAY DECEMBER 2. 1710.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      To ISAAC BICKERSTAFF ESQ;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Nov. 22. 1710.[1]
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      SIR,
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Dining yesterday with Mr. <i>South-British,</i> and Mr. <i>William
+      North-Briton</i> two gentlemen, who, before you ordered it otherwise,[2]
+      were known by the names of Mr. <i>English</i> and Mr. <i>William Scott</i>.
+      Among other things, the maid of the house (who in her time I believe may
+      have been a <i>North-British</i> warming-pan) brought us up a dish of <i>North-British</i>
+      collops. We liked our entertainment very well, only we observed the
+      table-cloth, being not so fine as we could have wished, was <i>North-British</i>
+      cloth: But the worst of it was, we were disturbed all dinner-time by the
+      noise of the children, who were playing in the paved court at <i>North-British</i>
+      hoppers; so we paid our <i>North-Briton</i>[3] sooner than we designed,
+      and took coach to <i>North-Britain</i> yard, about which place most of us
+      live. We had indeed gone a-foot, only we were under some apprehensions
+      lest a <i>North-British</i> mist should wet a <i>South-British</i> man to
+      the skin.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      We think this matter properly expressed, according to the accuracy of the
+      new style settled by you in one of your late papers. You will please to
+      give your opinion upon it to,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Sir, Your most humble servants,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      J.S. M.P. N.R.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: This letter appeared originally under the heading: "From my
+      own Apartment, December I." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: In his "Journal to Stella" (December 2, 1710) Swift writes:
+      "Steele, the rogue, has done the impudentest thing in the world. He said
+      something in a 'Tatler,' that we ought to use the word Great Britain, and
+      not England, in common conversation, as, the finest lady in Great Britain,
+      &amp;c. Upon this Rowe, Prior, and I, sent him a letter, turning this into
+      ridicule. He has to-day printed the letter, and signed it J.S., M.P. and
+      N.R. the first letters of our names. Congreve told me to-day, he smoked it
+      immediately." The passage referred to by Swift, was a letter, signed
+      Scoto-Britannus, printed in No. 241 of "The Tatler," in which it was
+      objected that a gentleman ended every sentence with the words, "the best
+      of any man in England," and called upon him to "mend his phrase, and be
+      hereafter the wisest of any man in Great Britain." Writing to Alderman
+      Barber, under date August 8, 1738, Swift remarks: "The modern phrase
+      'Great Britain' is only to distinguish it from Little Britain where old
+      clothes and old books are to be bought and sold." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: We paid our <i>scot; i.e.,</i> our share of the reckoning.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      NOTE.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      With No. 271 Steele brought his venture to a close. It was issued on
+      January 2nd, 1710. "I am now," he wrote, "come to the end of my ambition
+      in this matter, and have nothing further to say to the world under the
+      character of Isaac Bickerstaff." His ostensible reason for thus
+      terminating so successful an undertaking he put down to the fact that
+      Bickerstaff was no longer a disguise, and that he could not hope to have
+      the same influence when it was known who it was that led the movement.
+      Another reason, however, suggests itself in Steele's recognition of
+      Harley's kindness in not depriving him of his Commissionership of Stamps,
+      as well as of his Gazetteership for the satires Steele permitted to appear
+      against Harley in "The Tatler." That Steele did have something further to
+      say to the world may be gathered from the fact that two months after "The
+      Tatler's" decease he started "The Spectator."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But "The Tatler" was too good a thing for the publishers to permit to die.
+      Two days after the issue of No. 271, appeared a No. 272, with the imprint
+      of John Baker, of "the Black Boy at Paternoster Row." It extolled the
+      "Character of Richard Steele, alias Isaac Bickerstaff, Esq.," and promised
+      to continue in his footsteps, and be delivered regularly to its
+      subscribers "at 5 in the morning." On January 6th, 1710, No. 273 was
+      published by "Isaac Bickerstaff, Jr." John Baker, however, was not to have
+      it all his own way, for on January 6th, 1710, Morphew brought out a number&mdash;not
+      a double number, although called "Numbers 272, 273"&mdash;and continued it
+      without intermission on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, until May
+      19th, when the final number, No. 330, was issued. The date 1711 was first
+      used on March 31st. Meanwhile, on January 13th, A. Baldwin issued a No. 1
+      of a "Tatler," in which the public were informed that Isaac Bickerstaff
+      had had no intention to discontinue the paper, but would continue to
+      publish it every Tuesday and Saturday. This was the new "Tatler" in which
+      Swift was interesting himself on behalf of William Harrison. Writing to
+      Stella, under date January 11th, he says: "I am setting up a new 'Tatler,'
+      little Harrison, whom I have mentioned to you. Others have put him on it,
+      and I encourage him; and he was with me this morning and evening, showing
+      me his first, which comes out on Saturday. I doubt he will not succeed,
+      for I do not much approve his manner; but the scheme is Mr. Secretary St.
+      John's and mine, and would have done well enough in good hands." When the
+      paper came out he wrote again: "There is not much in it, but I hope he
+      will mend. You must understand that, upon Steele's leaving off, there were
+      two or three scrub Tatlers came out, and one of them holds on still, and
+      to-day it advertised against Harrison's; and so there must be disputes
+      which are genuine, like the strops for razors. I am afraid the little toad
+      has not the true vein for it." Apparently, he hadn't, for later, referring
+      to another number, Swift writes: "The jackanapes wants a right taste: I
+      doubt he won't do."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With all Swift's assistance, Harrison did not hold out. He quarrelled with
+      Baldwin, and went to Morphew and Lillie, the publishers of the original
+      "Tatler." Only six numbers bear Baldwin's imprint, namely, Nos. 1-6, dated
+      respectively, January 13th, January 16th, January 20th, January 23rd,
+      January 27th, and February 1st. Harrison's first number, under Morphew,
+      was called No. 285 (February 3rd). For a very exhaustive and careful
+      research into the publications of "The Tatler" and its imitators the
+      reader is referred to Aitken's "Life of Sir Richard Steele" (2 vols.,
+      1889).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      William Harrison (1685-1713) was educated at Winchester College and New
+      College, Oxford. He obtained Addison's favour by his acquaintance with
+      "polite literature," and was introduced by him to Swift. Swift took to him
+      very kindly, spoke of the young fellow "we are all fond of," thought him
+      "a pretty little fellow, with a great deal of wit, good sense, and good
+      nature," and interested himself in him to the extent that through him St.
+      John got Lord Raby to take him to The Hague as his secretary. He returned
+      with the Barrier Treaty, but without a penny. He had not been paid any of
+      his salary. Swift heard of this, and immediately went about collecting a
+      sum of money for his assistance. When, however, he called with the money,
+      at Harrison's lodgings in Knightsbridge, he found the poor fellow had died
+      an hour before.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      These contributions to the new "Tatler" are printed from the original
+      periodical issue with the exception of No. 5, which is taken from the
+      second edition of the reprint (1720), as no copy of the original issue has
+      been met with.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      [T.S.]
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0014" id="link2H_4_0014"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      THE TATLER, NUMB. I.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <i>Quis ego sum saltem, si non sum Sosia? Te interrogo.</i> PLAUT.
+      AMPHITR.[1]
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      SATURDAY, JANUARY 13. 1711.[2]
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      It is impossible, perhaps, for the best and wisest amongst us, to keep so
+      constant a guard upon our temper, but that we may at one time or other lie
+      open to the strokes of Fortune, and such incidents as we cannot foresee.
+      With sentiments of this kind I came home to my lodgings last night, much
+      fatigued with a long and sudden journey from the country, and full of the
+      ungrateful occasion of it. It was natural for me to have immediate
+      recourse to my pen and ink; but before I would offer to make use of them,
+      I resolved deliberately to tell over a hundred, and when I came to the end
+      of that sum, I found it more advisable to defer drawing up my intended
+      remonstrance, till I had slept soundly on my resentments. Without any
+      other preface than this, I shall give the world a fair account of the
+      treatment I have lately met with, and leave them to judge, whether the
+      uneasiness I have suffered be inconsistent with the character I have
+      generally pretended to. About three weeks since, I received an invitation
+      from a kinsman in Staffordshire, to spend my Christmas in those parts.
+      Upon taking leave of Mr. Morphew, I put as many papers into his hands as
+      would serve till my return, and charged him at parting to be very punctual
+      with the town. In what manner he and Mr. Lillie have been tampered with
+      since, I cannot say; they have given me my revenge, if I desired any, by
+      allowing their names to an idle paper, that in all human probability
+      cannot live a fortnight to an end. Myself, and the family I was with, were
+      in the midst of gaiety, and a plentiful entertainment, when I received a
+      letter from my sister Jenny, who, after mentioning some little affairs I
+      had intrusted to her, goes on thus:&mdash;"The inclosed,[2] I believe,
+      will give you some surprise, as it has already astonished every body here:
+      Who Mr. Steele is, that subscribes it, I do not know, any more than I can
+      comprehend what could induce him to it. Morphew and Lillie, I am told, are
+      both in the secret. I shall not presume to instruct you, but hope you will
+      use some means to disappoint the ill nature of those who are taking pains
+      to deprive the world of one of its most reasonable entertainments. I am,
+      &amp;c."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am to thank my sister for her compliment; but be that as it will, I
+      shall not easily be discouraged from my former undertaking. In pursuance
+      of it, I was obliged upon this notice to take places in the coach for
+      myself and my maid with the utmost expedition, lest I should, in a short
+      time, be rallied out of my existence, as some people will needs fancy Mr.
+      Partridge has been, and the real Isaac Bickerstaff have passed for a
+      creature of Mr. Steele's imagination. This illusion might have hoped for
+      some tolerable success, if I had not more than once produced my person in
+      a crowded theatre; and such a person as Mr. Steele, if I am not
+      misinformed in the gentleman, would hardly think it an advantage to own,
+      though I should throw him in all the little honour I have gained by my
+      "Lucubrations." I may be allowed, perhaps, to understand pleasantry as
+      well as other men, and can (in the usual phrase) take a jest without being
+      angry; but I appeal to the world, whether the gentleman has not carried it
+      too far, and whether he ought not to make a public recantation, if the
+      credulity of some unthinking people should force me to insist upon it. The
+      following letter is just come to hand, and I think it not improper to be
+      inserted in this paper.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      "TO ISAAC BICKERSTAFF, ESQ;
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      "Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I am extremely glad to hear you are come to town, for in your absence we
+      were all mightily surprised with an unaccountable paper, signed 'Richard
+      Steele,' who is esteemed by those that know him, to be a man of wit and
+      honour; and therefore we took it either to be a counterfeit, or a perfect
+      Christmas frolic of that ingenious gentleman. But then, your paper ceasing
+      immediately after, we were at a loss what to think: If you were weary of
+      the work you had so long carried on, and had given this Mr. Steele orders
+      to signify so to the public, he should have said it in plain terms; but as
+      that paper is worded, one would be apt to judge, that he had a mind to
+      persuade the town that there was some analogy between Isaac Bickerstaff
+      and him. Possibly there may be a secret in this which I cannot enter into;
+      but I flatter my self that you never had any thoughts of giving over your
+      labours for the benefit of mankind, when you cannot but know how many
+      subjects are yet unexhausted, and how many others, as being less obvious,
+      are wholly untouched. I dare promise, not only for my self, but many other
+      abler friends, that we shall still continue to furnish you with hints on
+      all proper occasions, which is all your genius requires. I think, by the
+      way, you cannot in honour have any more to do with Morphew and Lillie, who
+      have gone beyond the ordinary pitch of assurance, and transgressed the
+      very letter of the proverb, by endeavouring to cheat you of your Christian
+      and surname too. Wishing you, Sir, long to live for our instruction and
+      diversion, and to the defeating of all impostors, I remain,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Your most obedient humble servant,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "and affectionate kinsman,
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      "HUMPHRY WAGSTAFF."
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: <i>Amphitryon</i>, I. i 282. "Who am I, at all events, if I
+      am not Sosia? I ask you <i>that</i>."&mdash;H.T. RILEY. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: <i>I.e.</i> 1710-11. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: This, no doubt, was Steele's last "Tatler," No. 271. [T. S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0015" id="link2H_4_0015"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      THE TATLER, No. 2.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <i>Alios viri reverentia, vultusque ad continendum populum mire formatus,
+      alios etiam, quibus ipse interesse non potuit, vis scribendi tamen, et
+      magni nominis autoritas pervicere.</i>&mdash;TULL. EPIST.[1]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      FROM SATURD. JAN. 13. TO TUESDAY JAN, l6. 1710.[2]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I remember Ménage,[3] tells a story of Monsieur Racan, who had appointed a
+      day and hour to meet a certain lady of great wit whom he had never seen,
+      in order to make an acquaintance between them. "Two of Racan's friends,
+      who had heard of the appointment, resolved to play him a trick. The first
+      went to the lady two hours before the time, said his name was Racan, and
+      talked with her an hour; they were both mightily pleased, began a great
+      friendship, and parted with much satisfaction. A few minutes after comes
+      the second, and sends up the same name; the lady wonders at the meaning,
+      and tells him, Mr. Racan had just left her. The gentleman says it was some
+      rascally impostor, and that he had been frequently used in that manner.
+      The lady is convinced, and they laugh at the oddness of the adventure. She
+      now calls to mind several passages, which confirm her that the former was
+      a cheat. He appoints a second meeting, and takes his leave. He was no
+      sooner gone, but the true Racan comes to the door, and desires, under that
+      name, to see the lady. She was out of all patience, sends for him up,
+      rates him for an impostor, and, after a thousand injuries, flings a
+      slipper at his head. It was impossible to pacify or disabuse her; he was
+      forced to retire, and it was not without some time, and the intervention
+      of friends, that they could come to an <i>éclaircissement</i>." This, as I
+      take it, is exactly the case with Mr. S[tee]le, the pretended "TATLER"
+      from Morphew, and myself, only (I presume) the world will be sooner
+      undeceived than the lady in Ménage. The very day my last paper came out,
+      my printer brought me another of the same date, called "The Tatler," by
+      Isaac Bickerstaff Esq; and, which was still more pleasant, with an
+      advertisement[4] at the end, calling me the "<i>Female</i> TATLER": it is
+      not enough to rob me of my name, but now they must impose a sex on me,
+      when my years have long since determined me to be of none at all. There is
+      only one thing wanting in the operation, that they would renew my age, and
+      then I will heartily forgive them all the rest. In the mean time, whatever
+      uneasiness I have suffered from the little malice of these men, and my
+      retirement in the country, the pleasures I have received from the same
+      occasion, will fairly balance the account. On the one hand, I have been
+      highly delighted to see my name and character assumed by the scribblers of
+      the age, in order to recommend themselves to it; and on the other, to
+      observe the good taste of the town, in distinguishing and exploding them
+      through every disguise, and sacrificing their trifles to the supposed <i>manes</i>
+      of Isaac Bickerstaff Esquire. But the greatest merit of my journey into
+      Staffordshire, is, that it has opened to me a new fund of unreproved
+      follies and errors that have hitherto lain out of my view, and, by their
+      situation, escaped my censure. For, as I have lived generally in town, the
+      images I had of the country were such only as my senses received very
+      early, and my memory has since preserved with all the advantages they
+      first appeared in.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Hence it was that I thought our parish church the noblest structure in
+      England, and the Squire's Place-House, as we called it, a most magnificent
+      palace. I had the same opinion of the alms-house in the churchyard, and of
+      a bridge over the brook that parts our parish from the next. It was the
+      common vogue of our school, that the master was the best scholar in
+      Europe, and the usher the second. Not happening to correct these notions,
+      by comparing them with what I saw when I came into the world, upon
+      returning back, I began to resume my former imaginations, and expected all
+      things should appear in the same view as I left them when I was a boy: but
+      to my utter disappointment I found them wonderfully shrunk, and lessened
+      almost out of my knowledge. I looked with contempt on the tribes painted
+      on the church walls, which I once so much admired, and on the carved
+      chimneypiece in the Squire's Hall. I found my old master to be a poor
+      ignorant pedant; and, in short, the whole scene to be extremely changed
+      for the worse. This I could not help mentioning, because though it be of
+      no consequence in itself, yet it is certain, that most prejudices are
+      contracted and retained by this narrow way of thinking, which, in matters
+      of the greatest moment are hardly shook off: and which we only think true,
+      because we were made to believe so, before we were capable to distinguish
+      between truth and falsehood. But there was one prepossession which I
+      confess to have parted with, much to my regret: I mean the opinion of that
+      native honesty and simplicity of manners, which I had always imagined to
+      be inherent in country-people. I soon observed it was with them and us, as
+      they say of animals; That every species at land has one to resemble it at
+      sea; for it was easy to discover the seeds and principles of every vice
+      and folly that one meets with in the more known world, though shooting up
+      in different forms. I took a fancy out of the several inhabitants round,
+      to furnish the camp, the bar, and the Exchange, and some certain chocolate
+      and coffeehouses, with exact parallels to what, in many instances, they
+      already produce. There was a drunken quarrelsome smith, whom I have a
+      hundred times fancied at the head of a troop of dragoons. A weaver, within
+      two doors of my kinsman, was perpetually setting neighbours together by
+      the ears. I lamented to see how his talents were misplaced, and imagined
+      what a figure he might make in Westminster-Hall. Goodman Crop of Compton
+      Farm, wants nothing but a plum and a gold chain to qualify him for the
+      government of the City. My kinsman's stable-boy was a gibing companion
+      that would always have his jest. He would often put cow-itch in the maids'
+      beds, pull stools from under folks, and lay a coal upon their shoes when
+      they were asleep. He was at last turned off for some notable piece of
+      roguery, and when I came away, was loitering among the ale-houses. Bless
+      me, thought I, what a prodigious wit would this have been with us! I could
+      have matched all the sharpers between St. James's and Covent Garden, with
+      a notable fellow in the same neighbourhood, (since hanged for picking
+      pockets at fairs) could he have had the advantages of their education. So
+      nearly are the corruptions of the country allied to those of the town,
+      with no further difference than what is made by another turn of thought
+      and method of living!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: "A reverend aspect, and a countenance formed to command, have
+      power to restrain some people; while others, who pay no regard to those,
+      are prevailed upon by the dint of writing, and the authority of a great
+      name." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: <i>I.e.</i> 1710-11. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: Gilles Ménage (1613-1692). The story is given in "Menagiana"
+      (vol. ii. pp. 49-51, second edition, 1695). C. Sorel, however, in his
+      "Francion" (1623) tells a similar story of a poet named Saluste, who was
+      fooled in like manner. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: Morphew's "Tatler" for January 13th, 1710 (No. 276), contains
+      the following: "Whereas an advertisement was yesterday delivered out by
+      the author of the late 'Female Tatler,' insinuating, [according to his
+      custom] that he is Isaac Bickerstaff Esq.; This is to give notice, that
+      this paper is continued to be sold by John Morphew as formerly," etc.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The Female Tatler, by Mrs. Crackenthorpe, a Lady that knows every thing,"
+      had been begun July 8th, 1709, but was now defunct. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0016" id="link2H_4_0016"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      THE TATLER, No. 5.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      &mdash;&mdash;<i>Laceratque, trahitque</i> <i>Molle pecus</i> VIR.[1]
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      FROM TUESDAY JAN. 23. TO SATURDAY JAN. 27. 1710.[2]
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Amongst other severities I have met with from some critics, the cruellest
+      for an old man is, that they will not let me be at quiet in my bed, but
+      pursue me to my very dreams. I must not dream but when they please, nor
+      upon long continued subjects, however visionary in their own natures;
+      because there is a manifest moral quite through them, which to produce as
+      a dream is improbable and unnatural. The pain I might have had from this
+      objection, is prevented by considering they have missed another, against
+      which I should have been at a loss to defend myself. They should have
+      asked me, whether the dreams I publish can properly be called
+      Lucubrations, which is the name I have given to all my papers, whether in
+      volumes or half-sheets: so manifest a contradiction <i>in terminis</i>,
+      that I wonder no sophister ever thought of it: But the other is a cavil. I
+      remember when I was a boy at school, I have often dreamed out the whole
+      passages of a day; that I rode a journey, baited, supped, went to bed, and
+      rose the next morning: and I have known young ladies who could dream a
+      whole contexture of adventures in one night large enough to make a novel.
+      In youth the imagination is strong, not mixed with cares, nor tinged with
+      those passions that most disturb and confound it, such as avarice,
+      ambition, and many others. Now as old men are said to grow children again,
+      so in this article of dreaming, I am returned to my childhood. My
+      imagination is at full ease, without care, avarice, or ambition, to clog
+      it; by which, among many others, I have this advantage of doubling the
+      small remainder of my time, and living four-and-twenty hours in the day.
+      However, the dream I am now going to relate, is as wild as can well be
+      imagined, and adapted to please these refiners upon sleep, without any
+      moral that I can discover.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "It happened that my maid left on the table in my bedchamber, one of her
+      story books (as she calls them) which I took up, and found full of strange
+      impertinences, fitted to her taste and condition; of poor servants that
+      came to be ladies, and serving-men of low degree, who married kings'
+      daughters. Among other things, I met this sage observation, 'That a lion
+      would never hurt a true virgin.' With this medley of nonsense in my fancy
+      I went to bed, and dreamed that a friend waked me in the morning, and
+      proposed for pastime to spend a few hours in seeing the parish lions,
+      which he had not done since he came to town; and because they showed but
+      once a week, he would not miss the opportunity. I said I would humour him;
+      though, to speak the truth, I was not fond of those cruel spectacles; and
+      if it were not so ancient a custom, founded, as I had heard, upon the
+      wisest maxims, I should be apt to censure the inhumanity of those who
+      introduced it." All this will be a riddle to the waking reader, till I
+      discover the scene my imagination had formed upon the maxim, "That a lion
+      would never hurt a true virgin." "I dreamed, that by a law of immemorial
+      time, a he-lion was kept in every parish at the common charge, and in a
+      place provided, adjoining to the churchyard: that, before any one of the
+      fair sex was married, if she affirmed herself to be a virgin, she must on
+      her wedding day, and in her wedding clothes, perform the ceremony of going
+      alone into the den, and stay an hour with the lion let loose, and kept
+      fasting four-and-twenty hours on purpose. At a proper height, above the
+      den, were convenient galleries for the relations and friends of the young
+      couple, and open to all spectators. No maiden was forced to offer herself
+      to the lion; but if she refused, it was a disgrace to marry her, and every
+      one might have liberty of calling her a whore. And methought it was as
+      usual a diversion to see the parish lions, as with us to go to a play or
+      an opera. And it was reckoned convenient to be near the church, either for
+      marrying the virgin if she escaped the trial, or for burying the bones
+      when the lion had devoured the rest, as he constantly did."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To go on therefore with the dream: "We called first (as I remember) to see
+      St. Dunstan's lion, but we were told they did not shew to-day: From thence
+      we went to that of Covent-Garden, which, to my great surprise, we found as
+      lean as a skeleton, when I expected quite the contrary; but the keeper
+      said it was no wonder at all, because the poor beast had not got an ounce
+      of woman's flesh since he came into the parish. This amazed me more than
+      the other, and I was forming to myself a mighty veneration for the ladies
+      in that quarter of the town, when the keeper went on, and said, He
+      wondered the parish would be at the charge of maintaining a lion for
+      nothing. Friend, (said I) do you call it nothing, to justify the virtue of
+      so many ladies, or has your lion lost his distinguishing faculty? Can
+      there be anything more for the honour of your parish, than that all the
+      ladies married in your church were pure virgins? That is true, (said he)
+      and the doctor knows it to his sorrow; for there has not been a couple
+      married in our church since his worship has been amongst us. The virgins
+      hereabouts are too wise to venture the claws of the lion; and because
+      nobody will marry them, have all entered into vows of virginity. So that
+      in proportion we have much the largest nunnery in the whole town. This
+      manner of ladies entering into a vow of virginity, because they were not
+      virgins, I easily conceived; and my dream told me, that the whole kingdom
+      was full of nunneries, plentifully stocked from the same reason.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "We went to see another lion, where we found much company met in the
+      gallery; the keeper told us, we should see sport enough, as he called it;
+      and in a little time, we saw a young beautiful lady put into the den, who
+      walked up towards the lion with all imaginable security in her
+      countenance, and looked smiling upon her lover and friends in the gallery;
+      which I thought nothing extraordinary, because it was never known that any
+      lion had been mistaken. But, however, we were all disappointed, for the
+      lion lifted up his right paw, which was the fatal sign, and advancing
+      forward, seized her by the arm, and began to tear it: The poor lady gave a
+      terrible shriek, and cried out, 'The lion is just, I am no true virgin!
+      Oh! Sappho, Sappho.' She could say no more, for the lion gave her the <i>coup
+      de grace</i>, by a squeeze in the throat, and she expired at his feet. The
+      keeper dragged away her body to feed the animal when the company was gone,
+      for the parish-lions never used to eat in public. After a little pause,
+      another lady came on towards the lion in the same manner as the former; we
+      observed the beast smell her with great diligence, he scratched both her
+      hands with lifting them to his nose, and clapping a claw on her bosom,
+      drew blood; however he let her go, and at the same time turned from her
+      with a sort of contempt, at which she was not a little mortified, and
+      retired with some confusion to her friends in the gallery. Methought the
+      whole company immediately understood the meaning of this, that the
+      easiness of the lady had suffered her to admit certain imprudent and
+      dangerous familiarities, bordering too much upon what is criminal; neither
+      was it sure whether the lover then present had not some sharers with him
+      in those freedoms, of which a lady can never be too sparing.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "This happened to be an extraordinary day, for a third lady came into the
+      den, laughing loud, playing with her fan, tossing her head, and smiling
+      round on the young fellows in the gallery. However, the lion leaped on her
+      with great fury, and we gave her for gone; but on a sudden he let go his
+      hold, turned from her as if he were nauseated, then gave her a lash with
+      his tail; after which she returned to the gallery, not the least out of
+      countenance: and this, it seems, was the usual treatment of coquettes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I thought we had now seen enough, but my friend would needs have us go
+      and visit one or two lions in the city. We called at two or three dens
+      where they happened not to shew, but we generally found half a score young
+      girls, between eight and eleven years old, playing with each lion, sitting
+      on his back, and putting their hands into his mouth; some of them would
+      now and then get a scratch; but we always discovered, upon examining, that
+      they had been hoydening with the young apprentices. One of them was
+      calling to a pretty girl of about twelve years, that stood by us in the
+      gallery, to come down to the lion, and upon her refusal, said, 'Ah! Miss
+      Betty, we could never get you to come near the lion, since you played at
+      hoop and hide with my brother in the garret.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "We followed a couple, with the wedding-folks, going to the church of St.
+      Mary-Axe. The lady, though well stricken in years, extremely crooked and
+      deformed, was dressed out beyond the gaiety of fifteen; having jumbled
+      together, as I imagined, all the tawdry remains of aunts, godmothers, and
+      grandmothers, for some generations past: One of the neighbours whispered
+      me, that she was an old maid, and had the clearest reputation of any in
+      the parish. There is nothing strange in that, thought I, but was much
+      surprised, when I observed afterwards that she went towards the lion with
+      distrust and concern. The beast was lying down, but upon sight of her,
+      snuffed up his nose two or three times, and then giving the sign of death,
+      proceeded instantly to execution. In the midst of her agonies, she was
+      heard to name the words, 'Italy' and 'artifices,' with the utmost horror,
+      and several repeated execrations: and at last concluded, 'Fool that I was,
+      to put so much confidence in the toughness of my skin.'
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The keeper immediately set all in order again for another customer, which
+      happened to be a famous prude, whom her parents after long threatenings,
+      and much persuasion, had with the extremest difficulty prevailed on to
+      accept a young handsome goldsmith, that might have pretended to five times
+      her fortune. The fathers and mothers in the neighbourhood used to quote
+      her for an example to their daughters. Her elbows were rivetted to her
+      sides, and her whole person so ordered as to inform everybody that she was
+      afraid they should touch her. She only dreaded to approach the lion,
+      because it was a he one, and abhorred to think an animal of that sex
+      should presume to breathe on her. The sight of a man at twenty yards
+      distance made her draw back her head. She always sat upon the farther
+      corner of the chair, though there were six chairs between her and her
+      lover, and with the door wide open, and her little sister in the room. She
+      was never saluted but at the tip of her ear, and her father had much ado
+      to make her dine without her gloves, when there was a man at table. She
+      entered the den with some fear, which we took to proceed from the height
+      of her modesty, offended at the sight of so many men in the gallery. The
+      lion beholding her at a distance, immediately gave the deadly sign; at
+      which the poor creature (methinks I see her still) miscarried in a fright
+      before us all. The lion seemed to be surprised as much as we, and gave her
+      time to make her confession, 'That she was four months gone, by the
+      foreman of her father's shop, that this was her third big belly;' and when
+      her friends asked, why she would venture the trial? she said, 'Her nurse
+      assured her, that a lion would never hurt a woman with child.'" Upon this
+      I immediately waked, and could not help wishing, that the deputy-censors
+      of my late institution were endued with the same instinct as these
+      parish-lions were.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+[Footnote 1:
+    "Manditque, trahitque
+Molle pecus."
+                       <i>Aeneid</i>, ix. 340-341.
+"Devours and tears the peaceful flock."
+                                    [T.S.]]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: <i>I.e.</i> 1710-11. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0017" id="link2H_4_0017"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      THE TATLER, NUMB. 298.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ingenuas didicisse fideliter artes, Emollit mores.</i> OVID.[2]
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      FROM SATURDAY MARCH 3. TO TUESDAY MARCH 6. 1710.[3]
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>From my own Apartment in Channel-Row, March 5</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Those inferior duties of life which the French call <i>les petites
+      morales,</i> or the smaller morals, are with us distinguished by the name
+      of good manners,[4] or breeding. This I look upon, in the general notion
+      of it, to be a sort of artificial good sense, adapted to the meanest
+      capacities, and introduced to make mankind easy in their commerce with
+      each other. Low and little understandings, without some rules of this
+      kind, would be perpetually wandering into a thousand indecencies and
+      irregularities in behaviour, and in their ordinary conversation fall into
+      the same boisterous familiarities that one observes amongst them, when a
+      debauch has quite taken away the use of their reason. In other instances,
+      it is odd to consider, that for want of common discretion the very end of
+      good breeding is wholly perverted, and civility, intended to make us easy,
+      is employed in laying chains and fetters upon us, in debarring us of our
+      wishes, and in crossing our most reasonable desires and inclinations. This
+      abuse reigns chiefly in the country, as I found to my vexation, when I was
+      last there, in a visit I made to a neighbour about two miles from my
+      cousin. As soon as I entered the parlour, they forced me into the great
+      chair that stood close by a huge fire, and kept me there by force till I
+      was almost stifled. Then a boy came in great hurry to pull off my boots,
+      which I in vain opposed, urging that I must return soon after dinner. In
+      the mean time the good lady whispered her eldest daughter, and slipped a
+      key into her hand. She returned instantly with a beer glass half full of
+      <i>aqua mirabilis</i> and syrup of gillyflowers. I took as much as I had a
+      mind for; but Madam vowed I should drink it off, (for she was sure it
+      would do me good after coming out of the cold air) and I was forced to
+      obey, which absolutely took away my stomach. When dinner came in, I had a
+      mind to sit at a distance from the fire; but they told me, it was as much
+      as my life was worth, and set me with my back just against it. Though my
+      appetite was quite gone, I resolved to force down as much as I could, and
+      desired the leg of a pullet. "Indeed, Mr. Bickerstaff," says the lady,
+      "you must eat a wing to oblige me," and so put a couple upon my plate. I
+      was persecuted at this rate during the whole meal. As often as I called
+      for small beer, the master tipped the wink, and the servant brought me a
+      brimmer of October. Some time after dinner, I ordered my cousin's man who
+      came with me to get ready the horses; but it was resolved I should not
+      stir that night; and when I seemed pretty much bent upon going, they
+      ordered the stable door to be locked, and the children hid away my cloak
+      and boots. The next question was, what I would have for supper? I said I
+      never eat anything at night, but was at last in my own defence obliged to
+      name the first thing that came into my head. After three hours spent
+      chiefly in apology for my entertainment, insinuating to me, "That this was
+      the worst time of the year for provisions, that they were at a great
+      distance from any market, that they were afraid I should be starved, and
+      they knew they kept me to my loss," the lady went, and left me to her
+      husband (for they took special care I should never be alone.) As soon as
+      her back was turned, the little misses ran backwards and forwards every
+      moment; and constantly as they came in or went out, made a curtsy directly
+      at me, which in good manners I was forced to return with a bow, and "Your
+      humble servant pretty Miss." Exactly at eight the mother came up, and
+      discovered by the redness of her face, that supper was not far off. It was
+      twice as large as the dinner, and my persecution doubled in proportion. I
+      desired at my usual hour to go to my repose, and was conducted to my
+      chamber by the gentleman, his lady, and the whole train of children. They
+      importuned me to drink something before I went to bed, and upon my
+      refusing, at last left a bottle of stingo, as they called it, for fear I
+      should wake and be thirsty in the night. I was forced in the morning to
+      rise and dress myself in the dark, because they would not suffer my
+      kinsman's servant to disturb me at the hour I had desired to be called. I
+      was now resolved to break through all measures to get away, and after
+      sitting down to a monstrous breakfast of cold beef, mutton,
+      neats'-tongues, venison-pasty, and stale beer, took leave of the family;
+      but the gentleman would needs see me part of my way, and carry me a short
+      cut through his own grounds, which he told me would save half a mile's
+      riding. This last piece of civility had like to have cost me dear, being
+      once or twice in danger of my neck, by leaping over his ditches, and at
+      last forced to alight in the dirt, when my horse, having slipped his
+      bridle, ran away, and took us up more than an hour to recover him again.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is evident that none of the absurdities I met with in this visit
+      proceeded from an ill intention, but from a wrong judgment of
+      complaisance, and a misapplication of the rules of it. I cannot so easily
+      excuse the more refined critics upon behaviour, who having professed no
+      other study, are yet infinitely defective in the most material parts of
+      it. Ned Fashion has been bred all his life about Court, and understands to
+      a tittle all the punctilios of a drawing-room. He visits most of the fine
+      women near St. James's, and upon all occasions says the civilest and
+      softest things to them of any man breathing. To Mr. Isaac[5] he owes an
+      easy slide in his bow, and a graceful manner of coming into a room. But in
+      some other cases he is very far from being a well-bred person: He laughs
+      at men of far superior understanding to his own, for not being as well
+      dressed as himself, despises all his acquaintance that are not quality,
+      and in public places has on that account often avoided taking notice of
+      some of the best speakers in the House of Commons. He rails strenuously at
+      both Universities before the members of either, and never is heard to
+      swear an oath, or break in upon morality or religion, but in the company
+      of divines. On the other hand, a man of right sense has all the essentials
+      of good breeding, though he may be wanting in the forms of it. Horatio has
+      spent most of his time at Oxford. He has a great deal of learning, an
+      agreeable wit, and as much modesty as serves to adorn without concealing
+      his other good qualities. In that retired way of living, he seems to have
+      formed a notion of human nature, as he has found it described in the
+      writings of the greatest men, not as he is like to meet with it in the
+      common course of life. Hence it is, that he gives no offence, that he
+      converses with great deference, candour, and humanity. His bow, I must
+      confess, is somewhat awkward; but then he has an extensive, universal, and
+      unaffected knowledge, which makes some amends for it. He would make no
+      extraordinary figure at a ball; but I can assure the ladies in his behalf,
+      and for their own consolation, that he has writ better verses on the sex
+      than any man now living, and is preparing such a poem for the press as
+      will transmit their praises and his own to many generations.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: In the reprint of "The Tatler," volume v., this number was
+      called No. 20. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: <i>Epist. ex Ponto</i>, II. ix. 47-48.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+"An understanding in the liberal arts
+Softens men's manners."
+                         [T.S.]]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: <i>I.e.</i> 1710-11. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: Compare Swift's "Treatise on Good Manners and Good Breeding."
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: A famous dancing-master in those days. [FAULKNER.] He died in
+      1740. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0018" id="link2H_4_0018"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      THE TATLER, NUMB. 302.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <i>O Lycida, vivi pervenimus, advena nostri, (Quod numquam veriti sumus)
+      ut possessor agelli Diceret, Haec mea sunt, veteres migrate coloni.</i>
+      VIRG.[2]
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      FROM TUESDAY MARCH 13. TO THURSDAY MARCH 15. 1710.[3]
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>From my own Apartment in Channel-Row, March 14.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The dignity and distinction of men of wit is seldom enough considered,
+      either by themselves or others; their own behaviour, and the usage they
+      meet with, being generally very much of a piece. I have at this time in my
+      hands an alphabetical list of the <i>beaux esprits</i> about this town,
+      four or five of whom have made the proper use of their genius, by gaining
+      the esteem of the best and greatest men, and by turning it to their own
+      advantage in some establishment of their fortunes, however unequal to
+      their merit; others satisfying themselves with the honour of having access
+      to great tables, and of being subject to the call of every man of quality,
+      who upon occasion wants one to say witty things for the diversion of the
+      company. This treatment never moves my indignation so much, as when it is
+      practised by a person, who though he owes his own rise purely to the
+      reputation of his parts, yet appears to be as much ashamed of it, as a
+      rich city knight to be denominated from the trade he was first apprenticed
+      to, and affects the air of a man born to his titles, and consequently
+      above the character of a wit, or a scholar. If those who possess great
+      endowments of the mind would set a just value upon themselves, they would
+      think no man's acquaintance whatsoever a condescension, nor accept it from
+      the greatest upon unworthy or ignominious terms. I know a certain lord
+      that has often invited a set of people, and proposed for their diversion a
+      buffoon player, and an eminent poet, to be of the party; and which was yet
+      worse, thought them both sufficiently recompensed by the dinner, and the
+      honour of his company. This kind of insolence is risen to such a height,
+      that I my self was the other day sent to by a man with a title, whom I had
+      never seen, desiring the favour that I would dine with him and half a
+      dozen of his select friends. I found afterwards, the footman had told my
+      maid below stairs, that my lord having a mind to be merry, had resolved
+      right or wrong to send for honest Isaac. I was sufficiently provoked with
+      the message; however I gave the fellow no other answer, than that "I
+      believed he had mistaken the person, for I did not remember that his lord
+      had ever been introduced to me." I have reason to apprehend that this
+      abuse hath been owing rather to a meanness of spirit in men of parts, than
+      to the natural pride or ignorance of their patrons. Young students coming
+      up to town from the places of their education, are dazzled with the
+      grandeur they everywhere meet, and making too much haste to distinguish
+      their parts, instead of waiting to be desired and caressed, are ready to
+      pay their court at any rate to a great man, whose name they have seen in a
+      public paper, or the frontispiece of a dedication. It has not always been
+      thus: wit in polite ages has ever begot either esteem or fear. The hopes
+      of being celebrated, or the dread of being stigmatized, procured an
+      universal respect and awe for the persons of such as were allowed to have
+      the power of distributing fame or infamy where they pleased. Aretine had
+      all the princes of Europe his tributaries, and when any of them had
+      committed a folly that laid them open to his censure, they were forced by
+      some present extraordinary to compound for his silence; of which there is
+      a famous instance on record. When Charles the Fifth had miscarried in his
+      African expedition, which was looked upon as the weakest undertaking of
+      that great Emperor, he sent Aretine[4] a gold chain, who made some
+      difficulty of accepting it, saying, "It was too small a present in all
+      reason for so great a folly." For my own part, in this point I differ from
+      him, and never could be prevailed upon, by any valuable consideration to
+      conceal a fault or a folly since I first took the censorship upon me.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Having long considered with my self the ill application that some make of
+      their talents, I have this day erected a Court of Alienation, by the
+      statutes of which the next a kin is empowered to <i>beg</i> the parts and
+      understanding of any such person as can be proved, either by embezzling,
+      making a wrong use, or no use at all of the said parts and understanding,
+      not to know the true value thereof: who shall immediately be put out of
+      possession, and disqualified for ever; the said kinsman giving sufficient
+      security that he will employ them as the court shall direct. I have set
+      down under certain heads the several ways by which men prostitute and
+      abuse their parts, and from thence have framed a table of rules, whereby
+      the plaintiff may be informed when he has a good title to eject the
+      defendant. I may in a following paper give the world some account of the
+      proceedings of this court. I have already got two able critics for my
+      assessors upon the bench, who, though they have always exercised their
+      pens in taking off from the wit of others, have never pretended to
+      challenge any themselves, and consequently are in no danger of being
+      engaged in making claims, or of having any suits commence against them.
+      Every writer shall be tried by his peers, throughly versed in that point
+      wherein he pretends to excel; for which reason the jury can never consist
+      of above half the ordinary number. I shall in general be very tender how I
+      put any person out of his wits; but as the management of such possessions
+      is of great consequence to the world, I shall hold my self obliged to vest
+      the right in such hands as will answer the great purposes they were
+      intended for, and leave the former proprietors to seek their fortune in
+      some other way.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: Called No. 24 in the reprint of "The Tatler," vol. v. [T.
+      S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: <i>Eclogues</i>, ix. 2-4.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  "O Lycidas,
+  We never thought, yet have we lived to see
+  A stranger seize our farm, and say, 'Tis mine,
+  Begone, ye old inhabitants."&mdash;C.R. KENNEDY.
+  [T.S.]]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: <i>I.e.</i> 1710-11. Under date March 14th Swift writes to
+      Stella: "Little Harrison the 'Tatler' came to me, and begged me to dictate
+      a paper to him, which I was forced in charity to do." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: Pietro Aretino (1492-1557), called "the scourge of Princes."
+      His prose is fiercely satirical, and his poetry as strongly obscene. His
+      works were condemned for their indecency and impiety. He received numerous
+      and valuable gifts from those who were afraid of his criticisms. His
+      sonnets, written to accompany engravings by Marc Antonio, from designs by
+      Giulio Romano (1524), largely contributed to his reputation for obscenity.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0019" id="link2H_4_0019"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      THE TATLER, NUMB. 306.[1]
+    </h2>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  <i>Morte carent animae; semperque, priore relictâ
+  Sede, novis domibus habitant vivuntque receptae.
+  Ipse ego (nam memini) Trojani tempore belli
+  Panthoides Euphorbus eram</i>&mdash;
+  OVID. MET.[2]
+</pre>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY MARCH 22, TO SATURDAY MARCH 24, 1710.[3]
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>From my own Apartment, March 22.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My other correspondents will excuse me if I give the precedency to a lady,
+      whose letter, amongst many more, is just come to hand.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      "DEAR ISAAC,
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      "I burn with impatience to know what and who you are. The curiosity of my
+      whole sex is fallen upon me, and has kept me waking these three nights. I
+      have dreamed often of you within this fortnight, and every time you
+      appeared in a different form. As you value my repose, tell me in which of
+      them I am to be
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Your admirer,
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      "SYLVIA."
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      It is natural for a man who receives a favour of this kind from an unknown
+      fair, to frame immediately some idea of her person, which being suited to
+      the opinion we have of our own merit, is commonly as beautiful and perfect
+      as the most lavish imagination can furnish out. Strongly possessed with
+      these notions, I have read over Sylvia's billet; and notwithstanding the
+      reserve I have had upon this matter, am resolved to go a much greater
+      length, than I yet ever did, in making my self known to the world, and, in
+      particular, to my charming correspondent. In order to it I must premise,
+      that the person produced as mine in the play-house last winter, did in
+      nowise appertain to me. It was such a one however as agreed well with the
+      impression my writings had made, and served the purpose I intended it for;
+      which was to continue the awe and reverence due to the character I was
+      vested with, and, at the same time, to let my enemies see how much I was
+      the delight and favourite of this town. This innocent imposture, which I
+      have all along taken care to carry on, as it then was of some use, has
+      since been of singular service to me, and by being mentioned in one of my
+      papers, effectually recovered my egoity out of the hands of some gentlemen
+      who endeavoured to wrest it from me. This is saying, in short, what I am
+      not: what I am, and have been for many years, is next to be explained.
+      Here it will not be improper to remind Sylvia, that there was formerly
+      such a philosopher as Pythagoras, who, amongst other doctrines, taught the
+      transmigration of souls, which, if she sincerely believes, she will not be
+      much startled at the following relation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I will not trouble her, nor my other readers, with the particulars of all
+      the lives I have successively passed through since my first entrance into
+      mortal being, which is now many centuries ago. It is enough that I have in
+      every one of them opposed myself with the utmost resolution to the follies
+      and vices of the several ages I have been acquainted with, that I have
+      often rallied the world into good manners, and kept the greatest princes
+      in awe of my satire. There is one circumstance which I shall not omit,
+      though it may seem to reflect on my character, I mean that infinite love
+      of change which has ever appeared in the disposal of my existence. Since
+      the days of the Emperor Trajan, I have not been confined to the same
+      person for twenty years together; but have passed from one abode to
+      another, much quicker than the Pythagorean system generally allows. By
+      this means, I have seldom had a body to myself, but have lodged up and
+      down wherever I found a genius suitable to my own. In this manner I
+      continued, some time with the top wit of France, at another with that of
+      Italy, who had a statue erected to his memory in Rome. Towards the end of
+      the 17th century, I set out for England; but the gentleman I came over in
+      dying as soon as he got to shore, I was obliged to look out again for a
+      new habitation. It was not long before I met with one to my mind, for
+      having mixed myself invisibly with the <i>literati</i> of this kingdom, I
+      found it was unanimously agreed amongst them, That nobody was endowed with
+      greater talents than Hiereus;[4] or, consequently, would be better pleased
+      with my company. I slipped down his throat one night as he was fast
+      asleep, and the next morning, as soon as he awaked, he fell to writing a
+      treatise that was received with great applause, though he had the modesty
+      not to set his name to that nor to any other of our productions. Some time
+      after, he published a paper of predictions, which were translated into
+      several languages, and alarmed some of the greatest princes in Europe. To
+      these he prefixed the name of Isaac Bickerstaff, Esq; which I have been
+      extremely fond of ever since, and have taken care that most of the
+      writings I have been concerned in should be distinguished by it; though I
+      must observe, that there have been many counterfeits imposed upon the
+      public by this means. This extraordinary man being called out of the
+      kingdom by affairs of his own, I resolved, however, to continue somewhat
+      longer in a country where my works had been so well received, and
+      accordingly bestowed myself with Hilario.[5] His natural wit, his lively
+      turn of humour, and great penetration into human nature, easily determined
+      me to this choice, the effects of which were soon after produced in this
+      paper, called "The Tatler." I know not how it happened, but in less than
+      two years' time Hilario grew weary of my company, and gave me warning to
+      be gone. In the height of my resentment, I cast my eyes on a young
+      fellow,[6] of no extraordinary qualifications, whom, for that very reason,
+      I had the more pride in taking under my direction, and enabling him, by
+      some means or other, to carry on the work I was before engaged in. Lest he
+      should grow too vain upon this encouragement, I to this day keep him under
+      due mortification. I seldom reside with him when any of his friends are at
+      leisure to receive me, by whose hands, however, he is duly supplied. As I
+      have passed through many scenes of life, and a long series of years, I
+      choose to be considered in the character of an old fellow, and take care
+      that those under my influence should speak consonantly to it. This
+      account, I presume, will give no small consolation to Sylvia, who may rest
+      assured, that Isaac Bickerstaff is to be seen in more forms than she
+      dreamt of; out of which variety she may choose what is most agreeable to
+      her fancy. On Tuesdays, he is sometimes a black, proper, young gentleman,
+      with a mole on his left cheek. On Thursdays, a decent well-looking man, of
+      a middle stature, long flaxen hair, and a florid complexion. On Saturdays,
+      he is somewhat of the shortest, and may be known from others of that size
+      by talking in a low voice, and passing through the streets without much
+      precipitation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 28 in the reprint of "The Tatler," vol. v. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: <i>Metamorphoses</i>, xv. 158-161.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  "Nor dies the spirit, but new life repeats
+  In other forms, and only changes seats.
+    Ev'n I, who these mysterious truths declare,
+  Was once Euphorbus in the Trojan war."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      J. DRYDEN. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: I.e. 1710-11. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: Swift. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: Steele. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: Harrison. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+                   *   *   *   *   *   *
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0020" id="link2H_4_0020"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CONTRIBUTIONS TO "THE EXAMINER."
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      NOTE.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The new ministry, which came into power on the fall of the able
+      administration of Godolphin in 1710, was the famous Oxford ministry headed
+      by Harley and St. John. The new leaders were well aware that they would
+      have to use all the means in their power not only to justify themselves to
+      the English nation, but successfully to defeat the strong opposition which
+      had such a man as Marlborough for its moving spirit. The address to Queen
+      Anne from the Commons, showing undoubted evidences of St. John's hand, was
+      the first employment of a means by which this ministry hoped to appeal to
+      the public. But this remarkable literary effort had already been preceded
+      by the establishment of a weekly political paper, entitled "The Examiner,"
+      a few weeks before Godolphin's fall. During the months of August,
+      September, and October, in which were issued twelve papers, Dr. Freind,
+      Atterbury, Prior and St. John, were the men employed to arouse the nation
+      to a necessary condition of discontent. Now that the ministry was in
+      power, the necessity for continuing these public appeals was felt to be
+      all the stronger; and Harley's shrewdness in selecting Swift to take this
+      important matter in hand shows his ability as a party leader.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The first number of "The Examiner" was issued on August 3rd, 1710, and the
+      paper was continued until July 26th, 1711. On December 6th, 1711, William
+      Oldisworth revived it, and issued it weekly until December 18th, 1712,
+      after which date it was published twice a week until July 26th, 1714,
+      though it occasionally happened that only one was issued in a week. The
+      last number was No. 19 of the sixth volume, so that Oldisworth edited
+      vols. ii., iii., iv., v., and what was published of vol. vi. The death of
+      the Queen put an end to the publication.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Swift was called to his work about the middle of October of 1710, and his
+      first paper appeared in No. 14. From that number to No. 45, Swift
+      continued with unabated zeal and with masterly effect to carry out the
+      policy of his friends. He also wrote a part of No. 46, and Nos. 16 and 21
+      of the third volume, which appeared on January 16th and February 2nd,
+      1712-13. These two last numbers are not included in the present volume;
+      since they have been printed in the fifth volume of this edition of
+      Swift's works with the titles "An Appendix to the Conduct of the Allies"
+      and "The Vindication of Erasmus Lewis."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The appearance of "The Examiner" had brought an opposition paper into the
+      field, entitled "The Whig Examiner," a periodical that ably maintained its
+      party's stand in the face of St. John's attacks. But this paper only
+      lasted for five weeks, and when Swift took charge of the Tory organ, the
+      position of "The Examiner" was entirely altered. As Mr. Churton Collins
+      ably remarks: "It became a voice of power in every town and in every
+      hamlet throughout England. It was an appeal made, not to the political
+      cliques of the metropolis, but to the whole kingdom; and to the whole
+      kingdom it spoke.... No one who will take the trouble to glance at Swift's
+      contributions to 'The Examiner' will be surprised at their effect. They
+      are masterpieces of polemical skill. Every sentence&mdash;every word&mdash;comes
+      home. Their logic, adapted to the meanest capacity, smites like a hammer.
+      Their statements, often a tissue of mere sophistry and assumption, appear
+      so plausible, that it is difficult even for the cool historian to avoid
+      being carried away by them. At a time when party spirit was running high,
+      and few men stopped to weigh evidence, they must have been irresistible."
+      ("Jonathan Swift," 1893, p. 81.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In his "Memoirs relating to that Change" (vol. v., p 384), Swift gives the
+      following explanation of the foundation of this paper. "Upon the rise of
+      this ministry the principal persons in power thought it necessary that
+      some weekly paper should be published, with just reflections upon former
+      proceedings, and defending the present measures of Her Majesty. This was
+      begun about the time of the Lord Godolphin's removal, under the name of
+      'The Examiner.' ... The determination was that I should continue it, which
+      I did accordingly for about eight months."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Gay remarks in his pamphlet, "The Present State of Wit, in a Letter to a
+      Friend in the Country," 1711: "'The Examiner' is a paper which all men,
+      who speak without prejudice, allow to be well writ. Though his subject
+      will admit of no great variety, he is continually placing it on so many
+      different lights, and endeavouring to inculcate the same thing by so many
+      beautiful changes of expressions, that men who are concerned in no party,
+      may read him with pleasure. His way of assuming the question in debate is
+      extremely artful; and his 'Letter to Crassus' [No. 28] is, I think, a
+      masterpiece.... I presume I need not tell you that 'The Examiner' carries
+      much the more sail as 'tis supposed to be writ by the direction, and under
+      the eye of some great persons who sit at the helm of affairs, and is
+      consequently looked on as a sort of public notice which way they are
+      steering us. The reputed author is Dr. S[wif]t, with the assistance
+      sometimes of Dr. Att[erbur]y and Mr. P[rio]r." With the fall of
+      Bolingbroke on the death of Queen Anne and the accession of George I.,
+      "The Examiner" collapsed. [T.S.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0021" id="link2H_4_0021"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      THE EXAMINER.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0022" id="link2H_4_0022"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 14.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY OCTOBER 26 TO THURSDAY NOVEMBER 2, 1710.
+    </h3>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  &mdash;<i>Longa est injuria, longae
+  Ambages, sed summa sequar fastigia rerum</i>.[2]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It is a practice I have generally followed, to converse in equal freedom
+      with the deserving men of both parties; and it was never without some
+      contempt, that I have observed persons wholly out of employment, affect to
+      do otherwise: I doubted whether any man could owe so much to the side he
+      was of, though he were retained by it; but without some great point of
+      interest, either in possession or prospect, I thought it was the mark of a
+      low and narrow spirit.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is hard, that, for some weeks past, I have been forced in my own
+      defence, to follow a proceeding that I have so much condemned in others.
+      But several of my acquaintance among the declining party, are grown so
+      insufferably peevish and splenetic, profess such violent apprehensions for
+      the public, and represent the state of things in such formidable ideas,
+      that I find myself disposed to share in their afflictions, though I know
+      them to be groundless and imaginary, or, which is worse, purely affected.
+      To offer them comfort one by one, would be not only an endless, but a
+      disobliging task. Some of them, I am convinced would be less melancholy,
+      if there were more occasion. I shall therefore, instead of hearkening to
+      further complaints, employ some part of this paper for the future, in
+      letting such men see, that their natural or acquired fears are
+      ill-grounded, and their artificial ones as ill-intended. That all our
+      present inconveniencies,[3] are the consequence of the very counsels they
+      so much admire, which would still have increased, if those had continued:
+      and that neither our constitution in Church or State, could probably have
+      been long preserved, without such methods as have been lately taken.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The late revolutions at court, have given room to some specious
+      objections, which I have heard repeated by well-meaning men, just as they
+      had taken them up on the credit of others, who have worse designs. They
+      wonder the Queen would choose to change her ministry at this juncture,[4]
+      and thereby give uneasiness to a general who has been so long successful
+      abroad; and might think himself injured, if the entire ministry were not
+      of his own nomination. That there were few complaints of any consequence
+      against the late men in power, and none at all in Parliament; which on the
+      contrary, passed votes in favour of the chief minister. That if her
+      Majesty had a mind to introduce the other party, it would have been more
+      seasonable after a peace, which now we have made desperate, by spiriting
+      the French, who rejoice at these changes, and by the fall of our credit,
+      which unqualifies us for continuing the war. That the Parliament so
+      untimely dissolved,[5] had been diligent in their supplies, and dutiful in
+      their behaviour. That one consequence of these changes appears already in
+      the fall of the stocks: that we may soon expect more and worse: and
+      lastly, that all this naturally tends to break the settlement of the
+      Crown, and call over the Pretender.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      These and the like notions are plentifully scattered abroad, by the malice
+      of a ruined party, to render the Queen and her administration odious, and
+      to inflame the nation. And these are what, upon occasion, I shall
+      endeavour to overthrow, by discovering the falsehood and absurdity of
+      them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is a great unhappiness, when in a government constituted like ours, it
+      should be so brought about, that the continuance of a war, must be for the
+      interest of vast numbers (peaceable as well as military) who would
+      otherwise have been as unknown as their original. I think our present
+      condition of affairs, is admirably described by two verses in Lucan,
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  <i>Hinc usura vorax, avidumque in tempore foenus,
+  Hinc concussa fides, et multis utile bellum</i>,[6]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      which without any great force upon the words, may be thus translated,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Hence are derived those exorbitant interests and annuities; hence those
+      large discounts for advances and prompt payment; hence public credit is
+      shaken, and hence great numbers find their profit in prolonging the war."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is odd, that among a free trading people, as we take ourselves to be,
+      there should so many be found to close in with those counsels, who have
+      been ever averse from all overtures towards a peace. But yet there is no
+      great mystery in the matter. Let any man observe the equipages in this
+      town; he shall find the greater number of those who make a figure, to be a
+      species of men quite different from any that were ever known before the
+      Revolution, consisting either of generals and colonels, or of such whose
+      whole fortunes lie in funds and stocks: so that power, which according to
+      the old maxim, was used to follow land, is now gone over to money; and the
+      country gentleman is in the condition of a young heir, out of whose estate
+      a scrivener receives half the rents for interest, and hath a mortgage on
+      the whole, and is therefore always ready to feed his vices and
+      extravagancies while there is any thing left. So that if the war continues
+      some years longer, a landed man will be little better than a farmer at a
+      rack rent, to the army, and to the public funds.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It may perhaps be worth inquiring from what beginnings, and by what steps
+      we have been brought into this desperate condition: and in search of this,
+      we must run up as high as the Revolution.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Most of the nobility and gentry who invited over the Prince of Orange, or
+      attended him in his expedition, were true lovers of their country and its
+      constitution, in Church and State; and were brought to yield to those
+      breaches in the succession of the crown, out of a regard to the necessity
+      of the kingdom, and the safety of the people, which did, and could only,
+      make them lawful; but without intention of drawing such a practice into
+      precedent, or making it a standing measure by which to proceed in all
+      times to come; and therefore we find their counsels ever tended to keep
+      things as much as possible in the old course. But soon after, an under set
+      of men, who had nothing to lose, and had neither borne the burthen nor
+      heat of the day, found means to whisper in the king's ear, that the
+      principles of loyalty in the Church of England, were wholly inconsistent
+      with the Revolution.[7] Hence began the early practice of caressing the
+      dissenters, reviling the universities, as maintainers of arbitrary power,
+      and reproaching the clergy with the doctrines of divine-right, passive
+      obedience and non-resistance.[8] At the same time, in order to fasten
+      wealthy people to the new government, they proposed those pernicious
+      expedients of borrowing money by vast <i>premiums</i>, and at exorbitant
+      interest: a practice as old as Eumenes,[9] one of Alexander's captains,
+      who setting up for himself after the death of his master, persuaded his
+      principal officers to lend him great sums, after which they were forced to
+      follow him for their own security.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This introduced a number of new dexterous men into business and credit: It
+      was argued, that the war could not last above two or three campaigns, and
+      that it was easier for the subject to raise a fund for paying interest,
+      than to tax them annually to the full expense of the war. Several persons
+      who had small or encumbered estates, sold them, and turned their money
+      into those funds to great advantage: merchants, as well as other moneyed
+      men, finding trade was dangerous, pursued the same method: But the war
+      continuing, and growing more expensive, taxes were increased, and funds
+      multiplied every year, till they have arrived at the monstrous height we
+      now behold them. And that which was at first a corruption, is at last
+      grown necessary, and what every good subject must now fall in with, though
+      he may be allowed to wish it might soon have an end; because it is with a
+      kingdom, as with a private fortune, where every new incumbrance adds a
+      double weight. By this means the wealth of the nation, that used to be
+      reckoned by the value of land, is now computed by the rise and fall of
+      stocks: and although the foundation of credit be still the same, and upon
+      a bottom that can never be shaken; and though all interest be duly paid by
+      the public, yet through the contrivance and cunning of stock-jobbers,
+      there has been brought in such a complication of knavery and cozenage,
+      such a mystery of iniquity, and such an unintelligible jargon of terms to
+      involve it in, as were never known in any other age or country of the
+      world. I have heard it affirmed by persons skilled in these calculations,
+      that if the funds appropriated to the payment of interest and annuities,
+      were added to the yearly taxes, and the four-shilling aid[10] strictly
+      exacted in all counties of the kingdom, it would very near, if not fully,
+      supply the occasions of the war, at least such a part, as in the opinion
+      of very able persons, had been at that time prudence not to exceed. For I
+      make it a question, whether any wise prince or state, in the continuance
+      of a war, which was not purely defensive, or immediately at his own door,
+      did ever propose that his expense should perpetually exceed what he was
+      able to impose annually upon his subjects? Neither if the war lasts many
+      years longer, do I see how the next generation will be able to begin
+      another, which in the course of human affairs, and according to the
+      various interests and ambition of princes, may be as necessary for them as
+      it has been for us. And had our fathers left us as deeply involved as we
+      are like to leave our children, I appeal to any man, what sort of figure
+      we should have been able to make these twenty years past. Besides, neither
+      our enemies, nor allies, are upon the same foot with us in this
+      particular. France and Holland, our nearest neighbours, and the farthest
+      engaged, will much sooner recover themselves after a war. The first, by
+      the absolute power of the prince who being master of the lives and
+      fortunes of his subjects, will quickly find expedients to pay his debts:
+      and so will the other, by their prudent administration, the greatness of
+      their trade, their wonderful parsimony, the willingness of their people to
+      undergo all kind of taxes, and their justice in applotting as well as
+      collecting them. But above all, we are to consider that France and Holland
+      fight in the continent, either upon, or near their own territories, and
+      the greatest part of the money circulates among themselves; whereas ours
+      crosses the sea either to Flanders, Spain, or Portugal, and every penny of
+      it, whether in specie or returns, is so much lost to the nation for ever.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Upon these considerations alone, it was the most prudent course imaginable
+      in the Queen, to lay hold of the disposition of the people for changing
+      the Parliament and ministry at this juncture, and extricating herself, as
+      soon as possible, out of the pupillage of those who found their accounts
+      only in perpetuating the war. Neither have we the least reason to doubt,
+      but the ensuing Parliament will assist her Majesty with the utmost
+      vigour,[11] till her enemies <i>again</i> be brought to sue for peace, and
+      <i>again</i> offer such terms as will make it both honourable and lasting;
+      only with this difference, that the Ministry perhaps will not <i>again</i>
+      refuse them.[12]
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  <i>Audiet pugnas vitio parentum
+  Rara Juventus</i>.[13]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 13 in the reprint. The No. 13 (from Thursday, October 19,
+      to Thursday, October 26, 1710) of the original is omitted from the
+      reprint, and the Nos. from 14 to 48 are slipped back one. No. 49 also is
+      omitted, and Nos. 50 to 52 slipped back two. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: Virgil, "Aeneid," i. 341-2.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  "Her whole tale of wrong
+  'Twere tedious to relate. But I will give
+  The leading facts."&mdash;R. KENNEDY.
+  [T.S.]]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: "The Observator" of Nov. 8th, commenting on this statement,
+      remarks: "All the inconveniences we labour under at present, are so far
+      from being the consequence of the counsels of the late ministry, that they
+      are visibly the consequence of those of the 'Examiner's' party, who
+      brought the nation to the brink of Popery and slavery, from which they
+      were delivered by the Revolution; and are pursuing the same measures
+      again," etc. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: See "Memoirs relating to that Change" (vol. v., pp. 359-90).
+      The Queen's action in dismissing her ministers and dissolving Parliament
+      in September was, even to Swift himself, a matter for wonder: "I never
+      remember," he writes to Stella (Sept. 20th, 1710), "such bold steps taken
+      by a Court." And Tindal, commenting on the change, says: "So sudden and so
+      entire a change in the ministry is scarce to be found in our history,
+      especially where men of great abilities had served with such zeal and
+      success." ("Hist. of England," iv. 192.) [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: Parliament was dissolved by proclamation on September 21st.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: "Pharsalia," i. 181-2.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  "Hence debt unthrifty, careless to repay,
+  And usury still watching for its day:
+  Hence perjuries in every wrangling court;
+  And war, the needy bankrupt's last resort,"
+  N. ROWE.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Lucan wrote "<i>et</i> concussa," [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: Commenting on this passage, "The Observator" of Nov. 8th
+      remarked: "One would take the author to be some very great man, since he
+      speaks so contemptuously of both Houses of Parliament; for they actually
+      found those doctrines, as then preached up, to be inconsistent with the
+      Revolution, and declared it loudly to the world without whispering."
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: Writing to the Earl of Peterborough (Feb. 1710/1), Swift
+      refers to "a pamphlet come out, called 'A Letter to Jacob Banks,' showing
+      that the liberty of Sweden was destroyed by the principle of passive
+      obedience." The pamphlet was written by one W. Benson, and bore the title,
+      "A Letter to Sir J&mdash;&mdash; B&mdash;&mdash;, By Birth a S&mdash;&mdash;,...
+      Concerning the late Minehead doctrine," etc., 1711. "This dispute," says
+      Swift to Peterborough, "would soon be ended, if the dunces who write on
+      each side, would plainly tell us what the object of this passive obedience
+      is in our country." (Scott, vol. xv., p. 423.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      See also, on this matter, "Examiner," Nos. 34 and 40 <i>post</i>. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: Eumenes of Cardia was secretary to Alexander the Great, and
+      distinguished himself both as a statesman and general. He was killed B.C.
+      316. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 10: The land tax at the time was four shillings in the pound.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 11: In her speech to Parliament on Nov. 27th, 1710, Anne said:
+      "The carrying on the war in all its parts, but particularly in Spain, with
+      the utmost vigour, is the likeliest means, with God's blessing, to procure
+      a safe and honourable peace for us and all our allies, whose support and
+      interest I have truly at heart" ("Journals of House of Lords," xix, 166).]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 12: This is a dig at the Duke of Marlborough, for what the
+      Tories thought an unnecessarily harsh insistence on the inclusion of a
+      clause in the preliminaries of the Gertruydenberg Treaty, which it was
+      thought he must have known would be rejected by Louis. They suspected
+      Marlborough did this in order to keep the war going, and so permit himself
+      further opportunities for enriching himself. The treaty for peace, carried
+      on at Gertruydenberg in 1710, was discussed by Marlborough and Townshend
+      acting for England, the Marquis de Torcy acting for France, and Buys and
+      Vanderdussen for the States. Several conferences took place, and
+      preliminary articles were even signed, but the Allies demanded a security
+      for the delivering of Spain. This Louis XIV. refused to do, and the
+      conference broke up in July, 1710. See Swift's "Conduct of the Allies"
+      (vol. v., pp. 55-123). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 13: Horace, "Odes," I. ii. 23, 24. "Our youth will hear,
+      astonished at our crimes, That Roman armies Romans slew; Our youth, alas!
+      will then be few."&mdash;A. MAYNWARING. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0023" id="link2H_4_0023"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 15.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY NOVEMBER 2, TO THURSDAY NOVEMBER 9, 1710.
+    </h3>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  <i>E quibis hi vacuas implent sermonibus aures,
+  Hi narrata ferunt alio: mensuraque ficti
+  Crescit, et auditis aliquid novus adjicit autor,
+  Illic Credulitas, illic temerarius Error,
+  Vanaque Laetitia est, consternatique Timores,
+  Seditioque recens, dubioque autore susurri.</i>[2]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      I am prevailed on, through the importunity of friends, to interrupt the
+      scheme I had begun in my last paper, by an Essay upon the Art of Political
+      Lying. We are told, "the Devil is the father of lies, and was a liar from
+      the beginning"; so that beyond contradiction, the invention is old: And
+      which is more, his first essay of it was purely political, employed in
+      undermining the authority of his Prince, and seducing a third part of the
+      subjects from their obedience. For which he was driven down from Heaven,
+      where (as Milton expresseth it) he had been viceroy of a great western
+      province;[3] and forced to exercise his talent in inferior regions among
+      other fallen spirits, or poor deluded men, whom he still daily tempts to
+      his own sin, and will ever do so till he is chained in the bottomless pit.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But though the Devil be the father of lies, he seems, like other great
+      inventors, to have lost much of his reputation, by the continual
+      improvements that have been made upon him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Who first reduced lying into an art, and adapted it to politics, is not so
+      clear from history, though I have made some diligent enquiries: I shall
+      therefore consider it only according to the modern system, as it has been
+      cultivated these twenty years past in the southern part of our own island.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The poets tell us, that after the giants were overthrown by the gods, the
+      earth in revenge produced her last offspring, which was Fame.[4] And the
+      fable is thus interpreted; that when tumults and seditions are quieted,
+      rumours and false reports are plentifully spread through a nation. So that
+      by this account, <i>lying</i> is the last relief of a routed, earth-born,
+      rebellious party in a state. But here, the moderns have made great
+      additions, applying this art to the gaining of power, and preserving it,
+      as well as revenging themselves after they have lost it: as the same
+      instruments are made use of by animals to feed themselves when they are
+      hungry, and bite those that tread upon them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But the same genealogy cannot always be admitted for <i>political lying;</i>
+      I shall therefore desire to refine upon it, by adding some circumstances
+      of its birth and parents. A political lie is sometimes born out of a
+      discarded statesman's head, and thence delivered to be nursed and dandled
+      by the mob. Sometimes it is produced a monster, and <i>licked</i> into
+      shape; at other times it comes into the world completely formed, and is
+      spoiled in the licking. It is often born an infant in the regular way, and
+      requires time to mature it: and often it sees the light in its full
+      growth, but dwindles away by degrees. Sometimes it is of noble birth; and
+      sometimes the spawn of a stock-jobber. <i>Here</i>, it screams aloud at
+      the opening of the womb; and <i>there</i>, it is delivered with a whisper.
+      I know a lie that now disturbs half the kingdom with its noise, which
+      though too proud and great at present to own its parents, I can remember
+      in its whisper-hood. To conclude the nativity of this monster; when it
+      comes into the world without a <i>sting</i>, it is still-born; and
+      whenever it loses its sting, it dies.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      No wonder, if an infant so miraculous in its birth, should be destined for
+      great adventures: and accordingly we see it has been the guardian spirit
+      of a prevailing party for almost twenty years. It can conquer kingdoms
+      without fighting, and sometimes with the loss of a battle: It gives and
+      resumes employments; can sink a mountain to a mole-hill, and raise a
+      mole-hill to a mountain; has presided for many years at committees of
+      elections; can wash a blackamoor white; make a saint of an atheist, and a
+      patriot of a profligate; can furnish foreign ministers with intelligence,
+      and raise or let fall the credit of the nation. This goddess flies with a
+      huge looking-glass in her hands, to dazzle the crowd, and make them see,
+      according as she turns it, their ruin in their interest, and their
+      interest in their ruin. In this glass you will behold your best friends
+      clad in coats powdered with <i>flower-de-luces</i>[5] and triple crowns;
+      their girdles hung round with chains, and beads, and wooden shoes: and
+      your worst enemies adorned with the ensigns of liberty, property,
+      indulgence, and moderation, and a cornucopia in their hands. Her large
+      wings, like those of a flying-fish, are of no use but while they are
+      moist; she therefore dips them in mud, and soaring aloft scatters it in
+      the eyes of the multitude, flying with great swiftness; but at every turn
+      is forced to stoop in dirty way for new supplies.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have been sometimes thinking, if a man had the art of the second sight
+      for seeing lies, as they have in Scotland for seeing spirits, how
+      admirably he might entertain himself in this town; to observe the
+      different shapes, sizes, and colours, of those swarms of lies which buzz
+      about the heads of some people, like flies about a horse's ears in summer:
+      or those legions hovering every afternoon in Popes-head Alley[6], enough
+      to darken the air; or over a club of discontented grandees, and thence
+      sent down in cargoes to be scattered at elections.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      There is one essential point wherein a political liar differs from others
+      of the faculty; that he ought to have but a short memory, which is
+      necessary according to the various occasions he meets with every hour, of
+      differing from himself, and swearing to both sides of a contradiction, as
+      he finds the persons disposed, with whom he has to deal. In describing the
+      virtues and vices of mankind, it is convenient upon every article, to have
+      some eminent person in our eye, from whence we copy our description. I
+      have strictly observed this rule; and my imagination this minute
+      represents before me a certain great man[7] famous for this talent, to the
+      constant practice of which he owes his twenty years' reputation of the
+      most skilful head in England, for the management of nice affairs. The
+      superiority of his genius consists in nothing else but an inexhaustible
+      fund of political lies, which he plentifully distributes every minute he
+      speaks, and by an unparalleled generosity forgets, and consequently
+      contradicts the next half-hour. He never yet considered whether any
+      proposition were true or false, but whether it were convenient for the
+      present minute or company to affirm or deny it; so that if you think to
+      refine upon him, by interpreting every thing he says, as we do dreams by
+      the contrary, you are still to seek, and will find yourself equally
+      deceived, whether you believe him or no: the only remedy is to suppose
+      that you have heard some inarticulate sounds, without any meaning at all.
+      And besides, that will take off the horror you might be apt to conceive at
+      the oaths wherewith he perpetually tags both ends of every proposition:
+      though at the same time I think he cannot with any justice be taxed for
+      perjury, when he invokes God and Christ, because he has often fairly given
+      public notice to the world, that he believes in neither.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Some people may think that such an accomplishment as this, can be of no
+      great use to the owner or his party, after it has been often practised,
+      and is become notorious; but they are widely mistaken: Few lies carry the
+      inventor's mark; and the most prostitute enemy to truth may spread a
+      thousand without being known for the author. Besides, as the vilest writer
+      has his readers, so the greatest liar has his believers; and it often
+      happens, that if a lie be believed only for an hour, it has done its work,
+      and there is no farther occasion for it. Falsehood flies, and Truth comes
+      limping after it; so that when men come to be undeceived, it is too late,
+      the jest is over, and the tale has had its effect: like a man who has
+      thought of a good repartee, when the discourse is changed, or the company
+      parted: or, like a physician who has found out an infallible medicine,
+      after the patient is dead.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Considering that natural disposition in many men to lie, and in multitudes
+      to believe, I have been perplexed what to do with that maxim, so frequent
+      in every body's mouth, that "Truth will at last prevail." Here, has this
+      island of ours, for the greatest part of twenty years, lain under the
+      influence of such counsels and persons, whose principle and interest it
+      was to corrupt our manners, blind our understandings, drain our wealth,
+      and in time destroy our constitution both in Church and State; and we at
+      last were brought to the very brink of ruin; yet by the means of perpetual
+      misrepresentations, have never been able to distinguish between our
+      enemies and friends. We have seen a great part of the nation's money got
+      into the hands of those, who by their birth, education and merit, could
+      pretend no higher than to wear our liveries; while others,[8] who by their
+      credit, quality and fortune, were only able to give reputation and success
+      to the Revolution, were not only laid aside, as dangerous and useless; but
+      loaden with the scandal of Jacobites, men of arbitrary principles, and
+      pensioners to France; while Truth, who is said to lie in a well, seemed
+      now to be buried there under a heap of stones. But I remember, it was a
+      usual complaint among the Whigs, that the bulk of landed men was not in
+      their interests, which some of the wisest looked on as an ill omen; and we
+      saw it was with the utmost difficulty that they could preserve a majority,
+      while the court and ministry were on their side; till they had learned
+      those admirable expedients for deciding elections, and influencing distant
+      boroughs by <i>powerful motives</i> from the city. But all this was mere
+      force and constraint, however upheld by most dexterous artifice and
+      management: till the people began to apprehend their properties, their
+      religion, and the monarchy itself in danger; then we saw them greedily
+      laying hold on the first occasion to interpose. But of this mighty change
+      in the dispositions of the people, I shall discourse more at large in some
+      following paper; wherein I shall endeavour to undeceive those deluded or
+      deluding persons, who hope or pretend, it is only a short madness in the
+      vulgar, from which they may soon recover. Whereas I believe it will appear
+      to be very different in its causes, its symptoms, and its consequences;
+      and prove a great example to illustrate the maxim I lately mentioned, that
+      "Truth" (however sometimes late) "will at last prevail."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 14 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: Ovid, "Metamorphoses," xii. 56-61.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+"The troubled air with empty sounds they beat.
+Intent to hear, and eager to repeat.
+Error sits brooding there, with added train
+Of vain Credulity, and Joys as vain:
+Suspicion, with Sedition joined, are near,
+And Rumours raised, and Murmurs mixed, and panic Fear."
+                               J. DRYDEN.
+[T.S.]]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: "Paradise Lost," v. 708-710. Milton makes Satan say: "We
+      possess the quarters of the North," and places his throne in "the limits
+      of the North." By speaking of a <i>western</i> province Swift intends
+      Ireland, then under the government of the Earl of Wharton. This paper may
+      be read in connection with the 23rd number of "The Examiner," and the
+      "Short Character of Wharton" (vol. v., pp. 1-28). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: Fama was said to be a daughter of Terra. See Virgil,
+      "Aeneid," iv. 173-178. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: A reply to the insinuations that the Tories were sympathetic
+      to France, and that the Whigs were the true patriots. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: The reprint has "Exchange Alley." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: The Earl of Wharton. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: Refers to the Tories generally, and in particular to Sir
+      Thomas Osborne, Bart. (1631-1712), who was created Duke of Leeds in 1694.
+      In 1679, as Earl of Danby, he was impeached by the Commons, and imprisoned
+      in the Tower for five years. "He assisted greatly," says Scott, "in the
+      Revolution, yet continued a steady Tory, and avowed at Sacheverell's
+      trial, that, had he known the Prince of Orange designed to assume the
+      crown, he never would have drawn a sword for him." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0024" id="link2H_4_0024"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 16.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY NOVEMBER 9, TO THURSDAY NOVEMBER 16, 1710.
+    </h3>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  &mdash;-<i>medioque ut limite curras,
+  Icare, ait, moneo: ne si demissior ibis,
+  Unda gravet pennas, si celsior, ignis adurat.</i>[2]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It must be avowed, that for some years past, there have been few things
+      more wanted in England, than such a paper as this ought to be; and such as
+      I will endeavour to make it, as long as it shall be found of any use,
+      without entering into the violences of either party. Considering the many
+      grievous misrepresentations of persons and things, it is highly requisite,
+      at this juncture, that the people throughout the kingdom, should, if
+      possible, be set right in their opinions by some impartial hand, which has
+      never been yet attempted: those who have hitherto undertaken it, being
+      upon every account the least qualified of all human-kind for such a work.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      We live here under a limited monarchy, and under the doctrine and
+      discipline of an excellent Church: We are unhappily divided into two
+      parties, both which pretend a mighty zeal for our religion and government,
+      only they disagree about the means.[3] The evils we must fence against
+      are, on one side, fanaticism and infidelity in religion; and anarchy,
+      under the name of a commonwealth, in government: on the other side,
+      popery, slavery, and the Pretender from France. Now to inform and direct
+      us in our sentiments, upon these weighty points; here are on one side two
+      stupid, illiterate scribblers, both of them fanatics by profession; I mean
+      the "Review"[4] and "Observator."[5] On the other side we have an open
+      Nonjuror,[6] whose character and person, as well as good learning and
+      sense, discovered upon other subjects, do indeed deserve respect and
+      esteem; but his "Rehearsal," and the rest of his political papers, are yet
+      more pernicious than those of the former two. If the generality of the
+      people know not how to talk or think, till they have read their lesson in
+      the papers of the week, what a misfortune is it that their duty should be
+      conveyed to them through such vehicles as those? For let some gentlemen
+      think what they please, I cannot but suspect, that the two worthies I
+      first mentioned, have in a degree done mischief among us; the mock
+      authoritative manner of the one, and the insipid mirth of the other,
+      however insupportable to reasonable ears, being of a level with great
+      numbers among the lowest part of mankind. Neither was the author of the
+      "Rehearsal," while he continued that paper, less infectious to many
+      persons of better figure, who perhaps were as well qualified, and much
+      less prejudiced, to judge for themselves.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was this reason, that moved me to take the matter out of those rough,
+      as well as those dirty hands, to let the remote and uninstructed part of
+      the nation see, that they have been misled on both sides, by mad,
+      ridiculous extremes, at a wide distance on each side from the truth; while
+      the right path is so broad and plain, as to be easily kept, if they were
+      once put into it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Further, I had lately entered on a resolution to take very little notice
+      of other papers, unless it were such, where the malice and falsehood, had
+      so great a mixture of wit and spirit, as would make them dangerous; which
+      in the present circle of scribbles, from twelvepence to a halfpenny, I
+      could easily foresee would not very frequently occur. But here again, I am
+      forced to dispense with my resolution, though it be only to tell my
+      reader, what measures I am like to take on such occasions for the future.
+      I was told that the paper called "The Observator," was twice filled last
+      week with remarks upon a late "Examiner."[7] These I read with the first
+      opportunity, and to speak in the news-writers' phrase, they gave me
+      occasion for many speculations. I observed with singular pleasure, the
+      nature of those things, which the owners of them, usually call <i>answers</i>;
+      and with what dexterity this matchless author had fallen into the whole
+      art and cant of them. To transcribe here and there three or four detached
+      lines of least weight in a discourse, and by a foolish comment mistake
+      every syllable of the meaning, is what I have known many of a superior
+      class, to this formidable adversary, entitle an "Answer."[8] This is what
+      he has exactly done in about thrice as many words as my whole discourse;
+      which is so mighty an advantage over me, that I shall by no means engage
+      in so unequal a combat; but as far as I can judge of my own temper,
+      entirely dismiss him for the future; heartily wishing he had a match
+      exactly of his own size to meddle with, who should only have the odds of
+      truth and honesty; which as I take it, would be an effectual way to
+      silence him for ever. Upon this occasion, I cannot forbear a short story
+      of a fanatic farmer who lived in my neighbourhood, and was so great a
+      disputant in religion, that the servants in all the families thereabouts,
+      reported, how he had confuted the bishop and all his clergy. I had then a
+      footman who was fond of reading the Bible, and I borrowed a comment for
+      him, which he studied so close, that in a month or two I thought him a
+      match for the farmer. They disputed at several houses, with a ring of
+      servants and other people always about them, where Ned explained his texts
+      so full and clear, to the capacity of his audience, and showed the
+      insignificancy of his adversary's cant, to the meanest understanding, that
+      he got the whole country of his side, and the farmer was cured of his itch
+      of disputation for ever after.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The worst of it is, that this sort of outrageous party-writers I have
+      above spoke of, are like a couple of make-bates, who inflame small
+      quarrels by a thousand stories, and by keeping friends at a distance
+      hinder them from coming to a good understanding, as they certainly would,
+      if they were suffered to meet and debate between themselves. For let any
+      one examine a reasonable honest man of either side, upon those opinions in
+      religion and government, which both parties daily buffet each other about,
+      he shall hardly find one material point in difference between them. I
+      would be glad to ask a question about two great men[9] of the late
+      ministry, how they came to be Whigs? and by what figure of speech, half a
+      dozen others, lately put into great employments, can be called Tories? I
+      doubt, whoever would suit the definition to the persons, must make it
+      directly contrary to what we understood it at the time of the Revolution.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In order to remove these misapprehensions among us, I believe it will be
+      necessary upon occasion, to detect the malice and falsehood of some
+      popular maxims, which those idiots scatter from the press twice a week,
+      and draw an hundred absurd consequences from them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For example, I have heard it often objected as a great piece of insolence
+      in the clergy and others, to say or hint that the Church was in danger,
+      when it was voted otherwise in Parliament some years ago: and the Queen
+      herself in her last speech, did openly condemn all such insinuations.[10]
+      Notwithstanding which, I did then, and do still believe, the Church has,
+      since that vote, been in very imminent danger; and I think I might then
+      have said so, without the least offence to her Majesty, or either of the
+      two Houses. The Queen's words, as near as I can remember, mentioned the
+      Church being in danger from her administration; and whoever says or thinks
+      that, deserves, in my opinion, to be hanged for a traitor. But that the
+      Church and State may be both in danger under the best princes that ever
+      reigned, and without the least guilt of theirs, is such a truth, as a man
+      must be a great stranger to history or common sense, to doubt. The wisest
+      prince on earth may be forced, by the necessity of his affairs, and the
+      present power of an unruly faction, or deceived by the craft of ill
+      designing men: One or two ministers, most in his confidence, may <i>at
+      first</i> have good intentions, but grow corrupted by time, by avarice, by
+      love, by ambition, and have fairer terms offered them, to gratify their
+      passions or interests, from <i>one set of men</i> than another, till they
+      are too far involved for a retreat; and so be forced to take "seven
+      spirits more wicked than themselves." This is a very possible case; and
+      will not "the last state of such men be worse than the first"? that is to
+      say, will not the public, which was safe at first, grow in danger by such
+      proceedings as these? And shall a faithful subject, who foresees and
+      trembles at the consequences, be called <i>disaffected</i>, because he
+      delivers his opinion, though the prince declares, as he justly may, that
+      the danger is not owing to his administration? Or, shall the prince
+      himself be blamed, when in such a juncture he puts his affairs into other
+      hands, with the universal applause of his people? As to the vote against
+      those who should affirm the Church was in danger, I think it likewise
+      referred to danger from or under the Queen's administration, (for I
+      neither have it by me, nor can suddenly have recourse to it;) but if it
+      were otherwise, I know not how it can refer to any dangers but what were
+      past, or at that time present; or how it could affect the future, unless
+      the senators were all <i>inspired</i>, or at least that majority which
+      voted it. Neither do I see any crime further than ill manners, to differ
+      in opinion from a majority of either or both Houses; and that ill manners,
+      I must confess I have been often guilty of for some years past, though I
+      hope I never shall again.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Another topic of great use to these weekly inflamers, is the young
+      Pretender[11] in France, to whom their whole party is in a high measure
+      indebted for all their greatness; and whenever it lies in their power,
+      they may perhaps return their acknowledgments, as out of their zeal for
+      frequent revolutions, they were ready to do to his supposed father: which
+      is a piece of secret history, that I hope will one day see the light; and
+      I am sure it shall, if ever I am master of it, without regarding whose
+      ears may tingle.[12] But at present, the word <i>Pretender</i> is a term
+      of art in their possession: A secretary of state cannot desire leave to
+      resign, but the Pretender is at bottom: the Queen cannot dissolve a
+      Parliament, but it is a plot to dethrone herself, and bring in the
+      Pretender. Half a score stock-jobbers are playing the knave in
+      Exchange-Alley, and there goes the Pretender with a sponge. One would be
+      apt to think they bawl out the Pretender so often, to take off the terror;
+      or tell so many lies about him, to slacken our caution, that when he is
+      really coming, <i>by their connivance</i>, we may not believe them; as the
+      boy served the shepherds about the coming of the wolf. Or perhaps they
+      scare us with the Pretender, because they think he may be like some
+      diseases, that come with a fright. Do they not believe that the Queen's
+      present ministry love her Majesty, at least as well as <i>some others</i>
+      loved the Church? And why is it not as great mark of disaffection now to
+      say the Queen is in danger, as it was some months ago to affirm the same
+      of the Church? Suppose it be a false opinion, that the Queen's right is
+      hereditary and indefeasible; yet how is it possible that those who hold
+      and believe that doctrine, can be in the Pretender's interest? His title
+      is weakened by every argument that strengthens hers. It is as plain as the
+      words of an Act of Parliament can make it, that her present Majesty is
+      heir to the survivor of the late King and Queen her sister. Is not that an
+      hereditary right? What need we explain it any further? I have known an
+      Article of Faith expounded in much looser and more general terms, and that
+      by an author whose opinions are very much followed by a certain party.[13]
+      Suppose we go further, and examine the word <i>indefeasible</i>, with
+      which some writers of late have made themselves so merry: I confess it is
+      hard to conceive, how any law which the supreme power makes, may not by
+      the same power be repealed: so that I shall not determine, whether the
+      Queen's right be indefeasible or no. But this I will maintain, that
+      whoever affirms it so, is not guilty of a crime. For in that settlement of
+      the crown after the Revolution, where her present Majesty is named in
+      remainder,[14] there are (as near as I can remember) these remarkable
+      words, "to which we bind ourselves and our posterity for ever." Lawyers
+      may explain this, or call them words of form, as they please: and
+      reasoners may argue that such an obligation is against the very nature of
+      government; but a plain reader, who takes the words in their natural
+      meaning, may be excused, in thinking a right so confirmed, is <i>indefeasible</i>;
+      and if there be an absurdity in such an opinion, he is not to answer for
+      it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>P.S.</i> When this paper was going to the press, the printer brought me
+      two more <i>Observators</i>,[15] wholly taken up in my <i>Examiner</i>
+      upon lying, which I was at the pains to read; and they are just such an
+      answer, as the two others I have mentioned. This is all I have to say on
+      that matter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 15 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: Ovid, "Metamorphoses," viii. 203-5.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+            "My boy, take care
+  To wing your course along the middle air:
+  If low, the surges wet your flagging plumes;
+  If high, the sun the melting wax consumes."
+                             S. CROXALL.
+[T.S.]]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: See the pamphlets: "The Thoughts of an Honest Tory," 1710 [by
+      Bp. Hoadly]; "Faults on both Sides ... by way of answer to 'The Thoughts
+      of an Honest Tory,'" 1710 [by a Mr. Clements]; and "Faults in the
+      Fault-Finder: or, a Specimen of Errors in ... 'Faults on Both Sides,'"
+      1710; etc., etc. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: "The Review" was edited by Daniel Defoe. He commenced it on
+      February 19th, 1703/4, as "A Weekly Review of the Affairs of France"; but
+      about this time it had lost much of its early spring and verve. It was
+      discontinued after June 11th, 1713. Gay thought, speaking of "The Review,"
+      that Defoe was "a lively instance of those wits, who, as an ingenious
+      author says, will endure but one skimming" ("Present State of Wit").
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: "The Observator" was founded by John Tutchin. The first
+      number was issued April 1st, 1702, and it appeared, with some intervals,
+      until July, 1712, though Tutchin himself died in 1707. For his
+      partisanship for Monmouth poor Tutchin came under the anger of Judge
+      Jeffreys, who sentenced him to several floggings. Pope's couplet in the
+      "Dunciad" has immortalized him:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  "Earless on high stood unabashed De Foe,
+  And Tutchin flagrant from the scourge below."
+  [T.S.]]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: This was the Rev. Charles Leslie, whose periodical, "The
+      Rehearsal," was avowedly Jacobite. The paper appeared from August 5th,
+      1704, until March 26th, 1709. In 1708-9 all the numbers were republished
+      in four volumes folio, with the title: "A View of the Times, their
+      Principles and Practices: in the First [Second, etc.] Volume of the
+      Rehearsals," and under the pseudonym "Philalethes." Later he engaged in a
+      controversy with Bishop Hoadly. See also note on p. 354, vol. v.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Of Swift's use of the term "Nonjuror," "The Medley" (June 18th, 1711, No.
+      38) made the following remarks: "If he speaks of him with relation to his
+      party, there can be nothing so inconsistent as a Whig and a Nonjuror: and
+      if he talks of him merely as an author, all the authors in the world are
+      Nonjurors, but the ingenious divine who writ 'The Tale of a Tub' ... for
+      he is the first man who introduced those figures of rhetoric we call
+      swearing and cursing in print." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: "The Observator" for November 8th, 1710 (vol. ix., No. 85),
+      was filled with <i>more</i> remarks on the fourteenth "Examiner."
+      Presumably the issue for November 4th, which is not accessible, commenced
+      the attack. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: A humorous specimen of this kind of an "Answer" was given by
+      Swift in No. 23 of "The Examiner," <i>post.</i> [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: The Duke of Marlborough and Lord Godolphin, who commenced
+      their political career as Tories, and only became Whigs through the
+      necessity of identifying their own principles with that of the party which
+      supported their power. [S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 10: On December 6th, 1705, the House of Lords passed the
+      following resolution: "That the Church of England ... is now, by God's
+      blessing, under the happy reign of her Majesty, in a most safe and
+      flourishing condition; and that whoever goes about to suggest and
+      insinuate, that the Church is in danger under her Majesty's
+      administration, is an enemy to the Queen, the Church, and the Kingdom"
+      ("Jls. of House of Lords," xviii. 43). On December 8th the House of
+      Commons, by a majority of 212 against 162, agreed to this resolution. In
+      her speech at the prorogation of Parliament on April 5th, 1710, the Queen
+      said: "The suppressing immorality ... is what I have always earnestly
+      recommended; ... but, this being an evil complained of in all times, it is
+      very injurious to take a pretence from thence, to insinuate that the
+      Church is in any danger from my administration" ("Jls. Of House of Lords,"
+      xix. 145). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 11: James, Duke of Cornwall (1688-1766), known as the Chevalier
+      de St. George. At one time the belief was current that the wife of James
+      II. did not give birth to a child, and the "young Pretender" was supposed
+      to be a son of one Mary Grey (see note on p. 409 of vol. v. of present
+      edition of Swift's works). See also: "State-Amusements, Serious and
+      Hypocritical ... Birth of the Pretended Prince of Wales," 1711;
+      "Seasonable Queries relating to the Birth and Birthright of a Certain
+      Person," 1714; and other pamphlets. In the Act for the Succession to the
+      Crown (6 Ann. c. 41), he is styled, "the Pretended Prince of Wales."
+      History afterwards called him the "Old Pretender" to distinguish him from
+      Charles Edward, the "bonnie Prince Charlie," the Young Pretender. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 12: Swift kept his word. See "An Enquiry into ... the Queen's
+      Last Ministry," 1715 (Swift's Works, vol. v., p. 458 <i>sq.</i>), and his
+      "History of the Four Last Years of the Queen," 1758. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 13: By Bishop Burnet in his "Exposition of the Thirty-Nine
+      Articles." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 14: The reference here is to the Bill of Rights (1 William and
+      Mary, Sess. 2, c. 2), where it is said: "And thereunto the said Lords
+      spiritual and temporal and Commons do, in the name of all the people
+      aforesaid, most humbly and faithfully submit themselves, their heirs and
+      posterities, for ever." In the recital in the Act of Settlement (12 and 13
+      W. III. c. 2) the words "for ever" are omitted. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 15: "The Observator" of November 11th and 15th (vol. ix., Nos.
+      86 and 87). In No. 86 "The Examiner" is given "a spiritual shove," and,
+      quoting his statement that a political liar "ought to have but a short
+      memory" to meet occasions "of differing from himself, and swearing to both
+      sides of a contradiction," adds, "the 'Examiner' has this essential
+      qualification of a political liar." It is amusing to find in the same
+      issue "The Observator" calling Jezebel a Tory, and Elijah and Naboth,
+      Whigs! [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0025" id="link2H_4_0025"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 17.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY NOVEMBER 16, TO THURSDAY NOVEMBER 23, 1710.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Qui sunt boni cives? Qui belli, qui domi de patriâ bene merentes, nisi
+      qui patriae beneficia meminerunt?</i>[2]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I will employ this present paper upon a subject, which of late hath very
+      much affected me, which I have considered with a good deal of application,
+      and made several enquiries about, among those persons who I thought were
+      best able to inform me; and if I deliver my sentiments with some freedom,
+      I hope it will be forgiven, while I accompany it with that tenderness
+      which so nice a point requires.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I said in a former paper (Numb. 14) that one specious objection to the
+      late removals at court, was the fear of giving uneasiness to a general,
+      who has been long successful abroad: and accordingly, the common clamour
+      of tongues and pens for some months past, has run against the baseness,
+      the inconstancy and ingratitude of the whole kingdom to the Duke of
+      M[arlborough], in return of the most eminent services that ever were
+      performed by a subject to his country; not to be equalled in history. And
+      then to be sure some bitter stroke of detraction against Alexander and
+      Caesar, who never did us the least injury. Besides, the people that read
+      Plutarch come upon us with parallels drawn from the Greeks and Romans, who
+      ungratefully dealt with I know not how many of their most deserving
+      generals: while the profounder politicians, have seen pamphlets, where
+      Tacitus and Machiavel have been quoted to shew the danger of too
+      resplendent a merit. Should a stranger hear these furious outcries of
+      ingratitude against our general, without knowing the particulars, he would
+      be apt to enquire where was his tomb, or whether he were allowed Christian
+      burial? not doubting but we had put him to some ignominious death. Or, has
+      he been tried for his life, and very narrowly escaped? has he been accused
+      of high crimes and misdemeanours? has the prince seized on his estate, and
+      left him to starve? has he been hooted at as he passed the streets, by an
+      ungrateful mob? have neither honours, offices nor grants, been conferred
+      on him or his family? have not he and they been barbarously stripped of
+      them all? have not he and his forces been ill paid abroad? and does not
+      the prince by a scanty, limited commission, hinder him from pursuing his
+      own methods in the conduct of the war? has he no power at all of disposing
+      commissions as he pleases? is he not severely used by the ministry or
+      Parliament, who yearly call him to a strict account? has the senate ever
+      thanked him for good success, and have they not always publicly censured
+      him for the least miscarriage? Will the accusers of the nation join issue
+      upon any of these particulars, or tell us in what point, our damnable sin
+      of ingratitude lies? Why, it is plain and clear; for while he is
+      commanding abroad, the Queen dissolves her Parliament, and changes her
+      ministry at home: in which universal calamity, no less than two persons[3]
+      allied by marriage to the general, have lost their places. Whence came
+      this wonderful sympathy between the civil and military powers? Will the
+      troops in Flanders refuse to fight, unless they can have their own lord
+      keeper, their own lord president of the council, their own chief Governor
+      of Ireland, and their own Parliament? In a kingdom where the people are
+      free, how came they to be so fond of having their councils under the
+      influence of their army, or those that lead it? who in all well instituted
+      states, had no commerce with the civil power, further than to receive
+      their orders, and obey them without reserve.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When a general is not so popular, either in his army or at home, as one
+      might expect from a long course of success; it may perhaps be ascribed to
+      his wisdom, or perhaps to his complexion. The possession of some one
+      quality, or a defect in some other, will extremely damp the people's
+      favour, as well as the love of the soldiers. Besides, this is not an age
+      to produce favourites of the people, while we live under a Queen who
+      engrosses all our love, and all our veneration; and where, the only way
+      for a great general or minister, to acquire any degree of subordinate
+      affection from the public, must be by all marks of the most entire
+      submission and respect, to her sacred person and commands;[4] otherwise,
+      no pretence of great services, either in the field or the cabinet, will be
+      able to screen them from universal hatred.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But the late ministry was closely joined to the general, by friendship,
+      interest, alliance, inclination and opinion, which cannot be affirmed of
+      the present; and the ingratitude of the nation, lies in the people's
+      joining as one man, to wish, that such a ministry should be changed. Is it
+      not at the same time notorious to the whole kingdom, that nothing but a
+      tender regard to the general, was able to preserve that ministry so long,
+      till neither God nor man could suffer their continuance? Yet in the
+      highest ferment of things, we heard few or no reflections upon this great
+      commander, but all seemed unanimous in wishing he might still be at the
+      head of the confederate forces; only at the same time, in case he were
+      resolved to resign, they chose rather to turn their thoughts somewhere
+      else, than throw up all in despair. And this I cannot but add, in defence
+      of the people, with regard to the person we are speaking of, that in the
+      high station he has been for many years past, his real defects (as nothing
+      human is without them) have in a detracting age been very sparingly
+      mentioned, either in libels or conversation, and all his successes very
+      freely and universally applauded.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      There is an active and a passive ingratitude; applying both to this
+      occasion, we may say, the first is, when a prince or people returns good
+      services with cruelty or ill usage: the other is, when good services are
+      not at all, or very meanly rewarded. We have already spoke of the former;
+      let us therefore in the second place, examine how the services of our
+      general have been rewarded; and whether upon that article, either prince
+      or people have been guilty of ingratitude?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Those are the most valuable rewards, which are given to us from the
+      certain knowledge of the donor, that they <i>fit our temper best:</i> I
+      shall therefore say nothing of the title of Duke, or the Garter, which the
+      Queen bestowed [on] the general in the beginning of her reign; but I shall
+      come to more substantial instances, and mention nothing which has not been
+      given in the face of the world.[5] The lands of Woodstock, may, I believe,
+      be reckoned worth 40,000<i>l</i>. On the building of Blenheim Castle
+      200,000<i>l</i>. have been already expended, though it be not yet near
+      finished. The grant of 5,000<i>l. per ann.</i> on the post-office, is
+      richly worth 100,000<i>l</i>. His principality in Germany may be computed
+      at 30,000<i>l</i>. Pictures, jewels, and other gifts from foreign princes,
+      60,000<i>l</i>. The grant at the Pall-Mall, the rangership, &amp;c. for
+      want of more certain knowledge, may be called 10,000,<i>l</i>. His own,
+      and his duchess's employments at five years value, reckoning only the
+      known and avowed salaries, are very low rated at 100,000<i>l</i>. Here is
+      a good deal above half a million of money, and I dare say, those who are
+      loudest with the clamour of ingratitude, will readily own, that all this
+      is but a trifle in comparison of what is untold.[6]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The reason of my stating this account is only to convince the world, that
+      we are not quite so ungrateful either as the Greeks or the Romans. And in
+      order to adjust this matter with all fairness, I shall confine myself to
+      the latter, who were much the more generous of the two. A victorious
+      general of Rome in the height of that empire, having entirely subdued his
+      enemy, was rewarded with the larger triumph; and perhaps a statue in the
+      Forum, a bull for a sacrifice, an embroidered garment to appear in: a
+      crown of laurel, a monumental trophy with inscriptions; sometimes five
+      hundred or a thousand copper coins were struck on occasion of the victory,
+      which doing honour to the general, we will place to his account; and
+      lastly, sometimes, though not very frequently, a triumphal arch. These are
+      all the rewards that I can call to mind, which a victorious general
+      received after his return from the most glorious expedition, conquered
+      some great kingdom, brought the king himself, his family and nobles to
+      adorn the triumph in chains, and made the kingdom either a Roman province,
+      or at best a poor depending state, in humble alliance to that empire. Now
+      of all these rewards, I find but two which were of real profit to the
+      general; the laurel crown, made and sent him at the charge of the public,
+      and the embroidered garment; but I cannot find whether this last were paid
+      for by the senate or the general: however, we will take the more
+      favourable opinion, and in all the rest, admit the whole expense, as if it
+      were ready money in the general's pocket. Now according to these
+      computations on both sides, we will draw up two fair accounts, the one of
+      Roman gratitude, and the other of British ingratitude, and set them
+      together in balance.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+     A BILL OF ROMAN GRATITUDE.
+
+                                                  l.   s.   d.
+     Imprimis for frankincense and earthen pots
+     to burn it in                                 4   10    0
+     A bull for sacrifice                          8    0    0
+     An embroidered garment                       50    0    0
+     A crown of laurel                             0    0    2
+     A statue                                    100    0    0
+     A trophy                                     80    0    0
+     A thousand copper medals value half pence
+     a piece                                       2    1    8
+     A triumphal arch                            500    0    0
+     A triumphal car, valued as a modern coach   100    0    0
+     Casual charges at the triumph               150    0    0
+                                                 &mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;-
+                                     Sum total   994   11   10
+
+     A BILL OF BRITISH INGRATITUDE.
+
+                                                  l.   s.   d.
+     Imprimis Woodstock                       40,000    0    0
+     Blenheim                                200,000    0    0
+     Post-office grant                       100,000    0    0
+     Mildenheim                               30,000    0    0
+     Pictures, jewels, &amp;c.                    60,000    0    0
+     Pall-Mall grant, &amp;c.                     10,000    0    0
+     Employments                             100,000    0    0
+                                             &mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;-
+                              Sum total[7]   540,000    0    0
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      This is an account of the visible profits on both sides; and if the Roman
+      general had any private perquisites, they may be easily discounted, and by
+      more probable computations, and differ yet more upon the balance; if we
+      consider, that all the gold and silver for safeguards and contributions,
+      also all valuable prizes taken in the war were openly exposed in the
+      triumph, and then lodged in the Capitol for the public service.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So that upon the whole, we are not yet quite so bad at <i>worst</i>, as
+      the Romans were at <i>best</i>. And I doubt, those who raise this hideous
+      cry of ingratitude, may be mightily mistaken in the consequence they
+      propose from such complaints. I remember a saying of Seneca, <i>Multos
+      ingratos invenimus, plures facimus;</i> "We find many ungrateful persons
+      in the world, but we <i>make</i> more," by setting too high a rate upon
+      our pretensions, and under-valuing the rewards we receive. When
+      unreasonable bills are brought in, they ought to be taxed, or cut off in
+      the middle. Where there have been long accounts between two persons, I
+      have known one of them perpetually making large demands and pressing for
+      payments, who when the accounts were cast up on both sides, was found to
+      be creditor for some hundreds. I am thinking if a proclamation were issued
+      out for every man to send in his <i>bill of merits</i>, and the lowest
+      price he set them at, what a pretty sum it would amount to, and how many
+      such islands as this must be sold to pay them. I form my judgment from the
+      practice of those who sometimes happen to pay themselves, and I dare
+      affirm, would not be so unjust to take a farthing more than they think is
+      due to their deserts. I will instance only in one article. A lady of my
+      acquaintance,[8] appropriated twenty-six pounds a year out of her
+      allowance, for certain uses, which her woman received, and was to pay to
+      the lady or her order, as it was called for. But after eight years, it
+      appeared upon the strictest calculation, that the woman had paid but four
+      pound a year, and sunk two-and-twenty for her own pocket. It is but
+      supposing instead of twenty-six pound, twenty-six thousand, and by that
+      you may judge what the pretensions of <i>modern merit</i> are, where it
+      happens to be its own paymaster.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 16 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: "Who are the good citizens? Who are they who&mdash;whether at
+      war or at home&mdash;deserve well of their country, but those who bear in
+      mind the benefits she has already conferred upon them?" [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: The Earl of Sunderland and Lord Godolphin. Sunderland was
+      succeeded by Dartmouth, in June, as Secretary of State, and Godolphin
+      returned his staff of treasurer in August, the office being placed in
+      commission. Sunderland and Godolphin were both related to Marlborough by
+      marriage. The former married Anne, and the son of the latter Henrietta,
+      daughters of the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: See "Memoirs relating to that Change" (Swift's Works, vol.
+      v., pp. 367-8). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: The Queen's Message, proposing to grant to the Duke of
+      Marlborough the Manor of Woodstock and Hundred of Wootton, was read
+      January 17th, 1704/5. A Bill carrying this proposal into effect was
+      introduced January 25th, and passed February 3rd. Blenheim House, erected
+      at the Queen's expense, was settled to go with the dukedom by a Bill
+      introduced in the House of Lords, which passed all its stages in the
+      Commons December 20th, 1706. The pension of £5,000 per annum upon the
+      revenue of the Post Office, granted by the Queen for her lifetime in
+      December, 1702&mdash;at a time when the Commons expressed their "trouble"
+      that they could not comply&mdash;was made perpetual by a Bill introduced
+      January 14th, 1706/7, passed January 18th, Royal Assent given January 28th
+      (see "Journals of House of Commons," xiv. and xv.). [T.S.] ]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: A broadside, printed in 1712, entitled, "The D&mdash;&mdash;e
+      and D&mdash;- -s of M&mdash;&mdash;h's Loss; being an Estimate of their
+      former Yearly Income," reckons the duke's emoluments at £54,825 per annum,
+      and those of the duchess at £7,500. In the second edition the following
+      paragraph is added:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The following sums have been rec'd since the year 1701:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  "Receiv'd on Accompt of Bread and Bread-waggons    £63,319  3  7
+  Receiv'd 10,000,<i>l</i>. by Annual Contingencies       100,000  0  0
+  Receiv'd by 2 and 1/2 <i>per cent</i>, from the
+  payment of Troops                                  460,062  6  7-3/4
+                                                     &mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;-
+                                                     623,381  10 2-3/4"
+                                                     &mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;-]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: In the tenth number of "The Medley" (December 4th, 1710)
+      occurs the following: "'The Examiner,' having it in his thoughts to
+      publish the falsest, as well as the most impudent paper that ever was
+      printed, writ a previous discourse about lying, as a necessary
+      introduction to what was to follow. The first paper was the precept, and
+      the second was the example. By the falsest paper that ever was printed, I
+      mean the 'Examiner' Numb. 17, in which he pretends to give an account of
+      what the Duke of Marlborough has got by his services." The writer in the
+      "Medley," admitting even the correctness of the "Examiner's" sum of
+      £540,000, sets off against this the value of the several battles won by
+      the Duke, and "twenty seven towns taken, which being reckoned at 300,000<i>l</i>.
+      a town (the price that Dunkirk was sold at before it was fortified)
+      amounts in all, throwing in the battles and the fortifications, to
+      8,100,000<i>l</i>." The balance in favour of the Duke, and presumably in
+      justification of the gifts made him, gave a net result of £7,560,000.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: The Duchess of Marlborough, who admitted that the comparison
+      was intended for herself, explained the matter thus: "At the Queen's
+      accession to the government, she ... desired me to take out of the
+      privy-purse 2,000<i>l</i>. a year, in order to some purchase for my
+      advantage ... I constantly declined it; until the time, that,
+      notwithstanding the uncommon regard I had shown to Her Majesty's interest
+      and honour in the execution of my trusts, she was pleased to dismiss me
+      from her service ... By the advice of my friends, I sent the Queen one of
+      her own letters, in which she had pressed me to take the 2,00<i>l</i>. a
+      year; and I wrote at the same time to ask Her Majesty whether she would
+      allow me to charge in the privy-purse accounts, which I was to send her,
+      that yearly sum from the time of the offer, amounting to 18,000<i>l</i>.
+      Her Majesty was pleased to answer, that I might charge it. This therefore
+      I did" ("An Account of the Conduct of ... Duchess of Marlborough," 1742,
+      pp. 293-5). The Duchess of Somerset and Mrs. Masham superseded the Duchess
+      of Marlborough in January, 1710/1. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0026" id="link2H_4_0026"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 18.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY NOVEMBER 23, TO THURSDAY NOVEMBER 30, 1710.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Quas res luxuries in flagitus,... avaritia in rapinis, superbia in
+      contumeliis efficere potuisset; eas omnes sese hoc uno praetore per
+      triennium pertulisse aiebant</i>.[2]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When I first undertook this paper, I was resolved to concern myself only
+      with things, and not with persons. Whether I have kept or broken this
+      resolution, I cannot recollect; and I will not be at the pains to examine,
+      but leave the matter to those little antagonists, who may want a topic for
+      criticism. Thus much I have discovered, that it is in writing as in
+      building; where, after all our schemes and calculations, we are mightily
+      deceived in our accounts, and often forced to make use of any materials we
+      can find, that the work may be kept a going. Besides, to speak my opinion,
+      the things I have occasion to mention, are so closely linked to persons,
+      that nothing but Time (the father of Oblivion) can separate them. Let me
+      put a parallel case: Suppose I should complain, that last week my coach
+      was within an inch of overturning, in a smooth, even way, and drawn by
+      very gentle horses; to be sure, all my friends would immediately lay the
+      fault upon John,[3] because they knew, he then presided in my coach-box.
+      Again, suppose I should discover some uneasiness to find myself, I knew
+      not how, over head-and-ears in debt, though I was sure my tenants paid
+      their rents very well, and that I never spent half my income; they would
+      certainly advise me to turn off Mr. Oldfox[4] my receiver, and take
+      another. If, as a justice of peace, I should tell a friend that my
+      warrants and mittimuses were never drawn up as I would have them; that I
+      had the misfortune to send an honest man to gaol, and dismiss a knave; he
+      would bid me no longer trust Charles and Harry,[5] my two clerks, whom he
+      knew to be ignorant, wilful, assuming and ill-inclined fellows. If I
+      should add, that my tenants made me very uneasy with their squabbles and
+      broils among themselves; he would counsel me to cashier Will Bigamy,[6]
+      the seneschal of my manor. And lastly, if my neighbour and I happened to
+      have a misunderstanding about the delivery of a message, what could I do
+      less than strip and discard the blundering or malicious rascal that
+      carried it?[7]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is the same thing in the conduct of public affairs, where they have
+      been managed with rashness or wilfulness, corruption, ignorance or
+      injustice; barely to relate the facts, at least, while they are fresh in
+      memory, will as much reflect upon the persons concerned, as if we had told
+      their names at length.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have therefore since thought of another expedient, frequently practised
+      with great safety and success by satirical writers: which is, that of
+      looking into history for some character bearing a resemblance to the
+      person we would describe; and with the absolute power of altering, adding
+      or suppressing what circumstances we please, I conceived we must have very
+      bad luck, or very little skill to fail. However, some days ago in a
+      coffee-house, looking into one of the politic weekly papers; I found the
+      writer had fallen into this scheme, and I happened to light on that part,
+      where he was describing a person, who from small beginnings grew (as I
+      remember) to be constable of France, and had a very haughty, imperious
+      wife.[8] I took the author as a friend to our faction, (for so with great
+      propriety of speech they call the Queen and ministry, almost the whole
+      clergy, and nine parts in ten of the kingdom)[9] and I said to a gentleman
+      near me, that although I knew well enough what persons the author meant,
+      yet there were several particulars in the husband's character, which I
+      could not reconcile, for that of the lady was just and adequate enough;
+      but it seems I mistook the whole matter, and applied all I had read to a
+      couple of persons, who were not at that time in the writer's thoughts.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Now to avoid such a misfortune as this, I have been for some time
+      consulting Livy and Tacitus, to find out a character of a <i>Princeps
+      Senatus,</i> a <i>Praetor Urbanus,</i> a <i>Quaestor Aerarius</i>, a <i>Caesari
+      ab Epistolis</i>, and a <i>Proconsul</i>;[10] but among the worst of them,
+      I cannot discover one from whom to draw a parallel, without doing injury
+      to a Roman memory: so that I am compelled to have recourse to Tully. But
+      this author relating facts only as an orator, I thought it would be best
+      to observe his method, and make an extract from six harangues of his
+      against Verres, only still preserving the form of an oration. I remember a
+      younger brother of mine, who deceased about two months ago, presented the
+      world with a speech of Alcibiades against an Athenian brewer:[11] Now, I
+      am told for certain, that in those days there was no ale in Athens; and
+      therefore that speech, or at least a great part of it, must needs be
+      spurious. The difference between me and my brother is this; he makes
+      Alcibiades say a great deal more than he really did, and I make Cicero say
+      a great deal less.[12] This Verres had been the Roman governor of Sicily
+      for three years; and on return from his government, the Sicilians
+      entreated Cicero to impeach him in the Senate, which he accordingly did in
+      several orations, from whence I have faithfully translated and abstracted
+      that which follows.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      "MY LORDS,[13]
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      "A pernicious opinion hath for some time prevailed, not only at Rome, but
+      among our neighbouring nations, that a man who has money enough, though he
+      be ever so guilty, cannot be condemned in this place. But however
+      industriously this opinion be spread, to cast an odium on the Senate, we
+      have brought before your lordships Caius Verres, a person, for his life
+      and actions, already condemned by all men; but as he hopes, and gives out,
+      by the influence of his wealth, to be here absolved. In condemning this
+      man, you have an opportunity of belying that general scandal, of redeeming
+      the credit lost by former judgments, and recovering the love of the Roman
+      people, as well as of our neighbours. I have brought a man here before
+      you, my lords, who is a robber of the public treasure, an overturner of
+      law and justice, and the disgrace, as well as destruction, of the Sicilian
+      province: of whom, if you shall determine with equity and due severity,
+      your authority will remain entire, and upon such an establishment as it
+      ought to be: but if his great riches will be able to force their way
+      through that religious reverence and truth, which become so awful an
+      assembly, I shall, however, obtain thus much, that the defect will be laid
+      where it ought, and that it shall not be objected that the criminal was
+      not produced, or that there wanted an orator to accuse him. This man, my
+      lords, has publicly said, that those ought to be afraid of accusations who
+      have only robbed enough for their own support and maintenance; but that <i>he</i>
+      has plundered sufficient to bribe numbers, and that nothing is so high or
+      so holy which money cannot corrupt. Take that support from him, and he can
+      have no other left. For what eloquence will be able to defend a man, whose
+      life has been tainted with so many scandalous vices, and who has been so
+      long condemned by the universal opinion of the world? To pass over the
+      foul stains and ignominy of his youth, his corrupt management in all
+      employments he has borne, his treachery and irreligion, his injustice and
+      oppression, he has left of late such monuments of his villainies in
+      Sicily, made such havoc and confusion there, during his government, that
+      the province cannot by any means be restored to its former state, and
+      hardly recover itself at all under many years, and by a long succession of
+      good governors. While this man governed in that island, the Sicilians had
+      neither the benefit of our laws, nor their own, nor even of common right.
+      In Sicily, no man now possesses more than what the governor's lust and
+      avarice have overlooked, or what he was forced to neglect out of mere
+      weariness and satiety of oppression. Every thing where he presided, was
+      determined by his arbitrary will, and the best subjects he treated as
+      enemies. To recount his abominable debaucheries, would offend any modest
+      ear, since so many could not preserve their daughters and wives from his
+      lust. I believe there is no man who ever heard his name, that cannot
+      relate his enormities. We bring before you in judgment, my lords, a public
+      robber, an adulterer, a DEFILER OF ALTARS,[14] an enemy of religion, and
+      of all that is sacred; he sold all employments in Sicily of judicature,
+      magistracy, and trust, places in the council, and the priesthood itself,
+      to the highest bidder; and has plundered that island of forty millions of
+      sesterces. And here I cannot but observe to your lordships, in what manner
+      Verres passed the day: the morning was spent in taking bribes, and selling
+      employments, the rest of it in drunkenness and lust. His discourse at
+      table was scandalously unbecoming the dignity of his station; noise,
+      brutality, and obsceneness. One particular I cannot omit, that in the high
+      character of governor of Sicily, upon a solemn day, a day set apart for
+      public prayer for the safety of the commonwealth; he stole at evening, in
+      a chair, to a married woman of infamous character,[15] against all decency
+      and prudence, as well as against all laws both human and divine. Didst
+      thou think, O Verres, the government of Sicily was given thee with so
+      large a commission, only by the power of that to break all the bars of
+      law, modesty, and duty, to suppose all men's fortunes thine, and leave no
+      house free from thy rapine, or lust? &amp;c."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This extract, to deal ingenuously, has cost me more pains than I think it
+      is worth, having only served to convince me, that modern corruptions are
+      not to be paralleled by ancient examples, without having recourse to
+      poetry or fable. For instance, I never read in story of a law enacted to
+      take away the force of all laws whatsoever;[16] by which a man may safely
+      commit upon the last of June, what he would infallibly be hanged for if he
+      committed on the first of July; by which the greatest criminals may
+      escape, provided they continue long enough in power to antiquate their
+      crimes, and by stifling them a while, can deceive the legislature into an
+      amnesty, of which the enactors do not at that time foresee the
+      consequence. A cautious merchant will be apt to suspect, when he finds a
+      man who has the repute of a cunning dealer, and with whom he has old
+      accounts, urging for a general release. When I reflect on this proceeding,
+      I am not surprised, that those who contrived a parliamentary sponge for
+      their crimes, are now afraid of a new revolution sponge for their money:
+      and if it were possible to contrive a sponge that could only affect those
+      who had need of the other, perhaps it would not be ill employed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 17 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: Cicero, "In Q. Caec." i. 3: "They said that whatever luxury
+      could accomplish in the way of vice,... avarice in the way of plunder, or
+      arrogance in the way of insult, had all been borne by them for the last
+      three years, while this one man was praetor."&mdash;C.D. YONGE. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: John Churchill, Duke of Maryborough, who had been
+      Captain-General since 1702. He was dismissed from all his offices,
+      December 31st, 1711. The Duke of Ormonde was appointed Commander-in-Chief
+      on January 4th. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: Godolphin, Lord-Treasurer, nicknamed Volpone. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: Charles, Earl of Sunderland, and Henry Boyle (1670-1725),
+      were Secretaries of State. Boyle was created Lord Carleton in 1714.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: William; Earl Cowper (1665-1723), was Lord Chancellor under
+      Godolphin's administration (1707-1710), and also in 1714-1718. The
+      "Biographia Britannica" (second edition, vol. iv., p. 389 <i>n</i>.)
+      refers to a story that Cowper went through an informal marriage in the
+      early part of his life with a Mrs. Elizabeth Culling, of Hungerfordbury
+      Park. Cowper's first wife was Judith, daughter of Sir Robert Booth, of
+      London; and after her death he married Mary Clavering. See also
+      "Examiner," No. 23, <i>post</i>. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: Horatio Walpole, secretary to the English Embassy at the
+      treaty of Gertruydenberg. See Swift's accusation against him in "The
+      Conduct of the Allies" (vol. v of present edition). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: "The Medley" (Nos. 6 and 7, November 6th and 13th, 1710)
+      contains a "Story of the Marquiss D'Ancre and his Wife Galigai," from the
+      French of M. Le Vassor. The Marquis is there described as "the greatest
+      cheat in the whole world"; and "Galigai had the insolence to say a
+      thousand offensive things." The article was intended as a reflection on
+      Harley and Mrs. Masham; but Swift takes it as for the Duke and Duchess of
+      Marlborough. Certainly the character of Galigai may with greater justice
+      be applied to the Duchess. (See "Histoire du regne de Louis XIII. par M.
+      Michel Le Vassor.") Concino Concini, Maréchal D'Ancre, was born at
+      Florence, and died in 1617. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: "The Medley" was constantly deriding this alleged proportion.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 10: "The Observator" for December 6th remarks: "If the
+      'Examiner' don't find better parallels for his <i>Princeps Senates,
+      Praetor Urbanus, Quaestor Aerarius</i>, and <i>Caesari ab Epistolis</i>,
+      than he has done for his Proconsul, Roger, the gentlemen he aims at may
+      sleep without disturbance." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 11: "The Whig Examiner" (No. 3, September 28th, 1710) prints a
+      speech alleged to have been made by Alcibiades in a contest with an
+      Athenian brewer named Taureas. The allusion was to the Westminster
+      election, when General Stanhope was opposed by a brewer named Thomas
+      Cross. "The Whig Examiner" was written by Addison. Five numbers only were
+      issued (September 14th to October 12th, 1710). "The light and comic style
+      of Addison's parody," notes Scott, may be compared "with the fierce,
+      stern, and vindictive tone of Swift's philippic against the Earl of
+      Wharton, under the name of Verres." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 12: "The Medley" (No. 11, December 11th, 1710) remarks of this
+      adaptation from Cicero, that the writer "has added more rude reflections
+      of his own than are to be found in that author, whose only fault is his
+      falling too much into such reflections." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 13: See also Swift's "Short Character," etc. (vol. v., pp. 1-28
+      of present edition), and note <i>in loco</i>. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 14: Hawkesworth notes: "The story of the Lord Wharton is true;
+      who, with some other wretches, went into a pulpit, and defiled it in the
+      most filthy manner." See also "Examiner," No. 23, <i>post</i>. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 15: Probably Mrs. Coningsby. See Swift's "Short Character" (vol.
+      v., p. 27). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 16: The "Act for the Queen's most gracious, general, and free
+      pardon" was passed in 1708 (7 Ann., c. 22). The Earl of Wharton himself
+      profited by this Act. A Mr. George Hutchinson gave Wharton £1,000 to
+      procure his appointment to the office of Register of the Seizures. This
+      was proved before the House of Commons in May, 1713, and the House
+      resolved that it was "a scandalous corruption," and that as it took place
+      "before the Act of Her Majesty's most gracious, general, and free pardon;
+      this House will proceed no further in that matter." ("Journals of House of
+      Commons," vol. xvii., p. 356.) [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0027" id="link2H_4_0027"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 19.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY NOVEMBER 30, TO THURSDAY DECEMBER 7, 1710.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Quippe ubi fas versunt atque nefas: tot bella per orbem: Tam multae,
+      scelerum facies</i>&mdash;&mdash;[2]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am often violently tempted to let the world freely know who the author
+      of this paper is; to tell them my name and titles at length; which would
+      prevent abundance of inconsistent criticisms I daily hear upon it. Those
+      who are enemies to the notions and opinions I would advance, are sometimes
+      apt to quarrel with the "Examiner" as defective in point of wit, and
+      sometimes of truth. At other times they are so generous and candid, to
+      allow, it is written by a club, and that very great hands have fingers in
+      it. As for those who only appear its adversaries in print, they give me
+      but very little pain: The paper I hold lies at my mercy, and I can govern
+      it as I please; therefore, when I begin to find the wit too bright, the
+      learning too deep, and the satire too keen for me to deal with, (a very
+      frequent case no doubt, where a man is constantly attacked by such shrewd
+      adversaries) I peaceably fold it up, or fling it aside, and read no more.
+      It would be happy for me to have the same power over people's tongues, and
+      not be forced to hear my own work railed at and commended fifty times a
+      day, affecting all the while a countenance wholly unconcerned, and joining
+      out of policy or good manners with the judgment of both parties: this, I
+      confess, is too great a hardship for so bashful and unexperienced a
+      writer.[3]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But, alas, I lie under another discouragement of much more weight: I was
+      very unfortunate in the choice of my party when I set up to be a writer;
+      where is the merit, or what opportunity to discover our wit, our courage,
+      or our learning, in drawing our pens for the defence of a cause, which the
+      Queen and both Houses of Parliament, and nine parts in ten of the kingdom,
+      have so unanimously embraced? I am cruelly afraid, we politic authors must
+      begin to lessen our expenses, and lie for the future at the mercy of our
+      printers. All hopes now are gone of writing ourselves into places or
+      pensions. A certain starveling author who worked under the late
+      administration, told me with a heavy heart, above a month ago, that he and
+      some others of his brethren had secretly offered their service dog-cheap
+      to the present ministry, but were all refused, and are now maintained by
+      contribution, like Jacobites or fanatics. I have been of late employed out
+      of perfect commiseration, in doing them good offices: for, whereas some
+      were of opinion that these hungry zealots should not be suffered any
+      longer in their malapert way to snarl at the present course of public
+      proceedings; and whereas, others proposed, that they should be limited to
+      a certain number, and permitted to write for their masters, in the same
+      manner as counsel are assigned for <i>other</i> criminals; that is, to say
+      all they can in defence of their client, but not reflect upon the court: I
+      humbly gave my advice, that they should be suffered to write on, as they
+      used to do; which I did purely out of regard to their persons: for I hoped
+      it would keep them out of harm's way, and prevent them from falling into
+      evil courses, which though of little consequence to the public, would
+      certainly be fatal to themselves. If I have room at the bottom of this
+      paper, I will transcribe a petition to the present ministry, sent me by
+      one of these authors, in behalf of himself and fourscore others of his
+      brethren.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For my own part, notwithstanding the little encouragement to be hoped for
+      at this time from the men in power, I shall continue my paper till either
+      the world or myself grow weary of it: the latter is easily determined; and
+      for the former, I shall not leave it to the partiality of either party,
+      but to the infallible judgment of my printer. One principal end I designed
+      by it, was to undeceive those well-meaning people, who have been drawn
+      unaware into a wrong sense of things, either by the common prejudices of
+      education and company, the great personal qualities of some party leaders,
+      or the foul misrepresentations that were constantly made of all who durst
+      differ from them in the smallest article. I have known such men struck
+      with the thoughts of some late changes, which, as they pretend to think,
+      were made without any reason visible to the world. In answer to this, it
+      is not sufficient to allege, what nobody doubts, that a prince may choose
+      his own servants without giving a reason to his subjects; because it is
+      certain, that a wise and good prince will not change his ministers without
+      very important reasons; and a good subject ought to suppose, that in such
+      a case there are such reasons, though he be not apprised of them,
+      otherwise he must inwardly tax his prince of capriciousness, inconstancy,
+      or ill-design. Such reasons indeed, may not be obvious to persons
+      prejudiced, or at great distance, or short thinkers; and therefore, if
+      they be no secrets of state, nor any ill consequences to be apprehended
+      from their publication; it is no uncommendable work in any private hand to
+      lay them open for the satisfaction of all men. And if what I have already
+      said, or shall hereafter say of this kind, be thought to reflect upon
+      persons, though none have been named, I know not how it can possibly be
+      avoided. The Queen in her speech mentions, "with great concern," that "the
+      navy and other offices are burthened with heavy debts, and desires that
+      the like may be prevented for the time to come."[4] And, if it be <i>now</i>
+      possible to prevent the continuance of an evil that has been so long
+      growing upon us, and is arrived to such a height, surely those corruptions
+      and mismanagements must have been great which first introduced them,
+      before our taxes were eaten up by annuities.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If I were able to rip up, and discover in all their colours, only about
+      eight or nine thousand of the most scandalous abuses,[5] that have been
+      committed in all parts of public management for twenty years past, by a
+      certain set of men and their instruments, I should reckon it some service
+      to my country, and to posterity. But to say the truth, I should be glad
+      the authors' names were conveyed to future times along with their actions.
+      For though the present age may understand well enough the little hints we
+      give, the parallels we draw, and the characters we describe, yet this will
+      all be lost to the next. However, if these papers, reduced into a more
+      durable form, should happen to live till our grandchildren are men, I hope
+      they may have curiosity enough to consult annals, and compare dates, in
+      order to find out what names were then intrusted with the conduct of
+      affairs, in the consequences whereof, themselves will so deeply share;
+      like a heavy debt in a private family, which often lies an incumbrance
+      upon an estate for three generations.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But leaving the care of informing posterity to better pens, I shall with
+      due regard to truth, discretion, and the safety of my person from the men
+      of the new-fangled moderation, continue to take all proper opportunities
+      of letting the misled part of the people see how grossly they have been
+      abused, and in what particulars: I shall also endeavour to convince them,
+      that the present course we are in, is the most probable means, with the
+      blessing of God, to extricate ourselves out of all our difficulties.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Among those who are pleased to write or talk against this paper, I have
+      observed a strange manner of reasoning, which I should be glad to hear
+      them explain themselves upon. They make no ceremony of exclaiming upon all
+      occasions against a change of ministry, in so critical and dangerous a
+      conjuncture. What shall we, who heartily approve and join in those
+      proceedings, say in defence of them? We own the juncture of affairs to be
+      as they describe: we are pushed for an answer, and are forced at last
+      freely to confess, that the corruptions and abuses in every branch of the
+      administration, were so numerous and intolerable, that all things must
+      have ended in ruin, without some speedy reformation. This I have already
+      asserted in a former paper; and the replies I have read or heard, have
+      been in plain terms to affirm the direct contrary; and not only to defend
+      and celebrate the late persons and proceedings, but to threaten me with
+      law and vengeance, for casting reflections on so many great and honourable
+      men, whose birth, virtue and abilities, whose morals and religion, whose
+      love of their country and its constitution in Church and State, were so
+      universally allowed; and all this set off with odious comparisons
+      reflecting on the present choice. Is not this in plain and direct terms to
+      tell all the world that the Qu[een] has in a most dangerous crisis turned
+      out a whole set of the best ministers that ever served a prince, without
+      any manner of reason but her royal pleasure, and brought in others of a
+      character directly contrary? And how so vile an opinion as this can
+      consist with the least pretence to loyalty or good manners, let the world
+      determine.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I confess myself so little a refiner in the politics, as not to be able to
+      discover, what other motive besides obedience to the Queen, a sense of
+      public danger, and a true love of their country, joined with invincible
+      courage, could spirit those great men, who have now under her Majesty's
+      authority undertaken the direction of affairs. What can they expect but
+      the utmost efforts of malice from a set of enraged domestic adversaries,
+      perpetually watching over their conduct, crossing all their designs, and
+      using every art to foment divisions among them, in order to join with the
+      weakest upon any rupture? The difficulties they must encounter are nine
+      times more and greater than ever; and the prospects of interest, after the
+      reapings and gleanings of so many years, nine times less. Every misfortune
+      at home or abroad, though the necessary consequence of former counsels,
+      will be imputed to them; and all the good success given to the merit of
+      former schemes. A sharper has held your cards all the evening, played
+      booty, and lost your money, and when things are almost desperate, you
+      employ an honest gentleman to retrieve your losses.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I would ask whether the Queen's speech does not contain her intentions, in
+      every particular relating to the public, that a good subject, a Briton and
+      a Protestant can possibly have at heart? "To carry on the war in all its
+      parts, particularly in Spain,[6] with the utmost vigour, in order to
+      procure a safe and honourable peace for us and our allies; to find some
+      ways of paying the debts on the navy; to support and encourage the Church
+      of England; to preserve the British constitution according to the Union;
+      to maintain the indulgence by law allowed to scrupulous consciences; and
+      to employ none but such as are for the Protestant succession in the house
+      of Hanover."[7] It is known enough, that speeches on these occasions, are
+      ever digested by the advice of those who are in the chief confidence, and
+      consequently that these are the sentiments of her Majesty's ministers, as
+      well as her own; and we see, the two Houses have unanimously agreed with
+      her in every article. When the least counterpaces[8] are made to any of
+      these resolutions, it will then be time enough for our malcontents to bawl
+      out Popery, persecution, arbitrary power, and the Pretender. In the mean
+      while, it is a little hard to think, that this island can hold but six men
+      of honesty and ability enough to serve their prince and country; or that
+      our safety should depend upon their credit, any more than it would upon
+      the breath in their nostrils. Why should not a revolution in the ministry
+      be sometimes necessary as well as a revolution in the crown? It is to be
+      presumed, the former is at least as lawful in itself, and perhaps the
+      experiment not quite so dangerous. The revolution of the sun about the
+      earth was formerly thought a necessary expedient to solve appearances,
+      though it left many difficulties unanswered; till philosophers contrived a
+      better, which is that of the earth's revolution about the sun. This is
+      found upon experience to save much time and labour, to correct many
+      irregular motions, and is better suited to the respect due from a planet
+      to a fixed star.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 18 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: Virgil, "Georgics," i. 505-6:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "For right and wrong we see perverted here: So many wars arise, such
+      countless forms Of crime and evil agitate the globe."&mdash;R. KENNEDY.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: This remark seems to have tickled the writer of the twelfth
+      number of "The Medley," who professed to be transported at the idea of the
+      "Examiner" being a bashful writer. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: In her speech at the opening of Parliament on November 27th,
+      1710, the Queen said: "I cannot without great concern mention to you, that
+      the Navy and other offices are burthened with heavy debts, which so far
+      affect the public service, that I most earnestly desire you to find some
+      way to answer those demands, and to prevent the like for the time to
+      come." ("Journals of House of Lords," vol. xix., p. 166.) [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: "The Medley" (No. 13, December 25th, 1710) remarks: "When he
+      ... promises to discover 'only about eight or nine thousand of their most
+      scandalous abuses,' without pretending to discover one; and when he
+      audaciously reviles a general, whose services have been the wonder both of
+      friends and enemies ... all this he calls 'defending the cause of the Q&mdash;&mdash;
+      and both Houses of Parliament, and nine parts in ten of the kingdom.'"
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: It was a general complaint, that the war in Spain had been
+      neglected, in order to supply that army which was more immediately under
+      the management of Marlborough. [S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: The quotation is not given verbatim, but is substantially
+      correct. See "Journals of House of Lords," vol. xix., p. 166. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: The word is defined by Dr. Murray as "a movement in a
+      contrary or reverse direction; a movement or step against something."
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0028" id="link2H_4_0028"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 20.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY DECEMBER 7, TO THURSDAY DECEMBER 14, 1710.
+    </h3>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  <i>Sunt quibus in Satira videor nimis acer, et ultra
+  Legem tendere opus: sine nervis altera, quicquid
+  Composui, pars esse putat&mdash;&mdash;</i>[2]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      When the printer came last week for his copy, he brought along with him a
+      bundle of those papers,[3] which in the phrase of Whig coffee-houses have
+      "swinged off" the "Examiner," most of which I had never seen nor heard of
+      before. I remember some time ago in one of the "Tatlers" to have read a
+      letter,[4] wherein several reasons are assigned for the present corruption
+      and degeneracy of our taste, but I think the writer has omitted the
+      principal one, which I take to be the prejudice of parties. Neither can I
+      excuse either side of this infirmity; I have heard the arrantest
+      drivellers <i>pro</i> and <i>con</i> commended for their smartness even by
+      men of tolerable judgment; and the best performances exploded as nonsense
+      and stupidity. This indeed may partly be imputed to policy and prudence;
+      but it is chiefly owing to that blindness, which prejudice and passion
+      cast over the understanding: I mention this because I think it properly
+      within my province in quality of <i>Examiner</i>. And having granted more
+      than is usual for an enemy to do, I must now take leave to say, that so
+      weak a cause, and so ruined a faction, were never provided with pens more
+      resembling their condition, or less suited to their occasions.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  <i>Non tali auxilio, nec defensoribus istis
+  Tempus eget&mdash;&mdash;</i>[5]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      This is the more to be wondered at, when we consider they have the full
+      liberty of the press, that they have no other way left to recover
+      themselves, and that they want not men of excellent parts to set their
+      arguments in the best light they will bear. Now if two men would argue on
+      both sides with fairness, good sense, and good manners, it would be no ill
+      entertainment to the town, and perhaps be the most effectual means to
+      reconcile us. But I am apt to think that men of a great genius are hardly
+      brought to prostitute their pens in a very odious cause; which besides, is
+      more properly undertaken by noise and impudence, by gross railing and
+      scurrility, by calumny and lying, and by little trifling cavils and
+      carpings in the wrong place, which those whifflers use for arguments and
+      answers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I was well enough pleased with a story of one of these answerers, who in a
+      paper[6] last week found many faults with a late calculation of mine.
+      Being it seems more deep learned than his fellows, he was resolved to
+      begin his answer with a Latin verse, as well as other folks: His business
+      was to look out for something against an "Examiner" that would pretend to
+      <i>tax</i> accounts; and turning over Virgil, he had the luck to find
+      these words,
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  &mdash;&mdash;&mdash;<i>fugiant examina taxos;</i>[7]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      so down they went, and out they would have come, if one of his unlucky
+      prompters had not hindered it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I here declare once for all, that if these people will not be quiet, I
+      shall take the bread out of their mouths, and answer the "Examiner"
+      myself;[8] which I protest I have never yet done, though I have been often
+      charged with it; neither have those answers been written or published with
+      my privity, as malicious people are pleased to give out; nor do I believe
+      the common Whiggish report, that the authors are hired by the ministry to
+      give my paper a value.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But the friends of this paper have given me more uneasiness with their
+      impatience, than its enemies by their answers. I heard myself censured
+      last week by some of the former, for promising to discover the corruptions
+      in the late administration, but never performing any thing. The latter on
+      the other side, are thundering out their anathemas against me for
+      discovering so many. I am at a loss how to decide between these
+      contraries, and shall therefore proceed after my own way, as I have
+      hitherto done: my design being of more importance than that of writing
+      only to gratify the spleen of one side, or provoke that of the other,
+      though it may occasionally have both effects.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I shall therefore go on to relate some facts that in my humble opinion
+      were no hindrance to the change of the ministry.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The first I shall mention, was that of introducing certain new phrases
+      into the court style, which had been very seldom or never made use of in
+      former times. They usually ran in the following terms: "Madam, I cannot
+      serve you while such a one is in employment: I desire humbly to resign my
+      commission, if Mr. &mdash;&mdash;&mdash; continues secretary of state: I
+      cannot answer that the city will lend money, unless my L&mdash; &mdash;&mdash;&mdash;
+      be pr[esiden]t of the c[ounc]il. I must beg leave to surrender, except
+      &mdash;&mdash;&mdash; has the staff. I must not accept the seals, unless
+      &mdash;&mdash;&mdash; comes into the other office." This has been the
+      language of late years from subjects to their prince.[9] Thus they stood
+      upon terms, and must have their own conditions to ruin the nation. Nay,
+      this dutiful manner of capitulating, had spread so far, that every
+      understrapper began at length to perk up and assume: he "expected a
+      regiment"; or "his son must be a major"; or "his brother a collector",
+      else he threatened to vote "according to his conscience."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Another of their glorious attempts, was the clause intended in the bill
+      for the encouragement of learning;[10] for taking off the obligation upon
+      fellows of colleges in both Universities to enter upon holy orders: the
+      design of which, as I have heard the undertakers often confess, was to
+      remove the care of educating youth out of the hands of the clergy, who are
+      apt to infuse into their pupils too great a regard for the Church and the
+      Monarchy. But there was a farther secret in this clause, which may best be
+      discovered by the first projectors, or at least the garblers of it; and
+      these are known to be C[o]ll[i]ns[11] and Tindal,[12] in conjunction with
+      a most pious lawyer their disciple.[13]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      What shall we say to their prodigious skill in arithmetic, discovered so
+      constantly in their decision of elections; where they were able to make
+      out by the <i>rule of false</i>, that three were more than
+      three-and-twenty, and fifteen than fifty? Nay it was a maxim which I never
+      heard any of them dispute, that in determining elections, they were not to
+      consider where the right lay, but which of the candidates was likelier to
+      be true to "the cause." This they used to illustrate by a very apt and
+      decent similitude, of gaming with a sharper; if you cannot cheat as well
+      as he, you are certainly undone.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Another cast of their politics was that of endeavouring to impeach an
+      innocent l[a]dy, for no reason imaginable, but her faithful and diligent
+      service to the Q[ueen],[14] and the favour her M[ajesty] bore to her upon
+      that account, when others had acted contrary in so shameful a manner. What
+      else was the crime? Had she treated her royal mistress with insolence or
+      neglect? Had she enriched herself by a long practice of bribery, and
+      obtaining exorbitant grants? Had she engrossed her M[ajest]y's favours,
+      without admitting any access but through her means? Had she heaped
+      employments upon herself, her family and dependants? Had she an imperious,
+      haughty behaviour? Or, after all, was it a perfect blunder and mistake of
+      one person for another? I have heard of a man who lay all night on a rough
+      pavement; and in the morning, wondering what it could possibly be, that
+      made him rest so ill, happened to see a feather under him, and imputed the
+      uneasiness of his lodging to that. I remember likewise the story of a
+      giant in Rabelais,[15] who used to feed upon wind-mills, but was
+      unfortunately choked with a small lump of fresh butter, before a warm
+      oven.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And here I cannot but observe how very refined some people are in their
+      generosity and gratitude. There is a certain great person[16] (I shall not
+      say of what sex) who for many years past, was the constant mark and butt,
+      against which our present malcontents used to discharge their resentment:
+      upon whom they bestowed all the terms of scurrility, that malice, envy and
+      indignation could invent; whom they publicly accused of every vice that
+      can possess a human heart: pride, covetousness, ingratitude, oppression,
+      treachery, dissimulation, violence and fury, all in the highest extremes:
+      but of late, they have changed their language on a sudden; that person is
+      now the most faithful and just that ever served a prince; that person,
+      originally differing from them in principles, as far as east and west, but
+      united in practice, and falling together, they are now reconciled, and
+      find twenty resemblances between each other, which they could never
+      discover before. <i>Tanti est ut placeam tibi perire.</i>[17]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But to return: How could it be longer suffered in a free nation, that all
+      avenues to preferment should be shut up, except a very few, when one or
+      two stood constant sentry, who docked all favours they handed down; or
+      spread a huge invisible net, between the prince and subject, through which
+      nothing of value could pass? And here I cannot but admire at one
+      consequence from this management, which is of an extraordinary nature:
+      Generally speaking, princes who have ill ministers are apt to suffer in
+      their reputation, as well as in the love of the people: but it was not so
+      with the Q[ueen]. When the sun is overcast by those clouds he exhales from
+      the earth, we still acknowledge his light and influence, and at last find
+      he can dispel and drive them down to the horizon. The wisest prince, by
+      the necessity of affairs, the misrepresentations of designing men, or the
+      innocent mistakes, even of a good predecessor, may find himself
+      encompassed by a crew of courtiers, whom time, opportunity and success,
+      have miserably corrupted. And if he can save himself and his people from
+      ruin, under the <i>worst</i> administration, what may not his subjects
+      hope for, when with their universal applause, he changes hands, and makes
+      use of the <i>best</i>?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Another great objection with me against the late party, was the cruel
+      tyranny they put upon conscience, by a barbarous inquisition, refusing to
+      admit the least toleration or indulgence. They imposed a hundred tests,
+      but could never be prevailed with to dispense with, or take off the
+      smallest, nor even admit of <i>occasional</i> conformity;[18] but went on
+      daily (as their apostle Tindal expresseth it) narrowing their terms of
+      communion; pronouncing nine parts in ten of the kingdom heretics, and
+      shutting them out of the pale of their Church. These very men, who talk so
+      much of a comprehension in religion among us, how came they to allow so
+      little of it in politics, which is <i>their sole religion?</i> You shall
+      hear them pretending to bewail the animosities kept up between the Church
+      of England and Dissenters, where the differences in opinion are so few and
+      inconsiderable; yet these very sons of moderation were pleased to
+      excommunicate every man who disagreed with them in the smallest article of
+      their <i>political creed</i>, or who refused to receive any new article,
+      how difficult soever to digest, which the leaders imposed at pleasure to
+      serve their own interest.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I will quit this subject for the present, when I have told one story.[19]
+      "There was a great king in Scythia, whose dominions were bounded to the
+      north, by the poor, mountainous territories of a petty lord, who paid
+      homage as the king's vassal. The Scythian prime minister being largely
+      bribed, indirectly obtained his master's consent to suffer this lord to
+      build forts, and provide himself with arms, under pretence of preventing
+      the inroads of the Tartars. This little depending sovereign, finding he
+      was now in a condition to be troublesome, began to insist upon terms, and
+      threatened upon every occasion to unite with the Tartars: upon which, the
+      prime minister, who began to be in pain about his head, proposed a match
+      betwixt his master, and the only daughter of this tributary lord, which he
+      had the good luck to bring to pass: and from that time, valued himself as
+      author of a most glorious union, which indeed was grown of absolute
+      necessity by his corruption." This passage, cited literally from an old
+      history of Sarmatia, I thought fit to set down, on purpose to perplex
+      little smattering remarkers, and put them upon the hunt for an
+      application.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 19 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: Horace, "Satires," II. i. 1-3:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  "There are, to whom too poignant I appear;
+  Beyond the laws of satire too severe.
+  My lines are weak, unsinewed, others say."&mdash;P. FRANCIS.
+  [T.S.]]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: One of these papers was "The Observator." The issue for
+      December 6th (vol. ix., No. 93) dealt largely with "The Examiner's" attack
+      on Verres (No. 18, <i>ante</i>), and the following number returned to the
+      charge, criticizing the attacks made in Nos. 17 and 18 of "The Examiner"
+      on the Duke of Marlborough. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: This appears to refer to "The Tatler," No. 183 (June 10th,
+      1710), where Steele writes: "The ridicule among us runs strong against
+      laudable actions. Nay, in the ordinary course of things, and the common
+      regards of life, negligence of the public is an epidemic vice... It were
+      to be wished, that love of their country were the first principle of
+      action in men of business." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: Virgil, "Aeneid," ii. 521-2:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  "'Tis not such aid or such defence as thine
+  The time demands."&mdash;-R. KENNEDY.
+  [T.S.]]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: The paper in all probability was "The Medley," No. 10
+      (December 4th), which was mainly devoted to a reply to Swift's
+      "calculation" as to the rewards of the Duke of Marlborough. Scott thinks
+      the answerer may have been Defoe, for in No. 114 (of vol. vii.) of his
+      "Review of the State of the British Nation," he has a passage evidently
+      directed at Swift: "I know another, that is an orator in the Latin, a
+      walking index of books, has all the libraries in Europe in his head, from
+      the Vatican at Rome, to the learned collection of Dr. Salmon at
+      Fleet-Ditch; but at the same time, he is a cynic in behaviour, a fury in
+      temper, impolite in conversation, abusive and scurrilous in language, and
+      ungovernable in passion. Is this to be learned? Then may I be still <i>illiterate</i>.
+      I have been in my time, pretty well master of five languages, and have not
+      lost them yet, though I write no bill over my door, or set <i>Latin
+      quotations</i> in the front of the 'Review.' But, to my irreparable loss,
+      I was bred but by halves; for my father, forgetting Juno's royal academy,
+      left the language of Billingsgate quite out of my education: hence I am
+      perfectly <i>illiterate</i> in the polite style of the street, and am not
+      fit to converse with the porters and carmen of quality, who grace their
+      diction with the beauties of calling names, and curse their neighbour with
+      a <i>bonne grace</i>." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: "Eclogues," ix. 30:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  "So may thy bees the poisonous yew forgo."
+             ARCHDN. F. WRANGHAM.
+  [T.S.]]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: See No. 23, <i>post.</i> [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: See Swift's account of the intrigues of the Duke of
+      Marlborough and Lord Godolphin to secure Harley's dismissal in his
+      "Memoirs Relating to that Change" (vol. v., pp. 370-371 of present
+      edition), and "Some Considerations" (vol. v., pp. 421-422, <i>ibid.</i>).]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 10: The "Bill for the Encouragement of Learning" was introduced
+      in the House of Commons, January 11th, 1709/10, passed March 14th, and
+      obtained royal assent April 5th, 1710. There were several amendments, but
+      the "Journals of the House of Commons" throw no light on their purport.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 11: Anthony Collins (1676-1729), the deist, who wrote "A
+      Discourse of Free-Thinking" (1713), which received a reply from Swift (see
+      vol. iii., pp. 163-192 of present edition). The most thorough reply,
+      however, was made by Bentley, under the pen-name "Phileleutherus
+      Lipsiensis." Collins's controversies with Dr. Samuel Clarke were the
+      outcome of the former's thinking on Locke's teaching. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 12: Matthew Tindal (1657?-1733) was the author of "The Rights of
+      the Christian Church Asserted" (1706), a work that created a great stir at
+      the time, and occasioned many replies. Swift deals with him in his
+      "Remarks upon a Book, intituled, 'The Rights of the Christian Church'"
+      (see vol. iii., pp. 79-124, also note on p. 9 of same volume of present
+      edition). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 13: The pious lawyer was John Asgill (1659-1738), who was called
+      to the bar in 1692. He was elected to Parliament for Bramber (1698-1700
+      and 1702-1707), but was expelled the House of Commons for blasphemy (see
+      note on p. 9 of vol. iii, of present edition). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 14: Mrs. Masham, when Abigail Hill, was appointed
+      bedchamber-woman to the Princess of Denmark. See vol. v., p. 365 of
+      present edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 15: The giant Widenostrils had swallowed every pan, kettle,
+      "dripping-pan, and brass and iron pot in the land, for want of windmills,
+      which, were his daily food." But he "choked himself with eating a huge
+      lump of fresh butter at the mouth of a hot oven, by the advice of
+      physicians."&mdash;RABELAIS, iv. 17; Motteux's translation. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 16: Daniel Finch, second Earl of Nottingham (1647-1730), was
+      Secretary of State (1689-1693 and 1702-1704). He is the Don Diego Dismallo
+      of "The Tatler" (No. 21). See also vol. v., p. 247, of present edition of
+      Swift's works. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 17: "It is worth while to perish that I may give you pleasure."
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 18: The Occasional Conformity Bill was rejected in 1702, and
+      again in 1703 and 1704. It was, however, passed in 1711; but repealed in
+      1718. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 19: "The Medley," No. 14 (January 1st, 1710) [<i>sic</i>],
+      translates this story into an account of the Union. It is the same story,
+      in effect, which gave great offence to the Scotch peers when printed in
+      "The Public Spirit of the Whigs." The "Medley's" version runs: "England
+      being bounded on the north by a poor mountainous people called Scots, who
+      were vassals to that crown, and the English prime minister, being largely
+      bribed, obtained the Q&mdash;&mdash;'s consent for the Scots to arm and
+      exercise themselves; and they finding they were now in a condition to be
+      troublesome, began to insist upon terms, and threatened upon every
+      occasion to join with the French. Upon which the prime minister, who began
+      to be in pain about his head, set on foot a treaty to unite the two
+      kingdoms, which he had the good luck to bring to pass, and from that time
+      valued himself as author of a most glorious union, which indeed was grown
+      of absolute necessity by his corruption." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0029" id="link2H_4_0029"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 21.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY DECEMBER 14, TO THURSDAY DECEMBER 21, 1710.
+    </h3>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  <i>&mdash;&mdash;Pugnacem scirent sapiente minorem.</i>[2]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      I am very much at a loss how to proceed upon the subject intended in this
+      paper, which a new incident has led me to engage in: The subject I mean,
+      is that of soldiers and the army; but being a matter wholly out of my
+      trade, I shall handle it in as cautious a manner as I am able.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is certain, that the art of war hath suffered great changes, almost in
+      every age and country of the world; however, there are some maxims
+      relating to it, that will be eternal truths, and which every reasonable
+      man will allow.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the early times of Greece and Rome, the armies of those states were
+      composed of their citizens, who took no pay, because the quarrel was their
+      own; and therefore the war was usually decided in one campaign; or, if it
+      lasted longer, however in winter the soldiers returned to their several
+      callings, and were not distinguished from the rest of the people. The
+      Gothic governments in Europe, though they were of military institution,
+      yet observed almost the same method. I shall instance only here in
+      England. Those who held lands <i>in capite</i> of the king, were obliged
+      to attend him in his wars with a certain number of men, who all held lands
+      from them at easy rents on that condition. These fought without pay, and
+      when the service was over, returned again to their farms. It is recorded
+      of William Rufus, that being absent in Normandy, and engaged in a war with
+      his brother, he ordered twenty thousand men to be raised, and sent over
+      from hence to supply his army;[3] but having struck up a peace before they
+      were embarked, he gave them leave to disband, on condition they would pay
+      him ten shillings a man, which amounted to a mighty sum in those days.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Consider a kingdom as a great family, whereof the prince is the father,
+      and it will appear plainly that mercenary troops are only servants armed,
+      either to awe the children at home; or else to defend from invaders, the
+      family who are otherwise employed, and choose to contribute out of their
+      stock for paying their defenders, rather than leave their affairs to be
+      neglected in their absence. The art of making soldiery a trade, and
+      keeping armies in pay, seems in Europe to have had two originals. The
+      first was usurpation, when popular men destroyed the liberties of their
+      country, and seized the power into their own hands, which they were forced
+      to maintain by hiring guards to bridle the people. Such were anciently the
+      tyrants in most of the small states in Greece, and such were those in
+      several parts of Italy, about three or four centuries ago, as Machiavel
+      informs us. The other original of mercenary armies, seems to have risen
+      from larger kingdoms or commonwealths, which had subdued provinces at a
+      distance, and were forced to maintain troops upon them, to prevent
+      insurrections from the natives: Of this sort were Macedon, Carthage and
+      Rome of old; Venice and Holland at this day; as well as most kingdoms of
+      Europe. So that mercenary forces in a free state, whether monarchy or
+      commonwealth, seem only necessary, either for preserving their conquests,
+      (which in such governments it is not prudent to extend too far) or else
+      for maintaining a war at distance.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In this last, which at present is our most important case, there are
+      certain maxims that all wise governments have observed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The first I shall mention is, that no private man should have a commission
+      to be general for life,[4] let his merit and services be ever so great.
+      Or, if a prince be unadvisedly brought to offer such a commission in one
+      hand, let him (to save time and blood) deliver up his crown with the
+      other. The Romans in the height and perfection of their government,
+      usually sent out one of the new consuls to be general against their most
+      formidable enemy, and recalled the old one, who often returned before the
+      next election, and according as he had merit was sent to command in some
+      other part, which perhaps was continued to him for a second, and sometimes
+      a third year. But if Paulus Aemilius,[5] or Scipio[6] himself, had
+      presumed to move the Senate to continue their commissions for life, they
+      certainly would have fallen a sacrifice to the jealousy of the people.
+      Caesar indeed (between whom and a certain general, some of late with much
+      discretion have made a parallel) had his command in Gaul continued to him
+      for five years, and was afterwards made perpetual Dictator, that is to
+      say, general for life, which gave him the power and the will of utterly
+      destroying the Roman liberty. But in his time the Romans were very much
+      degenerated, and great corruptions crept into their morals and discipline.
+      However, we see there still were some remains of a noble spirit among
+      them; for when Caesar sent to be chosen consul, notwithstanding his
+      absence, they decreed he should come in person, give up his command, and
+      <i>petere more majorum.</i>[7]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is not impossible but a general may desire such a commission out of
+      inadvertency, at the instigation of his friends, or perhaps of his
+      enemies, or merely for the benefit and honour of it, without intending any
+      such dreadful consequences; and in that case, a wise prince or state may
+      barely refuse it without shewing any marks of their displeasure. But the
+      request in its own nature is highly criminal, and ought to be entered so
+      upon record, to terrify others in time to come from venturing to make it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Another maxim to be observed by a free state engaged in war, is to keep
+      the military power in absolute subjection to the civil, nor ever suffer
+      the former to influence or interfere with the latter. A general and his
+      army are servants hired by the civil power to act as they are directed
+      from thence, and with a commission large or limited as the administration
+      shall think fit; for which they are largely paid in profit and honour. The
+      whole system by which armies are governed, is quite alien from the
+      peaceful institutions of states at home; and if the rewards be so inviting
+      as to tempt a senator to take a post in the army, while he is there on his
+      duty, he ought to consider himself in no other capacity. I know not any
+      sort of men so apt as soldiers are, to reprimand those who presume to
+      interfere in what relates to their trade. When they hear any of us in a
+      coffeehouse, wondering that such a victory was not pursued, complaining
+      that such a town cost more men and money than it was worth to take it; or
+      that such an opportunity was lost, of fighting the enemy; they presently
+      reprove us, and often with justice enough, for meddling in matters out of
+      our sphere, and clearly convince us of our mistakes in terms of art that
+      none of us understand. Nor do we escape so; for they reflect with the
+      utmost contempt of our ignorance, that we who sit at home in ease and
+      security, never stirring from our firesides, should pretend from books,
+      and general reason, to argue upon military affairs; which after all, if we
+      may judge from the share of intellectuals in some who are said to excel
+      that way, is not so very profound or difficult a science. But if there be
+      any weight in what they offer, as perhaps there may be a great deal;
+      surely these gentlemen have a much weaker pretence to concern themselves
+      in matters of the cabinet, which are always either far above, or much
+      beside their capacities. Soldiers may as well pretend to prescribe rules
+      for trade, to determine points in philosophy, to be moderators in an
+      assembly of divines, or direct in a court of justice, as to misplace their
+      talent in examining affairs of state, especially in what relates to the
+      choice of ministers, who are never so likely to be ill chosen as when
+      approved by them. It would be endless to shew how pernicious all steps of
+      this nature have been in many parts and ages of the world. I shall only
+      produce two at present; one in Rome, and the other in England. The first
+      is of Caesar, when he came to the city with his soldiers to settle the
+      ministry, there was an end of their liberty for ever. The second was in
+      the great rebellion against King Charles the First. The King and both
+      Houses were agreed upon the terms of a peace, but the officers of the army
+      (as Ludlow relates it) sets a guard upon the House of Commons, took a list
+      of the members, and kept all by force out of the House, except those who
+      were for bringing the King to a trial.[8] Some years after, when they
+      erected a military government, and ruled the island by major-generals, we
+      received most admirable instances of their skill in politics. To say the
+      truth, such formidable sticklers[9] can have but two reasons for desiring
+      to interfere in the administration; the first is that of Caesar and
+      Cromwell, of which, God forbid, I should accuse or suspect any body; since
+      the second is pernicious enough, and that is, to preserve those in power
+      who are for perpetuating a war, rather than see others advanced, who they
+      are sure will use all proper means to promote a safe and honourable peace.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thirdly, Since it is observed of armies, that in the present age they are
+      brought to some degree of humanity, and a more regular demeanour to each
+      other and to the world, than in former times; it is certainly a good maxim
+      to endeavour preserving this temper among them, without which they would
+      soon degenerate into savages. To this end, it would be prudent among other
+      things, to forbid that detestable custom of drinking to the damnation or
+      confusion of any person whatsoever.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Such desperate acts, and the opinions infused along with them, into heads
+      already inflamed by youth and wine, are enough to scatter madness and
+      sedition through a whole camp. So seldom upon their knees to pray, and so
+      often to curse! This is not properly atheism, but a sort of anti-religion
+      prescribed by the Devil, and which an atheist of common sense would scorn
+      as an absurdity. I have heard it mentioned as a common practice last
+      autumn, somewhere or other, to drink damnation and confusion[10] (and this
+      with circumstances very aggravating and horrid) to the new ministry, and
+      to those who <i>had any hand</i> in turning out the old; that is to say,
+      to those persons whom her Majesty has thought fit to employ in her
+      greatest affairs, with something more than a glance against the Qu[een]
+      herself. And if it be true that these orgies were attended with certain
+      doubtful words of standing by their g[enera]l, who without question
+      abhorred them; let any man consider the consequence of such dispositions,
+      if they should happen to spread. I could only wish for the honour of the
+      Army, as well as of the Qu[een] and ministry, that a remedy had been
+      applied to the disease, in the place and time where it grew. If men of
+      such principles were able to propagate them in a camp, and were sure of a
+      general for life, who had any tincture of ambition, we might soon bid
+      farewell to ministers and parliaments, whether new or old.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am only sorry such an accident has happened towards the close of a war,
+      when it is chiefly the interest of those gentlemen who have posts in the
+      army, to behave themselves in such a manner as might encourage the
+      legislature to make some provision for them, when there will be no further
+      need of their services. They are to consider themselves as persons by
+      their educations unqualified for many other stations of life. Their
+      fortunes will not suffer them to retain to a party after its fall, nor
+      have they weight or abilities to help towards its resurrection. Their
+      future dependence is wholly upon the prince and Parliament, to which they
+      will never make their way, by solemn execrations of the ministry; a
+      ministry of the Qu[een]'s own election, and fully answering the wishes of
+      her people. This unhappy step in some of their brethren, may pass for an
+      uncontrollable argument, that politics are not their business or their
+      element. The fortune of war hath raised several persons up to swelling
+      titles, and great commands over numbers of men, which they are too apt to
+      transfer along with them into civil life, and appear in all companies as
+      if it were at the head of their regiments, with a sort of deportment that
+      ought to have been dropt behind, in that short passage to Harwich. It puts
+      me in mind of a dialogue in Lucian,[11] where Charon wafting one of their
+      predecessors over Styx, ordered him to strip off his armour and fine
+      clothes, yet still thought him too heavy; "But" (said he) "put off
+      likewise that pride and presumption, those high-swelling words, and that
+      vain-glory;" because they were of no use on the other side the water. Thus
+      if all that array of military grandeur were confined to the proper scene,
+      it would be much more for the interest of the owners, and less offensive
+      to their fellow subjects.[12]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote: 1: No. 20 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: Ovid, "Metamorphoses," xiii. 353:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+"Well assured, that art
+And conduct were of war the better part."
+                       J. DRYDEN.
+[T.S.]]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: A.D. 1093. See Matthew Paris. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: Lord Campbell, in his "Lives of the Chancellors" (vol. iv.,
+      p. 322), states that Marlborough, in order to increase the confidence of
+      the allies, proposed "he should receive a patent as commander-in-chief for
+      life." On consulting with Lord Chancellor Cowper he was told that such a
+      proceeding would be unconstitutional. Marlborough, however, petitioned the
+      Queen, who rejected his application. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: Aemilius Paulus, the celebrated Roman general, and conqueror
+      of Macedonia, was twice consul, and died B.C. 160. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: Scipio Africanus, the greatest of Roman generals and the
+      conqueror of Carthage, who died <i>c.</i> B.C. 184. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: Julius Caesar "applied to the Senate to be exempted from the
+      usual law, and to become a candidate in his absence" ("Dict. of Greek and
+      Roman Biog."). This was strongly opposed; so that to be a candidate it was
+      necessary for him "to solicit after the custom of his ancestors." [T.S.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The "Examiner" seems to allude to the remarkable, and, to say the least,
+      imprudent, article in "The Tatler," No. 37. Such a passage, published by
+      so warm an adherent of Marlborough as Steele, gives credit to Macpherson's
+      assertion, that there really was some intention of maintaining the Duke in
+      power, by his influence in the army. It is even affirmed, that under
+      pretence his commission under the great seal could not be superseded by
+      the Queen's order of dismissal, it was designed that he should assemble
+      the troops which were in town, and secure the court and capital. To
+      prevent which, his commission was superseded by another under the great
+      seal being issued as speedily as possible. The industrious editor of "The
+      Tatler," in 1786, is of opinion, that the article was written by Addison;
+      but the violent counsels which it intimates seem less congenial to his
+      character than to that of Steele, a less reflecting man, and bred a
+      soldier. It is worthy of notice, that the passage is cancelled in all
+      subsequent editions of "The Tatler," till restored from the original folio
+      in that of 1786. This evidently implies Steele's own sense, that more was
+      meant than met the ear; and it affords a presumptive proof, that very
+      violent measures had at least been proposed, if not agreed upon, by some
+      of Marlborough's adherents. [S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: General Ireton and Colonel Pride placed guards outside the
+      entrances to the House of Commons "that none might be permitted to pass
+      into the House but such as had continued faithful to the public interest"
+      (Ludlow's "Memoirs," vol. i., p. 270). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: The judges of the field, in a formal duel, whose duty it was
+      to interfere when the rules of judicial combat were violated, were called
+      sticklers, from the wooden truncheons which they held in their hands.
+      Hence the verb to <i>stickle</i>. [S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 10: In his "Journal to Stella" Swift writes, under date December
+      13th, 1710: "You hear the havoc making in the army: Meredyth, Macartney,
+      and Col. Honeywood, are obliged to sell their commands at half value, and
+      leave the army, for drinking destruction to the present ministry," etc.
+      (see vol. ii., p. 71, of present edition). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 11: "Dialogues of the Dead. X. Charon, Hermes, and a number of
+      Ghosts." Hermes required Lampichus to leave behind him his pride, folly,
+      insolence, etc. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 12: Of this paper "The Medley," No. 14 (January 1st, 1710 [<i>sic</i>]),
+      says: "He not only writes whatever he believes or knows to be false, but
+      plainly shows 'tis his business and duty to do so, and that this alone is
+      the merit of his service." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0030" id="link2H_4_0030"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 22.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY DECEMBER 21, TO THURSDAY DECEMBER 28, 1710.[2]
+    </h3>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+<i>Nam et, majorum instituta tueri sacris, ceremoniisque retinendis,
+  sapientis est.
+                &mdash;Ruituraque semper
+                Stat (mirum!) moles&mdash;</i>[3]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Whoever is a true lover of our constitution, must needs be pleased to see
+      what successful endeavours are daily made to restore it in every branch to
+      its ancient form, from the languishing condition it hath long lain in, and
+      with such deadly symptoms.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have already handled some abuses during the late management, and shall
+      in convenient time go on with the rest. Hitherto I have confined myself to
+      those of the State; but with the good leave of those who think it a matter
+      of small moment, I shall now take liberty to say something of the
+      Church.[4]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For several years past, there hath not I think in Europe, been any society
+      of men upon so unhappy a foot, as the clergy of England, nor more hardly
+      treated, by those very persons from whom they deserved much better
+      quarter, and in whose power they chiefly had put it to use them so ill. I
+      would not willingly misrepresent facts; but I think it generally allowed
+      by enemies and friends, that the bold and brave defences made before the
+      Revolution against those many invasions of our rights, proceeded
+      principally from the clergy; who are likewise known to have rejected all
+      advances made them to close with the measures at that time concerting;
+      while the Dissenters, to gratify their ambition and revenge, fell into the
+      basest compliances with the court, approved of all proceedings by their
+      numerous and fulsome addresses, and took employments and commissions by
+      virtue of the dispensing power, against the direct laws of the land.[5]
+      All this is so true, that if ever the Pretender comes in, they will, next
+      to those of his own religion, have the fairest claim and pretensions to
+      his favour, from their merit and eminent services to his supposed father,
+      who, without such encouragement, would probably never have been misled to
+      go the lengths he did. It should likewise be remembered to the everlasting
+      honour of the London divines, that in those dangerous times, they writ and
+      published the best collection of arguments against Popery, that ever
+      appeared in the world. At the Revolution, the body of the clergy joined
+      heartily in the common cause (except a few, whose sufferings perhaps have
+      atoned for their mistakes) like men who are content to go about, for
+      avoiding a gulf or a precipice, but come into the old straight road again
+      as soon as they can. But another temper had now begun to prevail. For as
+      in the reign of K. Charles the First, several well-meaning people were
+      ready to join in reforming some abuses; while others who had deeper
+      designs, were still calling out for a thorough reformation, which ended at
+      last in the ruin of the kingdom; so after the late king's coming to the
+      throne, there was a restless cry from men of the same principles, for a
+      thorough revolution, which as some were carrying it on, must have ended in
+      the destruction of the Monarchy and Church.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      What a violent humour hath run ever since against the clergy, and from
+      what corner spread and fomented, is, I believe, manifest to all men. It
+      looked like a set quarrel against Christianity, and if we call to mind
+      several of the leaders, it must in a great measure have been actually so.
+      Nothing was more common in writing and conversation, than to hear that
+      reverend body charged in gross with what was utterly inconsistent:
+      despised for their poverty, hated for their riches; reproached with
+      avarice, and taxed with luxury; accused for promoting arbitrary power, and
+      resisting the prerogative; censured for their pride, and scorned for their
+      meanness of spirit. The representatives of the lower clergy railed at for
+      disputing the power of the bishops, by the known abhorrers of episcopacy;
+      and abused for doing nothing in their convocations, by those very men who
+      helped to bind up their hands. The vice, the folly, the ignorance of every
+      single man, were laid upon the character; their jurisdiction, censures and
+      discipline trampled under foot, yet mighty complaints against their
+      excessive power.[6] The men of wit employed to turn the priesthood itself
+      into ridicule. In short, groaning every where under the weight of poverty,
+      oppression, contempt and obloquy. A fair return for the time and money
+      spent in their education to fit them for the service of the Altar; and a
+      fair encouragement for worthy men to come into the Church. However, it may
+      be some comfort for persons of that holy function, that their Divine
+      Founder as well as His harbinger, met with the like reception. "John came
+      neither eating nor drinking, and they say he hath a devil; the Son of Man
+      came eating and drinking, and they say, behold a glutton and a
+      wine-bibber, &amp;c."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In this deplorable state of the clergy, nothing but the hand of
+      Providence, working by its glorious instrument, the QUEEN, could have been
+      able to turn the people's hearts so surprisingly in their favour. This
+      Princess, destined for the safety of Europe, and a blessing to her
+      subjects, began her reign with a noble benefaction to the Church;[7] and
+      it was hoped the nation would have followed such an example, which nothing
+      could have prevented, but the false politics of a set of men, who form
+      their maxims upon those of every tottering commonwealth, which is always
+      struggling for life, subsisting by expedients, and often at the mercy of
+      any powerful neighbour. These men take it into their imagination, that
+      trade can never flourish unless the country becomes a common receptacle
+      for all nations, religions and languages; a system only proper for small
+      popular states, but altogether unworthy, and below the dignity of an
+      imperial crown; which with us is best upheld by a monarch in possession of
+      his just prerogative, a senate of nobles and of commons, and a clergy
+      established in its due rights with a suitable maintenance by law. But
+      these men come with the spirit of shopkeepers to frame rules for the
+      administration of kingdoms; or, as if they thought the whole art of
+      government consisted in the importation of nutmegs, and the curing of
+      herrings. Such an island as ours can afford enough to support the majesty
+      of a crown, the honour of a nobility, and the dignity of a magistracy; we
+      can encourage arts and sciences, maintain our bishops and clergy, and
+      suffer our gentry to live in a decent, hospitable manner; yet still there
+      will remain hands sufficient for trade and manufactures, which do always
+      indeed deserve the best encouragement, but not to a degree of sending
+      every living soul into the warehouse or the workhouse.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This pedantry of republican politics hath done infinite mischief among us.
+      To this we owe those noble schemes of treating Christianity as a system of
+      speculative opinions, which no man should be bound to believe; of making
+      the being and the worship of God, a creature of the state. In consequence
+      of these, that the teachers of religion ought to hold their maintenance at
+      pleasure, or live by the alms and charitable collection of the people, and
+      be equally encouraged of all opinions: that they should be prescribed what
+      to teach, by those who are to learn from them; and, upon default, have a
+      staff and a pair of shoes left at their door;[8] with many other projects
+      of equal piety, wisdom, and good nature.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But, God be thanked, they and their schemes are vanished, and "their
+      places shall know them no more." When I think of that inundation of
+      atheism, infidelity, profaneness and licentiousness which were like to
+      overwhelm us, from what mouths and hearts it first proceeded, and how the
+      people joined with the Queen's endeavours to divert this flood, I cannot
+      but reflect on that remarkable passage in the Revelation,[9] where "the
+      serpent with seven heads cast out of his mouth water after the woman like
+      a flood, that he might cause her to be carried away of the flood: But the
+      earth helped the woman, and the earth opened her mouth, and swallowed up
+      the flood which the dragon had cast out of his mouth." For the Queen
+      having changed her ministry suitable to her own wisdom, and the wishes of
+      her subjects, and having called a free Parliament; at the same time
+      summoned the convocation, by her royal writ,[10] "as in all times had been
+      accustomed," and soon after their meeting, sent a most gracious letter[11]
+      to the Archbishop of Canterbury, to be communicated to the bishops and
+      clergy of his province; taking notice of "the loose and profane principles
+      which had been openly scattered and propagated among her subjects: that
+      the consultations of the clergy were particularly requisite to repress and
+      prevent such daring attempts, for which her subjects, from all parts of
+      the kingdom, have shown their just abhorrence. She hopes, the endeavours
+      of the clergy, in this respect, will not be unsuccessful; and for her
+      part, is ready to give them all fit encouragement, to proceed in the
+      dispatch of such business as properly belongs to them; and to grant them
+      powers requisite to carry on so good a work." In conclusion, "earnestly
+      recommending to them, to avoid disputes, and determining to do all that in
+      her lies to compose and extinguish them."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is to be hoped, that this last part of her Majesty's letter, will be
+      the first she will please to execute; for, it seems, this very letter
+      created the first dispute.[12] The fact whereof is thus related: The Upper
+      House having formed an address to the QUEEN, before they received her
+      Majesty's letter, sent both address and letter together, to the Lower
+      House, with a message, excusing their not mentioning the letter in the
+      address, because this was formed before the other was received:[l3] The
+      Lower House returned them, with a desire, that an address might be formed,
+      with due regard and acknowledgments for the letter. After some
+      difficulties, the same address was sent down again with a clause inserted,
+      making some short mention of the said letter. This the Lower House did not
+      think sufficient, and sent it back again with the same request: whereupon
+      the archbishop, after a short consultation with <i>some</i> of his
+      brethren, immediately adjourned the convocation for a month, and no
+      address at all was sent to the QUEEN.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I understand not ecclesiastical affairs well enough to comment upon this
+      matter;[14] but it seems to me, that all methods of doing service to the
+      Church and kingdom, by means of a convocation, may be at any time eluded,
+      if there be no remedy against such an incident. And if this proceeding be
+      agreeable to the institution, spiritual assemblies must needs be strangely
+      contrived, very different from any lay senate yet known in the world.
+      Surely, from the nature of such a synod, it must be a very unhappy
+      circumstance, when the majority of the bishops draws one way, and that of
+      the lower clergy another. The latter, I think, are not at this time
+      suspected for any principles bordering upon those professed by enemies to
+      episcopacy; and if they happen to differ from the greater part of the
+      present set of bishops, I doubt it will call some things to mind, that may
+      turn the scale of general favour on the inferior clergy's side, who with a
+      profound duty to her Majesty, are perfectly pleased with the present turn
+      of affairs. Besides, curious people will be apt to enquire into the dates
+      of some promotions, to call to mind what designs were then upon the anvil,
+      and from thence make malicious deductions. Perhaps they will observe the
+      manner of voting on the bishops' bench, and compare it with what shall
+      pass in the upper house of convocation. There is, however, one comfort,
+      that under the present dispositions of the kingdom, a dislike to the
+      proceedings of any of their lordships, even to the number of a majority,
+      will be purely personal, and not turned to the disadvantage of the order.
+      And for my part, as I am a true lover of the Church, I had rather find the
+      inclinations of the people favourable to episcopacy in general, than see a
+      majority of prelates cried up by those who are known enemies to the
+      character. Nor, indeed, hath anything given me more offence for several
+      years past, than to observe how some of that bench have been caressed by
+      certain persons; and others of them openly celebrated by the infamous pens
+      of atheists, republicans and fanatics.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Time and mortality can only remedy these inconveniencies in the Church,
+      which are not to be cured like those in the State, by a change of
+      ministry. If we may guess the temper of a convocation, from the choice of
+      a prolocutor,[15] as it is usual to do that of a House of Commons by the
+      speaker, we may expect great things from that reverend body, who have done
+      themselves much reputation, by pitching upon a gentleman of so much piety,
+      wit and learning, for that office; and one who is so thoroughly versed in
+      those parts of knowledge which are proper for it. I am sorry that the
+      three Latin speeches, delivered upon presenting the prolocutor, were not
+      made public;[16] they might perhaps have given us some light into the
+      dispositions of each house: and besides, one of them is said to be so
+      peculiar in the style and matter, as might have made up in entertainment
+      what it wanted in instruction.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 21 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: Under date January 1st, 1710/1, Swift writes to Stella: "Get
+      the 'Examiners,' and read them; the last nine or ten are full of the
+      reasons for the late change, and of the abuses of the last ministry; and
+      the great men assure me they are all true. They are written by their
+      encouragement and direction" (vol. ii., p. 88, of present edition).
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+"For it is the part of a wise man to defend the institutions of his
+forefathers, and uphold the sacred rites and ceremonies.
+                And ever threatening to fall
+                The mass&mdash;a marvel&mdash;stands."
+[T.S.]]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: A pamphlet, ascribed to W. Wotton, was issued in reply to
+      this paper. It was entitled, "The Case of the Present Convocation
+      Consider'd; In Answer to the Examiner's Unfair Representation of it, and
+      Unjust Reflections upon it." 1711.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: The Dissenters were at first disposed to make common cause
+      with the Catholics in favour of the dispensing power claimed by James II.;
+      and an address from the Presbyterians went so far as to praise the king
+      for having "restored to God His empire over conscience." [S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: "The Case etc. Consider'd," remarks: "The boldest, and the
+      most insolent book of that sort, is the 'Rights of the Church' ... Yet how
+      long was Dr. T[inda]ll, then Fellow of All Souls, suffered at Oxford after
+      the 'Rights' appeared?" Dr. Matthew Tindal, author of "The Rights of the
+      Christian Church" (1706), was a fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, from
+      1678 till his death in 1733. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: "At this time [February, 1703/4] Queen Anne gave up the <i>first-fruits</i>
+      and <i>tenths</i>, which had long been possessed by the crown, to be
+      appropriated to a fund for the increase of small livings. This fund is
+      known as Queen Anne's Bounty" (Lathbury's "Hist. of Convocation," second
+      edition, p. 386). The Queen's Message to Parliament was dated February
+      7th, 1703/4, and the Bill was introduced February 17th, and received the
+      royal assent April 3rd, 1704. See also Swift's "Answer" in the following
+      number. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: A hint to withdraw. [T.S.] This is said to have been the mode
+      in which the governors of a Dutch province were wont to give intimation to
+      those who intermeddled with state affairs, that they would do wisely to
+      withdraw themselves from the state. [S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: Swift notices his own misquotation in the succeeding number (<i>q.v.</i>).
+      See a further reference to the subject in No. 26. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 10: Convocation was assembled on November 25th, and the Latin
+      sermon preached by Kennet. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 11: Queen Anne's letter was printed in "The Daily Courant" for
+      December 19th. It is dated December 12th, and says: "It is with great
+      grief of heart we observe the scandalous attempts which of late years have
+      been made to infect the minds of our good subjects by loose and profane
+      principles openly scattered and propagated among them. We think the
+      consultations of the clergy particularly requisite to repress these daring
+      attempts and to prevent the like for the future. The just abhorrence that
+      our subjects from all parts of the kingdom have expressed of such wicked
+      principles and their abettors, give us good ground to hope that the
+      endeavours of the clergy in this respect will not be unsuccessful. For our
+      part we are ready to give them all fitting encouragement to proceed in the
+      dispatch of such business as properly belongs to them, and to grant them
+      such powers as shall be thought requisite," etc. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 12: The Queen's letter was intended to put an end to disputes in
+      Convocation. She expressed her hope that her royal intentions would not be
+      frustrated "by any unseasonable disputes between the two Houses of
+      Convocation about unnecessary forms and methods of proceeding." She
+      earnestly recommended that such disputes might cease. The bishops prepared
+      an address, but the Lower House insisted "on the enlarging the fourth
+      paragraph, and upon answering the several heads of the Queen's letter"
+      (Chamberlen's "History of Queen Anne," p. 365, and "Daily Courant," Dec.
+      19th). The real reason for the disputes between the two Houses at this
+      time lay in the fact that the Upper House, owing to Tenison's influence,
+      was largely Low Church in sympathy, whereas the Lower House, with
+      Atterbury as its leader, was of the High Church party. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 13: Dr. Smalridge (1662-1719) called for the Queen's letter to
+      be read. The Archbishop prorogued Convocation for two days, and then again
+      until January 17th. An address to the Queen was presented on January 26th
+      (Lathbury's "History of Convocation," second edition, p. 407). Smalridge
+      was Dean of Carlisle, 1711-13, and Bishop of Bristol, 1714-19. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 14: "The Case etc. Consider'd" quotes on the title-page: "Jude
+      10. But these speak evil of those things which they know not." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 15: "Dr. Atterbury, in preference to Dr. Kennet, was chosen
+      prolocutor by a great majority."&mdash;TINDAL, iv. 206. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Footnote 16: The Latin speeches were made on December 6th, when the
+      prolocutor was presented to the Archbishop, by Dr. Smalridge, Atterbury,
+      and Tenison. The one speech to which Swift refers may have been Tenison's,
+      whose style was fairly dull. [T.S.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0031" id="link2H_4_0031"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 23.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY DECEMBER 28, TO THURSDAY JANUARY 4, 1710.[2]
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Nullae sunt occultiores insidiae, quam eae quae latent in simulatione
+      officii, aut in aliquo necessitudinis nomine.</i>[3]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The following answer is written in the true style, and with the usual
+      candour of such pieces; which I have imitated to the best of my skill, and
+      doubt not but the reader will be extremely satisfied with it.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The Examiner cross-examined, or, A full Answer to the last Examiner.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If I durst be so bold with this author, I would gladly ask him a familiar
+      question; Pray, Sir, who made you an Examiner? He talks in one of his
+      insipid papers, of eight or nine thousand corruptions,[4] while <i>we</i>
+      were at the head of affairs, yet, in all this time, he has hardly produced
+      fifty:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Parturiunt montes, &amp;c.</i>[5]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But I shall confine myself, at present, to his last paper. He tells us,
+      "The Queen began her reign with a noble benefaction to the Church." Here's
+      priestcraft with a witness; this is the constant language of your
+      highfliers, to call those who are hired to teach <i>the religion of the
+      magistrate</i> by the name of the Church.[6] But this is not all; for, in
+      the very next line he says, "It was hoped the nation would have followed
+      this example." You see the faction begins already to speak out; this is an
+      open demand for the abbey-lands; this furious zealot would have us
+      priest-ridden again, like our popish ancestors: but, it is to be hoped the
+      government will take timely care to suppress such audacious attempts, else
+      we have spent so much blood and treasure to very little purpose, in
+      maintaining religion and Revolution. But what can we expect from a man,
+      who at one blow endeavours to ruin our trade? "A country" (says he) "may
+      flourish" (these are his own words) "without being the common receptacle
+      for all nations, religions, and languages." What! We must immediately
+      banish or murder the Palatines; forbid all foreign merchants, not only the
+      Exchange, but the kingdom; persecute the Dissenters with fire and faggot,
+      and make it high-treason to speak any other tongue but English. In another
+      place he talks of a "serpent with seven heads," which is a manifest
+      corruption of the text; for the words "<i>seven heads</i>" are not
+      mentioned in that verse.[7] However, we know what serpent he would mean; a
+      serpent with fourteen legs; or, indeed, no serpent at all, but seven great
+      men, who were the best ministers, the truest Protestants, and the most
+      disinterested patriots that ever served a prince.[8] But nothing is so
+      inconsistent as this writer; I know not whether to call him a Whig or a
+      Tory, a Protestant or a Papist; he finds fault with convocations; says,
+      "they are assemblies strangely contrived;" and yet lays the fault upon us,
+      that we bound their hands: I wish we could have bound their tongues too;
+      but as fast as their hands were bound, they could make a shift to hold
+      their pens, and have their share in the guilt of ruining the hopefullest
+      party and ministry that ever prescribed to a crown. This captious
+      gentleman is angry to "see a majority of prelates cried up by those who
+      are enemies to the character"; now I always thought, that the concessions
+      of enemies were more to a man's advantage than the praise of his friends.
+      "Time and mortality," he says, "can only remedy these inconveniencies in
+      the Church." That is, in other words, when certain bishops are dead, we
+      shall have others of our own stamp. Not so fast; you are not yet so sure
+      of your game. We have already got one comfortable loss in Spain, though by
+      a G[enera]l of our own.[9] For joy of which, our J[un]to had a merry
+      meeting at the house of their great proselyte, on the very day we received
+      the happy news. One or two more such blows would, perhaps, set us right
+      again, and then we can employ "mortality" as well as others. He concludes
+      with wishing, that "three letters, spoke when the prolocutor was
+      presented, were made public." I suppose he would be content with one, and
+      that is more than we shall humour him to grant. However, I hope he will
+      allow it possible to have grace, without either eloquence or Latin, which
+      is all I shall say to his malicious innuendo.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Having thus, I hope, given a full and satisfactory answer to the
+      Examiner's last paper, I shall now go on to a more important affair; which
+      is, to prove, by several undeniable instances, that the late m[inist]ry,
+      and their abettors, were true friends to the Church. It is yet, I confess,
+      a secret to the clergy, wherein this friendship did consist. For
+      information therefore of that reverend body, that they may never forget
+      their benefactors, as well as of all others who may be equally ignorant, I
+      have determined to display <i>our</i> merits to the world upon that
+      weighty article. And I could wish, that what I am to say were to be
+      written in brass, for an eternal memorial; the rather, because for the
+      future, the Church must endeavour to stand unsupported by those patrons,
+      who expired in doing it their last good office, and will never rise to
+      preserve it any more.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Let us therefore produce the pious endeavours of these church-defenders,
+      who were its patrons by their power and authority, as well as ornaments of
+      it by their exemplary lives.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      First, St. Paul tells us, "there must be heresies in the Church, that the
+      truth may be manifest"; and therefore, by due course of reasoning, the
+      more heresies there are, the more manifest will the truth be made. This
+      being maturely considered by these lovers of the Church, they endeavoured
+      to propagate as many heresies as they could, that the light of truth might
+      shine the clearer.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Secondly, To shew their zeal for the Church's defence, they took the care
+      of it entirely out of the hands of God Almighty (because that was a
+      foreign jurisdiction) and made it their own creature, depending altogether
+      upon them; and issued out their orders to Tindal, and others, to give
+      public notice of it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thirdly, Because charity is the most celebrated of all Christian virtues,
+      therefore they extended theirs beyond all bounds; and instead of shutting
+      the Church against Dissenters, were ready to open it to all comers, and
+      break down its walls, rather than that any should want room to enter. The
+      strength of a state, we know, consists in the number of people, how
+      different soever in their callings; and why should not the strength of a
+      Church consist in the same, how different soever in their creeds? For that
+      reason, they charitably attempted to abolish the test, which tied up so
+      many hands from getting employments, in order to protect the Church.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I know very well that this attempt is objected to us as a crime, by
+      several malignant Tories, and denied as a slander by many unthinking
+      people among ourselves. The latter are apt in their defence to ask such
+      questions as these; Was your test repealed?[10] Had we not a majority?
+      Might we not have done it if we pleased? To which the others answer, You
+      did what you could; you prepared the way, but you found a fatal impediment
+      from that quarter, whence the sanction of the law must come, and therefore
+      to save your credit, you condemned a paper to be burnt which yourselves
+      had brought in.[11] But alas! the miscarriage of that noble project for
+      the safety of the Church, had another original; the knowledge whereof
+      depends upon a piece of secret history that I shall now lay open.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      These church-protectors had directed a Presbyterian preacher to draw up a
+      bill for repealing the test; it was accordingly done with great art, and
+      in the preamble, several expressions of civility to the established
+      Church; and when it came to the qualifications of all those who were to
+      enter on any office, the compiler had taken special care to make them
+      large enough for all Christians whatsoever, by transcribing the very words
+      (only formed into an oath) which Quakers are obliged to profess by a
+      former Act of Parliament; as I shall here set them down.[12] "I <i>A.B.</i>
+      profess faith in God the Father, and in Jesus Christ His eternal Son, the
+      true God, and in the Holy Spirit one God blessed for evermore; and do
+      acknowledge the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be given
+      by divine inspiration." This bill was carried to the chief leaders for
+      their approbation, with these terrible words turned into an oath: What
+      should they do? Those few among them who fancied they believed in God,
+      were sure they did not believe in Christ, or the Holy Spirit, or one
+      syllable of the Bible; and they were as sure that every body knew their
+      opinion in those matters, which indeed they had been always too sincere to
+      disguise; how therefore could they take such an oath as that, without
+      ruining their reputation with Tindal, Toland,[13] Coward,[14] Collins,
+      Clendon,[15] and all the tribe of free-thinkers, and so give a scandal to
+      weak unbelievers. Upon this nice point of honour and conscience the matter
+      was hushed, the project for repealing the test let fall, and the Sacrament
+      left as the smaller evil of the two.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Fourthly, These pillars of the Church, because "the harvest was great, and
+      the labourers few," and because they would ease the bishops from that
+      grievous trouble of laying on hands: were willing to allow that power to
+      all men whatsoever, to prevent that terrible consequence of unchurching
+      those, who thought a hand from under a cloak as effectual as from
+      lawn-sleeves. And indeed, what could more contribute to the advancement of
+      true religion, than a bill of general naturalization for priesthood?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Fifthly, In order to fix religion in the minds of men, because truth never
+      appears so fair as when confronted with falsehood; they directed books to
+      be published, that denied the being of a God, the divinity of the Second
+      and Third Person, the truth of all revelation, and the immortality of the
+      soul. To this we owe that great sense of religion, that respect and
+      kindness to the clergy, and that true love of virtue so manifest of late
+      years among the youth of our nation. Nor could anything be more discreet,
+      than to leave the merits of each cause to such wise impartial judges, who
+      might otherwise fall under the slavery of believing by education and
+      prejudice.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Sixthly, Because nothing so much distracts the thoughts, as too great a
+      variety of subjects; therefore they had kindly prepared a bill, to
+      prescribe the clergy what subjects they should preach upon, and in what
+      manner, that they might be at no loss; and this no doubt, was a proper
+      work for such hands, so thoroughly versed in the theory and practice of
+      all Christian duties.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Seventhly, To save trouble and expense to the clergy, they contrived that
+      convocations should meet as seldom as possible; and when they were
+      suffered to assemble, would never allow them to meddle with any business;
+      because they said, the office of a clergyman was enough to take up the
+      whole man. For the same reason they were very desirous to excuse the
+      bishops from sitting in Parliament, that they might be at more leisure to
+      stay at home and look after their clergy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I shall mention at present but one more instance of their pious zeal for
+      the Church. They had somewhere heard the maxim, that <i>Sanguis martyrum
+      est semen ecclesiae</i>;[16] therefore in order to sow this seed, they
+      began with impeaching a clergyman: and that it might be a true martyrdom
+      in every circumstance, they proceeded as much as possible against common
+      law,[17] which the long-robe part of the managers knew was in a hundred
+      instances directly contrary to all their positions, and were sufficiently
+      warned of it beforehand; but their love of the Church prevailed. Neither
+      was this impeachment an affair taken up on a sudden. For, a certain great
+      person (whose Character has been lately published by some stupid and lying
+      writer)[18] who very much distinguished himself by his zeal in forwarding
+      this impeachment, had several years ago endeavoured to persuade the late
+      King to give way to just such another attempt. He told his Majesty, there
+      was a certain clergyman preached very dangerous sermons, and that the only
+      way to put a stop to such insolence, was to impeach him in Parliament. The
+      King enquired the character of the man; "O, sir," said my lord, "the most
+      violent, hot, positive fellow in England; so extremely wilful, that I
+      believe he would be heartily glad to be a martyr." The King answered, "Is
+      it so? Then I am resolved to disappoint him"; and would never hear more of
+      the matter; by which that hopeful project unhappily miscarried.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have hitherto confined myself to those endeavours for the good of the
+      Church, which were common to all the leaders and principal men of our
+      party; but if my paper were not drawing towards an end, I could produce
+      several instances of particular persons, who by their exemplary lives and
+      actions have confirmed the character so justly due to the whole body. I
+      shall at present mention only two, and illustrate the merits of each by a
+      matter of fact.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That worthy patriot, and true lover of the Church, whom the late
+      "Examiner" is supposed to reflect on under the name of Verres,[19] felt a
+      pious impulse to be a benefactor to the Cathedral of Gloucester, but how
+      to do it in the most decent, generous manner, was the question. At last he
+      thought of an expedient: One morning or night he stole into the Church,
+      mounted upon the altar, and there did that which in cleanly phrase is
+      called disburthening of nature: He was discovered, prosecuted, and
+      condemned to pay a thousand pounds, which sum was all employed to support
+      the Church, as, no doubt, the benefactor meant it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      There is another person whom the same writer is thought to point at under
+      the name of Will Bigamy.[20] This gentleman, knowing that marriage fees
+      were a considerable perquisite to the clergy, found out a way of improving
+      them <i>cent. per cent.</i> for the good of the Church. His invention was
+      to marry a second wife while the first was alive, convincing her of the
+      lawfulness by such arguments, as he did not doubt would make others follow
+      the same example: These he had drawn up in writing with intention to
+      publish for the general good; and it is hoped he may now have leisure to
+      finish them.[21]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 22 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: <i>I. e.</i> 1710-11. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: Cicero, "in Verrem," II. i. 15: "There are no intrigues more
+      difficult to guard against than those which are concealed under a pretence
+      of duty, or under the name of some intimate connexion."&mdash;C.D. YONGE.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: See No. 19, <i>ante</i> (not quoted correctly). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: Horace, "Ars Poetica," 139:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The mountains laboured with prodigious throes."&mdash;P. FRANCIS. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: See No. 22, <i>ante</i>. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: The serpent, or dragon, is said to have seven heads in an
+      earlier verse of the same chapter. See Rev. xii., 3, 9, 15. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: The Earl of Sunderland and Henry Boyle (Secretaries of
+      State), Earl of Godolphin (Lord Treasurer), Lord Somers (President of the
+      Council), Lord Cowper (Lord Chancellor), Duke of Marlborough (Captain
+      General), and Horatio Walpole (Secretary of War). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: General Stanhope, at Brihuega, was surprised and compelled to
+      surrender on December 9th, 1710. Oldmixon's "Sequel" (p. 452) remarks:
+      "The misfortune which happened to General Stanhope at Brihuega, where he
+      was surrounded by the French and Spanish, armies, and after a most gallant
+      defence, obliged to surrender himself with several English battalions
+      prisoners of war, was some relief to high-church; ... they did not stick
+      to rejoice at it." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 10: The Test Act was passed in 1672 and repealed only in 1828.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 11: This paper was a pamphlet by Charles Leslie, published
+      October, 1708, which was condemned to be burnt by the House of Commons in
+      January, 1709/10. It was entitled, "A Letter from a Gentleman in Scotland
+      to his Friend in England, against the Sacramental Test." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 12: This declaration was prescribed by the Act I William and
+      Mary, c. 18, s. 13. It was repealed in 1871. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 13: John Toland, author of "Christianity not Mysterious" (1696)
+      and other works. See note on p. 9 of vol. iii. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 14: William Coward (1656-1725), physician, was the author of
+      "Second Thoughts Concerning Human Soul" (1702), and "The Grand Essay; or A
+      Vindication of Reason and Religion" (1703/4). Both these works were
+      ordered by the House of Commons to be burnt, March 17th, 1703/4. See also
+      note on p. 9 of vol. iii. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 15: John Clendon was the author of "A Treatise of the Word
+      Person" (17-09/10) which the House of Commons ordered to be burnt, March
+      24, 17-09/10. See also note on p. 185 of vol. iii. of present edition.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 16: "The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the Church."
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 17: For preaching a sermon at St. Paul's on "Perils from false
+      brethren" (November 5th, 1709), Dr. Sacheverell was, on the complaint of
+      Mr. Dolben (December 13th), impeached in the House of Commons on December
+      14th, 1709, and in the House of Lords on December 15th. The sermon was
+      printed and widely circulated, and Sacheverell received for it the thanks
+      of the Lord Mayor. Mr. Dolben objected to Godolphin being referred to as
+      Volpone. Out of this arose the famous Sacheverell trial, so disastrous in
+      its effect on the Whig ministry. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 18: Lord Wharton. See vol. v., pp. 1-28 of present edition of
+      Swift's Works. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 19: Lord Wharton. But see correction in No. 25, <i>post</i>.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 20: See previous note on Lord Cowper. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 21: Cowper was at this time out of office. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0032" id="link2H_4_0032"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 24.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY JANUARY 4, TO THURSDAY JANUARY 11, 1710.[2]
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Bellum ita suscipiatur, ut nihil aliud nisi Pax quaesita videatur.</i>[3]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am satisfied, that no reasonable man of either party, can justly be
+      offended at any thing I said in one of my papers relating to the Army;[4]
+      from the maxims I there laid down, perhaps many persons may conclude, that
+      I had a mind the world should think, there had been occasion given by some
+      late abuses among men of that calling; and they conclude right. For my
+      intention is, that my hints may be understood, and my quotations and
+      allegories applied; and I am in some pain to think, that in the Orcades on
+      one side, and the western coasts of Ireland on the other, the "Examiner"
+      may want a key in several parts, which I wish I could furnish them with.
+      As for the French king, I am under no concern at all; I hear he has left
+      off reading my papers, and by what he has found in them, dislikes our
+      proceedings more than ever, and intends either to make great additions to
+      his armies, or propose new terms for a peace: So false is that which is
+      commonly reported, of his mighty satisfaction in our change of ministry:
+      And I think it clear that his late letter of "Thanks to the Tories of
+      Great Britain,"[5] must either have been extorted from him against his
+      judgment, or was a cast of his politics to set the people against the
+      present ministry, wherein it has wonderfully succeeded.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But though I have never heard, or never regarded any objections made
+      against that paper, which mentions the army; yet I intended this as a sort
+      of apology for it. And first, I declare, (because we live in a mistaking
+      world) that in hinting at some proceedings, wherein a few persons are said
+      to be concerned, I did not intend to charge them upon the body of the
+      army. I have too much detested that barbarous injustice among the writers
+      of a late party, to be ever guilty of it myself; I mean the accusing
+      societies for the crimes of a few. On the other side, I must take leave to
+      believe, that armies are no more exempt from corruptions than other
+      numbers of men. The maxims proposed were occasionally introduced by the
+      report of certain facts, which I am bound to believe is true, because I am
+      sure, considering what has passed, it would be a crime to think otherwise.
+      All posts in the army, all employments at court, and many others, are (or
+      ought to be) given and resumed at the mere pleasure of the prince; yet
+      when I see a great officer broke, a change made in the court or the
+      ministry, and this under the most just and gracious Princess that ever
+      reigned, I must naturally conclude it is done upon prudent considerations,
+      and for some great demerit in the sufferers. But then; is not the
+      punishment sufficient? Is it generous or charitable to trample on the
+      unfortunate, and expose their faults to the world in the strongest
+      colours? And would it not suit better with magnanimity as well as common
+      good-nature, to leave them at quiet to their own thoughts and repentance?
+      Yes without question, provided it could be so contrived that their very
+      names, as well as actions, might be forgotten for ever; <i>such</i> an act
+      of oblivion would be for the honour of our nation, and beget a better
+      opinion of us with posterity; and then I might have spared the world and
+      myself the trouble of <i>examining</i>. But at present, there is a cruel
+      dilemma in the case: The friends and abettors of the late ministry are
+      every day publishing their praises to the world, and casting reflections
+      upon the present persons in power. This is so barefaced an aspersion upon
+      the Q[ueen], that I know not how any good subject can with patience endure
+      it, though he were ever so indifferent with regard to the opinions in
+      dispute. Shall they who have lost all power and love of the people, be
+      allowed to scatter their poison; and shall not those, who are, at least,
+      of the strongest side, be suffered to bring an antidote? And how can we
+      undeceive the deluded remainder, but by letting them see, that those
+      discarded statesmen were justly laid aside, and producing as many
+      instances to prove it as we can? not from any personal hatred to them, but
+      in justification to the best of queens. The many scurrilities I have heard
+      and read against this poor paper of mine, are in such a strain, that
+      considering the present state of affairs, they look like a jest. They
+      usually run after the following manner: "What? shall this insolent writer
+      presume to censure the late ministry, the ablest, the most faithful, and
+      truest lovers of their country, and its constitution that ever served a
+      prince? Shall he reflect on the best H[ouse] of C[ommons] that ever sat
+      within those walls? Has not the Queen changed both for a ministry and
+      Parliament of Jacobites and highfliers, who are selling us to France, and
+      bringing over the Pretender?" This is the very sum and force of all their
+      reasonings, and this their method of complaining against the "Examiner."
+      In <i>them</i> it is humble and loyal to reflect upon the Q[ueen] and the
+      ministry, and Parliament she has chosen with the universal applause of her
+      people; in <i>us</i> it is insolent to defend her Majesty and her choice,
+      or to answer their objections, by shewing the reasons why those changes
+      were necessary.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The same style has been used in the late case relating to some gentlemen
+      in the army;[6] such a clamour was raised by a set of men, who had the
+      boldness to tax the administration with cruelty and injustice, that I
+      thought it necessary to interfere a little, by shewing the ill
+      consequences that might arise from some proceedings, though without
+      application to particular persons. And what do they offer in answer?
+      Nothing but a few poor common-places against calumny and informers, which
+      might have been full as just and seasonable in a plot against the sacred
+      person of the Q[ueen].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But, by the way; why are these idle people so indiscreet to name those two
+      words, which afford occasion of laying open to the world such an infamous
+      scene of subornation and perjury, as well as calumny and informing, as I
+      believe is without example: when a whole cabal attempted an action,
+      wherein a condemned criminal refused to join with them for the reward of
+      his life?[7] Not that I disapprove their sagacity, who could foretell so
+      long before, by what hand they should one day fall, and therefore thought
+      any means justifiable by which they might prevent it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But waiving this at present, it must be owned in justice to the army, that
+      those violences did not proceed so far among them as some have believed;
+      nor ought the madness of a few to be laid at their doors. For the rest, I
+      am so far from denying the due praises to those victorious troops, who did
+      their part in procuring so many victories for the allies, that I could
+      wish every officer and private soldier had their full share of honour in
+      proportion to their deserts; being thus far of the Athenians' mind, who
+      when it was proposed that the statue of Miltiades should be set up alone
+      in some public place of the city, said they would agree to it, <i>whenever
+      he conquered alone</i>, but not before. Neither do I at all blame the
+      officers of the army, for preferring in their hearts the late ministry
+      before the present; or, if wishing alone could be of any use, to wish
+      their continuance, because then they might be secure of the war's
+      continuance too: whereas, since affairs have been put into other hands,
+      they may perhaps lie under some apprehensions of a peace, which no army,
+      especially in a course of success, was ever inclined to, and which all
+      wise states have in such a juncture, chiefly endeavoured. This is a point
+      wherein the civil and military politics have always disagreed. And for
+      that reason, I affirmed it necessary in all free governments, that the
+      latter should be absolutely in subjection to the former; otherwise, one of
+      these two inconveniencies must arise, either to be perpetually in war, or
+      to turn the civil institution into a military.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am ready to allow all that has been said of the valour and experience of
+      our troops, who have fully contributed their part to the great successes
+      abroad; nor is it their fault, that those important victories had no
+      better consequences at home, though it may be their advantage. War is
+      their trade and business: to improve and cultivate the advantages of
+      success, is an affair of the cabinet; and the neglect of this, whether
+      proceeding from weakness or corruption, according to the usual uncertainty
+      of wars, may be of the most fatal consequence to a nation. For, pray let
+      me represent our condition in such a light, as I believe both parties will
+      allow, though perhaps not the consequences I shall deduce from it. We have
+      been for above nine years, blessed with a QUEEN, who besides all virtues
+      that can enter into the composition of a private person, possesses every
+      regal quality that can contribute to make a people happy: of great wisdom,
+      yet ready to receive the advice of her counsellors: of much discernment in
+      choosing proper instruments, when she follows her own judgment, and only
+      capable of being deceived by that excess of goodness which makes her judge
+      of others by herself. Frugal in her management in order to contribute to
+      the public, which in proportion she does, and that voluntarily, beyond any
+      of her subjects; but from her own nature, generous and charitable to all
+      that want or deserve; and in order to exercise those virtues, denying
+      herself all entertainments of expense which many others enjoy. Then if we
+      look abroad, at least in Flanders, our arms have been crowned with
+      perpetual success in battles and sieges, not to mention several fortunate
+      actions in Spain. These facts being thus stated, which none can deny, it
+      is natural to ask how we have improved such advantages, and to what
+      account they have turned? I shall use no discouraging terms. When a
+      patient grows daily worse by the tampering of mountebanks, there is
+      nothing left but to call in the best physicians before the case grows
+      desperate: But I would ask, whether France or any other kingdom, would
+      have made so little use of such prodigious opportunities, the fruits
+      whereof could never have fallen to the ground, without the extremist
+      degree of folly and corruption, and where those have lain, let the world
+      judge? Instead of aiming at peace, while we had the advantage of the war,
+      which has been the perpetual maxim of all wise states, it has been
+      reckoned factious and malignant even to express our wishes for it; and
+      such a condition imposed, as was never offered to any prince who had an
+      inch of ground to dispute; <i>Quae enim est conditio pacis; in qua ei cum
+      quo pacem facias, nihil concedi potest?</i>[8]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is not obvious to conceive what could move men who sat at home, and
+      were called to consult upon the good of the kingdom, to be so utterly
+      averse from putting an end to a long expensive war, which the victorious,
+      as well as conquered side, were heartily weary of. Few or none of them
+      were men of the sword; they had no share in the honour; they had made
+      large fortunes, and were at the head of all affairs. But they well knew by
+      what tenure they held their power; that the Qu[een] saw through their
+      designs, that they had entirely lost the hearts of the clergy; that the
+      landed men were against them; that they were detested by the body of the
+      people; and that nothing bore them up but their credit with the bank and
+      other stocks, which would be neither formidable nor necessary when the war
+      was at an end. For these reasons they resolved to disappoint all overtures
+      of a peace, till they and their party should be so deeply rooted as to
+      make it impossible to shake them. To this end, they began to precipitate
+      matters so fast, as in a little time must have ruined the constitution, if
+      the crown had not interposed, and rather ventured the accidental effects
+      of their malice, than such dreadful consequences of their power. And
+      indeed, had the former danger been greater than some hoped or feared, I
+      see no difficulty in the choice, which was the same with his, who said,
+      "he had rather be devoured by wolves than by rats." I therefore still
+      insist that we cannot wonder at, or find fault with the army, for
+      concurring with a ministry who was for prolonging the war. The inclination
+      is natural in them all, pardonable in those who have not yet made their
+      fortunes, and as lawful in the rest, as love of power or love of money can
+      make it. But as natural, as pardonable, and as lawful as this inclination
+      is, when it is not under check of the civil power, or when a corrupt
+      ministry joins in giving it too great a scope, the consequence can be
+      nothing less than infallible ruin and slavery to a state.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After I had finished this Paper, the printer sent me two small pamphlets,
+      called <i>"The Management of the War,"</i>[9] written with some
+      plausibility, much artifice, and abundance of misrepresentation, as well
+      as direct falsehoods in point of fact. These I have thought worth <i>Examining</i>,
+      which I shall accordingly do when I find an opportunity.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 23 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: I.e. 1710-11. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: Cicero, "De Officiis," i. 23: "In the undertaking of a war
+      there should be such a prospect, as if the only end of it were peace."&mdash;
+      SIR R. L'ESTRANGE. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: See "Examiner," No. 21. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: Scott mistakes this as the pretended letter quoted in "The
+      Medley," No. 14. Swift refers to a half sheet printed for A. Baldwin in
+      the latter part of 1710, and entitled: "The French King's Thanks to the
+      Tories of Great-Britain." It was ascribed to Hoadly.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In this print Louis XIV. is made to thank the Tories for "what hath given
+      me too deep and lasting impressions of respect, and gratitude, ever to be
+      forgotten. If I should endeavour to recount all the numerous obligations I
+      have to you, I should not know where to begin, nor where to make an
+      end.... To you and your predecessors I owe that supineness and negligence
+      of the English court, which, gave me opportunity and ability to form and
+      prosecute my designs." Alluding to William III. he says: "To you I owed
+      the impotence of his life and the comfort of his death. At that juncture
+      how vast were my hopes?... But a princess ascended your throne, whom you
+      seemed to court with some personal fondness ... She had a general whom her
+      predecessor had wrought into the confidence and favour of the Allies....
+      It is with pleasure I have observed, that every victory he hath obtained
+      abroad, hath been retrieved by your management at home.... What a figure
+      have your tumults, your addresses, and the progresses of your Doctor, made
+      in my Gazettes? What comfort have I received from them?... And with what
+      impatience do we now wait for that dissolution, with the hopes of which
+      you have so long flattered us ?... Blessed be the engines, to which so
+      glorious events are owing. Republican, Antimonarchical, Danger of the
+      Church, Non-resistance, Hereditary and Divine Right, words of force and
+      energy!... How great are my obligations to all these!" In a postscript,
+      King Louis is made to say further: "My Brother of England [i.e. the
+      Pretender] ... thanks you for ... your late loyal addresses; your open
+      avowal in them of that unlimited non-resistance by which he keeps up his
+      claim," etc. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: "Lieut.-Gen. Meredith, Major-Gen. Macartney, and Brigadier
+      Honeywood were superseded, upon an information laid before the Q&mdash;&mdash;,
+      that these three gentlemen had, in their cups, drank Damnation and
+      Confusion to the new ministry, and to those who had any hand in turning
+      out of the old."&mdash;TINDAL, iv. 195. See also No. 21 and note, p. 127.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: William Gregg, a clerk in Harley's office, who was convicted
+      of a treasonable correspondence with France. See Swift's "Some Remarks,"
+      etc., in vol. v., p. 38, of present edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: "For what condition of peace is that in which nothing is
+      conceded him with whom you are making peace?" [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: The two pamphlets referred to were both written by Dr.
+      Francis Hare, chaplain-general to the Duke of Marlborough, and afterwards
+      Bishop of Chichester. The first was dated November 23rd, 1710, and was
+      entitled, "The Management of the War. In a Letter to a Tory-Member." The
+      second was called, "The Management of the War. In a Second Letter to a
+      Tory-Member," and was dated November 30th, 1710. The pamphlets are again
+      referred to in the twenty-ninth number of "The Examiner," where the writer
+      states that on second thoughts he has decided to deal with them "in a
+      discourse by itself." This he did. See note on p. 184. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0033" id="link2H_4_0033"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 25.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY JANUARY 11, TO THURSDAY JANUARY 18, 1710.[2]
+    </h3>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  <i>Parva momenta in spem metumque impellunt animos.</i>[3]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Hopes are natural to most men, especially to sanguine complexions, and
+      among the various changes that happen in the course of public affairs,
+      they are seldom without some grounds: Even in desperate cases, where it is
+      impossible they should have any foundation, they are often affected, to
+      keep a countenance, and make an enemy think we have some resource which
+      they know nothing of. This appears to have been for some months past the
+      condition of those people, whom I am forced, for want of other phrases, to
+      called the <i>ruined party</i>. They have taken up since their fall, some
+      real, and some pretended hopes. When the E. of S[underlan]d was discarded,
+      they <i>hoped</i> her M[ajesty] would proceed no farther in the change of
+      her ministry, and had the insolence to misrepresent her words to foreign
+      states. They <i>hoped</i>, nobody durst advise the dissolution of the
+      Parliament. When this was done, and further alterations made at Court,
+      they <i>hoped</i> and endeavoured to ruin the credit of the nation. They
+      likewise <i>hoped</i> that we should have some terrible loss abroad, which
+      would force us to unravel all, and begin again upon their bottom. But, of
+      all their <i>hopes</i>, whether real or assumed, there is none more
+      extraordinary than that which they now would seem to place their whole
+      confidence in: that this great turn of affairs was only occasioned by a
+      short madness of the people, from which they will recover in a little
+      time, when their eyes are open, and they grow cool and sober enough to
+      consider the truth of things, and how much they have been deceived. It is
+      not improbable, that some few of the deepest sighted among these
+      reasoners, are well enough convinced how vain all such <i>hopes</i> must
+      be: but for the rest, the wisest of them seem to have been very ill judges
+      of the people's dispositions, the want of which knowledge was a principal
+      occasion to hasten their ruin; for surely had they suspected which way the
+      popular current inclined, they never would have run against it by that
+      impeachment. I therefore conclude, they generally are so blind, as to
+      imagine some comfort from this fantastical opinion, that the people of
+      England are at present distracted, but will shortly come to their senses
+      again.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For the service therefore of our adversaries and friends, I shall briefly
+      <i>examine</i> this point, by shewing what are the causes and symptoms of
+      a people's madness, and how it differs from their natural bent and
+      inclination.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is Machiavel's observation, that the people when left to their own
+      judgment, do seldom mistake their true interests; and indeed they
+      naturally love the constitution they are born under, never desiring to
+      change but under great oppressions. However, they are to be deceived by
+      several means. It has often happened in Greece, and sometimes in Rome,
+      that those very men who have contributed to shake off a former tyranny,
+      have, instead of restoring the old constitution, deluded the People into a
+      worse and more ignominious slavery. Besides, all great changes have the
+      same effect upon commonwealths that thunder has upon liquors, making the
+      dregs fly up to the top: the lowest plebeians rise to the head of affairs,
+      and there preserve themselves by representing the nobles and other friends
+      to the old government, as enemies to the public. The encouraging of new
+      mysteries and new deities, with the pretences of further purity in
+      religion, hath likewise been a frequent topic to mislead the people. And,
+      not to mention more, the promoting false reports of dangers from abroad,
+      hath often served to prevent them from fencing against real dangers at
+      home. By these and the like arts, in conjunction with a great depravity of
+      manners, and a weak or corrupt administration, the madness of the people
+      hath risen to such a height as to break in pieces the whole frame of the
+      best instituted governments. But however, such great frenzies being
+      artificially raised, are a perfect force and constraint upon human nature,
+      and under a wise steady prince, will certainly decline of themselves,
+      settling like the sea after a storm, and then the true bent and genius of
+      the people will appear. Ancient and modern story are full of instances to
+      illustrate what I say. In our own island we had a great example of a long
+      madness in the people, kept up by a thousand artifices like intoxicating
+      medicines, till the constitution was destroyed; yet the malignity being
+      spent, and the humour exhausted that served to foment it; before the
+      usurpers could fix upon a new scheme, the people suddenly recovered, and
+      peaceably restored the old constitution.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From what I have offered, it will be easy to decide, whether this late
+      change in the dispositions of the people were a new madness, or a recovery
+      from an old one. Neither do I see how it can be proved that such a change
+      had in any circumstance the least symptoms of madness, whether my
+      description of it be right or no. It is agreed, that the truest way of
+      judging the dispositions of the people in the choice of their
+      representatives, is by computing the county-elections; and in these, it is
+      manifest that five in six are entirely for the present measures; although
+      the court was so far from interposing its credit, that there was no change
+      in the admiralty, not above one or two in the lieutenancy, nor any other
+      methods used to influence elections.[4] The free unextorted addresses[5]
+      sent some time before from every part of the kingdom, plainly shewed what
+      sort of bent the people had taken, and from what motives. The election of
+      members for this great city,[6] carried contrary to all conjecture,
+      against the united interest of those two great bodies, the Bank and East
+      India Company, was another convincing argument. Besides, the Whigs
+      themselves have always confessed, that the bulk of landed men in England
+      was generally of Tories. So that this change must be allowed to be
+      according to the natural genius and disposition of the people, whether it
+      were just and reasonable in itself or not.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Notwithstanding all which, you shall frequently hear the partisans of the
+      late men in power, gravely and decisively pronounce, that the present
+      ministry cannot possibly stand.[7] Now, they who affirm this, if they
+      believe themselves, must ground their opinion, upon the iniquity of the <i>last</i>
+      being so far established, and deeply rooted, that no endeavours of honest
+      men, will be able to restore things to their former state. Or else these
+      reasoners have been so misled by twenty years' mismanagement, that they
+      have forgot our constitution, and talk as if our monarchy and revolution
+      began together. But the body of the people is wiser, and by the choice
+      they have made, shew they <i>do</i> understand our constitution, and would
+      bring it back to the old form; which if the new ministers take care to
+      maintain, they will and ought to stand, otherwise they may fall like their
+      predecessors. But I think we may easily foresee what a Parliament freely
+      chosen, without threatening or corruption, is likely to do, when no man
+      shall be in any danger to lose his place by the freedom of his voice.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But, who are those advancers of this opinion, that the present ministry
+      cannot hold? It must be either such as are afraid to be called to an
+      account, in case it should hold; or those who keep offices, from which
+      others, better qualified, were removed; and may reasonably apprehend to be
+      turned out, for worthier men to come in their places, since perhaps it
+      will be necessary to make some changes, that the public business of the
+      nation may go on: or lastly, stock-jobbers, who industriously spread such
+      reports that actions may fall, and their friends buy to advantage.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yet these hopes, thus freely expressed, as they are more sincere, so they
+      are more supportable, than when they appear under the disguise and
+      pretence of fears. Some of these gentlemen are employed to shake their
+      heads in proper companies; to doubt where all this will end; to be in
+      mighty pain for the nation; to shew how impossible it is, that the public
+      credit can be supported: to pray that all may do well in whatever hands;
+      but very much to doubt that the Pretender is at the bottom. I know not any
+      thing so nearly resembling this behaviour, as what I have often seen among
+      the friends of a sick man, whose interest it is that he should die: The
+      physicians protest they see no danger; the symptoms are good, the
+      medicines answer expectation; yet still they are not to be comforted; they
+      whisper, he is a gone man; it is not possible he should hold out; he has
+      perfect death in his face; they never liked this doctor: At last the
+      patient recovers, and their joy is as false as their grief.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I believe there is no man so sanguine, who did not apprehend some ill
+      consequences from the late change, though not in any proportion to the
+      good ones: but it is manifest, the former have proved much fewer and
+      lighter than were expected, either at home or abroad, by the fears of our
+      friends, or the hopes of our enemies. Those remedies that stir the humours
+      in a diseased body, are at first more painful than the malady itself; yet
+      certain death is the consequence of deferring them too long. Actions have
+      fallen, and the loans are said to come in slowly. But beside, that
+      something of this must have been, whether there had been any change or no;
+      beside, that the surprise of every change, for the better as well as the
+      worse, is apt to affect credit for a while; there is a further reason,
+      which is plain and scandalous. When the late party was at the helm, those
+      who were called the Tories, never put their resentments in balance with
+      the safety of the nation, but cheerfully contributed to the common cause.
+      Now the scene is changed, the fallen party seems to act from very
+      different motives: they have <i>given the word about;</i> they will keep
+      their money and be passive; and in this point stand upon the same foot
+      with Papists and Nonjurors. What would have become of the public, if the
+      present great majority had acted thus, during the late administration? Had
+      acted thus, before the others were masters of that wealth they have
+      squeezed out of the landed men, and with the strength of that, would now
+      hold the kingdom at defiance?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thus much I have thought fit to say, without pointing reflections upon any
+      particular person; which I have hitherto but sparingly done, and that only
+      towards those whose characters are too profligate, that the managing of
+      them should be of any consequence: Besides as it is a talent I am not
+      naturally fond of, so, in the subjects I treat, it is generally needless.
+      If I display the effects of avarice and ambition, of bribery and
+      corruption, of gross immorality and irreligion, those who are the least
+      conversant in things, will easily know where to apply them. Not that I lay
+      any weight upon the objections of such who charge me with this proceeding:
+      it is notorious enough that the writers of the other side were the first
+      aggressors. Not to mention their scurrilous libels many years ago,
+      directly levelled at particular persons; how many papers do now come out
+      every week, full of rude invectives against the present ministry, with the
+      first and last letters of their names to prevent mistakes? It is good
+      sometimes to let these people see, that we neither want spirit nor
+      materials to retaliate; and therefore in this point <i>alone</i>, I shall
+      follow their example, whenever I find myself sufficiently provoked; only
+      with one addition, that whatever charges I bring, either general or
+      particular, shall be religiously true, either upon avowed facts which none
+      can deny, or such as I can prove from my own knowledge.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Being resolved publicly to acknowledge any mistakes I have been guilty of;
+      I do here humbly desire the reader's pardon for one of mighty importance,
+      about a fact in one of my papers, said to be done in the cathedral of
+      Gloucester.[8] A whole Hydra of errors in two words: For as I am since
+      informed, it was neither in the cathedral, nor city, nor county of
+      Gloucester, but some other church of that diocese. If I had ever met any
+      other objection of equal weight, though from the meanest hands, I should
+      certainly have answered it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 24 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: I.e. 1710-11. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: "The merest trifles affect our spirits, and fill us with hope
+      or fear." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: See Swift's "Memoirs Relating to that Change," etc., vol. v.,
+      p. 386 of present edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: "The general ferment soon after [1710, summer] broke out into
+      numerous addresses, of very different style and tenor, that were presented
+      to the Queen. ... The high-church addresses not only exceeded the others
+      in number, but were also far better received; as complimenting the Queen
+      with a more extensive prerogative, and an hereditary title" (Chamberlen's
+      "History of Queen Anne," p. 347). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: At the general election in October and November, 1710, the
+      City of London returned four Tories: Sir Wm. Withers, Sir R. Hoare, Sir G.
+      Newland, and Mr. John Cass. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: Harley's ministry continued in power until July, 1714.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: This act of Wharton's was alluded to by the Duke of Leeds in
+      the House of Lords on December 6th, 1705. See Dartmouth's note on Burnet's
+      "Own Times," vol. ii., p. 435, and compare "History of Parliament," and
+      "Journals of House of Lords." When the Duke of Leeds insinuated pretty
+      plainly to Wharton the nature of his offence, Dartmouth remarks that the
+      "Lord Wharton was very silent for the rest of that day, and desired no
+      further explanations." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0034" id="link2H_4_0034"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 26.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY JANUARY 18, TO THURSDAY JANUARY 25, 1710-11.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      [Greek: Dialexamenoi tina haesuchae, to men sumpan epi te tae dunas eia
+      kai kata ton echthron sunomosan.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Summissa quaedam voce collocuti sunt; quorum summa erat de dominatione
+      sibi confirmanda, ac inimicis delendis conjuratio.</i>[2]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Not many days ago I observed a knot of discontented gentlemen cursing the
+      Tories to Hell for their uncharitableness, in affirming, that if the late
+      ministry had continued to this time, we should have had neither Church nor
+      Monarchy left. They are usually so candid as to call that the opinion of a
+      party, which they hear in a coffeehouse, or over a bottle from some warm
+      young people, whom it is odds but they have provoked to say more than they
+      believed, by some positions as absurd and ridiculous of their own. And so
+      it proved in this very instance: for, asking one of these gentlemen, what
+      it was that provoked those he had been disputing with, to advance such a
+      paradox? he assured me in a very calm manner, it was nothing in the world,
+      but that himself and some others of the company had made it appear, that
+      the design of the present P[arliamen]t and m[inistr]y, was to bring in
+      Popery, arbitrary power, and the Pretender: which I take to be an opinion
+      fifty times more improbable, as well as more uncharitable, than what is
+      charged upon the Whigs: because I defy our adversaries to produce one
+      single reason for suspecting such designs in the persons now at the helm;
+      whereas I can upon demand produce twenty to shew, that some late men had
+      strong views towards a commonwealth, and the alteration of the Church.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is natural indeed, when a storm is over, that has only untiled our
+      houses, and blown down some of our chimneys, to consider what further
+      mischiefs might have ensued, if it had lasted longer. However, in the
+      present case, I am not of the opinion above-mentioned; I believe the
+      Church and State might have lasted somewhat longer, though the late
+      enemies to both had done their worst: I can hardly conceive how things
+      would have been so soon ripe for a new revolution. I am convinced, that if
+      they had offered to make such large and sudden strides, it must have come
+      to blows, and according to the computation we have now reason to think a
+      right one, I can partly guess what would have been the issue. Besides, we
+      are sure the Q[uee]n would have interposed before they came to
+      extremities, and as little as they regarded the regal authority, would
+      have been a check in their career.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But instead of this question; What would have been the consequence if the
+      late ministry had continued? I will propose another, which will be more
+      useful for us to consider; and that is, What we may reasonably expect they
+      will do, if ever they come into power again? This, we know, is the design
+      and endeavour of all those scribbles that daily fly about in their favour;
+      of all the false, insolent, and scandalous libels against the present
+      administration; and of all those engines set at work to sink the actions,
+      and blow up the public credit. As for those who shew their inclinations by
+      writing, there is one consideration, which I wonder does not sometimes
+      affect them: for how can they forbear having a good opinion of the
+      gentleness and innocence of those, who permit them to employ their pens as
+      they do? It puts me in mind of an insolent pragmatical orator somewhere in
+      Greece, who railing with great freedom at the chief men in the state, was
+      answered by one who had been very instrumental in recovering the liberty
+      of the city, that "he thanked the gods they had now arrived to the
+      condition he always wished them, when every man in that city might
+      securely say what they pleased." I wish these gentlemen would however
+      compare the liberty they take with what their masters used to give: how
+      many messengers and warrants would have gone out against any that durst
+      have opened their lips, or drawn their pens, against the persons and
+      proceedings of their juntoes and cabals? How would their weekly writers
+      have been calling out for prosecution and punishment? We remember when a
+      poor nickname,[3] borrowed from an old play of Ben Jonson, and mentioned
+      in a sermon without any particular application, was made use of as a
+      motive to spur an impeachment. But after all, it must be confessed, they
+      had reasons to be thus severe, which their successors have not: <i>their</i>
+      faults would never endure the light; and to have exposed them sooner,
+      would have raised the kingdom against the actors, before the time.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But, to come to the subject I have now undertaken; which is to <i>examine</i>,
+      what the consequences would be, upon supposition that the Whigs were now
+      restored to their power. I already imagine the present free P[arliamen]t
+      dissolved, and another of a different epithet met, by the force of money
+      and management. I read immediately a dozen or two stinging votes against
+      the proceedings of the late ministry. The bill now to be repealed would
+      then be re-enacted, and the birthright of an Englishman reduced again to
+      the value of twelvepence.[4] But to give the reader a stronger imagination
+      of such a scene; let me represent the designs of some men, lately
+      endeavoured and projected, in the form of a paper of votes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Ordered, That a Bill be brought in for repealing the Sacramental Test.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "A petition of T[in]d[a]l, C[o]ll[in]s, Cl[en]d[o]n, C[o]w[ar]d,
+      T[o]l[a]nd,[5] in behalf of themselves and many hundreds of their
+      disciples, some of which are Members of this honourable H[ouse], desiring
+      that leave be given to bring in a Bill for qualifying Atheists, Deists and
+      Socinians, to serve their Country in any employment.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Ordered, That leave be given to bring in a Bill, according to the prayer
+      of the said petition, and that Mr. L[ec]h[me]re[6] do prepare and bring it
+      in.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Ordered, That a Bill be brought in for removing the education of youth
+      out of the hands of the Clergy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Another, to forbid the Clergy preaching certain duties in religion,
+      especially obedience to Princes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Another, to take away the jurisdiction of Bishops.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Another, for constituting a General for life; with instructions to the
+      committee, that care may be taken to make the war last as long as the life
+      of the said General.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "A Bill of Attainder against C[harles] D[uke] of Sh[rewsbury], J[ohn]
+      D[uke] of B[uckingham], L[aurence] E[arl] of R[ochester], Sir S[imon]
+      H[arcourt], k[nigh]t, R[obert] H[arley], H[enry] S[t. John],[7] Esqs;
+      A[bigail] M[asham], spinster,[8] and others, for high treason against the
+      j[u]nto.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Resolved, That S[ara]h D[uchess] of M[arlborough] hath been a most
+      dutiful, just, and grateful servant to Her M[ajest]y.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Resolved, That to advise the dissolution of a W[hi]g Parliament, or the
+      removal of a W[hi]g Ministry, was in order to bring in Popery and the
+      Pretender; and that the said advice was high treason.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Resolved, That by the original compact the Government of this Realm is by
+      a junto, and a K[ing] or Qu[een]; but the Administration solely in the
+      junto.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Ordered, That a Bill be brought in for further limiting the Prerogative.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Ordered, That it be a standing order of this H[ouse] that the merit of
+      elections be not determined by the number of voices, or right of electors,
+      but by weight; and that one Whig shall weigh down ten Tories.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "A motion being made, and the question being put, that when a Whig is
+      detected of manifest bribery, and his competitor being a Tory, has ten to
+      one a majority, there shall be a new election; it passed in the negative.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Resolved, That for a K[ing] or Q[ueen] of this Realm, to read or examine
+      a paper brought them to be signed by a j[un]to Minister, is arbitrary and
+      illegal, and a violation of the liberties of the people."
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      These and the like reformations would, in all probability, be the first
+      fruits of the Whigs' resurrection; and what structures such able artists
+      might in a short time build upon such foundations, I leave others to
+      conjecture. All hopes of a peace cut off; the nation industriously
+      involved in further debts to a degree, that none would dare undertake the
+      management of affairs, but those whose interest lay in ruining the
+      constitution. I do not see how the wisest prince under such necessities
+      could be able to extricate himself. Then, as to the Church, the bishops
+      would by degrees be dismissed, first from the Parliament, next from their
+      revenues, and at last from their office; and the clergy, instead of their
+      idle claim of independency on the state, would be forced to depend for
+      their daily bread on every individual. But what system of future
+      government was designed; whether it were already digested, or would have
+      been left for time and incidents to mature, I shall not now <i>Examine</i>.
+      Only upon this occasion I cannot help reflecting on a fact, which it is
+      probable, the reader knows as well as myself. There was a picture drawn
+      some time ago, representing five persons as large as the life, sitting at
+      council together like a Pentarchy. A void space was left for a sixth,
+      which was to have been the Qu[een], to whom they intended that honour: but
+      her M[ajest]y having since fallen under their displeasure, they have made
+      a shift to crowd in two better friends in her place, which makes it a
+      complete Heptarchy.[9] This piece is now in the country, reserved till
+      better times, and hangs in a hall, among the pictures of Cromwell,
+      Bradshaw, Ireton, and some other predecessors.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I must now desire leave to say something to a gentleman, who has been
+      pleased to publish a discourse against a paper of mine relating to the
+      convocation.[10] He promises to set me right, without any undue
+      reflections or undecent language. I suppose he means in comparison with
+      others, who pretend to answer the "Examiner": So far he is right; but if
+      he thinks he has behaved himself as becomes a candid antagonist, I believe
+      he is mistaken. He says, in his title-page, my "representations are
+      unfair, and my reflections unjust." And his conclusion is yet more
+      severe,[11] where he "doubts I and my friends are enraged against the
+      Dutch, because they preserved us from Popery and arbitrary power at the
+      Revolution; and since that time, from being overrun by the exorbitant
+      power of France, and becoming a prey to the Pretender." Because this
+      author seems in general to write with an honest meaning, I would seriously
+      put to him the question, whether he thinks I and my friends are for
+      Popery, arbitrary power, France and the Pretender? I omit other instances
+      of smaller moment, which however do not suit in my opinion with due
+      reflection or decent language. The fact relating to the convocation, came
+      from a good hand, and I do not find this author differs from me in any
+      material circumstance about it. My reflections were no more than what
+      might be obvious to any other gentleman, who had heard of their late
+      proceedings. If the notion be right which this author gives us of a Lower
+      House of Convocation, it is a very melancholy one,[12] and to me seems
+      utterly inconsistent with that of a body of men whom he owns to have a
+      negative; and therefore, since a great majority of the clergy differs from
+      him in several points he advances, I shall rather choose to be of their
+      opinion than his. I fancy, when the whole synod met in one house, as this
+      writer affirms, they were upon a better foot with their bishops, and
+      therefore whether this treatment so extremely <i>de haut en bas</i>, since
+      their exclusion, be suitable to primitive custom or primitive humility
+      towards brethren, is not my business to enquire. One may allow the divine
+      or apostolic right of Episcopacy, and their great superiority over
+      presbyters, and yet dispute the methods of exercising the latter, which
+      being of human institution, are subject to encroachments and usurpations.
+      I know, every clergyman in a diocese has a good deal of dependence upon
+      his bishop, and owes him canonical obedience: but I was apt to think, when
+      the whole representative of the clergy met in a synod, they were
+      considered in another light, at least since they are allowed to have a
+      negative. If I am mistaken, I desire to be excused, as talking out of my
+      trade: only there is one thing wherein I entirely differ from this author.
+      Since in the disputes about privileges, one side must recede; where so
+      very few privileges remain, it is a hundred to one odds, the encroachments
+      are not on the inferior clergy's side; and no man can blame them for
+      insisting on the small number that is left. There is one fact wherein I
+      must take occasion to set this author right; that the person who first
+      moved the QUEEN to remit the first-fruits and tenths to the clergy, was an
+      eminent instrument in the late turn of affairs;[13] and as I am told, has
+      lately prevailed to have the same favour granted for the clergy of
+      Ireland.[14]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But I must beg leave to inform the author, that this paper is not intended
+      for the management of controversy, which would be of very little import to
+      most readers, and only misspend time, that I would gladly employ to better
+      purposes. For where it is a man's business to entertain a whole room-full,
+      it is unmannerly to apply himself to a particular person, and turn his
+      back upon the rest of the company.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 25 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: "They met and whispered together; and their entire aim was
+      the confirmation of their own power and an oath for the destruction of
+      their enemies." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: The following is the passage in Sacheverell's sermon in which
+      the nickname is used: "What dependence can there be upon a man of no
+      principles? ... In what moving and lively colours does the holy Psalmist
+      paint out the crafty insidiousness of such wily Volpones!" Godolphin, in
+      spite of Somers's protest against such action, brought about the
+      preacher's impeachment, for this description of himself, as he took it.
+      See also vol. v., p. 219 and note of present edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: An attempt was made to repeal the Act for Naturalizing
+      Foreign Protestants (7 Ann. c. 5), which received the royal assent, March
+      23rd, 170-8/9, by a Bill which passed the House of Commons, January 31st,
+      171-0/1, but was thrown out by the Lords, February 5th. Persons
+      naturalized under this Act had to pay a fee of one shilling on taking the
+      prescribed oath of allegiance. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: See Nos. 20 and 23, <i>ante</i>, and notes pp. 118 and 141.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: Nicholas Lechmere (1675-1727), member for Appleby (1708-10),
+      Cockermouth (1710-17), and Tewkesbury (1717-21), was one of the managers
+      in the impeachment of Sacheverell. He, with Addison, Hoadly, and Minshull
+      corrected Steele's draft of "The Crisis" for publication. He was created
+      Lord Lechmere in 1721, after he had held the offices of solicitor-general
+      (1714-18) and attorney-general (1718-20). See also vol. v., p. 326 note,
+      of present edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: "R.H. H.S. Esqs;" in both editions. In Faulkner's collected
+      reprint the second name was altered to William Shippen, and Scott follows
+      Faulkner; but there can be no doubt that the initials were intended for
+      St. John, since the persons named were those who succeeded to the places
+      of the dismissed ministers. Shippen was a prominent member of the October
+      Club, but he did not hold any public office. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: In No. 19 of "The Medley," the writer calls "The Examiner" to
+      account for writing Abigail Masham, <i>spinster</i>. She was then Mrs.
+      Masham. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: See No. 23, <i>ante</i>, and notes p. 138. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 10: "The Case of the Present Convocation Consider'd; In Answer
+      to the Examiner's Unfair Representation of it, and Unjust Reflections upon
+      it." 1711, See note p. 129. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 11: "They [the Dutch] have a right to put us in mind, that
+      without their assistance in 1688, Popery and arbitrary power must, without
+      a miracle, have over-run us; and that even since that time, we must have
+      sunk under the exorbitant power of France, and our Church and Queen must
+      have been a prey to a Pretender imposed upon us by this exorbitant power,
+      if that tottering commonwealth ... had not heartily joined with us.... But
+      I forget my self, and I doubt, allege those very things in their favour,
+      for which the 'Examiner' and his friends, are the most enraged against
+      them." ("The Case," etc., p. 24). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 12: They [<i>i.e.</i> the bishops] say that the prolocutor is
+      "the referendary of the lower house, <i>i.e.</i> one who is to carry
+      messages and admonitions from the upper house to the lower, and to
+      represent their sense, and to carry their petitions to the upper: That
+      originally the synod met all in one house in this, as it still does in the
+      other province." ("The Case," etc., p. 14). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 13: Bishop Burnet had made a similar proposal to Queen Mary
+      several years before, "so that she was fully resolved, if ever she had
+      lived to see peace and settlement, ... to have applied it to the
+      augmentation of small benefices." He had also laid it very fully before
+      the Princess of Denmark in the reign of King William ("Hist. Own Times,"
+      ii. 370).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "This very project ... was first set on foot by a great minister in the
+      last reign. It was then far advanced, and would have been finished, had he
+      stayed but a few months longer in the ministry" ("The Case," etc., p. 23).
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 14: Swift's own Memorial to Harley, petitioning the Queen to
+      surrender the first-fruits in Ireland is given in Scott's edition (vol.
+      xv., pp. 381-4). It was on behalf of these first-fruits that Swift came to
+      England, in 1707, on a commission from Archbishop King. Then he made his
+      application as a Whig to a Whig government, but failing with Somers and
+      Halifax both in this and in his hopes for advancement, he joined Harley's
+      fortunes. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0035" id="link2H_4_0035"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 27.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY JANUARY 25, TO THURSDAY FEBRUARY 1, 1710-11.[2]
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ea autem est gloria, laus recte factorum, magnorumque in rempublicam
+      meritorum: Quae cum optimi cujusque, tum etiam multitudinis testimonio
+      comprobatur.</i>[3]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am thinking, what a mighty advantage it is to be entertained as a writer
+      to a ruined cause. I remember a fanatic preacher, who was inclined to come
+      into the Church, and take orders; but upon mature thoughts was diverted
+      from that design, when he considered that the collections of the <i>godly</i>
+      were a much heartier and readier penny, than he could get by wrangling for
+      tithes. He certainly had reason, and the two cases are parallel. If you
+      write in defence of a fallen party, you are maintained by contribution as
+      a necessary person, you have little more to do than to carp and cavil at
+      those who hold the pen on the other side; you are sure to be celebrated
+      and caressed by all your party, to a man. You may affirm and deny what you
+      please, without truth or probability, since it is but loss of time to
+      contradict you. Besides, commiseration is often on your side, and you have
+      a pretence to be thought honest and disinterested, for adhering to friends
+      in distress. After which, if your party ever happens to turn up again, you
+      have a strong fund of merit towards making your fortune. Then, you never
+      fail to be well furnished with materials, every one bringing in his <i>quota</i>,
+      and falsehood being naturally more plentiful than truth. Not to mention
+      the wonderful delight of libelling men in power, and hugging yourself in a
+      corner with mighty satisfaction for what you have done.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is quite otherwise with us, who engage as volunteers in the service of
+      a flourishing ministry, in full credit with the Q[uee]n, and beloved by
+      the people, because they have no sinister ends or dangerous designs, but
+      pursue with steadiness and resolution the true interests of both. Upon
+      which account they little want or desire our assistance; and we may write
+      till the world is weary of reading, without having our pretences allowed
+      either to a place or a pension: besides, we are refused the common benefit
+      of the party, to have our works cried up of course; the readers of our own
+      side being as ungentle and hard to please, as if we writ against them; and
+      our papers never make their way in the world, but barely in proportion to
+      their merit. The design of <i>their</i> labours who write on the conquered
+      side, is likewise of greater importance than ours; they are like cordials
+      for dying men, which must be repeated; whereas ours are, in the Scripture
+      phrase, but "meat for babes": at least, all I can pretend, is to undeceive
+      the ignorant and those at distance; but their task is to keep up the
+      sinking spirits of a whole party.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After such reflections, I cannot be angry with those gentlemen for
+      perpetually writing against me: it furnishes them largely with topics, and
+      is besides, their proper business: neither is it affectation, or
+      altogether scorn, that I do not reply. But as things are, we both act
+      suitable to our several provinces: mine is, by laying open some
+      corruptions in the late management, to set those who are ignorant, right
+      in their opinions of persons and things: it is theirs to cover with
+      fig-leaves all the faults of their friends, as well as they can: When I
+      have produced my facts, and offered my arguments, I have nothing farther
+      to advance; it is their office to deny and disprove; and then let the
+      world decide. If I were as they, my chief endeavour should certainly be to
+      batter down the "Examiner," therefore I cannot but approve their design,
+      Besides, they have indeed another reason for barking incessantly at this
+      paper: they have in their prints openly taxed a most ingenious person as
+      author of it;[4] one who is in great and very deserved reputation with the
+      world, both on account of his poetical works, and his talents for public
+      business. They were wise enough to consider, what a sanction it would give
+      their performances, to fall under the animadversion of such a pen; and
+      have therefore used all the forms of provocation commonly practised by
+      little obscure pedants, who are fond of distinguishing themselves by the
+      fame of an adversary. So nice a taste have these judicious critics, in
+      pretending to discover an author by his style and manner of thinking: not
+      to mention the justice and candour of exhausting all the stale topics of
+      scurrility in reviling a paper, and then flinging at a venture the whole
+      load upon one who is entirely innocent; and whose greatest fault, perhaps,
+      is too much gentleness toward a party, from whose leaders he has received
+      quite contrary treatment.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The concern I have for the ease and reputation of so deserving a
+      gentleman, hath at length forced me, much against my interest and
+      inclination, to let these angry people know who is <i>not</i> the author
+      of the "Examiner."[5] For, I observed, the opinion began to spread, and I
+      chose rather to sacrifice the honour I received by it, than let
+      injudicious people entitle him to a performance, that perhaps he might
+      have reason to be ashamed of: still faithfully promising, never to disturb
+      those worthy advocates; but suffer them in quiet to roar on at the
+      "Examiner," if they or their party find any ease in it; as physicians say
+      there is, to people in torment, such as men in the gout, or women in
+      labour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      However, I must acknowledge myself indebted to them for one hint, which I
+      shall now pursue, though in a different manner. Since the fall of the late
+      ministry, I have seen many papers filled with their encomiums; I conceive,
+      in imitation of those who write the lives of famous men, where, after
+      their deaths, immediately follow their characters. When I saw the poor
+      virtues thus dealt at random, I thought the disposers had flung their
+      names, like valentines into a hat, to be drawn as fortune pleased, by the
+      j[u]nto and their friends. There, Crassus[6] drew liberty and gratitude;
+      Fulvia,[7] humility and gentleness; Clodius,[8] piety and justice;
+      Gracchus,[9] loyalty to his prince; Cinna,[10] love of his country and
+      constitution; and so of the rest. Or, to quit this allegory, I have often
+      seen of late, the whole set of discarded statesmen, celebrated by their
+      judicious hirelings, for those very qualities which their admirers owned
+      they chiefly wanted. Did these heroes put off and lock up their virtues
+      when they came into employment, and have they now resumed them since their
+      dismissions? If they wore them, I am sure it was <i>under</i> their
+      greatness, and without ever once convincing the world of their visibility
+      or influence.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But why should not the present ministry find a pen to praise them as well
+      as the last? This is what I shall now undertake, and it may be more
+      impartial in me, from whom they have deserved so little. I have, <i>without
+      being called</i>, served them half a year in quality of champion,[11] and
+      by help of the Qu[een] and a majority of nine in ten of the kingdom, have
+      been able to protect them against a routed cabal of hated politicians,
+      with a dozen of scribblers at their head; yet so far have they been from
+      rewarding me suitable to my deserts, that to this day they never so much
+      as sent to the printer to enquire who I was; though I have known a time
+      and a ministry, where a person of half my merit and consideration would
+      have had fifty promises, and in the mean time a pension settled on him,
+      whereof the <i>first quarter</i> should be honestly paid. Therefore my
+      resentments shall so far prevail, that in praising those who are now at
+      the head of affairs, I shall at the same time take notice of their
+      defects.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Was any man more eminent in his profession than the present l[or]d
+      k[eepe]r,[12] or more distinguished by his eloquence and great abilities
+      in the House of Commons? And will not his enemies allow him to be fully
+      equal to the great station he now adorns? But then it must be granted,
+      that he is wholly ignorant in the speculative as well as practical part of
+      polygamy: he knows not how to metamorphose a sober man into a lunatic:[13]
+      he is no freethinker in religion, nor has courage to be patron of an
+      atheistical book,[14] while he is guardian of the Qu[een]'s conscience.
+      Though after all, to speak my private opinion, I cannot think these such
+      mighty objections to his character, as some would pretend.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The person who now presides at the council,[15] is descended from a great
+      and honourable father, not from the dregs of the people; he was at the
+      head of the treasury for some years, and rather chose to enrich his prince
+      than himself. In the height of favour and credit, he sacrificed the
+      greatest employment in the kingdom to his conscience and honour: he has
+      been always firm in his loyalty and religion, zealous for supporting the
+      prerogative of the crown, and preserving the liberties of the people. But
+      then, his best friends must own that he is neither Deist nor Socinian: he
+      has never conversed with T[o]l[a]nd, to open and enlarge his thoughts, and
+      dispel the prejudices of education; nor was he ever able to arrive at that
+      perfection of gallantry, to ruin and imprison the husband, in order to
+      keep the wife without disturbance.[16]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The present l[or]d st[ewa]rd[17] has been always distinguished for his wit
+      and knowledge; is of consummate wisdom and experience in affairs; has
+      continued constant to the true interest of the nation, which he espoused
+      from the beginning, and is every way qualified to support the dignity of
+      his office: but in point of oratory must give place to his
+      predecessor.[18]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The D. of Sh[rewsbur]y[19] was highly instrumental in bringing about the
+      Revolution, in which service he freely exposed his life and fortune. He
+      has ever been the favourite of the nation, being possessed of all the
+      amiable qualities that can accomplish a great man; but in the
+      agreeableness and fragrancy of his person, and the profoundness of his
+      politics, must be allowed to fall very short of &mdash;&mdash;.[20]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. H[arley] had the honour of being chosen Speaker successively to three
+      Parliaments;[21] he was the first of late years, that ventured to restore
+      the forgotten custom of treating his PRINCE with duty and respect. Easy
+      and disengaged in private conversation, with such a weight of affairs upon
+      his shoulders;[22] of great learning, and as great a favourer and
+      protector of it; intrepid by nature, as well as by the consciousness of
+      his own integrity, and a despiser of money; pursuing the true interest of
+      his PRINCE and country against all obstacles. Sagacious to view into the
+      remotest consequences of things, by which all difficulties fly before him.
+      A firm friend, and a placable enemy, sacrificing his justest resentments,
+      not only to public good, but to common intercession and acknowledgment.
+      Yet with all these virtues it must be granted, there is some mixture of
+      human infirmity: His greatest admirers must confess his skill at cards and
+      dice to be very low and superficial: in horse-racing he is utterly
+      ignorant:[23] then, to save a few millions to the public, he never regards
+      how many worthy citizens he hinders from making up their plum. And surely
+      there is one thing never to be forgiven him, that he delights to have his
+      table filled with black coats, whom he uses as if they were gentlemen.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My Lord D[artmouth][24] is a man of letters, full of good sense, good
+      nature and honour, of strict virtue and regularity in life; but labours
+      under one great defect, that he treats his clerks with more civility and
+      good manners, than others, in his station, have done the Qu[een].[25]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Omitting some others, I will close this character of the present ministry,
+      with that of Mr. S[t. John],[26] who from his youth applying those
+      admirable talents of nature and improvements of art to public business,
+      grew eminent in court and Parliament at an age when the generality of
+      mankind is employed in trifles and folly. It is to be lamented, that he
+      has not yet procured himself a busy, important countenance, nor learned
+      that profound part of wisdom, to be difficult of access. Besides, he has
+      clearly mistaken the true use of books, which he has thumbed and spoiled
+      with reading, when he ought to have multiplied them on his shelves:[27]
+      not like a great man of my acquaintance, who knew a book by the back,
+      better than a friend by the face, though he had never conversed with the
+      former, and often with the latter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 26 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: Writing to Stella, under date February 3rd, 1710/1, Swift
+      says: "They are plaguy Whigs, especially the sister Armstrong [Mrs.
+      Armstrong, Lady Lucy's sister], the most insupportable of all women
+      pretending to wit, without any taste. She was running down the last
+      'Examiner,' the prettiest I had read, with a character of the present
+      ministry" (vol. ii., p. 112 of present edition.) [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: "For that is true glory and praise for noble deeds that
+      deserve well of the state, when they not only win the approval of the best
+      men but also that of the multitude." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: It was reported that the author of "The Examiner" was Matthew
+      Prior, late under-secretary of state. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: To Stella Swift wrote in his "Journal," under date February
+      9th:&mdash;"The account you give of that weekly paper [<i>i.e.</i> 'The
+      Examiner,'] agrees with us here. Mr. Prior was like to be insulted in the
+      street for being supposed the author of it, but one of the last papers
+      cleared him. Nobody knows who it is, but those few in the secret. I
+      suppose the ministry and the printer" (vol. ii., p. 116 of present
+      edition).]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: The Duke of Marlborough. See "The Examiner," No. 28, p. 177.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: The Duchess of Marlborough. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: Earl of Wharton, notorious for his profligacy. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: This may refer to Godolphin. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 10: Probably Earl Cowper. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 11: This applies to the paper. "The Examiner" had existed for
+      six months, but Swift had written it for only three months, at this time.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 12: Sir Simon Harcourt (1661?-1727) who was lord chancellor,
+      1713-14. He was made lord keeper, October 19th, 1710, after Cowper
+      resigned the chancellorship. In the Sacheverell trial Harcourt was the
+      doctor's counsel. He was created Baron Harcourt in 1711. See also note on
+      p. 213 of vol. v. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 13: This refers to the case of Richard, fifth Viscount Wenman,
+      against whom Cowper, in 1709, granted a commission of lunacy. He was under
+      the care of Francis Wroughton, Esq., whose sister, Susannah, he had
+      married in the early part of 1709. His brother-in-law sued him for payment
+      of his sister's portion, and asked that trustees be appointed for his
+      estate. Cowper decided against Wenman, and the commission granted.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The case is referred to in No. 40 of "The Tatler" (July 12th, 1709).
+      Campbell says ("Chancellors," iv. 330) the commission "very properly
+      issued." Luttrell in his "Diary" (July 30th, 1709) notes that "the jury
+      yesterday brought it in that he [Wenman] was no idiot" (vi. 470). Lord
+      Wenman died November 28th, 1729. See also Nos. 18 and 23, <i>ante</i>, and
+      note, p. 101. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 14: Tindal dedicated to Cowper "a pious work which was not
+      altogether orthodox" (Campbell's "Chancellors," iv. 330). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 15: Laurence Hyde (1641-1711), created Earl of Rochester in
+      1682, was appointed lord president of the council, September 21st, 1710,
+      succeeding Somers. See also No. 41, <i>post.</i> Swift unkindly sneers at
+      Somers's low birth. See note on Somers on p. 29 of vol. i. of present
+      edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 16: Mrs. Manley, in her "Memoirs of Europe towards the Close of
+      the Eighth Century," has something very characteristic to say on this
+      subject. Speaking of Somers under the name Cicero, she says: "Cicero,
+      Madam, is by birth a plebeian" ... "Cicero himself, an oracle of wisdom,
+      was whirled about by his lusts, at the pleasure of a fantastic worn-out
+      mistress. He prostituted his inimitable sense, reason, and good nature,
+      either to revenge, or reward, as her caprice directed; and what made this
+      commerce more detestable, this mistress of his was a wife!" ... "that she
+      was the wife of an injured friend! a friend who passionately loved her,
+      and had tenderly obliged him, rather heightened his desires" (i., 200;
+      ii., 54, 83). The mistress is said to be Mrs. Blunt, daughter of Sir R.
+      Fanshaw. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 17: John Sheffield (1647-1721), third Earl of Mulgrave, was
+      created Marquess of Normanby, 1694, and Duke of Buckingham and Normanby in
+      1702/3. He succeeded the Duke of Devonshire as lord steward of the
+      household on September 21st, 1710. He was the author of a poetical "Essay
+      on Poetry," and an interesting prose "Account of the Revolution." As
+      patron to Dryden he received the dedication of that poet's "Aurengzebe."
+      Pope edited his collected works in 1722-23. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 18: William Cavendish (1673?-1729) succeeded his father as
+      second Duke of Devonshire in 1707. He was lord steward, 1707-10, and lord
+      president, 1716-17.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 19: Charles Talbot, Duke of Shrewsbury, is styled by Swift
+      elsewhere (Letter to Archbishop King, October 20th, 1713; Scott's edition,
+      xvi. 71), "the finest gentleman we have" (see note on p. 377 of vol. v. of
+      present edition). He was lord chamberlain, 1710-14. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 20: Henry de Grey (1664?-1740) succeeded his father as eleventh
+      Earl of Kent in 1702. He was created Marquess of Kent, 1706, and Duke of
+      Kent, 1710. He held the office of lord chamberlain of the household from
+      1704 to 1710. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 21: Harley was first chosen Speaker, February 10th, 1700/1, for
+      a Parliament that lasted nine months; then again, December 30th, 1701, for
+      a Parliament that lasted only six months; and finally October 20th or
+      21st, 1702. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 22: "The Queen dismissed the Earl of Godolphin from being lord
+      treasurer, and put the treasury in commission: Lord Powlet was the first
+      in form, but Mr. Harley was the person with whom the secret was lodged"
+      (Burnet, "Own Times," ii. 552-3). He was appointed August 10th, 1710.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 23: Godolphin was very devoted to the turf. See Swift's poem
+      entitled, "The Virtues of Sid Hamet's Rod" (Aldine edition, iii. 10).
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 24: William Legge (1672-1750) succeeded his father as second
+      Lord Dartmouth in 1691, and was created Earl of Dartmouth in 1711. On June
+      14th, 1710, he was appointed secretary of state in place of the Earl of
+      Sunderland. See note on p. 229 of vol. v. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 25: The Earl of Sunderland was rude and overbearing in his
+      manner towards the Queen. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 26: Henry St. John (1678-1751) was created Viscount Bolingbroke
+      in 1712. He was secretary of war, 1704-1708, and secretary of state,
+      1710-14. In 1715 he was attainted and left England to enter the service of
+      the Pretender. See also Swift's "An Enquiry," etc. (vol. v., p. 430 of
+      present edition). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 27: "Those more early acquaintance of yours, your books, which a
+      friend of ours once wittily said, 'Your L&mdash;p had mistaken the true
+      use of, by thumbing and spoiling them with reading'" ("A Letter to the Rt.
+      Hon. the Ld. Viscount B&mdash;ke," 1714-15). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0036" id="link2H_4_0036"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 28.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY FEBRUARY 1, TO THURSDAY FEBRUARY 8, 1710-11.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Caput est in omni procuratione negotii et muneris publici, ut avaritiae
+      pellatur etiam minima suspicio.</i>[2]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      There is no vice which mankind carries to such wild extremes as that of
+      avarice: Those two which seem to rival it in this point, are lust and
+      ambition: but, the former is checked by difficulties and diseases,
+      destroys itself by its own pursuits, and usually declines with old age:
+      and the latter requiring courage, conduct and fortune in a high degree,
+      and meeting with a thousand dangers and oppositions, succeeds too seldom
+      in an age to fall under common observation. Or, is avarice perhaps the
+      same passion with ambition, only placed in more ignoble and dastardly
+      minds, by which the object is changed from power to money? Or it may be,
+      that one man pursues power in order to wealth, and another wealth in order
+      to power; which last is the safer way, though longer about, and suiting
+      with every period as well as condition of life, is more generally
+      followed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      However it be, the extremes of this passion are certainly more frequent
+      than of any other, and often to a degree so absurd and ridiculous, that if
+      it were not for their frequency, they could hardly obtain belief. The <i>stage</i>,
+      which carries other follies and vices beyond nature and probability, falls
+      very short in the representations of avarice; nor are there any
+      extravagances in this kind described by ancient or modern comedies, which
+      are not outdone by an hundred instances, commonly told, among ourselves.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am ready to conclude from hence, that a vice which keeps so firm a hold
+      upon human nature, and governs it with so unlimited a tyranny, since it
+      cannot be wholly eradicated, ought at least to be confined to particular
+      objects, to thrift and penury, to private fraud and extortion, and never
+      suffered to prey upon the public; and should certainly be rejected as the
+      most unqualifying circumstance for any employment, where bribery and
+      corruption can possibly enter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If the mischiefs of this vice, in a public station, were confined to
+      enriching only those particular persons employed, the evil would be more
+      supportable; but it is usually quite otherwise. When a steward defrauds
+      his lord, he must connive at the rest of the servants, while they are
+      following the same practice in their several spheres; so that in some
+      families you may observe a subordination of knaves in a link downwards to
+      the very helper in the stables, all cheating by concert, and with
+      impunity: And even if this were all, perhaps the master could bear it
+      without being undone; but it so happens, that for every shilling the
+      servant gets by his iniquity, the master loses twenty; the perquisites of
+      servants being but small compositions for suffering shopkeepers to bring
+      in what bills they please.[3] It is exactly the same thing in a state: an
+      avaricious man in office is in confederacy with the whole <i>clan</i> of
+      his district or dependence, which in modern terms of art is called, "To
+      live, and let live;" and yet <i>their</i> gains are the smallest part of
+      the public's loss. Give a guinea to a knavish land-waiter, and he shall
+      connive at the merchant for cheating the Queen of an hundred. A brewer
+      gives a bribe to have the privilege of selling drink to the Navy; but the
+      fraud is ten times greater than the bribe, and the public is at the whole
+      loss.[4]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Moralists make two kinds of avarice; that of Catiline, <i>alieni appetens,
+      sui profusus;</i>[5] and the other more generally understood by that name;
+      which is, the endless desire of hoarding: But I take the former to be more
+      dangerous in a state, because it mingles well with ambition, which I think
+      the latter cannot; for though the same breast may be capable of admitting
+      both, it is not able to cultivate them; and where the love of heaping
+      wealth prevails, there is not in my opinion, much to be apprehended from
+      ambition. The disgrace of that sordid vice is sooner apt to spread than
+      any other, and is always attended with the hatred and scorn of the people:
+      so that whenever those two passions happen to meet in the same subject, it
+      is not unlikely that Providence hath placed avarice to be a check upon
+      ambition; and I have reason to think, some great ministers of state have
+      been of my opinion.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The divine authority of Holy Writ, the precepts of philosophers, the
+      lashes and ridicule of satirical poets, have been all employed in
+      exploding this insatiable thirst of money, and all equally controlled by
+      the daily practice of mankind. Nothing new remains to be said upon the
+      occasion, and if there did, I must remember my character, that I am an <i>Examiner</i>
+      only, and not a Reformer.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      However, in those cases where the frailties of particular men do nearly
+      affect the public welfare, such as a prime minister of state, or a great
+      general of an army; methinks there should be some expedient contrived, to
+      let them know impartially what is the world's opinion in the point:
+      Encompassed with a crowd of depending flatterers, they are many degrees
+      blinder to their own faults than the common infirmities of human nature
+      can plead in their excuse; Advice dares not be offered, or is wholly lost,
+      or returned with hatred: and whatever appears in public against their
+      prevailing vice, goes for nothing; being either not applied, or passing
+      only for libel and slander, proceeding from the malice and envy of a
+      party.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have sometimes thought, that if I had lived at Rome in the time of the
+      first Triumvirate, I should have been tempted to write a letter, as from
+      an unknown hand, to those three great men, who had then usurped the
+      sovereign power; wherein I would freely and sincerely tell each of them
+      that fault which I conceived was most odious, and of most consequence to
+      the commonwealth: That, to Crassus, should have been sent to him after his
+      conquests in Mesopotamia, and in the following terms.[6]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "<i>To Marcus Crassus, health.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "<i>If you apply as you ought, what I now write,[7] you will be more
+      obliged to me than to all the world, hardly excepting your parents or your
+      country. I intend to tell you, without disguise or prejudice, the opinion
+      which the world has entertained of you: and to let you see I write this
+      without any sort of ill will, you shall first hear the sentiments they
+      have to your advantage. No man disputes the gracefulness of your person;
+      you are allowed to have a good and clear understanding, cultivated by the
+      knowledge of men and manners, though not by literature. You are no ill
+      orator in the Senate; you are said to excel in the art of bridling and
+      subduing your anger, and stifling or concealing your resentments. You have
+      been a most successful general, of long experience, great conduct, and
+      much personal courage. You have gained many important victories for the
+      commonwealth, and forced the strongest towns in Mesopotamia to surrender,
+      for which frequent supplications have been decreed by the Senate. Yet with
+      all these qualities, and this merit, give me leave to say, you are neither
+      beloved by the patricians, or plebeians at home, nor by the officers or
+      private soldiers of your own army abroad: And, do you know, Crassus, that
+      this is owing to a fault, of which you may cure yourself, by one minutes
+      reflection? What shall I say? You are the richest person in the
+      commonwealth; you have no male child, your daughters are all married to
+      wealthy patricians; you are far in the decline of life; and yet you are
+      deeply stained with that odious and ignoble vice of covetousness:[8] It is
+      affirmed, that you descend even to the meanest and most scandalous degrees
+      of it; and while you possess so many millions, while you are daily
+      acquiring so many more, you are solicitous how to save a single sesterce,
+      of which a hundred ignominious instances are produced, and in all men's
+      mouths. I will only mention that passage of the buskins,[9] which after
+      abundance of persuasion, you would hardly suffer to be cut from your legs,
+      when they were so wet and cold, that to have kept them on, would have
+      endangered your life. </i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Instead of using the common arguments to dissuade you from this weakness,
+      I will endeavour to convince you, that you are really guilty of it, and
+      leave the cure to your own good sense. For perhaps, you are not yet
+      persuaded that this is your crime, you have probably never yet been
+      reproached for it to your face, and what you are now told, comes from one
+      unknown, and it may be, from an enemy. You will allow yourself indeed to
+      be prudent in the management of your fortune; you are not a prodigal, like
+      Clodius[10] or Catiline, but surely that deserves not the name of avarice.
+      I will inform you how to be convinced. Disguise your person; go among the
+      common people in Rome; introduce discourses about yourself; inquire your
+      own character; do the same in your camp, walk about it in the evening,
+      hearken at every tent, and if you do not hear every mouth censuring,
+      lamenting, cursing this vice in you, and even you for this vice, conclude
+      yourself innocent. If you are not yet persuaded, send for Atticus,[11]
+      Servius Sulpicius, Cato or Brutus, they are all your friends; conjure them
+      to tell you ingenuously which is your great fault, and which they would
+      chiefly wish you to correct; if they do not all agree in their verdict, in
+      the name of all the gods, you are acquitted.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "When your adversaries reflect how far you are gone in this vice, they are
+      tempted to talk as if we owed our success, not to your courage or conduct,
+      but to those veteran troops you command, who are able to conquer under any
+      general, with so many brave and experienced officers to lead them.
+      Besides, we know the consequences your avarice hath often occasioned. The
+      soldier hath been starving for bread, surrounded with plenty, and in an
+      enemy's country, but all under safeguards and contributions; which if you
+      had sometimes pleased to have exchanged for provisions, might at the
+      expense of a few talents in a campaign, have so endeared you to the army,
+      that they would have desired you to lead them to the utmost limits of
+      Asia. But you rather chose to confine your conquests within the fruitful
+      country of Mesopotamia, where plenty of money might be raised. How far
+      that fatal greediness of gold may have influenced you, in breaking off the
+      treaty[12] with the old Parthian King Orodes,[13] you best can tell; your
+      enemies charge you with it, your friends offer nothing material in your
+      defence; and all agree, there is nothing so pernicious, which the extremes
+      of avarice may not be able to inspire.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The moment you quit this vice, you will be a truly great man; and still
+      there will imperfections enough remain to convince us, you are not a god.
+      Farewell."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Perhaps a letter of this nature, sent to so reasonable a man as Crassus,
+      might have put him upon <i>Examining</i> into himself, and correcting that
+      little sordid appetite, so utterly inconsistent with all pretences to a
+      hero. A youth in the heat of blood may plead with some shew of reason,
+      that he is not able to subdue his lusts; An ambitious man may use the same
+      arguments for his love of power, or perhaps other arguments to justify it.
+      But, excess of avarice hath neither of these pleas to offer; it is not to
+      be justified, and cannot pretend temptation for excuse: Whence can the
+      temptation come? Reason disclaims it altogether, and it cannot be said to
+      lodge in the blood, or the animal spirits. So that I conclude, no man of
+      true valour and true understanding, upon whom this vice has stolen
+      unawares, when he is convinced he is guilty, will suffer it to remain in
+      his breast an hour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 27 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: "It is of the greatest importance in the discharge of every
+      office of trade, or of the public treasury, that the least suspicion of
+      avarice should be avoided." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: The Commissioners for examining the public accounts reported
+      to the House of Commons (December 21st, 1711) that the Duke of Marlborough
+      had received from Sir Solomon de Medina (army contractor for bread) and
+      his predecessor, during the years 1702 to 1711, a sum of £63,319 3s. 7d.
+      "In this report was contained the deposition of Sir Solomon Medina,
+      charging the Duke of Marlborough and Adam Cardonell, his secretary, of
+      various peculations, with regard to the contracts for bread and
+      bread-wagons for the army in Flanders." The Duke admitted the fact in a
+      letter to the Queen, dated November 10th, 1711, but said that the whole
+      sum had "been constantly employed for the service of the public, in
+      keeping secret correspondence, and in getting intelligence of the enemy's
+      motions and designs" (Macpherson's "Great Britain," ii. 512; Tindal's
+      "History," iv. 232; and "Journals of House of Commons," xvii. 16). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: See the remarks in No. 39, <i>post</i>, p.250. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: Sallust, "Catiline," 5. "Greedy of what was not his own,
+      lavish of what was." Catiline was extravagant and profligate, and quite
+      unscrupulous in the pursuit of his many pleasures. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: A most severe censure on the Duke of Marlborough. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: Commenting on this "The Medley" (No. 20, February 12th, 1711)
+      remarks: "Of all that ever made it their business to defame, there never
+      was such a bungler sure as my friend. He writes a letter now to Crassus,
+      as a man marked out for destruction, because that hint was given him six
+      months ago; and does not seem to know yet that he is still employed, and
+      that in attacking him, he affronts the Q[uee]n."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Writing to Stella, under date February 18th, Swift says: "Lord Rivers,
+      talking to me the other day, cursed the paper called 'The Examiner,' for
+      speaking civilly of the Duke of Marlborough: this I happened to talk of to
+      the Secretary [St. John], who blamed the warmth of that lord, and some
+      others, and swore, that, if their advice were followed, they would be
+      blown up in twenty-four hours" (vol. ii., p. 123 of present edition).
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: To Stella Swift writes somewhat later (March 7th): "Yes, I do
+      read the 'Examiners,' and they are written very finely as you judge. I do
+      not think they are too severe on the Duke; they only tax him of avarice,
+      and his avarice has ruined us. You may count upon all things in them to be
+      true. The author has said, it is not Prior; but perhaps it may be
+      Atterbury" (vol. ii., p. 133 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: Wet stockings. [FAULKNER.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 10: Clodius Albinus, the Roman general, died 197 A.D. The
+      reference here is to the Earl of Wharton (see No. 27, <i>ante</i>, p.
+      169). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 11: T. Pomponius Atticus, the friend and correspondent of
+      Cicero. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 12: The Treaty of Gertruydenberg (see No. 14, <i>ante</i>, and
+      note on p. 77; see also note on pp. 201-2 of vol. v. of present edition).
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 13: Orodes I. (Arsaces XIV.), King of Parthia, defeated Crassus,
+      B.C. 53. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0037" id="link2H_4_0037"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 29.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY FEBRUARY 8, TO THURSDAY FEBRUARY 15, 1710-11.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Inultus ut tu riseris Cotyttia?</i>[2]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      An Answer to the "Letter to the Examiner."[3]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      London, Feb. 15, 1710/11.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Sir,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Though I have wanted leisure to acknowledge the honour of a letter you
+      were pleased to write to me about six months ago; yet I have been very
+      careful in obeying some of your commands, and am going on as fast as I can
+      with the rest. I wish you had thought fit to have conveyed them to me by a
+      more private hand, than that of the printing-house: for though I was
+      pleased with a pattern of style and spirit which I proposed to imitate,
+      yet I was sorry the world should be a witness how far I fell short in
+      both.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am afraid you did not consider what an abundance of work you have cut
+      out for me; neither am I at all comforted by the promise you are so kind
+      to make, that when I have performed my task,[4] "D[olbe]n shall blush in
+      his grave among the dead, W[alpo]le among the living, and even Vol[pon]e
+      shall feel some remorse." How the gentleman in his grave may have kept his
+      countenance, I cannot inform you, having no acquaintance at all with the
+      sexton; but for the other two, I take leave to assure you, there have not
+      yet appeared the least signs of blushing or remorse in either, though some
+      very good opportunities have offered, if they had thought fit to accept
+      them; so that with your permission, I had rather engage to continue this
+      work till they are in their graves too, which I am sure will happen much
+      sooner than the other.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You desire I would collect "some of those indignities offered last year to
+      her M[ajest]y." I am ready to oblige you; and have got a pretty tolerable
+      collection by me, which I am in doubt whether to publish by itself in a
+      large volume in folio, or scatter them here and there occasionally in my
+      papers. Though indeed I am sometimes thinking to stifle them altogether;
+      because such a history will be apt to give foreigners a monstrous opinion
+      of our country. But since it is your absolute opinion, the world should be
+      informed; I will with the first occasion pick out a few choice instances,
+      and let them take their chance in the ensuing papers. I have likewise in
+      my cabinet certain quires of paper filled with facts of corruption,
+      mismanagement, cowardice, treachery, avarice, ambition, and the like, with
+      an alphabetical table, to save trouble. And perhaps you will not wonder at
+      the care I take to be so well provided, when you consider the vast expense
+      I am at: I feed weekly two or three wit-starved writers, who have no other
+      visible support; besides several others that live upon my offals. In
+      short, I am like a nurse who suckles twins at one time, and has likewise
+      one or two whelps constantly to draw her breasts.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I must needs confess, (and it is with grief I speak it) that I have been
+      the innocent cause of a great circulation of dullness: at the same time, I
+      have often wondered how it has come to pass, that these industrious
+      people, after poring so constantly upon the "Examiner,"[5] a paper writ
+      with plain sense, and in a tolerable style, have made so little
+      improvement. I am sure it would have fallen out quite otherwise with me;
+      for, by what I have seen of their performances (and I am credibly informed
+      they are all of a piece) if I had perused them till now, I should have
+      been fit for little but to make an advocate in the same cause.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You, Sir, perhaps will wonder, as most others do, what end these angry
+      folks propose, in writing perpetually against the "Examiner": it is not to
+      beget a better opinion of the late ministry, or with any hope to convince
+      the world that I am in the wrong in any one fact I relate; they know all
+      that to be lost labour; and yet their design is important enough: they
+      would fain provoke me by all sort of methods, within the length of their
+      capacity, to answer their papers; which would render mine wholly useless
+      to the public; for if it once came to rejoinder and reply, we should be
+      all upon a level, and then their work would be done.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      There is one gentleman indeed, who has written three small pamphlets upon
+      "the Management of the War," and "the Treaty of Peace:"[6] These I had
+      intended to have bestowed a paper in <i>Examining</i>, and could easily
+      have made it appear, that whatever he says of truth, relates nothing at
+      all to the evils we complain of, or controls one syllable of what I have
+      ever advanced. Nobody that I know of did ever dispute the Duke of
+      M[arlboroug]h's courage, conduct or success, they have been always
+      unquestionable, and will continue to be so, in spite of the malice of his
+      enemies, or, which is yet more, the <i>weakness of his advocates</i>. The
+      nation only wished to see him taken out of ill hands, and put into better.
+      But, what is all this to the conduct of the late m[i]n[i]stry, the
+      shameful mismanagements in Spain, or the wrong steps in the treaty of
+      peace, the secret of which will not bear the light, and is consequently by
+      this author very poorly defended? These and many other things I would have
+      shewn; but upon second thoughts determined to have done it in a discourse
+      by itself,[7] rather than take up room here, and break into the design of
+      this paper, from whence I have resolved to banish controversy as much as
+      possible. But the postscript to his third pamphlet was enough to disgust
+      me from having any dealings at all with such a writer; unless that part
+      was left to some footman[8] he had picked up among the boys who follow the
+      camp, whose character it would suit much better than that of the supposed
+      author.[9] At least, the foul language, the idle impotent menace, and the
+      gross perverting of an innocent expression in the 4th "Examiner,"[10]
+      joined to that respect I shall ever have for the function of a divine,
+      would incline me to believe so. But when he turns off his footman, and
+      disclaims that postscript, I will tear it out, and see how far the rest
+      deserves to be considered.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But, Sir, I labour under a much greater difficulty, upon which I should be
+      glad to hear your advice. I am worried on one side by the Whigs for being
+      too severe, and by the Tories on the other for being too gentle. I have
+      formerly hinted a complaint of this; but having lately received two
+      peculiar letters, among many others, I thought nothing could better
+      represent my condition, or the opinion which the warm men of both sides
+      have of my conduct, than to send you a transcript of each. The former is
+      exactly in these words.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "<i>To the 'Examiner.'</i>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      "<i>MR. EXAMINER,</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      "<i>By your continual reflecting upon the conduct of the late
+      m[i]n[i]stry, and by your encomiums on the present, it is as clear as the
+      sun at noon- day, that your are a Jesuit or Nonjuror, employed by the
+      friends of the Pretender, to endeavour to introduce Popery, and slavery,
+      and arbitrary power, and to infringe the sacred Act of Toleration of
+      Dissenters. Now, Sir, since the most ingenious authors who write weekly
+      against you, are not able to teach you better manners, I would have you to
+      know, that those great and excellent men, as low as you think them at
+      present, do not want friends that will take the first proper occasion to
+      cut your throat, as all such enemies to moderation ought to be served. It
+      is well you have cleared another person[11] from being author of your
+      cursed libels; though d&mdash;mme, perhaps after all, that may be a
+      bamboozle too. However I hope we shall soon ferret you out. Therefore I
+      advise you as a friend, to let fall your pen, and retire betimes; for our
+      patience is now at an end. It is enough to lose our power and employments,
+      without setting the whole nation against us. Consider three years is the
+      life of a party; and d&mdash;mme, every dog has his day, and it will be
+      our turn next; therefore take warning, and learn to sleep in a whole skin,
+      or whenever we are uppermost, by G&mdash;d you shall find no mercy.</i>"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The other letter was in the following terms.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "<i>To the 'Examiner.'</i>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      "<i>SIR,</i>,
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      "<i>I am a country member, and constantly send a dozen of your papers down
+      to my electors. I have read them all, but I confess not with the
+      satisfaction I expected. It is plain you know a great deal more than you
+      write; why will you not let us have it all out? We are told, that the
+      Qu[een] has been a long time treated with insolence by those she has most
+      obliged; Pray, Sir, let us have a few good stories upon that head. We have
+      been cheated of several millions; why will you not set a mark on the
+      knaves who are guilty, and shew us what ways they took to rob the public
+      at such a rate? Inform us how we came to be disappointed of peace about
+      two years ago: In short, turn the whole mystery of iniquity inside-out,
+      that every body may have a view of it. But above all, explain to us, what
+      was at the bottom of that same impeachment: I am sure I never liked it;
+      for at that very time, a dissenting preacher in our neighbourhood, came
+      often to see our parson; it could be for no good, for he would walk about
+      the barns and stables, and desire to look into the church, as who should
+      say, These will shortly be mine; and we all believed he was then
+      contriving some alterations against he got into possession: And I shall
+      never forget, that a Whig justice offered me then very high for my
+      bishop's lease. I must be so bold to tell you, Sir, that you are too
+      favourable: I am sure, there was no living in quiet for us while they were
+      in the saddle. I was turned out of the commission, and called a Jacobite,
+      though it cost me a thousand pound in joining with the Prince of Orange at
+      the Revolution. The discoveries I would have you make, are of some facts
+      for which they ought to be hanged; not that I value their heads, but I
+      would see them exposed, which may be done upon the owners' shoulders, as
+      well as upon a pole, &amp;c."</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      These, Sir, are the sentiments of a whole party on one side, and of
+      considerable numbers on the other: however, taking the <i>medium</i>
+      between these extremes, I think to go on as I have hitherto done, though I
+      am sensible my paper would be more popular, if I did not lean too much to
+      the favourable side. For nothing delights the people more than to see
+      their oppressors humbled, and all their actions, painted with proper
+      colours, set out in open view. <i>Exactos tyrannos densum humeris bibit
+      aure vulgus.</i>[12]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But as for the Whigs, I am in some doubt whether this mighty concern they
+      shew for the honour of the late ministry, may not be affected, at least
+      whether their masters will thank them for their zeal in such a cause. It
+      is I think, a known story of a gentleman who fought another for calling
+      him "son of a whore;" but the lady desired her son to make no more
+      quarrels upon that subject, <i>because it was true</i>. For pray, Sir;
+      does it not look like a jest, that such a pernicious crew, after draining
+      our wealth, and discovering the most destructive designs against our
+      Church and State, instead of thanking fortune that they are got off safe
+      in their persons and plunder, should hire these bullies of the pen to
+      defend their reputations? I remember I thought it the hardest case in the
+      world, when a poor acquaintance of mine, having fallen among sharpers,
+      where he lost all his money, and then complaining he was cheated, got a
+      good beating into the bargain, for offering to affront gentlemen. I
+      believe the only reason why these purloiners of the public, cause such a
+      clutter to be made about their reputations, is to prevent inquisitions,
+      that might tend towards making them refund: like those women they call
+      shoplifters, who when they are challenged for their thefts, appear to be
+      mighty angry and affronted, for fear of being searched.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I will dismiss you, Sir, when I have taken notice of one particular.
+      Perhaps you may have observed in the tolerated factious papers of the
+      week, that the E[arl] of R[ochester][13] is frequently reflected on for
+      having been ecclesiastical commissioner and lord treasurer, in the reign
+      of the late King James. The fact is true; and it will not be denied to his
+      immortal honour, that because he could not comply with the measures then
+      taking, he resigned both those employments; of which the latter was
+      immediately supplied by a commission, composed of two popish lords and the
+      present E[ar]l of G[o]d[o]l[phi]n.[14]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 28 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: Horace, "Epodes," xvii. 56.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  "Safely shalt thou Cotytto's rites
+    Divulge?"&mdash;J. DUNCOMBE.
+
+   [T.S.]]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: "A Letter to the Examiner. Printed in the year, 1710,"
+      appeared shortly after the issue of the second number of "The Examiner."
+      It was attributed to St. John. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: The writer of the "Letter" invited the "Examiner" to "paint
+      ... the present state of the war abroad, and expose to public view those
+      principles upon which, of late, it has been carried on ... Collect some
+      few of the indignities which have been this year offered to her
+      Majesty.... When this is done, D&mdash;&mdash;n shall blush in his grave
+      among the dead, W&mdash;&mdash;le among the living, and even Vol&mdash;&mdash;e
+      shall feel some remorse." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: "The Medley" treated "The Examiner" with scant courtesy, and
+      never failed to cast ridicule on its work. In No. 21 (February 19th, 1711)
+      the writer says: "No man of common sense ever thought any body wrote the
+      paper but Abel Roper, or some of his allies, there being not one quality
+      in 'The Examiner' which Abel has not eminently distinguished himself by
+      since he set up for a political writer. 'Tis true, Abel is the more modest
+      of the two, and it never entered into his head to say, as my friend does
+      of his paper, 'Tis writ with plain sense and in a tolerable style.'" In
+      No. 23 (March 5th) he says: "There is indeed a great resemblance between
+      his brother Abel and himself; and I find a great dispute among the party,
+      to which of them to give the preference. They are both news writers, as
+      they utter things which no body ever heard of <i>but from their papers</i>."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Abel Roper conducted the Tory paper called "The Post Boy." (See note on p.
+      290 of vol. v. of present edition.) [T.S.] ]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: Two of these pamphlets were already referred to in a
+      postscript to No. 24 of "The Examiner" (see note, p. 151). The third was
+      "The Negotiations for a Treaty of Peace, in 1709. Consider'd, In a Third
+      Letter to a Tory-Member. Part the First." Dated December 22nd, 1710, The
+      "Fourth Letter" was dated January 10th, 1710/11. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: It may be that Swift's intention was carried out in two
+      pamphlets, one entitled, "An Examination of the Management of the War. In
+      a Letter to My Lord * * *," published March 3rd, 1710/1; and the other
+      styled, "An Examination of the Third and Fourth Letters to a Tory Member,
+      relating to the Negociations for a Treaty of Peace in 1709. In a Second
+      Letter to My Lord * * *" [With a Postscript to the Medley's Footman],
+      published March 15th of the same year. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: The postscript to "An Examination of the Third and Fourth
+      Letters" mentions a pamphlet, "An Answer to the Examination of the
+      Management of the War," by the Medley's Footman. "The Medley," No. 21
+      (February 19th), remarks: "He could also prove there were wrong steps in
+      the Treaty of Peace, the Allies would have all; but he won't do it,
+      because he is treated like a footman." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: <i>I. e.</i> Dr. Francis Hare. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 10: Dr. Hare, in the postscript to his third pamphlet, said:
+      "The Examiner is extremely mistaken, if he thinks I shall enter the lists
+      with so prostitute a writer, who can neither speak truth, nor knows when
+      he hears it." He calls the writer "a mercenary scribbler," and speaks of
+      his paper as "weekly libels." He then quotes an expression from the fourth
+      number (published before Swift undertook "The Examiner"), and concludes by
+      saying that he had met more than his match in the ingenious writer of "The
+      Medley," even were he much abler than he is.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The fourth "Examiner" had printed a "Letter from the Country," in which
+      the following passage occurs: "Can any wise people think it possible, that
+      the Crown should be so mad as to choose ministers, who would not support
+      public credit? ... This is such a wildness as is never ... to be met with
+      in the Roman story; except in a devouring Sejanus at home, or an ambitious
+      Catiline at the head of a mercenary army."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The writer of "An Examination of the Third and Fourth Letters," says: "The
+      words indeed are in the paper quoted, that is, 'The Examiner,' No. 4, but
+      the application is certainly the proper thought of the author of the
+      postscript" (p. 28). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 11: <i>I. e.</i> Prior. See No. 27, p. 168. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+[Footnote 12: Horace, "Odes," II. xiii. 31-2.
+                    "Tyrants slain,
+In thicker crowds the shadowy throng
+Drink deeper down the martial song."&mdash;P. FRANCIS.
+[T.S.]]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 13: Laurence Hyde, Earl of Rochester, was lord treasurer from
+      168 4/5 to 168 6/7, when five commissioners were appointed: Lord Belasyse,
+      Lord Godolphin, Lord Dover, Sir John Ernle (chancellor of the exchequer),
+      and Sir Stephen Foxe. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 14: "The Medley," No. 22 (February 26th, 1711) remarks on this:
+      "He might have said with as much truth, 'twas supplied by my Lord G&mdash;&mdash;
+      and two Protestant knights, Sir Stephen Fox and Sir John Ernle." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0038" id="link2H_4_0038"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 30.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY FEBRUARY 15, TO THURSDAY FEBRUARY 22, 1710-11.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Laus summa in fortunae bonis, non extulisse se in potestate, non fuisse
+      insolentem in pecuniâ, non se praetulisse aliis propter abundantiam
+      fortunae.</i>[2]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am conscious to myself that I write this paper with no other intention
+      but that of doing good: I never received injury from the late ministry,
+      nor advantage from the present, further than in common with every good
+      subject. There were among the former one or two, who must be allowed to
+      have possessed very valuable qualities; but proceeding by a system of
+      politics, which our constitution could not suffer; and discovering a
+      contempt of all religion, but especially of that which hath been so
+      happily established among us ever since the Reformation, they seem to have
+      been justly suspected of no very good inclinations to either.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is possible, that a man may speculatively prefer the constitution of
+      another country, or an Utopia of his own, before that of the nation where
+      he is born and lives; yet from considering the dangers of innovation, the
+      corruptions of mankind, and the frequent impossibility of reducing ideas
+      to practice, he may join heartily in preserving the present order of
+      things, and be a true friend to the government already settled. So in
+      religion; a man may perhaps have little or none of it at heart; yet if he
+      conceals his opinions, if he endeavours to make no proselytes, advances no
+      impious tenets in writing or discourse: if, according to the common
+      atheistical notion, he believes religion to be only a contrivance of
+      politicians for keeping the vulgar in awe, and that the present model is
+      better adjusted than any other to so useful an end: though the condition
+      of such a man as to his own future state be very deplorable; yet
+      Providence, which often works good out of evil, can make even such a man
+      an instrument for contributing toward the preservation of the Church.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the other side, I take a state to be truly in danger, both as to its
+      religion and government, when a set of ambitious politicians, bred up in a
+      hatred to the constitution, and a contempt for all religion, are forced
+      upon exerting these qualities in order to keep or increase their power, by
+      widening their bottom, and taking in (like Mahomet) some principles from
+      every party, that is any way discontented at the present faith and
+      settlement; which was manifestly our case. Upon this occasion I remember
+      to have asked some considerable Whigs, whether it did not bring a
+      disreputation upon their body, to have the whole herd of Presbyterians,
+      Independents, Atheists, Anabaptists, Deists, Quakers and Socinians, openly
+      and universally listed under their banners? They answered, that all this
+      was absolutely necessary, in order to make a balance against the Tories,
+      and all little enough: for indeed, it was as much as they could possibly
+      do, though assisted with the absolute power of disposing every employment;
+      while the bulk of English gentry kept firm to their old principles in
+      Church and State.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But notwithstanding whatever I have hitherto said, I am informed, several
+      among the Whigs continue still so refractory, that they will hardly allow
+      the heads of their party to have entertained any designs of ruining the
+      constitution, or that they would have endeavoured it, if they had
+      continued in power, I beg their pardon if I have discovered a secret; but
+      who could imagine they ever intended it should be one, after those overt
+      acts with which they thought fit to conclude their farce? But perhaps they
+      <i>now</i> find it convenient to deny vigorously, that the question may
+      remain; "Why was the old ministry changed?" which they urge on without
+      ceasing, as if no occasion in the least had been given, but that all were
+      owing to the insinuations of crafty men, practising upon the weakness of
+      an easy pr[inc]e. I shall therefore offer among a hundred, one reason for
+      this change, which I think would justify any monarch that ever reigned,
+      for the like proceeding.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is notorious enough, how highly princes have been blamed in the
+      histories of all countries, particularly of our own; upon the account of
+      minions; who have been ever justly odious to the people, for their
+      insolence and avarice, and engrossing the favour of their masters. Whoever
+      has been the least conversant in the English story cannot but have heard
+      of Gaveston[3], the Spencers[4], and the Earl of Oxford[5]; who by the
+      excess and abuse of their power, cost the princes they served, or rather
+      governed, their crowns and lives. However, in the case of minions, it must
+      at least be acknowledged that the prince is pleased and happy, though his
+      subjects be aggrieved; and he has the plea of friendship to excuse him,
+      which is a disposition of generous minds. Besides, a wise minion, though
+      he be haughty to others, is humble and insinuating to his master, and
+      cultivates his favour by obedience and respect. But <i>our</i> misfortune
+      has been a great deal worse: we have suffered for some years under the
+      oppression, the avarice and insolence of those, for whom the Qu[ee]n had
+      neither esteem nor friendship; who rather seemed to snatch their own dues,
+      than receive the favour of their sovereign, and were so far from returning
+      respect, that they forgot common good manners. They imposed on their
+      prince, by urging the necessity of affairs of their own creating: they
+      first raised difficulties, and then offered them as arguments to keep
+      themselves in power. They united themselves against nature and principle,
+      to a party they had always abhorred, and which was now content to come in
+      upon any terms, leaving them and their creatures in full possession of the
+      court. Then they urged the formidable strength of that party, and the
+      dangers which must follow by disobliging of it. So that it seems almost a
+      miracle, how a prince, thus besieged on all sides, could <i>alone</i> have
+      courage and prudence enough to extricate herself.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And indeed there is a point of history relating to this matter, which well
+      deserves to be considered. When her M[ajest]y came to the crown, she took
+      into favour and employment, several persons who were esteemed the best
+      friends of the old constitution; among whom none were reckoned further
+      gone in the high church principles (as they are usually called) than two
+      or three, who had at that time most credit, and ever since, till within
+      these few months, possessed all power at court. So that the first umbrage
+      given to the Whigs, and the pretences for clamouring against France and
+      the Pretender, were derived from them. And I believe nothing appeared then
+      more unlikely, than that such different opinions should ever incorporate;
+      that party having upon former occasions treated those very persons with
+      enmity enough. But some l[or]ds then about court, and in the Qu[een]'s
+      good graces, not able to endure those growing impositions upon the prince
+      and people, presumed to interpose, and were consequently soon removed and
+      disgraced: However, when a most exorbitant grant was proposed,[6]
+      antecedent to any visible merit, it miscarried in Parliament, for want of
+      being seconded by those who had most credit in the House, and who having
+      always opposed the like excesses in a former reign, thought it their duty
+      to do so still, to shew the world that the dislike was not against persons
+      but things. But this was to cross the oligarchy in the tenderest point, a
+      point which outweighed all considerations of duty and gratitude to their
+      prince, or regard to the constitution. And therefore after having in
+      several private meetings concerted measures with their old enemies, and
+      granted as well as received conditions, they began to change their style
+      and their countenance, and to put it as a maxim in the mouths of their
+      emissaries, that England must be saved by the Whigs. This unnatural league
+      was afterwards cultivated by another incident; I mean the Act of
+      Security,[7] and the consequences of it, which every body knows; when (to
+      use the words of my correspondent)[8] "the sovereign authority was
+      parcelled out among a faction, and made the purchase of indemnity for an
+      offending M[iniste]r:" Thus the union of the two kingdoms improved that
+      between the ministry and the j[u]nto, which was afterwards cemented by
+      their mutual danger in that storm they so narrowly escaped about three
+      years ago;[9] but however was not quite perfected till the Prince's
+      death;[10] and then they went lovingly on together, both satisfied with
+      their several shares, at full liberty to gratify their predominant
+      inclinations; the first, their avarice and ambition; the other, their
+      models of innovation in Church and State.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Therefore, whoever thinks fit to revive that baffled question, "Why was
+      the late ministry changed?" may receive the following answer; That it was
+      become necessary by the insolence and avarice of some about the Qu[een],
+      who in order to perpetuate their tyranny had made a monstrous alliance
+      with those who profess principles destructive to our religion and
+      government: If this will not suffice, let him make an abstract of all the
+      abuses I have mentioned in my former papers, and view them together; after
+      which if he still remains unsatisfied, let him suspend his opinion a few
+      weeks longer. Though after all, I think the question as trifling as that
+      of the Papists, when they ask us, "where was our religion before Luther?"
+      And indeed, the ministry was changed for the same reason that religion was
+      reformed, because a thousand corruptions had crept into the discipline and
+      doctrine of the state, by the pride, the avarice, the fraud, and the
+      ambition of those who administered to us in secular affairs.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I heard myself censured the other day in a coffee-house, for seeming to
+      glance in the letter to Crassus,[11] against a great man, who is still in
+      employment, and likely to continue so. What if I had really intended that
+      such an application should be given it? I cannot perceive how I could be
+      justly blamed for so gentle a reproof. If I saw a handsome young fellow
+      going to a ball at court with a great smut upon his face, could he take it
+      ill in me to point out the place, and desire him with abundance of good
+      words to pull out his handkerchief and wipe it off; or bring him to a
+      glass, where he might plainly see it with his own eyes? Does any man think
+      I shall suffer my pen to inveigh against vices, only because they are
+      charged upon persons who are no longer in power? Every body knows, that
+      certain vices are more or less pernicious, according to the stations of
+      those who possess them. For example, lewdness and intemperance are not of
+      so bad consequences in a town rake as a divine. Cowardice in a lawyer is
+      more supportable than in an officer of the army. If I should find fault
+      with an admiral because he wanted politeness, or an alderman for not
+      understanding Greek; that indeed would be to go out of my way, for an
+      occasion of quarrelling; but excessive avarice in a g[enera]l, is I think
+      the greatest defect he can be liable to, next to those of courage and
+      conduct, and may be attended with the most ruinous consequences, as it was
+      in Crassus, who to that vice alone owed the destruction of himself and his
+      army.[12] It is the same thing in praising men's excellencies, which are
+      more or less valuable, as the person you commend has occasion to employ
+      them. A man may perhaps mean honestly, yet if he be not able to spell, he
+      shall never have my vote for a secretary: Another may have wit and
+      learning in a post where honesty, with plain common sense, are of much
+      more use: You may praise a soldier for his skill at chess, because it is
+      said to be a military game, and the emblem of drawing up an army; but this
+      to a tr[easure]r would be no more a compliment, than if you called him a
+      gamester or a jockey.[13]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.S. I received a letter relating to Mr. Greenshields; the person who sent
+      it may know, that I will say something to it in the next paper.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 29 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: "Tractanda in laudationibus etiam haec sunt naturae et
+      fortunae bona, in quibus est summa laus: non extulisse," etc.&mdash;CICERO,
+      <i>De Oratore</i> ii. 84.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "These blessings of nature and fortune fall within the province of
+      panegyric, the highest strain of which is, that a man possessed power
+      without pride, riches without insolence, and the fullness of fortune
+      without the arrogance of greatness."&mdash;W. GUTHRIE. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: Piers Gaveston, Earl of Cornwall, the favourite of Edward II.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: Hugh le Despencer, Earl of Winchester, and his son of the
+      same name, both favourites of Edward II., and both hanged in 1326. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford, favourite of Richard II.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: See No. 17, <i>ante</i>, and note, p. 95. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: The Bill of Security passed the Scottish Parliament in 1703,
+      but was refused the Royal Assent. It provided for the separation of the
+      Crowns of England and Scotland unless security was given to the latter for
+      full religious and commercial independence. It was again passed in 1704.
+      (See also note in vol. v., p. 336 of present edition.) [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: The writer of the "Letter" does not ascribe this result to
+      the Act of Security, but to the Queen raising some of her servants to the
+      highest degree of power who were unable "to associate with, men of
+      honester principles than themselves," which led to "subjection to the will
+      of an arbitrary junto and to the caprice of an insolent woman." [T. S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: The Duke of Marlborough and Lord Godolphin threatened to
+      resign in February, 1707/8, unless Harley was dismissed. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 10: Prince George died October 28th, 1708. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 11: "The Medley," No. 20 (February 12th) was largely taken up
+      with remarks on this letter, which appeared in "The Examiner," No. 28. See
+      passage there quoted in the note, p. 177. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 12: Crassus was defeated by Orodes, King of Parthia, through the
+      treachery of Ariamnes. After Crassus was beheaded Orodes caused molten
+      gold to be poured into his mouth. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 13: Godolphin. See No. 27, <i>ante</i>, p. 172. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0039" id="link2H_4_0039"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 31.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY FEBRUARY 22, TO THURSDAY MARCH 1, 1710-11.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Quae enim domus tam stabilis, quae tam firma civitas est, quae non
+      odiis atque discidiis funditus possit everti?</i>[2]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If we examine what societies of men are in closest union among themselves,
+      we shall find them either to be those who are engaged in some evil design,
+      or who labour under one common misfortune: Thus the troops of <i>banditti</i>
+      in several countries abroad, the knots of highwaymen in our own nation,
+      the several tribes of sharpers, thieves and pickpockets, with many others,
+      are so firmly knit together, that nothing is more difficult than to break
+      or dissolve their several gangs. So likewise those who are
+      fellow-sufferers under any misfortune, whether it be in reality or
+      opinion, are usually contracted into a very strict union; as we may
+      observe in the Papists throughout this kingdom, under those real
+      difficulties which are justly put on them; and in the several schisms of
+      Presbyterians, and other sects, under that grievous persecution of the
+      modern kind, called want of power. And the reason why such confederacies,
+      are kept so sacred and inviolable, is very plain, because in each of those
+      cases I have mentioned, the whole body is moved by one common spirit, in
+      pursuit of one general end, and the interest of individuals is not crossed
+      by each other, or by the whole.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Now, both these motives are joined to unite the high-flying Whigs at
+      present: they have been always engaged in an evil design, and of late they
+      are faster rivetted by that terrible calamity, the loss of power. So that
+      whatever designs a mischievous crew of dark confederates may possibly
+      entertain, who will stop at no means to compass them, may be justly
+      apprehended from these.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the other side, those who wish well to the public, and would gladly
+      contribute to its service, are apt to differ in their opinions about the
+      methods of promoting it, and when their party flourishes, are sometimes
+      envious at those in power, ready to overvalue their own merit, and be
+      impatient till it is rewarded by the measure they have prescribed for
+      themselves. There is a further topic of contention, which a ruling party
+      is apt to fall into, in relation to retrospections, and enquiry into past
+      miscarriages; wherein some are thought too warm and zealous; others too
+      cool and remiss; while in the meantime these divisions are industriously
+      fomented by the discarded faction; which though it be an old practice,
+      hath been much improved in the schools of the Jesuits, who when they
+      despaired of perverting this nation to popery, by arguments or plots
+      against the state, sent their emissaries to subdivide us into schisms.[3]
+      And this expedient is now with great propriety taken up by our men of
+      incensed moderation, because they suppose themselves able to attack the
+      strongest of our subdivisions, and so subdue us one after another. Nothing
+      better resembles this proceeding, than that famous combat between the
+      Horatii and Curiatii,[4] where two of the former being killed, the third,
+      who remained entire and untouched, was able to kill his three wounded
+      adversaries, after he had divided them by a stratagem. I well know with
+      how tender a hand all this should be touched; yet at the same time I think
+      it my duty to warn the friends as well as expose the enemies of the public
+      weal, and to begin preaching up union upon the first suspicion that any
+      steps are made to disturb it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But the two chief subjects of discontent, which, in most great changes, in
+      the management of public affairs, are apt to breed differences among those
+      who are in possession, are what I have just now mentioned; a desire of
+      punishing the corruptions of former managers; and the rewarding merit,
+      among those who have been any way instrumental or consenting to the
+      change. The first of these is a point so nice, that I shall purposely
+      waive it; but the latter I take to fall properly within my district: By
+      merit I here understand that value which every man puts upon his own
+      deservings from the public. And I believe there could not be a more
+      difficult employment found out, than that of paymaster general to this
+      sort of merit; or a more noisy, crowded place, than a court of judicature,
+      erected to settle and adjust every man's claim upon that article. I
+      imagine, if this had fallen into the fancy of the ancient poets, they
+      would have dressed it up after their manner into an agreeable fiction, and
+      given us a genealogy and description of merit, perhaps not very different
+      from that which follows.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>A Poetical Genealogy and Description of</i> MERIT.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That true Merit, was the son of Virtue and Honour; but that there was
+      likewise a spurious child who usurped the name, and whose parents were
+      Vanity and Impudence. That, at a distance, there was a great resemblance
+      between them, and they were often mistaken for each other. That the
+      bastard issue had a loud shrill voice, which was perpetually employed in
+      cravings and complaints; while the other never spoke louder than a
+      whisper, and was often so bashful that he could not speak at all. That in
+      all great assemblies, the false Merit would step before the true, and
+      stand just in his way; was constantly at court, or great men's levees, or
+      whispering in some minister's ear. That the more you fed him, the more
+      hungry and importunate he grew. That he often passed for the true son of
+      Virtue and Honour, and the genuine for an impostor. That he was born
+      distorted and a dwarf, but by force of art appeared of a handsome shape,
+      and taller than the usual size; and that none but those who were wise and
+      good, as well as vigilant, could discover his littleness or deformity.
+      That the true Merit had been often forced to the indignity of applying to
+      the false, for his credit with those in power, and to keep himself from
+      starving. That he filled the antechambers with a crew of his dependants
+      and creatures, such as projectors, schematises, occasional converts to a
+      party, prostitute flatterers, starveling writers, buffoons, shallow
+      politicians, empty orators, and the like, who all owned him for their
+      patron, and grew discontented if they were not immediately fed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This metaphorical description of false Merit, is, I doubt, calculated for
+      most countries in Christendom; and as to our own, I believe it may be said
+      with a sufficient reserve of charity, that we are fully able to reward
+      every man among us according to his real deservings. And I think I may
+      add, without suspicion of flattery, that never any prince had a ministry
+      with a better judgment to distinguish between false and real merit, than
+      that which is now at the helm; or whose inclination as well as interest it
+      is to encourage the latter. And it ought to be observed, that those great
+      and excellent persons we see at the head of affairs, are of the Qu[een]'s
+      own personal voluntary choice; not forced upon her by any insolent,
+      overgrown favourite; or by the pretended necessity of complying with an
+      unruly faction.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yet these are the persons whom those scandals to the press, in their daily
+      pamphlets and papers, openly revile at so ignominious a rate, as I believe
+      was never tolerated before under any government. For surely no lawful
+      power derived from a prince, should be so far affronted, as to leave those
+      who are in authority exposed to every scurrilous libeller. Because in this
+      point I make a mighty difference between those who are <i>in</i>, and
+      those who are <i>out</i> of power; not upon any regard to their persons,
+      but the stations they are placed in by the sovereign. And if my
+      distinction be right, I think I might appeal to any man, whether if a
+      stranger were to read the invectives which are daily published against the
+      present ministry, and the outrageous fury of the authors against me for
+      censuring the <i>last</i>; he would not conclude the Whigs to be at this
+      time in full possession of power and favour, and the Tories entirely at
+      mercy? But all this now ceases to be a wonder, since the Qu[een] herself
+      is no longer spared; witness the libel published some days ago under the
+      title of "A Letter to Sir J[aco]b B[an]ks,"[5] where the reflections upon
+      her sacred Majesty are much more plain and direct, than ever the
+      "Examiner" thought fit to publish against the most obnoxious persons in a
+      m[inistr]y, discarded for endeavouring the ruin of their prince and
+      country. Caesar indeed threatened to hang the pirates for presuming to
+      disturb him while he was their prisoner aboard their ship.[6] But it was
+      Caesar who did so, and he did it to a crew of public robbers; and it
+      became the greatness of his spirit, for he lived to execute what he had
+      threatened. Had <i>they</i> been in his power, and sent such a message, it
+      could be imputed to nothing but the extremes of impudence, folly or
+      madness.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I had a letter last week relating to Mr. Greenshields[7] an Episcopal
+      clergyman of Scotland, and the writer seems to be a gentleman of that part
+      of Britain. I remember formerly to have read a printed account of Mr.
+      Greenshields's case, who has been prosecuted and silenced for no other
+      reason beside reading divine service, after the manner of the Church of
+      England, to his own congregation, who desired it: though, as the gentleman
+      who writes to me says, there is no law in Scotland against those meetings;
+      and he adds, that the sentence pronounced against Mr. Greenshields, "will
+      soon be affirmed, if some care be not taken to prevent it." I am
+      altogether uninformed in the particulars of this case, and besides to
+      treat it justly, would not come within the compass of my paper; therefore
+      I could wish the gentleman would undertake it in a discourse by itself;
+      and I should be glad he would inform the public in one fact, whether
+      Episcopal assemblies are freely allowed in Scotland? It is notorious that
+      abundance of their clergy fled from thence some years ago into England and
+      Ireland, as from a persecution; but it was alleged by their enemies, that
+      they refused to take the oaths to the government, which however none of
+      them scrupled when they came among us. It is somewhat extraordinary to see
+      our Whigs and fanatics keep such a stir about the sacred Act of
+      Toleration, while their brethren will not allow a connivance in so near a
+      neighbourhood; especially if what the gentleman insists on in his letter
+      be true, that nine parts in ten of the nobility and gentry, and two in
+      three of the commons, be Episcopal; of which one argument he offers, is
+      the present choice of their representatives in both Houses, though opposed
+      to the utmost by the preachings, threatenings and anathemas of the kirk.
+      Such usage to a majority, may, as he thinks, be of dangerous consequence;
+      and I entirely agree with him. If these be the principles of high kirk,
+      God preserve at least the southern parts from their tyranny!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 30 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: Cicero, "De Amicitiâ," vii. "For what family is so firmly
+      rooted, what state so strong, as not to be liable to complete overthrow
+      from hatred and strife."&mdash;G.H. Wells. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: Refers to the October Club. See Swift's "Memoirs Relating to
+      that Change," etc. (vol. v., pp. 385-6 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: The contest is the subject of one of Macaulay's "Lays." Three
+      brothers named Horatius fought with three named Curiatius, and the fight
+      resulted in Publius Horatius being the sole survivor. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: In his letter to the Earl of Peterborough, dated February,
+      1710/1 (Scott, vol. xv., pp. 422-3), Swift speaks more favourably of this
+      pamphlet. His remarks to the Earl throw considerable light on Swift's own
+      position as a Tory: "The piece is shrewdly written; and, in my opinion,
+      not to be answered, otherwise than by disclaiming that sort of passive
+      obedience which the Tories are charged with. This dispute would soon be
+      ended, if the dunces who write on each side would plainly tell us what the
+      object of this passive obedience is in our country; for I dare swear nine
+      in ten of the Whigs will allow it to be the legislature, and as many of
+      the Tories deny it to the prince alone; and I hardly ever saw a Whig and a
+      Tory together, whom I could not immediately reconcile on that article when
+      I made them explain themselves."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The pamphlet was written by a Mr. Benson in reply to Sir Jacob Banks, who,
+      as member for Minehead, had, in 1709-10 presented an address from his
+      constituents in which it was pretty broadly avowed that subjects must obey
+      their monarch, since he was responsible to God alone. The writer of the
+      letter institutes a clever parallel between England and Sweden. See note
+      to No. 14, <i>ante</i>, and No. 34, <i>post</i>, pp. 75 and 216. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: Julius Caesar was captured by pirates off the coast of
+      Miletus (<i>c.</i> 75 B.C.) and held to ransom. The threat of crucifixion
+      he then held out to his captors he afterwards fulfilled. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: The Rev. James Greenshields was imprisoned (September 15th,
+      1709) for conducting in Edinburgh the service according to the English
+      Prayer Book. He appealed to the House of Lords, and the judgment against
+      him was reversed, March 1st. 1710/1 ("Journals of House of Lords," xix).
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0040" id="link2H_4_0040"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 32.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY MARCH 1, TO THURSDAY MARCH 8, 1710-11.
+    </h3>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  <i>&mdash;&mdash;Garrit aniles
+  Ex re fabellas</i>.[2]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      I had last week sent me by an unknown hand, a passage out of Plato,[3]
+      with some hints how to apply it. That author puts a fable into the mouth
+      of Aristophanes, with an account of the original of love. That, mankind
+      was at first created with four arms and legs, and all other parts double
+      to what they are now; till Jupiter, as a punishment for his sins, cleft
+      him in two with a thunderbolt, since which time we are always looking for
+      our <i>other half</i>; and this is the cause of love. But Jupiter
+      threatened, that if they did not mend their manners, he would give them
+      t'other slit, and leave them to hop about in the shape of figures in <i>basso
+      relievo</i>. The effect of this last threatening, my correspondent
+      imagines, is now come to pass; and that as the first splitting was the
+      original of love, by inclining us to search for our t'other half, so the
+      second was the cause of hatred, by prompting us to fly from our other
+      side, and dividing the same body into two, gave each slice the name of a
+      party.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I approve the fable and application, with this refinement upon it. For
+      parties do not only split a nation, but every individual among them,
+      leaving each but half their strength, and wit, and honesty, and good
+      nature; but one eye and ear for their sight and hearing, and equally
+      lopping the rest of the senses: Where parties are pretty equal in a state,
+      no man can perceive one bad quality in his own, or good one in his
+      adversaries. Besides, party being a dry disagreeable subject, it renders
+      conversation insipid or sour, and confines invention. I speak not here of
+      the leaders, but the insignificant crowd of followers in a party, who have
+      been the instruments of mixing it in every condition and circumstance of
+      life. As the zealots among the Jews bound the law about their foreheads,
+      and wrists, and hems of their garments; so the women among us have got the
+      distinguishing marks of party in their muffs, their fans, and their
+      furbelows. The Whig ladies put on their patches in a different manner from
+      the Tories.[4] They have made schisms in the playhouse, and each have
+      their particular sides at the opera: and when a man changes his party, he
+      must infallibly count upon the loss of his mistress. I asked a gentleman
+      the other day, how he liked such a lady? but he would not give me his
+      opinion till I had answered him whether she were a Whig or a Tory. Mr.&mdash;&mdash;[5]
+      since he is known to visit the present m[inist]ry, and lay some time under
+      a suspicion of writing the "Examiner," is no longer a man of wit; his very
+      poems have contracted a stupidity many years after they were printed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Having lately ventured upon a metaphorical genealogy of Merit, I thought
+      it would be proper to add another of Party, or rather, of Faction, (to
+      avoid mistake) not telling the reader whether it be my own or a quotation,
+      till I know how it is approved; but whether I read or dreamed it, the
+      fable is as follows.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "<i>Liberty, the daughter of Oppression, after having brought forth
+      several fair children, as Riches, Arts, Learning, Trade, and many others,
+      was at last delivered of her youngest daughter, called Faction; whom Juno,
+      doing the office of the midwife, distorted in its birth, out of envy to
+      the mother, from whence it derived its peevishness and sickly
+      constitution. However, as it is often the nature of parents to grow most
+      fond of their youngest and disagreeablest children, so it happened with
+      Liberty, who doted on this daughter to such a degree, that by her good
+      will she would never suffer the girl to be out of her sight. As Miss
+      Faction grew up, she became so termagant and froward, that there was no
+      enduring her any longer in Heaven. Jupiter gave her warning to be gone;
+      and her mother rather than forsake her, took the whole family down to
+      earth. She landed at first in Greece, was expelled by degrees through all
+      the Cities by her daughter's ill-conduct; fled afterwards to Italy, and
+      being banished thence, took shelter among the Goths, with whom she passed
+      into most parts of Europe; but driven out every where, she began to lose
+      esteem, and her daughter's faults were imputed to herself. So that at this
+      time, she has hardly a place in the world to retire to. One would wonder
+      what strange qualities this daughter must possess, sufficient to blast the
+      influence of so divine a mother, and the rest of her children: She always
+      affected to keep mean and scandalous company; valuing nobody, but just as
+      they agreed with her in every capricious opinion she thought fit to take
+      up; and rigorously exacting compliance, though she changed her sentiments
+      ever so often. Her great employment was to breed discord among friends and
+      relations, and make up monstrous alliances between those whose
+      dispositions least resembled each other. Whoever offered to contradict
+      her, though in the most insignificant trifle, she would be sure to
+      distinguish by some ignominious appellation, and allow them to have
+      neither honour, wit, beauty, learning, honesty or common sense. She
+      intruded into all companies at the most unseasonable times, mixed at
+      balls, assemblies, and other parties of pleasure; haunted every coffee-
+      house and bookseller's shop, and by her perpetual talking filled all
+      places with disturbance and confusion. She buzzed about the merchant in
+      the Exchange, the divine in his pulpit, and the shopkeeper behind his
+      counter. Above all, she frequented public assemblies, where she sat in the
+      shape of an obscene, ominous bird, ready to prompt her friends as they
+      spoke</i>."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If I understand this fable of Faction right, it ought to be applied to
+      those who set themselves up against the true interest and constitution of
+      their country; which I wish the undertakers for the late m[inistr]y would
+      please to take notice of; or tell us by what figure of speech they pretend
+      to call so great and <i>unforced</i> a majority, with the Qu[een] at the
+      head, by the name of "the Faction": which is unlike the phrase of the
+      Nonjurors, who dignifying one or two deprived bishops, and half a score
+      clergymen of the same stamp, with the title of the "Church of England,"
+      exclude all the rest as schismatics; or like the Presbyterians, laying the
+      same accusation, with equal justice, against the established religion.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And here it may be worth inquiring what are the true characteristics of a
+      faction, or how it is to be distinguished from that great body of the
+      people who are friends to the constitution? The heads of a faction, are
+      usually a set of upstarts, or men ruined in their fortunes, whom some
+      great change in a government, did at first, out of their obscurity produce
+      upon the stage. They associate themselves with those who dislike the old
+      establishment, religious and civil. They are full of new schemes in
+      politics and divinity; they have an incurable hatred against the old
+      nobility, and strengthen their party by dependants raised from the lowest
+      of the people; they have several ways of working themselves into power;
+      but they are sure to be called when a corrupt administration wants to be
+      supported, against those who are endeavouring at a reformation; and they
+      firmly observe that celebrated maxim of preserving power by the same arts
+      it is attained. They act with the spirit of those who believe their <i>time
+      is but short;</i> and their first care is to heap up immense riches at the
+      public expense; in which they have two ends, beside that common one of
+      insatiable avarice; which are, to make themselves necessary, and to keep
+      the Commonwealth in dependence: Thus they hope to compass their design,
+      which is, instead of fitting their principles to the constitution, to
+      alter and adjust the constitution to their own pernicious principles.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is easy determining by this test, to which side the name of faction
+      most properly belongs. But however, I will give them any system of law or
+      regal government, from William the Conqueror to this present time, to try
+      whether they can tally it with their late models; excepting only that of
+      Cromwell, whom perhaps they will reckon for a monarch.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If the present ministry, and so great a majority in the Parliament and
+      Kingdom, be only a faction, it must appear by some actions which answers
+      the idea we usually conceive from that word. Have they abused the
+      prerogatives of the prince, or invaded the rights and liberties of the
+      subject? Have they offered at any dangerous innovations in Church or
+      State? Have they broached any doctrines of heresy, rebellion or tyranny?
+      Have any of them treated their sovereign with insolence, engrossed and
+      sold all her favours, or deceived her by base, gross misrepresentations of
+      her most faithful servants? These are the arts of a faction, and whoever
+      has practised them, they and their followers must take up with the name.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is usually reckoned a Whig principle to appeal to the people; but that
+      is only when they have been so wise as to poison their understandings
+      beforehand: Will they now stand to this appeal, and be determined by their
+      <i>vox populi</i>, to which side their title of faction belongs? And that
+      the people are now left to the natural freedom of their understanding and
+      choice, I believe our adversaries will hardly deny. They will now refuse
+      this appeal, and it is reasonable they should; and I will further add,
+      that if our people resembled the old Grecians, there might be danger in
+      such a trial. A pragmatical orator told a great man at Athens, that
+      whenever the people were in their rage, they would certainly tear him to
+      pieces; "Yes," says the other, "and they will do the same to you, whenever
+      they are in their wits." But God be thanked, our populace is more merciful
+      in their nature, and at present under better direction; and the orators
+      among us have attempted to confound both prerogative and law, in their
+      sovereign's presence, and before the highest court of judicature, without
+      any hazard to their persons.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 31 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: Horace, "Satires," II. vi. 77-8. "To club his part in pithy
+      tales."&mdash;P. FRANCIS. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: The "Symposium," 189-192. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: See "The Spectator," No. 81 (June 2nd, 1711): "Their patches
+      were placed in those different situations, as party signals to distinguish
+      friends from foes." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: Matthew Prior. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0041" id="link2H_4_0041"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 33.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY MARCH 8, TO THURSDAY MARCH 15, 1710-11.[2]
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Non ea est medicina, cum sanae parti corporis scalpellum adhibetur,
+      atque integrae; carnificina est ista, et crudelitas. Hi medentur
+      Reipublicae qui exsecant pestem aliquam, tanquam strumam Civitatis</i>.[3]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am diverted from the general subject of my discourses, to reflect upon
+      an event of a very extraordinary and surprising nature: A great minister,
+      in high confidence with the Queen, under whose management the weight of
+      affairs at present is in a great measure supposed to lie; sitting in
+      council, in a royal palace, with a dozen of the chief officers of the
+      state, is stabbed at the very board,[4] in the execution of his office, by
+      the hand of a French Papist, then under examination for high treason. The
+      assassin redoubles his blow, to make sure work; and concluding the
+      chancellor was dispatched, goes on with the same rage to murder a
+      principal secretary of state: and that whole noble assembly are forced to
+      rise, and draw their swords in their own defence, as if a wild beast had
+      been let loose among them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This fact hath some circumstances of aggravation not to be paralleled by
+      any of the like kind we meet with in history. Caesar's murder being
+      performed in the Senate, comes nearest to the case; but that was an affair
+      concerted by great numbers of the chief senators, who were likewise the
+      actors in it, and not the work of a vile, single ruffian. Harry the Third
+      of France was stabbed by an enthusiastic friar,[5] whom he suffered to
+      approach his person, while those who attended him stood at some distance.
+      His successor met the same fate in a coach, where neither he nor his
+      nobles, in such a confinement, were able to defend themselves. In our own
+      country we have, I think, but one instance of this sort, which has made
+      any noise, I mean that of Felton, about fourscore years ago: but he took
+      the opportunity to stab the Duke of Buckingham in passing through a dark
+      lobby, from one room to another:[6] The blow was neither seen nor heard,
+      and the murderer might have escaped, if his own concern and horror, as it
+      is usual in such cases, had not betrayed him. Besides, that act of Felton
+      will admit of some extenuation, from the motives he is said to have had:
+      but this attempt of Guiscard seems to have outdone them all in every
+      heightening circumstance, except the difference of persons between a king
+      and a great minister: for I give no allowance at all to the difference of
+      success (which however is yet uncertain and depending) nor think it the
+      least alleviation to the crime, whatever it may be to the punishment.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am sensible, it is ill arguing from particulars to generals, and that we
+      ought not to charge upon a nation the crimes of a few desperate villains
+      it is so unfortunate to produce: Yet at the same time it must be avowed,
+      that the French have for these last centuries, been somewhat too liberal
+      of their daggers, upon the persons of their greatest men; such as the
+      Admiral de Coligny,[7] the Dukes of Guise,[8] father and son, and the two
+      kings I last mentioned. I have sometimes wondered how a people, whose
+      genius seems wholly turned to singing and dancing, and prating, to vanity
+      and impertinence; who lay so much weight upon modes and gestures; whose
+      essentialities are generally so very superficial; who are usually so
+      serious upon trifles, and so trifling upon what is serious, have been
+      capable of committing such solid villanies; more suitable to the gravity
+      of a Spaniard, or silence and thoughtfulness of an Italian: unless it be,
+      that in a nation naturally so full of themselves, and of so restless
+      imaginations, when any of them happen to be of a morose and gloomy
+      constitution, that huddle of confused thoughts, for want of evaporating,
+      usually terminates in rage or despair. D'Avila[9] observes, that Jacques
+      Clément was a sort of buffoon, whom the rest of the friars used to make
+      sport with: but at last, giving his folly a serious turn, it ended in
+      enthusiasm, and qualified him for that desperate act of murdering his
+      king.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But in the Marquis de Guiscard there seems to have been a complication of
+      ingredients for such an attempt: He had committed several enormities in
+      France, was extremely prodigal and vicious; of a dark melancholy
+      complexion, and cloudy countenance, such as in vulgar physiognomy is
+      called an ill look. For the rest, his talents were very mean, having a
+      sort of inferior cunning, but very small abilities; so that a great man of
+      the late m[inist]ry, by whom he was invited over,[10] and with much
+      discretion raised at first step from a profligate popish priest to a
+      lieutenant-general, and colonel of a regiment of horse, was forced at last
+      to drop him for shame.[11]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Had such an accident happened[12] under that m[inis]try, and to so
+      considerable a member of it, they would have immediately charged it upon
+      the whole body of those they are pleased to call "the faction." This would
+      have been styled a high-church principle; the clergy would have been
+      accused as promoters and abettors of the fact; com[mittee]s would have
+      been sent to promise the criminal his life provided they might have
+      liberty to direct and dictate his confession: and a black list would have
+      been printed of all those who had been ever seen in the murderer's
+      company. But the present men in power hate and despise all such detestable
+      arts, which they might now turn upon their adversaries with much more
+      plausibility, than ever these did their honourable negotiations with
+      Gregg.[13]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And here it may be worth observing how unanimous a concurrence there is
+      between some persons once in great power, and a French Papist; both
+      agreeing in the great end of taking away Mr. Harley's life, though
+      differing in their methods: the first proceeding by subornation, the other
+      by violence; wherein Guiscard seems to have the advantage, as aiming no
+      further than his life; while the others designed to destroy at once both
+      that and his reputation. The malice of both against this gentleman seems
+      to have risen from the same cause, his discovering designs against the
+      government. It was Mr. Harley who detected the treasonable correspondence
+      of Gregg, and secured him betimes; when a certain great man who shall be
+      nameless, had, out of the depth of his politics, sent him a caution to
+      make his escape; which would certainly have fixed the appearance of
+      guilt[14] upon Mr. Harley: but when that was prevented, they would have
+      enticed the condemned criminal with promise of a pardon, to write and sign
+      an accusation against the secretary. But to use Gregg's own expression,
+      "His death was nothing near so ignominious, as would have been such a life
+      that must be saved by prostituting his conscience." The same gentleman
+      lies now stabbed by his other enemy, a Popish spy, whose treason he has
+      discovered. God preserve the rest of her Majesty's ministers from such
+      Protestants, and from such Papists!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I shall take occasion to hint at some particularities in this surprising
+      fact, for the sake of those at distance, or who may not be thoroughly
+      informed.[15] The murderer confessed in Newgate, that his chief design was
+      against Mr. Secretary St. John, who happened to change seats with Mr.
+      Harley, for more convenience of examining the criminal:[16] and being
+      asked what provoked him to stab the chancellor? he said, that not being
+      able to come at the secretary, as he intended, it was some satisfaction to
+      murder the person whom he thought Mr. St. John loved best.[17]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And here, if Mr. Harley has still any enemies left, whom his blood spilt
+      in the public service cannot reconcile, I hope they will at least admire
+      his magnanimity, which is a quality esteemed even in an enemy: and I think
+      there are few greater instances of it to be found in story. After the
+      wound was given, he was observed neither to change his countenance, nor
+      discover any concern or disorder in his speech: he rose up, and walked
+      along the room while he was able, with the greatest tranquillity, during
+      the midst of the confusion. When the surgeon came, he took him aside, and
+      desired he would inform him freely whether the wound were mortal, because
+      in that case, he said, he had some affairs to settle, relating to his
+      family. The blade of the penknife, broken by the violence of the blow
+      against a rib, within a quarter of an inch of the handle, was dropt out (I
+      know not whether from the wound, or his clothes) as the surgeon was going
+      to dress him; he ordered it to be taken up, and wiping it himself, gave it
+      some body to keep, saying, he thought "it now properly belonging to him."
+      He shewed no sort of resentment, or spoke one violent word against
+      Guiscard, but appeared all the while the least concerned of any in the
+      company&mdash;a state of mind, which in such an exigency, nothing but
+      innocence can give, and is truly worthy of a Christian philosopher.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If there be really so great a difference in principle between the
+      high-flying Whigs, and the friends of France, I cannot but repeat the
+      question, how come they to join in the destruction of the same man? Can
+      his death be possibly for the interest of both? or have they both the same
+      quarrel against him, that he is perpetually discovering and preventing the
+      treacherous designs of our enemies? However it be, this great minister may
+      now say with St. Paul, that he hath been "in perils by his own countrymen,
+      and in perils by strangers."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the midst of so melancholy a subject, I cannot but congratulate with
+      our own country, that such a savage monster as the Marquis de Guiscard, is
+      none of her production; a wretch perhaps more detestable in his own
+      nature, than even this barbarous act has been yet able to represent him to
+      the world. For there are good reasons to believe, from several
+      circumstances, that he had intentions of a deeper dye, than those he
+      happened to execute;[18] I mean such as every good subject must tremble to
+      think on. He hath of late been frequently seen going up the back stairs at
+      court, and walking alone in an outer room adjoining to her Ma[jest]y's
+      bed-chamber. He has often and earnestly pressed for some time to have
+      access to the Qu[een], even since his correspondence with France; and he
+      has now given such a proof of his disposition, as leaves it easy to guess
+      what was before in his thoughts, and what he was capable of attempting.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is humbly to be hoped, that the legislature[19] will interpose on so
+      extraordinary an occasion as this, and direct a punishment[20] some way
+      proportionable to so execrable a crime.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  <i>Et quicunque tuum violavit vulnere corpus,
+  Morte luat merita</i>&mdash;&mdash;[21]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 32 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: To this number the writer of "The Political State of Great
+      Britain" made a pretty tart reply. In the issue for April, 1711, pp.
+      315-320 he says: "One of the Tory writers, shall I call him? or rather
+      libellers&mdash;one who presumptuously sets up for an Examiner&mdash;who,
+      in order, as he fondly expects, to make his court to some men in power,
+      with equal insolence and malice, makes it his weekly business to slander
+      the moderate party; who, without the least provocation, brandishes his
+      virulent pen against the best men ... instances in the murders of Caesar,
+      Henry III. and Henry IV. of France, and of the Duke of Buckingham; and
+      having extenuated the last, 'from the motives Felton is said to have had,'
+      he concludes," etc. The writer further goes on to say: "As to the
+      imputation of villanous assassinations, which the Examiner charges so home
+      on the French nation, I am heartily sorry he has given them so fair an
+      opportunity to retort the unfair and unjust argument from particulars to
+      generals. For, without mentioning Felton, whose crime this writer has
+      endeavoured <i>to extenuate</i>, no foreign records can afford a greater
+      number of murders, parricides, and, to use the Examiner's expression,
+      solid villanies, than our English history." Swift retorted on this writer
+      in No. 42, <i>post</i>, pp. 276, 277. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: Cicero, "Pro Sestio," 65. "But that is not a remedy when the
+      knife is applied to some sound and healthy part of the body; that is the
+      act of an executioner and mere inhumanity. Those are the men who really
+      apply healing remedies to the republic, who cut out some pestilence as if
+      it were a wen on the person of the state."&mdash;C.D. YONGE. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: This refers to the attempted assassination of Harley and St.
+      John by the Marquis de Guiscard. See Swift's "Memoirs Relating to that
+      Change," etc. (vol. v., pp. 387-9 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: Henri III. was assassinated by Jacques Clément, a Dominican
+      friar, August 1st, 1589. Henri IV. was assassinated by François Ravaillac,
+      May 14th, 1610. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: George Villiers, fourth Duke of Buckingham, was stabbed by
+      Lieut. John Felton, August 23rd, 1628. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: Admiral de Coligny was assassinated August 23rd, 1572.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: Francois de Lorraine, Due de Guise, was shot in 1563. His son
+      and successor (Henri le Balafré) was killed December 23rd, 1588. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: Davila was the author of "Historia delle Guerre Civili di
+      Francia" (<i>c.</i> 1630). He was assassinated in 1631. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 10: "The first thing I would beg of this libeller," asks "The
+      Medley" (No. 25, March 19th, 1711), "is to make out what he affirms of his
+      being 'invited over.' If he would but prove that one particular, I would
+      forgive him all his lies past and yet to come."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Of course. Swift's extreme phrase of "invited over" referred to the fact
+      that Guiscard had a Whig commission in the army. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 11: Antoine de Guiscard, at one time Abbé de la Bourlie, was
+      born in 1658. For misconduct he was compelled, in 1703, to forsake his
+      benefice and his country, and he undertook the cause of the Protestant
+      Camisards in the Cevennes, in their insurrection against Louis XIV. It is
+      known that he had been envoy to Turin, and had received a pension from
+      Holland. On taking refuge in England he obtained a pension from the
+      government, and by means of the influence of the Duke of Ormonde, who was
+      his brother's friend, became a frequenter in fashionable circles. The
+      death, however, of his friend Count Briançon seems to have deprived him of
+      means. He fell into bad ways, became poor, and solicited a pension from
+      the Queen, through St. John whose acquaintance he had made. A pension of
+      £500 was granted him; but this sum Harley reduced. Afraid that even this
+      means of a livelihood would be taken from him he opened a treasonable
+      correspondence with one Moreau, a Parisian banker. The rest of the story
+      of this poor wretch's life may be gathered from the excellent account of
+      the Harley-Guiscard incident given by W. Sichel in his "Bolingbroke and
+      his Times" (pp. 308-313).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      N. Luttrell has several entries in his Diary relating to Guiscard and the
+      attempted assassination of Harley, and there is a long account of him in
+      Boyer's "Political State" (vol. i., pp. 275-314). See also Portland MS.,
+      vol. iv., Wentworth Papers, and Swift's "Journal to Stella," and "Some
+      Remarks," etc. (vol. v. of present edition). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 12: "Had such an accident ... against the secretary." The writer
+      of "A Letter to the Seven Lords" (1711) quotes this passage, and remarks
+      that "The Examiner" "intended seriously to charge you all, with
+      subornation, in order to proceed to murder." See also Swift's "Some
+      Remarks," etc. (vol. v., pp. 29-53 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 13: See note on p. 263. Also note on p. 30 of vol. v. of present
+      edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 14: William Gregg declared in his last confession that Mr.
+      Harley "was not privy to my writing to France, directly nor indirectly,"
+      and he thanked God for touching his "conscience so powerfully ... as to
+      prevent my prostituting the same to save my life."&mdash;"William Gregg's
+      Paper," "Published by Authority," 1708. Gregg told the Rev. Paul Lorrain
+      "that he was profferred his life, and a great reward, if he would accuse
+      his master" (F. Hoffman's "Secret Transactions," 1711, p. 8). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 15: Swift furnished Mrs. Manley with hints for her pamphlet
+      entitled, "A True Narrative Of what pass'd at the Examination Of the
+      Marquis De Guiscard," 1711. See note on p. 41 of vol. v. of present
+      edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 16: "The matter was thus represented in the weekly paper called
+      'The Examiner'; which Mr. St. John perused before it was printed, but made
+      no alteration in that passage." Swift's "Memoirs Relating to that Change,"
+      etc. (vol v., p. 389 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 17: Guiscard could hardly have been aware of St. John's true
+      sentiments towards Harley. In 1717 Bolingbroke, writing in his "Letter to
+      Sir William Windham," says: "I abhorred Oxford to that degree, that I
+      could not bear to be joined with him in any case" (edit. 1753, p. 94). And
+      yet, when it was feared that Harley might die from his wound, St. John
+      remarked to Swift that "he was but an ill dissembler" and Harley's life
+      was "absolutely necessary." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 18: "It was thought he had a design against the Queen's person,
+      for he had tried by all the ways that he could contrive to be admitted to
+      speak with her in private." (BURNET'S "Own Times," ii., 566). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 19: An Act to make an Attempt on the Life of a Privy Councillor
+      in the Execution of his Office to be Felony without Benefit of Clergy (9
+      Ann. c. 21). This Act, which indemnified all those who had caused
+      Guiscard's death, was recommended in a Royal Message, March 14th,
+      introduced April 5th, passed the House of Commons, April 19th, and
+      received the Royal Assent, May 16th, 1711. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 20: Writing to Stella, under date March 15th, Swift says: "I am
+      sorry he [Guiscard] is dying; for they had found out a way to hang him. He
+      certainly had an intention to murder the Queen." Two days later he says:
+      "The coroner's inquest have found that he was killed by bruises received
+      from a messenger, so to clear the cabinet counsellors from whom he
+      received his wounds." (Vol. ii., p. 139 of present edition.) [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 21: "He who profaned thy body by a wound Must pay the penalty of
+      death." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0042" id="link2H_4_0042"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 34.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY MARCH 15, TO THURSDAY MARCH 22, 1710-11.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>De Libertate retinenda, qua certe nihil est dulcius, tibi assentior.</i>[2]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The apologies of the ancient Fathers are reckoned to have been the most
+      useful parts of their writings, and to have done greatest service to the
+      Christian religion, because they removed those misrepresentations which
+      had done it most injury. The methods these writers took, was openly and
+      freely to discover every point of their faith, to detect the falsehood of
+      their accusers, and to charge nothing upon their adversaries but what they
+      were sure to make good. This example has been ill followed of later times;
+      the Papists since the Reformation using all arts to palliate the
+      absurdities of their tenets, and loading the Reformers with a thousand
+      calumnies; the consequence of which has been only a more various, wide,
+      and inveterate separation. It is the same thing in civil schisms: a Whig
+      forms an image of a Tory, just after the thing he most abhors, and that
+      image serves to represent the whole body.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am not sensible of any material difference there is between those who
+      call themselves the Old Whigs, and a great majority of the present Tories;
+      at least by all I could ever find, from examining several persons of each
+      denomination. But it must be confessed that the present body of Whigs, as
+      they now constitute that party, is a very odd mixture of mankind, being
+      forced to enlarge their bottom by taking in every heterodox professor
+      either in religion or government, whose opinions they were obliged to
+      encourage for fear of lessening their number; while the bulk of the landed
+      men and people were entirely of the old sentiments. However, they still
+      pretended a due regard to the monarchy and the Church, even at the time
+      when they were making the largest steps towards the ruin of both: but not
+      being able to wipe off the many accusations laid to their charge, they
+      endeavoured, by throwing of scandal, to make the Tories appear blacker
+      than themselves, that so the people might join with <i>them</i>, as the
+      smaller evil of the two.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But among all the reproaches which the Whigs have flung upon their
+      adversaries, there is none hath done them more service than that of <i>passive
+      obedience</i>, as they represent it, with the consequences of
+      non-resistance, arbitrary power, indefeasible right, tyranny, popery, and
+      what not? There is no accusation which has passed with more plausibility
+      than this, nor any that is supported with less justice. In order therefore
+      to undeceive those who have been misled by false representations, I
+      thought it would be no improper undertaking to set this matter in a fair
+      light, which I think has not yet been done. A Whig asks whether you hold
+      passive obedience? you affirm it: he then immediately cries out, "You are
+      a Jacobite, a friend of France and the Pretender;" because he makes you
+      answerable for the definition he has formed of that term, however
+      different it be from what you understand. I will therefore give two
+      descriptions of passive obedience; the first as it is falsely charged by
+      the Whigs; the other as it is really professed by the Tories, at least by
+      nineteen in twenty of all I ever conversed with.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Passive Obedience as charged by the Whigs.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The doctrine of passive obedience is to believe that a king, even in a
+      limited monarchy, holding his power only from God, is only answerable to
+      Him. That such a king is above all law, that the cruellest tyrant must be
+      submitted to in all things; and if his commands be ever so unlawful, you
+      must neither fly nor resist, nor use any other weapons than prayers and
+      tears. Though he should force your wife or daughter, murder your children
+      before your face, or cut off five hundred heads in a morning for his
+      diversion, you are still to wish him a long prosperous reign, and to be
+      patient under all his cruelties, with the same resignation as under a
+      plague or a famine; because to resist him would be to resist God in the
+      person of His vicegerent. If a king of England should go through the
+      streets of London, in order to murder every man he met, passive obedience
+      commands them to submit. All laws made to limit him signify nothing,
+      though passed by his own consent, if he thinks fit to break them. God will
+      indeed call him to a severe account, but the whole people, united to a
+      man, cannot presume to hold his hands, or offer him the least active
+      disobedience. The people were certainly created for him, and not he for
+      the people. His next heir, though worse than what I have described, though
+      a fool or a madman, has a divine undefeasible right to succeed him, which
+      no law can disannul; nay though he should kill his father upon the throne,
+      he is immediately king to all intents and purposes, the possession of the
+      crown wiping off all stains. But whosoever sits on the throne without this
+      title, though never so peaceably, and by consent of former kings and
+      parliaments, is an usurper, while there is any where in the world another
+      person who hath a nearer hereditary right, and the whole kingdom lies
+      under mortal sin till that heir be restored; because he has a divine title
+      which no human law can defeat.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This and a great deal more hath, in a thousand papers[3] and pamphlets,
+      been laid to that doctrine of passive obedience, which the Whigs are
+      pleased to charge upon us. This is what they perpetually are instilling
+      into the people to believe, as the undoubted principles by which the
+      present ministry, and a great majority in Parliament, do at this time
+      proceed. This is what they accuse the clergy of delivering from the
+      pulpits, and of preaching up as doctrines absolutely necessary to
+      salvation. And whoever affirms in general, that passive obedience is due
+      to the supreme power, he is presently loaden by our candid adversaries
+      with such consequences as these. Let us therefore see what this doctrine
+      is, when stripped of such misrepresentations, by describing it as really
+      taught and practised by the Tories, and then it will appear what grounds
+      our adversaries have to accuse us upon this article.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Passive Obedience, as professed and practised by the Tories.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>They think that in every government, whether monarchy or republic,
+      there is placed a supreme, absolute, unlimited power, to which passive
+      obedience is due. That wherever is entrusted the power of making laws,
+      that power is without all bounds, can repeal or enact at pleasure whatever
+      laws it thinks fit, and justly demands universal obedience and
+      non-resistance. That among us, as every body knows, this power is lodged
+      in the king or queen, together with the lords and commons of the kingdom;
+      and therefore all decrees whatsoever, made by that power, are to be
+      actively or passively obeyed. That the administration or executive part of
+      this power is in England solely entrusted with the prince, who in
+      administering those laws, ought to be no more resisted than the
+      legislative power itself. But they do not conceive the same absolute
+      passive obedience to be due to a limited prince's commands, when they are
+      directly contrary to the laws he has consented to, and sworn to maintain.
+      The crown may be sued as well as a private person; and if an arbitrary
+      king of England should send his officers to seize my lands or goods
+      against law, I can lawfully resist them. The ministers by whom he acts are
+      liable to prosecution and impeachment, though his own person be sacred.
+      But if he interposes his royal authority to support their insolence, I see
+      no remedy, till it grows a general grievance, or till the body of the
+      people have reason to apprehend it will be so; after which it becomes a
+      case of necessity, and then I suppose a free people may assert their own
+      rights, yet without any violation to the person or lawful power of the
+      prince. But although the Tories allow all this, and did justify it by the
+      share they had in the Revolution, yet they see no reason for entering upon
+      so ungrateful a subject, or raising controversies upon it, as if we were
+      in daily apprehensions of tyranny, under the reign of so excellent a
+      princess, and while we have so many laws[4] of late years made to limit
+      the prerogative; when according to the judgment of those who know our
+      constitution best, things rather seem to lean to the other extreme, which
+      is equally to be avoided. As to the succession; the Tories think an
+      hereditary right to be the best in its own nature, and most agreeable to
+      our old constitution; yet at the same time they allow it to be defeasible
+      by Act of Parliament, and so is</i> Magna Charta <i>too, if the
+      legislature thinks fit; which is a truth so manifest, that no man who
+      understands the nature of government, can be in doubt concerning it.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      These I take to be the sentiments of a great majority among the Tories,
+      with respect to passive obedience: and if the Whigs insist, from the
+      writings or common talk of warm and ignorant men, to form a judgment of
+      the whole body, according to the first account I have here given, I will
+      engage to produce as many of their side, who are utterly against passive
+      obedience even to the legislature; who will assert the last resort of
+      power to be in the people, against those whom they have chosen and trusted
+      as their representatives, with the prince at the head; and who will put
+      wild improbable cases to shew the reasonableness and necessity of
+      resisting the legislative power, in such imaginary junctures. Than which
+      however nothing can be more idle; for I dare undertake in any system of
+      government, either speculative or practic, that was ever yet in the world,
+      from Plato's "Republic" to Harrington's "Oceana,"[5] to put such
+      difficulties as cannot be answered.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      All the other calumnies raised by the Whigs may be as easily wiped off;
+      and I have charity to wish they could as fully answer the just accusations
+      we have against them. Dodwell, Hicks, and Lesley,[6] are gravely quoted,
+      to prove that the Tories design to bring in the Pretender; and if I should
+      quote them to prove that the same thing is intended by the Whigs, it would
+      be full as reasonable, since I am sure they have at least as much to do
+      with Nonjurors as we. But our objections against the Whigs are built upon
+      their constant practice for many years, whereof I have produced a hundred
+      instances, against any single one of which no answer hath yet been
+      attempted, though I have been curious enough to look into all the papers I
+      could meet with that are writ against the "Examiner"; such a task as I
+      hope no man thinks I would undergo for any other end, but that of finding
+      an opportunity to own and rectify my mistakes; as I would be ready to do
+      upon call of the meanest adversary. Upon which occasion, I shall take
+      leave to add a few words.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I flattered myself last Thursday, from the nature of my subject, and the
+      inoffensive manner I handled it, that I should have one week's respite
+      from those merciless pens, whose severity will some time break my heart;
+      but I am deceived, and find them more violent than ever. They charge me
+      with two lies and a blunder. The first lie is a truth, that Guiscard was
+      invited over:[7] but it is of no consequence; I do not tax it as a fault;
+      such sort of men have often been serviceable: I only blamed the
+      indiscretion of raising a profligate abbot, at the first step, to a
+      lieutenant-general and colonel of a regiment of horse, without staying
+      some reasonable time, as is usual in such cases, till he had given some
+      proofs of his fidelity, as well as of that interest and credit he
+      pretended to have in his country: But that is said to be another lie, for
+      he was a Papist, and could not have a regiment. However this other lie is
+      a truth too; for a regiment he had, and paid by us, to his agent Monsieur
+      Le Bas, for his use. The third is a blunder, that I say Guiscard's design
+      was against Mr. Secretary St. John, and yet my reasonings upon it, are, as
+      if it were personal against Mr. Harley. But I say no such thing, and my
+      reasonings are just; I relate only what Guiscard said in Newgate, because
+      it was a particularity the reader might be curious to know (and
+      accordingly it lies in a paragraph by itself, after my reflections)[8] but
+      I never meant to be answerable for what Guiscard said, or thought it of
+      weight enough for me to draw conclusions from thence, when I had the
+      Address of both Houses to direct me better; where it is expressly said,[9]
+      "That Mr. Harley's fidelity to her Majesty, and zeal for her service, have
+      drawn upon him the hatred of all the abettors of Popery and faction."[10]
+      This is what I believe, and what I shall stick to.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But alas, these are not the passages which have raised so much fury
+      against me. One or two mistakes in facts of no importance, or a single
+      blunder, would not have provoked them; they are not so tender of my
+      reputation as a writer. All their outrage is occasioned by those passages
+      in that paper, which they do not in the least pretend to answer, and with
+      the utmost reluctancy are forced to mention. They take abundance of pains
+      to clear Guiscard from a design against Mr. Harley's life, but offer not
+      one argument to clear their other friends, who in the business of Gregg,
+      were equally guilty of the same design against the same person; whose
+      tongues were very swords, and whose penknives were axes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 33 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: Cicero, "Ep. ad Att.," xv. 13. "As to the maintenance of
+      liberty&mdash;surely the most precious thing in the world&mdash;I agree
+      with you."&mdash;E.S. SHUCKBURGH.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: The following pamphlets may be instanced:&mdash;"Julian the
+      Apostate," [by S. Johnson], 1682; "[Passive Obedience] A Sermon preached
+      before the ... Lord Mayor," etc., by B. Calamy, 1683; "Passive Obedience
+      Stated and Asserted," by T. Pomfret, 1683; "The Doctrine of
+      Non-Resistance," [by E. Bohun], 1689; "History of Passive Obedience," [by
+      A. Seller], 1689; "A Discourse concerning the Unreasonableness," etc. [by
+      E. Stillingfleet], 1689; "Christianity, a Doctrine of the Cross," [by J.
+      Kettlewell], 1691; and "The Measures of Submission," by B. Hoadly, 1706.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: The Act declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject (1
+      Will. and Mary, Sess. 2, c. 2), and the Act for the Further Limitation of
+      the Crown (12 and 13 Will. III. c. 2), limited the power of the Crown in
+      various respects. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: "The Commonwealth of Oceana," by James Harrington, 1656.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: Henry Dodwell (1641-1711), non-juror, and author of "An
+      Admonitory Discourse ... Schism" (1704), "Occasional Communion" (1705),
+      etc.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      George Hickes (1642-1715), non-juror. Dean of Worcester (1683-91), and
+      author of "The Pretences of the Prince of Wales Examined, and Rejected"
+      (1701).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Charles Leslie, see No. 16, <i>ante</i>, and note, p. 85. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: "Such, a vile slanderer is the 'Examiner,' who says: 'he was
+      invited over by the late ministry, preferred to a regiment, and made
+      lieut.-general,' when there is an Act of Parliament against Papists being
+      so."&mdash;"The Medley," No. 25 (March 19th). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: See No. 33, <i>ante</i>, p. 212. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: This is fairly quoted, changing the person. See Swift's
+      remarks in the following number. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 10: "A Letter to the Seven Lords" says: "The Examiner knows <i>you</i>
+      are as much intended by 'faction,' as Guiscard was by 'Popery.'" [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0043" id="link2H_4_0043"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 35.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY MARCH 22, TO THURSDAY MARCH 29, 1711.
+    </h3>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  <i>&mdash;Sunt hic etiam sua praemia laudi;
+  Sunt lacrimae rerum, et mentem mortalia tangunt.</i>[2]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      I begin to be heartily weary of my employment as <i>Examiner</i>; which I
+      wish the m[inist]ry would consider, with half so much concern as I do, and
+      assign me some other with less pains, and a larger pension. There may soon
+      be a vacancy, either on the bench, in the revenue, or the army, and I am
+      <i>equally</i> qualified for each: but this trade of <i>Examining</i>, I
+      apprehend may at one time or other go near to sour my temper. I did lately
+      propose that some of those ingenious pens, which are engaged on the other
+      side, might be employed to succeed me, and I undertook to bring them over
+      for <i>t'other crown;</i> but it was answered, that those gentlemen do
+      much better service in the stations where they are. It was added, that
+      abundance of abuses yet remained to be laid open to the world, which I had
+      often promised to do, but was too much diverted by other subjects that
+      came into my head. On the other side, the advice of some friends, and the
+      threats of many enemies, have put me upon considering what would become of
+      me if <i>times should alter.</i> This I have done very maturely, and the
+      result is, that I am in no manner of pain. I grant, that what I have said
+      upon occasion, concerning the late men in power, may be called satire by
+      some unthinking people, as long as that faction is down; but if ever they
+      come into play again, I must give them warning beforehand, that I shall
+      expect to be a favourite, and that those pretended advocates of theirs,
+      will be pilloried for libellers. For I appeal to any man, whether I ever
+      charged that party, or its leaders, with one single action or design,
+      which (if we may judge by their former practices) they will not openly
+      profess, be proud of, and score up for merit, when they come again to the
+      head of affairs? I said, they were insolent to the Qu[een]; will they not
+      value themselves upon that, as an argument to prove them bold assertors of
+      the people's liberty? I affirmed they were against a peace; will they be
+      angry with me for setting forth the refinements of their politics, in
+      pursuing the <i>only</i> method left to preserve them in power? I said,
+      they had involved the nation in debts, and engrossed much of its money;
+      they go beyond me, and boast they have got it all, and the credit too. I
+      have urged the probability of their intending great alterations in
+      religion and government: if they destroy both at their next coming, will
+      they not reckon my foretelling it, rather as a panegyric than an affront?
+      I said,[3] they had formerly a design against Mr. H[arle]y's life: if they
+      were now in power, would they not immediately cut off his head, and thank
+      me for justifying the sincerity of their intentions? In short, there is
+      nothing I ever said of those worthy patriots, which may not be as well
+      excused; therefore, as soon as they resume their places, I positively
+      design to put in my claim; and, I think, may do it with much better grace,
+      than many of that party who now make their court to the present
+      m[inist]ry. I know two or three great men, at whose levees you may daily
+      observe a score of the most forward faces, which every body is ashamed of,
+      except those that wear them. But I conceive my pretensions will be upon a
+      very different foot: Let me offer a parallel case. Suppose, King Charles
+      the First had entirely subdued the rebels at Naseby, and reduced the
+      kingdom to his obedience: whoever had gone about to reason, from the
+      former conduct of those <i>saints</i>, that if the victory had fallen on
+      their side, they would have murdered their prince, destroyed monarchy and
+      the Church and made the king's party compound for their estates as
+      delinquents; would have been called a false, uncharitable libeller, by
+      those very persons who afterwards gloried in all this, and called it the
+      "work of the Lord," when they happened to succeed. I remember there was a
+      person fined and imprisoned for <i>scandalum magnatum</i>, because he said
+      the Duke of York was a Papist; but when that prince came to be king, and
+      made open profession of his religion, he had the justice immediately to
+      release his prisoner, who in his opinion had put a compliment upon him,
+      and not a reproach: and therefore Colonel Titus,[4] who had warmly
+      asserted the same thing in Parliament, was made a privy-councillor.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      By this rule, if that which, for some politic reasons, is now called
+      scandal upon the late m[inist]ry, proves one day to be only an abstract of
+      such a character as they will assume and be proud of; I think I may fairly
+      offer my pretensions, and hope for their favour. And I am the more
+      confirmed in this notion by what I have observed in those papers, that
+      come weekly out against the "Examiner." The authors are perpetually
+      telling me of my ingratitude to my masters, that I blunder, and betray the
+      cause; and write with more bitterness against those that hire me, than
+      against the Whigs. Now I took all this at first only for so many strains
+      of wit, and pretty paradoxes to divert the reader; but upon further
+      thinking I find they are serious. I imagined I had complimented the
+      present ministry for their dutiful behaviour to the Queen; for their love
+      of the old constitution in Church and State; for their generosity and
+      justice, and for their desire of a speedy, honourable peace: but it seems
+      I am mistaken, and they reckon all this for satire, because it is directly
+      contrary to the practice of all those whom they set up to defend, and
+      utterly against all their notions of a good ministry. Therefore I cannot
+      but think they have reason on their side: for suppose I should write the
+      character of an honest, a religious, and a learned man; and send the first
+      to Newgate, the second to the Grecian Coffee-house, and the last to
+      White's;[5] would they not all pass for satires, and justly enough, among
+      the companies to whom they were sent?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Having therefore employed several papers in such sort of panegyrics, and
+      but very few on what they understand to be satires; I shall henceforth
+      upon occasion be more liberal of the latter, of which they are like to
+      have a taste, in the remainder of this present paper.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Among all the advantages which the kingdom hath received by the late
+      change of ministry, the greatest must be allowed to be the calling of the
+      present Parliament, upon the dissolution of the last. It is acknowledged,
+      that this excellent assembly hath entirely recovered the honour of
+      P[arliamen]ts, which had been unhappily prostituted for some years past by
+      the factious proceedings of an unnatural majority, in concert with a most
+      corrupt administration. It is plain, by the present choice of members,
+      that the electors of England, when left to themselves, do rightly
+      understand their true interest. The moderate Whigs begin to be convinced
+      that we have been all this while in wrong hands, and that things are now
+      as they should be. And as the present House of Commons is the best
+      representative of the nation that hath ever been summoned in our memories;
+      so they have taken care in their first session, by that noble Bill of
+      Qualification,[6] that future Parliaments should be composed of landed
+      men, and our properties lie no more at mercy of those who have none
+      themselves, or at least only what is transient or imaginary. If there be
+      any gratitude in posterity, the memory of this assembly will be always
+      celebrated; if otherwise, at least we, who share in the blessings they
+      derive to us, ought with grateful hearts to acknowledge them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I design, in some following papers, to draw up a list (for I can do no
+      more) of the great things this Parliament hath already performed, the many
+      abuses they have detected; their justice in deciding elections without
+      regard of party; their cheerfulness and address in raising supplies for
+      the war, and at the same time providing for the nation's debts; their duty
+      to the Queen, and their kindness to the Church. In the mean time I cannot
+      forbear mentioning two particulars, which in my opinion do discover, in
+      some measure, the temper of the present Parliament; and bear analogy to
+      those passages related by Plutarch, in the lives of certain great men;
+      which, as himself observes, "Though they be not of actions which make any
+      great noise or figure in history, yet give more light into the characters
+      of persons, than we could receive from an account of their most renowned
+      achievements."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Something like this may be observed from two late instances of decency and
+      good nature, in that illustrious assembly I am speaking of. The first was,
+      when after that inhuman attempt upon Mr. Harley, they were pleased to vote
+      an Address to the Queen,[7] wherein they express their utmost detestation
+      of the fact, their high esteem and great concern for that able minister,
+      and justly impute his misfortunes to that zeal for her Majesty's service,
+      which had "drawn upon him the hatred of all the abettors of Popery and
+      faction." I dare affirm, that so distinguishing a mark of honour and good
+      will from such a Parliament, was more acceptable to a person of Mr.
+      H[arle]y's generous nature, than the most bountiful grant that was ever
+      yet made to a subject; as her Majesty's answer, filled with gracious
+      expressions in his favour, adds more to his real glory, than any <i>titles</i>
+      she could bestow. The prince and representatives of the whole kingdom,
+      join in their concern for so important a life. These are the true rewards
+      of virtue, and this is the commerce between noble spirits, in a coin which
+      the giver knows where to bestow, and the receiver how to value, though
+      neither avarice nor ambition would be able to comprehend its worth.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The other instance I intended to produce of decency and good nature, in
+      the present House of Commons, relates to their most worthy Speaker;[8] who
+      having unfortunately lost his eldest son,[9] the assembly, moved with a
+      generous pity for so sensible an affliction, adjourned themselves for a
+      week, that so good a servant of the public, might have some interval to
+      wipe away a father's tears: And indeed that gentleman has too just an
+      occasion for his grief, by the death of a son, who had already acquired so
+      great a reputation for every amiable quality, and who might have lived to
+      be so great an honour and an ornament to his ancient family.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Before I conclude, I must desire one favour of the reader, that when he
+      thinks it worth his while to peruse any paper writ against the "Examiner,"
+      he will not form his judgment by any mangled quotation out of it which he
+      finds in such papers, but be so just to read the paragraph referred to;
+      which I am confident will be found a sufficient answer to all that ever
+      those papers can object. At least I have seen above fifty of them, and
+      never yet observed one single quotation transcribed with common candour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote: 1 No. 34 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote: 2 Virgil, "Aeneid," i. 461-2. "Even here Has merit its reward.
+      Woe wakens tears, And mortal sufferings touch the heart of man."&mdash;R.
+      KENNEDY. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: See No. 33, <i>ante</i>, p. 211. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: Silas Titus (1622-1704) was the author of "Killing no
+      Murder," published in 1657. He sat in Parliament successively for
+      Ludgershall, Lostwithiel, Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire, and Ludlow, In
+      1688 he was made a privy councillor. In his notes on Burnet Swift says:
+      "Titus was the greatest rogue in England" (Burnet's "Own Times," i. 11).
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: For the signification of these coffee-houses see the remarks
+      prefixed to the "Tatlers" in this volume, p. 4. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: An Act for Securing the Freedom of Parliaments (9 Ann. c. 5)
+      provided that English members should show a land qualification. It was
+      introduced December 13th, 1710, and received the Royal Assent, February
+      28th. See also No. 45, <i>post</i>, p. 294. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: The Address to the Queen was presented on March 13th, Swift
+      somewhat strengthens the language of the address, the original words
+      stating that the Houses had "to our great concern been informed," etc.;
+      and "we cannot but be most deeply affected to find such an instance of
+      inveterate malice, against one employed in your Majesty's council," etc.
+      The Queen, in her reply, referred to "that barbarous attempt on Mr.
+      Harley, whose zeal and fidelity in my service must appear yet more
+      eminently by that horrid endeavour," etc.&mdash;"Journals of House of
+      Lords," xix.; "Journals of House of Commons," xvi. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: William Bromley (1664-1732) was Speaker from 1710 till 1713.
+      See note on p. 334 of vol. v. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: Clobery Bromley (1688-1711) was elected M.P. for Coventry,
+      December, 1710. Only a few days before his death he had been appointed one
+      of the commissioners to examine the public accounts. "The House being
+      informed [March 20th] that Clobery Bromley, Esq., son to the Speaker, died
+      that morning; out of respect to the father, and to give him time, both to
+      perform the funeral rites, and to indulge his just affliction, they
+      thought fit to adjourn to" the 26th.&mdash;"Hist. and Proc. of House of
+      Commons," iv. 199.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Swift wrote to Stella on the matter under date March 20th, 1711: "The
+      Speaker's eldest son is just dead of the small pox, and the House is
+      adjourned a week, to give him time to wipe off his tears. I think it very
+      handsomely done; but I believe one reason is, that they want Mr. Harley so
+      much" (vol. ii., p. 141 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0044" id="link2H_4_0044"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 36.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY MARCH 29, TO THURSDAY APRIL 5, 1711.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Nullo suo peccato impediantur, quo minus alterius peccata demonstrare
+      possint.</i>[2]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have been considering the old constitution of this kingdom, comparing it
+      with the monarchies and republics whereof we meet so many accounts in
+      ancient story, and with those at present in most parts of Europe: I have
+      considered our religion, established here by the legislature soon after
+      the Reformation: I have likewise examined the genius and disposition of
+      the people, under that reasonable freedom they possess: Then I have turned
+      my reflections upon those two great divisions of Whig and Tory, (which,
+      some way or other, take in the whole kingdom) with the principles they
+      both profess, as well as those wherewith they reproach one another. From
+      all this, I endeavour to determine, from which side her present M[ajest]y
+      may reasonably hope for most security to her person and government, and to
+      which she ought, in prudence, to trust the administration of her affairs.
+      If these two rivals were really no more than <i>parties</i>, according to
+      the common acceptation of the word, I should agree with those politicians
+      who think, a prince descends from his dignity by putting himself at the
+      head of either; and that his wisest course is, to keep them in a balance;
+      raising or depressing either as it best suited with his designs. But when
+      the visible interest of his crown and kingdom lies on one side, and when
+      the other is but a faction, raised and strengthened by incidents and
+      intrigues, and by deceiving the people with false representations of
+      things; he ought, in prudence, to take the first opportunity of opening
+      his subjects' eyes, and declaring himself in favour of those, who are for
+      preserving the civil and religious rights of the nation, wherewith his own
+      are so interwoven.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This was certainly our case: for I do not take the heads, advocates, and
+      followers of the Whigs, to make up, strictly speaking, a national party;
+      being patched up of heterogeneous, inconsistent parts, whom nothing served
+      to unite but the common interest of sharing in the spoil and plunder of
+      the people; the present dread of their adversaries, by whom they
+      apprehended to be called to an account, and that general conspiracy, of
+      endeavouring to overturn the Church and State; which, however, if they
+      could have compassed, they would certainly have fallen out among
+      themselves, and broke in pieces, as <i>their predecessors</i> did, after
+      they destroyed the monarchy and religion. For, how could a Whig, who is
+      against all discipline, agree with a Presbyterian, that carries it higher
+      than the Papists themselves? How could a Socinian adjust his models to
+      either? Or how could any of these cement with a Deist or Freethinker, when
+      they came to consult upon settling points of faith? Neither would they
+      have agreed better in their systems of government, where some would have
+      been for a king, under the limitations of a Duke of Venice; others for a
+      Dutch republic; a third party for an aristocracy, and most of them all for
+      some new fabric of their own contriving.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But however, let us consider them as a party, and under those general
+      tenets wherein they agreed, and which they publicly owned, without
+      charging them with any that they pretend to deny. Then let us <i>Examine</i>
+      those principles of the Tories, which their adversaries allow them to
+      profess, and do not pretend to tax them with any actions contrary to those
+      professions: after which, let the reader judge from which of these two
+      parties a prince hath most to fear; and whether her M[ajest]y did not
+      consider the ease, the safety and dignity of her person, the security of
+      her crown, and the transmission of monarchy to her Protestant successors,
+      when she put her affairs into the present hands.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Suppose the matter were now entire; the Qu[een] to make her choice, and
+      for that end, should order the principles on both sides to be fairly laid
+      before her. First, I conceive the Whigs would grant, that they have
+      naturally no very great veneration for crowned heads; that they allow, the
+      person of the prince may, upon many occasions, be resisted by arms; and
+      that they do not condemn the war raised against King Charles the First, or
+      own it to be a rebellion, though they would be thought to blame his
+      murder. They do not think the prerogative to be yet sufficiently limited,
+      and have therefore taken care (as a particular mark of their veneration
+      for the illustrious house of Hanover) to clip it closer against next
+      reign; which, consequently, they would be glad to see done in the present:
+      not to mention, that the majority of them, if it were put to the vote,
+      would allow, that they prefer a commonwealth before a monarchy. As to
+      religion; their universal, undisputed maxim is, that it ought to make no
+      distinction at all among Protestants; and in the word Protestant they
+      include every body who is not a Papist, and who will, by an oath, give
+      security to the government. Union in discipline and doctrine, the
+      offensive sin of schism, the notion of a Church and a hierarchy, they
+      laugh at as foppery, cant and priestcraft. They see no necessity at all
+      that there should be a national faith; and what we usually call by that
+      name, they only style the "religion of the magistrate."[3] Since the
+      Dissenters and we agree in the main, why should the difference of a few
+      speculative points, or modes of dress, incapacitate them from serving
+      their prince and country, in a juncture when we ought to have all hands up
+      against the common enemy? And why should they be forced to take the
+      sacrament from our clergy's hands, and in our posture, or indeed why
+      compelled to receive it at all, when they take an employment which has
+      nothing to do with religion?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      These are the notions which most of that party avow, and which they do not
+      endeavour to disguise or set off with false colours, or complain of being
+      misrepresented about, I have here placed them on purpose, in the same
+      light which themselves do, in the very apologies they make for what we
+      accuse them of; and how inviting even these doctrines are, for such a
+      monarch to close with, as our law, both statute and common, understands a
+      King of England to be, let others decide. But then, if to these we should
+      add other opinions, which most of their own writers justify, and which
+      their universal practice has given a sanction to, they are no more than
+      what a prince might reasonably expect, as the natural consequence of those
+      avowed principles. For when such persons are at the head of affairs, the
+      low opinion they have of princes, will certainly tempt them to violate
+      that respect they ought to bear; and at the same time, their own want of
+      duty to their sovereign is largely made up, by exacting greater
+      submissions to themselves from their fellow-subjects: it being
+      indisputably true, that the same principle of pride and ambition makes a
+      man treat his equals with insolence, in the same proportion as he affronts
+      his superiors; as both Prince and people have sufficiently felt from the
+      late m[inist]ry.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Then from their confessed notions of religion, as above related, I see no
+      reason to wonder, why they countenanced not only all sorts of Dissenters,
+      but the several gradations of freethinkers among us (all which were openly
+      enrolled in their party); nor why they were so very averse from the
+      present established form of worship, which by prescribing obedience to
+      princes from the topic of conscience, would be sure to thwart all their
+      schemes of innovation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      One thing I might add, as another acknowledged maxim in that party, and in
+      my opinion, as dangerous to the constitution as any I have mentioned; I
+      mean, that of preferring, on all occasions, the moneyed interest before
+      the landed; which they were so far from denying, that they would gravely
+      debate the reasonableness and justice of it; and at the rate they went on,
+      might in a little time have found a majority of representatives, fitly
+      qualified to lay those heavy burthens on the rest of the nation, which
+      themselves would not touch with one of their fingers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      However, to deal impartially, there are some motives which might compel a
+      prince, under the necessity of affairs, to deliver himself over to that
+      party. They were <i>said</i> to possess the great bulk of cash, and
+      consequently of credit in the nation, and the heads of them had the
+      reputation of presiding over those societies who have the great direction
+      of both:[4] so that all applications for loans to the public service, upon
+      any emergency, must be made through them; and it might prove highly
+      dangerous to disoblige them, because in that case, it was not to be
+      doubted, that they would be obstinate and malicious, ready to obstruct all
+      affairs, not only by shutting their own purses, but by endeavouring to
+      sink credit, though with some present imaginary loss to themselves, only
+      to shew, it was a creature of their own.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From this summary of Whig-principles and dispositions, we find what a
+      prince may reasonably fear and hope from that party. Let us now very
+      briefly consider, the doctrines of the Tories, which their adversaries
+      will not dispute. As they prefer a well-regulated monarchy before all
+      other forms of government; so they think it next to impossible to alter
+      that institution here, without involving our whole island in blood and
+      desolation. They believe, that the prerogative of a sovereign ought, at
+      least, to be held as sacred and inviolable as the rights of his people, if
+      only for this reason, because without a due share of power, he will not be
+      able to protect them. They think, that by many known laws of this realm,
+      both statute and common, neither the person, nor lawful authority of the
+      prince, ought, upon any pretence whatsoever, to be resisted or disobeyed.
+      Their sentiments, in relation to the Church, are known enough, and will
+      not be controverted, being just the reverse to what I have delivered as
+      the doctrine and practice of the Whigs upon that article.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But here I must likewise deal impartially too, and add one principle as a
+      characteristic of the Tories, which has much discouraged some princes from
+      making use of them in affairs. Give the Whigs but power enough to insult
+      their sovereign, engross his favours to themselves, and to oppress and
+      plunder their fellow-subjects; they presently grow into good humour and
+      good language towards the crown; profess they will stand by it with their
+      lives and fortunes; and whatever rudenesses they may be guilty of in
+      private, yet they assure the world, that there never was so gracious a
+      monarch. But to the shame of the Tories, it must be confessed, that
+      nothing of all this hath been ever observed in them; in or out of favour,
+      you see no alteration, further than a little cheerfulness or cloud in
+      their countenances; the highest employments can add nothing to their
+      loyalty, but their behaviour to their prince, as well as their expressions
+      of love and duty, are, in all conditions, exactly the same.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Having thus impartially stated the avowed principles of Whig and Tory; let
+      the reader determine, as he pleases, to which of these two a wise prince
+      may, with most safety to himself and the public, trust his person and his
+      affairs; and whether it were rashness or prudence in her M[ajest]y to make
+      those changes in the ministry, which have been so highly extolled by some,
+      and condemned by others.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 35 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: "None are prevented by their own faults from pointing out the
+      faults of another."&mdash;H.T. RILEY. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: See Swift's "Letter Concerning the Sacramental Test" (vol.
+      iv., p. 11 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: The Bank and the East India Company. The former was so
+      decidedly in the Whig interest, that the great Doctor Sacheverell, on
+      appearing to give his vote for choosing governors and directors for the
+      Bank, was very rudely treated. Nor were the ministry successful in an
+      attempt made about that time to put these great companies under Tory
+      management. [S.] And see No. 25, <i>ante</i>, pp. 154-5. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0045" id="link2H_4_0045"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 37.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY APRIL 5, TO THURSDAY APRIL 12, 1711.
+    </h3>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  <i>Tres species tam dissimiles, tria talia texta
+  Una dies dedit exitio&mdash;&mdash;</i>[2]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      I write this paper for the sake of the Dissenters, whom I take to be the
+      most spreading branch of the Whig party, that professeth Christianity, and
+      the only one that seems to be zealous for any particular system of it; the
+      bulk of those we call the Low Church, being generally indifferent, and
+      undetermined in that point; and the other subdivisions having not yet
+      taken either the Old or New Testament into their scheme. By the Dissenters
+      therefore, it will easily be understood, that I mean the Presbyterians, as
+      they include the sects of Anabaptists, Independents, and others, which
+      have been melted down into them since the Restoration. This sect, in order
+      to make itself national, having gone so far as to raise a Rebellion,
+      murder their king, destroy monarchy and the Church, was afterwards broken
+      in pieces by its own divisions; which made way for the king's return from
+      his exile. However, the zealous among them did still entertain hopes of
+      recovering the "dominion of grace;" whereof I have read a remarkable
+      passage, in a book published about the year 1661 and written by one of
+      their own side. As one of the regicides was going to his execution, a
+      friend asked him, whether he thought the cause would revive? He answered,
+      "The cause is in the bosom of Christ, and as sure as Christ rose from the
+      dead, so sure will the cause revive also."[3] And therefore the
+      Nonconformists were strictly watched and restrained by penal laws, during
+      the reign of King Charles the Second; the court and kingdom looking on
+      them as a faction, ready to join in any design against the government in
+      Church or State: And surely this was reasonable enough, while so many
+      continued alive, who had voted, and fought, and preached against both, and
+      gave no proof that they had changed their principles. The Nonconformists
+      were then exactly upon the same foot with our Nonjurors now, whom we
+      double tax, forbid their conventicles, and keep under hatches; without
+      thinking ourselves possessed with a persecuting spirit, because we know
+      they want nothing but the power to ruin us. This, in my opinion, should
+      altogether silence the Dissenters' complaints of persecution under King
+      Charles the Second; or make them shew us wherein they differed, at that
+      time, from what our Jacobites are now.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Their inclinations to the Church were soon discovered, when King James the
+      Second succeeded to the crown, with whom they unanimously joined in its
+      ruin, to revenge themselves for that restraint they had most justly
+      suffered in the foregoing reign; not from the persecuting temper of the
+      clergy, as their clamours would suggest, but the prudence and caution of
+      the legislature. The same indulgence against law, was made use of by them
+      and the Papists, and they amicably employed their power, as in defence of
+      one common interest.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But the Revolution happening soon after, served to wash away the memory of
+      the rebellion; upon which, the run against Popery, was, no doubt, as just
+      and seasonable, as that of fanaticism, after the Restoration: and the
+      dread of Popery, being then our latest danger, and consequently the most
+      fresh upon our spirits, all mouths were open against that; the Dissenters
+      were rewarded with an indulgence by law; the rebellion and king's murder
+      were now no longer a reproach; the former was only a civil war, and
+      whoever durst call it a rebellion, was a Jacobite, and friend to France.
+      This was the more unexpected, because the Revolution being wholly brought
+      about by Church of England hands, they hoped one good consequence of it,
+      would be the relieving us from the encroachments of Dissenters, as well as
+      those of Papists, since both had equally confederated towards our ruin;
+      and therefore, when the crown was new settled, it was hoped at least that
+      the rest of the constitution would be restored. But this affair took a
+      very different turn; the Dissenters had just made a shift to save a tide,
+      and joined with the Prince of Orange, when they found all was desperate
+      with their protector King James. And observing a party, then forming
+      against the old principles in Church and State, under the name of Whigs
+      and Low-Churchmen, they listed themselves of it, where they have ever
+      since continued.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is therefore, upon the foot they now are, that I would apply myself to
+      them, and desire they would consider the different circumstances at
+      present, from what they were under, when they began their designs against
+      the Church and monarchy, about seventy years ago. At that juncture they
+      made up the body of the party, and whosoever joined with them from
+      principles of revenge, discontent, ambition, or love of change, were all
+      forced to shelter under their denomination; united heartily in the
+      pretences of a further and purer Reformation in religion, and of advancing
+      the "great work" (as the cant was then) "that God was about to do in these
+      nations," received the systems of doctrine and discipline prescribed by
+      the Scots, and readily took the Covenant;[4] so that there appeared no
+      division among them, till after the common enemy was subdued.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But now their case is quite otherwise, and I can hardly think it worth
+      being of a party, upon the terms they have been received of late years;
+      for suppose the whole faction should at length succeed in their design of
+      destroying the Church; are they so weak to imagine, that the new modelling
+      of religion, would be put into their hands? Would their brethren, the
+      Low-Churchmen and Freethinkers, submit to their discipline, their synods
+      or their classes, and divide the lands of bishops, or deans and chapters,
+      among them? How can they help observing that their allies, instead of
+      pretending more sanctity than other men, are some of them for levelling
+      all religion, and the rest for abolishing it? Is it not manifest, that
+      they have been treated by their confederates, exactly after the same
+      manner, as they were by King James the Second, made instruments to ruin
+      the Church, not for their sakes, but under a pretended project of
+      universal freedom in opinion, to advance the dark designs of those who
+      employ them? For, excepting the anti-monarchical principle, and a few
+      false notions about liberty, I see but little agreement betwixt them; and
+      even in these, I believe, it would be impossible to contrive a frame of
+      government, that would please them all, if they had it now in their power
+      to try. But however, to be sure, the Presbyterian institution would never
+      obtain. For, suppose they should, in imitation of their predecessors,
+      propose to have no King but our Saviour Christ, the whole clan of
+      Freethinkers would immediately object, and refuse His authority. Neither
+      would their Low-Church brethren use them better, as well knowing what
+      enemies they are to that doctrine of unlimited toleration, wherever they
+      are suffered to preside. So that upon the whole, I do not see, as their
+      present circumstances stand, where the Dissenters can find better quarter,
+      than from the Church of England.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Besides, I leave it to their consideration, whether, with all their zeal
+      against the Church, they ought not to shew a little decency, and how far
+      it consists with their reputation, to act in concert with such
+      confederates. It was reckoned a very infamous proceeding in the present
+      most Christian king, to assist the Turk against the Emperor: policy, and
+      reasons of state, were not allowed sufficient excuses, for taking part
+      with an infidel against a believer. It is one of the Dissenters' quarrels
+      against the Church, that she is not enough reformed from Popery; yet they
+      boldly entered into a league with Papists and a popish prince, to destroy
+      her. They profess much sanctity, and object against the wicked lives of
+      some of our members; yet they have been long, and still continue, in
+      strict combination with libertines and atheists, to contrive our ruin.
+      What if the Jews should multiply, and become a formidable party among us?
+      Would the Dissenters join in alliance with them likewise, because they
+      agree already in some general principles, and because the Jews are allowed
+      to be a "stiffnecked and rebellious people"?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is the part of wise men to conceal their passions, when they are not in
+      circumstances of exerting them to purpose: the arts of getting power, and
+      preserving indulgence, are very different. For the former, the reasonable
+      hopes of the Dissenters, seem to be at an end; their comrades, the Whigs
+      and Freethinkers, are just in a condition proper to be forsaken; and the
+      Parliament, as well as the body of the people, will be deluded no longer.
+      Besides, it sometimes happens for a cause to be exhausted and worn out, as
+      that of the Whigs in general, seems at present to be: the nation has had
+      enough of it. It is as vain to hope restoring that decayed interest, as
+      for a man of sixty to talk of entering on a new scene of life, that is
+      only proper for youth and vigour. New circumstances and new men must
+      arise, as well as new occasions, which are not like to happen in our time.
+      So that the Dissenters have no game left, at present, but to secure their
+      indulgence: in order to which, I will be so bold to offer them some
+      advice.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      First, That until some late proceedings are a little forgot, they would
+      take care not to provoke, by any violence of tongue or pen, so great a
+      majority, as there is now against them, nor keep up any longer that
+      combination with their broken allies, but disperse themselves, and lie
+      dormant against some better opportunity: I have shewn, they could have got
+      no advantage if the late party had prevailed; and they will certainly lose
+      none by its fall, unless through their own fault. They pretend a mighty
+      veneration for the Queen; let them give proof of it, by quitting the
+      ruined interest of those who have used her so ill; and by a due respect to
+      the persons she is pleased to trust at present with her affairs: When they
+      can no longer hope to govern, when struggling can do them no good, and may
+      possibly hurt them, what is left but to be silent and passive?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Secondly, Though there be no law (beside that of God Almighty) against <i>occasional
+      conformity</i>,[5] it would be prudence in the Dissenters to use it as
+      tenderly as they can: for, besides the infamous hypocrisy of the thing
+      itself, too frequent practice would perhaps make a remedy necessary. And
+      after all they have said to justify themselves in this point, it still
+      continues hard to conceive, how those consciences can pretend to be
+      scrupulous, upon which an employment has more power than the love of
+      unity.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the last place, I am humbly of opinion, That the Dissenters would do
+      well to drop that lesson they have learned from their directors, of
+      affecting to be under horrible apprehensions, that the Tories are in the
+      interests of the Pretender, and would be ready to embrace the first
+      opportunity of inviting him over. It is with the worst grace in the world,
+      that they offer to join in the cry upon this article: as if those, who
+      alone stood in the gap against all the encroachments of Popery and
+      arbitrary power, are not more likely to keep out both, than a set of
+      schismatics, who to gratify their ambition and revenge, did, by the
+      meanest compliances, encourage and spirit up that unfortunate prince, to
+      fell upon such measures, as must, at last, have ended in the ruin of our
+      liberty and religion.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>I wish those who give themselves the trouble to write to the "Examiner"
+      would consider whether what they send be proper for such a paper to take
+      notice of: I had one letter last week, written, as I suppose, by a divine,
+      to desire I would offer some reasons against a Bill now before the
+      Parliament for Ascertaining the Tithe of Hops;[6] from which the writer
+      apprehends great damage to the clergy, especially the poorer vicars: If it
+      be, as he says, (and he seems to argue very reasonably upon it) the
+      convocation now sitting, will, no doubt, upon due application, represent
+      the matter to the House of Commons; and he may expect all justice and
+      favour from that great body, who have already appeared so tender of their
+      rights. </i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A gentleman, likewise, who hath sent me several letters, relating to
+      personal hardships he received from some of the late ministry; is advised
+      to publish a narrative of them, they being too large, and not proper for
+      this paper.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 36 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: "Three different forms, of threefold threads combined, The
+      selfsame day in common ruin joined." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: It is recorded in "The Speeches and Prayers of ... Mr. John
+      Carew," 1660, and in "Rebels no Saints," 1661, that at the execution of
+      John Carew, on October 15th, 1660: "One asked him if he thought there
+      would be a resurrection of the cause? He answered, he died in the faith of
+      that, as much as he did that his body should rise again." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: The Scotch General Assembly approved the "Solemn League and
+      Covenant" on August 17th, 1643; it was publicly taken by the House of
+      Commons at St. Margaret's, Westminster, on September 25th. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: Such a law was passed December 20th, 1711. It was entitled
+      "An Act for preserving the Protestant Religion" (10 Ann, c. 6), and
+      required persons appointed to various offices to conform to the Church of
+      England for one year and to receive the Sacrament three times. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: Leave was given for a Bill for Ascertaining the Tithe of
+      Hops, March 26th, 1711, and the Bill was presented May 10th. It does not
+      appear to have gone any further. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0046" id="link2H_4_0046"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 38.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY APRIL 12, TO THURSDAY APRIL 19, 1711.
+    </h3>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  <i>Semper causae eventorum magis movent quam ipsa eventa.[2]</i>
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      I am glad to observe, that several among the Whigs have begun very much to
+      change their language of late. The style is now among the reasonable part
+      of them, when they meet a man in business, or a Member of Parliament;
+      "Well, gentlemen, if you go on as you have hitherto done, we shall no
+      longer have any pretence to complain." They find, it seems, that there
+      have been yet no overtures made to bring in the Pretender, nor any
+      preparatory steps towards it. They read no enslaving votes, nor bills
+      brought in to endanger the subject. The indulgence to scrupulous
+      consciences,[3] is again confirmed from the throne, inviolably preserved,
+      and not the least whisper offered that may affect it. All care is taken to
+      support the war; supplies cheerfully granted, and funds readily subscribed
+      to, in spite of the little arts made use of to discredit them. The just
+      resentments of some, which are laudable in themselves, and which at
+      another juncture it might be proper to give way to, have been softened or
+      diverted by the calmness of others. So that upon the article of present
+      management, I do not see how any objection of weight can well be raised.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      However, our adversaries still allege, that this great success was wholly
+      unexpected, and out of all probable view. That in public affairs, we ought
+      least of all others, to judge by events; that the attempt of changing a
+      ministry, during the difficulties of a long war, was rash and
+      inconsiderate: That if the Qu[een] were disposed by her inclinations, or
+      from any personal dislike, for such a change, it might have been done with
+      more safety, in a time of peace: That if it had miscarried by any of those
+      incidents, which in all appearance might have intervened, the consequences
+      would perhaps have ruined the whole confederacy; and, therefore, however
+      it hath now succeeded, the experiment was too dangerous to try.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But this is what we can by no means allow them. We never will admit
+      rashness or chance to have produced all this harmony and order. It is
+      visible to the world, that the several steps towards this change were
+      slowly taken, and with the utmost caution. The movers observed as they
+      went on, how matters would bear, and advanced no farther at first, than so
+      as they might be able to stop or go back, if circumstances were not
+      mature. Things were grown to such a height, that it was no longer the
+      question, whether a person who aimed at an employment, were a Whig or a
+      Tory, much less, whether he had merit or proper abilities for what he
+      pretended to: he must owe his preferment only to the favourites; and the
+      crown was so far from nominating, that they would not allow it a negative.
+      This, the Qu[een] was resolved no longer to endure, and began to break
+      into their prescription, by bestowing one or two places of consequence,[4]
+      without consulting her ephori; after they had fixed them for others, and
+      concluded as usually, that all their business was to signify their
+      pleasure to her M[ajest]y. But though the persons the Qu[een] had chosen,
+      were such as no objection could well be raised against upon the score of
+      party; yet the oligarchy took the alarm;[5] their sovereign authority was,
+      it seems, called in question; they grew into anger and discontent, as if
+      their undoubted rights were violated. All former obligations to their
+      sovereign now became cancelled; and they put themselves upon the foot of
+      people, who were hardly used after the most eminent services.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I believe all men, who know any thing in politics, will agree, that a
+      prince thus treated, by those he has most confided in, and perpetually
+      loaded with his favours, ought to extricate himself as soon as possible;
+      and is then only blamable in his choice of time, when he defers one minute
+      after it is in his power; because, from the monstrous encroachments of
+      exorbitant avarice and ambition, he cannot tell how long it may continue
+      to be so. And it will be found, upon enquiring into history, that most of
+      those princes, who have been ruined by favourites, have owed their
+      misfortune to the neglect of early remedies; deferring to struggle till
+      they were quite sunk.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Whigs are every day cursing the ungovernable rage, the haughty pride,
+      and unsatiable covetousness of a certain person,[6] as the cause of their
+      fall; and are apt to tell their thoughts, that one single removal might
+      have set all things right. But the interests of that single person, were
+      found, upon experience, so complicated and woven with the rest, by love,
+      by awe, by marriage, by alliance, that they would rather confound heaven
+      and earth, than dissolve such an union.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have always heard and understood, that a king of England, possessed of
+      his people's hearts, at the head of a free Parliament, and in full
+      agreement with a great majority, made the true figure in the world that
+      such a monarch ought to do, and pursued the real interest of himself and
+      his kingdom. Will they allow her M[ajest]y to be in those circumstances at
+      present? And was it not plain by the addresses sent from all parts of the
+      island,[7] and by the visible disposition of the people, that such a
+      Parliament would undoubtedly be chosen? And so it proved, without the
+      court's using any arts to influence elections.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      What people then, are these in a corner, to whom the constitution must
+      truckle? If the whole nation's credit cannot supply funds for the war,
+      without humble application from the entire legislature to a few retailers
+      of money, it is high time we should sue for a peace. What new maxims are
+      these, which neither we nor our forefathers ever heard of before, and
+      which no wise institution would ever allow? Must our laws from
+      henceforward pass the Bank and East India Company, or have their royal
+      assent before they are in force?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To hear some of those worthy reasoners talking of credit, that she is so
+      nice, so squeamish, so capricious; you would think they were describing a
+      lady troubled with vapours or the colick, to be only removed by a course
+      of steel, and swallowing a bullet. By the narrowness of their thoughts,
+      one would imagine they conceived the world to be no wider than Exchange
+      Alley. It is probable they may have such a sickly dame among them, and it
+      is well if she has no worse diseases, considering what hands she passes
+      through. But the national credit is of another complexion; of sound
+      health, and an even temper, her life and existence being a quintessence
+      drawn from the vitals of the whole kingdom. And we find these
+      money-politicians, after all their noise, to be of the same opinion, by
+      the court they paid her, when she lately appeared to them in the form of a
+      <i>lottery</i>.[8]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As to that mighty error in politics, they charge upon the Qu[een], for
+      changing her ministry in the height of a war, I suppose, it is only looked
+      upon as an error under a Whiggish administration; otherwise, the late King
+      has much to answer for, who did it pretty frequently. And it is well
+      known, that the late ministry of famous memory, was brought in during this
+      present war,[9] only with this circumstance, that two or three of the
+      chief, did first change their own principles, and then took in suitable
+      companions.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But however, I see no reason why the Tories should not value their wisdom
+      by events, as well as the Whigs. Nothing was ever thought a more
+      precipitate rash counsel, than that of altering the coin at the juncture
+      it was done;[10] yet the prudence of the undertaking was sufficiently
+      justified by the success. Perhaps it will be said, that the attempt was
+      necessary, because the whole species of money, was so grievously clipped
+      and counterfeit. And, is not her Majesty's authority as sacred as her
+      coin? And has not that been most scandalously clipped and mangled, and
+      often counterfeited too?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is another grievous complaint of the Whigs, that their late friends,
+      and the whole party, are treated with abundance of severity in print, and
+      in particular by the "Examiner." They think it hard, that when they are
+      wholly deprived of power, hated by the people, and out of all hope of
+      re-establishing themselves, their infirmities should be so often
+      displayed, in order to render them yet more odious to mankind. This is
+      what they employ their writers to set forth in their papers of the week;
+      and it is humoursome enough to observe one page taken up in railing at the
+      "Examiner" for his invectives against a discarded ministry; and the other
+      side filled with the falsest and vilest abuses, against those who are now
+      in the highest power and credit with their sovereign, and whose least
+      breath would scatter them into silence and obscurity. However, though I
+      have indeed often wondered to see so much licentiousness taken and
+      connived at, and am sure it would not be suffered in any other country of
+      Christendom; yet I never once invoked the assistance of the gaol or the
+      pillory, which upon the least provocation, was the usual style during
+      their tyranny. There hath not passed a week these twenty years without
+      some malicious paper, scattered in every coffee-house by the emissaries of
+      that party, whether it were down or up. I believe, they will not pretend
+      to object the same thing to us. Nor do I remember any constant weekly
+      paper, with reflections on the late ministry or j[u]nto. They have many
+      weak, defenceless parts, they have not been used to a regular attack, and
+      therefore it is that they are so ill able to endure one, when it comes to
+      be their turn. So that they complain more of a few months' truths from us,
+      than we did of all their scandal and malice, for twice as many years.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I cannot forbear observing upon this occasion, that those worthy authors I
+      am speaking of, seem to me, not fairly to represent the sentiments of
+      their party; who in disputing with us, do generally give up several of the
+      late m[inist]ry, and freely own many of their failings. They confess the
+      monstrous debt upon the navy, to have been caused by most scandalous
+      mismanagement; they allow the insolence of some, and the avarice of
+      others, to have been insupportable: but these gentlemen are most liberal
+      in their praises to those persons, and upon those very articles, where
+      their wisest friends give up the point. They gravely tell us, that such a
+      one was the most faithful servant that ever any prince had; another the
+      most dutiful, a third the most generous, and a fourth of the greatest
+      integrity. So that I look upon these champions, rather as retained by a
+      cabal than a party, which I desire the reasonable men among them would
+      please to consider.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 37 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: Cicero, "Ep. ad Att.," ix. 5. "I am always more affected by
+      the causes of events than by the events themselves."&mdash;E.S.
+      SHUCKBURGH. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: "I am resolved ... to maintain the indulgence by law allowed
+      to scrupulous consciences" (Queen Anne's Speech, November 27th, 1710).
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: The Queen appointed Earl Rivers to the lieutenancy of the
+      Tower without the Duke of Marlborough's concurrence. See "Memoirs Relating
+      to that Change," etc. (vol. v., pp. 375-7 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: "Upon the fall of that great minister and favourite
+      [Godolphin], that whole party became dispirited, and seemed to expect the
+      worst that could follow". (Swift's "Memoirs Relating to that Change,"
+      etc., vol v., p. 378 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: The Duchess of Marlborough. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: "The bulk of the high-church, or Tory-party ... were both
+      very industrious in procuring addresses, which, under the pretence of
+      expressing their loyalty to the Queen, and affection to the Church
+      established, were mainly levelled, like so many batteries, against the
+      ministry and Parliament," etc. (Boyer's "Annals of Queen Anne," ix.
+      158-9). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: An Act for reviving ... certain Duties (9 Ann., c. 6),
+      provided that £1,500,000 should be raised "by way of a lottery." It was
+      introduced February 15th, and received the Royal Assent March 6th, 1710/1
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: The Queen appointed a ministry with Lord Godolphin as lord
+      treasurer in the first months of her reign, May-July, 1702. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 10: The clipping of coin had become so widespread that it was
+      absolutely imperative that steps should be taken to readjust matters. It
+      was resolved, therefore, in 1695, to call in all light money and recoin
+      it. The matter was placed in charge of the then chancellor of the
+      exchequer, Charles Montague, afterwards Earl of Halifax, and he, with the
+      assistance of Sir Isaac Newton, successfully accomplished the very arduous
+      task. It cost the nation about £2,200,000, and a considerable
+      inconvenience owing to lack of coins. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0047" id="link2H_4_0047"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 39.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY APRIL 19, TO THURSDAY APRIL 26, 1711.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Indignum est in ed civitate, quae legibus continetur, discedi a
+      legibus.</i>[2]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I[3] have been often considering how it comes to pass, that the dexterity
+      of mankind in evil, should always outgrow, not only the prudence and
+      caution of private persons, but the continual expedients of the wisest
+      laws contrived to prevent it. I cannot imagine a knave to possess a
+      greater share of natural wit or genius, than an honest man. I have known
+      very notable sharpers at play, who upon all other occasions, were as great
+      dunces, as human shape can well allow; and I believe, the same might be
+      observed among the other knots of thieves and pickpockets, about this
+      town. The proposition however is certainly true, and to be confirmed by an
+      hundred instances. A scrivener, an attorney, a stock-jobber, and many
+      other retailers of fraud, shall not only be able to overreach others, much
+      wiser than themselves, but find out new inventions, to elude the force of
+      any law made against them. I suppose, the reason of this may be, that as
+      the aggressor is said to have generally the advantage of the defender; so
+      the makers of the law, which is to defend our rights, have usually not so
+      much industry or vigour, as those whose interest leads them to attack it.
+      Besides, it rarely happens that men are rewarded by the public for their
+      justice and virtue; neither do those who act upon such principles, expect
+      any recompense till the next world: whereas fraud, where it succeeds,
+      gives present pay; and this is allowed the greatest spur imaginable both
+      to labour and invention. When a law is made to stop some growing evil, the
+      wits of those, whose interest it is to break it with secrecy or impunity,
+      are immediately at work; and even among those who pretend to fairer
+      characters, many would gladly find means to avoid, what they would not be
+      thought to violate. They desire to reap the advantage, if possible,
+      without the shame, or at least, without the danger. This art is what I
+      take that dexterous race of men, sprung up soon after the Revolution, to
+      have studied with great application ever since, and to have arrived at
+      great perfection in it. According to the doctrine of some Romish casuists,
+      they have found out <i>quam propè ad peccatum sine peccato possint
+      accedere</i>.[3] They can tell how to go within an inch of an impeachment,
+      and yet come back untouched. They know what degree of corruption will just
+      forfeit an employment, and whether the bribe you receive be sufficient to
+      set you right, and put something in your pocket besides. How much to a
+      penny, you may safely cheat the Qu[ee]n, whether forty, fifty or sixty <i>per
+      cent.</i> according to the station you are in, and the dispositions of the
+      persons in office, below and above you. They have computed the price you
+      may securely take or give for a place, or what part of the salary you
+      ought to reserve. They can discreetly distribute five hundred pounds in a
+      small borough, without any danger from the statutes, against bribing
+      elections. They can manage a bargain for an office, by a third, fourth or
+      fifth hand, so that you shall not know whom to accuse; and win a thousand
+      guineas at play, in spite of the dice, and send away the loser satisfied:
+      They can pass the most exorbitant accounts, overpay the creditor with half
+      his demands, and sink the rest.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It would be endless to relate, or rather indeed impossible to discover,
+      the several arts which curious men have found out to enrich themselves, by
+      defrauding the public, in defiance of the law. The military men, both by
+      sea and land, have equally cultivated this most useful science: neither
+      hath it been altogether neglected by the other sex; of which, on the
+      contrary, I could produce an instance, that would make ours blush to be so
+      far outdone.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Besides, to confess the truth, our laws themselves are extremely defective
+      in many articles, which I take to be one ill effect of our best
+      possession, liberty. Some years ago, the ambassador of a great prince was
+      arrested,[4] and outrages committed on his person in our streets, without
+      any possibility of redress from Westminster-Hall, or the prerogative of
+      the sovereign; and the legislature was forced to provide a remedy against
+      the like evils in times to come. A commissioner of the stamped paper[5]
+      was lately discovered to have notoriously cheated the public of great sums
+      for many years, by counterfeiting the stamps, which the law had made
+      capital. But the aggravation of his crime, proved to be the cause that
+      saved his life; and that additional heightening circumstance of betraying
+      his trust, was found to be a legal defence. I am assured, that the
+      notorious cheat of the brewers at Portsmouth,[6] detected about two months
+      ago in Parliament, cannot by any law now in force, be punished in any
+      degree, equal to the guilt and infamy of it. Nay, what is almost
+      incredible, had Guiscard survived his detestable attempt upon Mr. Harley's
+      person, all the inflaming circumstances of the fact, would not have
+      sufficed, in the opinion of many lawyers, to have punished him with
+      death;[7] and the public must have lain under this dilemma, either to
+      condemn him by a law, <i>ex post facto</i> (which would have been of
+      dangerous consequence, and form an ignominious precedent) or undergo the
+      mortification to see the greatest villain upon earth escape unpunished, to
+      the infinite triumph and delight of Popery and faction. But even this is
+      not to be wondered at, when we consider, that of all the insolences
+      offered to the Qu[een] since the Act of Indemnity, (at least, that ever
+      came to my ears) I can hardly instance above two or three, which, by the
+      letter of the law could amount to high treason.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From these defects in our laws, and the want of some discretionary power
+      safely lodged, to exert upon emergencies; as well as from the great
+      acquirements of able men, to elude the penalties of those laws they break,
+      it is no wonder, the injuries done to the public, are so seldom redressed.
+      But besides, no individual suffers, by any wrong he does to the
+      commonwealth, in proportion to the advantage he gains by doing it. There
+      are seven or eight millions who contribute to the loss, while the whole
+      gain is sunk among a few. The damage suffered by the public, is not so
+      immediately or heavily felt by particular persons, and the zeal of
+      prosecution is apt to drop and be lost among numbers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But imagine a set of politicians for many years at the head of affairs,
+      the game visibly their own, and by consequence acting with great security:
+      may not these be sometimes tempted to forget their caution, by length of
+      time, by excess of avarice and ambition, by the insolence or violence of
+      their nature, or perhaps by a mere contempt for their adversaries? May not
+      such motives as these, put them often upon actions directly against the
+      law, such as no evasions can be found for, and which will lay them fully
+      open to the vengeance of a prevailing interest, whenever they are out of
+      power? It is answered in the affirmative. And here we cannot refuse the
+      late m[inistr]y their due praises, who foreseeing a storm, provided for
+      their own safety, by two admirable expedients, by which, with great
+      prudence, they have escaped the punishments due to pernicious counsels and
+      corrupt management. The first, was to procure, under pretences hardly
+      specious, a general Act of Indemnity,[8] which cuts off all impeachments.
+      The second, was yet more refined: suppose, for instance, a counsel is to
+      be pursued, which is necessary to carry on the dangerous designs of a
+      prevailing party, to preserve them in power, to gratify the immeasurable
+      appetites of a few leaders, civil and military, though by hazarding the
+      ruin of the whole nation: this counsel, desperate in itself, unprecedented
+      in the nature of it, they procure a majority to form into an address,[9]
+      which makes it look like the sense of the nation. Under that shelter they
+      carry on their work, and lie secure against after-reckonings.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I must be so free to tell my meaning in this, that among other things, I
+      understand it of the address made to the Qu[een] about three years ago, to
+      desire that her M[ajest]y would not consent to a peace, without the entire
+      restitution of Sp[ai]n.[10] A proceeding, which to people abroad, must
+      look like the highest strain of temerity, folly, and gasconade. But we at
+      home, who allow the promoters of that advice to be no fools, can easily
+      comprehend the depth and mystery of it. They were assured by this means,
+      to pin down the war upon us, consequently to increase their own power and
+      wealth, and multiply difficulties on the Qu[een] and kingdom, till they
+      had fixed their party too firmly to be shaken, whenever they should find
+      themselves disposed to reverse their address, and give us leave to wish
+      for a peace.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If any man entertains a more favourable opinion of this monstrous step in
+      politics; I would ask him what we must do, in case we find it impossible
+      to recover Spain? Those among the Whigs who believe a God, will confess,
+      that the events of war lie in His hands; and the rest of them, who
+      acknowledge no such power, will allow, that Fortune hath too great a share
+      in the good or ill success of military actions, to let a wise man reason
+      upon them, as if they were entirely in his power. If Providence shall
+      think fit to refuse success to our arms, with how ill a grace, with what
+      shame and confusion, shall we be obliged to recant that precipitate
+      address, unless the world will be so charitable to consider, that
+      parliaments among us, differ as much as princes, and that by the fatal
+      conjunction of many unhappy circumstances, it is very possible for our
+      island to be represented sometimes by those who have the least pretensions
+      to it. So little truth or justice there is in what some pretend to
+      advance, that the actions of former senates, ought always to be treated
+      with respect by the latter; that those assemblies are all equally
+      venerable, and no one to be preferred before another: by which argument,
+      the Parliament that began the rebellion against King Charles the First,
+      voted his trial, and appointed his murderers, ought to be remembered with
+      respect.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But to return from this digression; it is very plain, that considering the
+      defectiveness of our laws, the variety of cases, the weakness of the
+      prerogative, the power or the cunning of ill-designing men, it is
+      possible, that many great abuses may be visibly committed, which cannot be
+      legally punished: especially if we add to this, that some enquiries might
+      probably involve those, whom upon other accounts, it is not thought
+      convenient to disturb. Therefore, it is very false reasoning, especially
+      in the management of public affairs, to argue that men are innocent,
+      because the law hath not pronounced them guilty.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am apt to think, it was to supply such defects as these, that satire was
+      first introduced into the world; whereby those whom neither religion, nor
+      natural virtue, nor fear of punishment, were able to keep within the
+      bounds of their duty, might be withheld by the shame of having their
+      crimes exposed to open view in the strongest colours, and themselves
+      rendered odious to mankind. Perhaps all this may be little regarded by
+      such hardened and abandoned natures as I have to deal with; but, next to
+      taming or binding a savage animal, the best service you can do the
+      neighbourhood, is to give them warning, either to arm themselves, or not
+      come in its way.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Could I have hoped for any signs of remorse from the leaders of that
+      faction, I should very gladly have changed my style, and forgot or passed
+      by their million of enormities. But they are every day more fond of
+      discovering their impotent zeal and malice: witness their conduct in the
+      city about a fortnight ago,[11] which had no other end imaginable, beside
+      that of perplexing our affairs, and endeavouring to make things desperate,
+      that themselves may be thought necessary. While they continue in this
+      frantic mood, I shall not forbear to treat them as they deserve; that is
+      to say, as the inveterate, irreconcilable enemies to our country and its
+      constitution.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 38 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: "It is a shameful thing in a state which is governed by laws,
+      that there should be any departure from them." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: This paper called forth a reply which was printed in two
+      forms, one with the title: "A Few Words upon the Examiner's Scandalous
+      Peace" (London, 1711), and the other, "Reflections upon the Examiner's
+      Scandalous Peace" (London: A. Baldwin, 1711). A careful comparison of
+      these pamphlets shows that the text corresponds page for page. The author
+      commences: "Though 'The Examiner' be certainly the most trifling,
+      scurrilous, and malicious writer that ever appeared, yet, in spite of all
+      his gross untruths and absurd notions, by assuming to himself an air of
+      authority, and speaking in the person of one employed by the ministry, he
+      sometimes gives a kind of weight to what he says, so as to make
+      impressions of terror upon honest minds." Then, after quoting several of
+      the Queen's Speeches to Parliament, and the Addresses in reply, he
+      observes: "The 'Examiner' is resolved to continue so faithful to his
+      principal quality of speaking untruths, that he has industriously taken
+      care not to recite truly the very Address he makes it his business to rail
+      at;" and he points out that it was not the "restitution of Spain," but the
+      restoration of the Spanish Monarchy to the House of Austria that was
+      desired. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: "How near to sin they can go without actually sinning."
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: The Muscovite Ambassador (A.A. Matveof) was arrested and
+      taken out of his coach by violence. A Bill was brought into the House of
+      Commons "for preserving the Privileges of Ambassadors," February 7th,
+      1708/9, and obtained the Royal Assent, April 21st, 1709 (7 Ann. c. 12).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Matveof, it seemed, was arrested by his creditors, who feared that, since
+      he had taken leave at Court, they would never be paid. Peter the Great was
+      angry at the indignity thus offered his representative, and was only
+      unwillingly pacified by the above Act. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: Richard Dyet, J.P., "is discovered to have counterfeited
+      stamped paper, in which he was a commissioner; and, with his accomplices,
+      has cheated the Queen of £100,000" (Swift's "Journal to Stella," October
+      3rd, 1710, vol. ii., p. 20 of present edition). He was tried for felony at
+      the Old Bailey, January 13th, 1710/1, and was acquitted, because his
+      offence was only a breach of trust. He was, however, re-committed for
+      trial on the charge of misdemeanour. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: "Some very considerable abuses," the chancellor of the
+      exchequer informed the House of Commons on January 3rd, 1710/1, "have been
+      discovered in the victualling." It appears that the seamen in the navy
+      were allowed seven pints of beer per day, during the time they were on
+      board. In port, of course the sailors were permitted to go ashore, but the
+      allowance was still charged to the ship's account; and became a perquisite
+      of the purser. It often happened that the contractors did not send in the
+      full amount of beer paid for, but gave the purser money in exchange for
+      the difference. The scandal was brought to the attention of the House as
+      stated, and a committee was appointed to inquire into the abuse. On
+      February 15th the House considered the committee's report, and it was
+      found that Thomas Ridge, Member for Portsmouth, contracted to supply 5,513
+      tons of beer, and had delivered only 3,213. Several other brewers of
+      Portsmouth had been guilty of the same fraud. Mr. Ridge was expelled the
+      House the same day. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: See Swift's "Journal," quoted in notes to No. 33, <i>ante</i>,
+      p. 214. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: This Act was passed in 1708. See No. 18, <i>ante</i>, and
+      note, p. 105. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: The Address from both Houses, presented to the Queen,
+      February 18th, 1709/10, prayed that she "would be pleased to order the
+      Duke of Marlborough's immediate departure for Holland, where his presence
+      will be equally necessary, to assist at the negotiations of peace, and to
+      hasten the preparations for an early campaign," etc. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 10: The Address of both Houses to the Queen, presented on
+      December 23rd, 1707, urged: "That nothing could restore a just balance of
+      power in Europe, but the reducing the whole Spanish monarchy to the
+      obedience of the House of Austria; and ... That no peace can be honourable
+      or safe, for your Majesty or your allies, if Spain, the West Indies, or
+      any part of the Spanish Monarchy, be suffered to remain under the power of
+      the House of Bourbon." The resolutions as carried in the House of Lords on
+      December 19th did not include the words "or any part of the Spanish
+      Monarchy"; these words were introduced on a motion by Somers who was in
+      the chair when the Select Committee met on December 20th to embody the
+      resolutions in proper form. The altered resolution was quickly hurried
+      through the Lords and agreed to by the Commons, and the Address as amended
+      was presented to the Queen. By this bold move Somers prolonged the war
+      indefinitely. See also note at the commencement of this number. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 11: This refers to the election of the governor and directors of
+      the Bank of England on April 12th and 13th. All the Whig candidates were
+      returned, and Sir H. Furnese was on the same day chosen Alderman for
+      Bridge Within. See also No. 41, <i>post</i>, p. 267, [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0048" id="link2H_4_0048"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 40.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY APRIL 26, TO THURSDAY MAY 3, 1711.
+    </h3>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  <i>Quis tulerit Gracchos de seditione querentes?</i>[2]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      There have been certain topics of reproach, liberally bestowed for some
+      years past, by the Whigs and Tories, upon each other. We charge the former
+      with a design of destroying the established Church, and introducing
+      fanaticism and freethinking in its stead. We accuse them as enemies to
+      monarchy; as endeavouring to undermine the present form of government, and
+      to build a commonwealth, or some new scheme of their own, upon its ruins.
+      On the other side, their clamours against us, may be summed up in those
+      three formidable words, Popery, Arbitrary Power, and the Pretender. Our
+      accusations against them we endeavour to make good by certain overt acts;
+      such as their perpetually abusing the whole body of the clergy; their
+      declared contempt for the very order of priesthood; their aversion for
+      episcopacy; the public encouragement and patronage they gave to Tindall,
+      Toland, and other atheistical writers; their appearing as professed
+      advocates, retained by the Dissenters, excusing their separation, and
+      laying the guilt of it to the obstinacy of the Church; their frequent
+      endeavours to repeal the test, and their setting up the indulgence to
+      scrupulous consciences, as a point of greater importance than the
+      established worship. The regard they bear to our monarchy, hath appeared
+      by their open ridiculing the martyrdom of King Charles the First, in their
+      Calves-head Clubs,[3] their common discourses and their pamphlets: their
+      denying the unnatural war raised against that prince, to have been a
+      rebellion; their justifying his murder in the allowed papers of the week;
+      their industry in publishing and spreading seditious and republican
+      tracts; such as Ludlow's "Memoirs," Sidney "Of Government,"[4] and many
+      others; their endless lopping of the prerogative, and mincing into nothing
+      her M[ajest]y's titles to the crown.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      What proofs they bring for our endeavouring to introduce Popery, arbitrary
+      power, and the Pretender, I cannot readily tell, and would be glad to
+      hear; however, those important words having by dexterous management, been
+      found of mighty service to their cause, though applied with little colour,
+      either of reason or justice; I have been considering whether they may not
+      be adapted to more proper objects.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As to Popery, which is the first of these, to deal plainly, I can hardly
+      think there is any set of men among us, except the professors of it, who
+      have any direct intention to introduce it among us: but the question is,
+      whether the principles and practices of us, or the Whigs, be most likely
+      to make way for it? It is allowed, on all hands, that among the methods
+      concerted at Rome, for bringing over England into the bosom of the
+      Catholic Church; one of the chief was, to send Jesuits and other
+      emissaries, in lay habits, who personating tradesmen and mechanics, should
+      mix with the people, and under the pretence of a further and purer
+      reformation, endeavour to divide us into as many sects as possible, which
+      would either put us under the necessity of returning to our old errors, to
+      preserve peace at home; or by our divisions make way for some powerful
+      neighbour, with the assistance of the Pope's permission, and a consecrated
+      banner, to convert and enslave us at once. If this hath been reckoned good
+      politics (and it was the best the Jesuit schools could invent) I appeal to
+      any man, whether the Whigs, for many years past, have not been employed in
+      the very same work? They professed on all occasions, that they knew no
+      reason why any one system of speculative opinions (as they termed the
+      doctrines of the Church) should be established by law more than another;
+      or why employments should be confined to the religion of the magistrate,
+      and that called the Church established. The grand maxim they laid down
+      was, That no man, for the sake of a few notions and ceremonies, under the
+      names of doctrine and discipline, should be denied the liberty of serving
+      his country: as if places would go a begging, unless Brownists, Familists,
+      Sweet-singers, Quakers, Anabaptists and Muggletonians, would take them off
+      our hands.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have been sometimes imagining this scheme brought to perfection, and how
+      diverting it would look to see half a dozen Sweet-singers on the bench in
+      their ermines, and two or three Quakers with their white staves at court.
+      I can only say, this project is the very counterpart of the late King
+      James's design, which he took up as the best method for introducing his
+      own religion, under the pretext of an universal liberty of conscience, and
+      that no difference in religion, should make any in his favour.
+      Accordingly, to save appearances, he dealt some employments among
+      Dissenters of most denominations; and what he did was, no doubt, in
+      pursuance of the best advice he could get at home or abroad; and the
+      Church thought it the most dangerous step he could take for her
+      destruction. It is true, King James admitted Papists among the rest, which
+      the Whigs would not; but this is sufficiently made up by a material
+      circumstance, wherein they seem to have much outdone that prince, and to
+      have carried their liberty of conscience to a higher point, having granted
+      it to all the classes of Freethinkers, which the nice conscience of a
+      Popish prince would not give him leave to do; and was therein mightily
+      overseen; because it is agreed by the learned, that there is but a very
+      narrow step from atheism, to the other extreme, superstition. So that upon
+      the whole, whether the Whigs had any real design of bringing in Popery or
+      no, it is very plain, that they took the most effectual step towards it;
+      and if the Jesuits had been their immediate directors, they could not have
+      taught them better, nor have found apter scholars.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Their second accusation is, That we encourage and maintain arbitrary power
+      in princes, and promote enslaving doctrines among the people. This they go
+      about to prove by instances, producing the particular opinions of certain
+      divines in King Charles the Second's reign; a decree of Oxford
+      University,[5] and some few writers since the Revolution. What they mean,
+      is the principle of passive obedience and non-resistance, which those who
+      affirm, did, I believe, never intend should include arbitrary power.
+      However, though I am sensible that it is not reckoned prudent in a
+      dispute, to make any concessions without the last necessity; yet I do
+      agree, that in my own private opinion, some writers did carry that tenet
+      of passive obedience to a height, which seemed hardly consistent with the
+      liberties of a country, whose laws can be neither enacted nor repealed,
+      without the consent of the whole people. I mean not those who affirm it
+      due in general, as it certainly is to the Legislature, but such as fix it
+      entirely in the prince's person. This last has, I believe, been done by a
+      very few; but when the Whigs quote authors to prove it upon us, they bring
+      in all who mention it as a duty in general, without applying it to
+      princes, abstracted from their senate.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      By thus freely declaring my own sentiments of passive obedience, it will
+      at least appear, that I do not write for a party: neither do I, upon any
+      occasion, pretend to speak their sentiments, but my own. The majority of
+      the two Houses, and the present ministry (if those be a party) seem to me
+      in all their proceedings, to pursue the real interest of Church and State:
+      and if I shall happen to differ from particular persons among them, in a
+      single notion about government, I suppose they will not, upon that
+      account, explode me and my paper. However, as an answer once for all, to
+      the tedious scurrilities of those idle people, who affirm, I am hired and
+      directed what to write;[6] I must here inform them, that their censure is
+      an effect of their principles: The present m[inistr]y are under no
+      necessity of employing prostitute pens; they have no dark designs to
+      promote, by advancing heterodox opinions.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But (to return) suppose two or three private divines, under King Charles
+      the Second, did a little overstrain the doctrine of passive obedience to
+      princes; some allowance might be given to the memory of that unnatural
+      rebellion against his father, and the dismal consequences of resistance.
+      It is plain, by the proceedings of the Churchmen before and at the
+      Revolution, that this doctrine was never designed to introduce arbitrary
+      power.[7]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I look upon the Whigs and Dissenters to be exactly of the same political
+      faith; let us, therefore, see what share each of them had in advancing
+      arbitrary power. It is manifest, that the fanatics made Cromwell the most
+      absolute tyrant in Christendom:[8] The Rump abolished the House of Lords;
+      the army abolished the Rump; and by this army of <i>saints</i>, he
+      governed. The Dissenters took liberty of conscience and employments from
+      the late King James, as an acknowledgment of his dispensing power; which
+      makes a King of England as absolute as the Turk. The Whigs, under the late
+      king, perpetually declared for keeping up a standing army, in times of
+      peace; which has in all ages been the first and great step to the ruin of
+      liberty. They were, besides, discovering every day their inclinations to
+      destroy the rights of the Church; and declared their opinion, in all
+      companies, against the bishops sitting in the House of Peers: which was
+      exactly copying after their predecessors of 'Forty-one. I need not say
+      their real intentions were to make the king absolute, but whatever be the
+      designs of innovating men, they usually end in a tyranny: as we may see by
+      an hundred examples in Greece, and in the later commonwealths of Italy,
+      mentioned by Machiavel.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the third place, the Whigs accuse us of a design to bring in the
+      Pretender; and to give it a greater air of probability, they suppose the
+      Qu[een] to be a party in this design; which however, is no very
+      extraordinary supposition in those who have advanced such singular
+      paradoxes concerning Gregg and Guiscard. Upon this article, their charge
+      is general, without ever offering to produce an instance. But I verily
+      think, and believe it will appear no paradox, that if ever he be brought
+      in, the Whigs are his men. For, first, it is an undoubted truth, that a
+      year or two after the Revolution, several leaders of that party had their
+      pardons sent them by the late King James,[9] and had entered upon measures
+      to restore him, on account of some disobligations they received from King
+      William. Besides, I would ask, whether those who are under the greatest
+      ties of gratitude to King James, are not at this day become the most
+      zealous Whigs? And of what party those are now, who kept a long
+      correspondence with St. Germains?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is likewise very observable of late, that the Whigs upon all occasions,
+      profess their belief of the Pretender's being no impostor, but a real
+      prince, born of the late Queen's body:[10] which whether it be true or
+      false, is very unseasonably advanced, considering the weight such an
+      opinion must have with the vulgar, if they once thoroughly believe it.
+      Neither is it at all improbable, that the Pretender himself puts his chief
+      hopes in the friendship he expects from the Dissenters and Whigs, by his
+      choice to invade the kingdom when the latter were most in credit: and he
+      had reason to count upon the former, from the gracious treatment they
+      received from his supposed father, and their joyful acceptance of it. But
+      further, what could be more consistent with the Whiggish notion of a
+      revolution-principle, than to bring in the Pretender? A
+      revolution-principle, as their writings and discourses have taught us to
+      define it, is a principle perpetually disposing men to revolutions: and
+      this is suitable to the famous saying of a great Whig, "That the more
+      revolutions the better"; which how odd a maxim soever in appearance, I
+      take to be the true characteristic of the party.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A dog loves to turn round often; yet after certain revolutions, he lies
+      down to rest: but heads, under the dominion of the moon, are for perpetual
+      changes, and perpetual revolutions: besides, the Whigs owe all their
+      wealth to wars and revolutions; like the girl at Bartholomew-fair, who
+      gets a penny by turning round a hundred times, with swords in her
+      hands.[11]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To conclude, the Whigs have a natural faculty of bringing in pretenders,
+      and will therefore probably endeavour to bring in the great one at last:
+      How many <i>pretenders</i> to wit, honour, nobility, politics, have they
+      brought in these last twenty years? In short, they have been sometimes
+      able to procure a majority of pretenders in Parliament; and wanted nothing
+      to render the work complete, except a Pretender at their head.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 39 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: Juvenal, "Satires," ii. 24.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  "Who his spleen could rein,
+  And hear the Gracchi of the mob complain?"&mdash;W. GIFFORD.
+
+  [T.S.]]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: The Calves-Head Club "was erected by an impudent set of
+      people, who have their feast of calves-heads in several parts of the town,
+      on the 30th of January; in derision of the day, and defiance of monarchy"
+      ("Secret History of the Calves-Head Club," 1703). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: These works can hardly be called "tracts." Algernon Sidney's
+      "Discourses concerning Government" (1698), is a portly folio of 467 pages,
+      and Ludlow's "Memoirs" (1698-9) occupy three stout octavo volumes. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: On July 21st, 1683, the University of Oxford passed a decree
+      condemning as "false, seditious, and impious," a series of twenty-seven
+      propositions, among which were the following:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "All civil authority is derived originally from the people."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The King has but a co-ordinate power, and may be over-ruled by the Lords
+      and Commons."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Wicked kings and tyrants ought to be put to death."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "King Charles the First was lawfully put to death."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The decree was reprinted in 1709/10 with the title, "An Entire Confutation
+      of Mr. Hoadley's Book, of the Original of Government." It was burnt by the
+      order of the House of Lords, dated March 23rd, 1709/10. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: In a letter to Dr. Chenevix, Bishop of Waterford (dated May
+      23rd, 1758), Lord Chesterfield, speaking of Swift's "Last Four Years,"
+      says that it "is a party pamphlet, founded on the lie of the day, which,
+      as Lord Bolingbroke who had read it often assured me, <i>was coined and
+      delivered out to him, to write 'Examiners' and other political papers upon</i>"
+      (Chesterfield's "Works," ii. 498, edit. 1777). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: From this and many previous passages it is obvious, that, in
+      joining the Tories, Swift reserved to himself the right of putting his own
+      interpretation upon the speculative points of their political creed. [S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: See Swift's "Presbyterians' Plea of Merit," and note, vol.
+      iv., p. 36, of present edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: James II. sent a Declaration to England, dated April 20th,
+      1692, in which he promised to pardon all those who should return to their
+      duty. He made a few exceptions, and among these were Ormonde, Sunderland,
+      Nottingham, Churchill, etc. It is said that of Churchill James remarked
+      that he never could forgive him until he should efface the memory of his
+      ingratitude by some eminent service. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 10: "The Pretended Prince of Wales," as he is styled in several
+      Acts of Parliament, was first called "the Pretender" in Queen Anne's
+      speech to Parliament on March 11th, 1707/8. She then said: "The French
+      fleet sailed from Dunkirk, Tuesday, at three in the morning, northward,
+      with the Pretender on board." The same epithet is employed in the
+      Addresses by the two Houses in reply to this speech.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was currently reported that he was not a son of James II. and Queen
+      Mary. Several pamphlets were written by "W. Fuller," to prove that he was
+      the son of a gentlewoman named Grey, who was brought to England from
+      Ireland in 1688 by the Countess of Tyrconnel. See also note on p. 409 of
+      vol. v. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 11: An exhibition described at length in Ward's "London Spy."
+      The wonder and dexterity of the feat consisted in the damsel sustaining a
+      number of drawn swords upright upon her hands, shoulders, and neck, and
+      turning round so nimbly as to make the spectators giddy. [S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0049" id="link2H_4_0049"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 41.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY MAY 3, TO THURSDAY MAY 10, 1711.[2]
+    </h3>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  <i>Dos est magna parentium virtus.</i>[3]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      I took up a paper[4] some days ago in a coffee-house; and if the
+      correctness of the style, and a superior spirit in it, had not immediately
+      undeceived me, I should have been apt to imagine, I had been reading an
+      "Examiner." In this paper, there were several important propositions
+      advanced. For instance, that "Providence raised up Mr. H[arle]y to be an
+      instrument of great good, in a very critical juncture, when it was much
+      wanted." That, "his very enemies acknowledge his eminent abilities, and
+      distinguishing merit, by their unwearied and restless endeavours against
+      his person and reputation": That "they have had an inveterate malice
+      against both": That he "has been wonderfully preserved from <i>some</i>
+      unparalleled attempts"; with more to the same purpose. I immediately
+      computed by rules of arithmetic, that in the last cited words there was
+      something more intended than the attempt of Guiscard, which I think can
+      properly pass but for <i>one</i> of the "some." And, though I dare not
+      pretend to guess the author's meaning; yet the expression allows such a
+      latitude, that I would venture to hold a wager, most readers, both Whig
+      and Tory, have agreed with me, that this plural number must, in all
+      probability, among other facts, take in the business of Gregg.[5]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      See now the difference of styles. Had I been to have told my thoughts on
+      this occasion; instead of saying how Mr. H[arle]y was "treated by some
+      persons," and "preserved from some unparalleled attempts"; I should with
+      intolerable bluntness and ill manners, have told a formal story, of a
+      com[mitt]ee[6] sent to a condemned criminal in Newgate, to bribe him with
+      a pardon, on condition he would swear high treason against his master, who
+      discovered his correspondence, and secured his person, when a certain
+      grave politician had given him warning to make his escape: and by this
+      means I should have drawn a whole swarm of hedge-writers to exhaust their
+      catalogue of scurrilities against me as a liar, and a slanderer. But with
+      submission to the author of that forementioned paper, I think he has
+      carried that expression to the utmost it will bear: for after all this
+      noise, I know of but two "attempts" against Mr. H[arle]y, that can really
+      be called "unparalleled," which are those aforesaid of Gregg and Guiscard;
+      and as to the rest, I will engage to parallel them from the story of
+      Catiline, and others I could produce.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      However, I cannot but observe, with infinite pleasure, that a great part
+      of what I have charged upon the late prevailing faction, and for affirming
+      which, I have been adorned with so many decent epithets, hath been
+      sufficiently confirmed at several times, by the resolutions of one or the
+      other House of Parliament.[7] I may therefore now say, I hope, with good
+      authority, that there have been "some unparalleled attempts" against Mr.
+      Harley. That the late ministry were justly to blame in some management,
+      which occasioned the unfortunate battle of Almanza,[8] and the
+      disappointment at Toulon.[9] That the public has been grievously wronged
+      by most notorious frauds, during the Whig administration. That those who
+      advised the bringing in the Palatines,[10] were enemies to the kingdom.
+      That the late managers of the revenue have not duly passed their
+      accounts,[11] for a great part of thirty-five millions, and ought not to
+      be trusted in such employments any more. Perhaps in a little time, I may
+      venture to affirm some other paradoxes of this kind, and produce the same
+      vouchers. And perhaps also, if it had not been so busy a period, instead
+      of one "Examiner," the late ministry might have had above four hundred,
+      each of whose little fingers would be heavier than my loins. It makes me
+      think of Neptune's threat to the winds:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  <i>Quos ego&mdash;sed motos praestat componere fluctus.</i>[12]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Thus when these sons of Aeolus, had almost sunk the ship with the tempests
+      they raised, it was necessary to smooth the ocean, and secure the vessel,
+      instead of pursuing the offenders.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But I observe the general expectation at present, instead of dwelling any
+      longer upon conjectures who is to be punished for past miscarriages, seems
+      bent upon the rewards intended to those, who have been so highly
+      instrumental in rescuing our constitution from its late dangers. It is the
+      observation of Tacitus, in the life of Agricola, that his eminent services
+      had raised a general opinion of his being designed, by the emperor, for
+      praetor of Britain. <i>Nullis in hoc suis sermonibus, sed quia par
+      videbatur:</i> and then he adds, <i>Non semper errat fama, aliquando et
+      eligit.</i>[13] The judgment of a wise prince, and the general disposition
+      of the people, do often point at the same person; and sometimes the
+      popular wishes, do even foretell the reward intended for some superior
+      merit. Thus among several deserving persons, there are two,[14] whom the
+      public vogue hath in a peculiar manner singled out, as designed very soon
+      to receive the choicest marks of the royal favour. One of them to be
+      placed in a very high station, and both to increase the number of our
+      nobility. This, I say, is the general conjecture; for I pretend to none,
+      nor will be chargeable if it be not fulfilled; since it is enough for
+      their honour, that the nation thinks them worthy of the greatest rewards.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Upon this occasion I cannot but take notice, that of all the heresies in
+      politics, profusely scattered by the partisans of the late administration,
+      none ever displeased me more, or seemed to have more dangerous
+      consequences to monarchy, than that pernicious talent so much affected, of
+      discovering a contempt for birth, family, and ancient nobility. All the
+      threadbare topics of poets and orators were displayed to discover to us,
+      that merit and virtue were the only nobility; and that the advantages of
+      blood, could not make a knave or a fool either honest or wise. Most
+      popular commotions we read of in histories of Greece and Rome, took their
+      rise from unjust quarrels to the nobles; and in the latter, the plebeians'
+      encroachments on the patricians, were the first cause of their ruin.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Suppose there be nothing but opinion in the difference of blood; every
+      body knows, that authority is very much founded on opinion. But surely,
+      that difference is not wholly imaginary. The advantages of a liberal
+      education, of choosing the best companions to converse with; not being
+      under the necessity of practising little mean tricks by a scanty
+      allowance; the enlarging of thought, and acquiring the knowledge of men
+      and things by travel; the example of ancestors inciting to great and good
+      actions. These are usually some of the opportunities, that fall in the way
+      of those who are born, of what we call the better families; and allowing
+      genius to be equal in them and the vulgar, the odds are clearly on their
+      side. Nay, we may observe in some, who by the appearance of merit, or
+      favour of fortune, have risen to great stations, from an obscure birth,
+      that they have still retained some sordid vices of their parentage or
+      education, either insatiable avarice, or ignominious falsehood and
+      corruption.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To say the truth, the great neglect of education, in several noble
+      families, whose sons are suffered to pass the most improvable seasons of
+      their youth, in vice and idleness, have too much lessened their
+      reputation; but even this misfortune we owe, among all the rest, to that
+      Whiggish practice of reviling the Universities, under the pretence of
+      their instilling pedantry, narrow principles, and high-church doctrines.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I would not be thought to undervalue merit and virtue, wherever they are
+      to be found; but will allow them capable of the highest dignities in a
+      state, when they are in a very great degree of eminence. A pearl holds its
+      value though it be found in a dunghill; but however, that is not the most
+      probable place to search for it. Nay, I will go farther, and admit, that a
+      man of quality without merit, is just so much the worse for his quality;
+      which at once sets his vices in a more public view, and reproaches him for
+      them. But on the other side, I doubt, those who are always undervaluing
+      the advantages of birth, and celebrating personal merit, have principally
+      an eye to their own, which they are fully satisfied with, and which nobody
+      will dispute with them about; whereas they cannot, without impudence and
+      folly, pretend to be nobly born: because this is a secret too easily
+      discovered: for no men's parentage is so nicely inquired into, as that of
+      assuming upstarts; especially when they affect to make it better than it
+      is, as they often do, or behave themselves with insolence.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But whatever may be the opinion of others upon this subject, whose
+      philosophical scorn for blood and families, reaches even to those that are
+      royal, or perhaps took its rise from a Whiggish contempt of the latter; I
+      am pleased to find two such instances of extraordinary merit, as I have
+      mentioned, joined with ancient and honourable birth, which whether it be
+      of real or imaginary value, hath been held in veneration by all wise,
+      polite states, both ancient and modern. And, as much a foppery, as men
+      pretend to think it, nothing is more observable in those who rise to great
+      place or wealth, from mean originals, than their mighty solicitude to
+      convince the world that they are not so low as is commonly believed. They
+      are glad to find it made out by some strained genealogy, that they have
+      some remote alliance with better families. Cromwell himself was pleased
+      with the impudence of a flatterer, who undertook to prove him descended
+      from a branch of the royal stem. I know a citizen,[15] who adds or alters
+      a letter in his name with every plum he acquires: he now wants but the
+      change of a vowel, to be allied to a sovereign prince in Italy; and that
+      perhaps he may contrive to be done, by a <i>mistake</i> of the graver upon
+      his tombstone.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When I am upon this subject of nobility, I am sorry for the occasion given
+      me, to mention the loss of a person who was so great an ornament to it, as
+      the late lord president;[16] who began early to distinguish himself in the
+      public service, and passed through the highest employments of state, in
+      the most difficult times, with great abilities and untainted honour. As he
+      was of a good old age, his principles of religion and loyalty had received
+      no mixture from late infusions, but were instilled into him by his
+      illustrious father, and other noble spirits, who had exposed their lives
+      and fortunes for the royal martyr.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+            &mdash;&mdash;<i>Pulcherrima proles,
+  Magnanimi heroes nati melioribus annis.</i>[17]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      His first great action was, like Scipio, to defend his father,[18] when
+      oppressed by numbers; and his filial piety was not only rewarded with long
+      life, but with a son, who upon the like occasion, would have shewn the
+      same resolution. No man ever preserved his dignity better when he was out
+      of power, nor shewed more affability while he was in. To conclude: his
+      character (which I do not here pretend to draw) is such, as his nearest
+      friends may safely trust to the most impartial pen; nor wants the least of
+      that allowance which, they say, is required for those who are dead.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 40 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: Writing to Stella, May 14th, 1711, Swift informs her: "Dr.
+      Freind was with me, and pulled out a twopenny pamphlet just published
+      called 'The State of Wit,' giving a character of all the papers that have
+      come out of late. The author seems to be a Whig, yet he speaks very highly
+      of a paper called 'The Examiner,' and says the supposed author of it is
+      Dr. Swift" (vol. ii., p. 176, of present edition). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: Horace, "Odes," III. xxiv. 21.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  "The lovers there for dowry claim
+  The father's virtue, and the mother's fame."
+                               P. FRANCIS.
+</pre>
+    <h3>
+      [T.S.]]
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: "The Congratulatory Speech of William Bromley, Esq., ...
+      together with the Chancellor of the Exchequer's Answer."&mdash;See also
+      No. 42, <i>post</i>, pp. 273-4. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: See No. 33, <i>ante</i>, pp. 207-14. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: The writer of "A Letter to the Seven Lords" says this means
+      "that there was a committee of seven lords, sent to a condemned criminal
+      in Newgate, to bribe him with a pardon, on condition he would swear high
+      treason, against his master."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In Hoffman's "Secret Transactions" (pp. 14, 15) the matter is thus
+      referred to: "Who those persons were that offered Gregg his life, with
+      great preferments and advantages (if he would but accuse his master) may
+      not uneasily be guessed at, for most of the time he was locked up none but
+      people of note, were permitted to come near him, who made him strange
+      promises, and often repeated them." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: "He does, with his own impudence, and with the malice of a
+      devil, bring in both Houses of P&mdash;&mdash; to say and mean the same
+      thing.... It is matter of wonder ... to see the greatest ministers of
+      state we ever had (till now) treated by a poor paper-pedlar, every
+      Thursday, like the veriest rascals in the kingdom.... I could, if it were
+      needful, bring a great many instances, of this licentious way of the scum
+      of mankind's treating the greatest peers in the nation" ("A Letter to the
+      Seven Lords"). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: The Earl of Galway was defeated by the Duke of Berwick at
+      this battle on April 25th, 1707. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: The Allies, under the Duke of Savoy, unsuccessfully laid
+      siege to Toulon from July 26th to August 21st, 1707. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 10: The Palatines, who were mostly Lutherans, came over to
+      England in great numbers in May and June of 1709. So large was the
+      immigration that the House of Commons, on April 14th, 1711, passed a
+      resolution declaring that the inviting and bringing over of the Palatines
+      "at the public expense, was an extravagant and unreasonable charge to the
+      kingdom, and a scandalous misapplication of the public money." Whoever
+      advised it, said the resolution, "was an enemy to the Queen and this
+      kingdom." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 11: A Committee, appointed January 13th, 1710/1, reported in
+      April, 1711, that accounts for <i>£</i>35,302,107 18<i>s.</i> 9-5/8<i>d.</i>(<i>sic</i>)
+      had not been passed. On February 21st, 1711/2, the auditors presented a
+      statement which showed that of these accounts (which went back to 1681),
+      <i>£</i>6,133,571 had then been passed, and that a considerable portion of
+      the remainder was waiting for technicalities only. On June 11th, 1713, it
+      was reported that <i>£</i>24,624,436 had been either passed or "adjusted."
+      See "Journals of House of Commons," xvi., xvii. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 12: Virgil, "Aeneid," i. 135. "Whom I&mdash;but first this
+      uproar must be quelled."&mdash;R. KENNEDY. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 13: Tacitus, "Agricola," 9. (Tacitus wrote "Haud semper," etc.)
+      "An opinion not founded upon any suggestions of his own, but upon his
+      being thought equal to the station. Common fame does not always err,
+      sometimes it even directs a choice" ("Oxford Translation" revised).
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 14: Harley, who was created Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer,
+      May 23rd, 1711, and Sir Simon Harcourt, made Baron Harcourt, September
+      3rd, 1711. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 15: Sir Henry Furnese (1658-1712), Bart. He obtained his
+      baronetcy June 18th, 1707, and was the first to receive that dignity since
+      the Union. He sat in the House as Member for Bramber and Sandwich, and was
+      twice expelled. He was, however, re-elected for Sandwich and represented
+      that constituency until his death on November 30th, 1712.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The variety of ways in which his name has been spelt is quite remarkable.
+      In the "Calendar of State Papers" for 1691 and 1692, the name is given as
+      Furness, Furnese, and Furnes. The "Journals of the House of Commons,"
+      recording his expulsion, speaks of him as Furnesse. When he was knighted
+      (October 11th, 1691), the "Gazette" of October 19th printed it Furnace,
+      and when he was made a baronet, the same journal had it Furnese. In the
+      official "Return of Names of Members," the name is given successively as,
+      Furnace, Furnac, Furnice, Furnise, Furness and Furnese. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 16: Laurence Hyde, Earl of Rochester, second son of the first
+      Earl of Clarendon (see No. 27, <i>ante</i>, p. 170). He undertook the
+      defence of his father when the latter was impeached by the House of
+      Commons, October 30th, 1667, on a charge of high treason. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 17: Virgil, "Aeneid," vi. 648-9.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  "Warriors, high souled, in better ages born,
+  Great Teucer's noble race, these plains adorn."&mdash;J.M. KING.
+
+  [T.S.]]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 18: "When the tumultuous perplexed charge of accumulated
+      treasons was preferred against him by the Commons; his son Laurence, then
+      a Member of that House, stept forth with this brave defiance to his
+      accusers, that, if they could make out any proof of any one single
+      article, he would, as he was authorized, join in the condemnation of his
+      father" (Burton's "Genuineness of Clarendon's History," p. 111). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0050" id="link2H_4_0050"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 42.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY MAY 10, TO THURSDAY MAY 17, 1711.
+    </h3>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  <i>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;Quem cur distringere coner,
+  Tutus ab infestis latronibus?</i>[2]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      I never let slip an opportunity of endeavouring to convince the world,
+      that I am not partial, and to confound the idle reproach of my being hired
+      or directed what to write in defence of the present ministry,[3] or for
+      detecting the practices of the former. When I first undertook this paper,
+      I firmly resolved, that if ever I observed any gross neglect, abuse or
+      corruption in the public management, which might give any just offence to
+      reasonable people, I would take notice of it with that innocent boldness
+      which becomes an honest man, and a true lover of his country; at the same
+      time preserving the respect due to persons so highly entrusted by so wise
+      and excellent a Queen. I know not how such a liberty might have been
+      resented; but I thank God there has been no occasion given me to exercise
+      it; for I can safely affirm, that I have with the utmost rigour, examined
+      all the actions of the present ministry, as far as they fall under general
+      cognizance, without being able to accuse them of one ill or mistaken step.
+      Observing indeed some time ago, that seeds of dissension[4] had been
+      plentifully scattered from a certain corner, and fearing they began to
+      rise and spread, I immediately writ a paper on the subject; which I
+      treated with that warmth I thought it required: but the prudence of those
+      at the helm soon prevented this growing evil; and at present it seems
+      likely to have no consequences.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have had indeed for some time a small occasion of quarrelling, which I
+      thought too inconsiderable for a formal subject of complaint, though I
+      have hinted at it more than once. But it is grown at present to as great a
+      height, as a matter of that nature can possibly bear; and therefore I
+      conceive it high time that an effectual stop should be put to it. I have
+      been amazed at the flaming licentiousness of several weekly papers, which
+      for some months past, have been chiefly employed in barefaced scurrilities
+      against those who are in the greatest trust and favour with the Qu[een],
+      with the first and last letters of their names frequently printed; or some
+      periphrasis describing their station, or other innuendoes, contrived too
+      plain to be mistaken. The consequence of which is, (and it is natural it
+      should be so) that their long impunity hath rendered them still more
+      audacious.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At this time I particularly intend a paper called the "Medley"; whose
+      indefatigable, incessant railings against me, I never thought convenient
+      to take notice of, because it would have diverted my design, which I
+      thought was of public use.[5] Besides, I never yet observed that writer,
+      or those writers, (for it is every way a "Medley") to argue against any
+      one material point or fact that I had advanced, or make one fair
+      quotation. And after all, I knew very well how soon the world grow weary
+      of controversy. It is plain to me, that three or four hands at least have
+      been joined at times in that worthy composition; but the outlines as well
+      as the finishing, seem to have been always the work of the same pen, as it
+      is visible from half a score beauties of style inseparable from it. But
+      who these Meddlers are, or where the judicious leaders have picked them
+      up, I shall never go about to conjecture: factious rancour, false wit,
+      abandoned scurrility, impudent falsehood, and servile pedantry, having so
+      many fathers, and so few to own them, that curiosity herself would not be
+      at the pains to guess. It is the first time I ever did myself the honour
+      to mention that admirable paper: nor could I imagine any occasion likely
+      to happen, that would make it necessary for me to engage with such an
+      adversary. This paper is weekly published, and as appears by the number,
+      has been so for several months, and is next to the "Observator,"[6]
+      allowed to be the best production of the party. Last week my printer
+      brought me that of May 7, Numb. 32. where there are two paragraphs[7]
+      relating to the Speaker of the House of Commons, and to Mr. Harley; which,
+      as little as I am inclined to engage with such an antagonist, I cannot let
+      pass, without failing in my duty to the public: and if those in power will
+      suffer such infamous insinuations to pass with impunity, they act without
+      precedent from any age or country of the world.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I desire to open this matter, and leave the Whigs themselves to determine
+      upon it. The House of Commons resolved, <i>nemine contradicente</i>, that
+      the Speaker should congratulate Mr. Harley's escape and recovery[8] in the
+      name of the House, upon his first attendance on their service. This is
+      accordingly done; and the speech, together with the chancellor of the
+      exchequer's, are printed by order of the House.[9] The author of the
+      "Medley" takes this speech to task the very next week after it is
+      published, telling us, in the aforesaid paper, that the Speaker's
+      commending Mr. Harley, for being "an instrument of great good" to the
+      nation, was "ill-chosen flattery"; because Mr. Harley had brought the
+      "nation under great difficulties, to say no more:" He says, that when the
+      Speaker tells Mr. Harley, that Providence has "wonderfully preserved" him
+      "from some unparalleled attempts" (for that the "Medley" alludes to) he
+      only "revives a false and groundless calumny upon other men"; which is "an
+      instance of impotent, but inveterate malice,"[10] that makes him [the
+      Speaker] "still appear more vile and contemptible." This is an extract
+      from his first paragraph. In the next this writer says, that the Speaker's
+      "praying to God for the continuance of Mr. Harley's life, as an invaluable
+      blessing,[11] was a fulsome piece of insincerity, which exposes him to
+      shame and derision"; because he is "known to bear ill will to Mr. Harley,
+      to have an extreme bad opinion of him, and to think him an obstructor of
+      those fine measures he would bring about."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I now appeal to the Whigs themselves, whether a great minister of state,
+      in high favour with the Qu[een], and a Speaker of the House of Commons,
+      were ever publicly treated after so extraordinary a manner, in the most
+      licentious times? For this is not a clandestine libel stolen into the
+      world, but openly printed and sold, with the bookseller's name and place
+      of abode at the bottom. And the juncture is admirable, when Mr. H[arle]y
+      is generally believed upon the very point to be made an earl, and promoted
+      to the most important station of the kingdom:[12] nay, the very marks of
+      esteem he hath so lately received from the whole representative body of
+      the people, are called "ill-chosen flattery," and "a fulsome piece of
+      insincerity," exposing the donors "to shame and derision."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Does this intrepid writer think he has sufficiently disguised the matter,
+      by that stale artifice of altering the story, and putting it as a supposed
+      case? Did any man who ever saw the congratulatory speech, read either of
+      those paragraphs in the "Medley," without interpreting them just as I have
+      done? Will the author declare upon his great sincerity, that he never had
+      any such meaning? Is it enough, that a jury at Westminster-Hall would,
+      perhaps, not find him guilty of defaming the Speaker and Mr. Harley in
+      that paper? which however, I am much in doubt of too; and must think the
+      law very defective, if the reputation of such persons must lie at the
+      mercy of such pens. I do not remember to have seen any libel, supposed to
+      be writ with caution and double meaning, in order to prevent prosecution,
+      delivered under so thin a cover, or so unartificially made up as this;
+      whether it were from an apprehension of his readers' dullness, or an
+      effect of his own. He hath transcribed the very phrases of the Speaker,
+      and put them in a different character, for fear they might pass
+      unobserved, and to prevent all possibility of being mistaken. I shall be
+      pleased to see him have recourse to the old evasion, and say, that I who
+      make the application, am chargeable with the abuse: let any reader of
+      either party be judge. But I cannot forbear asserting, as my opinion, that
+      for a m[inist]ry to endure such open calumny, without calling the author
+      to account, is next to deserving it. And this is an omission I venture to
+      charge upon the present m[inist]ry, who are too apt to despise little
+      things, which however have not always little consequences.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When this paper was first undertaken, one design, among others, was, to <i>Examine</i>
+      some of those writings so frequently published with an evil tendency,
+      either to religion or government; but I was long diverted by other
+      enquiries, which I thought more immediately necessary, to animadvert upon
+      men's actions, rather than their speculations: to shew the necessity there
+      was of changing the ministry, that our constitution in Church and State
+      might be preserved; to expose some dangerous principles and practices
+      under the former administration, and prove by many instances, that those
+      who are now at the helm, are entirely in the true interest of prince and
+      people. This I may modestly hope, hath in some measure been already done,
+      sufficient to answer the end proposed, which was to inform the ignorant
+      and those at distance, and to convince such as are not engaged in a party,
+      from other motives than that of conscience. I know not whether I shall
+      have any appetite to continue this work much longer; if I do, perhaps some
+      time may be spent in exposing and overturning the false reasonings of
+      those who engage their pens on the other side, without losing time in
+      vindicating myself against their scurrilities, much less in retorting
+      them. Of this sort there is a certain humble companion, a French <i>maître
+      de langues</i>,[13] who every month publishes an extract from votes,
+      newspapers, speeches and proclamations, larded with some insipid remarks
+      of his own; which he calls "The Political State of Great Britain:"[14]
+      This ingenious piece he tells us himself, is constantly translated into
+      French, and printed in Holland, where the Dutch, no doubt, conceive most
+      noble sentiments of us, conveyed through such a vehicle. It is observable
+      in his account for April, that the vanity, so predominant in many of his
+      nation, has made him more concerned for the honour of Guiscard, than the
+      safety of Mr. H[arle]y: And for fear we should think the worse of his
+      country upon that assassin's account,[15] he tells us, there have been
+      more murders, parricides and villanies, committed in England, than any
+      other part of the world. I cannot imagine how an illiterate foreigner, who
+      is neither master of our language, or indeed of common sense, and who is
+      devoted to a faction, I suppose, for no other reason, but his having more
+      Whig customers than Tories, should take it into his head to write politic
+      tracts of our affairs. But I presume, he builds upon the foundation of
+      having being called to an account for his insolence in one of his former
+      monthly productions,[16] which is a method that seldom fails of giving
+      some vogue to the foolishest composition. If such a work must be done, I
+      wish some tolerable hand would undertake it; and that we would not suffer
+      a little whiffling Frenchman to neglect his trade of teaching his language
+      to our children, and presume to instruct foreigners in our politics.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 41 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+[Footnote 2: Horace, "Satires," II. i. 41-2.
+          "Safe it lies
+Within the sheath, till villains round me rise."&mdash;P. FRANCIS.
+[T.S.]]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: See No. 40, <i>ante</i>, and note, p. 259. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: In "A Discourse of the Contests and Dissensions ... Athens
+      and Rome," 1701 (vol. i., pp. 227-270, of present edition). See also
+      Swift's reference to this pamphlet in his "Memoirs Relating to that
+      Change," etc. (vol. v., p. 379). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: "The Medley," under Maynwaring, with occasional help from
+      Addison and Steele, seems to have been published for the sole purpose of
+      replying to the "Examiner." No. 40 (July 2nd, 1711) begins: "The
+      'Examiner' is grown so insipid and contemptible that my acquaintance are
+      offended at my troubling myself about him." No. 45 (the final number,
+      August 6th, 1711) expresses the writer's "deep concern" for the loss of
+      his "dear friend 'The Examiner,' who has at once left the world and me,
+      quite unprovided for so great a blow." When the "Examiner" was revived by
+      W. Oldisworth in December, 1711, it was soon followed by a reappearance of
+      "The Medley." It started afresh with Numb. I. on March 3rd, 1712 (<i>i.e.</i>
+      1711/2), and continued until August 4th, 1712, the date of the publication
+      of Numb. XLV. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: See No. 16, <i>ante</i>, and note p. 85. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: The two paragraphs appeared in No. 32 of "The Medley," and
+      the writer introduces them by a reference to "praise and censure, which I
+      choose out of all the rest, because it only concerns the 'Examiner' to be
+      well instructed in them, he having no other business but to flatter the
+      new m[inistry], and abuse the old." The first paragraph runs:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "In the first place, whenever any body would praise another, all he can
+      say will have no weight or effect, if it be not true or probable. If
+      therefore, for example, my friend should take it into his head to commend
+      a man, <i>for having been an instrument of great good to a nation</i>,
+      when in truth that very person had brought that same nation under great
+      difficulties, to say no more; such ill-chosen flattery would be of no use
+      or moment, nor add the least credit to the person so commended. Or if he
+      should take that occasion to revive any false and groundless calumny upon
+      other men, or another party of men; such an instance of <i>impotent but
+      inveterate malice</i>, would make him still appear more vile and
+      contemptible. The reason of all which is, that what he said was neither
+      just, proper, nor real, and therefore must needs want the force of true
+      eloquence, which consists in nothing else but in well representing things
+      as they really are. I advise therefore my friend, before he praises any
+      more of his heroes, to learn the common rules of writing; and particularly
+      to read over and over a certain chapter in Aristotle's first book of
+      Rhetoric, where are given very proper and necessary directions, <i>for
+      praising a man who has done nothing that he ought to be praised for</i>."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      There is no reference here to the Speaker. The reference is to the
+      "Examiner"; nor is there any mention of Providence having wonderfully
+      preserved him from some unparalleled attempts.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The second paragraph runs:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "But the ancients did not think it enough for men to speak what was true
+      or probable, they required further that their orators should be heartily
+      in earnest; and that they should have all those motions and affections in
+      their own minds which they endeavoured to raise in others. He that thinks,
+      says Cicero, to warm others with his eloquence, must first be warm
+      himself. And Quintilian says, We must first be affected ourselves, before
+      we can move others. This made Pliny's panegyric upon Trajan so well
+      received by his hearers, because every body knew the wonderful esteem and
+      affection which he had for the person he commended: and therefore, when he
+      concluded with a prayer to Jupiter, that he would take care of the life
+      and safety of that great and good man, which he said contained in it all
+      other blessings; though the expression was so high, it passed very well
+      with those that heard him, as being agreeable to the known sentiments and
+      affection of the speaker. Whereas, if my friend should be known to bear
+      ill-will to another person, or to have an extreme bad opinion of him, or
+      to think him an abstractor of those fine measures he would bring about,
+      and should yet in one of his panegyrics pray to God for the continuance of
+      that very person's life, as '<i>an invaluable blessing</i>'; such a
+      fulsome piece of insincerity would only expose him to shame and derision."
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: The House of Commons resolved on April 11th, that the Speaker
+      should congratulate Mr. Harley when he was able to attend the House. This
+      was done on April 26th. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: The House of Commons, on April 27th, ordered, "That Mr.
+      Speaker be desired to print his congratulatory speech ... with the Answer
+      of Mr. Chancellor of the Exchequer to the same." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 10: The Speaker thanks God that Harley's enemies had "not been
+      able to accomplish what their inveterate, but impotent, malice, had
+      designed." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 11: The Speaker prayed that Providence might "continue still to
+      preserve so invaluable a life." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 12: Harley was appointed lord treasurer, May 30th, 1711, and
+      created Earl of Oxford, May 23rd. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 13: Abel Boyer (1667-1729), author of a French dictionary, a
+      French grammar, "History of William III.," "History of Queen Anne," "The
+      Political State," "The Post Boy" (1705-9), and many other works. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 14: "The Political State of Great Britain" was started in
+      January, 1710/1, and continued monthly until 1740. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 15: See No. 33, <i>ante</i>, and note, p. 207. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 16: Boyer appeared before the House of Lords, March 6th, 1710/1,
+      and owned that he was the compiler of "The Political State of Great
+      Britain." He was kept in custody till March 12th, when he was reprimanded,
+      and discharged after he had paid his fees. His offence was that "an
+      account is pretended to be given of the Debates and Proceedings of this
+      House" ("Journals of House of Lords," xix). The third number of "The
+      Political State," Boyer issued on March 17th, giving his reason for the
+      delay in its appearance: "An unavoidable and unvoluntary avocation, of
+      which I may give you an account hereafter, has obliged me to write to you
+      a fortnight later than usual." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0051" id="link2H_4_0051"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 43.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY MAY 17, TO THURSDAY MAY 24, 1711.
+    </h3>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  <i>Delicta majorum immeritus lues,
+  Romane; donec templa refeceris,
+      Aedesque labentes deorum</i>&mdash;&mdash;[2]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Several letters have been lately sent me, desiring I would make honourable
+      mention of the pious design of building fifty churches, in several parts
+      of London and Westminster, where they are most wanted; occasioned by an
+      address of the convocation to the Queen,[3] and recommended by her Majesty
+      to the House of Commons; who immediately promised, they would enable her
+      "to accomplish so excellent a design," and are now preparing a Bill
+      accordingly. I thought to have deferred any notice of this important
+      affair till the end of this session; at which time I proposed to deliver a
+      particular account of the great and useful things already performed by
+      this present Parliament. But in compliance to those who give themselves
+      the trouble of advising me; and partly convinced by the reasons they
+      offer; I am content to bestow a paper upon a subject, that indeed so well
+      deserves it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The clergy, and whoever else have a true concern for the constitution of
+      the Church, cannot but be highly pleased with one prospect in this new
+      scene of public affairs. They may very well remember the time, when every
+      session of Parliament, was like a cloud hanging over their heads; and if
+      it happened to pass without bursting into some storm upon the Church, we
+      thanked God, and thought it an happy escape till the next meeting; upon
+      which we resumed our secret apprehensions, though we were not allowed to
+      believe any danger. Things are now altered; the Parliament takes the
+      necessities of the Church into consideration, receives the proposals of
+      the clergy met in convocation, and amidst all the exigencies of a long
+      expensive war, and under the pressure of heavy debts, finds a supply for
+      erecting fifty edifices for the service of God. And it appears by the
+      address of the Commons to her Majesty upon this occasion (wherein they
+      discovered a true spirit of religion) that the applying the money granted
+      "to accomplish so excellent a design,"[4] would, in their opinion, be the
+      most effectual way of carrying on the war; that it would (to use their own
+      words) "be a means of drawing down blessings on her Majesty's
+      undertakings, as it adds to the number of those places, where the prayers
+      of her devout and faithful subjects, will be daily offered up to God, for
+      the prosperity of her government at home, and the success of her arms
+      abroad."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am sometimes hoping, that we are not naturally so bad a people, as we
+      have appeared for some years past. Faction, in order to support itself, is
+      generally forced to make use of such abominable instruments, that as long
+      as it prevails, the genius of a nation is overpressed, and cannot appear
+      to exert itself: but when <i>that</i> is broke and suppressed, when things
+      return to the old course, mankind will naturally fall to act from
+      principles of reason and religion. The Romans, upon a great victory, or
+      escape from public danger, frequently built a temple in honour of some
+      god, to whose peculiar favour they imputed their success or delivery: and
+      sometimes the general did the like, <i>at his own expense</i>, to acquit
+      himself of some pious vow he had made. How little of any thing resembling
+      this hath been done by us after all our victories! and perhaps for that
+      reason, among others, they have turned to so little account. But what
+      could we expect? We acted all along as if we believed nothing of a God or
+      His providence; and therefore it was consistent to offer up our edifices
+      only to those, whom we looked upon as givers of all victory, in His stead.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have computed, that fifty churches may be built by a medium, at six
+      thousand pound for a church; which is somewhat <i>under</i> the price of a
+      subject's palace: yet perhaps the care of above two hundred thousand
+      souls, with the benefit of their prayers for the prosperity of their Queen
+      and country, may be almost put in the balance with the domestic
+      convenience, or even magnificence of any subject whatsoever.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Sir William Petty, who under the name of Captain Graunt, published some
+      observations upon bills of mortality about five years after the
+      Restoration;[5] tells us, the parishes in London, were even then so
+      unequally divided, that some were two hundred times larger than others.
+      Since that time, the increase of trade, the frequency of Parliaments, the
+      desire of living in the metropolis, together with that genius for
+      building, which began after the fire, and hath ever since continued, have
+      prodigiously enlarged this town on all sides, where it was capable of
+      increase; and those tracts of land built into streets, have generally
+      continued of the same parish they belonged to, while they lay in fields;
+      so that the care of above thirty thousand souls, hath been sometimes
+      committed to one minister, whose church would hardly contain the twentieth
+      part of his flock: neither, I think, was any family in those parishes
+      obliged to pay above a groat a year to their spiritual pastor. Some few of
+      those parishes have been since divided; in others were erected chapels of
+      ease, where a preacher is maintained by general contribution. Such poor
+      shifts and expedients, to the infinite shame and scandal, of so vast and
+      flourishing a city, have been thought sufficient for the service of God
+      and religion; as if they were circumstances wholly indifferent.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This defect, among other consequences of it, hath made schism a sort of
+      necessary evil, there being at least three hundred thousand inhabitants in
+      this town, whom the churches would not be able to contain, if the people
+      were ever so well disposed: and in a city not overstocked with zeal, the
+      only way to preserve any degree of religion, is to make all attendance
+      upon the duties of it, as easy and cheap as possible: whereas on the
+      contrary, in the larger parishes, the press is so great, and the
+      pew-keeper's tax so exorbitant, that those who love to save trouble and
+      money, either stay at home, or retire to the conventicles. I believe there
+      are few examples in any Christian country of so great a neglect for
+      religion; and the dissenting teachers have made their advantages largely
+      by it, "sowing tares among the wheat while men slept;" being much more
+      expert at procuring contributions, which is a trade they are bred up in,
+      than men of a liberal education.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And to say truth, the way practised by several parishes in and about this
+      town, of maintaining their clergy by voluntary subscriptions, is not only
+      an indignity to the character, but hath many pernicious consequences
+      attending it; such a precarious dependence, subjecting a clergyman, who
+      hath not more than ordinary spirit and resolution, to many inconveniences,
+      which are obvious to imagine: but this defect will, no doubt, be remedied
+      by the wisdom and piety of the present Parliament; and a tax laid upon
+      every house in a parish, for the support of their pastor. Neither indeed
+      can it be conceived, why a house, whose purchase is not reckoned above
+      one-third less than land of the same yearly rent, should not pay a
+      twentieth part annually (which is half tithe) to the support of the
+      minister. One thing I could wish, that in fixing the maintenance to the
+      several ministers in these new intended parishes, no determinate sum of
+      money may be named, which in all perpetuities ought by any means to be
+      avoided; but rather a tax in proportion to the rent of each house, though
+      it be but a twentieth or even a thirtieth part. The contrary of this, I am
+      told, was done in several parishes of the city after the fire; where the
+      incumbent and his successors were to receive for ever a certain sum; for
+      example, one or two hundred pounds a year. But the lawgivers did not
+      consider, that what we call at present, one hundred pounds, will, in
+      process of time, have not the intrinsic value of twenty; as twenty pounds
+      now are hardly equal to forty shillings, three hundred years ago. There
+      are a thousand instances of this all over England, in reserved rents
+      applied to hospitals, in old chiefries, and even among the clergy
+      themselves, in those payments which, I think, they call a <i>modus</i>.[6]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As no prince had ever better dispositions than her present Majesty, for
+      the advancement of true religion, so there was never any age that produced
+      greater occasions to employ them on. It is an unspeakable misfortune, that
+      any designs of so excellent a Queen, should be checked by the necessities
+      of a long and ruinous war, which the folly or corruption of modern
+      politicians have involved us in, against all the maxims whereby our
+      country flourished so many hundred years: else her Majesty's care of
+      religion would certainly have reached even to her American plantations.
+      Those noble countries, stocked by numbers from hence, whereof too many are
+      in no very great reputation for faith or morals, will be a perpetual
+      reproach to us, till some better care is taken for cultivating
+      Christianity among them. If the governors of those several colonies were
+      obliged, at certain times, to transmit an exact representation of the
+      state of religion, in their several districts; and the legislature here
+      would, in a time of leisure, take that affair under their consideration,
+      it might be perfected with little difficulty, and be a great addition to
+      the glories of her Majesty's reign.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But to waive further speculations upon so remote a scene, while we have
+      subjects enough to employ them on at home; it is to be hoped, the clergy
+      will not let slip any proper opportunity of improving the pious
+      dispositions of the Queen and kingdom, for the advantage of the Church;
+      when by the example of times past, they consider how rarely such
+      conjunctures are like to happen. What if some method were thought on
+      towards repairing of churches? for which there is like to be too frequent
+      occasions, those ancient Gothic structures, throughout this kingdom, going
+      every year to decay. That expedient of repairing or rebuilding them by
+      charitable collections, seems in my opinion not very suitable, either to
+      the dignity and usefulness of the work, or to the honour of our country;
+      since it might be so easily done, with very little charge to the public,
+      in a much more decent and honourable manner, while Parliaments are so
+      frequently called. But these and other regulations must be left to a time
+      of peace, which I shall humbly presume to wish may soon be our share,
+      however offensive it may be to any, either abroad or at home, who are
+      gainers by the war.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 42 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: Horace, "Odes," III. vi. 1-3.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  "Those ills your ancestors have done,
+   Romans, are now become your own;
+   And they will cost you dear,
+   Unless you soon repair
+   The falling temples which the gods provoke."
+
+  EARL OF ROSCOMMON (1672). [T.S.]]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: The minister and churchwardens of Greenwich applied to the
+      House of Commons on February 14th, 1710/1, for aid in the rebuilding of
+      their church. The House referred the application to a committee. On
+      February 28th the lower house of Convocation sent a deputation to the
+      Speaker expressing their satisfaction at what had been done. On his
+      reporting this to the House on the following day, they expressed their
+      readiness to receive information. The lower house of Convocation prepared
+      a scheme and presented it to the Speaker on March 9th; this was referred
+      to the committee on the 10th. Acting on a hint received from the court,
+      the bishops and clergy presented an Address to the Queen on March 26th,
+      and this was followed by a Message from Her Majesty, on the 29th, to the
+      House of Commons, recommending that Parliament should undertake "the great
+      and necessary work of building more churches." On April 9th the House of
+      Commons replied in an Address, promising to make provision, and resolved,
+      on May 1st, to grant a supply for building fifty new churches in or about
+      London and Westminster. On May 8th it fixed the amount at a sum "not
+      exceeding £350,000." In pursuance of this a Bill was introduced on May
+      18th, which received the Royal Assent on June 12th (9 Ann. c. 17). This
+      Bill granted £350,000 (to be raised by a duty on coals) for building fifty
+      new churches in London and Westminster.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In this connection it is interesting to remember that Swift, two years
+      before, had recommended the building of more churches as part of his
+      suggestions for "the advancement of religion." See his "Project for the
+      Advancement of Religion" (vol. iii., p. 45 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: In their Address, on April 9th, 1711, the House of Commons
+      said: "Neither the long expensive war, in which we are engaged, nor the
+      pressure of heavy debts, under which we labour, shall hinder us from
+      granting to your Majesty whatever is necessary, to accomplish so excellent
+      a design, which, we hope, may be a means of drawing down blessings from
+      Heaven on all your Majesty's other undertakings, as it adds to the number
+      of those places, where the prayers of your devout and faithful subjects
+      will be daily offered up to God, for the prosperity of your Majesty's
+      government at home, and the success of your arms abroad." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: "Natural and Political Observations ... upon the Bills of
+      Mortality." By John Graunt, 1662. The writer says in chap. x. that
+      Cripplegate parish was two hundred times as big as some of the parishes in
+      the city. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: An abbreviation of <i>modus decimandi</i>, a composition in
+      lieu of payment of tithes. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0052" id="link2H_4_0052"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 44.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY MAY 24, TO THURSDAY MAY 31, 1711.
+    </h3>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  <i>Scilicet, ut possem curvo dignoscere rectum.</i>[2]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Having been forced in my papers to use the cant-words of Whig and Tory,
+      which have so often varied their significations, for twenty years past; I
+      think it necessary to say something of the several changes those two terms
+      have undergone since that period; and then to tell the reader what I have
+      always understood by each of them, since I undertook this work. I reckon
+      that these sorts of conceited appellations, are usually invented by the
+      vulgar; who not troubling themselves to examine through the merits of a
+      cause, are consequently the most violent partisans of what they espouse;
+      and in their quarrels, usually proceed to their beloved argument of <i>calling
+      names</i>, till at length they light upon one which is sure to stick; and
+      in time, each party grows proud of that appellation, which their
+      adversaries at first intended for a reproach. Of this kind were the
+      Prasini and Veneti,[3] the Guelfs and Ghibellines,[4] Huguenots and
+      Papists, Roundheads and Cavaliers,[5] with many others, of ancient and
+      modern date. Among us of late there seems to have been a barrenness of
+      invention in this point, the words Whig and Tory,[6] though they are not
+      much above thirty years old, having been pressed to the service of many
+      successions of parties, with very different ideas fastened to them. This
+      distinction, I think, began towards the latter part of King Charles the
+      Second's reign, was dropped during that of his successor, and then revived
+      at the Revolution, since which it has perpetually flourished, though
+      applied to very different kinds of principles and persons. In that
+      Convention of Lords and Commons,[7] some of both Houses were for a regency
+      to the Prince of Orange, with a reservation of style and title to the
+      absent king, which should be made use of in all public acts. Others, when
+      they were brought to allow the throne vacant, thought the succession
+      should immediately go to the next heir, according to the fundamental laws
+      of the kingdom, as if the last king were actually dead. And though the
+      dissenting lords (in whose House the chief opposition was) did at last
+      yield both those points, took the oaths to the new king, and many of them
+      employments, yet they were looked upon with an evil eye by the warm
+      zealots of the other side; neither did the court ever heartily favour any
+      of them, though some were of the most eminent for abilities and virtue,
+      and served that prince, both in his councils and his army, with untainted
+      faith. It was apprehended, at the same time, and perhaps it might have
+      been true, that many of the clergy would have been better pleased with
+      that scheme of a regency, or at least an uninterrupted lineal succession,
+      for the sake of those whose consciences were truly scrupulous; and they
+      thought there were some circumstances, in the case of the deprived
+      bishops,[8] that looked a little hard, or at least deserved commiseration.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      These, and other the like reflections did, as I conceive, revive the
+      denominations of Whig and Tory.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Some time after the Revolution the distinction of high and low-church came
+      in, which was raised by the Dissenters, in order to break the Church
+      party, by dividing the members into high and low; and the opinions raised,
+      that the high joined with the Papists, inclined the low to fall in with
+      the Dissenters.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And here I shall take leave to produce some principles, which in the
+      several periods of the late reign, served to denote a man of one or the
+      other party. To be against a standing army in time of peace, was all
+      high-church, Tory and Tantivy.[9] To differ from a majority of b[isho]ps
+      was the same. To raise the prerogative above law for serving a turn, was
+      low-church and Whig. The opinion of the majority in the House of Commons,
+      especially of the country-party or landed interest, was high-flying[10]
+      and rank Tory. To exalt the king's supremacy beyond all precedent, was
+      low-church, Whiggish and moderate. To make the least doubt of the
+      pretended prince being supposititious, and a tiler's son, was, in their
+      phrase, "top and topgallant," and perfect Jacobitism. To resume the most
+      exorbitant grants, that were ever given to a set of profligate favourites,
+      and apply them to the public, was the very quintessence of Toryism;
+      notwithstanding those grants were known to be acquired, by sacrificing the
+      honour and the wealth of England.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In most of these principles, the two parties seem to have shifted
+      opinions, since their institution under King Charles the Second, and
+      indeed to have gone very different from what was expected from each, even
+      at the time of the Revolution. But as to that concerning the Pretender,
+      the Whigs have so far renounced it, that they are grown the great
+      advocates for his legitimacy: which gives me the opportunity of
+      vindicating a noble d[uke] who was accused of a blunder in the House, when
+      upon a certain lord's mentioning the pretended Prince, his g[race] told
+      the lords, he "must be plain with them, and call that person, not the
+      pretended prince, but the pretended impostor:" which was so far from a
+      blunder in that polite l[or]d, as his ill-willers give out, that it was
+      only a refined way of delivering the avowed sentiments of his whole party.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But to return, this was the state of principles when the Qu[een] came to
+      the crown; some time after which, it pleased certain great persons, who
+      had been all their lives in the altitude of Tory-profession, to enter into
+      a treaty with the Whigs, from whom they could get better terms than from
+      their old friends, who began to be resty, and would not allow monopolies
+      of power and favour; nor consent to carry on the war entirely at the
+      expense of this nation, that they might have pensions from abroad; while
+      another people, more immediately concerned in the war, traded with the
+      enemy as in times of peace. Whereas, the other party, whose case appeared
+      then as desperate, was ready to yield to any conditions that would bring
+      them into play. And I cannot help affirming, that this nation was made a
+      sacrifice to the immeasurable appetite of power and wealth in a very few,
+      that shall be nameless, who in every step they made, acted directly
+      against what they had always professed. And if his Royal Highness the
+      Prince[11] had died some years sooner (who was a perpetual check in their
+      career) it is dreadful to think how far they might have proceeded.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Since that time, the bulk of the Whigs appears rather to be linked to a
+      certain set of persons, than any certain set of principles: so that if I
+      were to define a member of that party, I would say, he was one "who
+      believed in the late m[inist]ry." And therefore, whatever I have affirmed
+      of Whigs in any of these papers, or objected against them, ought to be
+      understood, either of those who were partisans of the late men in power,
+      and privy to their designs; or such who joined with them, from a hatred to
+      our monarchy and Church, as unbelievers and Dissenters of all sizes; or
+      men in office, who had been guilty of much corruption, and dreaded a
+      change; which would not only put a stop to further abuses for the future,
+      but might, perhaps, introduce examinations of what was past. Or those who
+      had been too highly obliged, to quit their supporters with any common
+      decency. Or lastly, the money-traders, who could never hope to make their
+      markets so well of <i>premiums</i> and exorbitant interest, and high
+      remittances, under any other administration.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Under these heads, may be reduced the whole body of those whom I have all
+      along understood for Whigs: for I do not include within this number, any
+      of those who have been misled by ignorance, or seduced by plausible
+      pretences, to think better of that sort of men than they deserve, and to
+      apprehend mighty danger from their disgrace: because, I believe, the
+      greatest part of such well-meaning people, are now thoroughly converted.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And indeed, it must be allowed, that those two fantastic names of Whig and
+      Tory, have at present very little relation to those opinions, which were
+      at first thought to distinguish them. Whoever formerly professed himself
+      to approve the Revolution, to be against the Pretender, to justify the
+      succession in the house of Hanover, to think the British monarchy not
+      absolute, but limited by laws, which the executive power could not
+      dispense with, and to allow an indulgence to scrupulous consciences; such
+      a man was content to be called a Whig. On the other side, whoever asserted
+      the Queen's hereditary right; that the persons of princes were sacred;
+      their lawful authority not to be resisted on any pretence; nor even their
+      usurpations, without the most extreme necessity: that breaches in the
+      succession were highly dangerous; that schism was a great evil, both in
+      itself and its consequences; that the ruin of the Church, would probably
+      be attended with that of the State; that no power should be trusted with
+      those who are not of the established religion; such a man was usually
+      called a Tory. Now, though the opinions of both these are very consistent,
+      and I really think are maintained at present by a great majority of the
+      kingdom; yet, according as men apprehend the danger greater, either from
+      the Pretender and his party, or from the violence and cunning of other
+      enemies to the constitution; so their common discourses and reasonings,
+      turn either to the first or second set of these opinions I have mentioned,
+      and are consequently styled either Whigs or Tories. Which is, as if two
+      brothers apprehended their house would be set upon, but disagreed about
+      the place from whence they thought the robbers would come, and therefore
+      would go on different sides to defend it. They must needs weaken and
+      expose themselves by such a separation; and so did we, only our case was
+      worse: for in order to keep off a weak, remote enemy, from whom we could
+      not suddenly apprehend any danger, we took a nearer and a stronger one
+      into the house. I make no comparison at all between the two enemies:
+      Popery and slavery are without doubt the greatest and most dreadful of
+      any; but I may venture to affirm, that the fear of these, have not, at
+      least since the Revolution, been so close and pressing upon us, as that
+      from another faction; excepting only one short period, when the leaders of
+      that very faction, invited the abdicating king to return; of which I have
+      formerly taken notice.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Having thus declared what sort of persons I have always meant, under the
+      denomination of Whigs, it will be easy to shew whom I understand by
+      Tories. Such whose principles in Church and State, are what I have above
+      related; whose actions are derived from thence, and who have no attachment
+      to any set of ministers, further than as these are friends to the
+      constitution in all its parts, but will do their utmost to save their
+      prince and country, whoever be at the helm.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      By these descriptions of Whig and Tory, I am sensible those names are
+      given to several persons very undeservedly; and that many a man is called
+      by one or the other, who has not the least title to the blame or praise I
+      have bestowed on each of them throughout my papers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 43 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+[Footnote 2: Horace, "Epistles," II. ii. 44.
+"Fair truth from falsehood to discern."&mdash;P. FRANCIS.
+ [T.S.]]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: There were four factions, or parties, distinguished by their
+      colours, which contended in the ancient circus at Constantinople. The
+      white and the red were the most ancient. In the sixth century the
+      dissension between the green (or Prasini) and the blue (or Veneti) was so
+      violent, that 40,000 men were killed, and the factions were abolished from
+      that time. See also Gibbon's "Rome," chap. xl. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: The Guelfs were the Papal and popular party in Italy, and the
+      Ghibellines were the imperial and aristocratic. It is said that these
+      names were first used as war cries at the battle of Weinsberg in 1140.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: These terms came into use about 1641. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: Writing under date, 1681, Burnet says "At this time the
+      distinguishing names of Whig and Tory came to be the denominations of the
+      parties" ("Hist. Own Times," i. 499) [T.S.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Whig a more</i> was a nick name given to the western peasantry of
+      Scotland, from then using the words frequently in driving strings of
+      horses. Hence, as connected with Calvinistical principles in religion, and
+      republican doctrines in policy, it was given as a term of reproach to the
+      opposition party in the latter years of Charles II. These retorted upon
+      the courtiers the word <i>Tory</i>, signifying an Irish free-booter, and
+      particularly applicable to the Roman Catholic followers of the Duke of
+      York. [S]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Macaulay's explanation of the origin of these two terms is somewhat
+      different from that given by Scott. "In Scotland," he says, "some of the
+      persecuted Covenanters, driven mad by oppression, had lately murdered the
+      Primate, had taken aims against the government," etc. "These zealots were
+      most numerous among the rustics of the western lowlands, who were vulgarly
+      called Whigs. Thus the appellation of Whig was fastened on the
+      Presbyterian zealots of Scotland, and was transferred to those English
+      politicians who showed a disposition to oppose the court, and to treat
+      Protestant Nonconformists with indulgence. The bogs of Ireland, at the
+      same time, afforded a refuge to Popish outlaws, much resembling those who
+      were afterwards known as Whiteboys. These men were then called Tories. The
+      name of Tory was therefore given to Englishmen who refused to concur in
+      excluding a Roman Catholic prince from the throne." ("History of England,"
+      vol. i, chap. ii) [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: The Convention was summoned by the Prince of Orange in
+      December, 1688. After a lengthened debate they resolved, on February 12th,
+      1688/9, that the Prince and Princess of Orange should "be declared King
+      and Queen." The Sovereigns were proclaimed on February 13th, and on the
+      20th the Convention was voted a Parliament. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: The bishops who were deprived for refusing to take the oath
+      of allegiance to King William were: Sancroft, the Archbishop of
+      Canterbury; Ken, Bishop of Bath; White, Bishop of Peterborough; Turner,
+      Bishop of Ely; Frampton, Bishop of Gloucester; and Lloyd, Bishop of
+      Norwich. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: Writing to Stella, under date October 10th, 1711, Swift
+      complains that "The Protestant Post-Boy" says "that an ambitious tantivy,
+      missing of his towering hopes of preferment in Ireland, is come over to
+      vent his spleen on the late ministry," etc. (vol. ii., p. 258, of present
+      edition). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 10: "The most virtuous and pious enemy to their wicked
+      principles [<i>i.e.</i>, to those of the Calves-Head Club] is always cried
+      down as a high-flyer, a Papist, and a traitor to his country" ("Secret
+      History of the Calves-Head Club," 7th edit., 1709). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 11: Prince George of Denmark died October 28th, 1708. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0053" id="link2H_4_0053"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 45.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY MAY 31, TO THURSDAY JUNE 7, 1711.[2]
+    </h3>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  <i>Magna vis est, magnum nomen, unum et idem sentieritis Senatus.</i>[3]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Whoever calls to mind the clamour and the calumny, the artificial fears
+      and jealousies, the shameful misrepresentation of persons and of things,
+      that were raised and spread by the leaders and instruments of a certain
+      party, upon the change of the last ministry, and dissolution of
+      Parliament; if he be a true lover of his country, must feel a mighty
+      pleasure, though mixed with some indignation, to see the wishes, the
+      conjectures, the endeavours, of an inveterate faction entirely
+      disappointed; and this important period wholly spent, in restoring the
+      prerogative to the prince, liberty to the subject, in reforming past
+      abuses, preventing future, supplying old deficiencies, providing for
+      debts, restoring the clergy to their rights, and taking care of the
+      necessities of the Church: and all this unattended with any of those
+      misfortunes which some men hoped for, while they pretended to fear.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For my own part, I must confess, the difficulties appeared so great to me,
+      from such a noise and shew of opposition, that I thought nothing but the
+      absolute necessity of affairs, could ever justify so daring an attempt.
+      But, a wise and good prince, at the head of an able ministry, and of a
+      senate freely chosen; all united to pursue the true interest of their
+      country, is a power, against which, the little inferior politics of any
+      faction, will be able to make no long resistance. To this we may add one
+      additional strength, which in the opinion of our adversaries, is the
+      greatest and justest of any; I mean the <i>vox populi</i>, so indisputably
+      declarative on the same side. I am apt to think, when these discarded
+      politicians begin seriously to consider all this, they will think it
+      proper to give out, and reserve their wisdom for some more convenient
+      juncture.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was pleasant enough to observe, that those who were the chief
+      instruments of raising the noise, who started fears, bespoke dangers, and
+      formed ominous prognostics, in order scare the allies, to spirit the
+      French, and fright ignorant people at home; made use of those very
+      opinions themselves had broached, for arguments to prove, that the change
+      of ministers was dangerous and unseasonable. But if a house be swept, the
+      more occasion there is for such a work, the more dust it will raise; if it
+      be going to ruin, the repairs, however necessary, will make a noise, and
+      disturb the neighbourhood a while. And as to the rejoicings made in
+      France,[4] if it be true, that they had any, upon the news of those
+      alterations among us; their joy was grounded upon the same hopes with that
+      of the Whigs, who comforted themselves, that a change of ministry and
+      Parliament, would infallibly put us all into confusion, increase our
+      divisions, and destroy our credit; wherein, I suppose, by this time they
+      are equally undeceived.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But this long session, being in a manner ended,[5] which several
+      circumstances, and one accident, altogether unforeseen, have drawn out
+      beyond the usual time; it may be some small piece of justice to so
+      excellent an assembly, barely to mention a few of those great things they
+      have done for the service of their QUEEN and country; which I shall take
+      notice of, just as they come to my memory.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The credit of the nation began mightily to suffer by a discount upon
+      exchequer bills, which have been generally reckoned the surest and most
+      sacred of all securities. The present lord treasurer, then a member of the
+      House of Commons, proposed a method, which was immediately complied with,
+      of raising them to a <i>par</i> with <i>specie</i>;[6] and so they have
+      ever since continued.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The British colonies of Nevis and St. Christopher's,[7] had been miserably
+      plundered by the French, their houses burnt, their plantations destroyed,
+      and many of the inhabitants carried away prisoners: they had often, for
+      some years past, applied in vain for relief from hence; till the present
+      Parliament, considering their condition as a case of justice and mercy,
+      voted them one hundred thousand pound by way of recompense, in some
+      manner, for their sufferings.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Some persons, whom the voice of the nation authorizes me to call her
+      enemies, taking advantage of the general Naturalization Act, had invited
+      over a great number of foreigners of all religions, under the name of
+      Palatines;[8] who understood no trade or handicraft, yet rather chose to
+      beg than labour;[9] who besides infesting our streets, bred contagious
+      diseases, by which we lost in natives, thrice the number of what we gained
+      in foreigners. The House of Commons, as a remedy against this evil,
+      brought in a bill for repealing that Act of general Naturalization, which,
+      to the surprise of most people, was rejected by the L[or]ds.[10] And upon
+      this occasion, I must allow myself to have been justly rebuked by one of
+      my weekly monitors, for pretending in a former paper, to hope that law
+      would be repealed; wherein the Commons being disappointed, took care
+      however to send many of the Palatines away, and to represent their being
+      invited over, as a pernicious counsel.[11]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Qualification Bill,[12] incapacitating all men to serve in Parliament,
+      who have not some estate in land, either in possession or certain
+      reversion, is perhaps the greatest security that ever was contrived for
+      preserving the constitution, which otherwise might, in a little time, lie
+      wholly at the mercy of the moneyed interest: And since much the greatest
+      part of the taxes is paid, either immediately from land, or from the
+      productions of it, it is but common justice, that those who are the
+      proprietors, should appoint what portion of it ought to go to the support
+      of the public; otherwise, the engrossers of money, would be apt to lay
+      heavy loads on others, which themselves never touch with one of their
+      fingers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The public debts were so prodigiously increased, by the negligence and
+      corruption of those who had been managers of the revenue; that the late
+      m[iniste]rs, like careless men, who run out their fortunes, were so far
+      from any thoughts of payment, as they had not the courage to state or
+      compute them. The Parliament found that thirty-five millions had never
+      been accounted for; and that the debt on the navy, wholly unprovided for,
+      amounted to nine millions.[13] The late chancellor of the exchequer,
+      suitable to his transcendent genius for public affairs, proposed a fund to
+      be security for that immense debt, which is now confirmed by a law, and is
+      likely to prove the greatest restoration and establishment of the
+      kingdom's credit.[14] Nor content with this, the legislature hath
+      appointed commissioners of accompts, to inspect into past mismanagements
+      of the public money, and prevent them for the future.[15]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have, in a former paper, mentioned the Act for building fifty new
+      Churches in London and Westminster,[16] with a fund appropriated for that
+      pious and noble work. But while I am mentioning acts of piety, it would be
+      unjust to conceal my lord high treasurer's concern for religion, which
+      have extended even to another kingdom: his lordship having some months
+      ago, obtained of her Majesty a remission of the first-fruits and tenths to
+      the clergy of Ireland,[17] as he is known to have formerly done for that
+      reverend body in this kingdom.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Act for carrying on a Trade to the South-Sea,[18] proposed by the same
+      great person, whose thoughts are perpetually employed, and always with
+      success, on the good of his country, will, in all probability, if duly
+      executed, be of mighty advantage to the kingdom, and an everlasting honour
+      to the present Parliament.[19]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I might go on further, and mention that seasonable law against excessive
+      gaming;[20] the putting a stop to that scandalous fraud of false musters
+      in the Guards;[21] the diligent and effectual enquiry made by the Commons
+      into several gross abuses.[22] I might produce many instances of their
+      impartial justice in deciding controverted election, against former
+      example, and great provocations to retaliate.[23] I might shew their
+      cheerful readiness in granting such vast supplies; their great unanimity,
+      not to be broken by all the arts of a malicious and cunning faction; their
+      unfeigned duty to the QUEEN; and lastly, that representation made to her
+      Majesty from the House of Commons, discovering such a spirit and
+      disposition in that noble assembly, to redress all those evils, which a
+      long mal-administration had brought upon us.[24]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is probable, that trusting only to my memory, I may have omitted many
+      things of great importance; neither do I pretend further in the compass of
+      this paper, than to give the world some general, however imperfect idea,
+      how worthily this great assembly hath discharged the trust of those who so
+      freely chose them; and what we may reasonably hope and expect from the
+      piety, courage, wisdom, and loyalty of such excellent patriots, in a time
+      so fruitful of occasions to exert the greatest abilities.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And now I conceive the main design I had in writing these papers, is fully
+      executed. A great majority of the nation is at length thoroughly
+      convinced, that the Qu[een] proceeded with the highest wisdom, in changing
+      her ministry and Parliament. That under a former administration, the
+      greatest abuses of all kinds were committed, and the most dangerous
+      attempts against the constitution for some time intended. The whole
+      kingdom finds the present persons in power, directly and openly pursuing
+      the true service of their QUEEN and country; and to be such whom their
+      most bitter enemies cannot tax with bribery, covetousness, ambition,
+      pride, insolence, or any pernicious principles in religion or government.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For my own particular, those little barking pens which have so constantly
+      pursued me, I take to be of no further consequence to what I have writ,
+      than the scoffing slaves of old, placed behind the chariot, to put the
+      general in mind of his mortality;[25] which was but a thing of form, and
+      made no stop or disturbance in the shew. However, if those perpetual
+      snarlers against me, had the same design, I must own they have effectually
+      compassed it; since nothing can well be more mortifying, than to reflect
+      that I am of the same species with creatures capable of uttering so much
+      scurrility, dullness, falsehood and impertinence, to the scandal and
+      disgrace of human nature.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 44 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: To Stella, about this time, Swift wrote giving a decided hint
+      of the end of his term on "The Examiner." Under date June 7th, 1711, he
+      says: "As for the 'Examiner,' I have heard a whisper, that after that of
+      this day, which tells what this Parliament has done, you will hardly find
+      them so good. I prophesy they will be trash for the future; and methinks
+      in this day's 'Examiner' the author talks doubtfully, as if he would write
+      no more" (vol. ii., pp. 192-3 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: "Great is the power, great the name, of a Senate which is
+      unanimous in its opinions."&mdash;H.T. RILEY, [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: See No. 24, <i>ante</i>, and note on p. 145. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: The session did not actually close till June 12th. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: The House of Commons had resolved on January 16th, 1710/1, to
+      provide for converting all non-specie exchequer bills into specie. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: The Act for licensing and regulating hackney coaches, etc. (9
+      Ann. c. 16) provided that a sum of £103,003 11<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i> should
+      be distributed among those proprietors and inhabitants of Nevis and St.
+      Christopher's who had suffered "very great losses by a late invasion of
+      the French." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: See note on p. 264. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: A petition was presented to the House of Commons on January
+      15th, 1710/1, against the Palatines as likely to spread disease and to
+      become chargeable to the parish. [T.S.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The exactions of the French armies in the Palatinate, in the year 1709,
+      drove from their habitations six or seven thousand persons of all
+      descriptions and professions, who came into Holland with a view of
+      emigrating to British America. It was never accurately ascertained, with
+      what view, or by whose persuasions, their course was changed, but, by
+      direction from the English ministers, they were furnished with shipping to
+      come to England. In the settlements, they would have been a valuable
+      colony; but in the vicinity of London, this huge accession to the poor of
+      the metropolis was a burthen and a nuisance. They were encamped on
+      Blackheath, near Greenwich, where, so soon as their countrymen heard that
+      they were supported by British charity, the number of the fugitives began
+      to increase by recruits from the Continent, till government prohibited
+      further importation. A general Naturalization Act, passed in favour of the
+      French Protestants, greatly encouraged this influx of strangers. This
+      matter was inquired into by the Tory Parliament, who voted, that the
+      bringing over the Palatines was an oppression on the nation, and a waste
+      of the public money, and that he who advised it was an enemy to his
+      country. The unfortunate fugitives had been already dispersed; some of
+      them to North America, some to Ireland, and some through Britain. The
+      pretence alleged for the vote against them, was the apprehension expressed
+      by the guardians of the poor in several parishes, that they might
+      introduce contagious diseases; but the real reason was a wish to gratify
+      the prejudice of the common people against foreigners, and to dimmish the
+      number of Dissenters. [S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 10: See No. 26, <i>ante</i>, and note on p. 160. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 11: On the invitation of the lord lieutenant 3,000 Palatines
+      were sent into Ireland in August, 1709, and 800 in the following February.
+      Many of them subsequently returned to England in the hope that they would
+      be sent to Carolina. Large numbers had been brought to England from
+      Holland at the Queen's expense, after the passing of the Naturalization
+      Act. The government spent <i>£</i>22,275 in transporting 3,300 of them to
+      New York and establishing them there, undertaking to maintain them until
+      they could provide for themselves. These sums were to be repaid within
+      four years. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 12: See No. 35, <i>ante</i>, and note on p. 225. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 13: See No. 41, <i>ante</i>, and note on p. 264. The debt on the
+      navy is a portion of the thirty-five millions referred to. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 14: Harley proposed a scheme, on May 2nd, 1711, by which all
+      public and national debts and deficiencies were to be satisfied.
+      Resolutions were passed on May 3rd, and a Bill brought in on the 17th,
+      which was the origin of the celebrated South Sea scheme referred to later
+      in the text. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 15: The Bill for examining the Public Accounts (9 Ann. c. 18)
+      became law on May 16th. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 16: See No. 43, <i>ante</i>, pp. 278 <i>et seq.</i> [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 17: On August 15th, 1711, Swift wrote to Archbishop King: "He
+      [the lord treasurer] told me, 'he had lately received a letter from the
+      bishops of Ireland, subscribed (as I remember) by seventeen, acknowledging
+      his favour about the first-fruits'" (Scott's edition, xv. 465). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 18: The South Sea Company was established in pursuance of the
+      Act 9 Ann. c. 15. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 19: The disastrous results of the South Sea scheme, when the
+      company failed in 1720-21, are matter of history. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 20: A Bill for the better preventing of Excessive and Deceitful
+      Gaming, was introduced January 25th, 1710/1, passed April 11th, and
+      obtained the Royal Assent, May 16th (9 Ann. c. 19). A similar bill, which
+      had passed the House of Commons in 1709/10, was dropped in the House of
+      Lords. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 21: A committee of the House of Commons was appointed, on
+      February 5th, 1710/1 to inquire into alleged false musters in the Guards.
+      A petition was presented to the House on February 13th, complaining that
+      tradesmen were listed in Her Majesty's Guards "to screen and protect them
+      from their creditors." A clause was inserted in the Recruiting Bill to
+      remedy this evil (10 Ann. c. 12; see sec. 39), and the House passed a
+      strong resolution against the practice, on May 26th, when considering the
+      report of the committee. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 22: The House of Commons, on June 4th, presented a
+      representation to the Queen on mismanagements and abuses. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 23: A large number of petitions to the House of Commons
+      concerning controverted elections had been considered in December, 1710.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 24: Towards the close of the very long representation addressed
+      to the Queen on June 4th, the Commons said: "We ... beseech your Majesty
+      ... that you would employ in places of authority and trust such only, as
+      have given good testimonies of their duty to your Majesty, and of their
+      affection to the true interest of your kingdom." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 25: In a Roman triumph a slave accompanied the victorious
+      general to whisper in his ear: "Remember that thou art but a man." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0054" id="link2H_4_0054"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NUMB. 46.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THURSDAY JUNE 7, TO THURSDAY JUNE 14, 1711.[2]
+    </h3>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  <i>Melius non tangere clamo</i>.[3]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      When a general has conquered an army, and reduced a country to obedience,
+      he often finds it necessary to send out small bodies, in order to take in
+      petty castles and forts, and beat little straggling parties, which are
+      otherwise, apt to make head and infest the neighbourhood: This case
+      exactly resembles mine; I count the main body of the Whigs entirely
+      subdued; at least, till they appear with new reinforcements, I shall
+      reckon them as such; and therefore do now find myself at leisure to <i>Examine</i>
+      inferior abuses. The business I have left, is, to fall on those wretches
+      that will be still keeping the war on foot, when they have no country to
+      defend, no forces to bring into the field, nor any thing remaining, but
+      their bare good-will towards faction and mischief: I mean, the present set
+      of writers, whom I have suffered, without molestation, so long to infest
+      the town. Were there not a concurrence from prejudice, party, weak
+      understanding, and misrepresentation, I should think them too
+      inconsiderable in themselves to deserve correction: But as my endeavour
+      hath been to expose the gross impositions of the fallen party, I will give
+      a taste, in the following petition, of the sincerity of these their
+      factors, to shew how little those writers for the Whigs were guided by
+      conscience or honour, their business being only to gratify a prevailing
+      interest.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "<i>To the Right Honourable the present M[inist]ry, the humble Petition of
+      the Party Writers to the late M[inist]ry.</i>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      "HUMBLY SHEWETH,
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      "<i>That your petitioners have served their time to the trade of writing
+      pamphlets and weekly papers, in defence of the Whigs, against the Church
+      of England, and the Christian religion, and her Majesty's prerogative, and
+      her title to the crown: That since the late change of ministry, and
+      meeting of this Parliament, the said trade is mightily fallen off, and the
+      call for the said pamphlets and papers, much less than formerly; and it is
+      feared, to our further prejudice, that the 'Examiner' may discontinue
+      writing, whereby some of your petitioners will be brought to utter
+      distress, forasmuch as through false quotations, noted absurdities, and
+      other legal abuses, many of your petitioners, to their great comfort and
+      support, were enabled to pick up a weekly subsistence out of the said
+      'Examiner.' </i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That your said poor petitioners, did humbly offer your Honours to write
+      in defence of the late change of ministry and Parliament, much cheaper
+      than they did for your predecessors, which your Honours were pleased to
+      refuse.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Notwithstanding which offer, your petitioners are under daily
+      apprehension, that your Honours will forbid them to follow the said trade
+      any longer; by which your petitioners, to the number of fourscore, with
+      their wives and families, will inevitably starve, having been bound to no
+      other calling.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Your petitioners desire your Honours will tenderly consider the
+      premisses, and suffer your said petitioners to continue their trade (those
+      who set them at work, being still willing to employ them, though at lower
+      rates) and your said petitioners will give security to make use of the
+      same stuff, and dress it in the same manner, as they always did, and no
+      other. <i>And your petitioners" &amp;c.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: No. 45 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: In his "Journal to Stella," under date June 22nd, 1711, Swift
+      writes: "Yesterday's was a sad 'Examiner,' and last week was very
+      indifferent, though, some little scraps of the old spirit, as if he had
+      given some hints; but yesterday's is all trash. It is plain the hand is
+      changed." (vol. ii., p, 195).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On November 2nd he gives the following account: "I have sent to Leigh the
+      set of 'Examiners'; the first thirteen were written by several hands; some
+      good, some bad; the next three-and-thirty were all by one hand, that makes
+      forty-six: then that author, whoever he was, laid it down on purpose to
+      confound guessers; and the last six were written by a woman" (vol. ii., p.
+      273). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: Horace, "Satires," II. i. 45. "'Better not touch me, friend,'
+      I loud exclaim."&mdash;P. FRANCIS. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0055" id="link2H_4_0055"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CONTRIBUTION TO "THE SPECTATOR."
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      NOTE.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      "THE SPECTATOR," projected by Steele, assisted and made famous by Addison,
+      was first started on March 1st, 1710/1, and continued to be issued daily
+      until December 6th, 1712. An interval of eighteen months then occurred,
+      during six of which these two writers were busy with "The Guardian." On
+      June 18th, 1714, however, "The Spectator" was resumed, and appeared daily
+      until its final number on December 20th of that year. As with "The
+      Tatler," so with "The Spectator," its success proved too great a
+      temptation to be resisted; so that we find a spurious "Spectator" also.
+      This was begun on Monday, January 3rd, 1714/5, and concluded August 3rd of
+      the same year. Its sixty numbers (for it was issued twice a week) were
+      afterwards published as "The Spectator, volume ninth and last." The
+      principal writer to this spurious edition was said to be Dr. George
+      Sewell.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Of the contributions to Steele's "Spectator," by far the greater number
+      were written by the projector and Addison. The other contributors were
+      Eustace Budgell, John Hughes, John Byrom, Henry Grove, Thomas Parnell,
+      "Orator" Henley, Dr. Zachary Pearce, Philip Yorke, and a few others whose
+      identity is doubtful. Swift's contribution consisted of one paper only,
+      and (probably) a single paragraph in another. [T.S.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0056" id="link2H_4_0056"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      THE SPECTATOR, NUMB. L.[1]
+    </h2>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  <i>Nunquam aliud natura, aliud sapientia dicit.</i>
+  JUV.[2]
+</pre>
+    <h3>
+      FRIDAY, APRIL 27. 1711.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      When the four Indian kings[3] were in this country about a twelvemonth
+      ago, I often mixed with the rabble and followed them a whole day together,
+      being wonderfully struck with the sight of everything that is new or
+      uncommon. I have, since their departure, employed a friend to make many
+      enquiries of their landlord the upholsterer[4] relating to their manners
+      and conversation, as also concerning the remarks which they made in this
+      country: for next to the forming a right notion of such strangers, I
+      should be desirous of learning what ideas they have conceived of us.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The upholsterer finding my friend very inquisitive about these his
+      lodgers, brought him some time since a little bundle of papers, which he
+      assured him were written by King Sa Ga Yean Qua Rash Tow, and, as he
+      supposes, left behind by some mistake. These papers are now translated,
+      and contain abundance of very odd observations, which I find this little
+      fraternity of kings made during their stay in the isle of Great Britain. I
+      shall present my reader with a short specimen of them in this paper, and
+      may perhaps communicate more to him hereafter. In the article of London
+      are the following words, which without doubt are meant of the church of
+      St. Paul.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "On the most rising part of the town there stands a huge house, big enough
+      to contain the whole nation of which I am king. Our good brother E Tow O
+      Koam king of the Rivers, is of opinion it was made by the hands of that
+      great God to whom it is consecrated. The kings of Granajah and of the Six
+      Nations believe that it was created with the earth, and produced on the
+      same day with the sun and moon. But for my own part, by the best
+      information that I could get of this matter, I am apt to think that this
+      prodigious pile was fashioned into the shape it now bears by several tools
+      and instruments; of which they have a wonderful variety in this country.
+      It was probably at first an huge mis-shapen rock that grew upon the top of
+      the hill, which the natives of the country (after having cut it into a
+      kind of regular figure) bored and hollowed with incredible pains and
+      industry, till they had wrought in it all those beautiful vaults and
+      caverns into which it is divided at this day. As soon as this rock was
+      thus curiously scooped to their liking, a prodigious number of hands must
+      have been employed in chipping the outside of it, which is now as smooth
+      as polished marble;[5] and is in several places hewn out into pillars that
+      stand like the trunks of so many trees bound about the top with garlands
+      of leaves. It is probable that when this great work was begun, which must
+      have been many hundred years ago, there was some religion among this
+      people; for they give it the name of a temple, and have a tradition that
+      it was designed for men to pay their devotions in. And indeed, there are
+      several reasons which make us think, that the natives of this Country had
+      formerly among them some sort of worship; for they set apart every seventh
+      day as sacred: but upon my going into one of those holy houses on that
+      day, I could not observe any circumstance of devotion in their behaviour:
+      There was indeed a man in black who was mounted above the rest, and seemed
+      to utter something with a great deal of vehemence; but as for those
+      underneath him, instead of paying their worship to the Deity of the place,
+      they were most of them bowing and curtsying to one another, and a
+      considerable number of them fast asleep.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The Queen of the country appointed two men to attend us, that had enough
+      of our language to make themselves understood in some few particulars. But
+      we soon perceived these two were great enemies to one another, and did not
+      always agree in the same story. We could make a shift to gather out of one
+      of them, that this island was very much infested with a monstrous kind of
+      animals, in the shape of men, called Whigs; and he often told us, that he
+      hoped we should meet with none of them in our way, for that if we did,
+      they would be apt to knock us down for being kings.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Our other interpreter used to talk very much of a kind of animal called a
+      Tory, that was as great a monster as the Whig, and would treat us as ill
+      for being foreigners.[6] These two creatures, it seems, are born with a
+      secret antipathy to one another, and engage when they meet as naturally as
+      the elephant and the rhinoceros. But as we saw none of either of these
+      species, we are apt to think that our guides deceived us with
+      misrepresentations and fictions, and amused us with an account of such
+      monsters as are not really in their country.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "These particulars we made a shift to pick out from the discourse of our
+      interpreters; which we put together as well as we could, being able to
+      understand but here and there a word of what they said, and afterwards
+      making up the meaning of it among ourselves. The men of the country are
+      very cunning and ingenious in handicraft works; but withal so very idle,
+      that we often saw young lusty raw-boned fellows carried up and down the
+      streets in little covered rooms by a couple of porters who are hired for
+      that service. Their dress is likewise very barbarous, for they almost
+      strangle themselves about the neck, and bind their bodies with many
+      ligatures, that we are apt to think are the occasion of several distempers
+      among them which our country is entirely free from. Instead of those
+      beautiful feathers with which we adorn our heads, they often buy up a
+      monstrous bush of hair, which covers their heads, and falls down in a
+      large fleece below the middle of their backs; with which they walk up and
+      down the streets, and are as proud of it as if it was of their own growth.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "We were invited to one of their public diversions, where we hoped to have
+      seen the great men of their country running down a stag or pitching a bar,
+      that we might have discovered who were the men of the greatest perfections
+      in their country;[7] but instead of that, they conveyed us into an huge
+      room lighted up with abundance of candles, where this lazy people sat
+      still above three hours to see several feats of ingenuity performed by
+      others, who it seems were paid for it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "As for the women of the country, not being able to talk with them, we
+      could only make our remarks upon them at a distance. They let the hair of
+      their heads grow to a great length; but as the men make a great show with
+      heads of hair that are none of their own, the women, who they say have
+      very fine heads of hair, tie it up in a knot and cover it from being seen.
+      The women look like angels, and would be more beautiful than the sun, were
+      it not for little black spots[8] that are apt to break out in their faces,
+      and sometimes rise in very odd figures. I have observed that those little
+      blemishes wear off very soon; but when they disappear in one part of the
+      face, they are very apt to break out in another, insomuch that I have seen
+      a spot upon the forehead in the afternoon, which was upon the chin in the
+      morning."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The author then proceeds to shew the absurdity of breeches and petticoats,
+      with many other curious observations, which I shall reserve for another
+      occasion. I cannot however conclude this paper without taking notice, that
+      amidst these wild remarks there now and then appears something very
+      reasonable. I cannot likewise forbear observing, that we are all guilty in
+      some measure of the same narrow way of thinking which we meet with in this
+      abstract of the Indian journal; when we fancy the customs, dresses, and
+      manners of other countries are ridiculous and extravagant, if they do not
+      resemble those of our own.[9]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: On March 16th, 1711, Swift writes to Stella: "Have you seen
+      the 'Spectator' yet, a paper that comes out every day? 'Tis written by Mr.
+      Steele, who seems to have gathered new life, and have a new fund of wit;
+      it is in the same nature as his 'Tatlers,' and they have all of them had
+      something pretty. I believe Addison and he club." On April 28th he writes
+      again: "'The Spectator' is written by Steele with Addison's help: 'tis
+      often very pretty. Yesterday it was made of a noble hint I gave him long
+      ago for his 'Tatlers,' about an Indian supposed to write his travels into
+      England. I repent he ever had it. I intended to have written a book on
+      that subject. I believe he has spent it all in one paper, and all the
+      under hints there are mine too" (vol. ii., pp. 139 and 166 of present
+      edition). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: Juvenal, "Satires," xiv. 321.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+    "Nature and wisdom never are at strife."&mdash;W. GIFFORD.
+
+  [T.S.]]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: Steele's paper on the four Indian kings appeared in "The
+      Tatler" for May 13th, 1710 (No. 171):&mdash;"Who can convince the world
+      that four kings shall come over here, and He at the Two Crowns and
+      Cushion, and one of them fall sick, and the place be called King Street,
+      and all this by mere accident?"&mdash;The so-called kings were four
+      Iroquois chiefs who came over to see Queen Anne. The Queen saw them on
+      April 19th, 1710. During their visit here Colonel Schuyler and Colonel
+      Francis Nicholson were appointed to attend them. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: They lodged over the shop of Mr. Arne&mdash;father of Dr.
+      Arne and Mrs. Cibber&mdash;in King Street, Covent Garden. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: The edition of 1712 has, "as the surface of a pebble."
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: In "The Tatler" for February 4th, 1709/10 (No. 129), Steele
+      prints a letter from "Pasquin of Rome," in which he says: "It would also
+      be very acceptable here to receive an account of those two religious
+      orders which are lately sprung up amongst you, the Whigs and the Tories,
+      with the points of doctrine, severities in discipline, penances,
+      mortifications, and good works, by which they differ one from another."
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: The edition of 1712 has: "the persons of the greatest
+      abilities among them." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: See "The Spectator," No. 81, and "The Examiner," No. 32. The
+      "black spots" are the patches ladies stuck on their faces. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: This paper is signed "C.", in the edition of 1712, which is
+      one of the signatures used by Addison. See, however, Swift's "Journal,"
+      quoted above. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      [The following paragraph in "The Spectator," No. 575 Monday, August 2.
+      1714. is believed to have been contributed by Swift.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The following question is started by one of the schoolmen. Supposing the
+      whole body of the earth were a great ball or mass of the finest sand, and
+      that a single grain or particle of this sand should be annihilated every
+      thousand years. Supposing then that you had it in your choice to be happy
+      all the while this prodigious mass of sand was consuming by this slow
+      method till there was not a grain of it left, on condition you were to be
+      miserable for ever after; or, supposing that you might be happy for ever
+      after, on condition you would be miserable till the whole mass of sand
+      were thus annihilated at the rate of one sand in a thousand years: Which
+      of these two cases would you make your choice?"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0057" id="link2H_4_0057"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      CONTRIBUTIONS TO "THE INTELLIGENCER."
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      NOTE.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      "THE INTELLIGENCER" was published in Dublin, commencing May 11th, 1728,
+      and continued for nineteen numbers. On June 12th, 1731, Swift, writing to
+      Pope, gives some account of its inception, and the amount of writing he
+      did for it: "Two or three of us had a fancy, three years ago, to write a
+      weekly paper, and call it an 'Intelligencer.' But it continued not long;
+      for the whole volume (it was reprinted in London, and I find you have seen
+      it) was the work only of two, myself, and Dr. Sheridan. If we could have
+      got some ingenious young man to have been the manager, who should have
+      published all that might be sent him, it might have continued longer, for
+      there were hints enough. But the printer here could not afford such a
+      young man one farthing for his trouble, the sale being so small, and the
+      price one halfpenny; and so it dropped. In the volume you saw, (to answer
+      your questions,) the 1, 3, 5, 7, were mine. Of the 8th I writ only the
+      verses, (very uncorrect, but against a fellow we all hated [Richard
+      Tighe],) the 9th mine, the 10th only the verses, and of those not the four
+      last slovenly lines; the 15th is a pamphlet of mine printed before, with
+      Dr. Sheridan's preface, merely for laziness, not to disappoint the town:
+      and so was the 19th, which contains only a parcel of facts relating purely
+      to the miseries of Ireland, and wholly useless and unentertaining"
+      (Scott's edition, xvii. 375-6).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Of the contributions thus acknowledged, Nos. 1, 3, and 19 are reprinted
+      here from the original edition; Nos. 5 and 7 were included by Pope in the
+      fourth volume of "Miscellanies," under the title "An Essay on the Fates of
+      Clergymen"; No. 9 he entitled "An Essay on Modern Education"; No. 15 was a
+      reprint of the pamphlet "A Short View of the State of Ireland"&mdash;
+      these will be found in this edition under the above titles. The verses in
+      No. 8 ("Mad Mullinix and Timothy") and in No. 10 ("Tim and the Fables")
+      are in Swift's "Poems," Aldine edition, vol. iii., pp. 132-43.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The nineteen numbers of "The Intelligencer" were collected and published
+      in one volume, which was reprinted in London in 1729, "and sold by A. Moor
+      in St. Paul's Church-yard." Monck Mason never saw a copy of the London
+      reprint referred to by Swift. He had in his possession the original
+      papers; "they are twenty in number," he says; "the last is double." The
+      second London edition, published in 12mo in 1730, as "printed for Francis
+      Cogan, at the Middle-Temple-Gate in Fleet-street," includes No. 20, "Dean
+      Smedley, gone to seek his Fortune," and also a poem, "The Pheasant and the
+      Lark. A Fable." In the poem, several writers are compared to birds, Swift
+      being the nightingale:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  "At length the nightingale was heard,
+  For voice and wisdom long revered,
+  Esteemed of all the wise and good,
+  The guardian genius of the wood;" etc.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The poem was written by Swift's friend, Dr. Delany. The title-page of this
+      second edition ascribes the authorship, "By the Author of a Tale of a
+      Tub."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The Intelligencer," in the words of W. Monck Mason, "served as a vehicle
+      of satire against the Dean's political and literary enemies; of these the
+      chief were, Richard Tighe, Sir Thomas Prendergast, and Jonathan Smedley,
+      Dean of Clogher" ("Hist, and Antiq. of St. Patrick's," pp. 376-7). [T.S.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0058" id="link2H_4_0058"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      THE INTELLIGENCER, NUMB. 1.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      SATURDAY, MAY 11, TO BE CONTINUED WEEKLY.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      It may be said, without offence to other cities, of much greater
+      consequence in the world, that our town of Dublin doth not want its due
+      proportion of folly, and vice, both native and imported; and as to those
+      imported, we have the advantage to receive them last, and consequently
+      after our happy manner to improve, and refine upon them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But, because there are many effects of folly and vice among us, whereof
+      some are general, others confined to smaller numbers, and others again,
+      perhaps to a few individuals; there is a society lately established, who
+      at great expense, have erected an office of Intelligence, from which they
+      are to receive weekly information of all important events and
+      singularities, which this famous metropolis can furnish. Strict
+      injunctions are given to have the truest information: in order to which,
+      certain qualified persons are employed to attend upon duty in their
+      several posts; some at the play-house, others in churches, some at balls,
+      assemblies, coffee-houses, and meetings for quadrille,[2] some at the
+      several courts of justice, both spiritual and temporal, some at the
+      college, some upon my lord mayor, and aldermen in their public affairs;
+      lastly, some to converse with favourite chamber-maids, and to frequent
+      those ale-houses, and brandy-shops, where the footmen of great families
+      meet in a morning; only the barracks and Parliament-house are excepted;
+      because we have yet found no <i>enfans perdus</i> bold enough to venture
+      their persons at either. Out of these and some other store-houses, we hope
+      to gather materials enough to inform, or divert, or correct, or vex the
+      town.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But as facts, passages, and adventures of all kinds, are like to have the
+      greatest share in our paper, whereof we cannot always answer for the
+      truth; due care shall be taken to have them applied to feigned names,
+      whereby all just offence will be removed; for if none be guilty, none will
+      have cause to blush or be angry; if otherwise, then the guilty person is
+      safe for the future upon his present amendment, and safe for the present,
+      from all but his own conscience.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      There is another resolution taken among us, which I fear will give a
+      greater and more general discontent, and is of so singular a nature, that
+      I have hardly confidence enough to mention it, although it be absolutely
+      necessary by way of apology, for so bold and unpopular an attempt. But so
+      it is, that we have taken a desperate counsel to produce into the world
+      every distinguished action, either of justice, prudence, generosity,
+      charity, friendship, or public spirit, which comes well attested to us.
+      And although we shall neither here be so daring as to assign names, yet we
+      shall hardly forbear to give some hints, that perhaps to the great
+      displeasure of such deserving persons may endanger a discovery. For we
+      think that even virtue itself, should submit to such a mortification, as
+      by its visibility and example, will render it more useful to the world.
+      But however, the readers of these papers, need not be in pain of being
+      overcharged, with so dull and ungrateful a subject. And yet who knows, but
+      such an occasion may be offered to us, once in a year or two, after we
+      shall have settled a correspondence round the kingdom.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But after all our boasts of materials, sent us by our several emissaries,
+      we may probably soon fall short, if the town will not be pleased to lend
+      us further assistance toward entertaining itself. The world best knows its
+      own faults and virtues, and whatever is sent shall be faithfully returned
+      back, only a little embellished according to the custom of authors. We do
+      therefore demand and expect continual advertisements in great numbers, to
+      be sent to the printer of this paper, who hath employed a judicious
+      secretary to collect such as may be most useful for the public.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And although we do not intend to expose our own persons by mentioning
+      names, yet we are so far from requiring the same caution in our
+      correspondents, that on the contrary, we expressly <i>charge</i> and <i>command</i>
+      them, in all the facts they send us, to set down the names, titles, and
+      places of abode at length; together with a very particular description of
+      the persons, dresses, and dispositions of the several lords, ladies,
+      squires, madams, lawyers, gamesters, toupees, sots, wits, rakes, and
+      informers, whom they shall have occasion to mention; otherwise it will not
+      be possible for us to adjust our style to the different qualities, and
+      capacities of the persons concerned, and treat them with the respect or
+      familiarity, that may be due to their stations and characters, which we
+      are determined to observe with the utmost strictness, that none may have
+      cause to complain.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: In the "Contents" to both the editions of 1729 and 1730, this
+      is called "Introduction." Each of the numbers has a special title in this
+      table, as follows:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+     No. I. Introduction.
+     II. The Inhospitable Temper of 'Squire Wether.
+     III. A Vindication of Mr. Gay, and the Beggar's Opera.
+     IV. The Folly of Gaming.
+     V. A Description of what the World calls Discretion.
+     VI. A Representation of the Present Condition of Ireland.
+     VII. The Character of Corusodes and Eugenio.
+     VIII. A Dialogue between Mullinix and Timothy.
+     IX. The foolish Methods of Education among the Nobility.
+     X. Tim and Gay's Fables.
+     XI. Proposals in Prose and Verse for, An Universal View of all the
+     eminent Writers on the Holy Scriptures, &amp;c.
+     XII. Sir Ralph the Patriot turned Courtier.
+     XIII. The Art of Story-Telling.
+     XIV. Prometheus's Art of Man-making: And the Tale of the T&mdash;d.
+     XV. The Services the Drapier has done his Country, and the Steps taken to
+     ruin it.
+     XVI. The Adventures of the three Brothers, George, Patrick, and Andrew.
+     XVII. The Marks of Ireland's Poverty, shewn to be evident Proofs of its
+     Riches.
+     XVIII. St. Andrew's Day, and the Drapier's Birth-Day.
+     XIX. The Hardships of the Irish being deprived of their Silver, and
+     decoyed into America.
+     [XX. Dean Smedley, gone to seek his Fortune.
+     The Pheasant and the Lark. A Fable.]-[T.S.]]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: A fashionable card game of the time. See also Swift's poem,
+      "The Journal of a Modern Lady" (Aldine edition, vol. i., pp. 214-23), and
+      "A New Proposal for the better regulation ... of Quadrille," written by
+      Dr. Josiah Hort, Bp. of Kilmore, in 1735/6 (afterwards Abp. of Tuam), and
+      included by Scott in his edition of Swift (vii. 372-7). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0059" id="link2H_4_0059"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      THE INTELLIGENCER, NUMB. III.[1]
+    </h2>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  &mdash;<i>Ipse per omnes
+  Ibit personas, et turbam reddet in unam.</i>[2]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The players having now almost done with the comedy, called the "Beggar's
+      Opera,"[3] for this season, it may be no unpleasant speculation, to
+      reflect a little upon this dramatic piece, so singular in the subject, and
+      the manner, so much an original, and which hath frequently given so very
+      agreeable an entertainment.[4]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Although an evil taste be very apt to prevail, both here, and in London,
+      yet there is a point which whoever can rightly touch, will never fail of
+      pleasing a very great majority; so great, that the dislikers, out of
+      dullness or affectation will be silent, and forced to fall in with the
+      herd; the point I mean, is what we call humour, which in its perfection is
+      allowed to be much preferable to wit, if it be not rather the most useful,
+      and agreeable species of it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I agree with Sir William Temple, that the word is peculiar to our English
+      tongue, but I differ from him in the opinion, that the thing itself is
+      peculiar to the English nation,[5] because the contrary may be found in
+      many Spanish, Italian and French productions, and particularly, whoever
+      hath a taste for true humour, will find a hundred instances of it in those
+      volumes printed in France, under the name of <i>Le Théâtre Italien</i>,[6]
+      to say nothing of Rabelais, Cervantes, and many others.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Now I take the comedy or farce, (or whatever name the critics will allow
+      it) called the "Beggar's Opera"; to excel in this article of humour; and,
+      upon that merit, to have met with such prodigious success both here, and
+      in England.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As to poetry, eloquence and music, which are said to have most power over
+      the minds of men, it is certain that very few have a taste or judgment of
+      the excellencies of the two former, and if a man succeeds in either, it is
+      upon the authority of those few judges, that lend their taste to the bulk
+      of readers, who have none of their own. I am told there are as few good
+      judges in music, and that among those who crowd the operas, nine in ten go
+      thither merely out of curiosity, fashion, or affectation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But a taste for humour is in some manner fixed to the very nature of man,
+      and generally obvious to the vulgar, except upon subjects too refined, and
+      superior to their understanding.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And as this taste of humour is purely natural, so is humour itself,
+      neither is it a talent confined to men of wit, or learning; for we observe
+      it sometimes among common servants, and the meanest of the people, while
+      the very owners are often ignorant of the gift they possess.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I know very well, that this happy talent is contemptibly treated by
+      critics, under the name of low humour, or low comedy; but I know likewise,
+      that the Spaniards and Italians, who are allowed to have the most wit of
+      any nation in Europe, do most excel in it, and do most esteem it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      By what disposition of the mind, what influence of the stars, or what
+      situation of the climate this endowment is bestowed upon mankind, may be a
+      question fit for philosophers to discuss. It is certainly the best
+      ingredient toward that kind of satire, which is most useful, and gives the
+      least offence; which instead of lashing, laughs men out of their follies,
+      and vices, and is the character which gives Horace the preference to
+      Juvenal.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And although some things are too serious, solemn or sacred to be turned
+      into ridicule, yet the abuses of them are certainly not, since it is
+      allowed that corruption in religion, politics, and law, may be proper
+      topics for this kind of satire.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      There are two ends that men propose in writing satire, one of them less
+      noble than the other, as regarding nothing further than personal
+      satisfaction, and pleasure of the writer; but without any view towards
+      personal malice; the other is a public spirit, prompting men of genius and
+      virtue, to mend the world as far as they are able. And as both these ends
+      are innocent, so the latter is highly commendable. With regard to the
+      former, I demand whether I have not as good a title to laugh, as men have
+      to be ridiculous, and to expose vice, as another hath to be vicious. If I
+      ridicule the follies and corruptions of a court, a ministry, or a senate;
+      are they not amply paid by pensions, titles, and power, while I expect and
+      desire no other reward, than that of laughing with a few friends in a
+      corner. Yet, if those who take offence, think me in the wrong, I am ready
+      to change the scene with them, whenever they please.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But if my design be to make mankind better, then I think it is my duty, at
+      least I am sure it is the interest of those very courts and ministers,
+      whose follies or vices I ridicule, to reward me for my good intentions;
+      for, if it be reckoned a high point of wisdom to get the laughers on our
+      side, it is much more easy, as well as wise to get those on our side, who
+      can make millions laugh when they please.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My reason for mentioning courts, and ministers, (whom I never think on,
+      but with the most profound veneration) is because an opinion obtains that
+      in the "Beggar's Opera" there appears to be some reflection upon courtiers
+      and statesmen, whereof I am by no means a judge[7].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is true indeed that Mr. Gay, the author of this piece, hath been
+      somewhat singular in the course of his fortunes, for it hath happened,
+      that after fourteen years attending the court, with a large stock of real
+      merit, a modest, and agreeable conversation, a hundred promises, and five
+      hundred friends [he] hath failed of preferment, and upon a very weighty
+      reason. He lay under the suspicion of having written a libel, or lampoon
+      against a great m[inister][8]. It is true that great m[inister] was
+      demonstratively convinced, and publicly owned his conviction, that Mr. Gay
+      was not the author; but having lain under the suspicion, it seemed very
+      just, that he should suffer the punishment; because in this most reformed
+      age, the virtues of a great m[inister] are no more to be suspected, than
+      the chastity of Caesar's wife.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It must be allowed, that the "Beggar's Opera" is not the first of Mr.
+      Gay's works, wherein he hath been faulty, with regard to courtiers and
+      statesmen. For, to omit his other pieces even in his Fables, published
+      within two years past, and dedicated to the Duke of Cumberland, for which
+      he was promised a reward[9]; he hath been thought somewhat too bold upon
+      courtiers. And although it is highly probable, he meant only the courtiers
+      of former times, yet he acted unwarily, by not considering that the
+      malignity of some people might misinterpret what he said to the
+      disadvantage of present persons, and affairs.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But I have now done with Mr. Gay as a politician, and shall consider him
+      henceforward only as author of the "Beggar's Opera," wherein he hath by a
+      turn of humour, entirely new, placed vices of all kinds in the strongest
+      and most odious light; and thereby done eminent service, both to religion
+      and morality. This appears from the unparalleled success he hath met with.
+      All ranks parties and denominations of men, either crowding to see his
+      opera, or reading it with delight in their closets, even ministers of
+      state, whom he is thought to have most offended (next to those whom the
+      actors more immediately represent) appearing frequently at the theatre,
+      from a consciousness of their own innocence, and to convince the world how
+      unjust a parallel, malice, envy, and disaffection to the government have
+      made.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am assured that several worthy clergymen in this city, went privately to
+      see the "Beggar's Opera" represented; and that the fleering coxcombs in
+      the pit, amused themselves with making discoveries, and spreading the
+      names of those gentlemen round the audience.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I shall not pretend to vindicate a clergyman, who would appear openly in
+      his habit at a theatre, among such a vicious crew, as would probably stand
+      round him, and at such lewd comedies, and profane tragedies as are often
+      represented. Besides I know very well, that persons of their function are
+      bound to avoid the appearance of evil, or of giving cause of offence. But
+      when the lords chancellors, who are keepers of the king's conscience, when
+      the judges of the land, whose title is <i>reverend</i>, when ladies, who
+      are bound by the rules of their sex, to the strictest decency, appear in
+      the theatre without censure, I cannot understand, why a young clergyman
+      who goes concealed out of curiosity to see an innocent and moral play,
+      should be so highly condemned; nor do I much approve the rigour of a great
+      p[rela]te, who said, "he hoped none of his clergy were there." I am glad
+      to hear there are no weightier objections against that reverend body,
+      planted in this city, and I wish there never may. But I should be very
+      sorry that any of them should be so weak, as to imitate a court chaplain
+      in England, who preached against the "Beggar's Opera," which will probably
+      do more good than a thousand sermons of so stupid, so injudicious, and so
+      prostitute a divine[10].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In this happy performance of Mr. Gay, all the characters are just, and
+      none of them carried beyond nature, or hardly beyond practice. It
+      discovers the whole system of that commonwealth, or that <i>imperium in
+      imperio</i> of iniquity, established among us, by which neither our lives,
+      nor our properties are secure, either in the highways, or in public
+      assemblies, or even in our own houses. It shews the miserable lives, and
+      the constant fate of those abandoned wretches; for how little they sell
+      their lives and souls; betrayed by their whores, their comrades, and the
+      receivers and purchasers of these thefts and robberies. This comedy
+      contains likewise a satire, which, although it doth by no means affect the
+      present age, yet might have been useful in the former, and may possibly be
+      so in ages to come. I mean where the author takes occasion of comparing
+      those common robbers to robbers of the public;[11] and their several
+      stratagems of betraying, undermining, and hanging each other,[12] to the
+      several arts of politicians in times of corruption.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This comedy likewise exposeth with great justice, that unnatural taste for
+      Italian music among us,[13] which is wholly unsuitable to our northern
+      climate, and the genius of the people, whereby we are over-run with
+      Italian effeminacy, and Italian nonsense. An old gentleman said to me,
+      that many years ago, when the practice of an unnatural vice grew so
+      frequent in London, that many were prosecuted for it, he was sure it would
+      be a forerunner[14] of Italian operas, and singers; and then we should
+      want nothing but stabbing or poisoning, to make us perfect Italians.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Upon the whole, I deliver my judgment, that nothing but servile attachment
+      to a party, affectation of singularity, lamentable dullness, mistaken
+      zeal, or studied hypocrisy, can have the least reasonable objection
+      against this excellent moral performance of the celebrated Mr. Gay.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: See title in note above, p. 313. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: "He will go among the people, and will draw a crowd
+      together." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: Gay's "The Beggar's Opera" was produced by Rich at the
+      Theatre Royal in Lincoln's Inn Fields, January 29th, 1727/8, and published
+      in book form in 1728. It was shortly afterwards performed in Dublin, Bath,
+      and other places. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: Writing to Pope, May 10th, 1728, Swift says: "Mr. Gay's Opera
+      has been acted here twenty times, and my lord lieutenant tells me it is
+      very well performed; he has seen it often, and approves it much.... 'The
+      Beggar's Opera' has done its task, <i>discedat uti conviva satur</i>"
+      (Scott's edition, xvii. 188-9). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: In his essay "Of Poetry," Sir William Temple, writing of
+      dramatic poetry, says: "Yet I am deceived, if our English has not in some
+      kind excelled both the modern and the ancient, which has been by force of
+      a vein natural perhaps to our country, and which with us is called humour,
+      a word peculiar to our language too, and hard to be expressed in any
+      other;" etc.&mdash;"Works," vol. i., p. 247 (1720). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: "Le Théâtre Italian, ou le Recueil de toutes les Comédies et
+      Scènes Françoises, qui out été jouées sur le Théâtre Italian." The
+      collection was edited by Evariste Gherardi, and published in 1695. Two
+      further volumes were issued in 1698, the third containing complete plays.
+      The collection was afterwards extended to six volumes. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: A modern writer says of it: "It bristles with keen,
+      well-pointed satire on the corrupt and venal politicians and courtiers of
+      the day" (W.H. Husk in Grove's "Dict. of Music").[T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: In the character of Robin of Bagshot Gay intended Sir Robert
+      Walpole.[T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: Gay's "Fables" was first published in 1727, with a dedication
+      "To his Highness William Duke of Cumberland." The Fables are said to have
+      been "invented for his amusement." Cumberland was the second son of
+      George, Prince of Wales, and was afterwards known as "the butcher."[T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 10: Dr. Thomas Herring, preacher at Lincoln's Inn, and
+      afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, preached a sermon against "The
+      Beggar's Opera" in March, 1727-8. It is referred to in a letter to the
+      "Whitehall Evening Post," dated March 30th, 1728, reprinted in the
+      Appendix to "Letters from Dr. T. Herring to W. Duncombe," 1777. As
+      Archbishop of York, Herring interested himself greatly, during the
+      rebellion of 1745, in forming an association for the defence of the
+      liberties of the people and the constitution of the country. Writing to
+      Swift, under date May 16th, 1728, Gay remarks: "I suppose you must have
+      heard, that I had the honour to have had a sermon preached against my
+      works by a court-chaplain, which I look upon as no small addition to my
+      fame" (Scott, xvii. 194). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 11: The edition of 1729 has "those common robbers of the
+      public." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 12: Peachum says: "Can it be expected that we should hang our
+      acquaintance for nothing, when our betters will hardly save theirs without
+      being paid for it?"&mdash;Act II., sc. x. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 13: The rivalry between Handel and the Italian composers had
+      then been keen for nearly twenty years. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 14: The edition of 1729 has "the fore-runner." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0060" id="link2H_4_0060"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      THE INTELLIGENCER, NUMB. XIX[1].
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      <i>Having on the 12th of October last, received a letter signed</i> ANDREW
+      DEALER, <i>and</i> PATRICK PENNYLESS; <i>I believe the following</i>
+      PAPER, <i>just come to my hands, will be a sufficient answer to it[2].</i>
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  <i>Sic vos non vobis vellera fertis oves.</i>
+  VlRG.[3]
+</pre>
+    <h3>
+      SIR,
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      I am a country gentleman, and a Member of Parliament, with an estate of
+      about 1400<i>l</i>. a year, which as a Northern landlord, I receive from
+      above two hundred tenants, and my lands having been let, near twenty years
+      ago, the rents, till very lately, were esteemed to be not above half
+      value; yet by the intolerable scarcity of silver[4], I lie under the
+      greatest difficulties in receiving them, as well as in paying my
+      labourers, or buying any thing necessary for my family from tradesmen, who
+      are not able to be long out of their money. But the sufferings of me, and
+      those of my rank, are trifles in comparison, of what the meaner sort
+      undergo; such as the buyers and sellers, at fairs, and markets; the
+      shopkeepers in every town, the farmers in general. All those who travel
+      with fish, poultry, pedlary-ware, and other conveniencies to sell: But
+      more especially handicrafts-men, who work for us by the day, and common
+      labourers, whom I have already mentioned. Both these kinds of people, I am
+      forced to employ, till their wages amount to a double pistole,[5] or a
+      moidore, (for we hardly have any gold of lower value left among us) to
+      divide it among themselves as they can; and this is generally done at an
+      ale-house or brandy shop; where, besides the cost of getting drunk, (which
+      is usually the case) they must pay tenpence or a shilling, for changing
+      their piece into silver, to some huckstering fellow, who follows that
+      trade. But what is infinitely worse, those poor men for want of due
+      payment, are forced to take up their oatmeal, and other necessaries of
+      life, at almost double value, and consequently are not able, to discharge
+      half their score, especially under the scarceness of corn, for two years
+      past, and the melancholy disappointment of the present crop.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The causes of this, and a thousand other evils, are clear and manifest to
+      you and all other thinking men, though hidden from the vulgar: these
+      indeed complain of hard times, the dearth of corn, the want of money, the
+      badness of seasons; that their goods bear no price, and the poor cannot
+      find work; but their weak reasonings never carry them to the hatred, and
+      contempt, borne us by our neighbours, and brethren, without the least
+      grounds of provocation, who rejoice at our sufferings, although sometimes
+      to their own disadvantage; of the dead weight upon every beneficial branch
+      of our trade;[6] of half our revenues sent annually to England, and many
+      other grievances peculiar to this unhappy kingdom, excepted for our sins,
+      which keep us from enjoying the common benefits of mankind, as you and
+      some other lovers of their country, have so often observed, with such good
+      inclinations, and so little effect.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is true indeed, that under our circumstances in general, this complaint
+      for the want of silver, may appear as ridiculous, as for a man to be
+      impatient, about a cut finger, when he is struck with the plague; and yet
+      a poor fellow going to the gallows, may be allowed to feel the smart of
+      wasps, while he is upon Tyburn Road. This misfortune is too urging,[7] and
+      vexatious in every kind of small traffic, and so hourly pressing upon all
+      persons in the country whatsoever, that a hundred inconveniences, of
+      perhaps greater moment in themselves, have been timely[8] submitted to,
+      with far less disquietude and murmurs. And the case seems yet the harder,
+      if it be true, what many skilful men assert, that nothing is more easy,
+      than a remedy; and, that the want of silver, in proportion to the little
+      gold remaining among us, is altogether as unnecessary, as it is
+      inconvenient. A person of distinction assured me very lately, that, in
+      discoursing with the lord lieutenant,[9] before his last return to
+      England, his excellency said, "He had pressed the matter often, in proper
+      time and place, and to proper persons; and could not see any difficulty of
+      the least moment, that could prevent us from being easy upon that
+      article."[10]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Whoever carries to England, twenty-seven English shillings, and brings
+      back one moidore, of full weight, is a gainer of ninepence Irish; in a
+      guinea, the advantage is threepence, and twopence in a pistole. The
+      BANKERS, who are generally masters of all our gold, and silver, with this
+      advantage, have sent over as much of the latter, as came into their hands.
+      The value of one thousand moidores in silver, would thus amount in clear
+      profit, to 37<i>l</i>. 10,<i>s</i>. The shopkeepers, and other traders,
+      who go to London to buy goods, followed the same practice, by which we
+      have been driven into this insupportable distress.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To a common thinker, it should seem, that nothing would be more easy, than
+      for the government to redress this evil, at any time they shall please.
+      When the value of guineas was lowered in England, from 21<i>s</i>. 6<i>d</i>.
+      to only 21<i>s</i>.[11] the consequences to this kingdom, were obvious,
+      and manifest to us all; and a sober man, may be allowed at least to
+      wonder, though he dare not complain, why a new regulation of coin among
+      us, was not then made; much more, why it hath never been since. It would
+      surely require no very profound skill in algebra, to reduce the difference
+      of ninepence in thirty shillings, or threepence in a guinea, to less than
+      a farthing; and so small a fraction could be no temptation, either to
+      bankers, to hazard their silver at sea, or tradesmen to load themselves
+      with it, in their journeys to England. In my humble opinion, it would be
+      no unseasonable condescension, if the government would graciously please,
+      to signify to the poor loyal Protestant subjects of Ireland, either that
+      this miserable want of silver, is not possible to be remedied in any
+      degree, by the nicest skill in arithmetic; or else, that it doth not stand
+      with the good pleasure of England, to suffer any silver at all among us.
+      In the former case, it would be madness, to expect impossibilities: and in
+      the other, we must submit: For, lives, and fortunes are always at the
+      mercy of the CONQUEROR.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The question hath been often put in printed papers, by the DRAPIER,[12]
+      and others, or perhaps by the same WRITER, under different styles, why
+      this kingdom should not be permitted to have a mint of its own, for the
+      coinage of gold, silver, and copper, which is a power exercised by many
+      bishops, and every petty prince in Germany. But this question hath never
+      been answered, nor the least application that I have heard of, made to the
+      Crown from hence, for the grant of a public mint, although it stands upon
+      record, that several cities, and corporations here, had the liberty of
+      coining silver. I can see no reasons, why we alone of all nations, are
+      thus restrained, but such as I dare not mention; only thus far, I may
+      venture, that Ireland is the first imperial kingdom, since Nimrod, which
+      ever wanted power, to coin their own money.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I know very well, that in England it is lawful for any subject, to
+      petition either the Prince, or the Parliament, provided it be done in a
+      dutiful, and regular manner; but what is lawful for a subject of Ireland,
+      I profess I cannot determine; nor will undertake, that your printer shall
+      not be prosecuted, in a court of justice, for publishing my wishes, that a
+      poor shopkeeper might be able to change a guinea, or a moidore, when a
+      customer comes for a crown's worth of goods. I have known less crimes
+      punished with the utmost severity, under the title of disaffection: And, I
+      cannot but approve the wisdom of the ancients, who, after Astraea had fled
+      from the earth,[13] at least took care to provide three upright judges for
+      Hell. Men's ears among us, are indeed grown so nice, that whoever happens
+      to think out of fashion, in what relates to the welfare of this kingdom,
+      dare not so much as complain of the toothache, lest our weak and busy
+      dabblers in politic should be ready to swear against him for disaffection.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      There was a method practised by Sir Ambrose Crawley,[14] the great dealer
+      in iron-works, which I wonder the gentlemen o£ our country, under this
+      great exigence, have not thought fit to imitate. In the several towns, and
+      villages, where he dealt, and many miles round, he gave notes, instead of
+      money, from twopence, to twenty shillings, which passed current in all
+      shops, and markets, as well as in houses, where meat, or drink was sold. I
+      see no reason, why the like practice, may not be introduced among us, with
+      some degree of success, or at least may not serve, as a poor expedient, in
+      this our blessed age of paper, which, as it dischargeth all our greatest
+      payments, may be equally useful in the smaller, and may just keep us
+      alive, till an English Act of Parliament shall forbid it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have been told, that among some of our poorest American colonies, upon
+      the continent, the people enjoy the liberty of cutting the little money
+      among them into halves, and quarters, for the conveniences of small
+      traffic. How happy should we be in comparison of our present condition, if
+      the like privilege, were granted to us, of employing the shears, for want
+      of a mint, upon our foreign gold; by clipping it into half-crowns, and
+      shillings, and even lower denominations; for beggars must be content to
+      live upon scraps; and it would be our felicity, that these scraps would
+      never[15] be exported to other countries, while any thing better was left.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If neither of these projects will avail, I see nothing left us, but to
+      truck and barter our goods, like the wild Indians, with each other, or
+      with our too powerful neighbours; only with this disadvantage on our side,
+      that the Indians enjoy the product of their own land, whereas the better
+      half of ours is sent away without so much as a recompense in bugles, or
+      glass, in return.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It must needs be a very comfortable circumstance, in the present juncture,
+      that some thousand families are gone, or going, or preparing to go, from
+      hence, and settle themselves in America. The poorer sort, for want of
+      work; the farmers whose beneficial bargains, are now become a rack-rent,
+      too hard to be borne. And those who have any ready money, or can purchase
+      any, by the sale of their goods, or leases; because they find their
+      fortunes hourly decaying; that their goods will bear no price, and that
+      few or none, have any money to buy the very necessaries of life, are
+      hastening to follow their departed neighbours. It is true, corn among us,
+      carries a very high price; but it is for the same reason, that rats, and
+      cats, and dead horses, have been often bought for gold, in a town
+      besieged.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      There is a person of quality in my neighbourhood, who twenty years ago,
+      when he was just come to age, being unexperienced, and of a generous
+      temper, let his lands, even as times went then, at a low rate, to able
+      tenants, and consequently by the rise of land, since that time, looked
+      upon his estate, to be set at half value. But numbers of these tenants, or
+      their descendants are now offering to sell their leases by cant, even
+      those which were for lives, some of them renewable for ever, and some
+      fee-farms, which the landlord himself hath bought in, at half the price
+      they would have yielded seven years ago. And some leases let at the same
+      time, for lives, have been given up to him, without any consideration at
+      all.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This is the most favourable face of things at present among us, I say,
+      among us of the North, who are esteemed the only thriving people of the
+      kingdom: And how far, and how soon, this misery and desolation may spread,
+      is easy to foresee.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The vast sums of money daily carried off, by our numerous adventurers to
+      America, have deprived us of our gold in these parts, almost as much as of
+      our silver.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And the good wives who came[16] to our houses, offer us their pieces of
+      linen, upon which their whole dependence lies, for so little profit, that
+      it can neither half pay their rents, nor half support their families.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is remarkable, that this enthusiasm spread among our northern people,
+      of sheltering themselves in the continent of America, hath no other
+      foundation, than their present insupportable condition at home. I have
+      made all possible inquiries, to learn what encouragement our people have
+      met with, by any intelligence from those plantations, sufficient to make
+      them undertake so tedious, and hazardous a voyage in all seasons of the
+      year; and so ill accommodated in their ships, that many of them have died
+      miserably in their passage; but, could never get one satisfactory answer.
+      Somebody, they know not who, had written a letter to his friend, or
+      cousin, from thence, inviting him by all means, to come over; that it was
+      a fine fruitful country, and to be held for ever, at a penny an acre. But
+      the truth of the fact is this, The English established in those colonies,
+      are in great want of men to inhabit that tract of ground, which lies
+      between them, and the wild Indians, who are not reduced under their
+      dominion. We read of some barbarous people, whom the Romans placed in
+      their armies, for no other service, than to blunt their enemies' swords,
+      and afterwards to fill up trenches with their dead bodies. And thus our
+      people who transport themselves, are settled in those interjacent tracts,
+      as a screen against the insults of the savages, and many have as much
+      land, as they can clear from the woods, at a very reasonable rate, if they
+      can afford to pay about a hundred years' purchase by their labour. Now
+      beside the fox's reasons which inclines all those, who have already
+      ventured thither, to represent everything, in a false light, as well for
+      justifying their own conduct, as for getting companions, in their misery;
+      so, the governing people in those plantations, have wisely provided,[17]
+      that no letters shall be suffered to pass from thence hither, without
+      being first viewed by the council, by which our people here, are wholly
+      deceived in the opinions, they have of the happy condition of their
+      friends, gone before them. This was accidentally discovered some months
+      ago, by an honest man who having transported himself, and family thither,
+      and finding all things directly contrary to his hope, had the luck to
+      convey a private note, by a faithful hand, to his relation here,
+      entreating him, not to think of such a voyage, and to discourage all his
+      friends from attempting it. Yet this, although it be a truth well known,
+      hath produced very little effects; which is no manner of wonder, for as it
+      is natural to a man in a fever to turn often, although without any hope of
+      ease, or when he is pursued to leap down a precipice, to avoid an enemy
+      just at his back; so, men in the extremest degree of misery, and want,
+      will naturally fly to the first appearance of relief, let it be ever so
+      vain, or visionary.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      You may observe, that I have very superficially touched the subject I
+      began with, and with the utmost caution: for I know how criminal the least
+      complaint hath been thought, however seasonable or just, or honestly
+      intended, which hath forced me to offer up my daily prayers, that it may
+      never, at least in my time, be interpreted by innuendoes as a false
+      scandalous, seditious, and disaffected action, for a man to roar under an
+      acute fit of the gout, which beside the loss and the danger, would be very
+      inconvenient to one of my age, so severely afflicted with that distemper.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I wish you good success, but I can promise you little, in an ungrateful
+      office you have taken up, without the least view, either to reputation or
+      profit. Perhaps your comfort is, that none but villains, and betrayers of
+      their country, can be your enemies. Upon which, I have little to say,
+      having not the honour, to be acquainted with many of that sort, and
+      therefore, as you easily may believe, am compelled to lead a very retired
+      life.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+    I am Sir,
+    Your most obedient,
+    Humble servant,
+
+    A. NORTH.
+
+    County of Down,
+    Dec. 2d. 1728.
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: See title for this in note above to No. 1, p. 313. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: No. 19 of "The Intelligencer" is a reprint of a tract which I
+      have not been able to find. It appeared again in 1736 under the title: "A
+      Letter from the Revd. J.S.D.S.P.D. to a Country Gentleman in the North of
+      Ireland."[T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: "Apud Donati Vitam," 17:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+  "Thus do ye sheep grow fleeces for others."&mdash;W.F.H. KING.
+
+  [T.S.]]
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: Writing to Dr. Sheridan, under date September 18th, 1728,
+      Swift says: "I think the sufferings of the country for want of silver
+      deserves a paper, since the remedy is so easy, and those in power so
+      negligent" (Scott, xvii. 204). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: The price of the pistole in Ireland was fixed at 18<i>s</i>.
+      6<i>d</i>., the double pistole at <i>£</i>1 17<i>s</i>., and the moidore
+      <i>£</i>1 10<i>s</i>. These prices were fixed by order of the Lords
+      Justices, July 30th, 1712. In 1737 the moidore was reduced to <i>£</i>1 9<i>s</i>.
+      3<i>d</i>. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: "A Letter," etc., referred to in note on preceding page, has:
+      "They consider not the dead weight upon every beneficial branch of our
+      trade; that half our revenues are annually sent to England; with many
+      other grievances peculiar to this unhappy kingdom; which keep us," etc.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: The 1736 edition of "A Letter," etc., has "is so urging."
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: The 1736 edition of "A Letter," etc., has "tamely." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: John Carteret (1690-1763) succeeded his father as second
+      Baron Carteret in 1695, and his mother as Earl Granville in 1744. He was
+      Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1724 to 1730. See Swift's "Vindication of
+      ... Lord Carteret" in vol. vi. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 10: "A Letter," etc. (1736 edition), has "being made easy upon
+      this article." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 11: On December 22nd, 1717, the price of the guinea was reduced,
+      by a proclamation, from 21<i>s</i>. 6<i>d</i>. to 21<i>s</i>. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 12: See vol. vii. of present edition of Swift's Works, dealing
+      with the Drapier Letters. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 13: Astraea withdrew from the earth at the close of the Golden
+      Age. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 14: Sir Ambrose Crowley (or Crawley), Liveryman of the Drapers'
+      Company and Alderman for Dowgate Ward, sat in Parliament for Andover in
+      1713. He was satirized in "The Spectator" (No. 299, February 12th, 1711/2)
+      as Sir John Enville, and in "The Tatler" (No. 73, September 27th, 1709) as
+      Sir Arthur de Bradley. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 15: "A Letter," etc. (1736), has "could never." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 16: The reprint of 1730, and "A Letter," etc. (1736), have "who
+      come." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 17: "A Letter," etc. (1736), has: "The governing people in those
+      plantations, have also wisely provided," etc. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0061" id="link2H_4_0061"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      INDEX.
+    </h2>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+     ALMANZA, battle of
+     Anne, Queen, her change of ministry in 1710;
+       and the Church;
+       establishment of Queen Anne's bounty;
+       letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury.
+     Aretino, Pietro.
+     Army, essays on the.
+     Asgill, John.
+     Astell, Mrs. Mary.
+     Atterbury, Bishop, his character in "The Tatler";
+       contributes to "The Examiner";
+       his influence in Convocation.
+     Avarice, essay on.
+
+     Bank, the, in the Whig interest.
+     "Banks, Sir Jacob, Letter to".
+     Bickerstaff, Isaac, Steele's pseudonym.
+     Birth, value of.
+     Boyer, Abel.
+     Boyle, Henry.
+     Bromley, Clobery.
+     Bromley, William, speaker;
+       "Congratulatory Speech of".
+     Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of, assassination of.
+     Buckingham and Normanby, John, Duke of.
+     Burgess, Daniel.
+     Burnet, Bishop.
+
+     Caesar, Julius.
+     Calves-Head Club, the.
+     Carew, John, speech at the execution of.
+     Carteret, Lord.
+     Chamber of Fame.
+     Charles V. and Aretino.
+     Church, the, resolution in Parliament as to the state of;;
+       essay on
+       answer to essay on;
+       the Whigs and.
+     Churches, scheme for building new.
+     Clément, Jacques.
+     Clendon, John.
+     Coffee-houses, signification of the.
+     Coin, clipping of.
+     Coligny, Admiral de, assassination of.
+     Collins, Anthony.
+     Coningsby, Mrs.
+     Court of Alienation.
+     Coward, William.
+     Cowper, Earl.
+     Crackanthorpe, Mrs.
+     Crassus, Marcus, the Duke of Marlborough attacked under the name of.
+     Crawley, Sir Ambrose.
+
+     D'Ancre, Maréchal.
+     Daniel, Samuel.
+     Dartmouth, Lord.
+     Davila.
+     Defoe, Daniel, edited "The Review".
+     Devonshire, William, 2nd Duke of.
+     Dissenters, the,
+       under James II.;
+       essay on;
+       Whigs and.
+     Dodwell, Henry.
+     Dyet, Richard.
+
+     Eloquence, essay on;
+       further references to,
+     Elstob, Mrs. Elizabeth.
+     English tongue, corruption of the.
+     Eumenes.
+     "Examiner, The," establishment of.
+     "Examiner, Letter to the."
+
+     Faction,
+       fable of;
+       true characteristics of.
+     Felton, John.
+     "Female Tatler, The".
+     Ford, James.
+     Freind, Dr.
+     "French King's Thanks to the Tories of Great Britain, The".
+     Furnese, Sir Henry.
+
+     Gay, John,
+       on "The Examiner";
+       vindication of his "Beggar's Opera";
+       his fables.
+     George, Prince, of Denmark.
+     Gertruydenberg, treaty of.
+     Godolphin, Lord, his change of politics;
+       dismissal of;
+       nicknamed "Volpone";
+       his intrigues against Harley;
+       as "Gracchus";
+       devoted to the turf;
+       ministry of.
+     Good manners, essay on.
+     Greenshields, Rev. James.
+     Gregg, William.
+     Guiscard, Marquis de;
+       account of.
+     Guise, Dukes of, assassination of,.
+
+     Harcourt, Sir Simon.
+     Hare, Dr. Francis.
+     Harley, Robert, attempted assassination of;
+       made Earl of Oxford;
+       the Speaker's congratulation on his escape;
+       his scheme for securing debts;
+       his remission of first-fruits to the Irish Clergy.
+     Harley, Thomas,
+     Harrison, William, contributed to "The Tatler";
+       new issue of "The Tatler" by.
+     Hastings, Lady Elizabeth.
+     Henry III, of France, assassination of.
+     Henry IV. of France, assassination of.
+     Herring, Dr. Thomas.
+     Hickes, George.
+     Honeywood, General, superseded.
+     Hooker, Richard.
+
+     Indemnity, Act of (1708).
+     Indian Kings, the, in London.
+     "Intelligencer, The".
+     Ireland, scarcity of silver in.
+     Isaac, Mr., a dancing-master.
+     Italian music, the taste for.
+
+     James II., King, and the Dissenters;
+       and the Whigs.
+
+     Kent, Duke of.
+
+     Learning, Bill for the Encouragement of.
+     Lechmere, Nicholas.
+     Leeds, Duke of.
+     Leslie, Rev. Charles.
+     "Lewis, Erasmus, The Vindication of".
+     Lions, dream of the.
+     Lorrain, Paul.
+     Louis XIV.
+
+     Macartney, General, superseded.
+     Madonella.
+     "Management of the War, The," pamphlets by Dr. Hare.
+     Manley, Mrs., attacked as "Madonella";
+       her "Memoirs of Europe".
+     Marlborough, Duke of
+       the Treaty of Gertruydenberg;
+       his change of politics;
+       rewards and grants to;
+       his intrigues against Harley;
+       his proposal to be made Commander-in-chief for life;
+       attacked by Swift under the name of "Crassus";
+       charged with peculations with regard to bread contracts;
+       threatened resignation of in 1708.
+     Marlborough, Duchess of.
+     Masham, Mrs.
+     Matveof, Muscovite Ambassador, arrest of.
+     Medina, Sir Solomon de, and the Duke of Marlborough.
+     "Medley, The," attack by Swift on;
+       and see notes to "The Examiner," <i>passim</i>
+     Ménage, Gilles.
+     Meredith, General, superseded.
+     Merit, genealogy and description of.
+     Milton, John.
+     Ministry, reasons for the change of;
+     "Mob," Swift's dislike of the word.
+     More, Henry.
+     Morphew, the publisher.
+
+     Naturalization Act.
+     Naunton, Sir Robert.
+     Nevis.
+     Norris, John.
+     Nottingham, Earl of.
+
+     "Observator, The".
+     Occasional Conformity Bill, the.
+     October Club, the.
+     Oldisworth, William;
+       revival of "The Examiner" by.
+     Osborne, Francis.
+     Oxford University, decree of.
+
+     Palatines, the.
+     Parsons, Robert.
+     Partridge, John.
+     Passive obedience, doctrine of;
+       according to the Whigs;
+       according to the Tories;
+     Peace, Address to the Queen concerning (1707).
+     People, madness of the.
+     Peterborough, Earl of, letter from Swift to.
+     Petty, Sir William.
+     Platonic ladies.
+     Political Lying, the Art of.
+     "Political State of Great Britain, The"
+     Popery, the Tories and.
+     Pretender, the, party capital made out of;
+       and the Whigs.
+     Prior, Matthew, contributes to "The Examiner";
+       stated to be the author of "The Examiner".
+
+     Qualification Bill.
+
+     Racan, Mons.
+     Radcliffe, Dr John.
+     "Rehearsal, The".
+     Repington, Mr.
+     "Review, The".
+     Ridge, Thomas.
+     Rivers, Earl, appointed Lieutenant of the Tower.
+     Rochester, Laurence Hyde, Earl of.
+     Roper, Abel, suspected as author of "The Examiner".
+
+     Sacheverell, Dr.
+     St. Christopher's.
+     St John, Henry, and "The Examiner,"
+       character of;
+       "A Letter to The Examiner" attributed to;
+       attempted assassination of;
+       his hatred of Harley.
+     Scythia, story of the king of.
+     Security, Bill of.
+     Sewell, Dr. George.
+     Shippen, William.
+     Shrewsbury, Charles, Duke of.
+     Silver, scarcity of, in Ireland.
+     Smalridge, Dr.
+     Somers, Lord.
+     South Sea Company, establishment of the.
+     "Spectator, The".
+     Stanhope, General.
+     Stanley, Dr William.
+     Steele, Richard, and "The Tatler";
+       article on Marlborough in "The Taller" by;
+       and "The Spectator".
+     Suckling, Sir John.
+     Sunderland, Earl of.
+     Swift, Jonathan, his contributions to "The Tatler";
+       supports Harrison with the new "Tatler";
+       his contentions to "The Examiner";
+       his memorial to Harley regarding the first-fruits in Ireland;
+       his contribution to "The Spectator";
+       his contributions to "The Intelligencer".
+
+     "Tatler, The," founding and success of;
+       authorship of papers in;
+       discontinued by Steele;
+       new issues of.
+     Taxes, increase of.
+     Temple, Sir William, on humour.
+     Temson, Archbp.
+     Test Act, the.
+     Tindal, Matthew.
+     Titus, Colonel Silas.
+     Toland, John.
+     Tones, principles of the, explained.
+     Tory, origin of the word.
+     Toulon, siege of.
+     Trapp, Dr. Joseph.
+     Tutchin, John, editor of "The Observator".
+     Twisden, Heneage.
+
+     Verres (Lord Wharton).
+
+     Walpole, Horatio.
+     War, many people interested in continuance of the;
+       pamphlets on the management of the.
+     Wenman, Viscount.
+     Wharton, Lord;
+       as "Clodius";
+       attacked by Swift under the name of Verres;
+       desecration of a church by.
+     Whig and Tory, designation of the words.
+     "Whig Examiner, The".
+     Whigs, principles of the, explained;
+       and Dissenters;
+       and the Pretender.
+     Wotton, Sir Henry.
+     Wotton, W., his "Case of the Present Convocation considered".
+</pre>
+    <div style="height: 6em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D.
+D., Volume IX; Contributions to The Tatler, The Examiner, The Spectator,
+and The Intelligencer, by Jonathan Swift
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+</pre>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D. D.,
+Volume IX; Contributions to The Tatler, The Examiner, The Spectator, and The Intelligencer, by Jonathan Swift
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D. D., Volume IX;
+       Contributions to The Tatler, The Examiner, The Spectator,
+       and The Intelligencer
+
+Author: Jonathan Swift
+
+Release Date: August 13, 2004 [EBook #13169]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SWIFT PROSE, VOL. IX ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by G. Graustein and PG Distributed Proofreaders. Produced
+from images provided by the Million Book Project.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE PROSE WORKS OF JONATHAN SWIFT
+
+VOL. IX
+
+GEORGE BELL & SONS
+LONDON: YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN
+CAMBRIDGE: DEIGHTON, BELL & CO.
+NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN CO.
+
+[Illustration: _Jonathan Swift from the picture by Charles Jervas in the
+Bodlean Library Oxford_]
+
+
+THE PROSE WORKS OF JONATHAN SWIFT, D.D.
+
+EDITED BY TEMPLE SCOTT
+
+VOL IX
+
+CONTRIBUTIONS TO "THE TATLER," "THE EXAMINER," "THE SPECTATOR," AND
+"THE INTELLIGENCER"
+
+
+LONDON
+GEORGE BELL AND SONS 1902
+
+CHISWICK PRESS: CHARLES WHITTINGHAM AND CO.
+TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON.
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+Swift has been styled the Prince of Journalists. Like most titles whose
+aim is to express in modern words the character and achievements of a man
+of a past age, this phrase is not of the happiest. Applied to so
+extraordinary a man as Jonathan Swift, it is both misleading and
+inadequate. At best it embodies but a half-truth. It belongs to that
+class of phrases which, in emphasizing a particular side of the
+character, sacrifices truth to a superficial cleverness, and so does
+injustice to the character as a whole. The vogue such phrases obtain is
+thus the measure of the misunderstanding that is current; so that it
+often becomes necessary to receive them with caution and to test them
+with care.
+
+A prince in his art Swift certainly was, but his art was not the art of
+the journalist. Swift was a master of literary expression, and of all
+forms of that expression which aim at embodying in language the common
+life and common facts of men and their common nature. He had his
+limitations, of course; but just here lies the power of his special
+genius. He never attempted to express what he did not fully comprehend.
+If he saw things narrowly, he saw them definitely, and there was no
+mistaking the ideas he wished to convey. "He understands himself," said
+Dr. Johnson, "and his reader always understands him." Within his
+limitations Swift swayed a sovereign power. His narrowness of vision,
+however, did never blind him to the relations that exist between fact and
+fact, between object and subject, between the actual and the possible. At
+the same time it was not his province, as it was not his nature, to
+handle such relations in the abstract. The bent of his mind was towards
+the practical and not the pure reason. The moralist and the statesman
+went hand in hand in him--an excellent example of the eighteenth century
+thinker.
+
+But to say this of Swift is not to say that he was a journalist. The
+journalist is the man of the hour writing for the hour in harmony with
+popular opinion. Both his text and his heads are ready-made for him. He
+follows the beaten road, and only essays new paths when conditions
+have become such as to force him along them. Such a man Swift certainly
+was not. Journalism was not his way to the goal. If anything, it was, as
+Epictetus might have said, but a tavern by the way-side in which he took
+occasion to find the means by which the better to attain his goal. If
+Swift's contributions to the literature of his day be journalism, then
+did journalism spring full-grown into being, and its history since his
+time must be considered as a history of its degeneration. But they were
+much more than journalism. That they took the form they did, in
+contributions to the periodicals of his day, is but an accident which
+does not in the least affect the contributions themselves. These, in
+reality, constitute a criticism of the social and political life of the
+first thirty years of the English eighteenth century. From the time of
+the writing of "A Tale of a Tub" to the days of the Drapier's Letters,
+Swift dissected his countrymen with the pitiless hand of the
+master-surgeon. So profound was his knowledge of human anatomy, individual
+and social, that we shudder now at the pain he must have inflicted in his
+unsparing operations. So accurate was his judgment that we stand amazed
+at his knowledge, and our amazement often turns to a species of horror as
+we see the cuticle flapped open revealing the crude arrangement beneath.
+Nor is it to argue too nicely, to suggest that our present sympathy for
+the past pain, our amazement, and our horror, are, after all, our own
+unconscious tributes to the power of the man who calls them up, and our
+confession of the lasting validity of his criticism.
+
+This is not the power nor is it the kind of criticism that are the
+elements of the art of the journalist. Perhaps we should be glad that it
+is not; which is but to say that we are content with things as they
+exist. It requires a special set of conditions to precipitate a Swift.
+Happily, if we will have it so, the conditions in which we find ourselves
+ask for that kind of journalist whose function is amply fulfilled when
+he has measured the movements of the hour by the somewhat higher
+standards of the day. The conditions under which Swift lived demanded a
+journalist of an entirely different calibre; and they got him. They
+obtained a man who dissolved the petty jealousies of party power in the
+acid of satire, and who distilled the affected fears for Church and State
+in the alembic of a statesmanship that establishes a nation's majesty and
+dignity on the common welfare of its free people. When Swift, at the
+beginning of the November of 1710, was called in to assist the Tory party
+by undertaking the work of "The Examiner," he found a condition of things
+so involved and so unstable, that it required the very nicest
+appreciation, the most delicate handling, and the boldest of hearts to
+readjust and re-establish, without fearful consequences. Harley and St.
+John were safely housed, and, apparently, amply protected by a
+substantial majority. But majorities are often not the most trustworthy
+of supports. Apart from the over-confidence which they inspire, and
+apart from the danger of a too-enthusiastic following, such as found
+expression in the October Club, there was the danger which might come
+from the dissatisfaction of the people at large, should their temper be
+wrongly gauged; and at this juncture it was not easy to gauge. The
+popularity of Marlborough and his victories, on the one hand, was
+undoubted. On the other, however, there was the growing opinion that
+those victories had been paid for at a price greater than England could
+afford. If she had gained reputation and prestige, these could not fill
+the mouths of the landed class, gradually growing poorer, and the members
+of this class were not of a disposition to restrain their feelings as
+they noted the growing prosperity of the Whig stock-jobbers--a
+prosperity that was due to the very war which was beggaring them. If the
+landed man cried for peace, he was answered by the Whig stock-jobber that
+peace meant the ultimate repudiation of the National Debt, with the
+certainty of the reign of the Pretender. If the landed man spoke for the
+Church, the Whig speculator raised the shout of "No Popery!" The war had
+transformed parties into factions, and the ministry stood between a
+Scylla of a peace-at-any-price, on the one side, and a Charybdis of a
+war-at-any-price on the other; or, if not a war, then a peace so
+one-sided that it would be almost impossible to bring it about.
+
+In such troubled waters, and at such a critical juncture, it was given to
+Swift to act as pilot to the ship of State. His papers to "The Examiner"
+must bear witness to the skill with which he accomplished the task set
+before him. His appeal to the people of England for confidence in the
+ministry, should be an appeal not alone on behalf of its distinguished
+and able members, but also on behalf of a policy by which "the crooked
+should be made straight and the rough places plain." Such was to be the
+nature of his appeal, and he made it in a series of essays that turned
+every advantage with admirable effect to the side of his clients. Not
+another man then living could have done what he did; and we question if
+either Harley or St. John ever realized the service he rendered them. The
+later careers of these two men furnish no doubtful hints of what might
+have happened at this period had Swift been other than the man he was.
+
+But Swift's "Examiners" did much more than preserve Harley's head on his
+shoulders; they brought the nation to a calmer sense of its position, and
+tutored it to a juster appreciation of the men who were using it for
+selfish ends. Let us make every allowance for purely special pleadings;
+for indulgence in personal feeling against the men who had either
+disappointed, injured, or angered him; for the party man affecting or
+genuinely feeling party bitterness, for the tricks and subterfuges of the
+paid advocate appealing to the passions and weaknesses of those whose
+favour he was seeking to win; allowing for these, there are yet left in
+these papers a noble spirit of wide-eyed patriotism, and a distinguished
+grasp of the meaning of national greatness and national integrity.
+
+The pamphleteers whom he opposed, and who opposed him, were powerless
+against Swift. Where they pried with the curiosity and meanness of petty
+dealers, Swift's insight seized on the larger relations, and insisted on
+them. Where they "bantered," cajoled, and sneered, arousing a very mild
+irritation, Swift's scornful invective, and biting satire silenced into
+fear the enemies of the Queen's chosen ministers. Where their jejune
+"answers" gained a simper, Swift's virility of mind, range of power, and
+dexterity of handling, compelled a homage. His Whig antagonists had
+good reason to dread him. He scoffed at them for an existence that was
+founded, not on a devotion to principles, but on a jealousy for the power
+others enjoyed. "The bulk of the Whigs appears rather to be linked to a
+certain set of persons, than any certain set of principles." To these
+persons also he directed his grim attention, Somers, Cowper, Godolphin,
+Marlborough, and Wharton were each drawn with iron stylus and acid. To
+Wharton he gave special care (he had some private scores to pay off), and
+in the character of Verres, he etched the portrait of a profligate, an
+unscrupulous governor, a scoundrel, an infidel to his religion and
+country, a reckless, selfish, low-living blackguard. In the Letter to
+Marcus Crassus, Marlborough is addressed in language that the simplest
+farm-labourer could understand. The letter is a lay sermon on the vice of
+avarice, and every point and illustration are taken from Marlborough's
+life with such telling application that Marlborough himself must have
+taken thought as he read it. "No man," Swift finely concludes, "of true
+valour and true understanding, upon whom this vice has stolen unawares;
+when he is convinced he is guilty, will suffer it to remain in his breast
+an hour."
+
+But these attentions to the Whigs as a party and as individuals were,
+after all, but the by-play of the skilled orator preparing the minds of
+his hearers for the true purpose in hand. That purpose may originally
+have been to fix the ministry in the country's favour; but Swift having
+fulfilled it, and so discharged his office, turned it, as indeed he could
+not help turning it, and as later in the Drapier's Letters he turned
+another purpose, to the persuasion of an acceptance of those broad
+principles which so influenced political thought during the last years of
+the reign of Queen Anne. It is with these principles in his mind that Dr.
+Johnson confessed that Swift "dictated for a time the political opinions
+of the English nation." He recalled the nation to a consideration of the
+Constitution; he attributed to the people (because, of course, they had
+elected the new ministry into power) an appreciation of what was best for
+the protection of their ancient privileges and rights. The past twenty
+years had been a period of mismanagement, in which the Constitution had
+been ignored; "but the body of the people is wiser; and by the choice
+they have made, shew they do understand our Constitution, and would bring
+it back to the old form." "The nation has groaned under the intolerable
+burden of those who sucked her blood for gain. We have carried on wars,
+that we might fill the pockets of stock-jobbers. We have revised our
+Constitution, and by a great and united national effort, have secured our
+Protestant succession, only that we may become the tools of a faction,
+who arrogate to themselves the whole merit of what was a national act. We
+are governed by upstarts, who are unsettling the landmarks of our social
+system, and are displacing the influence of our landed gentry by that of
+a class of men who find their profit in our woes." The rule of the
+tradesman must be replaced by the rule of those whose lives are bound up
+with the land of their country. The art of government was not "the
+importation of nutmegs, and the curing of herrings;" but the political
+embodiment of the will of "a Parliament freely chosen, without
+threatening or corruption," and "composed of landed men" whose interests
+being in the soil would be at one with the interests of those who lived
+on the soil. Whigs and Tories may dispute as they will among themselves
+as to the best side from which to defend the country; but the men of the
+true party are the men of the National party--they "whose principles in
+Church and State, are what I have above related; whose actions are
+derived from thence, and who have no attachment to any set of ministers,
+further than as these are friends to the Constitution in all its parts;
+but will do their utmost to save their Prince and Country, whoever be at
+the Helm".[1]
+
+In this spirit and in such wise did Swift temper his time and champion
+the cause of those men who had chosen him. This was a kind of "examining"
+to which neither the Whigs nor the Tories had been accustomed. It shed
+quite a new light on matters, which the country at large was not slow to
+appreciate. Throughout the length and breadth of the kingdom "The
+Examiner" was welcomed and its appeals responded to. Its success was
+notable, even magnificent; but it was not a lasting success. It did the
+work that the ministry had intended it to do, and did it unmistakably;
+but the principles of this National party were for men of a sterner mould
+than either Harley or St. John. Swift had laid a burden on their
+shoulders heavier than they could carry, and they fell when they were
+bereft of his support. But the work Swift did bears witness to-day to a
+very unusual combination of qualities in the genius of this man, whose
+personality stands out even above his work. It was ever his fate to serve
+and never his happiness to command; but then he had himself accepted
+servitude when he donned the robe of the priest.
+
+It is deserving of repeated record to note that Dr. Johnson in admitting
+that Swift, in "The Examiner," had the advantage in argument, adds that
+"with regard to wit, I am afraid none of Swift's papers will be found
+equal to those by which Addison opposed him." To which Monck Mason
+pertinently remarks: "The Doctor should have told us what these papers
+were which Addison wrote in opposition to Swift's 'Examiner;' for the
+last 'Whig Examiner,' written by Addison, was published October 12th,
+1710, and Swift's first 'Examiner' on the 2nd November following."[2]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In this volume have been collected those writings of Swift which form his
+contributions to the periodicals of his time. Care has been taken to give
+the best text and to admit nothing that Swift did not write. In the
+preparation of the volume the editor has received such assistance from
+Mr. W. Spencer Jackson that it might with stricter justice be said that
+he had edited it. He collated the texts, revised the proofs, and supplied
+most of the notes. Without his assistance the volume must inevitably have
+been further delayed, and the editor gladly takes this occasion to
+acknowledge his indebtedness to Mr. Jackson and to thank him for his
+help.
+
+His further indebtedness must be acknowledged to the researches of those
+writers already named in the previously published volumes of this
+edition, and also cited in the notes to the present volume.
+
+TEMPLE SCOTT.
+
+GLEN RIDGE, NEW JERSEY, U.S.A.
+
+_April_ 8, 1902.
+
+[Footnote 1: "Examiner," No. 44, p. 290.]
+
+[Footnote 2: "Hist. St. Patrick's Cathedral," p. 257, note g.]
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+CONTRIBUTIONS TO "THE TATLER"
+Introductory Note
+No. 32, June 23, 1709
+    35,  "  30,  "
+    59, Aug. 25,  "
+    65, Sept. 3,  "
+    66,  "  10,  "
+    67,  "  13,  "
+    68,  "  15,  "
+    70,  "  22,  "
+    71,  "  22,  "
+   230, Sept. 28, 1710
+   258, Dec.  2,  "
+
+Note to Harrison's "Tatler"
+No. 1 (of vol. v.), Jan. 13, 1710-11
+    2 (    "    ),   "   16,   "
+    5 (    "    ),   "   27,   "
+No. 298 (vol. v., No. 20), March 6, 1710-11
+    302 (vol. v., No. 24),  "  15    "
+    306 (vol. v., No. 28),  "  24    "
+
+CONTRIBUTIONS TO "THE EXAMINER"
+Introductory Note
+No. 14 (13), Nov. 2, 1710
+    15 (14),  "  9,     "
+    16 (15),  " 16,     "
+    17 (16),  " 23,     "
+    18 (17),  " 30,     "
+    19 (18), Dec. 7,    "
+    20 (19),  " 14,     "
+    21 (20),  " 21,     "
+    22 (21),  " 28,     "
+    23 (22), Jan. 4, 1710-11
+    24 (23),  " 11,     "
+    25 (24),  " 18,     "
+    26 (25),  " 25,     "
+    27 (26), Feb. 1,    "
+    28 (27),  "  8,     "
+    29 (28), Feb  15, 1710 11
+    30 (29),  "   22,   "
+    31 (30), March 1,   "
+    32 (31),  "    8,   "
+    33 (32),  "   15,   "
+    34 (33),  "   22,   "
+    35 (34),  "   29, 1711
+    36 (35), April 5,   "
+    37 (36),  "   12,   "
+    38 (37),  "   19,   "
+    39 (38),  "   26,   "
+    40 (39), May   3,   "
+    41 (40),  "   10,   "
+    42 (41),  "   17,   "
+    43 (42),  "   24,   "
+    44 (43),  "   31,   "
+    45 (44), June  7,   "
+    46 (45),  "   14,   "
+
+CONTRIBUTIONS TO "THE SPECTATOR"
+  Introductory Note
+  No  50, April 27, 1711 (The Four Indian Kings)
+  Paragraph from No 575, August 2, 1714
+
+CONTRIBUTIONS TO "THE INTELLIGENCER"
+  Introductory Note
+  No 1, May 11, 1728 (Introduction)
+     3, A Vindication of Mr. Gay, and the Beggar's Opera
+    19, The Hardships of the Irish being deprived of their
+         Silver, and decoyed into America
+
+             *   *   *   *   *
+
+
+CONTRIBUTIONS TO "THE TATLER."
+
+NOTE.
+
+In the original dedication of the first volume of "The Tatler" to Arthur
+Maynwaring Richard Steele, its projector and editor, gives characteristic
+expression to the motive which prompted him in its establishment. "The
+state of conversation and business in this town," says Steele, "having
+been long perplexed with pretenders in both kinds, in order to open men's
+eyes against such abuses, it appeared no unprofitable undertaking to
+publish a Paper which should observe upon the manners of the pleasurable,
+as well as the busy, part of mankind." He goes on to say that "the
+general purpose of this Paper is to expose the false arts of life, to
+pull off the disguises of cunning, vanity, and affectation, and to
+recommend a general simplicity in our dress, our discourse, and our
+behaviour."
+
+That Steele succeeded in this laudable purpose has been amply made
+evident by the effect "The Tatler" had upon his literary successors,
+both of his own age and of the generations since his time. "The Tatler"
+was, if we except Defoe's "Weekly Review," the earliest literary
+periodical which, in the language of Scott, "had no small effect in
+fixing and refining the character of the English nation."
+
+Steele conducted his periodical under the name of Isaac Bickerstaff.
+He chose this name purposely because he felt, as he himself expressed
+it, that "a work of this nature required time to grow into the notice of
+the world. It happened very luckily that a little before I had resolved
+upon this design, a gentleman had written predictions, and two or three
+other pieces in my name, which had rendered it famous through all
+parts of Europe; and by an inimitable spirit and humour, raised it to as
+high a pitch of reputation as it could possibly arrive at." The gentleman
+referred to is, of course, Swift, whose pamphlets on Partridge had
+been the talk of the town.
+
+Steele very kindly ascribes the success of the periodical to this "good
+fortune;" and though there may be something in what he said, we, in the
+present day, can more justly appreciate the great benefit conferred upon
+his countrymen by himself and his co-workers.
+
+The influence of "The Tatler" on contemporary thought is acknowledged by
+Gay in his "Present State of Wit," published in 1711. Gay remarks: "His
+writings have set all our wits and men of letters upon a new way of
+thinking, of which they had little or no notion before; and though we
+cannot yet say that any of them have come up to the beauties of the
+original, I think we may venture to affirm that every one of them writes
+and thinks much more justly than they did some time since."
+
+Among the contributors, in addition to the editor himself, were Swift,
+Addison, Yalden, John Hughes, William Harrison, and James Greenwood.
+
+It must always remain to a great extent a matter of conjecture as to the
+exact authorship of "The Tatler" papers. In the preface to the fourth
+volume the authorship of a very few of the articles was admitted. Peter
+Wentworth wrote to his brother, Lord Raby, on May 9th, 1709, saying the
+Tatlers "are writ by a club of wits, who make it their business to pick
+up all the merry stories they can.... Three of the authors are guessed
+at, viz.: Swift,... Yalden, and Steele" ("Wentworth Papers," 85).
+
+Swift's first recognized prose contribution to "The Tatler" was in No. 32
+(June 23rd), and he continued from time to time, as the following reprint
+will show, to assist his friend; but, unfortunately, party politics
+separated the two, and Swift retired from the venture.
+
+A particular meaning was attached to the place from which the articles in
+"The Tatler" were dated. The following notice appeared in the first
+number: "All accounts of gallantry, pleasure, and entertainment, shall be
+under the article of White's Chocolate-house; poetry, under that of
+Will's Coffee-house; learning, under the title of Grecian; foreign and
+domestic news, you will have from St. James's Coffee-house; and what else
+I have to offer on any other subject shall be dated from my own
+Apartment."
+
+"The Tatler" was reprinted in Edinburgh as soon as possible after its
+publication in London, commencing apparently with No. 130, as No. 31
+(Edinburgh, James Watson) is dated April 24th, 1710, and corresponds to
+No. 160 of the original edition, April 18th, 1710. [T.S.]
+
+
+THE TATLER, NUMB. 32.
+
+FROM TUESDAY JUNE 21. TO THURSDAY JUNE 23. 1709.
+
+"To ISAAC BICKERSTAFF ESQ;[1]
+
+_June_ 18. 1709.
+
+"SIR,
+
+"I know not whether you ought to pity or laugh at me; for I am fallen
+desperately in love with a professed _Platonne_, the most unaccountable
+creature of her sex. To hear her talk seraphics, and run over Norris[2]
+and More,[3] and Milton,[4] and the whole set of Intellectual Triflers,
+torments me heartily; for to a lover who understands metaphors, all this
+pretty prattle of ideas gives very fine views of pleasure, which only the
+dear declaimer prevents, by understanding them literally. Why should she
+wish to be a cherubim, when it is flesh and blood that makes her
+adorable? If I speak to her, that is a high breach of the idea of
+intuition: If I offer at her hand or lip, she shrinks from the touch like
+a sensitive plant, and would contract herself into mere spirit. She calls
+her chariot, vehicle; her furbelowed scarf, pinions; her blue manteau and
+petticoat is her azure dress; and her footman goes by the name of Oberon.
+It is my misfortune to be six foot and a half high, two full spans
+between the shoulders, thirteen inches diameter in the calves; and before
+I was in love, I had a noble stomach, and usually went to bed sober with
+two bottles. I am not quite six and twenty, and my nose is marked truly
+aquiline. For these reasons, I am in a very particular manner her
+aversion. What shall I do? Impudence itself cannot reclaim her. If I
+write miserable, she reckons me among the children of perdition, and
+discards me her region: If I assume the gross and substantial, she plays
+the real ghost with me, and vanishes in a moment. I had hopes in the
+hypocrisy of the sex; but perseverance makes it as bad as a fixed
+aversion. I desire your opinion, Whether I may not lawfully play the
+inquisition upon her, make use of a little force, and put her to the rack
+and the torture, only to convince her, she has really fine limbs, without
+spoiling or distorting them. I expect your directions, ere I proceed to
+dwindle and fall away with despair; which at present I don't think
+advisable, because, if she should recant, she may then hate me perhaps
+in the other extreme for my tenuity. I am (with impatience)
+
+"Your most humble servant,
+
+"CHARLES STURDY."
+
+
+My patient has put his case with very much warmth, and represented it in
+so lively a manner, that I see both his torment and tormentor with great
+perspicuity. This order of Platonic ladies are to be dealt with in a
+peculiar manner from all the rest of the sex. Flattery is the general
+way, and the way in this case; but it is not to be done grossly. Every
+man that has wit, and humour, and raillery, can make a good flatterer for
+woman in general; but a _Platonne_ is not to be touched with panegyric:
+she will tell you, it is a sensuality in the soul to be delighted that
+way. You are not therefore to commend, but silently consent to all she
+does and says. You are to consider in her the scorn of you is not humour,
+but opinion.
+
+There were some years since a set of these ladies who were of quality,
+and gave out, that virginity was to be their state of life during this
+mortal condition, and therefore resolved to join their fortunes, and
+erect a nunnery. The place of residence was pitched upon; and a pretty
+situation, full of natural falls and risings of waters, with shady
+coverts, and flowery arbours, was approved by seven of the founders.
+There were as many of our sex who took the liberty to visit those
+mansions of intended severity; among others, a famous rake[5] of that
+time, who had the grave way to an excellence. He came in first; but upon
+seeing a servant coming towards him, with a design to tell him, this was
+no place for him or his companions, up goes my grave impudence to the
+maid: "Young woman," said he, "if any of the ladies are in the way on
+this side of the house, pray carry us on the other side towards the
+gardens: we are, you must know, gentlemen that are travelling England;
+after which we shall go into foreign parts, where some of us have already
+been." Here he bows in the most humble manner, and kissed the girl, who
+knew not how to behave to such a sort of carriage. He goes on; "Now you
+must know we have an ambition to have it to say, that we have a
+Protestant nunnery in England: but pray Mrs. Betty----"--"Sir," she
+replied, "my name is Susan, at your service."--"Then I heartily beg your
+pardon----"--"No offence in the least," says she, "for I have a
+cousin-german whose name is Betty."[6]--"Indeed," said he, "I protest to
+you that was more than I knew, I spoke at random: But since it happens
+that I was near in the right, give me leave to present this gentleman to
+the favour of a civil salute." His friend advances, and so on, till that
+they had all saluted her. By this means, the poor girl was in the middle
+of the crowd of these fellows, at a loss what to do, without courage to
+pass through them; and the Platonics, at several peepholes, pale,
+trembling, and fretting. Rake perceived they were observed, and therefore
+took care to keep Sukey in chat with questions concerning their way of
+life; when appeared at last Madonella,[7] a lady who had writ a fine
+book concerning the recluse life, and was the projectrix of the
+foundation. She approaches into the hall; and Rake, knowing the dignity
+of his own mien and aspect, goes deputy from his company. She begins,
+"Sir, I am obliged to follow the servant, who was sent out to know, What
+affair could make strangers press upon a solitude which we, who are to
+inhabit this place, have devoted to Heaven and our own thoughts?"--
+"Madam," replies Rake, (with an air of great distance, mixed with a
+certain indifference, by which he could dissemble dissimulation) "your
+great intention has made more noise in the world than you design it
+should; and we travellers, who have seen many foreign institutions of
+this kind, have a curiosity to see, in its first rudiments, this seat of
+primitive piety; for such it must be called by future ages, to the
+eternal honour of the founders. I have read Madonella's excellent and
+seraphic discourse on this subject." The lady immediately answers, "If
+what I have said could have contributed to raise any thoughts in you that
+may make for the advancement of intellectual and divine conversation, I
+should think myself extremely happy." He immediately fell back with the
+profoundest veneration; then advancing, "Are you then that admired lady?
+If I may approach lips which have uttered things so sacred--" He salutes
+her. His friends followed his example. The devoted within stood in
+amazement where this would end, to see Madonella receive their address
+and their company. But Rake goes on--"We would not transgress rules; but
+if we may take the liberty to see the place you have thought fit to
+choose for ever, we would go into such parts of the gardens as is
+consistent with the severities you have imposed on yourselves."
+
+To be short, Madonella permitted Rake to lead her into the assembly of
+nuns, followed by his friends, and each took his fair one by the hand,
+after due explanation, to walk round the gardens. The conversation turned
+upon the lilies, the flowers, the arbours, and the growing vegetables;
+and Rake had the solemn impudence, when the whole company stood round
+him, to say, "That he sincerely wished men might rise out of the earth
+like plants;[8] and that our minds were not of necessity to be sullied
+with carnivorous appetites for the generation, as well as support of our
+species." This was spoke with so easy and fixed an assurance, that
+Madonella answered, "Sir, under the notion of a pious thought, you
+deceive yourself in wishing an institution foreign to that of Providence:
+These desires were implanted in us for reverend purposes, in preserving
+the race of men, and giving opportunities for making our chastity more
+heroic." The conference was continued in this celestial strain, and
+carried on so well by the managers on both sides, that it created a
+second and a second interview;[9] and, without entering into further
+particulars, there was hardly one of them but was a mother or father that
+day twelvemonth.
+
+Any unnatural part is long taking up, and as long laying aside; therefore
+Mr. Sturdy may assure himself, Platonica will fly for ever from a forward
+behaviour; but if he approaches her according to this model, she will
+fall in with the necessities of mortal life, and condescend to look with
+pity upon an unhappy man, imprisoned in so much body, and urged by such
+violent desires.
+
+[Footnote 1: This letter is introduced by the following words:
+
+"White's Chocolate-house, June 22.
+
+"An Answer to the following letter being absolutely necessary to be
+dispatched with all expedition, I must trespass upon all that come with
+horary questions into my ante-chamber, to give the gentleman my opinion."
+
+This paper is written in ridicule of some affected ladies of the period,
+who pretended, with rather too much ostentation, to embrace the doctrines
+of Platonic Love. Mrs. Mary Astell, a learned and worthy woman, had
+embraced this fantastic notion so deeply, that, in an essay upon the
+female sex, in 1696, she proposed a sort of female college, in which the
+young might be instructed, and 'ladies nauseating the parade of the
+world,' might find a happy retirement. The plan was disconcerted by
+Bishop Burnet, who, understanding that the Queen intended to give L10,000
+towards the establishment, dissuaded her, by an assurance, that it would
+lead to the introduction of Popish orders, and be called a nunnery. This
+lady is the Madonella of the Tatler.... This paper has been censured as a
+gross reflection on Mrs. Astell's character, but on no very just
+foundation. Swift only prophesies the probable issue of such a scheme, as
+that of the Protestant nunnery; and it is a violent interpretation of his
+words to suppose him to insinuate, that the conclusion had taken place
+without the premises. Indeed, the scourge of ridicule is seldom better
+employed than on that species of _Precieuse_, who is anxious to confound
+the boundaries which nature has fixed for the employments and studies of
+the two sexes. No man was more zealous than Swift for informing the
+female mind in those points most becoming and useful to their sex. His
+"Letter to a Young Married Lady" and "Thoughts on Education" point out
+the extent of those studies. [S.]
+
+Nichols, in his edition of "The Tatler" (1786), ascribes this paper to
+"Swift and Addison"; but he thinks the humour of it "certainly originated
+in the licentious imagination of the Dean of St. Patrick's." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: John Norris (1657-1711), Rector of Bemerton, author of "The
+Theory and Regulation of Love" (1688), and of many other works. His
+correspondence with the famous Platonist, Henry More, is appended to this
+"moral essay." Chalmers speaks of him as "a man of great ingenuity,
+learning, and piety"; but Locke refers to him as "an obscure,
+enthusiastic man." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: Henry More (1614-1687), the famous Cambridge Platonist, and
+author of "Philosophicall Poems" (1647), "The Immortality of the Soul"
+(1659), and other works of a similar nature. Chalmers notes that "Mr.
+Chishall, an eminent bookseller, declared, that Dr. More's 'Mystery of
+Godliness' and his other works, ruled all the booksellers of London for
+twenty years together." [T.S. ]]
+
+[Footnote 4: The reference here is to Milton's "Apology for Smectymnuus."
+Milton and More were, during one year, fellow-students at Christ's
+College, Cambridge. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Said to refer to a Mr. Repington, a well-known wag of the
+time, and a member of an old Warwickshire family, of Amington, near
+Tamworth. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: The Betty here referred to is the Lady Elizabeth Hastings
+(1682-1739), daughter of Theophilus, seventh Earl of Huntingdon. In
+No. 49 of "The Tatler," Steele refers to her in the famous sentence:
+"to love her is a liberal education." She contributed to Mrs. Astell's
+plans for the establishment of a "Protestant nunnery." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: See previous note. Mrs. Mary Astell (1668-1731) the
+authoress of "A Serious Proposal to the Ladies for the Advancement of
+their true and greatest Interest" (1694), was the friend of Lady
+Elizabeth Hastings and the correspondent of John Norris of Bemerton.
+There is not the slightest foundation for the gross and cruel
+insinuations against her character in this paper. The libel is repeated
+in the 59th and 63rd numbers of "The Tatler." Her correspondence with
+Norris was published in 1695, with the title, "Letters Concerning the
+Love of God". Later in life she attacked Atterbury, Locke, and White
+Kennett. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: The reference here is to Sir Thomas Browne's "Religio
+Medici," part ii., section 9. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: M. Bournelle--a pseudonym of William Oldisworth--remarks:
+"The next interview after a _second_ is still a _second_; there is no
+progress in time to lovers" ("Annotations on 'The Tatler'"). Chalmers
+reads here, "a second and a third interview." [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+THE TATLER, NUMB. 35.
+
+
+FROM TUESDAY JUNE 28. TO THURSDAY JUNE 30. 1709.
+
+"SIR,[1]
+
+"Not long since[2] you were pleased to give us a chimerical account of
+the famous family of _Staffs_, from whence I suppose you would insinuate,
+that it is the most ancient and numerous house in all Europe. But I
+positively deny that it is either; and wonder much at your audacious
+proceedings in this matter, since it is well known, that our most
+illustrious, most renowned, and most celebrated Roman family of _Ix_, has
+enjoyed the precedency to all others from the reign of good old Saturn. I
+could say much to the defamation and disgrace of your family; as, that
+your relations _Distaff_ and _Broomstaff_ were both inconsiderate mean
+persons, one spinning, the other sweeping the streets, for their daily
+bread. But I forbear to vent my spleen on objects so much beneath my
+indignation. I shall only give the world a catalogue of my ancestors, and
+leave them to determine which hath hitherto had, and which for the future
+ought to have, the preference.
+
+"First then comes the most famous and popular lady _Meretrix_, parent of
+the fertile family of _Bellatrix, Lotrix, Netrix, Nutrix, Obstetrix,
+Famulatrix, Coctrix, Ornatrix, Sarcinatrix, Fextrix, Balneatrix,
+Portatrix, Saltatrix, Divinatrix, Conjectrix, Comtrix, Debitrix,
+Creditrix, Donatrix, Ambulatrix, Mercatrix, Adsectrix, Assectatrix,
+Palpatrix, Praeceptrix, Pistrix._
+
+"I am yours,
+
+"ELIZ. POTATRIX."
+
+
+[Footnote 1: This letter is introduced:
+
+"From my own Apartment, June 29.
+
+"It would be a very great obligation, and an assistance to my treatise
+upon punning, if any one would please to inform me in what class among
+the learned, who play with words, to place the author of the following
+letter."
+
+The proposed work had been promised in the 32nd number of "The Tatler,"
+where it was stated that, "I shall dedicate this discourse to a
+gentleman, my very good friend, who is the Janus of our times, and
+whom, by his years and wit, you would take to be of the last age; but
+by his dress and morals, of this." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: In the 11th number of "The Tatler," by Heneage Twisden.
+[T.S.]]
+
+
+THE TATLER, NUMB. 59.
+
+
+FROM TUESDAY AUGUST 23. TO THURSDAY AUGUST 25. 1709.
+
+_Will's Coffee-house, August 24._
+
+The author of the ensuing letter, by his name, and the quotations he
+makes from the ancients, seems a sort of spy from the old world, whom we
+moderns ought to be careful of offending; therefore I must be free, and
+own it a fair hit where he takes me, rather than disoblige him.
+
+"SIR, Having a peculiar humour of desiring to be somewhat the better or
+wiser for what I read, I am always uneasy when, in any profound writer
+(for I read no others) I happen to meet with what I cannot understand.
+When this falls out, it is a great grievance to me that I am not able to
+consult the author himself about his meaning; for commentators are a sect
+that has little share in my esteem. Your elaborate writings have, among
+many others, this advantage, that their author is still alive, and ready
+(as his extensive charity makes us expect) to explain whatever may
+be found in them too sublime for vulgar understandings. This, Sir, makes
+me presume to ask you, how the Hampstead hero's character could be
+perfectly new[1] when the last letters came away, and yet Sir John
+Suckling so well acquainted with it sixty years ago? I hope, Sir, you
+will not take this amiss: I can assure you, I have a profound respect
+for you; which makes me write this, with the same disposition with which
+Longinus bids us read Homer and Plato.
+
+"'When in reading,' says he, 'any of those celebrated authors, we meet
+with a passage to which we cannot well reconcile our reasons, we ought
+firmly to believe, that were those great wits present to answer for
+themselves, we should to our wonder be convinced, that we only are guilty
+of the mistakes we before attributed to them.' If you think fit to
+remove the scruple that now torments me, it will be an encouragement to
+me to settle a frequent correspondence with you, several things falling
+in my way which would not, perhaps, be altogether foreign to your
+purpose, and whereon your thoughts would be very acceptable to
+
+"Your most humble servant,
+
+"OBADIAH GREENHAT."
+
+[Footnote 1: In No. 57 of "The Tatler" Steele wrote: "Letters from
+Hampstead say, there is a coxcomb arrived there, of a kind which is
+utterly new. The fellow has courage, which he takes himself to be obliged
+to give proofs of every hour he lives. He is ever fighting with the men,
+and contradicting the women. A lady, who sent him to me, superscribed
+him with this description out of Suckling:
+
+"'I am a man of war and might,
+And know thus much, that I can fight,
+Whether I am i' th' wrong or right.
+  Devoutly.
+'No woman under Heaven I fear,
+New oaths I can exactly swear;
+And forty healths my brains will bear,
+ Most stoutly.'"
+
+The "description out of Suckling" is from that writer's rondeau, "A
+Soldier." As the poet died in 1642, Swift ridicules the statement
+that this kind of coxcomb was "utterly new." [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+THE TATLER, NUMB. 63.
+
+FROM THURSDAY SEPTEMBER I. TO SATURDAY SEPTEMBER 3, 1709.
+"SIR,[1]
+
+"It must be allowed, that Esquire Bickerstaff is of all authors the most
+ingenuous. There are few, very few, that will own themselves in a
+mistake, though all the World sees them to be in downright nonsense.
+You'll be pleased, Sir, to pardon this expression, for the same reason
+for which you once desired us to excuse you when you seemed anything
+dull. Most writers, like the generality of Paul Lorrain's[2] saints, seem
+to place a peculiar vanity in dying hard. But you, Sir, to show a good
+example to your brethren, have not only confessed, but of your own accord
+mended the indictment. Nay, you have been so good-natured as to discover
+beauties in it, which, I will assure you, he that drew it never dreamed
+of: And to make your civility the more accomplished, you have honoured
+him with the title of your kinsman,[3] which, though derived by the left
+hand, he is not a little proud of. My brother (for such Obadiah is) being
+at present very busy about nothing, has ordered me to return you his
+sincere thanks for all these favours; and, as a small token of his
+gratitude, to communicate to you the following piece of intelligence,
+which, he thinks, belongs more properly to you than to any others of our
+modern historians.
+
+"_Madonella_, who as it was thought had long since taken her flight
+towards the ethereal mansions, still walks, it seems, in the regions of
+mortality; where she has found, by deep reflections on the revolution[4]
+mentioned in yours of June the 23rd, that where early instructions have
+been wanting to imprint true ideas of things on the tender souls of those
+of her sex, they are never after able to arrive at such a pitch of
+perfection, as to be above the laws of matter and motion; laws which are
+considerably enforced by the principles usually imbibed in nurseries and
+boarding-schools. To remedy this evil, she has laid the scheme of a
+college for young damsels; where, instead of scissors, needles, and
+samplers; pens, compasses, quadrants, books, manuscripts, Greek, Latin,
+and Hebrew, are to take up their whole time. Only on holidays the
+students will, for moderate exercise, be allowed to divert themselves
+with the use of some of the lightest and most voluble weapons; and proper
+care will be taken to give them at least a superficial tincture of the
+ancient and modern Amazonian tactics. Of these military performances, the
+direction is undertaken by Epicene,[5] the writer of 'Memoirs from the
+Mediterranean,' who, by the help of some artificial poisons conveyed by
+smells, has within these few weeks brought many persons of both sexes
+to an untimely fate; and, what is more surprising, has, contrary to her
+profession, with the same odours, revived others who had long since been
+drowned in the whirlpools of Lethe. Another of the professors is to be a
+certain lady, who is now publishing two of the choicest Saxon novels[6],
+which are said to have been in as great repute with the ladies of Queen
+Emma's Court, as the 'Memoirs from the New Atalantis' are with those of
+ours. I shall make it my business to enquire into the progress of this
+learned institution, and give you the first notice of their
+'Philosophical Transactions[7], and Searches after Nature.'
+
+"Yours, &c.
+
+"TOBIAH GREENHAT."
+
+[Footnote 1: This letter was introduced:
+
+"From my own Apartment, September 2.
+
+"The following letter being a panegyric upon me for a quality which every
+man may attain, an acknowledgment of his faults; I thought it for the
+good of my fellow writers to publish it." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: The Rev. Paul Lorrain was ordinary of Newgate Prison from
+1698 until 1719. He issued the dying speeches and confessions of the
+condemned criminals in the form of broadsheets. In these confessions,
+the penitence of the criminals was most strongly emphasized, hence the
+term "Lorrain's saints." Lorrain died in 1719. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: Isaac Bickerstaff, commenting on the letter in No. 59,
+printed above, says: "I have looked over our pedigree upon the receipt of
+this epistle, and find the Greenhats are a-kin to the Staffs. They
+descend from Maudlin, the left-handed wife of Nehemiah Bickerstaff,
+in the reign of Harry II." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: See No. 32 _ante_. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Mrs. Mary de la Riviere Manley, author of "Memoirs of
+Europe, towards the Close of the Eighth Century" (1710), which she
+dedicated to Isaac Bickerstaff, and of "Secret Memoirs and Manners ...
+from the New Atalantis" (1709). She was associated with Swift in the
+writing of several pamphlets In support of the Harley Administration,
+and in his work on "The Examiner" (see vol. v., pp. 41, 118, and 171 of
+the present edition of Swift's works).
+
+Epicene is an allusion to Ben Jonson's comedy, "Epicoene; or, the
+Silent Woman" (1609).
+
+Mrs. Manley seems to have credited Steele with this attack on her, for
+she attacked him, in turn, in her "New Atalantis," and printed, in her
+dedication to the "Memoirs of Europe," Steele's denial of the authorship
+of this paper. This did not, however, prevent her making new charges
+against him. "The Narrative of Guiscard's Examination," "A Comment on Dr.
+Hare's Sermon," and "The Duke of Marlborough's Vindication," were written
+either by herself, or at the suggestion of, and with instructions from,
+Swift. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: Mrs. Elizabeth Elstob (1683-1756), a niece of the learned
+Dr. Hickes, issued, in 1709, "An English-Saxon Homily on the Birthday
+of St. Gregory." The work was dedicated to Queen Anne. She was a friend
+of Mary Granville, afterwards Mrs. Pendarves, and better known as Mrs.
+Delany. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: An allusion to "Useful Transactions in Philosophy," etc.,
+January and February, 1708/9, which commenced with an article entitled
+"An Essay on the Invention of Samplers," by Mrs. Arabella Manly (_sic_).
+She had a friend, Mrs. Betty Clavel. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+THE TATLER, NUMB. 66.
+
+
+FROM THURSDAY SEPTEMBER 8. TO SATURDAY SEPTEMBER 10. 1709.
+
+_Wills Coffee-house, September_ 9.
+
+We have been very much perplexed here this evening, by two gentlemen who
+took upon them to talk as loud as if it were expected from them to
+entertain the company. Their subject was eloquence and graceful action.
+Lysander, who is something particular in his way of thinking and
+speaking, told us, "a man could not be eloquent without action: for the
+deportment of the body, the turn of the eye, and an apt sound to every
+word that is uttered, must all conspire to make an accomplished speaker.
+Action in one that speaks in public, is the same thing which a good
+mien is in ordinary life. Thus, as a certain insensibility in the
+countenance recommends a sentence of humour and jest, so it must be a
+very lively consciousness that gives grace to great sentiments: For the
+jest is to be a thing unexpected; therefore your undesigning manner is a
+beauty in expressions of mirth; but when you are to talk on a set
+subject, the more you are moved yourself, the more you will move others.
+
+"There is," said he, "a remarkable example of that kind: Aeschines, a
+famous orator of antiquity, had pleaded at Athens in a great cause
+against Demosthenes; but having lost it, retired to Rhodes. Eloquence was
+then the quality most admired among men; and the magistrates of that
+place having heard he had a copy of the speech of Demosthenes, desired
+him to repeat both their pleadings. After his own, he recited also the
+oration of his antagonist. The people expressed their admiration of both,
+but more of that of Demosthenes. 'If you are,' said he, 'thus touched
+with hearing only what that great orator said, how would you have been
+affected had you seen him speak? for he who hears Demosthenes only, loses
+much the better part of the oration.' Certain it is, that they who speak
+gracefully, are very lamely represented, in having their speeches read or
+repeated by unskilful people; for there is something native to each man,
+that is so inherent to his thoughts and sentiments, which it is hardly
+possible for another to give a true idea of. You may observe in common
+talk, when a sentence of any man's is repeated, an acquaintance of his
+shall immediately observe, 'That is so like him, methinks I see how
+he looked when he said it.' But of all the people on the earth, there are
+none who puzzle me so much as the clergy of Great Britain, who are, I
+believe, the most learned body of men now in the world; and yet this art
+of speaking, with the proper ornaments of voice and gesture, is wholly
+neglected among them; and I will engage, were a deaf man to behold the
+greater part of them preach, he would rather think they were reading the
+contents only of some discourse they intended to make, than actually in
+the body of an oration, even when they are upon matters of such a nature
+as one would believe it were impossible to think of without emotion.
+
+"I own there are exceptions to this general observation, and that the
+Dean[1] we heard the other day together, is an orator. He has so much
+regard to his congregation, that he commits to his memory what he is to
+say to them; and has so soft and graceful a behaviour, that it must
+attract your attention. His person it is to be confessed is no small
+recommendation; but he is to be highly commended for not losing that
+advantage, and adding to the propriety of speech (which might pass the
+criticism of Longinus)[2] an action which would have been approved by
+Demosthenes. He has a peculiar force in his way, and has many of his
+audience[3] who could not be intelligent hearers of his discourse,
+were there not explanation as well as grace in his action. This art of
+his is used with the most exact and honest skill: he never attempts your
+passions, till he has convinced your reason. All the objections which he
+can form, are laid before you and dispersed, before he uses the least
+vehemence in his sermon; but when he thinks he has your head, he very
+soon wins your heart; and never pretends to show the beauty of holiness,
+till he has convinced you of the truth of it.
+
+"Would every one of our clergymen be thus careful to recommend truth and
+virtue in their proper figures, and show so much concern for them as to
+give them all the additional force they were able, it is not possible
+that nonsense should have so many hearers as you find it has in
+dissenting congregations, for no reason in the world but because it is
+spoken _extempore_: For ordinary minds are wholly governed by their eyes
+and ears, and there is no way to come at their hearts but by power over
+their imagination. There is my friend and merry companion Daniel[4]: he
+knows a great deal better than he speaks, and can form a proper discourse
+as well as any orthodox neighbour. But he knows very well, that to bawl
+out, 'My beloved;' and the words 'grace! regeneration! sanctification! a
+new light! the day! The day! aye, my beloved, the day!' or rather, 'the
+night! The night is coming! and judgment will come, when we least think
+of it!'--and so forth--He knows, to be vehement is the only way to come
+at his audience; and Daniel, when he sees my friend Greenhat come in, can
+give him a good hint, and cry out, 'This is only for the saints! the
+regenerated!' By this force of action, though mixed with all the
+incoherence and ribaldry imaginable, Daniel can laugh at his diocesan,
+and grow fat by voluntary subscription, while the parson of the parish
+goes to law for half his dues. Daniel will tell you, 'It is not the
+shepherd, but the sheep with the bell, which the flock follows.' Another
+thing, very wonderful this learned body should omit, is, learning to
+read; which is a most necessary part of eloquence in one who is to serve
+at the altar: for there is no man but must be sensible, that the lazy
+tone, and inarticulate sound of our common readers, depreciates the most
+proper form of words that were ever extant in any nation or language, to
+speak our own wants, or His power from whom we ask relief.
+
+"There cannot be a greater instance of the power of action than in little
+parson Dapper,[5] who is the common relief to all the lazy pulpits in
+town. This smart youth has a very good memory, a quick eye, and a clean
+handkerchief. Thus equipped, he opens his text, shuts his book fairly,
+shows he has no notes in his Bible, opens both palms, and shows all is
+fair there too. Thus, with a decisive air, my young man goes on without
+hesitation; and though from the beginning to the end of his pretty
+discourse, he has not used one proper gesture, yet at the conclusion, the
+churchwarden pulls his gloves from off his head; 'Pray, who is this
+extraordinary young man?' Thus the force of action is such, that it is
+more prevalent (even when improper) than all the reason and argument in
+the world without it." This gentleman concluded his discourse by saying,
+"I do not doubt but if our preachers would learn to speak, and our
+readers to read, within six months' time we should not have a dissenter
+within a mile of a church in Great Britain."
+
+[Footnote 1: In his original preface to the fourth volume, Steele
+explains that "the amiable character of the Dean in the sixty-sixth
+'Tatler,' was drawn for Dr. Atterbury." Steele cites this as a proof of
+his impartiality. Scott thinks that it must have cost him "some effort to
+permit insertion of a passage so favourable to a Tory divine." At the
+time the character was published Atterbury was Dean of Carlisle and one
+of the Queen's chaplains. He was later created Bishop of Rochester. There
+is no doubt that Atterbury was deeply implicated in the various Jacobite
+plots for the bringing in of the Pretender. Under a bill of pains and
+penalties he was condemned and deprived of all his ecclesiastical
+offices. In 1723 he left England and died in exile in 1732. His body,
+however, was privately buried in Westminster Abbey. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: "De Sublimitate," viii. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: For twenty years Atterbury was preacher at the chapel of
+Bridewell Hospital. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: Daniel Burgess (1645-1713), the son of a Wiltshire
+clergyman, was a schoolmaster in Ireland before he became minister to the
+Presbyterian meeting-house people in Brydges Street, Covent Garden. A
+chapel was built for him in New Court, Carey Street, Lincoln's Inn, and
+this was destroyed during the Sacheverell riots in 1710. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Dr. Joseph Trapp (1679-1747), professor of poetry at Oxford,
+where he published his "Praelectiones Poeticae" (1711-15), He assisted
+Sacheverell and became a strong partisan of the High Church party.
+Swift thought very little of him. To Stella he writes, he is "a sort of
+pretender to wit, a second-rate pamphleteer for the cause, whom they
+pay by sending him to Ireland" (January 7th, 1710/1, see vol. ii., p.
+96). This sending to Ireland refers to his chaplaincy to Sir Constantine
+Phipps, Lord Chancellor of Ireland (1710-12). On July 17th, 1712,
+Swift again speaks of him to Stella: "I have made Trap chaplain to
+Lord Bolingbroke, and he is mighty happy and thankful for it" (_ibid_.,
+p. 379). Trapp afterwards held several preferments in and near
+London. [T.S.]]
+
+
+THE TATLER, NUMB. 67.
+
+FROM SATURDAY SEPTEMBER 10. TO TUESDAY SEPTEMBER 13. 1709.
+
+_From my own Apartment, September_ 12.
+
+No man can conceive, till he comes to try it, how great a pain it is to
+be a public-spirited person. I am sure I am unable to express to the
+world, how much anxiety I have suffered, to see of how little benefit my
+Lucubrations have been to my fellow-subjects. Men will go on in their
+own way in spite of all my labour. I gave Mr. Didapper a private
+reprimand for wearing red-heeled shoes, and at the same time was so
+indulgent as to connive at him for fourteen days, because I would give
+him the wearing of them out; but after all this I am informed, he
+appeared yesterday with a new pair of the same sort. I have no better
+success with Mr. Whatdee'call[1] as to his buttons: Stentor[2] still
+roars; and box and dice rattle as loud as they did before I writ
+against them. Partridge[3] walks about at noon-day, and Aesculapius[4]
+thinks of adding a new lace to his livery. However, I must still go on in
+laying these enormities before men's eyes, and let them answer for going
+on in their practice.[5] My province is much larger than at first sight
+men would imagine, and I shall lose no part of my jurisdiction, which
+extends not only to futurity, but also is retrospect to things past; and
+the behaviour of persons who have long ago acted their parts, is as much
+liable to my examination, as that of my own contemporaries.
+
+In order to put the whole race of mankind in their proper distinctions,
+according to the opinion their cohabitants conceived of them, I have with
+very much care, and depth of meditation, thought fit to erect a Chamber
+of Fame, and established certain rules, which are to be observed in
+admitting members into this illustrious society. In this Chamber of Fame
+there are to be three tables, but of different lengths; the first is to
+contain exactly twelve persons; the second, twenty; the third, an
+hundred. This is reckoned to be the full number of those who have any
+competent share of fame. At the first of these tables are to be placed
+in their order the twelve most famous persons in the world, not with
+regard to the things they are famous for, but according to the degree of
+their fame, whether in valour, wit, or learning. Thus if a scholar be
+more famous than a soldier, he is to sit above him. Neither must any
+preference be given to virtue, if the person be not equally famous. When
+the first table is filled, the next in renown must be seated at the
+second, and so on in like manner to the number of twenty; as also in the
+same order at the third, which is to hold an hundred. At these tables no
+regard is to be had to seniority: for if Julius Caesar shall be judged
+more famous than Romulus and Scipio, he must have the precedence. No
+person who has not been dead an hundred years, must be offered to a place
+at any of these tables: and because this is altogether a lay society, and
+that sacred persons move upon greater motives than that of fame, no
+persons celebrated in Holy Writ, or any ecclesiastical men whatsoever,
+are to be introduced here.
+
+At the lower end of the room is to be a side-table for persons of great
+fame, but dubious existence, such as Hercules, Theseus, Aeneas, Achilles,
+Hector, and others. But because it is apprehended, that there may be
+great contention about precedence, the proposer humbly desires the
+opinion of the learned towards his assistance in placing every person
+according to his rank, that none may have just occasion of offence.
+
+The merits of the cause shall be judged by plurality of voices.
+
+For the more impartial execution of this important affair, it is desired,
+that no man will offer his favourite hero, scholar, or poet; and that the
+learned will be pleased to send to Mr. Bickerstaff, at Mr. Morphew's near
+Stationers' Hall, their several lists for the first table only, and in
+the order they would have them placed; after which, the composer will
+compare the several lists, and make another for the public, wherein every
+name shall be ranked according to the voices it has had. Under this
+chamber is to be a dark vault for the same number of persons of evil
+fame.
+
+It is humbly submitted to consideration, whether the project would not be
+better, if the persons of true fame meet in a middle room, those of
+dubious existence in an upper room, and those of evil fame in a lower
+dark room.
+
+It is to be noted, that no historians are to be admitted at any of these
+tables, because they are appointed to conduct the several persons to
+their seats, and are to be made use of as ushers to the assemblies.
+
+I call upon the learned world to send me their assistance towards this
+design, it being a matter of too great moment for any one person to
+determine. But I do assure them, their lists shall be examined with great
+fidelity, and those that are exposed to the public, made with all the
+caution imaginable.
+
+[Footnote 1: "N.B. Mr. How'd'call is desired to leave off those
+buttons."--No. 21. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Dr. William Stanley (1647-1731), master of Corpus Christi
+College, Cambridge, was Dean of St. Asaph in 1706-31. In No. 54 of "The
+Tatler," he is described as a person "accustomed to roar and bellow so
+terribly loud in the responses that . . . one of our petty canons, a
+punning Cambridge scholar, calls his way of worship a _Bull-offering._"
+In the sixty-first number a further reference is made to him: "A person
+of eminent wit and piety [Dr. R. South] wrote to Stentor: 'Brother
+Stentor,' said he, 'for the repose of the Church, hearken to Bickerstaff;
+and consider that, while you are so devout at St. Paul's, we cannot
+sleep for you at St. Peter's.'" [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: John Partridge (1644-1715) cobbler, philomath, and quack,
+was the author of "Merlinus Liberatus," first issued in 1680. He libelled
+his master, John Gadbury, in his "Nebulo Anglicanus" (1693), and
+quarrelled with George Parker, a fellow-quack and astrologer. It is of
+him that Swift wrote his famous "Predictions" (see vol. i. of this
+edition, p. 298), and issued his broadside, concluding with the lines:
+
+  "Here, five feet deep, lies on his back,
+  A cobler, starmonger, and quack,
+  Who to the stars in pure good will
+  Does to his best look upward still:
+  Weep, all you customers that use
+  His pills, his almanacks, or shoes."
+
+In No. 59 of "The Tatler," his death is referred to in harmony with
+the tone of Swift's fun: "The late Partridge, who still denies his
+death. I am informed indeed by several that he walks." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: The famous Dr. John Radcliffe (1650-1714) who refused the
+appointment of physician to King William III., and offended Anne by his
+churlish disregard of her requests to attend on her. He fell in love
+with a Miss Tempest, one of Queen Anne's maids of honour. In the 44th
+number of "The Tatler" Steele ridicules this attachment by making him
+address his mistress in the following words: "O fair! for thee I sit
+amidst a crowd of painted deities on my chariot, buttoned in gold,
+clasped in gold, without having any value for that beloved metal, but as
+it adorns the person and laces the hat of thy dying lover." Radcliffe
+attended Swift for his dizziness, but that did not prevent the latter
+from referring to him as "that puppy," in writing to Stella, for
+neglecting to attend to Harley's wound. He seems to have had a high
+standing for skill as a physician, and probably on that account gave
+himself airs. It is told of him that "during a long attendance in the
+family of a particular friend, he regularly refused the fee pressed upon
+him at each visit. At length, when the cure was performed, and the
+doctor about to give up attendance, the convalescent patient again
+proffered him a purse containing the fees for every day's visit. The
+doctor eyed it some time in silence, and at length extended his hand,
+exclaiming, 'Singly, I could have refused them for ever; but altogether
+they are irresistible.'" Radcliffe died at Carshalton in 1714. From his
+bequests were founded the Radcliffe Infirmary and Observatory at Oxford.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Scott omits, from his edition, the whole of this paragraph
+up to this point. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+THE TATLER, NUMB. 68.
+
+FROM TUESDAY SEPTEMBER 13. TO THURSDAY SEPTEMBER 15. 1709.
+
+_From my own Apartment, September_ 14.
+
+The progress of our endeavours will of necessity be very much
+interrupted, except the learned world will please to send their lists to
+the Chamber of Fame with all expedition. There is nothing can so much
+contribute to create a noble emulation in our youth, as the honourable
+mention of such whose actions have outlived the injuries of time, and
+recommended themselves so far to the world, that it is become learning to
+know the least circumstance of their affairs. It is a great incentive to
+see, that some men have raised themselves so highly above their
+fellow-creatures; that the lives of ordinary men are spent in inquiries
+after the particular actions of the most illustrious. True it is, that
+without this impulse to fame and reputation, our industry would stagnate,
+and that lively desire of pleasing each other die away. This opinion was
+so established in the heathen world, that their sense of living appeared
+insipid, except their being was enlivened with a consciousness, that they
+were esteemed by the rest of the world.
+
+Upon examining the proportion of men's fame for my table of twelve, I
+thought it no ill way, since I had laid it down for a rule, that they
+were to be ranked simply as they were famous, without regard to their
+virtue, to ask my sister Jenny's advice, and particularly mentioned to
+her the name of Aristotle. She immediately told me, he was a very great
+scholar, and that she had read him at the boarding-school. She certainly
+means a trifle sold by the hawkers, called, "Aristotle's Problems." [1]
+But this raised a great scruple in me, whether a fame increased by
+imposition of others is to be added to his account, or that these
+excrescencies, which grow out of his real reputation, and give
+encouragement to others to pass things under the covert of his name,
+should be considered in giving him his seat in the Chamber? This
+punctilio is referred to the learned. In the mean time, so ill-natured
+are mankind, that I believe I have names already sent me sufficient to
+fill up my lists for the dark room, and every one is apt enough to send
+in their accounts of ill deservers. This malevolence does not proceed
+from a real dislike of virtue, but a diabolical prejudice against it,
+which makes men willing to destroy what they care not to imitate. Thus
+you see the greatest characters among your acquaintance, and those you
+live with, are traduced by all below them in virtue, who never mention
+them but with an exception. However, I believe I shall not give the world
+much trouble about filling my tables for those of evil fame, for I have
+some thoughts of clapping up the sharpers there as fast as I can lay hold
+of them.
+
+At present, I am employed in looking over the several notices which I
+have received of their manner of dexterity, and the way at dice of making
+all _rugg_, as the cant is. The whole art of securing a die has lately
+been sent me by a person who was of the fraternity, but is disabled by
+the loss of a finger, by which means he cannot, as he used to do, secure
+a die. But I am very much at a loss how to call some of the fair sex, who
+are accomplices with the Knights of Industry; for my metaphorical dogs[2]
+are easily enough understood; but the feminine gender of dogs has so
+harsh a sound, that we know not how to name it. But I am credibly
+informed, that there are female dogs as voracious as the males,
+and make advances to young fellows, without any other design but coming
+to a familiarity with their purses. I have also long lists of persons of
+condition, who are certainly of the same regiment with these banditti,
+and instrumental to their cheats upon undiscerning men of their own rank.
+These add their good reputation to carry on the impostures of those,
+whose very names would otherwise be defence enough against falling into
+their hands. But for the honour of our nation, these shall be
+unmentioned, provided we hear no more of such practices, and that they
+shall not from henceforward suffer the society of such, as they know to
+be the common enemies of order, discipline, and virtue. If it prove that
+they go on in encouraging them, they must be proceeded against according
+to severest rules of history, where all is to be laid before the world
+with impartiality, and without respect to persons.
+
+"So let the stricken deer go weep."[3]
+
+[Footnote 1: This was not a translation of Aristotle's "Problemata," but
+an indecent pamphlet with that title. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: In the 62nd number of "The Tatler" Steele wrote a paper
+comparing some of the pests of society, such as the gamblers, to dogs,
+and said: "It is humbly proposed that they may be all together
+transported to America, where the dogs are few, and the wild beasts
+many." Scott notes that when one of the fraternity referred to threatened
+Steele with personal vengeance, Lord Forbes silenced him with these
+words: "You will find it safer, sir, in this country, to cut a purse than
+to cut a throat." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: "Why, let the stricken deer go weep."--_Hamlet_, iii. 2.
+[T.S.]]
+
+
+
+THE TATLER, NUMB. 70.
+
+FROM SATURDAY SEPTEMBER 17. TO TUESDAY SEPTEMBER 20. 1709.
+
+"SIR,[1]
+
+"I read with great pleasure in the _Tatler_[2] of Saturday last the
+conversation upon eloquence; permit me to hint to you one thing the great
+Roman orator observes upon this subject, _Caput enim arbitrabatur
+oratoris_, (he quotes Menedemus[3] an Athenian) _ut ipsis apud quos
+ageret talis qualem ipse optaret videretur, id fieri vitae dignitate_.[4]
+It is the first rule, in oratory, that a man must appear such as he would
+persuade others to be, and that can be accomplished only by the force of
+his life. I believe it might be of great service to let our public
+orators know, that an unnatural gravity, or an unbecoming levity in their
+behaviour out of the pulpit, will take very much from the force of their
+eloquence in it. Excuse another scrap of Latin; it is from one of the
+Fathers: I think it will appear a just observation to all, as it may have
+authority with some; _Qui autem docent tantum, nec faciunt, ipsi
+praeceptis suis detrahunt pondus; Quis enim obtemperet, cum ipsi
+praeceptores doceant non obtemperare?_[5] I am,
+
+"SIR,
+
+"Your humble servant,
+
+"JONATHAN ROSEHAT.
+
+"P.S. You were complaining in that paper, that the clergy of
+Great-Britain had not yet learned to speak; a very great defect indeed;
+and therefore I shall think myself a well-deserver of the church in
+recommending all the dumb clergy to the famous speaking doctor[6] at
+Kensington. This ingenious gentleman, out of compassion to those of a bad
+utterance, has placed his whole study in the new-modelling the organs of
+voice; which art he has so far advanced, as to be able even to make a
+good orator of a pair of bellows. He lately exhibited a specimen of his
+skill in this way, of which I was informed by the worthy gentlemen then
+present, who were at once delighted and amazed to hear an instrument of
+so simple an organization use an exact articulation of words, a just
+cadency in its sentences, and a wonderful pathos in its pronunciation;
+not that he designs to expatiate in this practice, because he cannot (as
+he says) apprehend what use it may be of to mankind, whose benefit he
+aims at in a more particular manner: and for the same reason, he will
+never more instruct the feathered kind, the parrot having been his last
+scholar in that way. He has a wonderful faculty in making and mending
+echoes, and this he will perform at any time for the use of the solitary
+in the country, being a man born for universal good, and for that reason
+recommended to your patronage by, Sir, yours,
+
+"PHILALETHES."
+
+[Footnote 1: This letter appears under the heading: "From my own
+Apartment, September 19." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: See "The Tatler," No. 66, _ante_. [T. S,]]
+
+[Footnote 3: An Athenian rhetorician who died in Rome about 100 B.C. [T.
+S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: The quotation is not quite correctly given. It is taken from
+Cicero, _De Oratore_, i. 19 (87). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: "But those who teach, and do not live in accordance with
+their own instructions, take away all the weight from their teaching; for
+who will comply with their precepts, when the teachers themselves teach
+us not to obey them?" [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: James Ford proposed to cure stammerers and even restore
+speech to mutes. In the second volume of "The British Apollo" he is
+referred to as having "not only recovered several who stammered to
+a regular speech, but also brought the deaf and dumb to speak." [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+THE TATLER, NUMB. 71.
+
+FROM TUESDAY SEPTEMBER 20. TO THURSDAY SEPTEMBER 22. 1709.
+
+"'SQUIRE BICKERSTAFF,[1]
+
+"Finding your advice and censure to have a good effect, I desire your
+admonition to our vicar and schoolmaster, who in his preaching to his
+auditors, stretches his jaws so wide, that instead of instructing youth,
+it rather frightens them: likewise in reading prayers, he has such a
+careless loll, that people are justly offended at his irreverent posture;
+besides the extraordinary charge they are put to in sending their
+children to dance, to bring them off of those ill gestures. Another evil
+faculty he has, in making the bowling-green his daily residence, instead
+of his church, where his curate reads prayers every day. If the weather
+is fair, his time is spent in visiting; if cold or wet, in bed, or at
+least at home, though within 100 yards of the church. These, out of many
+such irregular practices, I write for his reclamation: but two or three
+things more before I conclude; to wit, that generally when his curate
+preaches in the afternoon, he sleeps sotting in the desk on a hassock.
+With all this, he is so extremely proud, that he will go but once to the
+sick, except they return his visit."
+
+[Footnote 1: This letter is dated as from Will's Coffee-house, September
+20. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+THE TATLER, NUMB. 230.
+
+FROM TUESDAY SEPTEMBER 26. TO THURSDAY SEPTEMBER
+28. 1710.
+
+_From my own Apartment, September 27._[1]
+
+The following letter has laid before me many great and manifest evils in
+the world of letters[2] which I had overlooked; but they open to me a
+very busy scene, and it will require no small care and application to
+amend errors which are become so universal. The affectation of politeness
+is exposed in this epistle with a great deal of wit and discernment; so
+that whatever discourses I may fall into hereafter upon the subjects the
+writer treats of, I shall at present lay the matter before the World
+without the least alteration from the words of my correspondent.
+
+
+"TO ISAAC BICKERSTAFF ESQ;
+
+"SIR,
+
+"There are some abuses among us of great consequence, the reformation of
+which is properly your province, though, as far as I have been conversant
+in your papers, you have not yet considered them. These are, the
+deplorable ignorance that for some years hath reigned among our English
+writers, the great depravity of our taste, and the continual corruption
+of our style. I say nothing here of those who handle particular sciences,
+divinity, law, physic, and the like; I mean, the traders in history and
+politics, and the _belles lettres;_ together with those by whom books
+are not translated, but (as the common expressions are) 'done out of
+French, Latin,' or other language, and 'made English.' I cannot but
+observe to you, that till of late years a Grub-Street book was always
+bound in sheepskin, with suitable print and paper, the price never above
+a shilling, and taken off wholly by common tradesmen, or country pedlars,
+but now they appear in all sizes and shapes, and in all places. They are
+handed about from lapfuls in every coffeehouse to persons of quality, are
+shewn in Westminster-Hall and the Court of Requests. You may see them
+gilt, and in royal paper, of five or six hundred pages, and rated
+accordingly. I would engage to furnish you with a catalogue of English
+books published within the compass of seven years past, which at the
+first hand would cost you a hundred pounds, wherein you shall not be able
+to find ten lines together of common grammar or common sense.
+
+"These two evils, ignorance and want of taste, have produced a third; I
+mean, the continual corruption of our English tongue, which, without some
+timely remedy, will suffer more by the false refinements of twenty years
+past, than it hath been improved in the foregoing hundred: And this is
+what I design chiefly to enlarge upon, leaving the former evils to your
+animadversion.
+
+"But instead of giving you a list of the late refinements crept into our
+language, I here send you the copy of a letter I received some time ago
+from a most accomplished person in this way of writing, upon which I
+shall make some remarks. It is in these terms.
+
+"'SIR,
+
+"'I _couldn't_ get the things you sent for all _about Town._--I _thot_ to
+_ha'_ come down myself, and then _I'd ha' brout 'umn;_ but I _han't
+don't,_ and I believe I _can't do't,_ that's _pozz.--Tom[3]_ begins to
+_gi'mself_ airs_ because _he's_ going with the _plenipo's._--'Tis said,
+the _French_ King will _bamboozl us agen,_ which _causes many
+speculations_. The _Jacks,_ and others of that _kidney_, are very
+_uppish_, and _alert upon't_, as you may see by their _phizz's_.--_Will
+Hazzard_ has got the _hipps_, having lost _to the tune of_ five hundr'd
+pound, _tho_ he understands play very well, _nobody better_. He has
+promis't me upon _rep_, to leave off play; but you know 'tis a weakness
+_he's_ too apt to _give into, tho_ he has as much wit as any man,
+_nobody more._ He has lain _incog_ ever since.--The _mobb's_ very quiet
+with us now.--I believe you _thot I bantered_ you in my last like a
+_country put._--I _sha'n't_ leave Town this month, _&c_.'
+
+"This letter is in every point an admirable pattern of the present polite
+way of writing; nor is it of less authority for being an epistle. You may
+gather every flower in it, with a thousand more of equal sweetness, from
+the books, pamphlets, and single papers, offered us every day in the
+coffeehouses: And these are the beauties introduced to supply the want
+of wit, sense, humour, and learning, which formerly were looked upon as
+qualifications for a writer. If a man of wit, who died forty years ago,
+were to rise from the grave on purpose, how would he be able to read this
+letter? And after he had gone through that difficulty, how would he be
+able to understand it? The first thing that strikes your eye is the
+_breaks_ at the end of almost every sentence; of which I know not the
+use, only that it is a refinement, and very frequently practised. Then
+you will observe the abbreviations and elisions, by which consonants of
+most obdurate sound are joined together, without one softening vowel to
+intervene; and all this only to make one syllable of two, directly
+contrary to the example of the Greeks and Romans; altogether of the
+Gothic strain, and a natural tendency towards relapsing into barbarity,
+which delights in monosyllables, and uniting of mute consonants; as it is
+observable in all the Northern languages. And this is still more visible
+in the next refinement, which consists in pronouncing the first syllable
+in a word that has many, and dismissing the rest; such as _phizz, hipps,
+mobb,[4] poz., rep._ and many more; when we are already overloaded with
+monosyllables, which are the disgrace of our language. Thus we cram one
+syllable, and cut off the rest; as the owl fattened her mice, after she
+had bit off their legs to prevent their running away; and if ours be the
+same reason for maiming words, it will certainly answer the end; for I am
+sure no other Nation will desire to borrow them. Some words are hitherto
+but fairly split, and therefore only in their way to perfection, as
+_incog_ and _plenipo_: But in a short time it is to be hoped they will be
+further docked to _inc_ and _plen_. This reflection has made me of late
+years very impatient for a peace, which I believe would save the lives of
+many brave words, as well as men. The war has introduced abundance of
+polysyllables, which will never be able to live many more campaigns;
+_Speculations, operations, preliminaries, ambassadors, palisadoes,
+communication, circumvallation, battalions_, as numerous as they are, if
+they attack us too frequently in our coffeehouses, we shall certainly put
+them to flight, and cut off the rear.
+
+"The third refinement observable in the letter I send you, consists in
+the choice of certain words invented by some _pretty fellows_; such as
+_banter, bamboozle, country put_, and _kidney_, as it is there applied;
+some of which are now struggling for the vogue, and others are in
+possession of it. I have done my utmost for some years past to stop the
+progress of _mobb_ and _banter_, but have been plainly borne down
+by numbers, and betrayed by those who promised to assist me.
+
+"In the last place, you are to take notice of certain choice phrases
+scattered through the letter; some of them tolerable enough, till they
+were worn to rags by servile imitators. You might easily find them,
+though they were not in a different print, and therefore I need not
+disturb them.
+
+"These are the false refinements in our style which you ought to correct:
+First, by argument and fair means; but if those fail, I think you are to
+make use of your authority as Censor, and by an annual _index
+expurgatorius_ expunge all words and phrases that are offensive to good
+sense, and condemn those barbarous mutilations of vowels and syllables.
+In this last point the usual pretence is, that they spell as they speak;
+a noble standard for language! to depend upon the caprice of every
+coxcomb, who, because words are the clothing of our thoughts, cuts them
+out, and shapes them as he pleases, and changes them oftener than his
+dress. I believe, all reasonable people would be content that such
+refiners were more sparing in their words, and liberal in their syllables:
+And upon this head I should be glad you would bestow some advice upon
+several young readers in our churches, who coming up from the University,
+full fraught with admiration of our Town politeness, will needs correct
+the style of their Prayer-Books. In reading the absolution, they are very
+careful to say "_Pardons and absolves;"_ and in the Prayer for the Royal
+Family, it must be, _endue'um, enrich'um, prosper'um,_ and _bring'um_.[5]
+Then in their sermons they use all the modern terms of art, _sham,
+banter, mob, bubble, bully, cutting shuffling,_ and _palming_, all which,
+and many more of the like stamp, as I have heard them often in the pulpit
+from such young sophisters, so I have read them in some of those sermons
+that have made most noise of late. The design, it seems, is to avoid the
+dreadful imputation of pedantry, to shew us, that they know the Town,
+understand men and manners, and have not been poring upon old
+unfashionable books in the University.
+
+"I should be glad to see you the instrument of introducing into our style
+that simplicity which is the best and truest ornament of most things in
+life, which the politer ages always aimed at in their building and dress,
+_(simplex munditiis)_ as well as their productions of wit. It is
+manifest, that all new, affected modes of speech, whether borrowed from
+the Court, the Town, or the theatre, are the first perishing parts in any
+language, and, as I could prove by many hundred instances, have been so
+in ours. The writings of Hooker,[6] who was a country clergyman, and of
+Parsons[7] the Jesuit, both in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, are in a
+style that, with very few allowances, would not offend any present
+reader; much more clear and intelligible than those of Sir H.
+Wotton,[8]Sir Robert Naunton,[9] Osborn,[10] Daniel[11] the historian,
+and several others who writ later; but being men of the Court, and
+affecting the phrases then in fashion, they are often either not to be
+understood, or appear perfectly ridiculous.
+
+"What remedies are to be applied to these evils I have not room to
+consider, having, I fear, already taken up most of your paper. Besides, I
+think it is our office only to represent abuses, and yours to redress
+them.
+
+"I am, with great respect,
+Sir,
+
+"Your, &c."
+
+
+[Footnote 1: In his "Journal to Stella," Swift writes, under date,
+September 18th, 1710: "Came to town; got home early, and began a letter
+to 'The Tatler' about the corruptions of style and writing, &c." On
+September 23rd, he writes again: "I have sent a long letter to
+Bickerstaff; let the Bp. of Clogher smoke if he can." Again on September
+29th: "I made a 'Tatler' since I came; guess which it is, and whether the
+Bp. Of Clogher smokes it." On October 1st, he asks Stella: "Have you
+smoked the 'Tatler' that I writ? It is much liked here, and I think
+it a pure one." On the 14th of the same month he refers still again to
+the paper which had evidently pleased him: "The Bp. of Clogher has
+smoked my 'Tatler' about shortening of words," etc. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Compare Swift's "Proposal for Correcting the English
+Tongue." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: Thomas Harley, cousin of the first Earl of Oxford. He was
+Secretary of the Treasury, and afterwards minister at Hanover. He
+died in 1737. (T.S.)]
+
+[Footnote 4: It is interesting to note that Swift, who insisted that the
+word "mob" should never be used for "rabble," wrote "mob" in the 15th
+number of "The Examiner," and in Faulkner's reprint of 1741 the
+word was changed to "rabble." Scott notes: "The Dean carried on
+the war against the word 'mob' to the very last. A lady who died in
+1788, and was well known to Swift, used to say that the greatest scrape
+into which she got with him was by using the word 'mob.' 'Why do
+you say that?' said he, in a passion; 'never let me hear you say that
+word again.' 'Why, sir,' said she, 'what am I to say?' 'The "rabble,"
+to be sure,' answered he." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5.] See Swift's Letter to the Earl of Pembroke (Scott's
+edition, vol. xv., p. 350) where a little more fun is poked at the Bishop
+of Clogher, in the same strain. [T.S.]
+
+[Footnote 6: The great Richard Hooker (1554-1600) author of the
+"Ecclesiastical Polity." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: Robert Parsons (1546-1610) the famous Jesuit missionary, and
+the author of a large number of works including the "Conference about the
+next Succession" (1594). Several of his books were privately printed
+by him at a secret printing press, which he set up in East Ham with
+the assistance of the poet Campion. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: Sir Henry Wotton (1568-1639) author of "Reliquiae
+Wottonianae," and the friend of John Donne. He was Provost of Eton from
+1624 until his death, and distinguished himself as a diplomatist. To him
+is ascribed the saying: "An ambassador is an honest man sent to lie
+abroad for the good of his country." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: Sir Robert Naunton (1563-1635), Secretary of State in 1618,
+and author of "Fragmenta Regalia" published in 1641. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: Francis Osborne (1593-1659) wrote "Advice to a Son"
+(1656-58), a work that gave him a great reputation. This work was issued
+with his other writings in a collected form in 1673. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: Samuel Daniel (1562-1619) is said to have succeeded Spenser
+as poet-laureate. In addition to his plays and poems (including a history
+of the Civil Wars in eight books, 1595-1609) he wrote a History of
+England, in two parts (1612-1617). [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+THE TATLER, NUMB. 258.
+
+FROM THURSDAY NOVEMBER 30. TO SATURDAY DECEMBER 2. 1710.
+
+To ISAAC BICKERSTAFF ESQ;
+
+Nov. 22. 1710.[1]
+
+SIR,
+
+Dining yesterday with Mr. _South-British,_ and Mr. _William North-Briton_
+two gentlemen, who, before you ordered it otherwise,[2] were known by the
+names of Mr. _English_ and Mr. _William Scott_. Among other things, the
+maid of the house (who in her time I believe may have been a
+_North-British_ warming-pan) brought us up a dish of _North-British_
+collops. We liked our entertainment very well, only we observed the
+table-cloth, being not so fine as we could have wished, was
+_North-British_ cloth: But the worst of it was, we were disturbed all
+dinner-time by the noise of the children, who were playing in the paved
+court at _North-British_ hoppers; so we paid our _North-Briton_[3] sooner
+than we designed, and took coach to _North-Britain_ yard, about which
+place most of us live. We had indeed gone a-foot, only we were under some
+apprehensions lest a _North-British_ mist should wet a _South-British_
+man to the skin.
+
+We think this matter properly expressed, according to the accuracy of the
+new style settled by you in one of your late papers. You will please to
+give your opinion upon it to,
+
+Sir,
+Your most humble servants,
+
+J.S.
+M.P.
+N.R.
+
+[Footnote 1: This letter appeared originally under the heading: "From my
+own Apartment, December I." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: In his "Journal to Stella" (December 2, 1710) Swift
+writes: "Steele, the rogue, has done the impudentest thing in the world.
+He said something in a 'Tatler,' that we ought to use the word Great
+Britain, and not England, in common conversation, as, the finest lady
+in Great Britain, &c. Upon this Rowe, Prior, and I, sent him a letter,
+turning this into ridicule. He has to-day printed the letter, and signed
+it J.S., M.P. and N.R. the first letters of our names. Congreve
+told me to-day, he smoked it immediately." The passage referred to
+by Swift, was a letter, signed Scoto-Britannus, printed in No. 241 of
+"The Tatler," in which it was objected that a gentleman ended every
+sentence with the words, "the best of any man in England," and called
+upon him to "mend his phrase, and be hereafter the wisest of any man
+in Great Britain." Writing to Alderman Barber, under date August
+8, 1738, Swift remarks: "The modern phrase 'Great Britain' is
+only to distinguish it from Little Britain where old clothes and old
+books are to be bought and sold." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: We paid our _scot; i.e.,_ our share of the reckoning.
+[T.S.]]
+
+
+NOTE.
+
+With No. 271 Steele brought his venture to a close. It was issued
+on January 2nd, 1710. "I am now," he wrote, "come to the end of my
+ambition in this matter, and have nothing further to say to the world
+under the character of Isaac Bickerstaff." His ostensible reason for
+thus terminating so successful an undertaking he put down to the fact
+that Bickerstaff was no longer a disguise, and that he could not hope to
+have the same influence when it was known who it was that led the
+movement. Another reason, however, suggests itself in Steele's
+recognition of Harley's kindness in not depriving him of his
+Commissionership of Stamps, as well as of his Gazetteership for the
+satires Steele permitted to appear against Harley in "The Tatler." That
+Steele did have something further to say to the world may be gathered
+from the fact that two months after "The Tatler's" decease he started
+"The Spectator."
+
+But "The Tatler" was too good a thing for the publishers to permit to
+die. Two days after the issue of No. 271, appeared a No. 272, with the
+imprint of John Baker, of "the Black Boy at Paternoster Row." It extolled
+the "Character of Richard Steele, alias Isaac Bickerstaff, Esq.," and
+promised to continue in his footsteps, and be delivered regularly to its
+subscribers "at 5 in the morning." On January 6th, 1710, No. 273 was
+published by "Isaac Bickerstaff, Jr." John Baker, however, was not to
+have it all his own way, for on January 6th, 1710, Morphew brought out a
+number--not a double number, although called "Numbers 272, 273"--and
+continued it without intermission on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays,
+until May 19th, when the final number, No. 330, was issued. The date 1711
+was first used on March 31st. Meanwhile, on January 13th, A. Baldwin
+issued a No. 1 of a "Tatler," in which the public were informed that
+Isaac Bickerstaff had had no intention to discontinue the paper, but
+would continue to publish it every Tuesday and Saturday. This was the new
+"Tatler" in which Swift was interesting himself on behalf of William
+Harrison. Writing to Stella, under date January 11th, he says: "I am
+setting up a new 'Tatler,' little Harrison, whom I have mentioned to you.
+Others have put him on it, and I encourage him; and he was with me this
+morning and evening, showing me his first, which comes out on Saturday. I
+doubt he will not succeed, for I do not much approve his manner; but the
+scheme is Mr. Secretary St. John's and mine, and would have done well
+enough in good hands." When the paper came out he wrote again: "There is
+not much in it, but I hope he will mend. You must understand that, upon
+Steele's leaving off, there were two or three scrub Tatlers came out, and
+one of them holds on still, and to-day it advertised against Harrison's;
+and so there must be disputes which are genuine, like the strops for
+razors. I am afraid the little toad has not the true vein for it."
+Apparently, he hadn't, for later, referring to another number, Swift
+writes: "The jackanapes wants a right taste: I doubt he won't do."
+
+With all Swift's assistance, Harrison did not hold out. He quarrelled
+with Baldwin, and went to Morphew and Lillie, the publishers of the
+original "Tatler." Only six numbers bear Baldwin's imprint, namely, Nos.
+1-6, dated respectively, January 13th, January 16th, January 20th,
+January 23rd, January 27th, and February 1st. Harrison's first number,
+under Morphew, was called No. 285 (February 3rd). For a very exhaustive
+and careful research into the publications of "The Tatler" and its
+imitators the reader is referred to Aitken's "Life of Sir Richard
+Steele" (2 vols., 1889).
+
+William Harrison (1685-1713) was educated at Winchester College and New
+College, Oxford. He obtained Addison's favour by his acquaintance with
+"polite literature," and was introduced by him to Swift. Swift took to
+him very kindly, spoke of the young fellow "we are all fond of," thought
+him "a pretty little fellow, with a great deal of wit, good sense, and
+good nature," and interested himself in him to the extent that through
+him St. John got Lord Raby to take him to The Hague as his secretary. He
+returned with the Barrier Treaty, but without a penny. He had not been
+paid any of his salary. Swift heard of this, and immediately went about
+collecting a sum of money for his assistance. When, however, he called
+with the money, at Harrison's lodgings in Knightsbridge, he found the
+poor fellow had died an hour before.
+
+These contributions to the new "Tatler" are printed from the original
+periodical issue with the exception of No. 5, which is taken from the
+second edition of the reprint (1720), as no copy of the original issue
+has been met with.
+
+[T.S.]
+
+
+THE TATLER, NUMB. I.
+
+_Quis ego sum saltem, si non sum Sosia? Te interrogo._
+PLAUT. AMPHITR.[1]
+
+SATURDAY, JANUARY 13. 1711.[2]
+
+It is impossible, perhaps, for the best and wisest amongst us, to keep so
+constant a guard upon our temper, but that we may at one time or other
+lie open to the strokes of Fortune, and such incidents as we cannot
+foresee. With sentiments of this kind I came home to my lodgings last
+night, much fatigued with a long and sudden journey from the country, and
+full of the ungrateful occasion of it. It was natural for me to have
+immediate recourse to my pen and ink; but before I would offer to make
+use of them, I resolved deliberately to tell over a hundred, and when I
+came to the end of that sum, I found it more advisable to defer drawing
+up my intended remonstrance, till I had slept soundly on my resentments.
+Without any other preface than this, I shall give the world a fair
+account of the treatment I have lately met with, and leave them to judge,
+whether the uneasiness I have suffered be inconsistent with the character
+I have generally pretended to. About three weeks since, I received an
+invitation from a kinsman in Staffordshire, to spend my Christmas in
+those parts. Upon taking leave of Mr. Morphew, I put as many papers into
+his hands as would serve till my return, and charged him at parting to be
+very punctual with the town. In what manner he and Mr. Lillie have been
+tampered with since, I cannot say; they have given me my revenge, if I
+desired any, by allowing their names to an idle paper, that in all human
+probability cannot live a fortnight to an end. Myself, and the family I
+was with, were in the midst of gaiety, and a plentiful entertainment,
+when I received a letter from my sister Jenny, who, after mentioning some
+little affairs I had intrusted to her, goes on thus:--"The inclosed,[2] I
+believe, will give you some surprise, as it has already astonished every
+body here: Who Mr. Steele is, that subscribes it, I do not know, any more
+than I can comprehend what could induce him to it. Morphew and Lillie, I
+am told, are both in the secret. I shall not presume to instruct you,
+but hope you will use some means to disappoint the ill nature of those
+who are taking pains to deprive the world of one of its most reasonable
+entertainments. I am, &c."
+
+I am to thank my sister for her compliment; but be that as it will, I
+shall not easily be discouraged from my former undertaking. In pursuance
+of it, I was obliged upon this notice to take places in the coach for
+myself and my maid with the utmost expedition, lest I should, in a short
+time, be rallied out of my existence, as some people will needs fancy Mr.
+Partridge has been, and the real Isaac Bickerstaff have passed for a
+creature of Mr. Steele's imagination. This illusion might have hoped for
+some tolerable success, if I had not more than once produced my person in
+a crowded theatre; and such a person as Mr. Steele, if I am not
+misinformed in the gentleman, would hardly think it an advantage to own,
+though I should throw him in all the little honour I have gained by my
+"Lucubrations." I may be allowed, perhaps, to understand pleasantry as
+well as other men, and can (in the usual phrase) take a jest without
+being angry; but I appeal to the world, whether the gentleman has not
+carried it too far, and whether he ought not to make a public
+recantation, if the credulity of some unthinking people should force me
+to insist upon it. The following letter is just come to hand, and I think
+it not improper to be inserted in this paper.
+
+"TO ISAAC BICKERSTAFF, ESQ;
+
+"Sir,
+
+"I am extremely glad to hear you are come to town, for in your absence we
+were all mightily surprised with an unaccountable paper, signed 'Richard
+Steele,' who is esteemed by those that know him, to be a man of wit and
+honour; and therefore we took it either to be a counterfeit, or a perfect
+Christmas frolic of that ingenious gentleman. But then, your paper
+ceasing immediately after, we were at a loss what to think: If you were
+weary of the work you had so long carried on, and had given this Mr.
+Steele orders to signify so to the public, he should have said it in
+plain terms; but as that paper is worded, one would be apt to judge, that
+he had a mind to persuade the town that there was some analogy between
+Isaac Bickerstaff and him. Possibly there may be a secret in this which I
+cannot enter into; but I flatter my self that you never had any thoughts
+of giving over your labours for the benefit of mankind, when you cannot
+but know how many subjects are yet unexhausted, and how many others, as
+being less obvious, are wholly untouched. I dare promise, not only for my
+self, but many other abler friends, that we shall still continue to
+furnish you with hints on all proper occasions, which is all your genius
+requires. I think, by the way, you cannot in honour have any more to do
+with Morphew and Lillie, who have gone beyond the ordinary pitch of
+assurance, and transgressed the very letter of the proverb, by
+endeavouring to cheat you of your Christian and surname too. Wishing you,
+Sir, long to live for our instruction and diversion, and to the defeating
+of all impostors, I remain,
+
+"Your most obedient humble servant,
+
+"and affectionate kinsman,
+
+"HUMPHRY WAGSTAFF."
+
+[Footnote 1: _Amphitryon_, I. i 282. "Who am I, at all events, if I am
+not Sosia? I ask you _that_."--H.T. RILEY. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: _I.e._ 1710-11. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: This, no doubt, was Steele's last "Tatler," No. 271. [T.
+S.]]
+
+
+THE TATLER, No. 2.
+
+_Alios viri reverentia, vultusque ad continendum populum mire formatus,
+alios etiam, quibus ipse interesse non potuit, vis scribendi tamen,
+et magni nominis autoritas pervicere._--TULL. EPIST.[1]
+
+FROM SATURD. JAN. 13. TO TUESDAY JAN, l6. 1710.[2]
+
+
+I remember Menage,[3] tells a story of Monsieur Racan, who had appointed
+a day and hour to meet a certain lady of great wit whom he had never
+seen, in order to make an acquaintance between them. "Two of Racan's
+friends, who had heard of the appointment, resolved to play him a trick.
+The first went to the lady two hours before the time, said his name was
+Racan, and talked with her an hour; they were both mightily pleased,
+began a great friendship, and parted with much satisfaction. A few
+minutes after comes the second, and sends up the same name; the lady
+wonders at the meaning, and tells him, Mr. Racan had just left her. The
+gentleman says it was some rascally impostor, and that he had been
+frequently used in that manner. The lady is convinced, and they laugh at
+the oddness of the adventure. She now calls to mind several passages,
+which confirm her that the former was a cheat. He appoints a second
+meeting, and takes his leave. He was no sooner gone, but the true Racan
+comes to the door, and desires, under that name, to see the lady. She was
+out of all patience, sends for him up, rates him for an impostor, and,
+after a thousand injuries, flings a slipper at his head. It was
+impossible to pacify or disabuse her; he was forced to retire, and it was
+not without some time, and the intervention of friends, that they could
+come to an _eclaircissement_." This, as I take it, is exactly the case
+with Mr. S[tee]le, the pretended "TATLER" from Morphew, and myself, only
+(I presume) the world will be sooner undeceived than the lady in Menage.
+The very day my last paper came out, my printer brought me another of the
+same date, called "The Tatler," by Isaac Bickerstaff Esq; and, which was
+still more pleasant, with an advertisement[4] at the end, calling me the
+"_Female_ TATLER": it is not enough to rob me of my name, but now they
+must impose a sex on me, when my years have long since determined me to
+be of none at all. There is only one thing wanting in the operation, that
+they would renew my age, and then I will heartily forgive them all the
+rest. In the mean time, whatever uneasiness I have suffered from the
+little malice of these men, and my retirement in the country, the
+pleasures I have received from the same occasion, will fairly balance the
+account. On the one hand, I have been highly delighted to see my name and
+character assumed by the scribblers of the age, in order to recommend
+themselves to it; and on the other, to observe the good taste of the
+town, in distinguishing and exploding them through every disguise, and
+sacrificing their trifles to the supposed _manes_ of Isaac Bickerstaff
+Esquire. But the greatest merit of my journey into Staffordshire, is,
+that it has opened to me a new fund of unreproved follies and errors that
+have hitherto lain out of my view, and, by their situation, escaped my
+censure. For, as I have lived generally in town, the images I had of the
+country were such only as my senses received very early, and my memory
+has since preserved with all the advantages they first appeared in.
+
+Hence it was that I thought our parish church the noblest structure in
+England, and the Squire's Place-House, as we called it, a most
+magnificent palace. I had the same opinion of the alms-house in the
+churchyard, and of a bridge over the brook that parts our parish from the
+next. It was the common vogue of our school, that the master was the best
+scholar in Europe, and the usher the second. Not happening to correct
+these notions, by comparing them with what I saw when I came into the
+world, upon returning back, I began to resume my former imaginations, and
+expected all things should appear in the same view as I left them when
+I was a boy: but to my utter disappointment I found them wonderfully
+shrunk, and lessened almost out of my knowledge. I looked with contempt
+on the tribes painted on the church walls, which I once so much admired,
+and on the carved chimneypiece in the Squire's Hall. I found my old
+master to be a poor ignorant pedant; and, in short, the whole scene to be
+extremely changed for the worse. This I could not help mentioning,
+because though it be of no consequence in itself, yet it is certain, that
+most prejudices are contracted and retained by this narrow way of
+thinking, which, in matters of the greatest moment are hardly shook off:
+and which we only think true, because we were made to believe so, before
+we were capable to distinguish between truth and falsehood. But there was
+one prepossession which I confess to have parted with, much to my regret:
+I mean the opinion of that native honesty and simplicity of manners,
+which I had always imagined to be inherent in country-people. I soon
+observed it was with them and us, as they say of animals; That every
+species at land has one to resemble it at sea; for it was easy to
+discover the seeds and principles of every vice and folly that one meets
+with in the more known world, though shooting up in different forms. I
+took a fancy out of the several inhabitants round, to furnish the camp,
+the bar, and the Exchange, and some certain chocolate and coffeehouses,
+with exact parallels to what, in many instances, they already produce.
+There was a drunken quarrelsome smith, whom I have a hundred times
+fancied at the head of a troop of dragoons. A weaver, within two doors of
+my kinsman, was perpetually setting neighbours together by the ears. I
+lamented to see how his talents were misplaced, and imagined what a
+figure he might make in Westminster-Hall. Goodman Crop of Compton Farm,
+wants nothing but a plum and a gold chain to qualify him for the
+government of the City. My kinsman's stable-boy was a gibing companion
+that would always have his jest. He would often put cow-itch in the
+maids' beds, pull stools from under folks, and lay a coal upon their
+shoes when they were asleep. He was at last turned off for some notable
+piece of roguery, and when I came away, was loitering among the
+ale-houses. Bless me, thought I, what a prodigious wit would this have
+been with us! I could have matched all the sharpers between St. James's
+and Covent Garden, with a notable fellow in the same neighbourhood,
+(since hanged for picking pockets at fairs) could he have had the
+advantages of their education. So nearly are the corruptions of the
+country allied to those of the town, with no further difference than what
+is made by another turn of thought and method of living!
+
+[Footnote 1: "A reverend aspect, and a countenance formed to command,
+have power to restrain some people; while others, who pay no regard to
+those, are prevailed upon by the dint of writing, and the authority of a
+great name." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: _I.e._ 1710-11. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: Gilles Menage (1613-1692). The story is given in "Menagiana"
+(vol. ii. pp. 49-51, second edition, 1695). C. Sorel, however, in his
+"Francion" (1623) tells a similar story of a poet named Saluste, who
+was fooled in like manner. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: Morphew's "Tatler" for January 13th, 1710 (No. 276),
+contains the following: "Whereas an advertisement was yesterday delivered
+out by the author of the late 'Female Tatler,' insinuating, [according to
+his custom] that he is Isaac Bickerstaff Esq.; This is to give notice,
+that this paper is continued to be sold by John Morphew as formerly,"
+etc.
+
+"The Female Tatler, by Mrs. Crackenthorpe, a Lady that knows every thing,"
+had been begun July 8th, 1709, but was now defunct. [T.S.]]
+
+
+THE TATLER, No. 5.
+
+----_Laceratque, trahitque_
+_Molle pecus_               VIR.[1]
+
+FROM TUESDAY JAN. 23. TO SATURDAY JAN. 27. 1710.[2]
+
+
+Amongst other severities I have met with from some critics, the cruellest
+for an old man is, that they will not let me be at quiet in my bed, but
+pursue me to my very dreams. I must not dream but when they please, nor
+upon long continued subjects, however visionary in their own natures;
+because there is a manifest moral quite through them, which to produce as
+a dream is improbable and unnatural. The pain I might have had from this
+objection, is prevented by considering they have missed another, against
+which I should have been at a loss to defend myself. They should have
+asked me, whether the dreams I publish can properly be called
+Lucubrations, which is the name I have given to all my papers, whether in
+volumes or half-sheets: so manifest a contradiction _in terminis_, that I
+wonder no sophister ever thought of it: But the other is a cavil. I
+remember when I was a boy at school, I have often dreamed out the whole
+passages of a day; that I rode a journey, baited, supped, went to bed,
+and rose the next morning: and I have known young ladies who could dream
+a whole contexture of adventures in one night large enough to make a
+novel. In youth the imagination is strong, not mixed with cares, nor
+tinged with those passions that most disturb and confound it, such as
+avarice, ambition, and many others. Now as old men are said to grow
+children again, so in this article of dreaming, I am returned to my
+childhood. My imagination is at full ease, without care, avarice, or
+ambition, to clog it; by which, among many others, I have this advantage
+of doubling the small remainder of my time, and living four-and-twenty
+hours in the day. However, the dream I am now going to relate, is as wild
+as can well be imagined, and adapted to please these refiners upon sleep,
+without any moral that I can discover.
+
+"It happened that my maid left on the table in my bedchamber, one of her
+story books (as she calls them) which I took up, and found full of
+strange impertinences, fitted to her taste and condition; of poor
+servants that came to be ladies, and serving-men of low degree, who
+married kings' daughters. Among other things, I met this sage
+observation, 'That a lion would never hurt a true virgin.' With this
+medley of nonsense in my fancy I went to bed, and dreamed that a friend
+waked me in the morning, and proposed for pastime to spend a few hours in
+seeing the parish lions, which he had not done since he came to town; and
+because they showed but once a week, he would not miss the opportunity. I
+said I would humour him; though, to speak the truth, I was not fond of
+those cruel spectacles; and if it were not so ancient a custom, founded,
+as I had heard, upon the wisest maxims, I should be apt to censure the
+inhumanity of those who introduced it." All this will be a riddle to the
+waking reader, till I discover the scene my imagination had formed upon
+the maxim, "That a lion would never hurt a true virgin." "I dreamed, that
+by a law of immemorial time, a he-lion was kept in every parish at the
+common charge, and in a place provided, adjoining to the churchyard:
+that, before any one of the fair sex was married, if she affirmed herself
+to be a virgin, she must on her wedding day, and in her wedding clothes,
+perform the ceremony of going alone into the den, and stay an hour with
+the lion let loose, and kept fasting four-and-twenty hours on purpose. At
+a proper height, above the den, were convenient galleries for the
+relations and friends of the young couple, and open to all spectators. No
+maiden was forced to offer herself to the lion; but if she refused, it
+was a disgrace to marry her, and every one might have liberty of calling
+her a whore. And methought it was as usual a diversion to see the parish
+lions, as with us to go to a play or an opera. And it was reckoned
+convenient to be near the church, either for marrying the virgin if she
+escaped the trial, or for burying the bones when the lion had devoured
+the rest, as he constantly did."
+
+To go on therefore with the dream: "We called first (as I remember) to
+see St. Dunstan's lion, but we were told they did not shew to-day: From
+thence we went to that of Covent-Garden, which, to my great surprise, we
+found as lean as a skeleton, when I expected quite the contrary; but the
+keeper said it was no wonder at all, because the poor beast had not got
+an ounce of woman's flesh since he came into the parish. This amazed me
+more than the other, and I was forming to myself a mighty veneration for
+the ladies in that quarter of the town, when the keeper went on, and
+said, He wondered the parish would be at the charge of maintaining a lion
+for nothing. Friend, (said I) do you call it nothing, to justify the
+virtue of so many ladies, or has your lion lost his distinguishing
+faculty? Can there be anything more for the honour of your parish, than
+that all the ladies married in your church were pure virgins? That is
+true, (said he) and the doctor knows it to his sorrow; for there has not
+been a couple married in our church since his worship has been amongst
+us. The virgins hereabouts are too wise to venture the claws of the lion;
+and because nobody will marry them, have all entered into vows of
+virginity. So that in proportion we have much the largest nunnery in
+the whole town. This manner of ladies entering into a vow of virginity,
+because they were not virgins, I easily conceived; and my dream told me,
+that the whole kingdom was full of nunneries, plentifully stocked from
+the same reason.
+
+"We went to see another lion, where we found much company met in the
+gallery; the keeper told us, we should see sport enough, as he called it;
+and in a little time, we saw a young beautiful lady put into the den, who
+walked up towards the lion with all imaginable security in her
+countenance, and looked smiling upon her lover and friends in the
+gallery; which I thought nothing extraordinary, because it was never
+known that any lion had been mistaken. But, however, we were all
+disappointed, for the lion lifted up his right paw, which was the fatal
+sign, and advancing forward, seized her by the arm, and began to tear it:
+The poor lady gave a terrible shriek, and cried out, 'The lion is just, I
+am no true virgin! Oh! Sappho, Sappho.' She could say no more, for the
+lion gave her the _coup de grace_, by a squeeze in the throat, and she
+expired at his feet. The keeper dragged away her body to feed the animal
+when the company was gone, for the parish-lions never used to eat in
+public. After a little pause, another lady came on towards the lion in
+the same manner as the former; we observed the beast smell her with great
+diligence, he scratched both her hands with lifting them to his nose, and
+clapping a claw on her bosom, drew blood; however he let her go, and at
+the same time turned from her with a sort of contempt, at which she was
+not a little mortified, and retired with some confusion to her friends in
+the gallery. Methought the whole company immediately understood the
+meaning of this, that the easiness of the lady had suffered her to admit
+certain imprudent and dangerous familiarities, bordering too much upon
+what is criminal; neither was it sure whether the lover then present
+had not some sharers with him in those freedoms, of which a lady can
+never be too sparing.
+
+"This happened to be an extraordinary day, for a third lady came into the
+den, laughing loud, playing with her fan, tossing her head, and smiling
+round on the young fellows in the gallery. However, the lion leaped on
+her with great fury, and we gave her for gone; but on a sudden he let go
+his hold, turned from her as if he were nauseated, then gave her a lash
+with his tail; after which she returned to the gallery, not the least out
+of countenance: and this, it seems, was the usual treatment of coquettes.
+
+"I thought we had now seen enough, but my friend would needs have us go
+and visit one or two lions in the city. We called at two or three dens
+where they happened not to shew, but we generally found half a score
+young girls, between eight and eleven years old, playing with each lion,
+sitting on his back, and putting their hands into his mouth; some of them
+would now and then get a scratch; but we always discovered, upon
+examining, that they had been hoydening with the young apprentices. One
+of them was calling to a pretty girl of about twelve years, that stood by
+us in the gallery, to come down to the lion, and upon her refusal, said,
+'Ah! Miss Betty, we could never get you to come near the lion, since you
+played at hoop and hide with my brother in the garret.'
+
+"We followed a couple, with the wedding-folks, going to the church of St.
+Mary-Axe. The lady, though well stricken in years, extremely crooked and
+deformed, was dressed out beyond the gaiety of fifteen; having jumbled
+together, as I imagined, all the tawdry remains of aunts, godmothers, and
+grandmothers, for some generations past: One of the neighbours whispered
+me, that she was an old maid, and had the clearest reputation of any in
+the parish. There is nothing strange in that, thought I, but was much
+surprised, when I observed afterwards that she went towards the lion with
+distrust and concern. The beast was lying down, but upon sight of her,
+snuffed up his nose two or three times, and then giving the sign of
+death, proceeded instantly to execution. In the midst of her agonies, she
+was heard to name the words, 'Italy' and 'artifices,' with the utmost
+horror, and several repeated execrations: and at last concluded, 'Fool
+that I was, to put so much confidence in the toughness of my skin.'
+
+"The keeper immediately set all in order again for another customer,
+which happened to be a famous prude, whom her parents after long
+threatenings, and much persuasion, had with the extremest difficulty
+prevailed on to accept a young handsome goldsmith, that might have
+pretended to five times her fortune. The fathers and mothers in the
+neighbourhood used to quote her for an example to their daughters. Her
+elbows were rivetted to her sides, and her whole person so ordered as to
+inform everybody that she was afraid they should touch her. She only
+dreaded to approach the lion, because it was a he one, and abhorred to
+think an animal of that sex should presume to breathe on her. The sight
+of a man at twenty yards distance made her draw back her head. She always
+sat upon the farther corner of the chair, though there were six chairs
+between her and her lover, and with the door wide open, and her little
+sister in the room. She was never saluted but at the tip of her ear, and
+her father had much ado to make her dine without her gloves, when there
+was a man at table. She entered the den with some fear, which we took to
+proceed from the height of her modesty, offended at the sight of so many
+men in the gallery. The lion beholding her at a distance, immediately
+gave the deadly sign; at which the poor creature (methinks I see her
+still) miscarried in a fright before us all. The lion seemed to be
+surprised as much as we, and gave her time to make her confession, 'That
+she was four months gone, by the foreman of her father's shop, that this
+was her third big belly;' and when her friends asked, why she would
+venture the trial? she said, 'Her nurse assured her, that a lion would
+never hurt a woman with child.'" Upon this I immediately waked, and could
+not help wishing, that the deputy-censors of my late institution were
+endued with the same instinct as these parish-lions were.
+
+[Footnote 1:
+    "Manditque, trahitque
+Molle pecus."
+                       _Aeneid_, ix. 340-341.
+"Devours and tears the peaceful flock."
+                                    [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: _I.e._ 1710-11. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+THE TATLER, NUMB. 298.[1]
+
+_Ingenuas didicisse fideliter artes,
+Emollit mores._                         OVID.[2]
+
+FROM SATURDAY MARCH 3. TO TUESDAY MARCH 6. 1710.[3]
+
+
+_From my own Apartment in Channel-Row, March 5_.
+
+Those inferior duties of life which the French call _les petites
+morales,_ or the smaller morals, are with us distinguished by the name of
+good manners,[4] or breeding. This I look upon, in the general notion of
+it, to be a sort of artificial good sense, adapted to the meanest
+capacities, and introduced to make mankind easy in their commerce
+with each other. Low and little understandings, without some rules of
+this kind, would be perpetually wandering into a thousand indecencies and
+irregularities in behaviour, and in their ordinary conversation fall into
+the same boisterous familiarities that one observes amongst them, when a
+debauch has quite taken away the use of their reason. In other instances,
+it is odd to consider, that for want of common discretion the very end of
+good breeding is wholly perverted, and civility, intended to make us
+easy, is employed in laying chains and fetters upon us, in debarring us
+of our wishes, and in crossing our most reasonable desires and
+inclinations. This abuse reigns chiefly in the country, as I found to my
+vexation, when I was last there, in a visit I made to a neighbour about
+two miles from my cousin. As soon as I entered the parlour, they forced
+me into the great chair that stood close by a huge fire, and kept me
+there by force till I was almost stifled. Then a boy came in great hurry
+to pull off my boots, which I in vain opposed, urging that I must return
+soon after dinner. In the mean time the good lady whispered her eldest
+daughter, and slipped a key into her hand. She returned instantly with
+a beer glass half full of _aqua mirabilis_ and syrup of gillyflowers.
+I took as much as I had a mind for; but Madam vowed I should drink it
+off, (for she was sure it would do me good after coming out of the cold
+air) and I was forced to obey, which absolutely took away my stomach.
+When dinner came in, I had a mind to sit at a distance from the fire; but
+they told me, it was as much as my life was worth, and set me with my
+back just against it. Though my appetite was quite gone, I resolved to
+force down as much as I could, and desired the leg of a pullet. "Indeed,
+Mr. Bickerstaff," says the lady, "you must eat a wing to oblige me," and
+so put a couple upon my plate. I was persecuted at this rate during the
+whole meal. As often as I called for small beer, the master tipped the
+wink, and the servant brought me a brimmer of October. Some time after
+dinner, I ordered my cousin's man who came with me to get ready the
+horses; but it was resolved I should not stir that night; and when I
+seemed pretty much bent upon going, they ordered the stable door to be
+locked, and the children hid away my cloak and boots. The next question
+was, what I would have for supper? I said I never eat anything at
+night, but was at last in my own defence obliged to name the first thing
+that came into my head. After three hours spent chiefly in apology for my
+entertainment, insinuating to me, "That this was the worst time of the
+year for provisions, that they were at a great distance from any market,
+that they were afraid I should be starved, and they knew they kept me to
+my loss," the lady went, and left me to her husband (for they took
+special care I should never be alone.) As soon as her back was turned,
+the little misses ran backwards and forwards every moment; and constantly
+as they came in or went out, made a curtsy directly at me, which in good
+manners I was forced to return with a bow, and "Your humble servant
+pretty Miss." Exactly at eight the mother came up, and discovered by the
+redness of her face, that supper was not far off. It was twice as large
+as the dinner, and my persecution doubled in proportion. I desired at
+my usual hour to go to my repose, and was conducted to my chamber by the
+gentleman, his lady, and the whole train of children. They importuned me
+to drink something before I went to bed, and upon my refusing, at last
+left a bottle of stingo, as they called it, for fear I should wake and be
+thirsty in the night. I was forced in the morning to rise and dress
+myself in the dark, because they would not suffer my kinsman's servant to
+disturb me at the hour I had desired to be called. I was now resolved to
+break through all measures to get away, and after sitting down to a
+monstrous breakfast of cold beef, mutton, neats'-tongues, venison-pasty,
+and stale beer, took leave of the family; but the gentleman would needs
+see me part of my way, and carry me a short cut through his own grounds,
+which he told me would save half a mile's riding. This last piece of
+civility had like to have cost me dear, being once or twice in danger of
+my neck, by leaping over his ditches, and at last forced to alight in the
+dirt, when my horse, having slipped his bridle, ran away, and took us up
+more than an hour to recover him again.
+
+It is evident that none of the absurdities I met with in this visit
+proceeded from an ill intention, but from a wrong judgment of
+complaisance, and a misapplication of the rules of it. I cannot so easily
+excuse the more refined critics upon behaviour, who having professed no
+other study, are yet infinitely defective in the most material parts of
+it. Ned Fashion has been bred all his life about Court, and understands
+to a tittle all the punctilios of a drawing-room. He visits most of the
+fine women near St. James's, and upon all occasions says the civilest and
+softest things to them of any man breathing. To Mr. Isaac[5] he owes an
+easy slide in his bow, and a graceful manner of coming into a room. But
+in some other cases he is very far from being a well-bred person: He
+laughs at men of far superior understanding to his own, for not being as
+well dressed as himself, despises all his acquaintance that are not
+quality, and in public places has on that account often avoided taking
+notice of some of the best speakers in the House of Commons. He rails
+strenuously at both Universities before the members of either, and never
+is heard to swear an oath, or break in upon morality or religion, but in
+the company of divines. On the other hand, a man of right sense has all
+the essentials of good breeding, though he may be wanting in the forms of
+it. Horatio has spent most of his time at Oxford. He has a great deal of
+learning, an agreeable wit, and as much modesty as serves to adorn
+without concealing his other good qualities. In that retired way of
+living, he seems to have formed a notion of human nature, as he has found
+it described in the writings of the greatest men, not as he is like to
+meet with it in the common course of life. Hence it is, that he gives no
+offence, that he converses with great deference, candour, and humanity.
+His bow, I must confess, is somewhat awkward; but then he has an
+extensive, universal, and unaffected knowledge, which makes some amends
+for it. He would make no extraordinary figure at a ball; but I can
+assure the ladies in his behalf, and for their own consolation, that he
+has writ better verses on the sex than any man now living, and is
+preparing such a poem for the press as will transmit their praises and
+his own to many generations.
+
+[Footnote 1: In the reprint of "The Tatler," volume v., this number was
+called No. 20. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: _Epist. ex Ponto_, II. ix. 47-48.
+
+"An understanding in the liberal arts
+Softens men's manners."
+                         [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: _I.e._ 1710-11. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: Compare Swift's "Treatise on Good Manners and Good
+Breeding." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: A famous dancing-master in those days. [FAULKNER.] He died
+in 1740. [T.S.]]
+
+
+THE TATLER, NUMB, 302.[1]
+
+_O Lycida, vivi pervenimus, advena nostri,
+(Quod numquam veriti sumus) ut possessor agelli
+Diceret, Haec mea sunt, veteres migrate coloni._
+VIRG.[2]
+
+
+FROM TUESDAY MARCH 13. TO THURSDAY MARCH 15. 1710.[3]
+
+_From my own Apartment in Channel-Row, March 14._
+
+The dignity and distinction of men of wit is seldom enough considered,
+either by themselves or others; their own behaviour, and the usage they
+meet with, being generally very much of a piece. I have at this time in
+my hands an alphabetical list of the _beaux esprits_ about this town,
+four or five of whom have made the proper use of their genius, by gaining
+the esteem of the best and greatest men, and by turning it to their own
+advantage in some establishment of their fortunes, however unequal to
+their merit; others satisfying themselves with the honour of having
+access to great tables, and of being subject to the call of every man
+of quality, who upon occasion wants one to say witty things for the
+diversion of the company. This treatment never moves my indignation so
+much, as when it is practised by a person, who though he owes his own
+rise purely to the reputation of his parts, yet appears to be as much
+ashamed of it, as a rich city knight to be denominated from the trade
+he was first apprenticed to, and affects the air of a man born to his
+titles, and consequently above the character of a wit, or a scholar. If
+those who possess great endowments of the mind would set a just value
+upon themselves, they would think no man's acquaintance whatsoever a
+condescension, nor accept it from the greatest upon unworthy or
+ignominious terms. I know a certain lord that has often invited a set
+of people, and proposed for their diversion a buffoon player, and an
+eminent poet, to be of the party; and which was yet worse, thought them
+both sufficiently recompensed by the dinner, and the honour of his
+company. This kind of insolence is risen to such a height, that I my self
+was the other day sent to by a man with a title, whom I had never seen,
+desiring the favour that I would dine with him and half a dozen of his
+select friends. I found afterwards, the footman had told my maid below
+stairs, that my lord having a mind to be merry, had resolved right or
+wrong to send for honest Isaac. I was sufficiently provoked with the
+message; however I gave the fellow no other answer, than that "I believed
+he had mistaken the person, for I did not remember that his lord had ever
+been introduced to me." I have reason to apprehend that this abuse hath
+been owing rather to a meanness of spirit in men of parts, than to the
+natural pride or ignorance of their patrons. Young students coming up
+to town from the places of their education, are dazzled with the grandeur
+they everywhere meet, and making too much haste to distinguish their
+parts, instead of waiting to be desired and caressed, are ready to pay
+their court at any rate to a great man, whose name they have seen in a
+public paper, or the frontispiece of a dedication. It has not always been
+thus: wit in polite ages has ever begot either esteem or fear. The hopes
+of being celebrated, or the dread of being stigmatized, procured an
+universal respect and awe for the persons of such as were allowed to have
+the power of distributing fame or infamy where they pleased. Aretine had
+all the princes of Europe his tributaries, and when any of them had
+committed a folly that laid them open to his censure, they were forced by
+some present extraordinary to compound for his silence; of which there is
+a famous instance on record. When Charles the Fifth had miscarried
+in his African expedition, which was looked upon as the weakest
+undertaking of that great Emperor, he sent Aretine[4] a gold chain, who
+made some difficulty of accepting it, saying, "It was too small a present
+in all reason for so great a folly." For my own part, in this point I
+differ from him, and never could be prevailed upon, by any valuable
+consideration to conceal a fault or a folly since I first took the
+censorship upon me.
+
+Having long considered with my self the ill application that some make of
+their talents, I have this day erected a Court of Alienation, by the
+statutes of which the next a kin is empowered to _beg_ the parts and
+understanding of any such person as can be proved, either by embezzling,
+making a wrong use, or no use at all of the said parts and understanding,
+not to know the true value thereof: who shall immediately be put out of
+possession, and disqualified for ever; the said kinsman giving sufficient
+security that he will employ them as the court shall direct. I have set
+down under certain heads the several ways by which men prostitute and
+abuse their parts, and from thence have framed a table of rules, whereby
+the plaintiff may be informed when he has a good title to eject the
+defendant. I may in a following paper give the world some account of the
+proceedings of this court. I have already got two able critics for my
+assessors upon the bench, who, though they have always exercised their
+pens in taking off from the wit of others, have never pretended to
+challenge any themselves, and consequently are in no danger of being
+engaged in making claims, or of having any suits commence against them.
+Every writer shall be tried by his peers, throughly versed in that point
+wherein he pretends to excel; for which reason the jury can never consist
+of above half the ordinary number. I shall in general be very tender how
+I put any person out of his wits; but as the management of such
+possessions is of great consequence to the world, I shall hold my self
+obliged to vest the right in such hands as will answer the great purposes
+they were intended for, and leave the former proprietors to seek their
+fortune in some other way.
+
+[Footnote 1: Called No. 24 in the reprint of "The Tatler," vol. v. [T.
+S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: _Eclogues_, ix. 2-4.
+
+  "O Lycidas,
+  We never thought, yet have we lived to see
+  A stranger seize our farm, and say, 'Tis mine,
+  Begone, ye old inhabitants."--C.R. KENNEDY.
+  [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: _I.e._ 1710-11. Under date March 14th Swift writes to
+Stella: "Little Harrison the 'Tatler' came to me, and begged me to
+dictate a paper to him, which I was forced in charity to do." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: Pietro Aretino (1492-1557), called "the scourge of Princes."
+His prose is fiercely satirical, and his poetry as strongly obscene. His
+works were condemned for their indecency and impiety. He received
+numerous and valuable gifts from those who were afraid of his criticisms.
+His sonnets, written to accompany engravings by Marc Antonio, from
+designs by Giulio Romano (1524), largely contributed to his reputation
+for obscenity. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+THE TATLER, NUMB. 306.[1]
+
+
+  _Morte carent animae; semperque, priore relicta
+  Sede, novis domibus habitant vivuntque receptae.
+  Ipse ego (nam memini) Trojani tempore belli
+  Panthoides Euphorbus eram_--
+  OVID. MET.[2]
+
+FROM THURSDAY MARCH 22, TO SATURDAY MARCH 24, 1710.[3]
+
+
+_From my own Apartment, March 22._
+
+My other correspondents will excuse me if I give the precedency to a
+lady, whose letter, amongst many more, is just come to hand.
+
+"DEAR ISAAC,
+
+"I burn with impatience to know what and who you are. The curiosity of my
+whole sex is fallen upon me, and has kept me waking these three nights. I
+have dreamed often of you within this fortnight, and every time you
+appeared in a different form. As you value my repose, tell me in which of
+them I am to be
+
+"Your admirer,
+
+"SYLVIA."
+
+It is natural for a man who receives a favour of this kind from an
+unknown fair, to frame immediately some idea of her person, which being
+suited to the opinion we have of our own merit, is commonly as beautiful
+and perfect as the most lavish imagination can furnish out. Strongly
+possessed with these notions, I have read over Sylvia's billet; and
+notwithstanding the reserve I have had upon this matter, am resolved to
+go a much greater length, than I yet ever did, in making my self known to
+the world, and, in particular, to my charming correspondent. In order to
+it I must premise, that the person produced as mine in the play-house
+last winter, did in nowise appertain to me. It was such a one however as
+agreed well with the impression my writings had made, and served the
+purpose I intended it for; which was to continue the awe and reverence
+due to the character I was vested with, and, at the same time, to let my
+enemies see how much I was the delight and favourite of this town. This
+innocent imposture, which I have all along taken care to carry on, as
+it then was of some use, has since been of singular service to me, and by
+being mentioned in one of my papers, effectually recovered my egoity out
+of the hands of some gentlemen who endeavoured to wrest it from me. This
+is saying, in short, what I am not: what I am, and have been for many
+years, is next to be explained. Here it will not be improper to remind
+Sylvia, that there was formerly such a philosopher as Pythagoras, who,
+amongst other doctrines, taught the transmigration of souls, which, if
+she sincerely believes, she will not be much startled at the following
+relation.
+
+I will not trouble her, nor my other readers, with the particulars of all
+the lives I have successively passed through since my first entrance into
+mortal being, which is now many centuries ago. It is enough that I have
+in every one of them opposed myself with the utmost resolution to the
+follies and vices of the several ages I have been acquainted with, that I
+have often rallied the world into good manners, and kept the greatest
+princes in awe of my satire. There is one circumstance which I shall not
+omit, though it may seem to reflect on my character, I mean that infinite
+love of change which has ever appeared in the disposal of my existence.
+Since the days of the Emperor Trajan, I have not been confined to the
+same person for twenty years together; but have passed from one abode to
+another, much quicker than the Pythagorean system generally allows. By
+this means, I have seldom had a body to myself, but have lodged up and
+down wherever I found a genius suitable to my own. In this manner I
+continued, some time with the top wit of France, at another with that of
+Italy, who had a statue erected to his memory in Rome. Towards the end of
+the 17th century, I set out for England; but the gentleman I came over in
+dying as soon as he got to shore, I was obliged to look out again for a
+new habitation. It was not long before I met with one to my mind, for
+having mixed myself invisibly with the _literati_ of this kingdom, I
+found it was unanimously agreed amongst them, That nobody was endowed
+with greater talents than Hiereus;[4] or, consequently, would be better
+pleased with my company. I slipped down his throat one night as he was
+fast asleep, and the next morning, as soon as he awaked, he fell to
+writing a treatise that was received with great applause, though he had
+the modesty not to set his name to that nor to any other of our
+productions. Some time after, he published a paper of predictions,
+which were translated into several languages, and alarmed some of the
+greatest princes in Europe. To these he prefixed the name of Isaac
+Bickerstaff, Esq; which I have been extremely fond of ever since, and
+have taken care that most of the writings I have been concerned in should
+be distinguished by it; though I must observe, that there have been many
+counterfeits imposed upon the public by this means. This extraordinary
+man being called out of the kingdom by affairs of his own, I resolved,
+however, to continue somewhat longer in a country where my works had
+been so well received, and accordingly bestowed myself with Hilario.[5]
+His natural wit, his lively turn of humour, and great penetration into
+human nature, easily determined me to this choice, the effects of which
+were soon after produced in this paper, called "The Tatler." I know not
+how it happened, but in less than two years' time Hilario grew weary of
+my company, and gave me warning to be gone. In the height of my
+resentment, I cast my eyes on a young fellow,[6] of no extraordinary
+qualifications, whom, for that very reason, I had the more pride in
+taking under my direction, and enabling him, by some means or other, to
+carry on the work I was before engaged in. Lest he should grow too vain
+upon this encouragement, I to this day keep him under due mortification.
+I seldom reside with him when any of his friends are at leisure to
+receive me, by whose hands, however, he is duly supplied. As I have
+passed through many scenes of life, and a long series of years, I choose
+to be considered in the character of an old fellow, and take care that
+those under my influence should speak consonantly to it. This account, I
+presume, will give no small consolation to Sylvia, who may rest assured,
+that Isaac Bickerstaff is to be seen in more forms than she dreamt of;
+out of which variety she may choose what is most agreeable to her fancy.
+On Tuesdays, he is sometimes a black, proper, young gentleman, with a
+mole on his left cheek. On Thursdays, a decent well-looking man, of a
+middle stature, long flaxen hair, and a florid complexion. On Saturdays,
+he is somewhat of the shortest, and may be known from others of that size
+by talking in a low voice, and passing through the streets without much
+precipitation.
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 28 in the reprint of "The Tatler," vol. v. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: _Metamorphoses_, xv. 158-161.
+
+  "Nor dies the spirit, but new life repeats
+  In other forms, and only changes seats.
+    Ev'n I, who these mysterious truths declare,
+  Was once Euphorbus in the Trojan war."
+
+J. DRYDEN.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: I.e. 1710-11. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: Swift. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Steele. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: Harrison. [T.S.]]
+
+
+                   *   *   *   *   *   *
+
+
+
+CONTRIBUTIONS TO "THE EXAMINER."
+
+
+NOTE.
+
+
+The new ministry, which came into power on the fall of the able
+administration of Godolphin in 1710, was the famous Oxford ministry
+headed by Harley and St. John. The new leaders were well aware that they
+would have to use all the means in their power not only to justify
+themselves to the English nation, but successfully to defeat the strong
+opposition which had such a man as Marlborough for its moving spirit. The
+address to Queen Anne from the Commons, showing undoubted evidences of
+St. John's hand, was the first employment of a means by which this
+ministry hoped to appeal to the public. But this remarkable literary
+effort had already been preceded by the establishment of a weekly
+political paper, entitled "The Examiner," a few weeks before
+Godolphin's fall. During the months of August, September, and
+October, in which were issued twelve papers, Dr. Freind, Atterbury,
+Prior and St. John, were the men employed to arouse the nation to a
+necessary condition of discontent. Now that the ministry was in
+power, the necessity for continuing these public appeals was felt to be
+all the stronger; and Harley's shrewdness in selecting Swift to take
+this important matter in hand shows his ability as a party leader.
+
+The first number of "The Examiner" was issued on August 3rd, 1710,
+and the paper was continued until July 26th, 1711. On December 6th,
+1711, William Oldisworth revived it, and issued it weekly until December
+18th, 1712, after which date it was published twice a week until
+July 26th, 1714, though it occasionally happened that only one was
+issued in a week. The last number was No. 19 of the sixth volume, so
+that Oldisworth edited vols. ii., iii., iv., v., and what was published
+of vol. vi. The death of the Queen put an end to the publication.
+
+Swift was called to his work about the middle of October of 1710,
+and his first paper appeared in No. 14. From that number to No. 45,
+Swift continued with unabated zeal and with masterly effect to carry
+out the policy of his friends. He also wrote a part of No. 46, and Nos.
+16 and 21 of the third volume, which appeared on January 16th and
+February 2nd, 1712-13. These two last numbers are not included in
+the present volume; since they have been printed in the fifth volume
+of this edition of Swift's works with the titles "An Appendix to the
+Conduct of the Allies" and "The Vindication of Erasmus Lewis."
+
+The appearance of "The Examiner" had brought an opposition paper into the
+field, entitled "The Whig Examiner," a periodical that ably maintained
+its party's stand in the face of St. John's attacks. But this paper only
+lasted for five weeks, and when Swift took charge of the Tory organ, the
+position of "The Examiner" was entirely altered. As Mr. Churton Collins
+ably remarks: "It became a voice of power in every town and in every
+hamlet throughout England. It was an appeal made, not to the political
+cliques of the metropolis, but to the whole kingdom; and to the whole
+kingdom it spoke.... No one who will take the trouble to glance at
+Swift's contributions to 'The Examiner' will be surprised at their
+effect. They are masterpieces of polemical skill. Every sentence--every
+word--comes home. Their logic, adapted to the meanest capacity, smites
+like a hammer. Their statements, often a tissue of mere sophistry and
+assumption, appear so plausible, that it is difficult even for the cool
+historian to avoid being carried away by them. At a time when party
+spirit was running high, and few men stopped to weigh evidence, they must
+have been irresistible." ("Jonathan Swift," 1893, p. 81.)
+
+In his "Memoirs relating to that Change" (vol. v., p 384), Swift gives
+the following explanation of the foundation of this paper. "Upon the rise
+of this ministry the principal persons in power thought it necessary that
+some weekly paper should be published, with just reflections upon former
+proceedings, and defending the present measures of Her Majesty. This was
+begun about the time of the Lord Godolphin's removal, under the name of
+'The Examiner.' ... The determination was that I should continue it,
+which I did accordingly for about eight months."
+
+Gay remarks in his pamphlet, "The Present State of Wit, in a Letter to a
+Friend in the Country," 1711: "'The Examiner' is a paper which all men,
+who speak without prejudice, allow to be well writ. Though his subject
+will admit of no great variety, he is continually placing it on so many
+different lights, and endeavouring to inculcate the same thing by so many
+beautiful changes of expressions, that men who are concerned in no party,
+may read him with pleasure. His way of assuming the question in debate is
+extremely artful; and his 'Letter to Crassus' [No. 28] is, I think, a
+masterpiece.... I presume I need not tell you that 'The Examiner' carries
+much the more sail as 'tis supposed to be writ by the direction, and
+under the eye of some great persons who sit at the helm of affairs, and
+is consequently looked on as a sort of public notice which way they are
+steering us. The reputed author is Dr. S[wif]t, with the assistance
+sometimes of Dr. Att[erbur]y and Mr. P[rio]r." With the fall of
+Bolingbroke on the death of Queen Anne and the accession of George I.,
+"The Examiner" collapsed. [T.S.]
+
+
+
+THE EXAMINER.
+
+
+NUMB. 14.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY OCTOBER 26 TO THURSDAY NOVEMBER  2, 1710.
+
+  --_Longa est injuria, longae
+  Ambages, sed summa sequar fastigia rerum_.[2]
+
+
+It is a practice I have generally followed, to converse in equal freedom
+with the deserving men of both parties; and it was never without some
+contempt, that I have observed persons wholly out of employment, affect
+to do otherwise: I doubted whether any man could owe so much to the side
+he was of, though he were retained by it; but without some great point of
+interest, either in possession or prospect, I thought it was the mark of
+a low and narrow spirit.
+
+It is hard, that, for some weeks past, I have been forced in my own
+defence, to follow a proceeding that I have so much condemned in others.
+But several of my acquaintance among the declining party, are grown so
+insufferably peevish and splenetic, profess such violent apprehensions
+for the public, and represent the state of things in such formidable
+ideas, that I find myself disposed to share in their afflictions, though
+I know them to be groundless and imaginary, or, which is worse, purely
+affected. To offer them comfort one by one, would be not only an
+endless, but a disobliging task. Some of them, I am convinced would be
+less melancholy, if there were more occasion. I shall therefore, instead
+of hearkening to further complaints, employ some part of this paper for
+the future, in letting such men see, that their natural or acquired fears
+are ill-grounded, and their artificial ones as ill-intended. That all
+our present inconveniencies,[3] are the consequence of the very counsels
+they so much admire, which would still have increased, if those had
+continued: and that neither our constitution in Church or State, could
+probably have been long preserved, without such methods as have been
+lately taken.
+
+The late revolutions at court, have given room to some specious
+objections, which I have heard repeated by well-meaning men, just as they
+had taken them up on the credit of others, who have worse designs. They
+wonder the Queen would choose to change her ministry at this juncture,[4]
+and thereby give uneasiness to a general who has been so long successful
+abroad; and might think himself injured, if the entire ministry were not
+of his own nomination. That there were few complaints of any consequence
+against the late men in power, and none at all in Parliament; which on
+the contrary, passed votes in favour of the chief minister. That if her
+Majesty had a mind to introduce the other party, it would have been more
+seasonable after a peace, which now we have made desperate, by spiriting
+the French, who rejoice at these changes, and by the fall of our credit,
+which unqualifies us for continuing the war. That the Parliament so
+untimely dissolved,[5] had been diligent in their supplies, and dutiful
+in their behaviour. That one consequence of these changes appears already
+in the fall of the stocks: that we may soon expect more and worse: and
+lastly, that all this naturally tends to break the settlement of the
+Crown, and call over the Pretender.
+
+These and the like notions are plentifully scattered abroad, by the
+malice of a ruined party, to render the Queen and her administration
+odious, and to inflame the nation. And these are what, upon occasion, I
+shall endeavour to overthrow, by discovering the falsehood and absurdity
+of them.
+
+It is a great unhappiness, when in a government constituted like ours, it
+should be so brought about, that the continuance of a war, must be for
+the interest of vast numbers (peaceable as well as military) who would
+otherwise have been as unknown as their original. I think our present
+condition of affairs, is admirably described by two verses in Lucan,
+
+  _Hinc usura vorax, avidumque in tempore foenus,
+  Hinc concussa fides, et multis utile bellum_,[6]
+
+which without any great force upon the words, may be thus translated,
+
+"Hence are derived those exorbitant interests and annuities; hence those
+large discounts for advances and prompt payment; hence public credit is
+shaken, and hence great numbers find their profit in prolonging the war."
+
+It is odd, that among a free trading people, as we take ourselves to be,
+there should so many be found to close in with those counsels, who have
+been ever averse from all overtures towards a peace. But yet there is no
+great mystery in the matter. Let any man observe the equipages in this
+town; he shall find the greater number of those who make a figure, to be
+a species of men quite different from any that were ever known before the
+Revolution, consisting either of generals and colonels, or of such whose
+whole fortunes lie in funds and stocks: so that power, which according to
+the old maxim, was used to follow land, is now gone over to money; and
+the country gentleman is in the condition of a young heir, out of whose
+estate a scrivener receives half the rents for interest, and hath a
+mortgage on the whole, and is therefore always ready to feed his vices
+and extravagancies while there is any thing left. So that if the war
+continues some years longer, a landed man will be little better than a
+farmer at a rack rent, to the army, and to the public funds.
+
+It may perhaps be worth inquiring from what beginnings, and by what steps
+we have been brought into this desperate condition: and in search of
+this, we must run up as high as the Revolution.
+
+Most of the nobility and gentry who invited over the Prince of Orange, or
+attended him in his expedition, were true lovers of their country and its
+constitution, in Church and State; and were brought to yield to those
+breaches in the succession of the crown, out of a regard to the necessity
+of the kingdom, and the safety of the people, which did, and could only,
+make them lawful; but without intention of drawing such a practice into
+precedent, or making it a standing measure by which to proceed in all
+times to come; and therefore we find their counsels ever tended to keep
+things as much as possible in the old course. But soon after, an under
+set of men, who had nothing to lose, and had neither borne the burthen
+nor heat of the day, found means to whisper in the king's ear, that the
+principles of loyalty in the Church of England, were wholly inconsistent
+with the Revolution.[7] Hence began the early practice of caressing
+the dissenters, reviling the universities, as maintainers of arbitrary
+power, and reproaching the clergy with the doctrines of divine-right,
+passive obedience and non-resistance.[8] At the same time, in order to
+fasten wealthy people to the new government, they proposed those
+pernicious expedients of borrowing money by vast _premiums_, and at
+exorbitant interest: a practice as old as Eumenes,[9] one of Alexander's
+captains, who setting up for himself after the death of his master,
+persuaded his principal officers to lend him great sums, after which they
+were forced to follow him for their own security.
+
+This introduced a number of new dexterous men into business and credit:
+It was argued, that the war could not last above two or three campaigns,
+and that it was easier for the subject to raise a fund for paying
+interest, than to tax them annually to the full expense of the war.
+Several persons who had small or encumbered estates, sold them, and
+turned their money into those funds to great advantage: merchants, as
+well as other moneyed men, finding trade was dangerous, pursued the same
+method: But the war continuing, and growing more expensive, taxes were
+increased, and funds multiplied every year, till they have arrived at the
+monstrous height we now behold them. And that which was at first a
+corruption, is at last grown necessary, and what every good subject must
+now fall in with, though he may be allowed to wish it might soon have an
+end; because it is with a kingdom, as with a private fortune, where every
+new incumbrance adds a double weight. By this means the wealth of the
+nation, that used to be reckoned by the value of land, is now computed by
+the rise and fall of stocks: and although the foundation of credit be
+still the same, and upon a bottom that can never be shaken; and though
+all interest be duly paid by the public, yet through the contrivance and
+cunning of stock-jobbers, there has been brought in such a complication
+of knavery and cozenage, such a mystery of iniquity, and such an
+unintelligible jargon of terms to involve it in, as were never known in
+any other age or country of the world. I have heard it affirmed by
+persons skilled in these calculations, that if the funds appropriated to
+the payment of interest and annuities, were added to the yearly taxes,
+and the four-shilling aid[10] strictly exacted in all counties of the
+kingdom, it would very near, if not fully, supply the occasions of the
+war, at least such a part, as in the opinion of very able persons, had
+been at that time prudence not to exceed. For I make it a question,
+whether any wise prince or state, in the continuance of a war, which was
+not purely defensive, or immediately at his own door, did ever propose
+that his expense should perpetually exceed what he was able to impose
+annually upon his subjects? Neither if the war lasts many years longer,
+do I see how the next generation will be able to begin another, which in
+the course of human affairs, and according to the various interests and
+ambition of princes, may be as necessary for them as it has been for us.
+And had our fathers left us as deeply involved as we are like to leave
+our children, I appeal to any man, what sort of figure we should have
+been able to make these twenty years past. Besides, neither our enemies,
+nor allies, are upon the same foot with us in this particular. France and
+Holland, our nearest neighbours, and the farthest engaged, will much
+sooner recover themselves after a war. The first, by the absolute power
+of the prince who being master of the lives and fortunes of his subjects,
+will quickly find expedients to pay his debts: and so will the other, by
+their prudent administration, the greatness of their trade, their
+wonderful parsimony, the willingness of their people to undergo all kind
+of taxes, and their justice in applotting as well as collecting them. But
+above all, we are to consider that France and Holland fight in the
+continent, either upon, or near their own territories, and the greatest
+part of the money circulates among themselves; whereas ours crosses the
+sea either to Flanders, Spain, or Portugal, and every penny of it,
+whether in specie or returns, is so much lost to the nation for ever.
+
+Upon these considerations alone, it was the most prudent course
+imaginable in the Queen, to lay hold of the disposition of the people for
+changing the Parliament and ministry at this juncture, and extricating
+herself, as soon as possible, out of the pupillage of those who found
+their accounts only in perpetuating the war. Neither have we the least
+reason to doubt, but the ensuing Parliament will assist her Majesty with
+the utmost vigour,[11] till her enemies _again_ be brought to sue for
+peace, and _again_ offer such terms as will make it both honourable and
+lasting; only with this difference, that the Ministry perhaps will not
+_again_ refuse them.[12]
+
+  _Audiet pugnas vitio parentum
+  Rara Juventus_.[13]
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 13 in the reprint. The No. 13 (from Thursday, October
+19, to Thursday, October 26, 1710) of the original is omitted from the
+reprint, and the Nos. from 14 to 48 are slipped back one. No. 49 also
+is omitted, and Nos. 50 to 52 slipped back two. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Virgil, "Aeneid," i. 341-2.
+
+  "Her whole tale of wrong
+  'Twere tedious to relate. But I will give
+  The leading facts."--R. KENNEDY.
+  [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: "The Observator" of Nov. 8th, commenting on this statement,
+remarks: "All the inconveniences we labour under at present, are so far
+from being the consequence of the counsels of the late ministry, that
+they are visibly the consequence of those of the 'Examiner's' party,
+who brought the nation to the brink of Popery and slavery, from which
+they were delivered by the Revolution; and are pursuing the same
+measures again," etc. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: See "Memoirs relating to that Change" (vol. v., pp. 359-90).
+The Queen's action in dismissing her ministers and dissolving Parliament
+in September was, even to Swift himself, a matter for wonder:
+"I never remember," he writes to Stella (Sept. 20th, 1710), "such
+bold steps taken by a Court." And Tindal, commenting on the change,
+says: "So sudden and so entire a change in the ministry is scarce to be
+found in our history, especially where men of great abilities had served
+with such zeal and success." ("Hist. of England," iv. 192.) [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Parliament was dissolved by proclamation on September 21st.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: "Pharsalia," i. 181-2.
+
+  "Hence debt unthrifty, careless to repay,
+  And usury still watching for its day:
+  Hence perjuries in every wrangling court;
+  And war, the needy bankrupt's last resort,"
+  N. ROWE.
+
+Lucan wrote "_et_ concussa," [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: Commenting on this passage, "The Observator" of Nov. 8th
+remarked: "One would take the author to be some very great man, since
+he speaks so contemptuously of both Houses of Parliament; for they
+actually found those doctrines, as then preached up, to be inconsistent
+with the Revolution, and declared it loudly to the world without
+whispering." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: Writing to the Earl of Peterborough (Feb. 1710/1), Swift
+refers to "a pamphlet come out, called 'A Letter to Jacob Banks,' showing
+that the liberty of Sweden was destroyed by the principle of passive
+obedience." The pamphlet was written by one W. Benson, and bore
+the title, "A Letter to Sir J---- B----, By Birth a S----,... Concerning
+the late Minehead doctrine," etc., 1711. "This dispute," says
+Swift to Peterborough, "would soon be ended, if the dunces who write
+on each side, would plainly tell us what the object of this passive
+obedience is in our country." (Scott, vol. xv., p. 423.)
+
+See also, on this matter, "Examiner," Nos. 34 and 40 _post_. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: Eumenes of Cardia was secretary to Alexander the Great, and
+distinguished himself both as a statesman and general. He was killed
+B.C. 316. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: The land tax at the time was four shillings in the pound.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: In her speech to Parliament on Nov. 27th, 1710, Anne said:
+"The carrying on the war in all its parts, but particularly in Spain,
+with the utmost vigour, is the likeliest means, with God's blessing, to
+procure a safe and honourable peace for us and all our allies, whose
+support and interest I have truly at heart" ("Journals of House of
+Lords," xix, 166).]
+
+[Footnote 12: This is a dig at the Duke of Marlborough, for what the
+Tories thought an unnecessarily harsh insistence on the inclusion of a
+clause in the preliminaries of the Gertruydenberg Treaty, which it was
+thought he must have known would be rejected by Louis. They suspected
+Marlborough did this in order to keep the war going, and so permit
+himself further opportunities for enriching himself. The treaty for
+peace, carried on at Gertruydenberg in 1710, was discussed by Marlborough
+and Townshend acting for England, the Marquis de Torcy acting for France,
+and Buys and Vanderdussen for the States. Several conferences took place,
+and preliminary articles were even signed, but the Allies demanded a
+security for the delivering of Spain. This Louis XIV. refused to do, and
+the conference broke up in July, 1710. See Swift's "Conduct of the Allies"
+(vol. v., pp. 55-123). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: Horace, "Odes," I. ii. 23, 24.
+"Our youth will hear, astonished at our crimes,
+That Roman armies Romans slew;
+Our youth, alas! will then be few."--A. MAYNWARING.
+[T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 15.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY NOVEMBER 2, TO THURSDAY NOVEMBER 9, 1710.
+
+  _E quibis hi vacuas implent sermonibus aures,
+  Hi narrata ferunt alio: mensuraque ficti
+  Crescit, et auditis aliquid novus adjicit autor,
+  Illic Credulitas, illic temerarius Error,
+  Vanaque Laetitia est, consternatique Timores,
+  Seditioque recens, dubioque autore susurri._[2]
+
+
+I am prevailed on, through the importunity of friends, to interrupt the
+scheme I had begun in my last paper, by an Essay upon the Art of
+Political Lying. We are told, "the Devil is the father of lies, and was a
+liar from the beginning"; so that beyond contradiction, the invention is
+old: And which is more, his first essay of it was purely political,
+employed in undermining the authority of his Prince, and seducing a third
+part of the subjects from their obedience. For which he was driven down
+from Heaven, where (as Milton expresseth it) he had been viceroy of a
+great western province;[3] and forced to exercise his talent in inferior
+regions among other fallen spirits, or poor deluded men, whom he still
+daily tempts to his own sin, and will ever do so till he is chained in
+the bottomless pit.
+
+But though the Devil be the father of lies, he seems, like other great
+inventors, to have lost much of his reputation, by the continual
+improvements that have been made upon him.
+
+Who first reduced lying into an art, and adapted it to politics, is not
+so clear from history, though I have made some diligent enquiries: I
+shall therefore consider it only according to the modern system, as it
+has been cultivated these twenty years past in the southern part of our
+own island.
+
+The poets tell us, that after the giants were overthrown by the gods, the
+earth in revenge produced her last offspring, which was Fame.[4] And the
+fable is thus interpreted; that when tumults and seditions are quieted,
+rumours and false reports are plentifully spread through a nation. So
+that by this account, _lying_ is the last relief of a routed, earth-born,
+rebellious party in a state. But here, the moderns have made great
+additions, applying this art to the gaining of power, and preserving it,
+as well as revenging themselves after they have lost it: as the same
+instruments are made use of by animals to feed themselves when they are
+hungry, and bite those that tread upon them.
+
+But the same genealogy cannot always be admitted for _political lying;_ I
+shall therefore desire to refine upon it, by adding some circumstances of
+its birth and parents. A political lie is sometimes born out of a
+discarded statesman's head, and thence delivered to be nursed and dandled
+by the mob. Sometimes it is produced a monster, and _licked_ into shape;
+at other times it comes into the world completely formed, and is spoiled
+in the licking. It is often born an infant in the regular way, and
+requires time to mature it: and often it sees the light in its full
+growth, but dwindles away by degrees. Sometimes it is of noble birth; and
+sometimes the spawn of a stock-jobber. _Here_, it screams aloud at the
+opening of the womb; and _there_, it is delivered with a whisper. I know
+a lie that now disturbs half the kingdom with its noise, which though too
+proud and great at present to own its parents, I can remember in its
+whisper-hood. To conclude the nativity of this monster; when it comes
+into the world without a _sting_, it is still-born; and whenever it loses
+its sting, it dies.
+
+No wonder, if an infant so miraculous in its birth, should be destined
+for great adventures: and accordingly we see it has been the guardian
+spirit of a prevailing party for almost twenty years. It can conquer
+kingdoms without fighting, and sometimes with the loss of a battle: It
+gives and resumes employments; can sink a mountain to a mole-hill, and
+raise a mole-hill to a mountain; has presided for many years at
+committees of elections; can wash a blackamoor white; make a saint of an
+atheist, and a patriot of a profligate; can furnish foreign ministers
+with intelligence, and raise or let fall the credit of the nation. This
+goddess flies with a huge looking-glass in her hands, to dazzle the
+crowd, and make them see, according as she turns it, their ruin in their
+interest, and their interest in their ruin. In this glass you will behold
+your best friends clad in coats powdered with _flower-de-luces_[5] and
+triple crowns; their girdles hung round with chains, and beads, and
+wooden shoes: and your worst enemies adorned with the ensigns of liberty,
+property, indulgence, and moderation, and a cornucopia in their hands.
+Her large wings, like those of a flying-fish, are of no use but while
+they are moist; she therefore dips them in mud, and soaring aloft
+scatters it in the eyes of the multitude, flying with great swiftness;
+but at every turn is forced to stoop in dirty way for new supplies.
+
+I have been sometimes thinking, if a man had the art of the second sight
+for seeing lies, as they have in Scotland for seeing spirits, how
+admirably he might entertain himself in this town; to observe the
+different shapes, sizes, and colours, of those swarms of lies which buzz
+about the heads of some people, like flies about a horse's ears in
+summer: or those legions hovering every afternoon in Popes-head Alley[6],
+enough to darken the air; or over a club of discontented grandees, and
+thence sent down in cargoes to be scattered at elections.
+
+There is one essential point wherein a political liar differs from others
+of the faculty; that he ought to have but a short memory, which is
+necessary according to the various occasions he meets with every hour, of
+differing from himself, and swearing to both sides of a contradiction, as
+he finds the persons disposed, with whom he has to deal. In describing
+the virtues and vices of mankind, it is convenient upon every article, to
+have some eminent person in our eye, from whence we copy our description.
+I have strictly observed this rule; and my imagination this minute
+represents before me a certain great man[7] famous for this talent, to
+the constant practice of which he owes his twenty years' reputation of
+the most skilful head in England, for the management of nice affairs. The
+superiority of his genius consists in nothing else but an inexhaustible
+fund of political lies, which he plentifully distributes every minute he
+speaks, and by an unparalleled generosity forgets, and consequently
+contradicts the next half-hour. He never yet considered whether any
+proposition were true or false, but whether it were convenient for the
+present minute or company to affirm or deny it; so that if you think to
+refine upon him, by interpreting every thing he says, as we do dreams by
+the contrary, you are still to seek, and will find yourself equally
+deceived, whether you believe him or no: the only remedy is to suppose
+that you have heard some inarticulate sounds, without any meaning at all.
+And besides, that will take off the horror you might be apt to conceive
+at the oaths wherewith he perpetually tags both ends of every
+proposition: though at the same time I think he cannot with any justice
+be taxed for perjury, when he invokes God and Christ, because he has
+often fairly given public notice to the world, that he believes in
+neither.
+
+Some people may think that such an accomplishment as this, can be of no
+great use to the owner or his party, after it has been often practised,
+and is become notorious; but they are widely mistaken: Few lies carry the
+inventor's mark; and the most prostitute enemy to truth may spread a
+thousand without being known for the author. Besides, as the vilest
+writer has his readers, so the greatest liar has his believers; and it
+often happens, that if a lie be believed only for an hour, it has done
+its work, and there is no farther occasion for it. Falsehood flies, and
+Truth comes limping after it; so that when men come to be undeceived, it
+is too late, the jest is over, and the tale has had its effect: like a
+man who has thought of a good repartee, when the discourse is changed, or
+the company parted: or, like a physician who has found out an infallible
+medicine, after the patient is dead.
+
+Considering that natural disposition in many men to lie, and in
+multitudes to believe, I have been perplexed what to do with that maxim,
+so frequent in every body's mouth, that "Truth will at last prevail."
+Here, has this island of ours, for the greatest part of twenty years,
+lain under the influence of such counsels and persons, whose principle
+and interest it was to corrupt our manners, blind our understandings,
+drain our wealth, and in time destroy our constitution both in Church and
+State; and we at last were brought to the very brink of ruin; yet by the
+means of perpetual misrepresentations, have never been able to
+distinguish between our enemies and friends. We have seen a great part of
+the nation's money got into the hands of those, who by their birth,
+education and merit, could pretend no higher than to wear our liveries;
+while others,[8] who by their credit, quality and fortune, were only able
+to give reputation and success to the Revolution, were not only laid
+aside, as dangerous and useless; but loaden with the scandal of
+Jacobites, men of arbitrary principles, and pensioners to France; while
+Truth, who is said to lie in a well, seemed now to be buried there under
+a heap of stones. But I remember, it was a usual complaint among the
+Whigs, that the bulk of landed men was not in their interests, which some
+of the wisest looked on as an ill omen; and we saw it was with the utmost
+difficulty that they could preserve a majority, while the court and
+ministry were on their side; till they had learned those admirable
+expedients for deciding elections, and influencing distant boroughs by
+_powerful motives_ from the city. But all this was mere force and
+constraint, however upheld by most dexterous artifice and management:
+till the people began to apprehend their properties, their religion, and
+the monarchy itself in danger; then we saw them greedily laying hold on
+the first occasion to interpose. But of this mighty change in the
+dispositions of the people, I shall discourse more at large in some
+following paper; wherein I shall endeavour to undeceive those deluded or
+deluding persons, who hope or pretend, it is only a short madness in the
+vulgar, from which they may soon recover. Whereas I believe it will
+appear to be very different in its causes, its symptoms, and its
+consequences; and prove a great example to illustrate the maxim I lately
+mentioned, that "Truth" (however sometimes late) "will at last prevail."
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 14 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Ovid, "Metamorphoses," xii. 56-61.
+
+"The troubled air with empty sounds they beat.
+Intent to hear, and eager to repeat.
+Error sits brooding there, with added train
+Of vain Credulity, and Joys as vain:
+Suspicion, with Sedition joined, are near,
+And Rumours raised, and Murmurs mixed, and panic Fear."
+                               J. DRYDEN.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: "Paradise Lost," v. 708-710. Milton makes Satan say: "We
+possess the quarters of the North," and places his throne in "the limits
+of the North." By speaking of a _western_ province Swift intends Ireland,
+then under the government of the Earl of Wharton. This paper may be read
+in connection with the 23rd number of "The Examiner," and the "Short
+Character of Wharton" (vol. v., pp. 1-28). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: Fama was said to be a daughter of Terra. See Virgil,
+"Aeneid," iv. 173-178. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: A reply to the insinuations that the Tories were sympathetic
+to France, and that the Whigs were the true patriots. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: The reprint has "Exchange Alley." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: The Earl of Wharton. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: Refers to the Tories generally, and in particular to Sir
+Thomas Osborne, Bart. (1631-1712), who was created Duke of Leeds in 1694.
+In 1679, as Earl of Danby, he was impeached by the Commons, and
+imprisoned in the Tower for five years. "He assisted greatly," says
+Scott, "in the Revolution, yet continued a steady Tory, and avowed at
+Sacheverell's trial, that, had he known the Prince of Orange designed
+to assume the crown, he never would have drawn a sword for him."
+[T.S.]]
+
+
+
+
+NUMB. 16.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY NOVEMBER 9, TO THURSDAY NOVEMBER 16, 1710.
+
+
+  ---_medioque ut limite curras,
+  Icare, ait, moneo: ne si demissior ibis,
+  Unda gravet pennas, si celsior, ignis adurat._[2]
+
+
+It must be avowed, that for some years past, there have been few things
+more wanted in England, than such a paper as this ought to be; and such
+as I will endeavour to make it, as long as it shall be found of any use,
+without entering into the violences of either party. Considering the many
+grievous misrepresentations of persons and things, it is highly
+requisite, at this juncture, that the people throughout the kingdom,
+should, if possible, be set right in their opinions by some impartial
+hand, which has never been yet attempted: those who have hitherto
+undertaken it, being upon every account the least qualified of all
+human-kind for such a work.
+
+We live here under a limited monarchy, and under the doctrine and
+discipline of an excellent Church: We are unhappily divided into two
+parties, both which pretend a mighty zeal for our religion and
+government, only they disagree about the means.[3] The evils we must
+fence against are, on one side, fanaticism and infidelity in religion;
+and anarchy, under the name of a commonwealth, in government: on the
+other side, popery, slavery, and the Pretender from France. Now to inform
+and direct us in our sentiments, upon these weighty points; here are on
+one side two stupid, illiterate scribblers, both of them fanatics by
+profession; I mean the "Review"[4] and "Observator."[5] On the other side
+we have an open Nonjuror,[6] whose character and person, as well as good
+learning and sense, discovered upon other subjects, do indeed deserve
+respect and esteem; but his "Rehearsal," and the rest of his political
+papers, are yet more pernicious than those of the former two. If the
+generality of the people know not how to talk or think, till they have
+read their lesson in the papers of the week, what a misfortune is it that
+their duty should be conveyed to them through such vehicles as those? For
+let some gentlemen think what they please, I cannot but suspect, that the
+two worthies I first mentioned, have in a degree done mischief among us;
+the mock authoritative manner of the one, and the insipid mirth of the
+other, however insupportable to reasonable ears, being of a level with
+great numbers among the lowest part of mankind. Neither was the author of
+the "Rehearsal," while he continued that paper, less infectious to many
+persons of better figure, who perhaps were as well qualified, and much
+less prejudiced, to judge for themselves.
+
+It was this reason, that moved me to take the matter out of those rough,
+as well as those dirty hands, to let the remote and uninstructed part of
+the nation see, that they have been misled on both sides, by mad,
+ridiculous extremes, at a wide distance on each side from the truth;
+while the right path is so broad and plain, as to be easily kept, if they
+were once put into it.
+
+Further, I had lately entered on a resolution to take very little notice
+of other papers, unless it were such, where the malice and falsehood, had
+so great a mixture of wit and spirit, as would make them dangerous; which
+in the present circle of scribbles, from twelvepence to a halfpenny, I
+could easily foresee would not very frequently occur. But here again, I
+am forced to dispense with my resolution, though it be only to tell my
+reader, what measures I am like to take on such occasions for the future.
+I was told that the paper called "The Observator," was twice filled last
+week with remarks upon a late "Examiner."[7] These I read with the first
+opportunity, and to speak in the news-writers' phrase, they gave me
+occasion for many speculations. I observed with singular pleasure, the
+nature of those things, which the owners of them, usually call _answers_;
+and with what dexterity this matchless author had fallen into the whole
+art and cant of them. To transcribe here and there three or four detached
+lines of least weight in a discourse, and by a foolish comment mistake
+every syllable of the meaning, is what I have known many of a superior
+class, to this formidable adversary, entitle an "Answer."[8] This is what
+he has exactly done in about thrice as many words as my whole discourse;
+which is so mighty an advantage over me, that I shall by no means engage
+in so unequal a combat; but as far as I can judge of my own temper,
+entirely dismiss him for the future; heartily wishing he had a match
+exactly of his own size to meddle with, who should only have the odds of
+truth and honesty; which as I take it, would be an effectual way to
+silence him for ever. Upon this occasion, I cannot forbear a short story
+of a fanatic farmer who lived in my neighbourhood, and was so great a
+disputant in religion, that the servants in all the families thereabouts,
+reported, how he had confuted the bishop and all his clergy. I had then a
+footman who was fond of reading the Bible, and I borrowed a comment for
+him, which he studied so close, that in a month or two I thought him a
+match for the farmer. They disputed at several houses, with a ring of
+servants and other people always about them, where Ned explained his
+texts so full and clear, to the capacity of his audience, and showed the
+insignificancy of his adversary's cant, to the meanest understanding,
+that he got the whole country of his side, and the farmer was cured of
+his itch of disputation for ever after.
+
+The worst of it is, that this sort of outrageous party-writers I have
+above spoke of, are like a couple of make-bates, who inflame small
+quarrels by a thousand stories, and by keeping friends at a distance
+hinder them from coming to a good understanding, as they certainly would,
+if they were suffered to meet and debate between themselves. For let any
+one examine a reasonable honest man of either side, upon those opinions
+in religion and government, which both parties daily buffet each other
+about, he shall hardly find one material point in difference between
+them. I would be glad to ask a question about two great men[9] of the
+late ministry, how they came to be Whigs? and by what figure of speech,
+half a dozen others, lately put into great employments, can be called
+Tories? I doubt, whoever would suit the definition to the persons, must
+make it directly contrary to what we understood it at the time of the
+Revolution.
+
+In order to remove these misapprehensions among us, I believe it will be
+necessary upon occasion, to detect the malice and falsehood of some
+popular maxims, which those idiots scatter from the press twice a week,
+and draw an hundred absurd consequences from them.
+
+For example, I have heard it often objected as a great piece of insolence
+in the clergy and others, to say or hint that the Church was in danger,
+when it was voted otherwise in Parliament some years ago: and the Queen
+herself in her last speech, did openly condemn all such insinuations.[10]
+Notwithstanding which, I did then, and do still believe, the Church has,
+since that vote, been in very imminent danger; and I think I might then
+have said so, without the least offence to her Majesty, or either of the
+two Houses. The Queen's words, as near as I can remember, mentioned the
+Church being in danger from her administration; and whoever says or
+thinks that, deserves, in my opinion, to be hanged for a traitor. But
+that the Church and State may be both in danger under the best princes
+that ever reigned, and without the least guilt of theirs, is such a
+truth, as a man must be a great stranger to history or common sense, to
+doubt. The wisest prince on earth may be forced, by the necessity of his
+affairs, and the present power of an unruly faction, or deceived by the
+craft of ill designing men: One or two ministers, most in his confidence,
+may _at first_ have good intentions, but grow corrupted by time, by
+avarice, by love, by ambition, and have fairer terms offered them, to
+gratify their passions or interests, from _one set of men_ than another,
+till they are too far involved for a retreat; and so be forced to take
+"seven spirits more wicked than themselves." This is a very possible
+case; and will not "the last state of such men be worse than the first"?
+that is to say, will not the public, which was safe at first, grow in
+danger by such proceedings as these? And shall a faithful subject, who
+foresees and trembles at the consequences, be called _disaffected_,
+because he delivers his opinion, though the prince declares, as he justly
+may, that the danger is not owing to his administration? Or, shall the
+prince himself be blamed, when in such a juncture he puts his affairs
+into other hands, with the universal applause of his people? As to the
+vote against those who should affirm the Church was in danger, I think it
+likewise referred to danger from or under the Queen's administration,
+(for I neither have it by me, nor can suddenly have recourse to it;) but
+if it were otherwise, I know not how it can refer to any dangers but what
+were past, or at that time present; or how it could affect the future,
+unless the senators were all _inspired_, or at least that majority which
+voted it. Neither do I see any crime further than ill manners, to differ
+in opinion from a majority of either or both Houses; and that ill
+manners, I must confess I have been often guilty of for some years past,
+though I hope I never shall again.
+
+Another topic of great use to these weekly inflamers, is the young
+Pretender[11] in France, to whom their whole party is in a high measure
+indebted for all their greatness; and whenever it lies in their power,
+they may perhaps return their acknowledgments, as out of their zeal for
+frequent revolutions, they were ready to do to his supposed father:
+which is a piece of secret history, that I hope will one day see the
+light; and I am sure it shall, if ever I am master of it, without
+regarding whose ears may tingle.[12] But at present, the word _Pretender_
+is a term of art in their possession: A secretary of state cannot desire
+leave to resign, but the Pretender is at bottom: the Queen cannot
+dissolve a Parliament, but it is a plot to dethrone herself, and bring in
+the Pretender. Half a score stock-jobbers are playing the knave in
+Exchange-Alley, and there goes the Pretender with a sponge. One would be
+apt to think they bawl out the Pretender so often, to take off the
+terror; or tell so many lies about him, to slacken our caution, that when
+he is really coming, _by their connivance_, we may not believe them; as
+the boy served the shepherds about the coming of the wolf. Or perhaps
+they scare us with the Pretender, because they think he may be like some
+diseases, that come with a fright. Do they not believe that the Queen's
+present ministry love her Majesty, at least as well as _some others_
+loved the Church? And why is it not as great mark of disaffection now to
+say the Queen is in danger, as it was some months ago to affirm the same
+of the Church? Suppose it be a false opinion, that the Queen's right is
+hereditary and indefeasible; yet how is it possible that those who hold
+and believe that doctrine, can be in the Pretender's interest? His title
+is weakened by every argument that strengthens hers. It is as plain as
+the words of an Act of Parliament can make it, that her present Majesty
+is heir to the survivor of the late King and Queen her sister. Is not
+that an hereditary right? What need we explain it any further? I have
+known an Article of Faith expounded in much looser and more general
+terms, and that by an author whose opinions are very much followed by a
+certain party.[13] Suppose we go further, and examine the word
+_indefeasible_, with which some writers of late have made themselves so
+merry: I confess it is hard to conceive, how any law which the supreme
+power makes, may not by the same power be repealed: so that I shall not
+determine, whether the Queen's right be indefeasible or no. But this I
+will maintain, that whoever affirms it so, is not guilty of a crime. For
+in that settlement of the crown after the Revolution, where her present
+Majesty is named in remainder,[14] there are (as near as I can remember)
+these remarkable words, "to which we bind ourselves and our posterity for
+ever." Lawyers may explain this, or call them words of form, as they
+please: and reasoners may argue that such an obligation is against the
+very nature of government; but a plain reader, who takes the words in
+their natural meaning, may be excused, in thinking a right so confirmed,
+is _indefeasible_; and if there be an absurdity in such an opinion, he is
+not to answer for it.
+
+_P.S._ When this paper was going to the press, the printer brought me two
+more _Observators_,[15] wholly taken up in my _Examiner_ upon lying,
+which I was at the pains to read; and they are just such an answer, as
+the two others I have mentioned. This is all I have to say on that
+matter.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 15 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Ovid, "Metamorphoses," viii. 203-5.
+
+            "My boy, take care
+  To wing your course along the middle air:
+  If low, the surges wet your flagging plumes;
+  If high, the sun the melting wax consumes."
+                             S. CROXALL.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: See the pamphlets: "The Thoughts of an Honest Tory," 1710
+[by Bp. Hoadly]; "Faults on both Sides ... by way of answer to
+'The Thoughts of an Honest Tory,'" 1710 [by a Mr. Clements]; and
+"Faults in the Fault-Finder: or, a Specimen of Errors in ... 'Faults
+on Both Sides,'" 1710; etc., etc. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: "The Review" was edited by Daniel Defoe. He commenced
+it on February 19th, 1703/4, as "A Weekly Review of the Affairs of
+France"; but about this time it had lost much of its early spring and
+verve. It was discontinued after June 11th, 1713. Gay thought,
+speaking of "The Review," that Defoe was "a lively instance of
+those wits, who, as an ingenious author says, will endure but one
+skimming" ("Present State of Wit"). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: "The Observator" was founded by John Tutchin. The first
+number was issued April 1st, 1702, and it appeared, with some intervals,
+until July, 1712, though Tutchin himself died in 1707. For his
+partisanship for Monmouth poor Tutchin came under the anger of Judge
+Jeffreys, who sentenced him to several floggings. Pope's couplet in
+the "Dunciad" has immortalized him:
+
+  "Earless on high stood unabashed De Foe,
+  And Tutchin flagrant from the scourge below."
+  [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: This was the Rev. Charles Leslie, whose periodical, "The
+Rehearsal," was avowedly Jacobite. The paper appeared from August
+5th, 1704, until March 26th, 1709. In 1708-9 all the numbers were
+republished in four volumes folio, with the title: "A View of the
+Times, their Principles and Practices: in the First [Second, etc.]
+Volume of the Rehearsals," and under the pseudonym "Philalethes."
+Later he engaged in a controversy with Bishop Hoadly. See also
+note on p. 354, vol. v.
+
+Of Swift's use of the term "Nonjuror," "The Medley" (June 18th,
+1711, No. 38) made the following remarks: "If he speaks of him with
+relation to his party, there can be nothing so inconsistent as a Whig
+and a Nonjuror: and if he talks of him merely as an author, all the
+authors in the world are Nonjurors, but the ingenious divine who writ
+'The Tale of a Tub' ... for he is the first man who introduced those
+figures of rhetoric we call swearing and cursing in print." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: "The Observator" for November 8th, 1710 (vol. ix., No. 85),
+was filled with _more_ remarks on the fourteenth "Examiner." Presumably
+the issue for November 4th, which is not accessible, commenced the
+attack. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: A humorous specimen of this kind of an "Answer" was given by
+Swift in No. 23 of "The Examiner," _post._ [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: The Duke of Marlborough and Lord Godolphin, who commenced
+their political career as Tories, and only became Whigs through the
+necessity of identifying their own principles with that of the party
+which supported their power. [S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: On December 6th, 1705, the House of Lords passed the
+following resolution: "That the Church of England ... is now, by God's
+blessing, under the happy reign of her Majesty, in a most safe and
+flourishing condition; and that whoever goes about to suggest and
+insinuate, that the Church is in danger under her Majesty's
+administration, is an enemy to the Queen, the Church, and the Kingdom"
+("Jls. of House of Lords," xviii. 43). On December 8th the House of
+Commons, by a majority of 212 against 162, agreed to this resolution. In
+her speech at the prorogation of Parliament on April 5th, 1710, the Queen
+said: "The suppressing immorality ... is what I have always earnestly
+recommended; ... but, this being an evil complained of in all times, it
+is very injurious to take a pretence from thence, to insinuate that the
+Church is in any danger from my administration" ("Jls. Of House of
+Lords," xix. 145). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: James, Duke of Cornwall (1688-1766), known as the Chevalier
+de St. George. At one time the belief was current that the wife of James
+II. did not give birth to a child, and the "young Pretender" was supposed
+to be a son of one Mary Grey (see note on p. 409 of vol. v. of present
+edition of Swift's works). See also: "State-Amusements, Serious and
+Hypocritical ... Birth of the Pretended Prince of Wales," 1711;
+"Seasonable Queries relating to the Birth and Birthright of a Certain
+Person," 1714; and other pamphlets. In the Act for the Succession to the
+Crown (6 Ann. c. 41), he is styled, "the Pretended Prince of Wales."
+History afterwards called him the "Old Pretender" to distinguish him from
+Charles Edward, the "bonnie Prince Charlie," the Young Pretender. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: Swift kept his word. See "An Enquiry into ... the Queen's
+Last Ministry," 1715 (Swift's Works, vol. v., p. 458 _sq._), and his
+"History of the Four Last Years of the Queen," 1758. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: By Bishop Burnet in his "Exposition of the Thirty-Nine
+Articles." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 14: The reference here is to the Bill of Rights (1 William and
+Mary, Sess. 2, c. 2), where it is said: "And thereunto the said Lords
+spiritual and temporal and Commons do, in the name of all the people
+aforesaid, most humbly and faithfully submit themselves, their heirs and
+posterities, for ever." In the recital in the Act of Settlement (12 and
+13 W. III. c. 2) the words "for ever" are omitted. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 15: "The Observator" of November 11th and 15th (vol. ix., Nos.
+86 and 87). In No. 86 "The Examiner" is given "a spiritual shove," and,
+quoting his statement that a political liar "ought to have but a short
+memory" to meet occasions "of differing from himself, and swearing to
+both sides of a contradiction," adds, "the 'Examiner' has this essential
+qualification of a political liar." It is amusing to find in the same
+issue "The Observator" calling Jezebel a Tory, and Elijah and Naboth,
+Whigs! [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 17.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY NOVEMBER 16, TO THURSDAY NOVEMBER 23, 1710.
+
+_Qui sunt boni cives? Qui belli, qui domi de patria bene merentes, nisi
+qui patriae beneficia meminerunt?_[2]
+
+
+I will employ this present paper upon a subject, which of late hath very
+much affected me, which I have considered with a good deal of
+application, and made several enquiries about, among those persons who I
+thought were best able to inform me; and if I deliver my sentiments with
+some freedom, I hope it will be forgiven, while I accompany it with that
+tenderness which so nice a point requires.
+
+I said in a former paper (Numb. 14) that one specious objection to the
+late removals at court, was the fear of giving uneasiness to a general,
+who has been long successful abroad: and accordingly, the common clamour
+of tongues and pens for some months past, has run against the baseness,
+the inconstancy and ingratitude of the whole kingdom to the Duke of
+M[arlborough], in return of the most eminent services that ever were
+performed by a subject to his country; not to be equalled in history. And
+then to be sure some bitter stroke of detraction against Alexander and
+Caesar, who never did us the least injury. Besides, the people that read
+Plutarch come upon us with parallels drawn from the Greeks and Romans,
+who ungratefully dealt with I know not how many of their most deserving
+generals: while the profounder politicians, have seen pamphlets, where
+Tacitus and Machiavel have been quoted to shew the danger of too
+resplendent a merit. Should a stranger hear these furious outcries of
+ingratitude against our general, without knowing the particulars, he
+would be apt to enquire where was his tomb, or whether he were allowed
+Christian burial? not doubting but we had put him to some ignominious
+death. Or, has he been tried for his life, and very narrowly escaped? has
+he been accused of high crimes and misdemeanours? has the prince seized
+on his estate, and left him to starve? has he been hooted at as he passed
+the streets, by an ungrateful mob? have neither honours, offices nor
+grants, been conferred on him or his family? have not he and they been
+barbarously stripped of them all? have not he and his forces been ill
+paid abroad? and does not the prince by a scanty, limited commission,
+hinder him from pursuing his own methods in the conduct of the war?
+has he no power at all of disposing commissions as he pleases? is he not
+severely used by the ministry or Parliament, who yearly call him to a
+strict account? has the senate ever thanked him for good success, and
+have they not always publicly censured him for the least miscarriage?
+Will the accusers of the nation join issue upon any of these particulars,
+or tell us in what point, our damnable sin of ingratitude lies? Why, it
+is plain and clear; for while he is commanding abroad, the Queen
+dissolves her Parliament, and changes her ministry at home: in which
+universal calamity, no less than two persons[3] allied by marriage to the
+general, have lost their places. Whence came this wonderful sympathy
+between the civil and military powers? Will the troops in Flanders refuse
+to fight, unless they can have their own lord keeper, their own lord
+president of the council, their own chief Governor of Ireland, and their
+own Parliament? In a kingdom where the people are free, how came they to
+be so fond of having their councils under the influence of their army, or
+those that lead it? who in all well instituted states, had no commerce
+with the civil power, further than to receive their orders, and obey them
+without reserve.
+
+When a general is not so popular, either in his army or at home, as one
+might expect from a long course of success; it may perhaps be ascribed to
+his wisdom, or perhaps to his complexion. The possession of some one
+quality, or a defect in some other, will extremely damp the people's
+favour, as well as the love of the soldiers. Besides, this is not an age
+to produce favourites of the people, while we live under a Queen who
+engrosses all our love, and all our veneration; and where, the only way
+for a great general or minister, to acquire any degree of subordinate
+affection from the public, must be by all marks of the most entire
+submission and respect, to her sacred person and commands;[4] otherwise,
+no pretence of great services, either in the field or the cabinet, will
+be able to screen them from universal hatred.
+
+But the late ministry was closely joined to the general, by friendship,
+interest, alliance, inclination and opinion, which cannot be affirmed of
+the present; and the ingratitude of the nation, lies in the people's
+joining as one man, to wish, that such a ministry should be changed. Is
+it not at the same time notorious to the whole kingdom, that nothing but
+a tender regard to the general, was able to preserve that ministry so
+long, till neither God nor man could suffer their continuance? Yet in the
+highest ferment of things, we heard few or no reflections upon this great
+commander, but all seemed unanimous in wishing he might still be at the
+head of the confederate forces; only at the same time, in case he were
+resolved to resign, they chose rather to turn their thoughts somewhere
+else, than throw up all in despair. And this I cannot but add, in defence
+of the people, with regard to the person we are speaking of, that in the
+high station he has been for many years past, his real defects (as
+nothing human is without them) have in a detracting age been very
+sparingly mentioned, either in libels or conversation, and all his
+successes very freely and universally applauded.
+
+There is an active and a passive ingratitude; applying both to this
+occasion, we may say, the first is, when a prince or people returns good
+services with cruelty or ill usage: the other is, when good services are
+not at all, or very meanly rewarded. We have already spoke of the former;
+let us therefore in the second place, examine how the services of our
+general have been rewarded; and whether upon that article, either prince
+or people have been guilty of ingratitude?
+
+Those are the most valuable rewards, which are given to us from the
+certain knowledge of the donor, that they _fit our temper best:_ I shall
+therefore say nothing of the title of Duke, or the Garter, which the
+Queen bestowed [on] the general in the beginning of her reign; but I
+shall come to more substantial instances, and mention nothing which has
+not been given in the face of the world.[5] The lands of Woodstock, may,
+I believe, be reckoned worth 40,000_l_. On the building of Blenheim
+Castle 200,000_l_. have been already expended, though it be not yet near
+finished. The grant of 5,000_l. per ann._ on the post-office, is richly
+worth 100,000_l_. His principality in Germany may be computed at
+30,000_l_. Pictures, jewels, and other gifts from foreign princes,
+60,000_l_. The grant at the Pall-Mall, the rangership, &c. for want of
+more certain knowledge, may be called 10,000,_l_. His own, and his
+duchess's employments at five years value, reckoning only the known and
+avowed salaries, are very low rated at 100,000_l_. Here is a good deal
+above half a million of money, and I dare say, those who are loudest with
+the clamour of ingratitude, will readily own, that all this is but a
+trifle in comparison of what is untold.[6]
+
+The reason of my stating this account is only to convince the world, that
+we are not quite so ungrateful either as the Greeks or the Romans. And in
+order to adjust this matter with all fairness, I shall confine myself to
+the latter, who were much the more generous of the two. A victorious
+general of Rome in the height of that empire, having entirely subdued his
+enemy, was rewarded with the larger triumph; and perhaps a statue in the
+Forum, a bull for a sacrifice, an embroidered garment to appear in: a
+crown of laurel, a monumental trophy with inscriptions; sometimes five
+hundred or a thousand copper coins were struck on occasion of the
+victory, which doing honour to the general, we will place to his account;
+and lastly, sometimes, though not very frequently, a triumphal arch.
+These are all the rewards that I can call to mind, which a victorious
+general received after his return from the most glorious expedition,
+conquered some great kingdom, brought the king himself, his family and
+nobles to adorn the triumph in chains, and made the kingdom either a
+Roman province, or at best a poor depending state, in humble alliance to
+that empire. Now of all these rewards, I find but two which were of real
+profit to the general; the laurel crown, made and sent him at the charge
+of the public, and the embroidered garment; but I cannot find whether
+this last were paid for by the senate or the general: however, we will
+take the more favourable opinion, and in all the rest, admit the whole
+expense, as if it were ready money in the general's pocket. Now according
+to these computations on both sides, we will draw up two fair accounts,
+the one of Roman gratitude, and the other of British ingratitude, and set
+them together in balance.
+
+A BILL OF ROMAN GRATITUDE.
+
+                                             l.   s.   d.
+Imprimis for frankincense and earthen pots
+to burn it in                                 4   10    0
+A bull for sacrifice                          8    0    0
+An embroidered garment                       50    0    0
+A crown of laurel                             0    0    2
+A statue                                    100    0    0
+A trophy                                     80    0    0
+A thousand copper medals value half pence
+a piece                                       2    1    8
+A triumphal arch                            500    0    0
+A triumphal car, valued as a modern coach   100    0    0
+Casual charges at the triumph               150    0    0
+                                            -------------
+                                Sum total   994   11   10
+
+A BILL OF BRITISH INGRATITUDE.
+
+                                             l.   s.   d.
+Imprimis Woodstock                       40,000    0    0
+Blenheim                                200,000    0    0
+Post-office grant                       100,000    0    0
+Mildenheim                               30,000    0    0
+Pictures, jewels, &c.                    60,000    0    0
+Pall-Mall grant, &c.                     10,000    0    0
+Employments                             100,000    0    0
+                                        -----------------
+                         Sum total[7]   540,000    0    0
+
+This is an account of the visible profits on both sides; and if the Roman
+general had any private perquisites, they may be easily discounted, and
+by more probable computations, and differ yet more upon the balance; if
+we consider, that all the gold and silver for safeguards and
+contributions, also all valuable prizes taken in the war were openly
+exposed in the triumph, and then lodged in the Capitol for the
+public service.
+
+So that upon the whole, we are not yet quite so bad at _worst_, as the
+Romans were at _best_. And I doubt, those who raise this hideous cry of
+ingratitude, may be mightily mistaken in the consequence they propose
+from such complaints. I remember a saying of Seneca, _Multos ingratos
+invenimus, plures facimus;_ "We find many ungrateful persons in the
+world, but we _make_ more," by setting too high a rate upon our
+pretensions, and under-valuing the rewards we receive. When unreasonable
+bills are brought in, they ought to be taxed, or cut off in the middle.
+Where there have been long accounts between two persons, I have known one
+of them perpetually making large demands and pressing for payments, who
+when the accounts were cast up on both sides, was found to be creditor
+for some hundreds. I am thinking if a proclamation were issued out for
+every man to send in his _bill of merits_, and the lowest price he set
+them at, what a pretty sum it would amount to, and how many such islands
+as this must be sold to pay them. I form my judgment from the practice of
+those who sometimes happen to pay themselves, and I dare affirm, would
+not be so unjust to take a farthing more than they think is due to their
+deserts. I will instance only in one article. A lady of my
+acquaintance,[8] appropriated twenty-six pounds a year out of her
+allowance, for certain uses, which her woman received, and was to pay to
+the lady or her order, as it was called for. But after eight years, it
+appeared upon the strictest calculation, that the woman had paid but four
+pound a year, and sunk two-and-twenty for her own pocket. It is but
+supposing instead of twenty-six pound, twenty-six thousand, and by that
+you may judge what the pretensions of _modern merit_ are, where it
+happens to be its own paymaster.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 16 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: "Who are the good citizens? Who are they who--whether at
+war or at home--deserve well of their country, but those who bear in
+mind the benefits she has already conferred upon them?" [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: The Earl of Sunderland and Lord Godolphin. Sunderland was
+succeeded by Dartmouth, in June, as Secretary of State, and Godolphin
+returned his staff of treasurer in August, the office being placed in
+commission. Sunderland and Godolphin were both related to Marlborough
+by marriage. The former married Anne, and the son of the latter
+Henrietta, daughters of the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: See "Memoirs relating to that Change" (Swift's Works, vol.
+v., pp. 367-8). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: The Queen's Message, proposing to grant to the Duke of
+Marlborough the Manor of Woodstock and Hundred of Wootton, was read
+January 17th, 1704/5. A Bill carrying this proposal into effect was
+introduced January 25th, and passed February 3rd. Blenheim House, erected
+at the Queen's expense, was settled to go with the dukedom by a Bill
+introduced in the House of Lords, which passed all its stages in the
+Commons December 20th, 1706. The pension of L5,000 per annum upon the
+revenue of the Post Office, granted by the Queen for her lifetime
+in December, 1702--at a time when the Commons expressed their "trouble"
+that they could not comply--was made perpetual by a Bill introduced
+January 14th, 1706/7, passed January 18th, Royal Assent given January
+28th (see "Journals of House of Commons," xiv. and xv.). [T.S.] ]
+
+[Footnote 6: A broadside, printed in 1712, entitled, "The D----e and D---
+-s of M----h's Loss; being an Estimate of their former Yearly Income,"
+reckons the duke's emoluments at L54,825 per annum, and those of the
+duchess at L7,500. In the second edition the following paragraph is
+added:
+
+"The following sums have been rec'd since the year 1701:
+
+"Receiv'd on Accompt of Bread and Bread-waggons    L63,319  3  7
+Receiv'd 10,000,_l_. by Annual Contingencies       100,000  0  0
+Receiv'd by 2 and 1/2 _per cent_, from the
+payment of Troops                                  460,062  6  7-3/4
+                                                   -----------------
+                                                   623,381  10 2-3/4"
+                                                   -----------------]
+
+
+[Footnote 7: In the tenth number of "The Medley" (December 4th, 1710)
+occurs the following: "'The Examiner,' having it in his thoughts to
+publish the falsest, as well as the most impudent paper that ever was
+printed, writ a previous discourse about lying, as a necessary
+introduction to what was to follow. The first paper was the precept, and
+the second was the example. By the falsest paper that ever was printed, I
+mean the 'Examiner' Numb. 17, in which he pretends to give an account of
+what the Duke of Marlborough has got by his services." The writer in the
+"Medley," admitting even the correctness of the "Examiner's" sum of
+L540,000, sets off against this the value of the several battles won by
+the Duke, and "twenty seven towns taken, which being reckoned at
+300,000_l_. a town (the price that Dunkirk was sold at before it was
+fortified) amounts in all, throwing in the battles and the
+fortifications, to 8,100,000_l_." The balance in favour of the Duke, and
+presumably in justification of the gifts made him, gave a net result of
+L7,560,000. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: The Duchess of Marlborough, who admitted that the comparison
+was intended for herself, explained the matter thus: "At the Queen's
+accession to the government, she ... desired me to take out of the
+privy-purse 2,000_l_. a year, in order to some purchase for my advantage
+... I constantly declined it; until the time, that, notwithstanding the
+uncommon regard I had shown to Her Majesty's interest and honour in the
+execution of my trusts, she was pleased to dismiss me from her service
+... By the advice of my friends, I sent the Queen one of her own letters,
+in which she had pressed me to take the 2,00_l_. a year; and I wrote at
+the same time to ask Her Majesty whether she would allow me to charge in
+the privy-purse accounts, which I was to send her, that yearly sum from
+the time of the offer, amounting to 18,000_l_. Her Majesty was pleased to
+answer, that I might charge it. This therefore I did" ("An Account of the
+Conduct of ... Duchess of Marlborough," 1742, pp. 293-5). The Duchess of
+Somerset and Mrs. Masham superseded the Duchess of Marlborough in
+January, 1710/1. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 18.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY NOVEMBER 23, TO THURSDAY NOVEMBER 30, 1710.
+
+_Quas res luxuries in flagitus,... avaritia in rapinis, superbia in
+contumeliis efficere potuisset; eas omnes sese hoc uno praetore per
+triennium pertulisse aiebant_.[2]
+
+When I first undertook this paper, I was resolved to concern myself only
+with things, and not with persons. Whether I have kept or broken this
+resolution, I cannot recollect; and I will not be at the pains to
+examine, but leave the matter to those little antagonists, who may want a
+topic for criticism. Thus much I have discovered, that it is in writing
+as in building; where, after all our schemes and calculations, we are
+mightily deceived in our accounts, and often forced to make use of any
+materials we can find, that the work may be kept a going. Besides, to
+speak my opinion, the things I have occasion to mention, are so closely
+linked to persons, that nothing but Time (the father of Oblivion) can
+separate them. Let me put a parallel case: Suppose I should complain,
+that last week my coach was within an inch of overturning, in a smooth,
+even way, and drawn by very gentle horses; to be sure, all my friends
+would immediately lay the fault upon John,[3] because they knew, he then
+presided in my coach-box. Again, suppose I should discover some
+uneasiness to find myself, I knew not how, over head-and-ears in debt,
+though I was sure my tenants paid their rents very well, and that I never
+spent half my income; they would certainly advise me to turn off Mr.
+Oldfox[4] my receiver, and take another. If, as a justice of peace, I
+should tell a friend that my warrants and mittimuses were never drawn up
+as I would have them; that I had the misfortune to send an honest man to
+gaol, and dismiss a knave; he would bid me no longer trust Charles and
+Harry,[5] my two clerks, whom he knew to be ignorant, wilful, assuming
+and ill-inclined fellows. If I should add, that my tenants made me very
+uneasy with their squabbles and broils among themselves; he would
+counsel me to cashier Will Bigamy,[6] the seneschal of my manor. And
+lastly, if my neighbour and I happened to have a misunderstanding about
+the delivery of a message, what could I do less than strip and discard
+the blundering or malicious rascal that carried it?[7]
+
+It is the same thing in the conduct of public affairs, where they have
+been managed with rashness or wilfulness, corruption, ignorance or
+injustice; barely to relate the facts, at least, while they are fresh in
+memory, will as much reflect upon the persons concerned, as if we had
+told their names at length.
+
+I have therefore since thought of another expedient, frequently practised
+with great safety and success by satirical writers: which is, that of
+looking into history for some character bearing a resemblance to the
+person we would describe; and with the absolute power of altering, adding
+or suppressing what circumstances we please, I conceived we must have
+very bad luck, or very little skill to fail. However, some days ago in a
+coffee-house, looking into one of the politic weekly papers; I found the
+writer had fallen into this scheme, and I happened to light on that part,
+where he was describing a person, who from small beginnings grew (as I
+remember) to be constable of France, and had a very haughty, imperious
+wife.[8] I took the author as a friend to our faction, (for so with great
+propriety of speech they call the Queen and ministry, almost the whole
+clergy, and nine parts in ten of the kingdom)[9] and I said to a
+gentleman near me, that although I knew well enough what persons the
+author meant, yet there were several particulars in the husband's
+character, which I could not reconcile, for that of the lady was just and
+adequate enough; but it seems I mistook the whole matter, and applied all
+I had read to a couple of persons, who were not at that time in the
+writer's thoughts.
+
+Now to avoid such a misfortune as this, I have been for some time
+consulting Livy and Tacitus, to find out a character of a _Princeps
+Senatus,_ a _Praetor Urbanus,_ a _Quaestor Aerarius_, a _Caesari ab
+Epistolis_, and a _Proconsul_;[10] but among the worst of them, I cannot
+discover one from whom to draw a parallel, without doing injury to a
+Roman memory: so that I am compelled to have recourse to Tully. But this
+author relating facts only as an orator, I thought it would be best to
+observe his method, and make an extract from six harangues of his against
+Verres, only still preserving the form of an oration. I remember a
+younger brother of mine, who deceased about two months ago, presented
+the world with a speech of Alcibiades against an Athenian brewer:[11]
+Now, I am told for certain, that in those days there was no ale in
+Athens; and therefore that speech, or at least a great part of it, must
+needs be spurious. The difference between me and my brother is this; he
+makes Alcibiades say a great deal more than he really did, and I make
+Cicero say a great deal less.[12] This Verres had been the Roman governor
+of Sicily for three years; and on return from his government, the
+Sicilians entreated Cicero to impeach him in the Senate, which he
+accordingly did in several orations, from whence I have faithfully
+translated and abstracted that which follows.
+
+"MY LORDS,[13]
+
+"A pernicious opinion hath for some time prevailed, not only at Rome, but
+among our neighbouring nations, that a man who has money enough, though
+he be ever so guilty, cannot be condemned in this place. But however
+industriously this opinion be spread, to cast an odium on the Senate, we
+have brought before your lordships Caius Verres, a person, for his life
+and actions, already condemned by all men; but as he hopes, and gives
+out, by the influence of his wealth, to be here absolved. In condemning
+this man, you have an opportunity of belying that general scandal, of
+redeeming the credit lost by former judgments, and recovering the love of
+the Roman people, as well as of our neighbours. I have brought a man here
+before you, my lords, who is a robber of the public treasure, an
+overturner of law and justice, and the disgrace, as well as destruction,
+of the Sicilian province: of whom, if you shall determine with equity and
+due severity, your authority will remain entire, and upon such an
+establishment as it ought to be: but if his great riches will be able to
+force their way through that religious reverence and truth, which become
+so awful an assembly, I shall, however, obtain thus much, that the defect
+will be laid where it ought, and that it shall not be objected that the
+criminal was not produced, or that there wanted an orator to accuse him.
+This man, my lords, has publicly said, that those ought to be afraid of
+accusations who have only robbed enough for their own support and
+maintenance; but that _he_ has plundered sufficient to bribe numbers, and
+that nothing is so high or so holy which money cannot corrupt. Take that
+support from him, and he can have no other left. For what eloquence will
+be able to defend a man, whose life has been tainted with so many
+scandalous vices, and who has been so long condemned by the universal
+opinion of the world? To pass over the foul stains and ignominy of his
+youth, his corrupt management in all employments he has borne, his
+treachery and irreligion, his injustice and oppression, he has left of
+late such monuments of his villainies in Sicily, made such havoc and
+confusion there, during his government, that the province cannot by any
+means be restored to its former state, and hardly recover itself at all
+under many years, and by a long succession of good governors. While this
+man governed in that island, the Sicilians had neither the benefit of our
+laws, nor their own, nor even of common right. In Sicily, no man now
+possesses more than what the governor's lust and avarice have overlooked,
+or what he was forced to neglect out of mere weariness and satiety of
+oppression. Every thing where he presided, was determined by his
+arbitrary will, and the best subjects he treated as enemies. To recount
+his abominable debaucheries, would offend any modest ear, since so many
+could not preserve their daughters and wives from his lust. I believe
+there is no man who ever heard his name, that cannot relate his
+enormities. We bring before you in judgment, my lords, a public robber,
+an adulterer, a DEFILER OF ALTARS,[14] an enemy of religion, and of all
+that is sacred; he sold all employments in Sicily of judicature,
+magistracy, and trust, places in the council, and the priesthood itself,
+to the highest bidder; and has plundered that island of forty millions of
+sesterces. And here I cannot but observe to your lordships, in what
+manner Verres passed the day: the morning was spent in taking bribes, and
+selling employments, the rest of it in drunkenness and lust. His
+discourse at table was scandalously unbecoming the dignity of his
+station; noise, brutality, and obsceneness. One particular I cannot omit,
+that in the high character of governor of Sicily, upon a solemn day, a
+day set apart for public prayer for the safety of the commonwealth; he
+stole at evening, in a chair, to a married woman of infamous
+character,[15] against all decency and prudence, as well as against all
+laws both human and divine. Didst thou think, O Verres, the government of
+Sicily was given thee with so large a commission, only by the power of
+that to break all the bars of law, modesty, and duty, to suppose all
+men's fortunes thine, and leave no house free from thy rapine, or lust?
+&c."
+
+This extract, to deal ingenuously, has cost me more pains than I think it
+is worth, having only served to convince me, that modern corruptions are
+not to be paralleled by ancient examples, without having recourse to
+poetry or fable. For instance, I never read in story of a law enacted to
+take away the force of all laws whatsoever;[16] by which a man may safely
+commit upon the last of June, what he would infallibly be hanged for if
+he committed on the first of July; by which the greatest criminals may
+escape, provided they continue long enough in power to antiquate their
+crimes, and by stifling them a while, can deceive the legislature into an
+amnesty, of which the enactors do not at that time foresee the
+consequence. A cautious merchant will be apt to suspect, when he finds a
+man who has the repute of a cunning dealer, and with whom he has old
+accounts, urging for a general release. When I reflect on this
+proceeding, I am not surprised, that those who contrived a parliamentary
+sponge for their crimes, are now afraid of a new revolution sponge for
+their money: and if it were possible to contrive a sponge that could only
+affect those who had need of the other, perhaps it would not be ill
+employed.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 17 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Cicero, "In Q. Caec." i. 3: "They said that whatever luxury
+could accomplish in the way of vice,... avarice in the way of plunder, or
+arrogance in the way of insult, had all been borne by them for the last
+three years, while this one man was praetor."--C.D. YONGE. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: John Churchill, Duke of Maryborough, who had been
+Captain-General since 1702. He was dismissed from all his offices,
+December 31st, 1711. The Duke of Ormonde was appointed Commander-in-Chief
+on January 4th. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: Godolphin, Lord-Treasurer, nicknamed Volpone. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Charles, Earl of Sunderland, and Henry Boyle (1670-1725),
+were Secretaries of State. Boyle was created Lord Carleton in 1714.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: William; Earl Cowper (1665-1723), was Lord Chancellor under
+Godolphin's administration (1707-1710), and also in 1714-1718. The
+"Biographia Britannica" (second edition, vol. iv., p. 389 _n_.) refers to
+a story that Cowper went through an informal marriage in the early
+part of his life with a Mrs. Elizabeth Culling, of Hungerfordbury Park.
+Cowper's first wife was Judith, daughter of Sir Robert Booth, of London;
+and after her death he married Mary Clavering. See also "Examiner,"
+No. 23, _post_. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: Horatio Walpole, secretary to the English Embassy at the
+treaty of Gertruydenberg. See Swift's accusation against him in "The
+Conduct of the Allies" (vol. v of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: "The Medley" (Nos. 6 and 7, November 6th and 13th, 1710)
+contains a "Story of the Marquiss D'Ancre and his Wife Galigai," from
+the French of M. Le Vassor. The Marquis is there described as "the
+greatest cheat in the whole world"; and "Galigai had the insolence
+to say a thousand offensive things." The article was intended as a
+reflection on Harley and Mrs. Masham; but Swift takes it as for the
+Duke and Duchess of Marlborough. Certainly the character of Galigai
+may with greater justice be applied to the Duchess. (See "Histoire
+du regne de Louis XIII. par M. Michel Le Vassor.") Concino Concini,
+Marechal D'Ancre, was born at Florence, and died in 1617.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: "The Medley" was constantly deriding this alleged
+proportion. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: "The Observator" for December 6th remarks: "If the
+'Examiner' don't find better parallels for his _Princeps Senates, Praetor
+Urbanus, Quaestor Aerarius_, and _Caesari ab Epistolis_, than he has done
+for his Proconsul, Roger, the gentlemen he aims at may sleep without
+disturbance." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: "The Whig Examiner" (No. 3, September 28th, 1710) prints a
+speech alleged to have been made by Alcibiades in a contest with an
+Athenian brewer named Taureas. The allusion was to the Westminster
+election, when General Stanhope was opposed by a brewer named Thomas
+Cross. "The Whig Examiner" was written by Addison. Five numbers only were
+issued (September 14th to October 12th, 1710). "The light and comic style
+of Addison's parody," notes Scott, may be compared "with the fierce,
+stern, and vindictive tone of Swift's philippic against the Earl of
+Wharton, under the name of Verres." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: "The Medley" (No. 11, December 11th, 1710) remarks of this
+adaptation from Cicero, that the writer "has added more rude reflections
+of his own than are to be found in that author, whose only fault is his
+falling too much into such reflections." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: See also Swift's "Short Character," etc. (vol. v., pp. 1-28
+of present edition), and note _in loco_. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 14: Hawkesworth notes: "The story of the Lord Wharton is true;
+who, with some other wretches, went into a pulpit, and defiled it in
+the most filthy manner." See also "Examiner," No. 23, _post_. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 15: Probably Mrs. Coningsby. See Swift's "Short Character"
+(vol. v., p. 27). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 16: The "Act for the Queen's most gracious, general, and free
+pardon" was passed in 1708 (7 Ann., c. 22). The Earl of Wharton himself
+profited by this Act. A Mr. George Hutchinson gave Wharton L1,000
+to procure his appointment to the office of Register of the Seizures.
+This was proved before the House of Commons in May, 1713, and the
+House resolved that it was "a scandalous corruption," and that as it
+took place "before the Act of Her Majesty's most gracious, general,
+and free pardon; this House will proceed no further in that matter."
+("Journals of House of Commons," vol. xvii., p. 356.) [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 19.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY NOVEMBER 30, TO THURSDAY DECEMBER 7, 1710.
+
+
+_Quippe ubi fas versunt atque nefas: tot bella per orbem:
+Tam multae, scelerum facies_----[2]
+
+I am often violently tempted to let the world freely know who the author
+of this paper is; to tell them my name and titles at length; which would
+prevent abundance of inconsistent criticisms I daily hear upon it. Those
+who are enemies to the notions and opinions I would advance, are
+sometimes apt to quarrel with the "Examiner" as defective in point of
+wit, and sometimes of truth. At other times they are so generous and
+candid, to allow, it is written by a club, and that very great hands have
+fingers in it. As for those who only appear its adversaries in print,
+they give me but very little pain: The paper I hold lies at my mercy, and
+I can govern it as I please; therefore, when I begin to find the wit too
+bright, the learning too deep, and the satire too keen for me to deal
+with, (a very frequent case no doubt, where a man is constantly attacked
+by such shrewd adversaries) I peaceably fold it up, or fling it aside,
+and read no more. It would be happy for me to have the same power over
+people's tongues, and not be forced to hear my own work railed at and
+commended fifty times a day, affecting all the while a countenance wholly
+unconcerned, and joining out of policy or good manners with the judgment
+of both parties: this, I confess, is too great a hardship for so bashful
+and unexperienced a writer.[3]
+
+But, alas, I lie under another discouragement of much more weight: I was
+very unfortunate in the choice of my party when I set up to be a writer;
+where is the merit, or what opportunity to discover our wit, our courage,
+or our learning, in drawing our pens for the defence of a cause, which
+the Queen and both Houses of Parliament, and nine parts in ten of the
+kingdom, have so unanimously embraced? I am cruelly afraid, we politic
+authors must begin to lessen our expenses, and lie for the future at the
+mercy of our printers. All hopes now are gone of writing ourselves into
+places or pensions. A certain starveling author who worked under the late
+administration, told me with a heavy heart, above a month ago, that he
+and some others of his brethren had secretly offered their service
+dog-cheap to the present ministry, but were all refused, and are now
+maintained by contribution, like Jacobites or fanatics. I have been of
+late employed out of perfect commiseration, in doing them good offices:
+for, whereas some were of opinion that these hungry zealots should not be
+suffered any longer in their malapert way to snarl at the present course
+of public proceedings; and whereas, others proposed, that they should be
+limited to a certain number, and permitted to write for their masters, in
+the same manner as counsel are assigned for _other_ criminals; that is,
+to say all they can in defence of their client, but not reflect upon the
+court: I humbly gave my advice, that they should be suffered to write on,
+as they used to do; which I did purely out of regard to their persons:
+for I hoped it would keep them out of harm's way, and prevent them from
+falling into evil courses, which though of little consequence to the
+public, would certainly be fatal to themselves. If I have room at the
+bottom of this paper, I will transcribe a petition to the present
+ministry, sent me by one of these authors, in behalf of himself and
+fourscore others of his brethren.
+
+For my own part, notwithstanding the little encouragement to be hoped for
+at this time from the men in power, I shall continue my paper till either
+the world or myself grow weary of it: the latter is easily determined;
+and for the former, I shall not leave it to the partiality of either
+party, but to the infallible judgment of my printer. One principal end I
+designed by it, was to undeceive those well-meaning people, who have been
+drawn unaware into a wrong sense of things, either by the common
+prejudices of education and company, the great personal qualities of some
+party leaders, or the foul misrepresentations that were constantly made
+of all who durst differ from them in the smallest article. I have known
+such men struck with the thoughts of some late changes, which, as they
+pretend to think, were made without any reason visible to the world. In
+answer to this, it is not sufficient to allege, what nobody doubts, that
+a prince may choose his own servants without giving a reason to his
+subjects; because it is certain, that a wise and good prince will not
+change his ministers without very important reasons; and a good subject
+ought to suppose, that in such a case there are such reasons, though he
+be not apprised of them, otherwise he must inwardly tax his prince of
+capriciousness, inconstancy, or ill-design. Such reasons indeed, may not
+be obvious to persons prejudiced, or at great distance, or short
+thinkers; and therefore, if they be no secrets of state, nor any ill
+consequences to be apprehended from their publication; it is no
+uncommendable work in any private hand to lay them open for the
+satisfaction of all men. And if what I have already said, or shall
+hereafter say of this kind, be thought to reflect upon persons, though
+none have been named, I know not how it can possibly be avoided. The
+Queen in her speech mentions, "with great concern," that "the navy and
+other offices are burthened with heavy debts, and desires that the like
+may be prevented for the time to come."[4] And, if it be _now_ possible
+to prevent the continuance of an evil that has been so long growing upon
+us, and is arrived to such a height, surely those corruptions and
+mismanagements must have been great which first introduced them, before
+our taxes were eaten up by annuities.
+
+If I were able to rip up, and discover in all their colours, only about
+eight or nine thousand of the most scandalous abuses,[5] that have been
+committed in all parts of public management for twenty years past, by a
+certain set of men and their instruments, I should reckon it some service
+to my country, and to posterity. But to say the truth, I should be glad
+the authors' names were conveyed to future times along with their
+actions. For though the present age may understand well enough the little
+hints we give, the parallels we draw, and the characters we describe, yet
+this will all be lost to the next. However, if these papers, reduced into
+a more durable form, should happen to live till our grandchildren are
+men, I hope they may have curiosity enough to consult annals, and compare
+dates, in order to find out what names were then intrusted with the
+conduct of affairs, in the consequences whereof, themselves will so
+deeply share; like a heavy debt in a private family, which often lies an
+incumbrance upon an estate for three generations.
+
+But leaving the care of informing posterity to better pens, I shall with
+due regard to truth, discretion, and the safety of my person from the men
+of the new-fangled moderation, continue to take all proper opportunities
+of letting the misled part of the people see how grossly they have been
+abused, and in what particulars: I shall also endeavour to convince them,
+that the present course we are in, is the most probable means, with the
+blessing of God, to extricate ourselves out of all our difficulties.
+
+Among those who are pleased to write or talk against this paper, I have
+observed a strange manner of reasoning, which I should be glad to hear
+them explain themselves upon. They make no ceremony of exclaiming upon
+all occasions against a change of ministry, in so critical and dangerous
+a conjuncture. What shall we, who heartily approve and join in those
+proceedings, say in defence of them? We own the juncture of affairs to be
+as they describe: we are pushed for an answer, and are forced at last
+freely to confess, that the corruptions and abuses in every branch of
+the administration, were so numerous and intolerable, that all things
+must have ended in ruin, without some speedy reformation. This I have
+already asserted in a former paper; and the replies I have read or heard,
+have been in plain terms to affirm the direct contrary; and not only to
+defend and celebrate the late persons and proceedings, but to threaten me
+with law and vengeance, for casting reflections on so many great and
+honourable men, whose birth, virtue and abilities, whose morals and
+religion, whose love of their country and its constitution in Church and
+State, were so universally allowed; and all this set off with odious
+comparisons reflecting on the present choice. Is not this in plain and
+direct terms to tell all the world that the Qu[een] has in a most
+dangerous crisis turned out a whole set of the best ministers that ever
+served a prince, without any manner of reason but her royal pleasure, and
+brought in others of a character directly contrary? And how so vile an
+opinion as this can consist with the least pretence to loyalty or good
+manners, let the world determine.
+
+I confess myself so little a refiner in the politics, as not to be able
+to discover, what other motive besides obedience to the Queen, a sense of
+public danger, and a true love of their country, joined with invincible
+courage, could spirit those great men, who have now under her Majesty's
+authority undertaken the direction of affairs. What can they expect but
+the utmost efforts of malice from a set of enraged domestic adversaries,
+perpetually watching over their conduct, crossing all their designs, and
+using every art to foment divisions among them, in order to join with the
+weakest upon any rupture? The difficulties they must encounter are nine
+times more and greater than ever; and the prospects of interest, after
+the reapings and gleanings of so many years, nine times less. Every
+misfortune at home or abroad, though the necessary consequence of former
+counsels, will be imputed to them; and all the good success given to the
+merit of former schemes. A sharper has held your cards all the evening,
+played booty, and lost your money, and when things are almost desperate,
+you employ an honest gentleman to retrieve your losses.
+
+I would ask whether the Queen's speech does not contain her intentions,
+in every particular relating to the public, that a good subject, a Briton
+and a Protestant can possibly have at heart? "To carry on the war in all
+its parts, particularly in Spain,[6] with the utmost vigour, in order to
+procure a safe and honourable peace for us and our allies; to find some
+ways of paying the debts on the navy; to support and encourage the Church
+of England; to preserve the British constitution according to the Union;
+to maintain the indulgence by law allowed to scrupulous consciences; and
+to employ none but such as are for the Protestant succession in the house
+of Hanover."[7] It is known enough, that speeches on these occasions, are
+ever digested by the advice of those who are in the chief confidence, and
+consequently that these are the sentiments of her Majesty's ministers, as
+well as her own; and we see, the two Houses have unanimously agreed with
+her in every article. When the least counterpaces[8] are made to any of
+these resolutions, it will then be time enough for our malcontents to
+bawl out Popery, persecution, arbitrary power, and the Pretender. In the
+mean while, it is a little hard to think, that this island can hold but
+six men of honesty and ability enough to serve their prince and country;
+or that our safety should depend upon their credit, any more than it
+would upon the breath in their nostrils. Why should not a revolution in
+the ministry be sometimes necessary as well as a revolution in the crown?
+It is to be presumed, the former is at least as lawful in itself, and
+perhaps the experiment not quite so dangerous. The revolution of the sun
+about the earth was formerly thought a necessary expedient to solve
+appearances, though it left many difficulties unanswered; till
+philosophers contrived a better, which is that of the earth's revolution
+about the sun. This is found upon experience to save much time and
+labour, to correct many irregular motions, and is better suited to the
+respect due from a planet to a fixed star.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 18 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Virgil, "Georgics," i. 505-6:
+
+"For right and wrong we see perverted here:
+So many wars arise, such countless forms
+Of crime and evil agitate the globe."--R. KENNEDY.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: This remark seems to have tickled the writer of the twelfth
+number of "The Medley," who professed to be transported at the idea of
+the "Examiner" being a bashful writer. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: In her speech at the opening of Parliament on November 27th,
+1710, the Queen said: "I cannot without great concern mention to you,
+that the Navy and other offices are burthened with heavy debts, which so
+far affect the public service, that I most earnestly desire you to find
+some way to answer those demands, and to prevent the like for the time to
+come." ("Journals of House of Lords," vol. xix., p. 166.) [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: "The Medley" (No. 13, December 25th, 1710) remarks: "When
+he ... promises to discover 'only about eight or nine thousand of their
+most scandalous abuses,' without pretending to discover one; and when he
+audaciously reviles a general, whose services have been the wonder both
+of friends and enemies ... all this he calls 'defending the cause of the
+Q---- and both Houses of Parliament, and nine parts in ten of the
+kingdom.'" [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: It was a general complaint, that the war in Spain had been
+neglected, in order to supply that army which was more immediately under
+the management of Marlborough. [S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: The quotation is not given verbatim, but is substantially
+correct. See "Journals of House of Lords," vol. xix., p. 166. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: The word is defined by Dr. Murray as "a movement in a
+contrary or reverse direction; a movement or step against something."
+[T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 20.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY DECEMBER 7, TO THURSDAY DECEMBER 14, 1710.
+
+
+  _Sunt quibus in Satira videor nimis acer, et ultra
+  Legem tendere opus: sine nervis altera, quicquid
+  Composui, pars esse putat----_[2]
+
+
+When the printer came last week for his copy, he brought along with him a
+bundle of those papers,[3] which in the phrase of Whig coffee-houses have
+"swinged off" the "Examiner," most of which I had never seen nor heard of
+before. I remember some time ago in one of the "Tatlers" to have read a
+letter,[4] wherein several reasons are assigned for the present
+corruption and degeneracy of our taste, but I think the writer has
+omitted the principal one, which I take to be the prejudice of parties.
+Neither can I excuse either side of this infirmity; I have heard the
+arrantest drivellers _pro_ and _con_ commended for their smartness even
+by men of tolerable judgment; and the best performances exploded as
+nonsense and stupidity. This indeed may partly be imputed to policy and
+prudence; but it is chiefly owing to that blindness, which prejudice and
+passion cast over the understanding: I mention this because I think it
+properly within my province in quality of _Examiner_. And having granted
+more than is usual for an enemy to do, I must now take leave to say, that
+so weak a cause, and so ruined a faction, were never provided with pens
+more resembling their condition, or less suited to their occasions.
+
+  _Non tali auxilio, nec defensoribus istis
+  Tempus eget----_[5]
+
+This is the more to be wondered at, when we consider they have the full
+liberty of the press, that they have no other way left to recover
+themselves, and that they want not men of excellent parts to set their
+arguments in the best light they will bear. Now if two men would argue on
+both sides with fairness, good sense, and good manners, it would be no
+ill entertainment to the town, and perhaps be the most effectual means to
+reconcile us. But I am apt to think that men of a great genius are hardly
+brought to prostitute their pens in a very odious cause; which besides,
+is more properly undertaken by noise and impudence, by gross railing and
+scurrility, by calumny and lying, and by little trifling cavils and
+carpings in the wrong place, which those whifflers use for arguments and
+answers.
+
+I was well enough pleased with a story of one of these answerers, who in
+a paper[6] last week found many faults with a late calculation of mine.
+Being it seems more deep learned than his fellows, he was resolved to
+begin his answer with a Latin verse, as well as other folks: His business
+was to look out for something against an "Examiner" that would pretend
+to _tax_ accounts; and turning over Virgil, he had the luck to find these
+words,
+
+  ------_fugiant examina taxos;_[7]
+
+so down they went, and out they would have come, if one of his unlucky
+prompters had not hindered it.
+
+I here declare once for all, that if these people will not be quiet, I
+shall take the bread out of their mouths, and answer the "Examiner"
+myself;[8] which I protest I have never yet done, though I have been
+often charged with it; neither have those answers been written or
+published with my privity, as malicious people are pleased to give out;
+nor do I believe the common Whiggish report, that the authors are hired
+by the ministry to give my paper a value.
+
+But the friends of this paper have given me more uneasiness with their
+impatience, than its enemies by their answers. I heard myself censured
+last week by some of the former, for promising to discover the
+corruptions in the late administration, but never performing any thing.
+The latter on the other side, are thundering out their anathemas against
+me for discovering so many. I am at a loss how to decide between these
+contraries, and shall therefore proceed after my own way, as I have
+hitherto done: my design being of more importance than that of writing
+only to gratify the spleen of one side, or provoke that of the other,
+though it may occasionally have both effects.
+
+I shall therefore go on to relate some facts that in my humble opinion
+were no hindrance to the change of the ministry.
+
+The first I shall mention, was that of introducing certain new phrases
+into the court style, which had been very seldom or never made use of in
+former times. They usually ran in the following terms: "Madam, I cannot
+serve you while such a one is in employment: I desire humbly to resign my
+commission, if Mr. ------ continues secretary of state: I cannot answer
+that the city will lend money, unless my L-- ------ be pr[esiden]t of the
+c[ounc]il. I must beg leave to surrender, except ------ has the staff. I
+must not accept the seals, unless ------ comes into the other office."
+This has been the language of late years from subjects to their
+prince.[9] Thus they stood upon terms, and must have their own conditions
+to ruin the nation. Nay, this dutiful manner of capitulating, had spread
+so far, that every understrapper began at length to perk up and assume:
+he "expected a regiment"; or "his son must be a major"; or "his brother
+a collector", else he threatened to vote "according to his conscience."
+
+Another of their glorious attempts, was the clause intended in the bill
+for the encouragement of learning;[10] for taking off the obligation upon
+fellows of colleges in both Universities to enter upon holy orders: the
+design of which, as I have heard the undertakers often confess, was to
+remove the care of educating youth out of the hands of the clergy, who
+are apt to infuse into their pupils too great a regard for the Church and
+the Monarchy. But there was a farther secret in this clause, which may
+best be discovered by the first projectors, or at least the garblers of
+it; and these are known to be C[o]ll[i]ns[11] and Tindal,[12] in
+conjunction with a most pious lawyer their disciple.[13]
+
+What shall we say to their prodigious skill in arithmetic, discovered so
+constantly in their decision of elections; where they were able to make
+out by the _rule of false_, that three were more than three-and-twenty,
+and fifteen than fifty? Nay it was a maxim which I never heard any of
+them dispute, that in determining elections, they were not to consider
+where the right lay, but which of the candidates was likelier to be true
+to "the cause." This they used to illustrate by a very apt and decent
+similitude, of gaming with a sharper; if you cannot cheat as well as he,
+you are certainly undone.
+
+Another cast of their politics was that of endeavouring to impeach an
+innocent l[a]dy, for no reason imaginable, but her faithful and diligent
+service to the Q[ueen],[14] and the favour her M[ajesty] bore to her upon
+that account, when others had acted contrary in so shameful a manner.
+What else was the crime? Had she treated her royal mistress with
+insolence or neglect? Had she enriched herself by a long practice of
+bribery, and obtaining exorbitant grants? Had she engrossed her
+M[ajest]y's favours, without admitting any access but through her means?
+Had she heaped employments upon herself, her family and dependants? Had
+she an imperious, haughty behaviour? Or, after all, was it a perfect
+blunder and mistake of one person for another? I have heard of a man who
+lay all night on a rough pavement; and in the morning, wondering what it
+could possibly be, that made him rest so ill, happened to see a feather
+under him, and imputed the uneasiness of his lodging to that. I remember
+likewise the story of a giant in Rabelais,[15] who used to feed upon
+wind-mills, but was unfortunately choked with a small lump of fresh
+butter, before a warm oven.
+
+And here I cannot but observe how very refined some people are in their
+generosity and gratitude. There is a certain great person[16] (I shall
+not say of what sex) who for many years past, was the constant mark and
+butt, against which our present malcontents used to discharge their
+resentment: upon whom they bestowed all the terms of scurrility, that
+malice, envy and indignation could invent; whom they publicly accused of
+every vice that can possess a human heart: pride, covetousness,
+ingratitude, oppression, treachery, dissimulation, violence and fury, all
+in the highest extremes: but of late, they have changed their language on
+a sudden; that person is now the most faithful and just that ever served
+a prince; that person, originally differing from them in principles, as
+far as east and west, but united in practice, and falling together, they
+are now reconciled, and find twenty resemblances between each other,
+which they could never discover before. _Tanti est ut placeam tibi
+perire._[17]
+
+But to return: How could it be longer suffered in a free nation, that all
+avenues to preferment should be shut up, except a very few, when one or
+two stood constant sentry, who docked all favours they handed down; or
+spread a huge invisible net, between the prince and subject, through
+which nothing of value could pass? And here I cannot but admire at one
+consequence from this management, which is of an extraordinary nature:
+Generally speaking, princes who have ill ministers are apt to suffer in
+their reputation, as well as in the love of the people: but it was not so
+with the Q[ueen]. When the sun is overcast by those clouds he exhales
+from the earth, we still acknowledge his light and influence, and at last
+find he can dispel and drive them down to the horizon. The wisest prince,
+by the necessity of affairs, the misrepresentations of designing men, or
+the innocent mistakes, even of a good predecessor, may find himself
+encompassed by a crew of courtiers, whom time, opportunity and success,
+have miserably corrupted. And if he can save himself and his people from
+ruin, under the _worst_ administration, what may not his subjects hope
+for, when with their universal applause, he changes hands, and makes use
+of the _best_?
+
+Another great objection with me against the late party, was the cruel
+tyranny they put upon conscience, by a barbarous inquisition, refusing to
+admit the least toleration or indulgence. They imposed a hundred tests,
+but could never be prevailed with to dispense with, or take off the
+smallest, nor even admit of _occasional_ conformity;[18] but went on
+daily (as their apostle Tindal expresseth it) narrowing their terms of
+communion; pronouncing nine parts in ten of the kingdom heretics, and
+shutting them out of the pale of their Church. These very men, who talk
+so much of a comprehension in religion among us, how came they to allow
+so little of it in politics, which is _their sole religion?_ You shall
+hear them pretending to bewail the animosities kept up between the
+Church of England and Dissenters, where the differences in opinion are so
+few and inconsiderable; yet these very sons of moderation were pleased to
+excommunicate every man who disagreed with them in the smallest article
+of their _political creed_, or who refused to receive any new article,
+how difficult soever to digest, which the leaders imposed at pleasure to
+serve their own interest.
+
+I will quit this subject for the present, when I have told one story.[19]
+"There was a great king in Scythia, whose dominions were bounded to the
+north, by the poor, mountainous territories of a petty lord, who paid
+homage as the king's vassal. The Scythian prime minister being largely
+bribed, indirectly obtained his master's consent to suffer this lord to
+build forts, and provide himself with arms, under pretence of preventing
+the inroads of the Tartars. This little depending sovereign, finding he
+was now in a condition to be troublesome, began to insist upon terms, and
+threatened upon every occasion to unite with the Tartars: upon which,
+the prime minister, who began to be in pain about his head, proposed a
+match betwixt his master, and the only daughter of this tributary lord,
+which he had the good luck to bring to pass: and from that time, valued
+himself as author of a most glorious union, which indeed was grown of
+absolute necessity by his corruption." This passage, cited literally from
+an old history of Sarmatia, I thought fit to set down, on purpose to
+perplex little smattering remarkers, and put them upon the hunt for an
+application.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 19 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Horace, "Satires," II. i. 1-3:
+
+  "There are, to whom too poignant I appear;
+  Beyond the laws of satire too severe.
+  My lines are weak, unsinewed, others say."--P. FRANCIS.
+  [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: One of these papers was "The Observator." The issue for
+December 6th (vol. ix., No. 93) dealt largely with "The Examiner's"
+attack on Verres (No. 18, _ante_), and the following number returned to
+the charge, criticizing the attacks made in Nos. 17 and 18 of "The
+Examiner" on the Duke of Marlborough. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: This appears to refer to "The Tatler," No. 183 (June 10th,
+1710), where Steele writes: "The ridicule among us runs strong against
+laudable actions. Nay, in the ordinary course of things, and the
+common regards of life, negligence of the public is an epidemic vice...
+It were to be wished, that love of their country were the first principle
+of action in men of business." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Virgil, "Aeneid," ii. 521-2:
+
+  "'Tis not such aid or such defence as thine
+  The time demands."---R. KENNEDY.
+  [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: The paper in all probability was "The Medley," No. 10
+(December 4th), which was mainly devoted to a reply to Swift's
+"calculation" as to the rewards of the Duke of Marlborough. Scott thinks
+the answerer may have been Defoe, for in No. 114 (of vol. vii.) of his
+"Review of the State of the British Nation," he has a passage evidently
+directed at Swift: "I know another, that is an orator in the Latin, a
+walking index of books, has all the libraries in Europe in his head, from
+the Vatican at Rome, to the learned collection of Dr. Salmon at
+Fleet-Ditch; but at the same time, he is a cynic in behaviour, a fury in
+temper, impolite in conversation, abusive and scurrilous in language, and
+ungovernable in passion. Is this to be learned? Then may I be still
+_illiterate_. I have been in my time, pretty well master of five
+languages, and have not lost them yet, though I write no bill over my
+door, or set _Latin quotations_ in the front of the 'Review.' But, to my
+irreparable loss, I was bred but by halves; for my father, forgetting
+Juno's royal academy, left the language of Billingsgate quite out of my
+education: hence I am perfectly _illiterate_ in the polite style of the
+street, and am not fit to converse with the porters and carmen of quality,
+who grace their diction with the beauties of calling names, and
+curse their neighbour with a _bonne grace_." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: "Eclogues," ix. 30:
+
+  "So may thy bees the poisonous yew forgo."
+             ARCHDN. F. WRANGHAM.
+  [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: See No. 23, _post._ [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: See Swift's account of the intrigues of the Duke of
+Marlborough and Lord Godolphin to secure Harley's dismissal in his
+"Memoirs Relating to that Change" (vol. v., pp. 370-371 of present
+edition), and "Some Considerations" (vol. v., pp. 421-422, _ibid._).]
+
+[Footnote 10: The "Bill for the Encouragement of Learning" was introduced
+in the House of Commons, January 11th, 1709/10, passed March 14th, and
+obtained royal assent April 5th, 1710. There were several amendments,
+but the "Journals of the House of Commons" throw no light on their
+purport. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: Anthony Collins (1676-1729), the deist, who wrote "A
+Discourse of Free-Thinking" (1713), which received a reply from Swift
+(see vol. iii., pp. 163-192 of present edition). The most thorough reply,
+however, was made by Bentley, under the pen-name "Phileleutherus
+Lipsiensis." Collins's controversies with Dr. Samuel Clarke were the
+outcome of the former's thinking on Locke's teaching. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: Matthew Tindal (1657?-1733) was the author of "The Rights
+of the Christian Church Asserted" (1706), a work that created a great
+stir at the time, and occasioned many replies. Swift deals with him in
+his "Remarks upon a Book, intituled, 'The Rights of the Christian
+Church'" (see vol. iii., pp. 79-124, also note on p. 9 of same volume
+of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: The pious lawyer was John Asgill (1659-1738), who was
+called to the bar in 1692. He was elected to Parliament for Bramber
+(1698-1700 and 1702-1707), but was expelled the House of Commons for
+blasphemy (see note on p. 9 of vol. iii, of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 14: Mrs. Masham, when Abigail Hill, was appointed
+bedchamber-woman to the Princess of Denmark. See vol. v., p. 365 of
+present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 15: The giant Widenostrils had swallowed every pan, kettle,
+"dripping-pan, and brass and iron pot in the land, for want of windmills,
+which, were his daily food." But he "choked himself with eating a huge
+lump of fresh butter at the mouth of a hot oven, by the advice of
+physicians."--RABELAIS, iv. 17; Motteux's translation. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 16: Daniel Finch, second Earl of Nottingham (1647-1730), was
+Secretary of State (1689-1693 and 1702-1704). He is the Don Diego
+Dismallo of "The Tatler" (No. 21). See also vol. v., p. 247, of present
+edition of Swift's works. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 17: "It is worth while to perish that I may give you pleasure."
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 18: The Occasional Conformity Bill was rejected in 1702, and
+again in 1703 and 1704. It was, however, passed in 1711; but repealed in
+1718. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 19: "The Medley," No. 14 (January 1st, 1710) [_sic_], translates
+this story into an account of the Union. It is the same story, in
+effect, which gave great offence to the Scotch peers when printed in "The
+Public Spirit of the Whigs." The "Medley's" version runs: "England being
+bounded on the north by a poor mountainous people called Scots, who were
+vassals to that crown, and the English prime minister, being largely
+bribed, obtained the Q----'s consent for the Scots to arm and exercise
+themselves; and they finding they were now in a condition to be
+troublesome, began to insist upon terms, and threatened upon every
+occasion to join with the French. Upon which the prime minister, who
+began to be in pain about his head, set on foot a treaty to unite the two
+kingdoms, which he had the good luck to bring to pass, and from that time
+valued himself as author of a most glorious union, which indeed was grown
+of absolute necessity by his corruption." [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+
+NUMB. 21.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY DECEMBER 14, TO THURSDAY DECEMBER 21, 1710.
+
+  _----Pugnacem scirent sapiente minorem._[2]
+
+I am very much at a loss how to proceed upon the subject intended in this
+paper, which a new incident has led me to engage in: The subject I mean,
+is that of soldiers and the army; but being a matter wholly out of my
+trade, I shall handle it in as cautious a manner as I am able.
+
+It is certain, that the art of war hath suffered great changes, almost in
+every age and country of the world; however, there are some maxims
+relating to it, that will be eternal truths, and which every reasonable
+man will allow.
+
+In the early times of Greece and Rome, the armies of those states were
+composed of their citizens, who took no pay, because the quarrel was
+their own; and therefore the war was usually decided in one campaign; or,
+if it lasted longer, however in winter the soldiers returned to their
+several callings, and were not distinguished from the rest of the people.
+The Gothic governments in Europe, though they were of military
+institution, yet observed almost the same method. I shall instance only
+here in England. Those who held lands _in capite_ of the king, were
+obliged to attend him in his wars with a certain number of men, who
+all held lands from them at easy rents on that condition. These fought
+without pay, and when the service was over, returned again to their
+farms. It is recorded of William Rufus, that being absent in Normandy,
+and engaged in a war with his brother, he ordered twenty thousand men to
+be raised, and sent over from hence to supply his army;[3] but having
+struck up a peace before they were embarked, he gave them leave to
+disband, on condition they would pay him ten shillings a man, which
+amounted to a mighty sum in those days.
+
+Consider a kingdom as a great family, whereof the prince is the father,
+and it will appear plainly that mercenary troops are only servants armed,
+either to awe the children at home; or else to defend from invaders, the
+family who are otherwise employed, and choose to contribute out of their
+stock for paying their defenders, rather than leave their affairs to be
+neglected in their absence. The art of making soldiery a trade, and
+keeping armies in pay, seems in Europe to have had two originals. The
+first was usurpation, when popular men destroyed the liberties of their
+country, and seized the power into their own hands, which they were
+forced to maintain by hiring guards to bridle the people. Such were
+anciently the tyrants in most of the small states in Greece, and such
+were those in several parts of Italy, about three or four centuries ago,
+as Machiavel informs us. The other original of mercenary armies, seems to
+have risen from larger kingdoms or commonwealths, which had subdued
+provinces at a distance, and were forced to maintain troops upon them, to
+prevent insurrections from the natives: Of this sort were Macedon,
+Carthage and Rome of old; Venice and Holland at this day; as well as most
+kingdoms of Europe. So that mercenary forces in a free state, whether
+monarchy or commonwealth, seem only necessary, either for preserving
+their conquests, (which in such governments it is not prudent to extend
+too far) or else for maintaining a war at distance.
+
+In this last, which at present is our most important case, there are
+certain maxims that all wise governments have observed.
+
+The first I shall mention is, that no private man should have a
+commission to be general for life,[4] let his merit and services be ever
+so great. Or, if a prince be unadvisedly brought to offer such a
+commission in one hand, let him (to save time and blood) deliver up his
+crown with the other. The Romans in the height and perfection of their
+government, usually sent out one of the new consuls to be general against
+their most formidable enemy, and recalled the old one, who often returned
+before the next election, and according as he had merit was sent to
+command in some other part, which perhaps was continued to him for a
+second, and sometimes a third year. But if Paulus Aemilius,[5] or
+Scipio[6] himself, had presumed to move the Senate to continue their
+commissions for life, they certainly would have fallen a sacrifice to the
+jealousy of the people. Caesar indeed (between whom and a certain
+general, some of late with much discretion have made a parallel) had his
+command in Gaul continued to him for five years, and was afterwards made
+perpetual Dictator, that is to say, general for life, which gave him the
+power and the will of utterly destroying the Roman liberty. But in his
+time the Romans were very much degenerated, and great corruptions crept
+into their morals and discipline. However, we see there still were some
+remains of a noble spirit among them; for when Caesar sent to be chosen
+consul, notwithstanding his absence, they decreed he should come in
+person, give up his command, and _petere more majorum._[7]
+
+It is not impossible but a general may desire such a commission out of
+inadvertency, at the instigation of his friends, or perhaps of his
+enemies, or merely for the benefit and honour of it, without intending
+any such dreadful consequences; and in that case, a wise prince or state
+may barely refuse it without shewing any marks of their displeasure. But
+the request in its own nature is highly criminal, and ought to be entered
+so upon record, to terrify others in time to come from venturing to make
+it.
+
+Another maxim to be observed by a free state engaged in war, is to keep
+the military power in absolute subjection to the civil, nor ever suffer
+the former to influence or interfere with the latter. A general and his
+army are servants hired by the civil power to act as they are directed
+from thence, and with a commission large or limited as the administration
+shall think fit; for which they are largely paid in profit and honour.
+The whole system by which armies are governed, is quite alien from the
+peaceful institutions of states at home; and if the rewards be so
+inviting as to tempt a senator to take a post in the army, while he is
+there on his duty, he ought to consider himself in no other capacity. I
+know not any sort of men so apt as soldiers are, to reprimand those who
+presume to interfere in what relates to their trade. When they hear any
+of us in a coffeehouse, wondering that such a victory was not pursued,
+complaining that such a town cost more men and money than it was worth to
+take it; or that such an opportunity was lost, of fighting the enemy;
+they presently reprove us, and often with justice enough, for meddling in
+matters out of our sphere, and clearly convince us of our mistakes in
+terms of art that none of us understand. Nor do we escape so; for they
+reflect with the utmost contempt of our ignorance, that we who sit at
+home in ease and security, never stirring from our firesides, should
+pretend from books, and general reason, to argue upon military affairs;
+which after all, if we may judge from the share of intellectuals in some
+who are said to excel that way, is not so very profound or difficult a
+science. But if there be any weight in what they offer, as perhaps there
+may be a great deal; surely these gentlemen have a much weaker pretence
+to concern themselves in matters of the cabinet, which are always either
+far above, or much beside their capacities. Soldiers may as well pretend
+to prescribe rules for trade, to determine points in philosophy, to be
+moderators in an assembly of divines, or direct in a court of justice, as
+to misplace their talent in examining affairs of state, especially in
+what relates to the choice of ministers, who are never so likely to be
+ill chosen as when approved by them. It would be endless to shew how
+pernicious all steps of this nature have been in many parts and ages of
+the world. I shall only produce two at present; one in Rome, and the
+other in England. The first is of Caesar, when he came to the city with
+his soldiers to settle the ministry, there was an end of their liberty
+for ever. The second was in the great rebellion against King Charles the
+First. The King and both Houses were agreed upon the terms of a peace,
+but the officers of the army (as Ludlow relates it) sets a guard upon the
+House of Commons, took a list of the members, and kept all by force out
+of the House, except those who were for bringing the King to a trial.[8]
+Some years after, when they erected a military government, and ruled the
+island by major-generals, we received most admirable instances of their
+skill in politics. To say the truth, such formidable sticklers[9] can
+have but two reasons for desiring to interfere in the administration; the
+first is that of Caesar and Cromwell, of which, God forbid, I should
+accuse or suspect any body; since the second is pernicious enough, and
+that is, to preserve those in power who are for perpetuating a war,
+rather than see others advanced, who they are sure will use all proper
+means to promote a safe and honourable peace.
+
+Thirdly, Since it is observed of armies, that in the present age they are
+brought to some degree of humanity, and a more regular demeanour to each
+other and to the world, than in former times; it is certainly a good
+maxim to endeavour preserving this temper among them, without which
+they would soon degenerate into savages. To this end, it would be prudent
+among other things, to forbid that detestable custom of drinking to the
+damnation or confusion of any person whatsoever.
+
+Such desperate acts, and the opinions infused along with them, into heads
+already inflamed by youth and wine, are enough to scatter madness and
+sedition through a whole camp. So seldom upon their knees to pray, and so
+often to curse! This is not properly atheism, but a sort of anti-religion
+prescribed by the Devil, and which an atheist of common sense would scorn
+as an absurdity. I have heard it mentioned as a common practice last
+autumn, somewhere or other, to drink damnation and confusion[10] (and
+this with circumstances very aggravating and horrid) to the new ministry,
+and to those who _had any hand_ in turning out the old; that is to say,
+to those persons whom her Majesty has thought fit to employ in her
+greatest affairs, with something more than a glance against the Qu[een]
+herself. And if it be true that these orgies were attended with certain
+doubtful words of standing by their g[enera]l, who without question
+abhorred them; let any man consider the consequence of such dispositions,
+if they should happen to spread. I could only wish for the honour of the
+Army, as well as of the Qu[een] and ministry, that a remedy had been
+applied to the disease, in the place and time where it grew. If men of
+such principles were able to propagate them in a camp, and were sure of a
+general for life, who had any tincture of ambition, we might soon bid
+farewell to ministers and parliaments, whether new or old.
+
+I am only sorry such an accident has happened towards the close of a war,
+when it is chiefly the interest of those gentlemen who have posts in the
+army, to behave themselves in such a manner as might encourage the
+legislature to make some provision for them, when there will be no
+further need of their services. They are to consider themselves as
+persons by their educations unqualified for many other stations of life.
+Their fortunes will not suffer them to retain to a party after its fall,
+nor have they weight or abilities to help towards its resurrection. Their
+future dependence is wholly upon the prince and Parliament, to which they
+will never make their way, by solemn execrations of the ministry; a
+ministry of the Qu[een]'s own election, and fully answering the wishes of
+her people. This unhappy step in some of their brethren, may pass for an
+uncontrollable argument, that politics are not their business or their
+element. The fortune of war hath raised several persons up to swelling
+titles, and great commands over numbers of men, which they are too apt to
+transfer along with them into civil life, and appear in all companies as
+if it were at the head of their regiments, with a sort of deportment
+that ought to have been dropt behind, in that short passage to Harwich.
+It puts me in mind of a dialogue in Lucian,[11] where Charon wafting one
+of their predecessors over Styx, ordered him to strip off his armour and
+fine clothes, yet still thought him too heavy; "But" (said he) "put off
+likewise that pride and presumption, those high-swelling words, and that
+vain-glory;" because they were of no use on the other side the water.
+Thus if all that array of military grandeur were confined to the proper
+scene, it would be much more for the interest of the owners, and less
+offensive to their fellow subjects.[12]
+
+
+[Footnote: 1: No. 20 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Ovid, "Metamorphoses," xiii. 353:
+
+"Well assured, that art
+And conduct were of war the better part."
+                       J. DRYDEN.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: A.D. 1093. See Matthew Paris. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: Lord Campbell, in his "Lives of the Chancellors" (vol. iv.,
+p. 322), states that Marlborough, in order to increase the confidence of
+the allies, proposed "he should receive a patent as commander-in-chief
+for life." On consulting with Lord Chancellor Cowper he was told
+that such a proceeding would be unconstitutional. Marlborough, however,
+petitioned the Queen, who rejected his application. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Aemilius Paulus, the celebrated Roman general, and conqueror
+of Macedonia, was twice consul, and died B.C. 160. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: Scipio Africanus, the greatest of Roman generals and the
+conqueror of Carthage, who died _c._ B.C. 184. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: Julius Caesar "applied to the Senate to be exempted from the
+usual law, and to become a candidate in his absence" ("Dict. of Greek and
+Roman Biog."). This was strongly opposed; so that to be a candidate it
+was necessary for him "to solicit after the custom of his ancestors."
+[T.S.]
+
+The "Examiner" seems to allude to the remarkable, and, to say the least,
+imprudent, article in "The Tatler," No. 37. Such a passage, published by
+so warm an adherent of Marlborough as Steele, gives credit to
+Macpherson's assertion, that there really was some intention of
+maintaining the Duke in power, by his influence in the army. It is even
+affirmed, that under pretence his commission under the great seal could
+not be superseded by the Queen's order of dismissal, it was designed that
+he should assemble the troops which were in town, and secure the court
+and capital. To prevent which, his commission was superseded by another
+under the great seal being issued as speedily as possible. The
+industrious editor of "The Tatler," in 1786, is of opinion, that the
+article was written by Addison; but the violent counsels which it
+intimates seem less congenial to his character than to that of Steele, a
+less reflecting man, and bred a soldier. It is worthy of notice, that
+the passage is cancelled in all subsequent editions of "The Tatler,"
+till restored from the original folio in that of 1786. This evidently
+implies Steele's own sense, that more was meant than met the ear; and
+it affords a presumptive proof, that very violent measures had at least
+been proposed, if not agreed upon, by some of Marlborough's adherents.
+[S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: General Ireton and Colonel Pride placed guards outside the
+entrances to the House of Commons "that none might be permitted to pass
+into the House but such as had continued faithful to the public interest"
+(Ludlow's "Memoirs," vol. i., p. 270). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: The judges of the field, in a formal duel, whose duty it was
+to interfere when the rules of judicial combat were violated, were called
+sticklers, from the wooden truncheons which they held in their hands.
+Hence the verb to _stickle_. [S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: In his "Journal to Stella" Swift writes, under date
+December 13th, 1710: "You hear the havoc making in the army: Meredyth,
+Macartney, and Col. Honeywood, are obliged to sell their commands at half
+value, and leave the army, for drinking destruction to the present
+ministry," etc. (see vol. ii., p. 71, of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: "Dialogues of the Dead. X. Charon, Hermes, and a number of
+Ghosts." Hermes required Lampichus to leave behind him his pride, folly,
+insolence, etc. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: Of this paper "The Medley," No. 14 (January 1st, 1710
+[_sic_]), says: "He not only writes whatever he believes or knows to be
+false, but plainly shows 'tis his business and duty to do so, and that
+this alone is the merit of his service." [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 22.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY DECEMBER 21, TO THURSDAY DECEMBER 28, 1710.[2]
+
+_Nam et, majorum instituta tueri sacris, ceremoniisque retinendis,
+  sapientis est.
+                --Ruituraque semper
+                Stat (mirum!) moles--_[3]
+
+
+Whoever is a true lover of our constitution, must needs be pleased to see
+what successful endeavours are daily made to restore it in every branch
+to its ancient form, from the languishing condition it hath long lain in,
+and with such deadly symptoms.
+
+I have already handled some abuses during the late management, and shall
+in convenient time go on with the rest. Hitherto I have confined myself
+to those of the State; but with the good leave of those who think it a
+matter of small moment, I shall now take liberty to say something of the
+Church.[4]
+
+For several years past, there hath not I think in Europe, been any
+society of men upon so unhappy a foot, as the clergy of England, nor more
+hardly treated, by those very persons from whom they deserved much better
+quarter, and in whose power they chiefly had put it to use them so ill.
+I would not willingly misrepresent facts; but I think it generally
+allowed by enemies and friends, that the bold and brave defences made
+before the Revolution against those many invasions of our rights,
+proceeded principally from the clergy; who are likewise known to have
+rejected all advances made them to close with the measures at that time
+concerting; while the Dissenters, to gratify their ambition and revenge,
+fell into the basest compliances with the court, approved of all
+proceedings by their numerous and fulsome addresses, and took employments
+and commissions by virtue of the dispensing power, against the direct
+laws of the land.[5] All this is so true, that if ever the Pretender comes
+in, they will, next to those of his own religion, have the fairest claim
+and pretensions to his favour, from their merit and eminent services to
+his supposed father, who, without such encouragement, would probably
+never have been misled to go the lengths he did. It should likewise be
+remembered to the everlasting honour of the London divines, that in those
+dangerous times, they writ and published the best collection of arguments
+against Popery, that ever appeared in the world. At the Revolution, the
+body of the clergy joined heartily in the common cause (except a few,
+whose sufferings perhaps have atoned for their mistakes) like men who are
+content to go about, for avoiding a gulf or a precipice, but come into
+the old straight road again as soon as they can. But another temper had
+now begun to prevail. For as in the reign of K. Charles the First,
+several well-meaning people were ready to join in reforming some abuses;
+while others who had deeper designs, were still calling out for a
+thorough reformation, which ended at last in the ruin of the kingdom; so
+after the late king's coming to the throne, there was a restless cry from
+men of the same principles, for a thorough revolution, which as some were
+carrying it on, must have ended in the destruction of the Monarchy and
+Church.
+
+What a violent humour hath run ever since against the clergy, and from
+what corner spread and fomented, is, I believe, manifest to all men. It
+looked like a set quarrel against Christianity, and if we call to mind
+several of the leaders, it must in a great measure have been actually so.
+Nothing was more common in writing and conversation, than to hear that
+reverend body charged in gross with what was utterly inconsistent:
+despised for their poverty, hated for their riches; reproached with
+avarice, and taxed with luxury; accused for promoting arbitrary power,
+and resisting the prerogative; censured for their pride, and scorned for
+their meanness of spirit. The representatives of the lower clergy railed
+at for disputing the power of the bishops, by the known abhorrers of
+episcopacy; and abused for doing nothing in their convocations, by those
+very men who helped to bind up their hands. The vice, the folly, the
+ignorance of every single man, were laid upon the character; their
+jurisdiction, censures and discipline trampled under foot, yet mighty
+complaints against their excessive power.[6] The men of wit employed to
+turn the priesthood itself into ridicule. In short, groaning every where
+under the weight of poverty, oppression, contempt and obloquy. A fair
+return for the time and money spent in their education to fit them for
+the service of the Altar; and a fair encouragement for worthy men to come
+into the Church. However, it may be some comfort for persons of that holy
+function, that their Divine Founder as well as His harbinger, met with
+the like reception. "John came neither eating nor drinking, and they say
+he hath a devil; the Son of Man came eating and drinking, and they say,
+behold a glutton and a wine-bibber, &c."
+
+In this deplorable state of the clergy, nothing but the hand of
+Providence, working by its glorious instrument, the QUEEN, could have
+been able to turn the people's hearts so surprisingly in their favour.
+This Princess, destined for the safety of Europe, and a blessing to her
+subjects, began her reign with a noble benefaction to the Church;[7] and
+it was hoped the nation would have followed such an example, which
+nothing could have prevented, but the false politics of a set of men, who
+form their maxims upon those of every tottering commonwealth, which is
+always struggling for life, subsisting by expedients, and often at the
+mercy of any powerful neighbour. These men take it into their
+imagination, that trade can never flourish unless the country becomes
+a common receptacle for all nations, religions and languages; a system
+only proper for small popular states, but altogether unworthy, and below
+the dignity of an imperial crown; which with us is best upheld by a
+monarch in possession of his just prerogative, a senate of nobles and
+of commons, and a clergy established in its due rights with a suitable
+maintenance by law. But these men come with the spirit of shopkeepers to
+frame rules for the administration of kingdoms; or, as if they thought
+the whole art of government consisted in the importation of nutmegs, and
+the curing of herrings. Such an island as ours can afford enough to
+support the majesty of a crown, the honour of a nobility, and the dignity
+of a magistracy; we can encourage arts and sciences, maintain our bishops
+and clergy, and suffer our gentry to live in a decent, hospitable manner;
+yet still there will remain hands sufficient for trade and manufactures,
+which do always indeed deserve the best encouragement, but not to a
+degree of sending every living soul into the warehouse or the workhouse.
+
+This pedantry of republican politics hath done infinite mischief among
+us. To this we owe those noble schemes of treating Christianity as a
+system of speculative opinions, which no man should be bound to believe;
+of making the being and the worship of God, a creature of the state. In
+consequence of these, that the teachers of religion ought to hold their
+maintenance at pleasure, or live by the alms and charitable collection of
+the people, and be equally encouraged of all opinions: that they should
+be prescribed what to teach, by those who are to learn from them; and,
+upon default, have a staff and a pair of shoes left at their door;[8]
+with many other projects of equal piety, wisdom, and good nature.
+
+But, God be thanked, they and their schemes are vanished, and "their
+places shall know them no more." When I think of that inundation of
+atheism, infidelity, profaneness and licentiousness which were like to
+overwhelm us, from what mouths and hearts it first proceeded, and how the
+people joined with the Queen's endeavours to divert this flood, I cannot
+but reflect on that remarkable passage in the Revelation,[9] where "the
+serpent with seven heads cast out of his mouth water after the woman like
+a flood, that he might cause her to be carried away of the flood: But the
+earth helped the woman, and the earth opened her mouth, and swallowed up
+the flood which the dragon had cast out of his mouth." For the Queen
+having changed her ministry suitable to her own wisdom, and the wishes of
+her subjects, and having called a free Parliament; at the same time
+summoned the convocation, by her royal writ,[10] "as in all times had
+been accustomed," and soon after their meeting, sent a most gracious
+letter[11] to the Archbishop of Canterbury, to be communicated to the
+bishops and clergy of his province; taking notice of "the loose and
+profane principles which had been openly scattered and propagated among
+her subjects: that the consultations of the clergy were particularly
+requisite to repress and prevent such daring attempts, for which her
+subjects, from all parts of the kingdom, have shown their just
+abhorrence. She hopes, the endeavours of the clergy, in this respect,
+will not be unsuccessful; and for her part, is ready to give them all fit
+encouragement, to proceed in the dispatch of such business as properly
+belongs to them; and to grant them powers requisite to carry on so good a
+work." In conclusion, "earnestly recommending to them, to avoid disputes,
+and determining to do all that in her lies to compose and extinguish
+them."
+
+It is to be hoped, that this last part of her Majesty's letter, will be
+the first she will please to execute; for, it seems, this very letter
+created the first dispute.[12] The fact whereof is thus related: The
+Upper House having formed an address to the QUEEN, before they received
+her Majesty's letter, sent both address and letter together, to the Lower
+House, with a message, excusing their not mentioning the letter in the
+address, because this was formed before the other was received:[l3] The
+Lower House returned them, with a desire, that an address might be
+formed, with due regard and acknowledgments for the letter. After some
+difficulties, the same address was sent down again with a clause
+inserted, making some short mention of the said letter. This the Lower
+House did not think sufficient, and sent it back again with the same
+request: whereupon the archbishop, after a short consultation with _some_
+of his brethren, immediately adjourned the convocation for a month, and
+no address at all was sent to the QUEEN.
+
+I understand not ecclesiastical affairs well enough to comment upon this
+matter;[14] but it seems to me, that all methods of doing service to the
+Church and kingdom, by means of a convocation, may be at any time eluded,
+if there be no remedy against such an incident. And if this proceeding be
+agreeable to the institution, spiritual assemblies must needs be
+strangely contrived, very different from any lay senate yet known in the
+world. Surely, from the nature of such a synod, it must be a very unhappy
+circumstance, when the majority of the bishops draws one way, and that
+of the lower clergy another. The latter, I think, are not at this time
+suspected for any principles bordering upon those professed by enemies to
+episcopacy; and if they happen to differ from the greater part of the
+present set of bishops, I doubt it will call some things to mind, that
+may turn the scale of general favour on the inferior clergy's side, who
+with a profound duty to her Majesty, are perfectly pleased with the
+present turn of affairs. Besides, curious people will be apt to enquire
+into the dates of some promotions, to call to mind what designs were then
+upon the anvil, and from thence make malicious deductions. Perhaps they
+will observe the manner of voting on the bishops' bench, and compare it
+with what shall pass in the upper house of convocation. There is,
+however, one comfort, that under the present dispositions of the kingdom,
+a dislike to the proceedings of any of their lordships, even to the
+number of a majority, will be purely personal, and not turned to the
+disadvantage of the order. And for my part, as I am a true lover of the
+Church, I had rather find the inclinations of the people favourable to
+episcopacy in general, than see a majority of prelates cried up by those
+who are known enemies to the character. Nor, indeed, hath anything given
+me more offence for several years past, than to observe how some of that
+bench have been caressed by certain persons; and others of them openly
+celebrated by the infamous pens of atheists, republicans and fanatics.
+
+Time and mortality can only remedy these inconveniencies in the Church,
+which are not to be cured like those in the State, by a change of
+ministry. If we may guess the temper of a convocation, from the choice of
+a prolocutor,[15] as it is usual to do that of a House of Commons by the
+speaker, we may expect great things from that reverend body, who have
+done themselves much reputation, by pitching upon a gentleman of so much
+piety, wit and learning, for that office; and one who is so thoroughly
+versed in those parts of knowledge which are proper for it. I am sorry
+that the three Latin speeches, delivered upon presenting the prolocutor,
+were not made public;[16] they might perhaps have given us some light
+into the dispositions of each house: and besides, one of them is said to
+be so peculiar in the style and matter, as might have made up in
+entertainment what it wanted in instruction.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 21 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Under date January 1st, 1710/1, Swift writes to Stella: "Get
+the 'Examiners,' and read them; the last nine or ten are full of the
+reasons for the late change, and of the abuses of the last ministry; and
+the great men assure me they are all true. They are written by their
+encouragement and direction" (vol. ii., p. 88, of present edition).
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3:
+
+"For it is the part of a wise man to defend the institutions of his
+forefathers, and uphold the sacred rites and ceremonies.
+                And ever threatening to fall
+                The mass--a marvel--stands."
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: A pamphlet, ascribed to W. Wotton, was issued in reply to
+this paper. It was entitled, "The Case of the Present Convocation
+Consider'd; In Answer to the Examiner's Unfair Representation of it, and
+Unjust Reflections upon it." 1711.]
+
+[Footnote 5: The Dissenters were at first
+disposed to make common cause with the Catholics in favour of the
+dispensing power claimed by James II.; and an address from the
+Presbyterians went so far as to praise the king for having "restored to
+God His empire over conscience." [S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: "The Case etc. Consider'd," remarks: "The boldest, and the
+most insolent book of that sort, is the 'Rights of the Church' ... Yet
+how long was Dr. T[inda]ll, then Fellow of All Souls, suffered at Oxford
+after the 'Rights' appeared?" Dr. Matthew Tindal, author of "The Rights
+of the Christian Church" (1706), was a fellow of All Souls College,
+Oxford, from 1678 till his death in 1733. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: "At this time [February, 1703/4] Queen Anne gave up the
+_first-fruits_ and _tenths_, which had long been possessed by the crown,
+to be appropriated to a fund for the increase of small livings. This fund
+is known as Queen Anne's Bounty" (Lathbury's "Hist. of Convocation,"
+second edition, p. 386). The Queen's Message to Parliament was dated
+February 7th, 1703/4, and the Bill was introduced February 17th, and
+received the royal assent April 3rd, 1704. See also Swift's
+"Answer" in the following number. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: A hint to withdraw. [T.S.]
+This is said to have been the mode in which the governors of a Dutch
+province were wont to give intimation to those who intermeddled with
+state affairs, that they would do wisely to withdraw themselves from the
+state. [S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: Swift notices his own misquotation in the succeeding number
+(_q.v._). See a further reference to the subject in No. 26. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: Convocation was assembled on November 25th, and the Latin
+sermon preached by Kennet. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: Queen Anne's letter was printed in "The Daily Courant" for
+December 19th. It is dated December 12th, and says: "It is with
+great grief of heart we observe the scandalous attempts which of late
+years have been made to infect the minds of our good subjects by loose
+and profane principles openly scattered and propagated among them.
+We think the consultations of the clergy particularly requisite to
+repress these daring attempts and to prevent the like for the future. The
+just abhorrence that our subjects from all parts of the kingdom have
+expressed of such wicked principles and their abettors, give us good
+ground to hope that the endeavours of the clergy in this respect will
+not be unsuccessful. For our part we are ready to give them all fitting
+encouragement to proceed in the dispatch of such business as properly
+belongs to them, and to grant them such powers as shall be thought
+requisite," etc. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: The Queen's letter was intended to put an end to disputes
+in Convocation. She expressed her hope that her royal intentions would
+not be frustrated "by any unseasonable disputes between the two Houses of
+Convocation about unnecessary forms and methods of proceeding." She
+earnestly recommended that such disputes might cease. The bishops
+prepared an address, but the Lower House insisted "on the enlarging the
+fourth paragraph, and upon answering the several heads of the Queen's
+letter" (Chamberlen's "History of Queen Anne," p. 365, and "Daily
+Courant," Dec. 19th). The real reason for the disputes between the two
+Houses at this time lay in the fact that the Upper House, owing to
+Tenison's influence, was largely Low Church in sympathy, whereas the
+Lower House, with Atterbury as its leader, was of the High Church party.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: Dr. Smalridge (1662-1719) called for the Queen's letter to
+be read. The Archbishop prorogued Convocation for two days, and then
+again until January 17th. An address to the Queen was presented on
+January 26th (Lathbury's "History of Convocation," second edition,
+p. 407). Smalridge was Dean of Carlisle, 1711-13, and Bishop of
+Bristol, 1714-19. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 14: "The Case etc. Consider'd" quotes on the title-page: "Jude
+10. But these speak evil of those things which they know not." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 15: "Dr. Atterbury, in preference to Dr. Kennet, was chosen
+prolocutor by a great majority."--TINDAL, iv. 206. [T.S.]]
+
+Footnote 16: The Latin speeches were made on December 6th, when the
+prolocutor was presented to the Archbishop, by Dr. Smalridge, Atterbury,
+and Tenison. The one speech to which Swift refers may have been
+Tenison's, whose style was fairly dull. [T.S.]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 23.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY DECEMBER 28, TO THURSDAY JANUARY 4, 1710.[2]
+
+
+_Nullae sunt occultiores insidiae, quam eae quae latent in simulatione
+officii, aut in aliquo necessitudinis nomine._[3]
+
+_The following answer is written in the true style, and with the usual
+candour of such pieces; which I have imitated to the best of my skill,
+and doubt not but the reader will be extremely satisfied with it._
+
+_The Examiner cross-examined, or,
+A full Answer to the last Examiner._
+
+If I durst be so bold with this author, I would gladly ask him a familiar
+question; Pray, Sir, who made you an Examiner? He talks in one of his
+insipid papers, of eight or nine thousand corruptions,[4] while _we_ were
+at the head of affairs, yet, in all this time, he has hardly produced
+fifty:
+
+_Parturiunt montes, &c._[5]
+
+But I shall confine myself, at present, to his last paper. He tells us,
+"The Queen began her reign with a noble benefaction to the Church."
+Here's priestcraft with a witness; this is the constant language of your
+highfliers, to call those who are hired to teach _the religion of the
+magistrate_ by the name of the Church.[6] But this is not all; for, in
+the very next line he says, "It was hoped the nation would have followed
+this example." You see the faction begins already to speak out; this is
+an open demand for the abbey-lands; this furious zealot would have us
+priest-ridden again, like our popish ancestors: but, it is to be hoped
+the government will take timely care to suppress such audacious attempts,
+else we have spent so much blood and treasure to very little purpose, in
+maintaining religion and Revolution. But what can we expect from a man,
+who at one blow endeavours to ruin our trade? "A country" (says he) "may
+flourish" (these are his own words) "without being the common receptacle
+for all nations, religions, and languages." What! We must immediately
+banish or murder the Palatines; forbid all foreign merchants, not only
+the Exchange, but the kingdom; persecute the Dissenters with fire and
+faggot, and make it high-treason to speak any other tongue but English.
+In another place he talks of a "serpent with seven heads," which is a
+manifest corruption of the text; for the words "_seven heads_" are not
+mentioned in that verse.[7] However, we know what serpent he would mean;
+a serpent with fourteen legs; or, indeed, no serpent at all, but seven
+great men, who were the best ministers, the truest Protestants, and the
+most disinterested patriots that ever served a prince.[8] But nothing is
+so inconsistent as this writer; I know not whether to call him a Whig or
+a Tory, a Protestant or a Papist; he finds fault with convocations; says,
+"they are assemblies strangely contrived;" and yet lays the fault upon
+us, that we bound their hands: I wish we could have bound their tongues
+too; but as fast as their hands were bound, they could make a shift to
+hold their pens, and have their share in the guilt of ruining the
+hopefullest party and ministry that ever prescribed to a crown. This
+captious gentleman is angry to "see a majority of prelates cried up by
+those who are enemies to the character"; now I always thought, that the
+concessions of enemies were more to a man's advantage than the praise of
+his friends. "Time and mortality," he says, "can only remedy these
+inconveniencies in the Church." That is, in other words, when certain
+bishops are dead, we shall have others of our own stamp. Not so fast; you
+are not yet so sure of your game. We have already got one comfortable
+loss in Spain, though by a G[enera]l of our own.[9] For joy of which, our
+J[un]to had a merry meeting at the house of their great proselyte, on the
+very day we received the happy news. One or two more such blows would,
+perhaps, set us right again, and then we can employ "mortality" as well
+as others. He concludes with wishing, that "three letters, spoke when the
+prolocutor was presented, were made public." I suppose he would be
+content with one, and that is more than we shall humour him to grant.
+However, I hope he will allow it possible to have grace, without either
+eloquence or Latin, which is all I shall say to his malicious innuendo.
+
+Having thus, I hope, given a full and satisfactory answer to the
+Examiner's last paper, I shall now go on to a more important affair;
+which is, to prove, by several undeniable instances, that the late
+m[inist]ry, and their abettors, were true friends to the Church. It is
+yet, I confess, a secret to the clergy, wherein this friendship did
+consist. For information therefore of that reverend body, that they may
+never forget their benefactors, as well as of all others who may be
+equally ignorant, I have determined to display _our_ merits to the world
+upon that weighty article. And I could wish, that what I am to say were
+to be written in brass, for an eternal memorial; the rather, because for
+the future, the Church must endeavour to stand unsupported by those
+patrons, who expired in doing it their last good office, and will never
+rise to preserve it any more.
+
+Let us therefore produce the pious endeavours of these church-defenders,
+who were its patrons by their power and authority, as well as ornaments
+of it by their exemplary lives.
+
+First, St. Paul tells us, "there must be heresies in the Church, that the
+truth may be manifest"; and therefore, by due course of reasoning, the
+more heresies there are, the more manifest will the truth be made. This
+being maturely considered by these lovers of the Church, they endeavoured
+to propagate as many heresies as they could, that the light of truth
+might shine the clearer.
+
+Secondly, To shew their zeal for the Church's defence, they took the care
+of it entirely out of the hands of God Almighty (because that was a
+foreign jurisdiction) and made it their own creature, depending
+altogether upon them; and issued out their orders to Tindal, and others,
+to give public notice of it.
+
+Thirdly, Because charity is the most celebrated of all Christian virtues,
+therefore they extended theirs beyond all bounds; and instead of shutting
+the Church against Dissenters, were ready to open it to all comers, and
+break down its walls, rather than that any should want room to enter. The
+strength of a state, we know, consists in the number of people, how
+different soever in their callings; and why should not the strength of a
+Church consist in the same, how different soever in their creeds? For
+that reason, they charitably attempted to abolish the test, which tied up
+so many hands from getting employments, in order to protect the Church.
+
+I know very well that this attempt is objected to us as a crime, by
+several malignant Tories, and denied as a slander by many unthinking
+people among ourselves. The latter are apt in their defence to ask such
+questions as these; Was your test repealed?[10] Had we not a majority?
+Might we not have done it if we pleased? To which the others answer, You
+did what you could; you prepared the way, but you found a fatal
+impediment from that quarter, whence the sanction of the law must come,
+and therefore to save your credit, you condemned a paper to be burnt
+which yourselves had brought in.[11] But alas! the miscarriage of that
+noble project for the safety of the Church, had another original; the
+knowledge whereof depends upon a piece of secret history that I shall now
+lay open.
+
+These church-protectors had directed a Presbyterian preacher to draw up a
+bill for repealing the test; it was accordingly done with great art, and
+in the preamble, several expressions of civility to the established
+Church; and when it came to the qualifications of all those who were to
+enter on any office, the compiler had taken special care to make them
+large enough for all Christians whatsoever, by transcribing the very
+words (only formed into an oath) which Quakers are obliged to profess by
+a former Act of Parliament; as I shall here set them down.[12] "I _A.B._
+profess faith in God the Father, and in Jesus Christ His eternal Son, the
+true God, and in the Holy Spirit one God blessed for evermore; and do
+acknowledge the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be given
+by divine inspiration." This bill was carried to the chief leaders for
+their approbation, with these terrible words turned into an oath: What
+should they do? Those few among them who fancied they believed in God,
+were sure they did not believe in Christ, or the Holy Spirit, or one
+syllable of the Bible; and they were as sure that every body knew their
+opinion in those matters, which indeed they had been always too sincere
+to disguise; how therefore could they take such an oath as that, without
+ruining their reputation with Tindal, Toland,[13] Coward,[14] Collins,
+Clendon,[15] and all the tribe of free-thinkers, and so give a scandal to
+weak unbelievers. Upon this nice point of honour and conscience the
+matter was hushed, the project for repealing the test let fall, and the
+Sacrament left as the smaller evil of the two.
+
+Fourthly, These pillars of the Church, because "the harvest was great,
+and the labourers few," and because they would ease the bishops from that
+grievous trouble of laying on hands: were willing to allow that power to
+all men whatsoever, to prevent that terrible consequence of unchurching
+those, who thought a hand from under a cloak as effectual as from
+lawn-sleeves. And indeed, what could more contribute to the advancement
+of true religion, than a bill of general naturalization for priesthood?
+
+Fifthly, In order to fix religion in the minds of men, because truth
+never appears so fair as when confronted with falsehood; they directed
+books to be published, that denied the being of a God, the divinity of
+the Second and Third Person, the truth of all revelation, and the
+immortality of the soul. To this we owe that great sense of religion,
+that respect and kindness to the clergy, and that true love of virtue so
+manifest of late years among the youth of our nation. Nor could anything
+be more discreet, than to leave the merits of each cause to such wise
+impartial judges, who might otherwise fall under the slavery of believing
+by education and prejudice.
+
+Sixthly, Because nothing so much distracts the thoughts, as too great a
+variety of subjects; therefore they had kindly prepared a bill, to
+prescribe the clergy what subjects they should preach upon, and in what
+manner, that they might be at no loss; and this no doubt, was a proper
+work for such hands, so thoroughly versed in the theory and practice of
+all Christian duties.
+
+Seventhly, To save trouble and expense to the clergy, they contrived that
+convocations should meet as seldom as possible; and when they were
+suffered to assemble, would never allow them to meddle with any business;
+because they said, the office of a clergyman was enough to take up the
+whole man. For the same reason they were very desirous to excuse the
+bishops from sitting in Parliament, that they might be at more leisure to
+stay at home and look after their clergy.
+
+I shall mention at present but one more instance of their pious zeal for
+the Church. They had somewhere heard the maxim, that _Sanguis martyrum
+est semen ecclesiae_;[16] therefore in order to sow this seed, they began
+with impeaching a clergyman: and that it might be a true martyrdom in
+every circumstance, they proceeded as much as possible against common
+law,[17] which the long-robe part of the managers knew was in a hundred
+instances directly contrary to all their positions, and were sufficiently
+warned of it beforehand; but their love of the Church prevailed. Neither
+was this impeachment an affair taken up on a sudden. For, a certain great
+person (whose Character has been lately published by some stupid and
+lying writer)[18] who very much distinguished himself by his zeal in
+forwarding this impeachment, had several years ago endeavoured to
+persuade the late King to give way to just such another attempt. He told
+his Majesty, there was a certain clergyman preached very dangerous
+sermons, and that the only way to put a stop to such insolence, was to
+impeach him in Parliament. The King enquired the character of the man;
+"O, sir," said my lord, "the most violent, hot, positive fellow in
+England; so extremely wilful, that I believe he would be heartily glad to
+be a martyr." The King answered, "Is it so? Then I am resolved to
+disappoint him"; and would never hear more of the matter; by which that
+hopeful project unhappily miscarried.
+
+I have hitherto confined myself to those endeavours for the good of the
+Church, which were common to all the leaders and principal men of our
+party; but if my paper were not drawing towards an end, I could produce
+several instances of particular persons, who by their exemplary lives and
+actions have confirmed the character so justly due to the whole body. I
+shall at present mention only two, and illustrate the merits of each by a
+matter of fact.
+
+That worthy patriot, and true lover of the Church, whom the late
+"Examiner" is supposed to reflect on under the name of Verres,[19] felt a
+pious impulse to be a benefactor to the Cathedral of Gloucester, but how
+to do it in the most decent, generous manner, was the question. At last
+he thought of an expedient: One morning or night he stole into the
+Church, mounted upon the altar, and there did that which in cleanly
+phrase is called disburthening of nature: He was discovered, prosecuted,
+and condemned to pay a thousand pounds, which sum was all employed to
+support the Church, as, no doubt, the benefactor meant it.
+
+There is another person whom the same writer is thought to point at under
+the name of Will Bigamy.[20] This gentleman, knowing that marriage fees
+were a considerable perquisite to the clergy, found out a way of
+improving them _cent. per cent._ for the good of the Church. His
+invention was to marry a second wife while the first was alive,
+convincing her of the lawfulness by such arguments, as he did not doubt
+would make others follow the same example: These he had drawn up in
+writing with intention to publish for the general good; and it is hoped
+he may now have leisure to finish them.[21]
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 22 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: _I. e._ 1710-11. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: Cicero, "in Verrem," II. i. 15: "There are no intrigues more
+difficult to guard against than those which are concealed under a
+pretence of duty, or under the name of some intimate connexion."--C.D.
+YONGE. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: See No. 19, _ante_ (not quoted correctly). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Horace, "Ars Poetica," 139:
+
+"The mountains laboured with prodigious throes."--P. FRANCIS.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: See No. 22, _ante_. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: The serpent, or dragon, is said to have seven heads in an
+earlier verse of the same chapter. See Rev. xii., 3, 9, 15. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: The Earl of Sunderland and Henry Boyle (Secretaries of
+State), Earl of Godolphin (Lord Treasurer), Lord Somers (President of the
+Council), Lord Cowper (Lord Chancellor), Duke of Marlborough
+(Captain General), and Horatio Walpole (Secretary of War). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: General Stanhope, at Brihuega, was surprised and compelled
+to surrender on December 9th, 1710. Oldmixon's "Sequel" (p. 452)
+remarks: "The misfortune which happened to General Stanhope at
+Brihuega, where he was surrounded by the French and Spanish, armies,
+and after a most gallant defence, obliged to surrender himself with
+several English battalions prisoners of war, was some relief to
+high-church; ... they did not stick to rejoice at it." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: The Test Act was passed in 1672 and repealed only in 1828.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: This paper was a pamphlet by Charles Leslie, published
+October, 1708, which was condemned to be burnt by the House of Commons in
+January, 1709/10. It was entitled, "A Letter from a Gentleman in
+Scotland to his Friend in England, against the Sacramental Test."
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: This declaration was prescribed by the Act I William and
+Mary, c. 18, s. 13. It was repealed in 1871. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: John Toland, author of "Christianity not Mysterious" (1696)
+and other works. See note on p. 9 of vol. iii. of present edition.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 14: William Coward (1656-1725), physician, was the author of
+"Second Thoughts Concerning Human Soul" (1702), and "The Grand Essay;
+or A Vindication of Reason and Religion" (1703/4). Both these works
+were ordered by the House of Commons to be burnt, March 17th,
+1703/4. See also note on p. 9 of vol. iii. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 15: John Clendon was the author of "A Treatise of the Word
+Person" (17-09/10) which the House of Commons ordered to be burnt, March
+24, 17-09/10. See also note on p. 185 of vol. iii. of present edition.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 16: "The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the Church."
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 17: For preaching a sermon at St. Paul's on "Perils from false
+brethren" (November 5th, 1709), Dr. Sacheverell was, on the complaint
+of Mr. Dolben (December 13th), impeached in the House of Commons on
+December 14th, 1709, and in the House of Lords on December 15th. The
+sermon was printed and widely circulated, and Sacheverell received for it
+the thanks of the Lord Mayor. Mr. Dolben objected to Godolphin being
+referred to as Volpone. Out of this arose the famous Sacheverell trial,
+so disastrous in its effect on the Whig ministry. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 18: Lord Wharton. See vol. v., pp. 1-28 of present edition of
+Swift's Works. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 19: Lord Wharton. But see correction in No. 25, _post_. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 20: See previous note on Lord Cowper. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 21: Cowper was at this time out of office. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 24.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY JANUARY 4, TO THURSDAY JANUARY 11, 1710.[2]
+
+_Bellum ita suscipiatur, ut nihil aliud nisi Pax quaesita videatur._[3]
+
+I am satisfied, that no reasonable man of either party, can justly be
+offended at any thing I said in one of my papers relating to the Army;[4]
+from the maxims I there laid down, perhaps many persons may conclude,
+that I had a mind the world should think, there had been occasion given
+by some late abuses among men of that calling; and they conclude right.
+For my intention is, that my hints may be understood, and my quotations
+and allegories applied; and I am in some pain to think, that in the
+Orcades on one side, and the western coasts of Ireland on the other, the
+"Examiner" may want a key in several parts, which I wish I could furnish
+them with. As for the French king, I am under no concern at all; I hear
+he has left off reading my papers, and by what he has found in them,
+dislikes our proceedings more than ever, and intends either to make great
+additions to his armies, or propose new terms for a peace: So false is
+that which is commonly reported, of his mighty satisfaction in our change
+of ministry: And I think it clear that his late letter of "Thanks to the
+Tories of Great Britain,"[5] must either have been extorted from him
+against his judgment, or was a cast of his politics to set the people
+against the present ministry, wherein it has wonderfully succeeded.
+
+But though I have never heard, or never regarded any objections made
+against that paper, which mentions the army; yet I intended this as a
+sort of apology for it. And first, I declare, (because we live in a
+mistaking world) that in hinting at some proceedings, wherein a few
+persons are said to be concerned, I did not intend to charge them upon
+the body of the army. I have too much detested that barbarous injustice
+among the writers of a late party, to be ever guilty of it myself; I mean
+the accusing societies for the crimes of a few. On the other side, I must
+take leave to believe, that armies are no more exempt from corruptions
+than other numbers of men. The maxims proposed were occasionally
+introduced by the report of certain facts, which I am bound to believe is
+true, because I am sure, considering what has passed, it would be a crime
+to think otherwise. All posts in the army, all employments at court, and
+many others, are (or ought to be) given and resumed at the mere pleasure
+of the prince; yet when I see a great officer broke, a change made in the
+court or the ministry, and this under the most just and gracious Princess
+that ever reigned, I must naturally conclude it is done upon prudent
+considerations, and for some great demerit in the sufferers. But then; is
+not the punishment sufficient? Is it generous or charitable to trample on
+the unfortunate, and expose their faults to the world in the strongest
+colours? And would it not suit better with magnanimity as well as common
+good-nature, to leave them at quiet to their own thoughts and repentance?
+Yes without question, provided it could be so contrived that their very
+names, as well as actions, might be forgotten for ever; _such_ an act of
+oblivion would be for the honour of our nation, and beget a better
+opinion of us with posterity; and then I might have spared the world and
+myself the trouble of _examining_. But at present, there is a cruel
+dilemma in the case: The friends and abettors of the late ministry are
+every day publishing their praises to the world, and casting reflections
+upon the present persons in power. This is so barefaced an aspersion upon
+the Q[ueen], that I know not how any good subject can with patience
+endure it, though he were ever so indifferent with regard to the opinions
+in dispute. Shall they who have lost all power and love of the people, be
+allowed to scatter their poison; and shall not those, who are, at least,
+of the strongest side, be suffered to bring an antidote? And how can we
+undeceive the deluded remainder, but by letting them see, that those
+discarded statesmen were justly laid aside, and producing as many
+instances to prove it as we can? not from any personal hatred to them,
+but in justification to the best of queens. The many scurrilities I have
+heard and read against this poor paper of mine, are in such a strain,
+that considering the present state of affairs, they look like a jest.
+They usually run after the following manner: "What? shall this insolent
+writer presume to censure the late ministry, the ablest, the most
+faithful, and truest lovers of their country, and its constitution that
+ever served a prince? Shall he reflect on the best H[ouse] of C[ommons]
+that ever sat within those walls? Has not the Queen changed both for a
+ministry and Parliament of Jacobites and highfliers, who are selling us
+to France, and bringing over the Pretender?" This is the very sum and
+force of all their reasonings, and this their method of complaining
+against the "Examiner." In _them_ it is humble and loyal to reflect upon
+the Q[ueen] and the ministry, and Parliament she has chosen with the
+universal applause of her people; in _us_ it is insolent to defend her
+Majesty and her choice, or to answer their objections, by shewing the
+reasons why those changes were necessary.
+
+The same style has been used in the late case relating to some gentlemen
+in the army;[6] such a clamour was raised by a set of men, who had the
+boldness to tax the administration with cruelty and injustice, that I
+thought it necessary to interfere a little, by shewing the ill
+consequences that might arise from some proceedings, though without
+application to particular persons. And what do they offer in answer?
+Nothing but a few poor common-places against calumny and informers, which
+might have been full as just and seasonable in a plot against the sacred
+person of the Q[ueen].
+
+But, by the way; why are these idle people so indiscreet to name those
+two words, which afford occasion of laying open to the world such an
+infamous scene of subornation and perjury, as well as calumny and
+informing, as I believe is without example: when a whole cabal attempted
+an action, wherein a condemned criminal refused to join with them for
+the reward of his life?[7] Not that I disapprove their sagacity, who
+could foretell so long before, by what hand they should one day fall, and
+therefore thought any means justifiable by which they might prevent it.
+
+But waiving this at present, it must be owned in justice to the army,
+that those violences did not proceed so far among them as some have
+believed; nor ought the madness of a few to be laid at their doors. For
+the rest, I am so far from denying the due praises to those victorious
+troops, who did their part in procuring so many victories for the allies,
+that I could wish every officer and private soldier had their full share
+of honour in proportion to their deserts; being thus far of the
+Athenians' mind, who when it was proposed that the statue of Miltiades
+should be set up alone in some public place of the city, said they would
+agree to it, _whenever he conquered alone_, but not before. Neither do I
+at all blame the officers of the army, for preferring in their hearts the
+late ministry before the present; or, if wishing alone could be of any
+use, to wish their continuance, because then they might be secure of the
+war's continuance too: whereas, since affairs have been put into other
+hands, they may perhaps lie under some apprehensions of a peace, which no
+army, especially in a course of success, was ever inclined to, and which
+all wise states have in such a juncture, chiefly endeavoured. This is
+a point wherein the civil and military politics have always disagreed.
+And for that reason, I affirmed it necessary in all free governments,
+that the latter should be absolutely in subjection to the former;
+otherwise, one of these two inconveniencies must arise, either to be
+perpetually in war, or to turn the civil institution into a military.
+
+I am ready to allow all that has been said of the valour and experience
+of our troops, who have fully contributed their part to the great
+successes abroad; nor is it their fault, that those important victories
+had no better consequences at home, though it may be their advantage. War
+is their trade and business: to improve and cultivate the advantages of
+success, is an affair of the cabinet; and the neglect of this, whether
+proceeding from weakness or corruption, according to the usual
+uncertainty of wars, may be of the most fatal consequence to a nation.
+For, pray let me represent our condition in such a light, as I believe
+both parties will allow, though perhaps not the consequences I shall
+deduce from it. We have been for above nine years, blessed with a QUEEN,
+who besides all virtues that can enter into the composition of a private
+person, possesses every regal quality that can contribute to make a
+people happy: of great wisdom, yet ready to receive the advice of her
+counsellors: of much discernment in choosing proper instruments, when she
+follows her own judgment, and only capable of being deceived by that
+excess of goodness which makes her judge of others by herself. Frugal in
+her management in order to contribute to the public, which in proportion
+she does, and that voluntarily, beyond any of her subjects; but from her
+own nature, generous and charitable to all that want or deserve; and in
+order to exercise those virtues, denying herself all entertainments of
+expense which many others enjoy. Then if we look abroad, at least in
+Flanders, our arms have been crowned with perpetual success in battles
+and sieges, not to mention several fortunate actions in Spain. These
+facts being thus stated, which none can deny, it is natural to ask how we
+have improved such advantages, and to what account they have turned? I
+shall use no discouraging terms. When a patient grows daily worse by the
+tampering of mountebanks, there is nothing left but to call in the best
+physicians before the case grows desperate: But I would ask, whether
+France or any other kingdom, would have made so little use of such
+prodigious opportunities, the fruits whereof could never have fallen to
+the ground, without the extremist degree of folly and corruption, and
+where those have lain, let the world judge? Instead of aiming at peace,
+while we had the advantage of the war, which has been the perpetual maxim
+of all wise states, it has been reckoned factious and malignant even to
+express our wishes for it; and such a condition imposed, as was never
+offered to any prince who had an inch of ground to dispute; _Quae enim
+est conditio pacis; in qua ei cum quo pacem facias, nihil concedi
+potest?_[8]
+
+It is not obvious to conceive what could move men who sat at home, and
+were called to consult upon the good of the kingdom, to be so utterly
+averse from putting an end to a long expensive war, which the victorious,
+as well as conquered side, were heartily weary of. Few or none of them
+were men of the sword; they had no share in the honour; they had made
+large fortunes, and were at the head of all affairs. But they well knew
+by what tenure they held their power; that the Qu[een] saw through their
+designs, that they had entirely lost the hearts of the clergy; that the
+landed men were against them; that they were detested by the body of the
+people; and that nothing bore them up but their credit with the bank and
+other stocks, which would be neither formidable nor necessary when the
+war was at an end. For these reasons they resolved to disappoint all
+overtures of a peace, till they and their party should be so deeply
+rooted as to make it impossible to shake them. To this end, they began to
+precipitate matters so fast, as in a little time must have ruined the
+constitution, if the crown had not interposed, and rather ventured the
+accidental effects of their malice, than such dreadful consequences of
+their power. And indeed, had the former danger been greater than some
+hoped or feared, I see no difficulty in the choice, which was the same
+with his, who said, "he had rather be devoured by wolves than by rats." I
+therefore still insist that we cannot wonder at, or find fault with the
+army, for concurring with a ministry who was for prolonging the war. The
+inclination is natural in them all, pardonable in those who have not yet
+made their fortunes, and as lawful in the rest, as love of power or love
+of money can make it. But as natural, as pardonable, and as lawful as
+this inclination is, when it is not under check of the civil power, or
+when a corrupt ministry joins in giving it too great a scope, the
+consequence can be nothing less than infallible ruin and slavery to a
+state.
+
+After I had finished this Paper, the printer sent me two small pamphlets,
+called "The Management of the War,"_[9] written with some plausibility,
+much artifice, and abundance of misrepresentation, as well as direct
+falsehoods in point of fact. These I have thought worth _Examining_,
+which I shall accordingly do when I find an opportunity.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 23 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: I.e. 1710-11. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: Cicero, "De Officiis," i. 23: "In the undertaking of a war
+there should be such a prospect, as if the only end of it were peace."--
+SIR R. L'ESTRANGE. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: See "Examiner," No. 21. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Scott mistakes this as the pretended letter quoted in "The
+Medley," No. 14. Swift refers to a half sheet printed for A. Baldwin in
+the latter part of 1710, and entitled: "The French King's Thanks to the
+Tories of Great-Britain." It was ascribed to Hoadly.
+
+In this print Louis XIV. is made to thank the Tories for "what hath given
+me too deep and lasting impressions of respect, and gratitude, ever to be
+forgotten. If I should endeavour to recount all the numerous obligations
+I have to you, I should not know where to begin, nor where to make an
+end.... To you and your predecessors I owe that supineness and negligence
+of the English court, which, gave me opportunity and ability to form and
+prosecute my designs." Alluding to William III. he says: "To you I owed
+the impotence of his life and the comfort of his death. At that juncture
+how vast were my hopes?... But a princess ascended your throne, whom you
+seemed to court with some personal fondness ... She had a general whom
+her predecessor had wrought into the confidence and favour of the
+Allies.... It is with pleasure I have observed, that every victory he
+hath obtained abroad, hath been retrieved by your management at home....
+What a figure have your tumults, your addresses, and the progresses of
+your Doctor, made in my Gazettes? What comfort have I received from
+them?... And with what impatience do we now wait for that dissolution,
+with the hopes of which you have so long flattered us ?... Blessed be the
+engines, to which so glorious events are owing. Republican,
+Antimonarchical, Danger of the Church, Non-resistance, Hereditary and
+Divine Right, words of force and energy!... How great are my obligations
+to all these!" In a postscript, King Louis is made to say further: "My
+Brother of England [i.e. the Pretender] ... thanks you for ... your late
+loyal addresses; your open avowal in them of that unlimited non-resistance
+by which he keeps up his claim," etc. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: "Lieut.-Gen. Meredith, Major-Gen. Macartney, and Brigadier
+Honeywood were superseded, upon an information laid before the Q----,
+that these three gentlemen had, in their cups, drank Damnation and
+Confusion to the new ministry, and to those who had any hand in turning
+out of the old."--TINDAL, iv. 195. See also No. 21 and note, p. 127.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: William Gregg, a clerk in Harley's office, who was convicted
+of a treasonable correspondence with France. See Swift's "Some Remarks,"
+etc., in vol. v., p. 38, of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: "For what condition of peace is that in which nothing is
+conceded him with whom you are making peace?" [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: The two pamphlets referred to were both written by Dr.
+Francis Hare, chaplain-general to the Duke of Marlborough, and afterwards
+Bishop of Chichester. The first was dated November 23rd, 1710, and
+was entitled, "The Management of the War. In a Letter to a Tory-Member."
+The second was called, "The Management of the War. In a Second Letter to
+a Tory-Member," and was dated November 30th, 1710. The pamphlets are again
+referred to in the twenty-ninth number of "The Examiner," where the writer
+states that on second thoughts he has decided to deal with them "in a
+discourse by itself." This he did. See note on p. 184. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 25.[1]
+
+
+FROM THURSDAY JANUARY 11, TO THURSDAY JANUARY 18, 1710.[2]
+
+  _Parva momenta in spem metumque impellunt animos._[3]
+
+Hopes are natural to most men, especially to sanguine complexions, and
+among the various changes that happen in the course of public affairs,
+they are seldom without some grounds: Even in desperate cases, where it
+is impossible they should have any foundation, they are often affected,
+to keep a countenance, and make an enemy think we have some resource
+which they know nothing of. This appears to have been for some months
+past the condition of those people, whom I am forced, for want of other
+phrases, to called the _ruined party_. They have taken up since their
+fall, some real, and some pretended hopes. When the E. of S[underlan]d
+was discarded, they _hoped_ her M[ajesty] would proceed no farther in the
+change of her ministry, and had the insolence to misrepresent her words
+to foreign states. They _hoped_, nobody durst advise the dissolution of
+the Parliament. When this was done, and further alterations made at
+Court, they _hoped_ and endeavoured to ruin the credit of the nation.
+They likewise _hoped_ that we should have some terrible loss abroad,
+which would force us to unravel all, and begin again upon their bottom.
+But, of all their _hopes_, whether real or assumed, there is none more
+extraordinary than that which they now would seem to place their whole
+confidence in: that this great turn of affairs was only occasioned by a
+short madness of the people, from which they will recover in a little
+time, when their eyes are open, and they grow cool and sober enough to
+consider the truth of things, and how much they have been deceived. It
+is not improbable, that some few of the deepest sighted among these
+reasoners, are well enough convinced how vain all such _hopes_ must be:
+but for the rest, the wisest of them seem to have been very ill judges of
+the people's dispositions, the want of which knowledge was a principal
+occasion to hasten their ruin; for surely had they suspected which way
+the popular current inclined, they never would have run against it by
+that impeachment. I therefore conclude, they generally are so blind, as
+to imagine some comfort from this fantastical opinion, that the people of
+England are at present distracted, but will shortly come to their senses
+again.
+
+For the service therefore of our adversaries and friends, I shall briefly
+_examine_ this point, by shewing what are the causes and symptoms of a
+people's madness, and how it differs from their natural bent and
+inclination.
+
+It is Machiavel's observation, that the people when left to their own
+judgment, do seldom mistake their true interests; and indeed they
+naturally love the constitution they are born under, never desiring to
+change but under great oppressions. However, they are to be deceived by
+several means. It has often happened in Greece, and sometimes in Rome,
+that those very men who have contributed to shake off a former tyranny,
+have, instead of restoring the old constitution, deluded the People into
+a worse and more ignominious slavery. Besides, all great changes have the
+same effect upon commonwealths that thunder has upon liquors, making the
+dregs fly up to the top: the lowest plebeians rise to the head of
+affairs, and there preserve themselves by representing the nobles and
+other friends to the old government, as enemies to the public. The
+encouraging of new mysteries and new deities, with the pretences of
+further purity in religion, hath likewise been a frequent topic to
+mislead the people. And, not to mention more, the promoting false reports
+of dangers from abroad, hath often served to prevent them from fencing
+against real dangers at home. By these and the like arts, in conjunction
+with a great depravity of manners, and a weak or corrupt administration,
+the madness of the people hath risen to such a height as to break in
+pieces the whole frame of the best instituted governments. But however,
+such great frenzies being artificially raised, are a perfect force and
+constraint upon human nature, and under a wise steady prince, will
+certainly decline of themselves, settling like the sea after a storm, and
+then the true bent and genius of the people will appear. Ancient and
+modern story are full of instances to illustrate what I say. In our own
+island we had a great example of a long madness in the people, kept up by
+a thousand artifices like intoxicating medicines, till the constitution
+was destroyed; yet the malignity being spent, and the humour exhausted
+that served to foment it; before the usurpers could fix upon a new
+scheme, the people suddenly recovered, and peaceably restored the old
+constitution.
+
+From what I have offered, it will be easy to decide, whether this late
+change in the dispositions of the people were a new madness, or a
+recovery from an old one. Neither do I see how it can be proved that such
+a change had in any circumstance the least symptoms of madness, whether
+my description of it be right or no. It is agreed, that the truest way of
+judging the dispositions of the people in the choice of their
+representatives, is by computing the county-elections; and in these, it
+is manifest that five in six are entirely for the present measures;
+although the court was so far from interposing its credit, that there was
+no change in the admiralty, not above one or two in the lieutenancy, nor
+any other methods used to influence elections.[4] The free unextorted
+addresses[5] sent some time before from every part of the kingdom,
+plainly shewed what sort of bent the people had taken, and from what
+motives. The election of members for this great city,[6] carried contrary
+to all conjecture, against the united interest of those two great bodies,
+the Bank and East India Company, was another convincing argument.
+Besides, the Whigs themselves have always confessed, that the bulk of
+landed men in England was generally of Tories. So that this change must
+be allowed to be according to the natural genius and disposition of the
+people, whether it were just and reasonable in itself or not.
+
+Notwithstanding all which, you shall frequently hear the partisans of the
+late men in power, gravely and decisively pronounce, that the present
+ministry cannot possibly stand.[7] Now, they who affirm this, if they
+believe themselves, must ground their opinion, upon the iniquity of the
+_last_ being so far established, and deeply rooted, that no endeavours of
+honest men, will be able to restore things to their former state. Or
+else these reasoners have been so misled by twenty years' mismanagement,
+that they have forgot our constitution, and talk as if our monarchy and
+revolution began together. But the body of the people is wiser, and by
+the choice they have made, shew they _do_ understand our constitution,
+and would bring it back to the old form; which if the new ministers take
+care to maintain, they will and ought to stand, otherwise they may fall
+like their predecessors. But I think we may easily foresee what a
+Parliament freely chosen, without threatening or corruption, is likely to
+do, when no man shall be in any danger to lose his place by the freedom
+of his voice.
+
+But, who are those advancers of this opinion, that the present ministry
+cannot hold? It must be either such as are afraid to be called to an
+account, in case it should hold; or those who keep offices, from which
+others, better qualified, were removed; and may reasonably apprehend to
+be turned out, for worthier men to come in their places, since perhaps
+it will be necessary to make some changes, that the public business of
+the nation may go on: or lastly, stock-jobbers, who industriously spread
+such reports that actions may fall, and their friends buy to advantage.
+
+Yet these hopes, thus freely expressed, as they are more sincere, so they
+are more supportable, than when they appear under the disguise and
+pretence of fears. Some of these gentlemen are employed to shake their
+heads in proper companies; to doubt where all this will end; to be in
+mighty pain for the nation; to shew how impossible it is, that the public
+credit can be supported: to pray that all may do well in whatever hands;
+but very much to doubt that the Pretender is at the bottom. I know not
+any thing so nearly resembling this behaviour, as what I have often seen
+among the friends of a sick man, whose interest it is that he should die:
+The physicians protest they see no danger; the symptoms are good, the
+medicines answer expectation; yet still they are not to be comforted;
+they whisper, he is a gone man; it is not possible he should hold out; he
+has perfect death in his face; they never liked this doctor: At last the
+patient recovers, and their joy is as false as their grief.
+
+I believe there is no man so sanguine, who did not apprehend some ill
+consequences from the late change, though not in any proportion to the
+good ones: but it is manifest, the former have proved much fewer and
+lighter than were expected, either at home or abroad, by the fears of our
+friends, or the hopes of our enemies. Those remedies that stir the
+humours in a diseased body, are at first more painful than the malady
+itself; yet certain death is the consequence of deferring them too long.
+Actions have fallen, and the loans are said to come in slowly. But
+beside, that something of this must have been, whether there had been any
+change or no; beside, that the surprise of every change, for the better
+as well as the worse, is apt to affect credit for a while; there is a
+further reason, which is plain and scandalous. When the late party was at
+the helm, those who were called the Tories, never put their resentments
+in balance with the safety of the nation, but cheerfully contributed to
+the common cause. Now the scene is changed, the fallen party seems to act
+from very different motives: they have _given the word about;_ they will
+keep their money and be passive; and in this point stand upon the same
+foot with Papists and Nonjurors. What would have become of the public, if
+the present great majority had acted thus, during the late
+administration? Had acted thus, before the others were masters of that
+wealth they have squeezed out of the landed men, and with the strength of
+that, would now hold the kingdom at defiance?
+
+Thus much I have thought fit to say, without pointing reflections upon
+any particular person; which I have hitherto but sparingly done, and that
+only towards those whose characters are too profligate, that the managing
+of them should be of any consequence: Besides as it is a talent I am not
+naturally fond of, so, in the subjects I treat, it is generally needless.
+If I display the effects of avarice and ambition, of bribery and
+corruption, of gross immorality and irreligion, those who are the least
+conversant in things, will easily know where to apply them. Not that I
+lay any weight upon the objections of such who charge me with this
+proceeding: it is notorious enough that the writers of the other side
+were the first aggressors. Not to mention their scurrilous libels many
+years ago, directly levelled at particular persons; how many papers do
+now come out every week, full of rude invectives against the present
+ministry, with the first and last letters of their names to prevent
+mistakes? It is good sometimes to let these people see, that we neither
+want spirit nor materials to retaliate; and therefore in this point
+_alone_, I shall follow their example, whenever I find myself
+sufficiently provoked; only with one addition, that whatever charges I
+bring, either general or particular, shall be religiously true, either
+upon avowed facts which none can deny, or such as I can prove from my own
+knowledge.
+
+Being resolved publicly to acknowledge any mistakes I have been guilty
+of; I do here humbly desire the reader's pardon for one of mighty
+importance, about a fact in one of my papers, said to be done in the
+cathedral of Gloucester.[8] A whole Hydra of errors in two words: For as
+I am since informed, it was neither in the cathedral, nor city, nor
+county of Gloucester, but some other church of that diocese. If I had
+ever met any other objection of equal weight, though from the meanest
+hands, I should certainly have answered it.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 24 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: I.e. 1710-11. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: "The merest trifles affect our spirits, and fill us with
+hope or fear." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: See Swift's "Memoirs Relating to that Change," etc., vol.
+v., p. 386 of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: "The general ferment soon after [1710, summer] broke out
+into numerous addresses, of very different style and tenor, that were
+presented to the Queen. ... The high-church addresses not only exceeded
+the others in number, but were also far better received; as complimenting
+the Queen with a more extensive prerogative, and an hereditary title"
+(Chamberlen's "History of Queen Anne," p. 347). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: At the general election in October and November, 1710, the
+City of London returned four Tories: Sir Wm. Withers, Sir R. Hoare, Sir
+G. Newland, and Mr. John Cass. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: Harley's ministry continued in power until July, 1714.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: This act of Wharton's was alluded to by the Duke of Leeds in
+the House of Lords on December 6th, 1705. See Dartmouth's note on
+Burnet's "Own Times," vol. ii., p. 435, and compare "History of
+Parliament," and "Journals of House of Lords." When the Duke of
+Leeds insinuated pretty plainly to Wharton the nature of his offence,
+Dartmouth remarks that the "Lord Wharton was very silent for the
+rest of that day, and desired no further explanations." [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+
+NUMB. 26.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY JANUARY 18, TO THURSDAY JANUARY 25, 1710-11.
+
+[Greek: Dialexamenoi tina haesuchae, to men sumpan epi te tae dunas eia
+kai kata ton echthron sunomosan.]
+
+_Summissa quaedam voce collocuti sunt; quorum summa erat de dominatione
+sibi confirmanda, ac inimicis delendis conjuratio._[2]
+
+Not many days ago I observed a knot of discontented gentlemen cursing the
+Tories to Hell for their uncharitableness, in affirming, that if the late
+ministry had continued to this time, we should have had neither Church
+nor Monarchy left. They are usually so candid as to call that the opinion
+of a party, which they hear in a coffeehouse, or over a bottle from some
+warm young people, whom it is odds but they have provoked to say more
+than they believed, by some positions as absurd and ridiculous of their
+own. And so it proved in this very instance: for, asking one of these
+gentlemen, what it was that provoked those he had been disputing with, to
+advance such a paradox? he assured me in a very calm manner, it was
+nothing in the world, but that himself and some others of the company had
+made it appear, that the design of the present P[arliamen]t and
+m[inistr]y, was to bring in Popery, arbitrary power, and the Pretender:
+which I take to be an opinion fifty times more improbable, as well as
+more uncharitable, than what is charged upon the Whigs: because I defy
+our adversaries to produce one single reason for suspecting such designs
+in the persons now at the helm; whereas I can upon demand produce twenty
+to shew, that some late men had strong views towards a commonwealth, and
+the alteration of the Church.
+
+It is natural indeed, when a storm is over, that has only untiled our
+houses, and blown down some of our chimneys, to consider what further
+mischiefs might have ensued, if it had lasted longer. However, in the
+present case, I am not of the opinion above-mentioned; I believe the
+Church and State might have lasted somewhat longer, though the late
+enemies to both had done their worst: I can hardly conceive how things
+would have been so soon ripe for a new revolution. I am convinced, that
+if they had offered to make such large and sudden strides, it must have
+come to blows, and according to the computation we have now reason to
+think a right one, I can partly guess what would have been the issue.
+Besides, we are sure the Q[uee]n would have interposed before they came
+to extremities, and as little as they regarded the regal authority, would
+have been a check in their career.
+
+But instead of this question; What would have been the consequence if the
+late ministry had continued? I will propose another, which will be more
+useful for us to consider; and that is, What we may reasonably expect
+they will do, if ever they come into power again? This, we know, is the
+design and endeavour of all those scribbles that daily fly about in their
+favour; of all the false, insolent, and scandalous libels against the
+present administration; and of all those engines set at work to sink the
+actions, and blow up the public credit. As for those who shew their
+inclinations by writing, there is one consideration, which I wonder does
+not sometimes affect them: for how can they forbear having a good opinion
+of the gentleness and innocence of those, who permit them to employ their
+pens as they do? It puts me in mind of an insolent pragmatical orator
+somewhere in Greece, who railing with great freedom at the chief men in
+the state, was answered by one who had been very instrumental in
+recovering the liberty of the city, that "he thanked the gods they had
+now arrived to the condition he always wished them, when every man in
+that city might securely say what they pleased." I wish these gentlemen
+would however compare the liberty they take with what their masters used
+to give: how many messengers and warrants would have gone out against any
+that durst have opened their lips, or drawn their pens, against the
+persons and proceedings of their juntoes and cabals? How would their
+weekly writers have been calling out for prosecution and punishment? We
+remember when a poor nickname,[3] borrowed from an old play of Ben
+Jonson, and mentioned in a sermon without any particular application, was
+made use of as a motive to spur an impeachment. But after all, it must be
+confessed, they had reasons to be thus severe, which their successors
+have not: _their_ faults would never endure the light; and to have
+exposed them sooner, would have raised the kingdom against the actors,
+before the time.
+
+But, to come to the subject I have now undertaken; which is to _examine_,
+what the consequences would be, upon supposition that the Whigs were now
+restored to their power. I already imagine the present free P[arliamen]t
+dissolved, and another of a different epithet met, by the force of money
+and management. I read immediately a dozen or two stinging votes against
+the proceedings of the late ministry. The bill now to be repealed would
+then be re-enacted, and the birthright of an Englishman reduced again to
+the value of twelvepence.[4] But to give the reader a stronger
+imagination of such a scene; let me represent the designs of some men,
+lately endeavoured and projected, in the form of a paper of votes.
+
+"Ordered, That a Bill be brought in for repealing the Sacramental Test.
+
+"A petition of T[in]d[a]l, C[o]ll[in]s, Cl[en]d[o]n, C[o]w[ar]d,
+T[o]l[a]nd,[5] in behalf of themselves and many hundreds of their
+disciples, some of which are Members of this honourable H[ouse], desiring
+that leave be given to bring in a Bill for qualifying Atheists, Deists
+and Socinians, to serve their Country in any employment.
+
+"Ordered, That leave be given to bring in a Bill, according to the prayer
+of the said petition, and that Mr. L[ec]h[me]re[6] do prepare and bring
+it in.
+
+"Ordered, That a Bill be brought in for removing the education of youth
+out of the hands of the Clergy.
+
+"Another, to forbid the Clergy preaching certain duties in religion,
+especially obedience to Princes.
+
+"Another, to take away the jurisdiction of Bishops.
+
+"Another, for constituting a General for life; with instructions to the
+committee, that care may be taken to make the war last as long as the
+life of the said General.
+
+"A Bill of Attainder against C[harles] D[uke] of Sh[rewsbury], J[ohn]
+D[uke] of B[uckingham], L[aurence] E[arl] of R[ochester], Sir S[imon]
+H[arcourt], k[nigh]t, R[obert] H[arley], H[enry] S[t. John],[7] Esqs;
+A[bigail] M[asham], spinster,[8] and others, for high treason against the
+j[u]nto.
+
+"Resolved, That S[ara]h D[uchess] of M[arlborough] hath been a most
+dutiful, just, and grateful servant to Her M[ajest]y.
+
+"Resolved, That to advise the dissolution of a W[hi]g Parliament, or the
+removal of a W[hi]g Ministry, was in order to bring in Popery and the
+Pretender; and that the said advice was high treason.
+
+"Resolved, That by the original compact the Government of this Realm is
+by a junto, and a K[ing] or Qu[een]; but the Administration solely in the
+junto.
+
+"Ordered, That a Bill be brought in for further limiting the Prerogative.
+
+"Ordered, That it be a standing order of this H[ouse] that the merit of
+elections be not determined by the number of voices, or right of
+electors, but by weight; and that one Whig shall weigh down ten Tories.
+
+"A motion being made, and the question being put, that when a Whig is
+detected of manifest bribery, and his competitor being a Tory, has ten to
+one a majority, there shall be a new election; it passed in the negative.
+
+"Resolved, That for a K[ing] or Q[ueen] of this Realm, to read or examine
+a paper brought them to be signed by a j[un]to Minister, is arbitrary and
+illegal, and a violation of the liberties of the people."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+These and the like reformations would, in all probability, be the first
+fruits of the Whigs' resurrection; and what structures such able artists
+might in a short time build upon such foundations, I leave others to
+conjecture. All hopes of a peace cut off; the nation industriously
+involved in further debts to a degree, that none would dare undertake
+the management of affairs, but those whose interest lay in ruining the
+constitution. I do not see how the wisest prince under such necessities
+could be able to extricate himself. Then, as to the Church, the bishops
+would by degrees be dismissed, first from the Parliament, next from their
+revenues, and at last from their office; and the clergy, instead of their
+idle claim of independency on the state, would be forced to depend for
+their daily bread on every individual. But what system of future
+government was designed; whether it were already digested, or would have
+been left for time and incidents to mature, I shall not now _Examine_.
+Only upon this occasion I cannot help reflecting on a fact, which it is
+probable, the reader knows as well as myself. There was a picture drawn
+some time ago, representing five persons as large as the life, sitting at
+council together like a Pentarchy. A void space was left for a sixth,
+which was to have been the Qu[een], to whom they intended that honour:
+but her M[ajest]y having since fallen under their displeasure, they have
+made a shift to crowd in two better friends in her place, which makes it
+a complete Heptarchy.[9] This piece is now in the country, reserved till
+better times, and hangs in a hall, among the pictures of Cromwell,
+Bradshaw, Ireton, and some other predecessors.
+
+I must now desire leave to say something to a gentleman, who has been
+pleased to publish a discourse against a paper of mine relating to the
+convocation.[10] He promises to set me right, without any undue
+reflections or undecent language. I suppose he means in comparison with
+others, who pretend to answer the "Examiner": So far he is right; but if
+he thinks he has behaved himself as becomes a candid antagonist, I
+believe he is mistaken. He says, in his title-page, my "representations
+are unfair, and my reflections unjust." And his conclusion is yet more
+severe,[11] where he "doubts I and my friends are enraged against the
+Dutch, because they preserved us from Popery and arbitrary power at the
+Revolution; and since that time, from being overrun by the exorbitant
+power of France, and becoming a prey to the Pretender." Because this
+author seems in general to write with an honest meaning, I would
+seriously put to him the question, whether he thinks I and my friends
+are for Popery, arbitrary power, France and the Pretender? I omit other
+instances of smaller moment, which however do not suit in my opinion with
+due reflection or decent language. The fact relating to the convocation,
+came from a good hand, and I do not find this author differs from me
+in any material circumstance about it. My reflections were no more than
+what might be obvious to any other gentleman, who had heard of their late
+proceedings. If the notion be right which this author gives us of a Lower
+House of Convocation, it is a very melancholy one,[12] and to me seems
+utterly inconsistent with that of a body of men whom he owns to have a
+negative; and therefore, since a great majority of the clergy differs
+from him in several points he advances, I shall rather choose to be of
+their opinion than his. I fancy, when the whole synod met in one house,
+as this writer affirms, they were upon a better foot with their bishops,
+and therefore whether this treatment so extremely _de haut en bas_, since
+their exclusion, be suitable to primitive custom or primitive humility
+towards brethren, is not my business to enquire. One may allow the divine
+or apostolic right of Episcopacy, and their great superiority over
+presbyters, and yet dispute the methods of exercising the latter, which
+being of human institution, are subject to encroachments and usurpations.
+I know, every clergyman in a diocese has a good deal of dependence upon
+his bishop, and owes him canonical obedience: but I was apt to think,
+when the whole representative of the clergy met in a synod, they were
+considered in another light, at least since they are allowed to have a
+negative. If I am mistaken, I desire to be excused, as talking out of my
+trade: only there is one thing wherein I entirely differ from this
+author. Since in the disputes about privileges, one side must recede;
+where so very few privileges remain, it is a hundred to one odds, the
+encroachments are not on the inferior clergy's side; and no man can blame
+them for insisting on the small number that is left. There is one fact
+wherein I must take occasion to set this author right; that the person
+who first moved the QUEEN to remit the first-fruits and tenths to the
+clergy, was an eminent instrument in the late turn of affairs;[13] and as
+I am told, has lately prevailed to have the same favour granted for the
+clergy of Ireland.[14]
+
+But I must beg leave to inform the author, that this paper is not
+intended for the management of controversy, which would be of very little
+import to most readers, and only misspend time, that I would gladly
+employ to better purposes. For where it is a man's business to entertain
+a whole room-full, it is unmannerly to apply himself to a particular
+person, and turn his back upon the rest of the company.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 25 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: "They met and whispered together; and their entire aim was
+the confirmation of their own power and an oath for the destruction of
+their enemies." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: The following is the passage in Sacheverell's sermon in
+which the nickname is used: "What dependence can there be upon a man of
+no principles? ... In what moving and lively colours does the holy
+Psalmist paint out the crafty insidiousness of such wily Volpones!"
+Godolphin, in spite of Somers's protest against such action, brought
+about the preacher's impeachment, for this description of himself, as he
+took it. See also vol. v., p. 219 and note of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: An attempt was made to repeal the Act for Naturalizing
+Foreign Protestants (7 Ann. c. 5), which received the royal assent, March
+23rd, 170-8/9, by a Bill which passed the House of Commons, January 31st,
+171-0/1, but was thrown out by the Lords, February 5th. Persons
+naturalized under this Act had to pay a fee of one shilling on taking the
+prescribed oath of allegiance. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: See Nos. 20 and 23, _ante_, and notes pp. 118 and 141.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: Nicholas Lechmere (1675-1727), member for Appleby (1708-10),
+Cockermouth (1710-17), and Tewkesbury (1717-21), was one of the
+managers in the impeachment of Sacheverell. He, with Addison,
+Hoadly, and Minshull corrected Steele's draft of "The Crisis" for
+publication. He was created Lord Lechmere in 1721, after he had held
+the offices of solicitor-general (1714-18) and attorney-general (1718-20).
+See also vol. v., p. 326 note, of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: "R.H. H.S. Esqs;" in both editions. In Faulkner's collected
+reprint the second name was altered to William Shippen, and Scott
+follows Faulkner; but there can be no doubt that the initials were
+intended for St. John, since the persons named were those who succeeded
+to the places of the dismissed ministers. Shippen was a prominent
+member of the October Club, but he did not hold any public office.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: In No. 19 of "The Medley," the writer calls "The Examiner"
+to account for writing Abigail Masham, _spinster_. She was then Mrs.
+Masham. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: See No. 23, _ante_, and notes p. 138. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: "The Case of the Present Convocation Consider'd; In Answer
+to the Examiner's Unfair Representation of it, and Unjust Reflections
+upon it." 1711, See note p. 129. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: "They [the Dutch] have a right to put us in mind, that
+without their assistance in 1688, Popery and arbitrary power must, without
+a miracle, have over-run us; and that even since that time, we must have
+sunk under the exorbitant power of France, and our Church and Queen
+must have been a prey to a Pretender imposed upon us by this exorbitant
+power, if that tottering commonwealth ... had not heartily joined with
+us.... But I forget my self, and I doubt, allege those very things in
+their favour, for which the 'Examiner' and his friends, are the most
+enraged against them." ("The Case," etc., p. 24). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: They [_i.e._ the bishops] say that the prolocutor is "the
+referendary of the lower house, _i.e._ one who is to carry messages and
+admonitions from the upper house to the lower, and to represent their
+sense, and to carry their petitions to the upper: That originally the
+synod met all in one house in this, as it still does in the other
+province." ("The Case," etc., p. 14). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: Bishop Burnet had made a similar proposal to Queen Mary
+several years before, "so that she was fully resolved, if ever she had
+lived to see peace and settlement, ... to have applied it to the
+augmentation of small benefices." He had also laid it very fully before
+the Princess of Denmark in the reign of King William ("Hist. Own Times,"
+ii. 370).
+
+"This very project ... was first set on foot by a great minister in the
+last reign. It was then far advanced, and would have been finished, had
+he stayed but a few months longer in the ministry" ("The Case," etc., p.
+23). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 14: Swift's own Memorial to Harley, petitioning the Queen to
+surrender the first-fruits in Ireland is given in Scott's edition (vol.
+xv., pp. 381-4). It was on behalf of these first-fruits that Swift came
+to England, in 1707, on a commission from Archbishop King. Then he made
+his application as a Whig to a Whig government, but failing with Somers
+and Halifax both in this and in his hopes for advancement, he joined
+Harley's fortunes. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+
+NUMB. 27.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY JANUARY 25, TO THURSDAY FEBRUARY 1, 1710-11.[2]
+
+_Ea autem est gloria, laus recte factorum, magnorumque in rempublicam
+meritorum: Quae cum optimi cujusque, tum etiam multitudinis testimonio
+comprobatur._[3]
+
+I am thinking, what a mighty advantage it is to be entertained as a
+writer to a ruined cause. I remember a fanatic preacher, who was inclined
+to come into the Church, and take orders; but upon mature thoughts was
+diverted from that design, when he considered that the collections of the
+_godly_ were a much heartier and readier penny, than he could get by
+wrangling for tithes. He certainly had reason, and the two cases are
+parallel. If you write in defence of a fallen party, you are maintained
+by contribution as a necessary person, you have little more to do than to
+carp and cavil at those who hold the pen on the other side; you are sure
+to be celebrated and caressed by all your party, to a man. You may affirm
+and deny what you please, without truth or probability, since it is but
+loss of time to contradict you. Besides, commiseration is often on your
+side, and you have a pretence to be thought honest and disinterested, for
+adhering to friends in distress. After which, if your party ever happens
+to turn up again, you have a strong fund of merit towards making your
+fortune. Then, you never fail to be well furnished with materials, every
+one bringing in his _quota_, and falsehood being naturally more plentiful
+than truth. Not to mention the wonderful delight of libelling men in
+power, and hugging yourself in a corner with mighty satisfaction for what
+you have done.
+
+It is quite otherwise with us, who engage as volunteers in the service of
+a flourishing ministry, in full credit with the Q[uee]n, and beloved by
+the people, because they have no sinister ends or dangerous designs, but
+pursue with steadiness and resolution the true interests of both. Upon
+which account they little want or desire our assistance; and we may write
+till the world is weary of reading, without having our pretences allowed
+either to a place or a pension: besides, we are refused the common
+benefit of the party, to have our works cried up of course; the readers
+of our own side being as ungentle and hard to please, as if we writ
+against them; and our papers never make their way in the world, but
+barely in proportion to their merit. The design of _their_ labours who
+write on the conquered side, is likewise of greater importance than ours;
+they are like cordials for dying men, which must be repeated; whereas
+ours are, in the Scripture phrase, but "meat for babes": at least, all I
+can pretend, is to undeceive the ignorant and those at distance; but
+their task is to keep up the sinking spirits of a whole party.
+
+After such reflections, I cannot be angry with those gentlemen for
+perpetually writing against me: it furnishes them largely with topics,
+and is besides, their proper business: neither is it affectation, or
+altogether scorn, that I do not reply. But as things are, we both act
+suitable to our several provinces: mine is, by laying open some
+corruptions in the late management, to set those who are ignorant, right
+in their opinions of persons and things: it is theirs to cover with
+fig-leaves all the faults of their friends, as well as they can: When I
+have produced my facts, and offered my arguments, I have nothing farther
+to advance; it is their office to deny and disprove; and then let the
+world decide. If I were as they, my chief endeavour should certainly be
+to batter down the "Examiner," therefore I cannot but approve their
+design, Besides, they have indeed another reason for barking incessantly
+at this paper: they have in their prints openly taxed a most ingenious
+person as author of it;[4] one who is in great and very deserved
+reputation with the world, both on account of his poetical works, and his
+talents for public business. They were wise enough to consider, what
+a sanction it would give their performances, to fall under the
+animadversion of such a pen; and have therefore used all the forms of
+provocation commonly practised by little obscure pedants, who are fond of
+distinguishing themselves by the fame of an adversary. So nice a taste
+have these judicious critics, in pretending to discover an author by his
+style and manner of thinking: not to mention the justice and candour of
+exhausting all the stale topics of scurrility in reviling a paper, and
+then flinging at a venture the whole load upon one who is entirely
+innocent; and whose greatest fault, perhaps, is too much gentleness
+toward a party, from whose leaders he has received quite contrary
+treatment.
+
+The concern I have for the ease and reputation of so deserving a
+gentleman, hath at length forced me, much against my interest and
+inclination, to let these angry people know who is _not_ the author of
+the "Examiner."[5] For, I observed, the opinion began to spread, and I
+chose rather to sacrifice the honour I received by it, than let
+injudicious people entitle him to a performance, that perhaps he might
+have reason to be ashamed of: still faithfully promising, never to
+disturb those worthy advocates; but suffer them in quiet to roar on at
+the "Examiner," if they or their party find any ease in it; as physicians
+say there is, to people in torment, such as men in the gout, or women in
+labour.
+
+However, I must acknowledge myself indebted to them for one hint, which I
+shall now pursue, though in a different manner. Since the fall of the
+late ministry, I have seen many papers filled with their encomiums; I
+conceive, in imitation of those who write the lives of famous men, where,
+after their deaths, immediately follow their characters. When I saw the
+poor virtues thus dealt at random, I thought the disposers had flung
+their names, like valentines into a hat, to be drawn as fortune pleased,
+by the j[u]nto and their friends. There, Crassus[6] drew liberty and
+gratitude; Fulvia,[7] humility and gentleness; Clodius,[8] piety and
+justice; Gracchus,[9] loyalty to his prince; Cinna,[10] love of his
+country and constitution; and so of the rest. Or, to quit this allegory,
+I have often seen of late, the whole set of discarded statesmen,
+celebrated by their judicious hirelings, for those very qualities which
+their admirers owned they chiefly wanted. Did these heroes put off and
+lock up their virtues when they came into employment, and have they now
+resumed them since their dismissions? If they wore them, I am sure it was
+_under_ their greatness, and without ever once convincing the world of
+their visibility or influence.
+
+But why should not the present ministry find a pen to praise them as well
+as the last? This is what I shall now undertake, and it may be more
+impartial in me, from whom they have deserved so little. I have, _without
+being called_, served them half a year in quality of champion,[11] and by
+help of the Qu[een] and a majority of nine in ten of the kingdom, have
+been able to protect them against a routed cabal of hated politicians,
+with a dozen of scribblers at their head; yet so far have they been from
+rewarding me suitable to my deserts, that to this day they never so much
+as sent to the printer to enquire who I was; though I have known a time
+and a ministry, where a person of half my merit and consideration would
+have had fifty promises, and in the mean time a pension settled on him,
+whereof the _first quarter_ should be honestly paid. Therefore my
+resentments shall so far prevail, that in praising those who are now at
+the head of affairs, I shall at the same time take notice of their
+defects.
+
+Was any man more eminent in his profession than the present l[or]d
+k[eepe]r,[12] or more distinguished by his eloquence and great abilities
+in the House of Commons? And will not his enemies allow him to be fully
+equal to the great station he now adorns? But then it must be granted,
+that he is wholly ignorant in the speculative as well as practical part
+of polygamy: he knows not how to metamorphose a sober man into a
+lunatic:[13] he is no freethinker in religion, nor has courage to be
+patron of an atheistical book,[14] while he is guardian of the Qu[een]'s
+conscience. Though after all, to speak my private opinion, I cannot think
+these such mighty objections to his character, as some would pretend.
+
+The person who now presides at the council,[15] is descended from a great
+and honourable father, not from the dregs of the people; he was at the
+head of the treasury for some years, and rather chose to enrich his
+prince than himself. In the height of favour and credit, he sacrificed
+the greatest employment in the kingdom to his conscience and honour: he
+has been always firm in his loyalty and religion, zealous for supporting
+the prerogative of the crown, and preserving the liberties of the people.
+But then, his best friends must own that he is neither Deist nor
+Socinian: he has never conversed with T[o]l[a]nd, to open and enlarge his
+thoughts, and dispel the prejudices of education; nor was he ever able to
+arrive at that perfection of gallantry, to ruin and imprison the husband,
+in order to keep the wife without disturbance.[16]
+
+The present l[or]d st[ewa]rd[17] has been always distinguished for his
+wit and knowledge; is of consummate wisdom and experience in affairs; has
+continued constant to the true interest of the nation, which he espoused
+from the beginning, and is every way qualified to support the dignity of
+his office: but in point of oratory must give place to his
+predecessor.[18]
+
+The D. of Sh[rewsbur]y[19] was highly instrumental in bringing about the
+Revolution, in which service he freely exposed his life and fortune. He
+has ever been the favourite of the nation, being possessed of all the
+amiable qualities that can accomplish a great man; but in the
+agreeableness and fragrancy of his person, and the profoundness of his
+politics, must be allowed to fall very short of ----.[20]
+
+Mr. H[arley] had the honour of being chosen Speaker successively to three
+Parliaments;[21] he was the first of late years, that ventured to restore
+the forgotten custom of treating his PRINCE with duty and respect. Easy
+and disengaged in private conversation, with such a weight of affairs
+upon his shoulders;[22] of great learning, and as great a favourer and
+protector of it; intrepid by nature, as well as by the consciousness of
+his own integrity, and a despiser of money; pursuing the true interest of
+his PRINCE and country against all obstacles. Sagacious to view into the
+remotest consequences of things, by which all difficulties fly before
+him. A firm friend, and a placable enemy, sacrificing his justest
+resentments, not only to public good, but to common intercession and
+acknowledgment. Yet with all these virtues it must be granted, there is
+some mixture of human infirmity: His greatest admirers must confess his
+skill at cards and dice to be very low and superficial: in horse-racing
+he is utterly ignorant:[23] then, to save a few millions to the public,
+he never regards how many worthy citizens he hinders from making up their
+plum. And surely there is one thing never to be forgiven him, that he
+delights to have his table filled with black coats, whom he uses as if
+they were gentlemen.
+
+My Lord D[artmouth][24] is a man of letters, full of good sense, good
+nature and honour, of strict virtue and regularity in life; but labours
+under one great defect, that he treats his clerks with more civility and
+good manners, than others, in his station, have done the Qu[een].[25]
+
+Omitting some others, I will close this character of the present
+ministry, with that of Mr. S[t. John],[26] who from his youth applying
+those admirable talents of nature and improvements of art to public
+business, grew eminent in court and Parliament at an age when the
+generality of mankind is employed in trifles and folly. It is to be
+lamented, that he has not yet procured himself a busy, important
+countenance, nor learned that profound part of wisdom, to be difficult of
+access. Besides, he has clearly mistaken the true use of books, which he
+has thumbed and spoiled with reading, when he ought to have multiplied
+them on his shelves:[27] not like a great man of my acquaintance, who
+knew a book by the back, better than a friend by the face, though he
+had never conversed with the former, and often with the latter.
+
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 26 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+[Footnote 2: Writing to Stella, under date February 3rd, 1710/1, Swift
+says: "They are plaguy Whigs, especially the sister Armstrong [Mrs.
+Armstrong, Lady Lucy's sister], the most insupportable of all women
+pretending to wit, without any taste. She was running down the last
+'Examiner,' the prettiest I had read, with a character of the present
+ministry" (vol. ii., p. 112 of present edition.) [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: "For that is true glory and praise for noble deeds that
+deserve well of the state, when they not only win the approval of the
+best men but also that of the multitude." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: It was reported that the author of "The Examiner" was
+Matthew Prior, late under-secretary of state. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: To Stella Swift wrote in his "Journal," under date February
+9th:--"The account you give of that weekly paper [_i.e._ 'The Examiner,']
+agrees with us here. Mr. Prior was like to be insulted in the street for
+being supposed the author of it, but one of the last papers cleared him.
+Nobody knows who it is, but those few in the secret. I suppose the
+ministry and the printer" (vol. ii., p. 116 of present edition).]
+
+[Footnote 6: The Duke of Marlborough. See "The Examiner," No. 28,
+p. 177. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: The Duchess of Marlborough. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: Earl of Wharton, notorious for his profligacy. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: This may refer to Godolphin. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: Probably Earl Cowper. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: This applies to the paper. "The Examiner" had existed for
+six months, but Swift had written it for only three months, at this time.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: Sir Simon Harcourt (1661?-1727) who was lord chancellor,
+1713-14. He was made lord keeper, October 19th, 1710, after Cowper
+resigned the chancellorship. In the Sacheverell trial Harcourt was the
+doctor's counsel. He was created Baron Harcourt in 1711. See also note on
+p. 213 of vol. v. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: This refers to the case of Richard, fifth Viscount Wenman,
+against whom Cowper, in 1709, granted a commission of lunacy. He was
+under the care of Francis Wroughton, Esq., whose sister, Susannah, he had
+married in the early part of 1709. His brother-in-law sued him for
+payment of his sister's portion, and asked that trustees be appointed for
+his estate. Cowper decided against Wenman, and the commission granted.
+
+The case is referred to in No. 40 of "The Tatler" (July 12th, 1709).
+Campbell says ("Chancellors," iv. 330) the commission "very properly
+issued." Luttrell in his "Diary" (July 30th, 1709) notes that "the jury
+yesterday brought it in that he [Wenman] was no idiot" (vi. 470). Lord
+Wenman died November 28th, 1729. See also Nos. 18 and 23, _ante_, and
+note, p. 101. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 14: Tindal dedicated to Cowper "a pious work which was not
+altogether orthodox" (Campbell's "Chancellors," iv. 330). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 15: Laurence Hyde (1641-1711), created Earl of Rochester in
+1682, was appointed lord president of the council, September 21st, 1710,
+succeeding Somers. See also No. 41, _post._ Swift unkindly sneers at
+Somers's low birth. See note on Somers on p. 29 of vol. i. of present
+edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 16: Mrs. Manley, in her "Memoirs of Europe towards the Close of
+the Eighth Century," has something very characteristic to say on this
+subject. Speaking of Somers under the name Cicero, she says: "Cicero,
+Madam, is by birth a plebeian" ... "Cicero himself, an oracle of wisdom,
+was whirled about by his lusts, at the pleasure of a fantastic worn-out
+mistress. He prostituted his inimitable sense, reason, and good nature,
+either to revenge, or reward, as her caprice directed; and what made this
+commerce more detestable, this mistress of his was a wife!" ... "that she
+was the wife of an injured friend! a friend who passionately loved her,
+and had tenderly obliged him, rather heightened his desires" (i., 200;
+ii., 54, 83). The mistress is said to be Mrs. Blunt, daughter of Sir R.
+Fanshaw. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 17: John Sheffield (1647-1721), third Earl of Mulgrave, was
+created Marquess of Normanby, 1694, and Duke of Buckingham and Normanby
+in 1702/3. He succeeded the Duke of Devonshire as lord steward of the
+household on September 21st, 1710. He was the author of a poetical "Essay
+on Poetry," and an interesting prose "Account of the Revolution." As
+patron to Dryden he received the dedication of that poet's "Aurengzebe."
+Pope edited his collected works in 1722-23. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 18: William Cavendish (1673?-1729) succeeded his father as
+second Duke of Devonshire in 1707. He was lord steward, 1707-10, and
+lord president, 1716-17.]
+
+[Footnote 19: Charles Talbot, Duke of Shrewsbury, is styled by Swift
+elsewhere (Letter to Archbishop King, October 20th, 1713; Scott's
+edition, xvi. 71), "the finest gentleman we have" (see note on p. 377 of
+vol. v. of present edition). He was lord chamberlain, 1710-14. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 20: Henry de Grey (1664?-1740) succeeded his father as eleventh
+Earl of Kent in 1702. He was created Marquess of Kent, 1706, and Duke
+of Kent, 1710. He held the office of lord chamberlain of the household
+from 1704 to 1710. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 21: Harley was first chosen Speaker, February 10th, 1700/1, for
+a Parliament that lasted nine months; then again, December 30th, 1701,
+for a Parliament that lasted only six months; and finally October 20th or
+21st, 1702. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 22: "The Queen dismissed the Earl of Godolphin from being lord
+treasurer, and put the treasury in commission: Lord Powlet was the first
+in form, but Mr. Harley was the person with whom the secret was lodged"
+(Burnet, "Own Times," ii. 552-3). He was appointed August 10th, 1710.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 23: Godolphin was very devoted to the turf. See Swift's poem
+entitled, "The Virtues of Sid Hamet's Rod" (Aldine edition, iii. 10).
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 24: William Legge (1672-1750) succeeded his father as second
+Lord Dartmouth in 1691, and was created Earl of Dartmouth in 1711. On
+June 14th, 1710, he was appointed secretary of state in place of the Earl
+of Sunderland. See note on p. 229 of vol. v. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 25: The Earl of Sunderland was rude and overbearing in his
+manner towards the Queen. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 26: Henry St. John (1678-1751) was created Viscount Bolingbroke
+in 1712. He was secretary of war, 1704-1708, and secretary of state,
+1710-14. In 1715 he was attainted and left England to enter the service
+of the Pretender. See also Swift's "An Enquiry," etc. (vol. v., p. 430 of
+present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 27: "Those more early acquaintance of yours, your books, which
+a friend of ours once wittily said, 'Your L--p had mistaken the true use
+of, by thumbing and spoiling them with reading'" ("A Letter to the
+Rt. Hon. the Ld. Viscount B--ke," 1714-15). [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+
+NUMB. 28.[1]
+
+
+
+FROM THURSDAY FEBRUARY 1, TO THURSDAY FEBRUARY 8, 1710-11.
+
+_Caput est in omni procuratione negotii et muneris publici, ut
+avaritiae pellatur etiam minima suspicio._[2]
+
+
+There is no vice which mankind carries to such wild extremes as that of
+avarice: Those two which seem to rival it in this point, are lust and
+ambition: but, the former is checked by difficulties and diseases,
+destroys itself by its own pursuits, and usually declines with old age:
+and the latter requiring courage, conduct and fortune in a high degree,
+and meeting with a thousand dangers and oppositions, succeeds too seldom
+in an age to fall under common observation. Or, is avarice perhaps the
+same passion with ambition, only placed in more ignoble and dastardly
+minds, by which the object is changed from power to money? Or it may be,
+that one man pursues power in order to wealth, and another wealth in
+order to power; which last is the safer way, though longer about, and
+suiting with every period as well as condition of life, is more generally
+followed.
+
+However it be, the extremes of this passion are certainly more frequent
+than of any other, and often to a degree so absurd and ridiculous, that
+if it were not for their frequency, they could hardly obtain belief. The
+_stage_, which carries other follies and vices beyond nature and
+probability, falls very short in the representations of avarice; nor are
+there any extravagances in this kind described by ancient or modern
+comedies, which are not outdone by an hundred instances, commonly told,
+among ourselves.
+
+I am ready to conclude from hence, that a vice which keeps so firm a hold
+upon human nature, and governs it with so unlimited a tyranny, since it
+cannot be wholly eradicated, ought at least to be confined to particular
+objects, to thrift and penury, to private fraud and extortion, and never
+suffered to prey upon the public; and should certainly be rejected as the
+most unqualifying circumstance for any employment, where bribery and
+corruption can possibly enter.
+
+If the mischiefs of this vice, in a public station, were confined to
+enriching only those particular persons employed, the evil would be more
+supportable; but it is usually quite otherwise. When a steward defrauds
+his lord, he must connive at the rest of the servants, while they are
+following the same practice in their several spheres; so that in some
+families you may observe a subordination of knaves in a link downwards to
+the very helper in the stables, all cheating by concert, and with
+impunity: And even if this were all, perhaps the master could bear it
+without being undone; but it so happens, that for every shilling the
+servant gets by his iniquity, the master loses twenty; the perquisites
+of servants being but small compositions for suffering shopkeepers to
+bring in what bills they please.[3] It is exactly the same thing in a
+state: an avaricious man in office is in confederacy with the whole
+_clan_ of his district or dependence, which in modern terms of art is
+called, "To live, and let live;" and yet _their_ gains are the smallest
+part of the public's loss. Give a guinea to a knavish land-waiter, and
+he shall connive at the merchant for cheating the Queen of an hundred. A
+brewer gives a bribe to have the privilege of selling drink to the Navy;
+but the fraud is ten times greater than the bribe, and the public is at
+the whole loss.[4]
+
+Moralists make two kinds of avarice; that of Catiline, _alieni appetens,
+sui profusus;_[5] and the other more generally understood by that name;
+which is, the endless desire of hoarding: But I take the former to be
+more dangerous in a state, because it mingles well with ambition, which I
+think the latter cannot; for though the same breast may be capable of
+admitting both, it is not able to cultivate them; and where the love of
+heaping wealth prevails, there is not in my opinion, much to be
+apprehended from ambition. The disgrace of that sordid vice is sooner apt
+to spread than any other, and is always attended with the hatred and
+scorn of the people: so that whenever those two passions happen to meet
+in the same subject, it is not unlikely that Providence hath placed
+avarice to be a check upon ambition; and I have reason to think, some
+great ministers of state have been of my opinion.
+
+The divine authority of Holy Writ, the precepts of philosophers, the
+lashes and ridicule of satirical poets, have been all employed in
+exploding this insatiable thirst of money, and all equally controlled by
+the daily practice of mankind. Nothing new remains to be said upon the
+occasion, and if there did, I must remember my character, that I am an
+_Examiner_ only, and not a Reformer.
+
+However, in those cases where the frailties of particular men do nearly
+affect the public welfare, such as a prime minister of state, or a great
+general of an army; methinks there should be some expedient contrived, to
+let them know impartially what is the world's opinion in the point:
+Encompassed with a crowd of depending flatterers, they are many degrees
+blinder to their own faults than the common infirmities of human nature
+can plead in their excuse; Advice dares not be offered, or is wholly
+lost, or returned with hatred: and whatever appears in public against
+their prevailing vice, goes for nothing; being either not applied, or
+passing only for libel and slander, proceeding from the malice and envy
+of a party.
+
+I have sometimes thought, that if I had lived at Rome in the time of the
+first Triumvirate, I should have been tempted to write a letter, as from
+an unknown hand, to those three great men, who had then usurped the
+sovereign power; wherein I would freely and sincerely tell each of them
+that fault which I conceived was most odious, and of most consequence
+to the commonwealth: That, to Crassus, should have been sent to him after
+his conquests in Mesopotamia, and in the following terms.[6]
+
+"_To Marcus Crassus, health._
+
+"_If you apply as you ought, what I now write,[7] you will be more
+obliged to me than to all the world, hardly excepting your parents or
+your country. I intend to tell you, without disguise or prejudice, the
+opinion which the world has entertained of you: and to let you see I
+write this without any sort of ill will, you shall first hear the
+sentiments they have to your advantage. No man disputes the gracefulness
+of your person; you are allowed to have a good and clear understanding,
+cultivated by the knowledge of men and manners, though not by literature.
+You are no ill orator in the Senate; you are said to excel in the art of
+bridling and subduing your anger, and stifling or concealing your
+resentments. You have been a most successful general, of long experience,
+great conduct, and much personal courage. You have gained many important
+victories for the commonwealth, and forced the strongest towns in
+Mesopotamia to surrender, for which frequent supplications have been
+decreed by the Senate. Yet with all these qualities, and this merit, give
+me leave to say, you are neither beloved by the patricians, or plebeians
+at home, nor by the officers or private soldiers of your own army abroad:
+And, do you know, Crassus, that this is owing to a fault, of which you
+may cure yourself, by one minutes reflection? What shall I say? You are
+the richest person in the commonwealth; you have no male child, your
+daughters are all married to wealthy patricians; you are far in the
+decline of life; and yet you are deeply stained with that odious and
+ignoble vice of covetousness:[8] It is affirmed, that you descend even to
+the meanest and most scandalous degrees of it; and while you possess so
+many millions, while you are daily acquiring so many more, you are
+solicitous how to save a single sesterce, of which a hundred ignominious
+instances are produced, and in all men's mouths. I will only mention that
+passage of the buskins,[9] which after abundance of persuasion, you would
+hardly suffer to be cut from your legs, when they were so wet and cold,
+that to have kept them on, would have endangered your life.
+
+"Instead of using the common arguments to dissuade you from this weakness,
+I will endeavour to convince you, that you are really guilty of it, and
+leave the cure to your own good sense. For perhaps, you are not yet
+persuaded that this is your crime, you have probably never yet been
+reproached for it to your face, and what you are now told, comes from one
+unknown, and it may be, from an enemy. You will allow yourself indeed to
+be prudent in the management of your fortune; you are not a prodigal,
+like Clodius[10] or Catiline, but surely that deserves not the name of
+avarice. I will inform you how to be convinced. Disguise your person; go
+among the common people in Rome; introduce discourses about yourself;
+inquire your own character; do the same in your camp, walk about it in
+the evening, hearken at every tent, and if you do not hear every mouth
+censuring, lamenting, cursing this vice in you, and even you for this
+vice, conclude yourself innocent. If you are not yet persuaded, send for
+Atticus,[11] Servius Sulpicius, Cato or Brutus, they are all your
+friends; conjure them to tell you ingenuously which is your great fault,
+and which they would chiefly wish you to correct; if they do not all
+agree in their verdict, in the name of all the gods, you are acquitted.
+
+"When your adversaries reflect how far you are gone in this vice, they are
+tempted to talk as if we owed our success, not to your courage or
+conduct, but to those veteran troops you command, who are able to conquer
+under any general, with so many brave and experienced officers to lead
+them. Besides, we know the consequences your avarice hath often
+occasioned. The soldier hath been starving for bread, surrounded with
+plenty, and in an enemy's country, but all under safeguards and
+contributions; which if you had sometimes pleased to have exchanged for
+provisions, might at the expense of a few talents in a campaign, have so
+endeared you to the army, that they would have desired you to lead them
+to the utmost limits of Asia. But you rather chose to confine your
+conquests within the fruitful country of Mesopotamia, where plenty of
+money might be raised. How far that fatal greediness of gold may have
+influenced you, in breaking off the treaty[12] with the old Parthian King
+Orodes,[13] you best can tell; your enemies charge you with it, your
+friends offer nothing material in your defence; and all agree, there is
+nothing so pernicious, which the extremes of avarice may not be able to
+inspire.
+
+"The moment you quit this vice, you will be a truly great man; and still
+there will imperfections enough remain to convince us, you are not a god.
+Farewell."_
+
+Perhaps a letter of this nature, sent to so reasonable a man as Crassus,
+might have put him upon _Examining_ into himself, and correcting that
+little sordid appetite, so utterly inconsistent with all pretences to a
+hero. A youth in the heat of blood may plead with some shew of reason,
+that he is not able to subdue his lusts; An ambitious man may use the
+same arguments for his love of power, or perhaps other arguments to
+justify it. But, excess of avarice hath neither of these pleas to offer;
+it is not to be justified, and cannot pretend temptation for excuse:
+Whence can the temptation come? Reason disclaims it altogether, and it
+cannot be said to lodge in the blood, or the animal spirits. So that I
+conclude, no man of true valour and true understanding, upon whom this
+vice has stolen unawares, when he is convinced he is guilty, will suffer
+it to remain in his breast an hour.
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 27 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: "It is of the greatest importance in the discharge of every
+office of trade, or of the public treasury, that the least suspicion of
+avarice should be avoided." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: The Commissioners for examining the public accounts reported
+to the House of Commons (December 21st, 1711) that the Duke of
+Marlborough had received from Sir Solomon de Medina (army contractor
+for bread) and his predecessor, during the years 1702 to 1711,
+a sum of L63,319 3s. 7d. "In this report was contained the deposition
+of Sir Solomon Medina, charging the Duke of Marlborough and
+Adam Cardonell, his secretary, of various peculations, with regard to
+the contracts for bread and bread-wagons for the army in Flanders."
+The Duke admitted the fact in a letter to the Queen, dated November
+10th, 1711, but said that the whole sum had "been constantly employed
+for the service of the public, in keeping secret correspondence,
+and in getting intelligence of the enemy's motions and designs"
+(Macpherson's "Great Britain," ii. 512; Tindal's "History," iv.
+232; and "Journals of House of Commons," xvii. 16). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: See the remarks in No. 39, _post_, p.250. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Sallust, "Catiline," 5. "Greedy of what was not his own,
+lavish of what was." Catiline was extravagant and profligate, and quite
+unscrupulous in the pursuit of his many pleasures. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: A most severe censure on the Duke of Marlborough. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: Commenting on this "The Medley" (No. 20, February 12th,
+1711) remarks: "Of all that ever made it their business to defame,
+there never was such a bungler sure as my friend. He writes a letter
+now to Crassus, as a man marked out for destruction, because that hint
+was given him six months ago; and does not seem to know yet that he
+is still employed, and that in attacking him, he affronts the Q[uee]n."
+
+Writing to Stella, under date February 18th, Swift says: "Lord Rivers,
+talking to me the other day, cursed the paper called 'The Examiner,' for
+speaking civilly of the Duke of Marlborough: this I happened to talk of
+to the Secretary [St. John], who blamed the warmth of that lord, and some
+others, and swore, that, if their advice were followed, they would be
+blown up in twenty-four hours" (vol. ii., p. 123 of present edition).
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: To Stella Swift writes somewhat later (March 7th): "Yes, I
+do read the 'Examiners,' and they are written very finely as you judge.
+I do not think they are too severe on the Duke; they only tax him of
+avarice, and his avarice has ruined us. You may count upon all things in
+them to be true. The author has said, it is not Prior; but perhaps it may
+be Atterbury" (vol. ii., p. 133 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: Wet stockings. [FAULKNER.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: Clodius Albinus, the Roman general, died 197 A.D. The
+reference here is to the Earl of Wharton (see No. 27, _ante_, p. 169).
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: T. Pomponius Atticus, the friend and correspondent of
+Cicero. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: The Treaty of Gertruydenberg (see No. 14, _ante_, and note
+on p. 77; see also note on pp. 201-2 of vol. v. of present edition).
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: Orodes I. (Arsaces XIV.), King of Parthia, defeated
+Crassus, B.C. 53. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+
+NUMB. 29.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY FEBRUARY 8, TO THURSDAY FEBRUARY 15, 1710-11.
+
+_Inultus ut tu riseris Cotyttia?_[2]
+
+An Answer to the "Letter to the Examiner."[3]
+
+
+London, Feb. 15, 1710/11.
+
+Sir,
+
+Though I have wanted leisure to acknowledge the honour of a letter you
+were pleased to write to me about six months ago; yet I have been very
+careful in obeying some of your commands, and am going on as fast as I
+can with the rest. I wish you had thought fit to have conveyed them to me
+by a more private hand, than that of the printing-house: for though I was
+pleased with a pattern of style and spirit which I proposed to imitate,
+yet I was sorry the world should be a witness how far I fell short in
+both.
+
+I am afraid you did not consider what an abundance of work you have cut
+out for me; neither am I at all comforted by the promise you are so kind
+to make, that when I have performed my task,[4] "D[olbe]n shall blush in
+his grave among the dead, W[alpo]le among the living, and even Vol[pon]e
+shall feel some remorse." How the gentleman in his grave may have kept
+his countenance, I cannot inform you, having no acquaintance at all with
+the sexton; but for the other two, I take leave to assure you, there have
+not yet appeared the least signs of blushing or remorse in either, though
+some very good opportunities have offered, if they had thought fit to
+accept them; so that with your permission, I had rather engage to
+continue this work till they are in their graves too, which I am sure
+will happen much sooner than the other.
+
+You desire I would collect "some of those indignities offered last year
+to her M[ajest]y." I am ready to oblige you; and have got a pretty
+tolerable collection by me, which I am in doubt whether to publish by
+itself in a large volume in folio, or scatter them here and there
+occasionally in my papers. Though indeed I am sometimes thinking to
+stifle them altogether; because such a history will be apt to give
+foreigners a monstrous opinion of our country. But since it is your
+absolute opinion, the world should be informed; I will with the first
+occasion pick out a few choice instances, and let them take their chance
+in the ensuing papers. I have likewise in my cabinet certain quires of
+paper filled with facts of corruption, mismanagement, cowardice,
+treachery, avarice, ambition, and the like, with an alphabetical table,
+to save trouble. And perhaps you will not wonder at the care I take to be
+so well provided, when you consider the vast expense I am at: I feed
+weekly two or three wit-starved writers, who have no other visible
+support; besides several others that live upon my offals. In short, I am
+like a nurse who suckles twins at one time, and has likewise one or two
+whelps constantly to draw her breasts.
+
+I must needs confess, (and it is with grief I speak it) that I have been
+the innocent cause of a great circulation of dullness: at the same time,
+I have often wondered how it has come to pass, that these industrious
+people, after poring so constantly upon the "Examiner,"[5] a paper writ
+with plain sense, and in a tolerable style, have made so little
+improvement. I am sure it would have fallen out quite otherwise with me;
+for, by what I have seen of their performances (and I am credibly
+informed they are all of a piece) if I had perused them till now, I
+should have been fit for little but to make an advocate in the same
+cause.
+
+You, Sir, perhaps will wonder, as most others do, what end these angry
+folks propose, in writing perpetually against the "Examiner": it is not
+to beget a better opinion of the late ministry, or with any hope to
+convince the world that I am in the wrong in any one fact I relate; they
+know all that to be lost labour; and yet their design is important
+enough: they would fain provoke me by all sort of methods, within the
+length of their capacity, to answer their papers; which would render mine
+wholly useless to the public; for if it once came to rejoinder and reply,
+we should be all upon a level, and then their work would be done.
+
+There is one gentleman indeed, who has written three small pamphlets upon
+"the Management of the War," and "the Treaty of Peace:"[6] These I had
+intended to have bestowed a paper in _Examining_, and could easily have
+made it appear, that whatever he says of truth, relates nothing at all to
+the evils we complain of, or controls one syllable of what I have ever
+advanced. Nobody that I know of did ever dispute the Duke of
+M[arlboroug]h's courage, conduct or success, they have been always
+unquestionable, and will continue to be so, in spite of the malice of his
+enemies, or, which is yet more, the _weakness of his advocates_. The
+nation only wished to see him taken out of ill hands, and put into
+better. But, what is all this to the conduct of the late m[i]n[i]stry,
+the shameful mismanagements in Spain, or the wrong steps in the treaty of
+peace, the secret of which will not bear the light, and is consequently
+by this author very poorly defended? These and many other things I
+would have shewn; but upon second thoughts determined to have done it in
+a discourse by itself,[7] rather than take up room here, and break into
+the design of this paper, from whence I have resolved to banish
+controversy as much as possible. But the postscript to his third pamphlet
+was enough to disgust me from having any dealings at all with such a
+writer; unless that part was left to some footman[8] he had picked up
+among the boys who follow the camp, whose character it would suit much
+better than that of the supposed author.[9] At least, the foul language,
+the idle impotent menace, and the gross perverting of an innocent
+expression in the 4th "Examiner,"[10] joined to that respect I shall ever
+have for the function of a divine, would incline me to believe so. But
+when he turns off his footman, and disclaims that postscript, I will tear
+it out, and see how far the rest deserves to be considered.
+
+But, Sir, I labour under a much greater difficulty, upon which I should
+be glad to hear your advice. I am worried on one side by the Whigs for
+being too severe, and by the Tories on the other for being too gentle. I
+have formerly hinted a complaint of this; but having lately received two
+peculiar letters, among many others, I thought nothing could better
+represent my condition, or the opinion which the warm men of both sides
+have of my conduct, than to send you a transcript of each. The former is
+exactly in these words.
+
+"_To the 'Examiner.'_
+
+"_MR. EXAMINER,_
+
+"_By your continual reflecting upon the conduct of the late m[i]n[i]stry,
+and by your encomiums on the present, it is as clear as the sun at noon-
+day, that your are a Jesuit or Nonjuror, employed by the friends of the
+Pretender, to endeavour to introduce Popery, and slavery, and arbitrary
+power, and to infringe the sacred Act of Toleration of Dissenters. Now,
+Sir, since the most ingenious authors who write weekly against you, are
+not able to teach you better manners, I would have you to know, that
+those great and excellent men, as low as you think them at present, do
+not want friends that will take the first proper occasion to cut your
+throat, as all such enemies to moderation ought to be served. It is well
+you have cleared another person[11] from being author of your cursed
+libels; though d--mme, perhaps after all, that may be a bamboozle too.
+However I hope we shall soon ferret you out. Therefore I advise you as a
+friend, to let fall your pen, and retire betimes; for our patience is now
+at an end. It is enough to lose our power and employments, without
+setting the whole nation against us. Consider three years is the life of
+a party; and d--mme, every dog has his day, and it will be our turn next;
+therefore take warning, and learn to sleep in a whole skin, or whenever
+we are uppermost, by G--d you shall find no mercy._"
+
+The other letter was in the following terms.
+
+"_To the 'Examiner.'_
+
+"_SIR,_,
+
+"_I am a country member, and constantly send a dozen of your papers down
+to my electors. I have read them all, but I confess not with the
+satisfaction I expected. It is plain you know a great deal more than you
+write; why will you not let us have it all out? We are told, that the
+Qu[een] has been a long time treated with insolence by those she has
+most obliged; Pray, Sir, let us have a few good stories upon that head.
+We have been cheated of several millions; why will you not set a mark on
+the knaves who are guilty, and shew us what ways they took to rob the
+public at such a rate? Inform us how we came to be disappointed of peace
+about two years ago: In short, turn the whole mystery of iniquity
+inside-out, that every body may have a view of it. But above all, explain
+to us, what was at the bottom of that same impeachment: I am sure I never
+liked it; for at that very time, a dissenting preacher in our
+neighbourhood, came often to see our parson; it could be for no good, for
+he would walk about the barns and stables, and desire to look into the
+church, as who should say, These will shortly be mine; and we all
+believed he was then contriving some alterations against he got into
+possession: And I shall never forget, that a Whig justice offered me then
+very high for my bishop's lease. I must be so bold to tell you, Sir, that
+you are too favourable: I am sure, there was no living in quiet for us
+while they were in the saddle. I was turned out of the commission, and
+called a Jacobite, though it cost me a thousand pound in joining with
+the Prince of Orange at the Revolution. The discoveries I would have you
+make, are of some facts for which they ought to be hanged; not that I
+value their heads, but I would see them exposed, which may be done upon
+the owners' shoulders, as well as upon a pole, &c."_
+
+
+These, Sir, are the sentiments of a whole party on one side, and of
+considerable numbers on the other: however, taking the _medium_ between
+these extremes, I think to go on as I have hitherto done, though I am
+sensible my paper would be more popular, if I did not lean too much to
+the favourable side. For nothing delights the people more than to see
+their oppressors humbled, and all their actions, painted with proper
+colours, set out in open view. _Exactos tyrannos densum humeris bibit
+aure vulgus._[12]
+
+But as for the Whigs, I am in some doubt whether this mighty concern they
+shew for the honour of the late ministry, may not be affected, at least
+whether their masters will thank them for their zeal in such a cause. It
+is I think, a known story of a gentleman who fought another for calling
+him "son of a whore;" but the lady desired her son to make no more
+quarrels upon that subject, _because it was true_. For pray, Sir; does it
+not look like a jest, that such a pernicious crew, after draining our
+wealth, and discovering the most destructive designs against our Church
+and State, instead of thanking fortune that they are got off safe in
+their persons and plunder, should hire these bullies of the pen to defend
+their reputations? I remember I thought it the hardest case in the world,
+when a poor acquaintance of mine, having fallen among sharpers, where he
+lost all his money, and then complaining he was cheated, got a good
+beating into the bargain, for offering to affront gentlemen. I believe
+the only reason why these purloiners of the public, cause such a clutter
+to be made about their reputations, is to prevent inquisitions, that
+might tend towards making them refund: like those women they call
+shoplifters, who when they are challenged for their thefts, appear to be
+mighty angry and affronted, for fear of being searched.
+
+I will dismiss you, Sir, when I have taken notice of one particular.
+Perhaps you may have observed in the tolerated factious papers of the
+week, that the E[arl] of R[ochester][13] is frequently reflected on for
+having been ecclesiastical commissioner and lord treasurer, in the reign
+of the late King James. The fact is true; and it will not be denied to
+his immortal honour, that because he could not comply with the measures
+then taking, he resigned both those employments; of which the latter was
+immediately supplied by a commission, composed of two popish lords and
+the present E[ar]l of G[o]d[o]l[phi]n.[14]
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 28 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Horace, "Epodes," xvii. 56.
+
+  "Safely shalt thou Cotytto's rites
+    Divulge?"--J. DUNCOMBE.
+
+   [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: "A Letter to the Examiner. Printed in the year, 1710,"
+appeared shortly after the issue of the second number of "The Examiner."
+It was attributed to St. John. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: The writer of the "Letter" invited the "Examiner" to "paint
+... the present state of the war abroad, and expose to public view those
+principles upon which, of late, it has been carried on ... Collect some
+few of the indignities which have been this year offered to her
+Majesty.... When this is done, D----n shall blush in his grave among the
+dead, W----le among the living, and even Vol----e shall feel some
+remorse." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: "The Medley" treated "The Examiner" with scant courtesy, and
+never failed to cast ridicule on its work. In No. 21 (February 19th,
+1711) the writer says: "No man of common sense ever thought any body
+wrote the paper but Abel Roper, or some of his allies, there being not
+one quality in 'The Examiner' which Abel has not eminently distinguished
+himself by since he set up for a political writer. 'Tis true, Abel is the
+more modest of the two, and it never entered into his head to say, as my
+friend does of his paper, 'Tis writ with plain sense and in a tolerable
+style.'" In No. 23 (March 5th) he says: "There is indeed a great
+resemblance between his brother Abel and himself; and I find a great
+dispute among the party, to which of them to give the preference. They
+are both news writers, as they utter things which no body ever heard of
+_but from their papers_."
+
+Abel Roper conducted the Tory paper called "The Post Boy." (See note on
+p. 290 of vol. v. of present edition.) [T.S.] ]
+
+[Footnote 6: Two of these pamphlets were already referred to in a
+postscript to No. 24 of "The Examiner" (see note, p. 151). The third was
+"The Negotiations for a Treaty of Peace, in 1709. Consider'd, In a Third
+Letter to a Tory-Member. Part the First." Dated December 22nd, 1710, The
+"Fourth Letter" was dated January 10th, 1710/11. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: It may be that Swift's intention was carried out in two
+pamphlets, one entitled, "An Examination of the Management of the War. In
+a Letter to My Lord * * *," published March 3rd, 1710/1; and the other
+styled, "An Examination of the Third and Fourth Letters to a Tory
+Member, relating to the Negociations for a Treaty of Peace in 1709. In
+a Second Letter to My Lord * * *" [With a Postscript to the Medley's
+Footman], published March 15th of the same year. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: The postscript to "An Examination of the Third and Fourth
+Letters" mentions a pamphlet, "An Answer to the Examination of the
+Management of the War," by the Medley's Footman. "The Medley," No. 21
+(February 19th), remarks: "He could also prove there were wrong steps in
+the Treaty of Peace, the Allies would have all; but he won't do it,
+because he is treated like a footman." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: _I. e._ Dr. Francis Hare. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: Dr. Hare, in the postscript to his third pamphlet, said:
+"The Examiner is extremely mistaken, if he thinks I shall enter the lists
+with so prostitute a writer, who can neither speak truth, nor knows when
+he hears it." He calls the writer "a mercenary scribbler," and speaks of
+his paper as "weekly libels." He then quotes an expression from the
+fourth number (published before Swift undertook "The Examiner"), and
+concludes by saying that he had met more than his   match in the
+ingenious writer of "The Medley," even were he much abler than he is.
+
+The fourth "Examiner" had printed a "Letter from the Country," in which
+the following passage occurs: "Can any wise people think it possible,
+that the Crown should be so mad as to choose ministers, who would not
+support public credit? ... This is such a wildness as is never ... to be
+met with in the Roman story; except in a devouring Sejanus at home, or an
+ambitious Catiline at the head of a mercenary army."
+
+The writer of "An Examination of the Third and Fourth Letters," says:
+"The words indeed are in the paper quoted, that is, 'The Examiner,' No.
+4, but the application is certainly the proper thought of the author of
+the postscript" (p. 28). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: _I. e._ Prior. See No. 27, p. 168. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: Horace, "Odes," II. xiii. 31-2.
+                    "Tyrants slain,
+In thicker crowds the shadowy throng
+Drink deeper down the martial song."--P. FRANCIS.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: Laurence Hyde, Earl of Rochester, was lord treasurer from
+168 4/5 to 168 6/7, when five commissioners were appointed: Lord
+Belasyse, Lord Godolphin, Lord Dover, Sir John Ernle (chancellor of the
+exchequer), and Sir Stephen Foxe. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 14: "The Medley," No. 22 (February 26th, 1711) remarks on this:
+"He might have said with as much truth, 'twas supplied by my Lord G----
+and two Protestant knights, Sir Stephen Fox and Sir John Ernle." [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+
+NUMB. 30.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY FEBRUARY 15, TO THURSDAY FEBRUARY 22, 1710-11.
+
+_Laus summa in fortunae bonis, non extulisse se in potestate, non fuisse
+insolentem in pecunia, non se praetulisse aliis propter abundantiam
+fortunae._[2]
+
+I am conscious to myself that I write this paper with no other intention
+but that of doing good: I never received injury from the late ministry,
+nor advantage from the present, further than in common with every good
+subject. There were among the former one or two, who must be allowed to
+have possessed very valuable qualities; but proceeding by a system of
+politics, which our constitution could not suffer; and discovering a
+contempt of all religion, but especially of that which hath been so
+happily established among us ever since the Reformation, they seem to
+have been justly suspected of no very good inclinations to either.
+
+It is possible, that a man may speculatively prefer the constitution of
+another country, or an Utopia of his own, before that of the nation where
+he is born and lives; yet from considering the dangers of innovation, the
+corruptions of mankind, and the frequent impossibility of reducing ideas
+to practice, he may join heartily in preserving the present order of
+things, and be a true friend to the government already settled. So in
+religion; a man may perhaps have little or none of it at heart; yet if he
+conceals his opinions, if he endeavours to make no proselytes, advances
+no impious tenets in writing or discourse: if, according to the common
+atheistical notion, he believes religion to be only a contrivance of
+politicians for keeping the vulgar in awe, and that the present model is
+better adjusted than any other to so useful an end: though the condition
+of such a man as to his own future state be very deplorable; yet
+Providence, which often works good out of evil, can make even such a
+man an instrument for contributing toward the preservation of the Church.
+
+On the other side, I take a state to be truly in danger, both as to its
+religion and government, when a set of ambitious politicians, bred up in
+a hatred to the constitution, and a contempt for all religion, are forced
+upon exerting these qualities in order to keep or increase their power,
+by widening their bottom, and taking in (like Mahomet) some principles
+from every party, that is any way discontented at the present faith and
+settlement; which was manifestly our case. Upon this occasion I remember
+to have asked some considerable Whigs, whether it did not bring a
+disreputation upon their body, to have the whole herd of Presbyterians,
+Independents, Atheists, Anabaptists, Deists, Quakers and Socinians,
+openly and universally listed under their banners? They answered, that
+all this was absolutely necessary, in order to make a balance against
+the Tories, and all little enough: for indeed, it was as much as they
+could possibly do, though assisted with the absolute power of disposing
+every employment; while the bulk of English gentry kept firm to their old
+principles in Church and State.
+
+But notwithstanding whatever I have hitherto said, I am informed, several
+among the Whigs continue still so refractory, that they will hardly allow
+the heads of their party to have entertained any designs of ruining the
+constitution, or that they would have endeavoured it, if they had
+continued in power, I beg their pardon if I have discovered a secret; but
+who could imagine they ever intended it should be one, after those overt
+acts with which they thought fit to conclude their farce? But perhaps
+they _now_ find it convenient to deny vigorously, that the question may
+remain; "Why was the old ministry changed?" which they urge on without
+ceasing, as if no occasion in the least had been given, but that all were
+owing to the insinuations of crafty men, practising upon the weakness of
+an easy pr[inc]e. I shall therefore offer among a hundred, one reason for
+this change, which I think would justify any monarch that ever reigned,
+for the like proceeding.
+
+It is notorious enough, how highly princes have been blamed in the
+histories of all countries, particularly of our own; upon the account of
+minions; who have been ever justly odious to the people, for their
+insolence and avarice, and engrossing the favour of their masters.
+Whoever has been the least conversant in the English story cannot but
+have heard of Gaveston[3], the Spencers[4], and the Earl of Oxford[5];
+who by the excess and abuse of their power, cost the princes they served,
+or rather governed, their crowns and lives. However, in the case of
+minions, it must at least be acknowledged that the prince is pleased and
+happy, though his subjects be aggrieved; and he has the plea of
+friendship to excuse him, which is a disposition of generous minds.
+Besides, a wise minion, though he be haughty to others, is humble and
+insinuating to his master, and cultivates his favour by obedience and
+respect. But _our_ misfortune has been a great deal worse: we have
+suffered for some years under the oppression, the avarice and insolence
+of those, for whom the Qu[ee]n had neither esteem nor friendship; who
+rather seemed to snatch their own dues, than receive the favour of their
+sovereign, and were so far from returning respect, that they forgot
+common good manners. They imposed on their prince, by urging the
+necessity of affairs of their own creating: they first raised
+difficulties, and then offered them as arguments to keep themselves in
+power. They united themselves against nature and principle, to a party
+they had always abhorred, and which was now content to come in upon any
+terms, leaving them and their creatures in full possession of the court.
+Then they urged the formidable strength of that party, and the dangers
+which must follow by disobliging of it. So that it seems almost a
+miracle, how a prince, thus besieged on all sides, could _alone_ have
+courage and prudence enough to extricate herself.
+
+And indeed there is a point of history relating to this matter, which
+well deserves to be considered. When her M[ajest]y came to the crown, she
+took into favour and employment, several persons who were esteemed the
+best friends of the old constitution; among whom none were reckoned
+further gone in the high church principles (as they are usually called)
+than two or three, who had at that time most credit, and ever since, till
+within these few months, possessed all power at court. So that the first
+umbrage given to the Whigs, and the pretences for clamouring against
+France and the Pretender, were derived from them. And I believe nothing
+appeared then more unlikely, than that such different opinions should
+ever incorporate; that party having upon former occasions treated those
+very persons with enmity enough. But some l[or]ds then about court, and
+in the Qu[een]'s good graces, not able to endure those growing
+impositions upon the prince and people, presumed to interpose, and were
+consequently soon removed and disgraced: However, when a most exorbitant
+grant was proposed,[6] antecedent to any visible merit, it miscarried in
+Parliament, for want of being seconded by those who had most credit in
+the House, and who having always opposed the like excesses in a former
+reign, thought it their duty to do so still, to shew the world that the
+dislike was not against persons but things. But this was to cross the
+oligarchy in the tenderest point, a point which outweighed all
+considerations of duty and gratitude to their prince, or regard to the
+constitution. And therefore after having in several private meetings
+concerted measures with their old enemies, and granted as well as
+received conditions, they began to change their style and their
+countenance, and to put it as a maxim in the mouths of their emissaries,
+that England must be saved by the Whigs. This unnatural league was
+afterwards cultivated by another incident; I mean the Act of Security,[7]
+and the consequences of it, which every body knows; when (to use the
+words of my correspondent)[8] "the sovereign authority was parcelled out
+among a faction, and made the purchase of indemnity for an offending
+M[iniste]r:" Thus the union of the two kingdoms improved that between the
+ministry and the j[u]nto, which was afterwards cemented by their mutual
+danger in that storm they so narrowly escaped about three years ago;[9]
+but however was not quite perfected till the Prince's death;[10] and then
+they went lovingly on together, both satisfied with their several shares,
+at full liberty to gratify their predominant inclinations; the first,
+their avarice and ambition; the other, their models of innovation in
+Church and State.
+
+Therefore, whoever thinks fit to revive that baffled question, "Why was
+the late ministry changed?" may receive the following answer; That it was
+become necessary by the insolence and avarice of some about the Qu[een],
+who in order to perpetuate their tyranny had made a monstrous alliance
+with those who profess principles destructive to our religion and
+government: If this will not suffice, let him make an abstract of all the
+abuses I have mentioned in my former papers, and view them together;
+after which if he still remains unsatisfied, let him suspend his opinion
+a few weeks longer. Though after all, I think the question as trifling as
+that of the Papists, when they ask us, "where was our religion before
+Luther?" And indeed, the ministry was changed for the same reason that
+religion was reformed, because a thousand corruptions had crept into the
+discipline and doctrine of the state, by the pride, the avarice, the
+fraud, and the ambition of those who administered to us in secular
+affairs.
+
+I heard myself censured the other day in a coffee-house, for seeming to
+glance in the letter to Crassus,[11] against a great man, who is still in
+employment, and likely to continue so. What if I had really intended that
+such an application should be given it? I cannot perceive how I could be
+justly blamed for so gentle a reproof. If I saw a handsome young fellow
+going to a ball at court with a great smut upon his face, could he take
+it ill in me to point out the place, and desire him with abundance of
+good words to pull out his handkerchief and wipe it off; or bring him to
+a glass, where he might plainly see it with his own eyes? Does any man
+think I shall suffer my pen to inveigh against vices, only because they
+are charged upon persons who are no longer in power? Every body knows,
+that certain vices are more or less pernicious, according to the stations
+of those who possess them. For example, lewdness and intemperance
+are not of so bad consequences in a town rake as a divine. Cowardice in a
+lawyer is more supportable than in an officer of the army. If I should
+find fault with an admiral because he wanted politeness, or an alderman
+for not understanding Greek; that indeed would be to go out of my way,
+for an occasion of quarrelling; but excessive avarice in a g[enera]l, is
+I think the greatest defect he can be liable to, next to those of courage
+and conduct, and may be attended with the most ruinous consequences, as
+it was in Crassus, who to that vice alone owed the destruction of himself
+and his army.[12] It is the same thing in praising men's excellencies,
+which are more or less valuable, as the person you commend has occasion
+to employ them. A man may perhaps mean honestly, yet if he be not able to
+spell, he shall never have my vote for a secretary: Another may have wit
+and learning in a post where honesty, with plain common sense, are of
+much more use: You may praise a soldier for his skill at chess, because
+it is said to be a military game, and the emblem of drawing up an army;
+but this to a tr[easure]r would be no more a compliment, than if you
+called him a gamester or a jockey.[13]
+
+P.S. I received a letter relating to Mr. Greenshields; the person who
+sent it may know, that I will say something to it in the next paper.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 29 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: "Tractanda in laudationibus etiam haec sunt naturae et
+fortunae bona, in quibus est summa laus: non extulisse," etc.--CICERO,
+_De Oratore_ ii. 84.
+
+"These blessings of nature and fortune fall within the province of
+panegyric, the highest strain of which is, that a man possessed power
+without pride, riches without insolence, and the fullness of fortune
+without the arrogance of greatness."--W. GUTHRIE. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: Piers Gaveston, Earl of Cornwall, the favourite of Edward
+II. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: Hugh le Despencer, Earl of Winchester, and his son of the
+same name, both favourites of Edward II., and both hanged in 1326.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford, favourite of Richard II.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: See No. 17, _ante_, and note, p. 95. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: The Bill of Security passed the Scottish Parliament in 1703,
+but was refused the Royal Assent. It provided for the separation of the
+Crowns of England and Scotland unless security was given to the latter
+for full religious and commercial independence. It was again passed
+in 1704. (See also note in vol. v., p. 336 of present edition.) [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: The writer of the "Letter" does not ascribe this result to
+the Act of Security, but to the Queen raising some of her servants to the
+highest degree of power who were unable "to associate with, men of
+honester principles than themselves," which led to "subjection to the
+will of an arbitrary junto and to the caprice of an insolent woman." [T.
+S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: The Duke of Marlborough and Lord Godolphin threatened to
+resign in February, 1707/8, unless Harley was dismissed. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: Prince George died October 28th, 1708. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: "The Medley," No. 20 (February 12th) was largely taken up
+with remarks on this letter, which appeared in "The Examiner," No. 28.
+See passage there quoted in the note, p. 177. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: Crassus was defeated by Orodes, King of Parthia, through
+the treachery of Ariamnes. After Crassus was beheaded Orodes caused
+molten gold to be poured into his mouth. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: Godolphin. See No. 27, _ante_, p. 172. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 31.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY FEBRUARY 22, TO THURSDAY MARCH 1, 1710-11.
+
+
+_Quae enim domus tam stabilis, quae tam firma civitas est, quae non odiis
+atque discidiis funditus possit everti?_[2]
+
+If we examine what societies of men are in closest union among
+themselves, we shall find them either to be those who are engaged in some
+evil design, or who labour under one common misfortune: Thus the troops
+of _banditti_ in several countries abroad, the knots of highwaymen in our
+own nation, the several tribes of sharpers, thieves and pickpockets, with
+many others, are so firmly knit together, that nothing is more difficult
+than to break or dissolve their several gangs. So likewise those who are
+fellow-sufferers under any misfortune, whether it be in reality or
+opinion, are usually contracted into a very strict union; as we may
+observe in the Papists throughout this kingdom, under those real
+difficulties which are justly put on them; and in the several schisms of
+Presbyterians, and other sects, under that grievous persecution of the
+modern kind, called want of power. And the reason why such confederacies,
+are kept so sacred and inviolable, is very plain, because in each of
+those cases I have mentioned, the whole body is moved by one common
+spirit, in pursuit of one general end, and the interest of individuals is
+not crossed by each other, or by the whole.
+
+Now, both these motives are joined to unite the high-flying Whigs at
+present: they have been always engaged in an evil design, and of late
+they are faster rivetted by that terrible calamity, the loss of power. So
+that whatever designs a mischievous crew of dark confederates may
+possibly entertain, who will stop at no means to compass them, may be
+justly apprehended from these.
+
+On the other side, those who wish well to the public, and would gladly
+contribute to its service, are apt to differ in their opinions about the
+methods of promoting it, and when their party flourishes, are sometimes
+envious at those in power, ready to overvalue their own merit, and be
+impatient till it is rewarded by the measure they have prescribed for
+themselves. There is a further topic of contention, which a ruling party
+is apt to fall into, in relation to retrospections, and enquiry into past
+miscarriages; wherein some are thought too warm and zealous; others too
+cool and remiss; while in the meantime these divisions are industriously
+fomented by the discarded faction; which though it be an old practice,
+hath been much improved in the schools of the Jesuits, who when they
+despaired of perverting this nation to popery, by arguments or plots
+against the state, sent their emissaries to subdivide us into schisms.[3]
+And this expedient is now with great propriety taken up by our men of
+incensed moderation, because they suppose themselves able to attack the
+strongest of our subdivisions, and so subdue us one after another.
+Nothing better resembles this proceeding, than that famous combat between
+the Horatii and Curiatii,[4] where two of the former being killed, the
+third, who remained entire and untouched, was able to kill his three
+wounded adversaries, after he had divided them by a stratagem. I well
+know with how tender a hand all this should be touched; yet at the same
+time I think it my duty to warn the friends as well as expose the enemies
+of the public weal, and to begin preaching up union upon the first
+suspicion that any steps are made to disturb it.
+
+But the two chief subjects of discontent, which, in most great changes,
+in the management of public affairs, are apt to breed differences among
+those who are in possession, are what I have just now mentioned; a desire
+of punishing the corruptions of former managers; and the rewarding merit,
+among those who have been any way instrumental or consenting to the
+change. The first of these is a point so nice, that I shall purposely
+waive it; but the latter I take to fall properly within my district: By
+merit I here understand that value which every man puts upon his own
+deservings from the public. And I believe there could not be a more
+difficult employment found out, than that of paymaster general to this
+sort of merit; or a more noisy, crowded place, than a court of
+judicature, erected to settle and adjust every man's claim upon that
+article. I imagine, if this had fallen into the fancy of the ancient
+poets, they would have dressed it up after their manner into an agreeable
+fiction, and given us a genealogy and description of merit, perhaps not
+very different from that which follows.
+
+_A Poetical Genealogy and Description of_ MERIT.
+
+That true Merit, was the son of Virtue and Honour; but that there was
+likewise a spurious child who usurped the name, and whose parents were
+Vanity and Impudence. That, at a distance, there was a great resemblance
+between them, and they were often mistaken for each other. That the
+bastard issue had a loud shrill voice, which was perpetually employed in
+cravings and complaints; while the other never spoke louder than a
+whisper, and was often so bashful that he could not speak at all. That in
+all great assemblies, the false Merit would step before the true, and
+stand just in his way; was constantly at court, or great men's levees, or
+whispering in some minister's ear. That the more you fed him, the more
+hungry and importunate he grew. That he often passed for the true son of
+Virtue and Honour, and the genuine for an impostor. That he was born
+distorted and a dwarf, but by force of art appeared of a handsome shape,
+and taller than the usual size; and that none but those who were wise and
+good, as well as vigilant, could discover his littleness or deformity.
+That the true Merit had been often forced to the indignity of applying to
+the false, for his credit with those in power, and to keep himself from
+starving. That he filled the antechambers with a crew of his dependants
+and creatures, such as projectors, schematises, occasional converts to a
+party, prostitute flatterers, starveling writers, buffoons, shallow
+politicians, empty orators, and the like, who all owned him for their
+patron, and grew discontented if they were not immediately fed.
+
+
+This metaphorical description of false Merit, is, I doubt,
+calculated for most countries in Christendom; and as to
+our own, I believe it may be said with a sufficient reserve of charity,
+that we are fully able to reward every man among us according to his real
+deservings. And I think I may add, without suspicion of flattery, that
+never any prince had a ministry with a better judgment to distinguish
+between false and real merit, than that which is now at the helm; or
+whose inclination as well as interest it is to encourage the latter. And
+it ought to be observed, that those great and excellent persons we see at
+the head of affairs, are of the Qu[een]'s own personal voluntary choice;
+not forced upon her by any insolent, overgrown favourite; or by the
+pretended necessity of complying with an unruly faction.
+
+Yet these are the persons whom those scandals to the press, in their
+daily pamphlets and papers, openly revile at so ignominious a rate, as I
+believe was never tolerated before under any government. For surely no
+lawful power derived from a prince, should be so far affronted, as to
+leave those who are in authority exposed to every scurrilous libeller.
+Because in this point I make a mighty difference between those who are
+_in_, and those who are _out_ of power; not upon any regard to their
+persons, but the stations they are placed in by the sovereign. And if my
+distinction be right, I think I might appeal to any man, whether if a
+stranger were to read the invectives which are daily published against
+the present ministry, and the outrageous fury of the authors against me
+for censuring the _last_; he would not conclude the Whigs to be at this
+time in full possession of power and favour, and the Tories entirely at
+mercy? But all this now ceases to be a wonder, since the Qu[een] herself
+is no longer spared; witness the libel published some days ago under the
+title of "A Letter to Sir J[aco]b B[an]ks,"[5] where the reflections upon
+her sacred Majesty are much more plain and direct, than ever the
+"Examiner" thought fit to publish against the most obnoxious persons in a
+m[inistr]y, discarded for endeavouring the ruin of their prince and
+country. Caesar indeed threatened to hang the pirates for presuming to
+disturb him while he was their prisoner aboard their ship.[6] But it was
+Caesar who did so, and he did it to a crew of public robbers; and it
+became the greatness of his spirit, for he lived to execute what he had
+threatened. Had _they_ been in his power, and sent such a message, it
+could be imputed to nothing but the extremes of impudence, folly or
+madness.
+
+I had a letter last week relating to Mr. Greenshields[7] an Episcopal
+clergyman of Scotland, and the writer seems to be a gentleman of that
+part of Britain. I remember formerly to have read a printed account of
+Mr. Greenshields's case, who has been prosecuted and silenced for no
+other reason beside reading divine service, after the manner of the
+Church of England, to his own congregation, who desired it: though, as
+the gentleman who writes to me says, there is no law in Scotland against
+those meetings; and he adds, that the sentence pronounced against Mr.
+Greenshields, "will soon be affirmed, if some care be not taken to
+prevent it." I am altogether uninformed in the particulars of this case,
+and besides to treat it justly, would not come within the compass of my
+paper; therefore I could wish the gentleman would undertake it in a
+discourse by itself; and I should be glad he would inform the public in
+one fact, whether Episcopal assemblies are freely allowed in Scotland? It
+is notorious that abundance of their clergy fled from thence some years
+ago into England and Ireland, as from a persecution; but it was alleged
+by their enemies, that they refused to take the oaths to the government,
+which however none of them scrupled when they came among us. It is
+somewhat extraordinary to see our Whigs and fanatics keep such a stir
+about the sacred Act of Toleration, while their brethren will not allow a
+connivance in so near a neighbourhood; especially if what the gentleman
+insists on in his letter be true, that nine parts in ten of the nobility
+and gentry, and two in three of the commons, be Episcopal; of which one
+argument he offers, is the present choice of their representatives in
+both Houses, though opposed to the utmost by the preachings, threatenings
+and anathemas of the kirk. Such usage to a majority, may, as he thinks,
+be of dangerous consequence; and I entirely agree with him. If these be
+the principles of high kirk, God preserve at least the southern parts
+from their tyranny!
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 30 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Cicero, "De Amicitia," vii. "For what family is so firmly
+rooted, what state so strong, as not to be liable to complete overthrow
+from hatred and strife."--G.H. Wells. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: Refers to the October Club. See Swift's "Memoirs Relating to
+that Change," etc. (vol. v., pp. 385-6 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: The contest is the subject of one of Macaulay's "Lays."
+Three brothers named Horatius fought with three named Curiatius, and the
+fight resulted in Publius Horatius being the sole survivor. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: In his letter to the Earl of Peterborough, dated February,
+1710/1 (Scott, vol. xv., pp. 422-3), Swift speaks more favourably of this
+pamphlet. His remarks to the Earl throw considerable light on Swift's own
+position as a Tory: "The piece is shrewdly written; and, in my opinion,
+not to be answered, otherwise than by disclaiming that sort of passive
+obedience which the Tories are charged with. This dispute would soon be
+ended, if the dunces who write on each side would plainly tell us what the
+object of this passive obedience is in our country; for I dare swear nine
+in ten of the Whigs will allow it to be the legislature, and as many of
+the Tories deny it to the prince alone; and I hardly ever saw a Whig
+and a Tory together, whom I could not immediately reconcile on that
+article when I made them explain themselves."
+
+The pamphlet was written by a Mr. Benson in reply to Sir Jacob Banks,
+who, as member for Minehead, had, in 1709-10 presented an address from
+his constituents in which it was pretty broadly avowed that subjects must
+obey their monarch, since he was responsible to God alone. The writer of
+the letter institutes a clever parallel between England and Sweden. See
+note to No. 14, _ante_, and No. 34, _post_, pp. 75 and 216. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: Julius Caesar was captured by pirates off the coast of
+Miletus (_c._ 75 B.C.) and held to ransom. The threat of crucifixion he
+then held out to his captors he afterwards fulfilled. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: The Rev. James Greenshields was imprisoned (September 15th,
+1709) for conducting in Edinburgh the service according to the English
+Prayer Book. He appealed to the House of Lords, and the judgment against
+him was reversed, March 1st. 1710/1 ("Journals of House of Lords," xix).
+[T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 32.[1]
+
+
+FROM THURSDAY MARCH 1, TO THURSDAY MARCH 8, 1710-11.
+
+  _----Garrit aniles
+  Ex re fabellas_.[2]
+
+
+
+
+I had last week sent me by an unknown hand, a passage
+out of Plato,[3] with some hints how to apply it. That author puts a
+fable into the mouth of Aristophanes, with an account of the original of
+love. That, mankind was at first created with four arms and legs, and all
+other parts double to what they are now; till Jupiter, as a punishment for
+his sins, cleft him in two with a thunderbolt, since which time we are
+always looking for our _other half_; and this is the cause of love. But
+Jupiter threatened, that if they did not mend their manners, he would give
+them t'other slit, and leave them to hop about in the shape of figures in
+_basso relievo_. The effect of this last threatening, my correspondent
+imagines, is now come to pass; and that as the first splitting was the
+original of love, by inclining us to search for our t'other half, so the
+second was the cause of hatred, by prompting us to fly from our other side,
+and dividing the same body into two, gave each slice the name of a party.
+
+I approve the fable and application, with this refinement upon it. For
+parties do not only split a nation, but every individual among them,
+leaving each but half their strength, and wit, and honesty, and good
+nature; but one eye and ear for their sight and hearing, and equally
+lopping the rest of the senses: Where parties are pretty equal in a
+state, no man can perceive one bad quality in his own, or good one in his
+adversaries. Besides, party being a dry disagreeable subject, it renders
+conversation insipid or sour, and confines invention. I speak not here of
+the leaders, but the insignificant crowd of followers in a party, who
+have been the instruments of mixing it in every condition and
+circumstance of life. As the zealots among the Jews bound the law about
+their foreheads, and wrists, and hems of their garments; so the women
+among us have got the distinguishing marks of party in their muffs, their
+fans, and their furbelows. The Whig ladies put on their patches in a
+different manner from the Tories.[4] They have made schisms in the
+playhouse, and each have their particular sides at the opera: and when a
+man changes his party, he must infallibly count upon the loss of his
+mistress. I asked a gentleman the other day, how he liked such a lady?
+but he would not give me his opinion till I had answered him whether she
+were a Whig or a Tory. Mr.----[5] since he is known to visit the present
+m[inist]ry, and lay some time under a suspicion of writing the
+"Examiner," is no longer a man of wit; his very poems have contracted a
+stupidity many years after they were printed.
+
+Having lately ventured upon a metaphorical genealogy of Merit, I thought
+it would be proper to add another of Party, or rather, of Faction, (to
+avoid mistake) not telling the reader whether it be my own or a
+quotation, till I know how it is approved; but whether I read or dreamed
+it, the fable is as follows.
+
+"_Liberty, the daughter of Oppression, after having brought forth several
+fair children, as Riches, Arts, Learning, Trade, and many others, was at
+last delivered of her youngest daughter, called Faction; whom Juno, doing
+the office of the midwife, distorted in its birth, out of envy to the
+mother, from whence it derived its peevishness and sickly constitution.
+However, as it is often the nature of parents to grow most fond of their
+youngest and disagreeablest children, so it happened with Liberty, who
+doted on this daughter to such a degree, that by her good will she would
+never suffer the girl to be out of her sight. As Miss Faction grew up,
+she became so termagant and froward, that there was no enduring her any
+longer in Heaven. Jupiter gave her warning to be gone; and her mother
+rather than forsake her, took the whole family down to earth. She landed
+at first in Greece, was expelled by degrees through all the Cities by her
+daughter's ill-conduct; fled afterwards to Italy, and being banished
+thence, took shelter among the Goths, with whom she passed into most
+parts of Europe; but driven out every where, she began to lose esteem,
+and her daughter's faults were imputed to herself. So that at this time,
+she has hardly a place in the world to retire to. One would wonder what
+strange qualities this daughter must possess, sufficient to blast the
+influence of so divine a mother, and the rest of her children: She always
+affected to keep mean and scandalous company; valuing nobody, but just
+as they agreed with her in every capricious opinion she thought fit to
+take up; and rigorously exacting compliance, though she changed her
+sentiments ever so often. Her great employment was to breed discord among
+friends and relations, and make up monstrous alliances between those
+whose dispositions least resembled each other. Whoever offered to
+contradict her, though in the most insignificant trifle, she would be
+sure to distinguish by some ignominious appellation, and allow them to
+have neither honour, wit, beauty, learning, honesty or common sense. She
+intruded into all companies at the most unseasonable times, mixed at
+balls, assemblies, and other parties of pleasure; haunted every coffee-
+house and bookseller's shop, and by her perpetual talking filled all
+places with disturbance and confusion. She buzzed about the merchant in
+the Exchange, the divine in his pulpit, and the shopkeeper behind his
+counter. Above all, she frequented public assemblies, where she sat in
+the shape of an obscene, ominous bird, ready to prompt her friends as
+they spoke_."
+
+If I understand this fable of Faction right, it ought to be applied to
+those who set themselves up against the true interest and constitution of
+their country; which I wish the undertakers for the late m[inistr]y would
+please to take notice of; or tell us by what figure of speech they
+pretend to call so great and _unforced_ a majority, with the Qu[een] at
+the head, by the name of "the Faction": which is unlike the phrase of the
+Nonjurors, who dignifying one or two deprived bishops, and half a score
+clergymen of the same stamp, with the title of the "Church of England,"
+exclude all the rest as schismatics; or like the Presbyterians, laying
+the same accusation, with equal justice, against the established
+religion.
+
+And here it may be worth inquiring what are the true characteristics of a
+faction, or how it is to be distinguished from that great body of the
+people who are friends to the constitution? The heads of a faction, are
+usually a set of upstarts, or men ruined in their fortunes, whom some
+great change in a government, did at first, out of their obscurity
+produce upon the stage. They associate themselves with those who dislike
+the old establishment, religious and civil. They are full of new schemes
+in politics and divinity; they have an incurable hatred against the old
+nobility, and strengthen their party by dependants raised from the lowest
+of the people; they have several ways of working themselves into power;
+but they are sure to be called when a corrupt administration wants to be
+supported, against those who are endeavouring at a reformation; and they
+firmly observe that celebrated maxim of preserving power by the same arts
+it is attained. They act with the spirit of those who believe their _time
+is but short;_ and their first care is to heap up immense riches at the
+public expense; in which they have two ends, beside that common one of
+insatiable avarice; which are, to make themselves necessary, and to keep
+the Commonwealth in dependence: Thus they hope to compass their design,
+which is, instead of fitting their principles to the constitution, to
+alter and adjust the constitution to their own pernicious principles.
+
+It is easy determining by this test, to which side the name of faction
+most properly belongs. But however, I will give them any system of law or
+regal government, from William the Conqueror to this present time, to try
+whether they can tally it with their late models; excepting only that of
+Cromwell, whom perhaps they will reckon for a monarch.
+
+If the present ministry, and so great a majority in the Parliament and
+Kingdom, be only a faction, it must appear by some actions which answers
+the idea we usually conceive from that word. Have they abused the
+prerogatives of the prince, or invaded the rights and liberties of the
+subject? Have they offered at any dangerous innovations in Church or
+State? Have they broached any doctrines of heresy, rebellion or tyranny?
+Have any of them treated their sovereign with insolence, engrossed and
+sold all her favours, or deceived her by base, gross misrepresentations
+of her most faithful servants? These are the arts of a faction, and
+whoever has practised them, they and their followers must take up with
+the name.
+
+It is usually reckoned a Whig principle to appeal to the people; but that
+is only when they have been so wise as to poison their understandings
+beforehand: Will they now stand to this appeal, and be determined by
+their _vox populi_, to which side their title of faction belongs? And
+that the people are now left to the natural freedom of their
+understanding and choice, I believe our adversaries will hardly deny.
+They will now refuse this appeal, and it is reasonable they should; and I
+will further add, that if our people resembled the old Grecians, there
+might be danger in such a trial. A pragmatical orator told a great man at
+Athens, that whenever the people were in their rage, they would certainly
+tear him to pieces; "Yes," says the other, "and they will do the same to
+you, whenever they are in their wits." But God be thanked, our populace
+is more merciful in their nature, and at present under better direction;
+and the orators among us have attempted to confound both prerogative and
+law, in their sovereign's presence, and before the highest court of
+judicature, without any hazard to their persons.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 31 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+
+[Footnote 2: Horace, "Satires," II. vi. 77-8.
+"To club his part in pithy tales."--P. FRANCIS.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: The "Symposium," 189-192. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: See "The Spectator," No. 81 (June 2nd, 1711): "Their patches
+were placed in those different situations, as party signals to
+distinguish friends from foes." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Matthew Prior. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 33.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY MARCH 8, TO THURSDAY MARCH 15, 1710-11.[2]
+
+
+_Non ea est medicina, cum sanae parti corporis scalpellum adhibetur,
+atque integrae; carnificina est ista, et crudelitas. Hi medentur
+Reipublicae qui exsecant pestem aliquam, tanquam strumam Civitatis_.[3]
+
+I am diverted from the general subject of my discourses, to reflect upon
+an event of a very extraordinary and surprising nature: A great minister,
+in high confidence with the Queen, under whose management the weight of
+affairs at present is in a great measure supposed to lie; sitting in
+council, in a royal palace, with a dozen of the chief officers of the
+state, is stabbed at the very board,[4] in the execution of his office,
+by the hand of a French Papist, then under examination for high treason.
+The assassin redoubles his blow, to make sure work; and concluding the
+chancellor was dispatched, goes on with the same rage to murder a
+principal secretary of state: and that whole noble assembly are forced to
+rise, and draw their swords in their own defence, as if a wild beast had
+been let loose among them.
+
+This fact hath some circumstances of aggravation not to be paralleled by
+any of the like kind we meet with in history. Caesar's murder being
+performed in the Senate, comes nearest to the case; but that was an
+affair concerted by great numbers of the chief senators, who were
+likewise the actors in it, and not the work of a vile, single ruffian.
+Harry the Third of France was stabbed by an enthusiastic friar,[5] whom
+he suffered to approach his person, while those who attended him stood at
+some distance. His successor met the same fate in a coach, where neither
+he nor his nobles, in such a confinement, were able to defend themselves.
+In our own country we have, I think, but one instance of this sort, which
+has made any noise, I mean that of Felton, about fourscore years ago: but
+he took the opportunity to stab the Duke of Buckingham in passing through
+a dark lobby, from one room to another:[6] The blow was neither seen nor
+heard, and the murderer might have escaped, if his own concern and
+horror, as it is usual in such cases, had not betrayed him. Besides, that
+act of Felton will admit of some extenuation, from the motives he is said
+to have had: but this attempt of Guiscard seems to have outdone them all
+in every heightening circumstance, except the difference of persons
+between a king and a great minister: for I give no allowance at all to
+the difference of success (which however is yet uncertain and depending)
+nor think it the least alleviation to the crime, whatever it may be to
+the punishment.
+
+I am sensible, it is ill arguing from particulars to generals, and that
+we ought not to charge upon a nation the crimes of a few desperate
+villains it is so unfortunate to produce: Yet at the same time it must be
+avowed, that the French have for these last centuries, been somewhat too
+liberal of their daggers, upon the persons of their greatest men; such
+as the Admiral de Coligny,[7] the Dukes of Guise,[8] father and son, and
+the two kings I last mentioned. I have sometimes wondered how a people,
+whose genius seems wholly turned to singing and dancing, and prating, to
+vanity and impertinence; who lay so much weight upon modes and gestures;
+whose essentialities are generally so very superficial; who are usually
+so serious upon trifles, and so trifling upon what is serious, have been
+capable of committing such solid villanies; more suitable to the gravity
+of a Spaniard, or silence and thoughtfulness of an Italian: unless it be,
+that in a nation naturally so full of themselves, and of so restless
+imaginations, when any of them happen to be of a morose and gloomy
+constitution, that huddle of confused thoughts, for want of evaporating,
+usually terminates in rage or despair. D'Avila[9] observes, that Jacques
+Clement was a sort of buffoon, whom the rest of the friars used to make
+sport with: but at last, giving his folly a serious turn, it ended in
+enthusiasm, and qualified him for that desperate act of murdering his
+king.
+
+But in the Marquis de Guiscard there seems to have been a complication of
+ingredients for such an attempt: He had committed several enormities in
+France, was extremely prodigal and vicious; of a dark melancholy
+complexion, and cloudy countenance, such as in vulgar physiognomy is
+called an ill look. For the rest, his talents were very mean, having a
+sort of inferior cunning, but very small abilities; so that a great man
+of the late m[inist]ry, by whom he was invited over,[10] and with much
+discretion raised at first step from a profligate popish priest to a
+lieutenant-general, and colonel of a regiment of horse, was forced at
+last to drop him for shame.[11]
+
+Had such an accident happened[12] under that m[inis]try, and to so
+considerable a member of it, they would have immediately charged it upon
+the whole body of those they are pleased to call "the faction." This
+would have been styled a high-church principle; the clergy would have
+been accused as promoters and abettors of the fact; com[mittee]s would
+have been sent to promise the criminal his life provided they might have
+liberty to direct and dictate his confession: and a black list would have
+been printed of all those who had been ever seen in the murderer's
+company. But the present men in power hate and despise all such
+detestable arts, which they might now turn upon their adversaries with
+much more plausibility, than ever these did their honourable negotiations
+with Gregg.[13]
+
+And here it may be worth observing how unanimous a concurrence there is
+between some persons once in great power, and a French Papist; both
+agreeing in the great end of taking away Mr. Harley's life, though
+differing in their methods: the first proceeding by subornation, the
+other by violence; wherein Guiscard seems to have the advantage, as
+aiming no further than his life; while the others designed to destroy at
+once both that and his reputation. The malice of both against this
+gentleman seems to have risen from the same cause, his discovering
+designs against the government. It was Mr. Harley who detected the
+treasonable correspondence of Gregg, and secured him betimes; when a
+certain great man who shall be nameless, had, out of the depth of his
+politics, sent him a caution to make his escape; which would certainly
+have fixed the appearance of guilt[14] upon Mr. Harley: but when that was
+prevented, they would have enticed the condemned criminal with promise of
+a pardon, to write and sign an accusation against the secretary. But to
+use Gregg's own expression, "His death was nothing near so ignominious,
+as would have been such a life that must be saved by prostituting his
+conscience." The same gentleman lies now stabbed by his other enemy, a
+Popish spy, whose treason he has discovered. God preserve the rest of
+her Majesty's ministers from such Protestants, and from such Papists!
+
+I shall take occasion to hint at some particularities in this surprising
+fact, for the sake of those at distance, or who may not be thoroughly
+informed.[15] The murderer confessed in Newgate, that his chief design
+was against Mr. Secretary St. John, who happened to change seats with Mr.
+Harley, for more convenience of examining the criminal:[16] and being
+asked what provoked him to stab the chancellor? he said, that not being
+able to come at the secretary, as he intended, it was some satisfaction
+to murder the person whom he thought Mr. St. John loved best.[17]
+
+And here, if Mr. Harley has still any enemies left, whom his blood spilt
+in the public service cannot reconcile, I hope they will at least admire
+his magnanimity, which is a quality esteemed even in an enemy: and I
+think there are few greater instances of it to be found in story. After
+the wound was given, he was observed neither to change his countenance,
+nor discover any concern or disorder in his speech: he rose up, and
+walked along the room while he was able, with the greatest tranquillity,
+during the midst of the confusion. When the surgeon came, he took him
+aside, and desired he would inform him freely whether the wound
+were mortal, because in that case, he said, he had some affairs to
+settle, relating to his family. The blade of the penknife, broken by the
+violence of the blow against a rib, within a quarter of an inch of the
+handle, was dropt out (I know not whether from the wound, or his clothes)
+as the surgeon was going to dress him; he ordered it to be taken up, and
+wiping it himself, gave it some body to keep, saying, he thought "it now
+properly belonging to him." He shewed no sort of resentment, or spoke one
+violent word against Guiscard, but appeared all the while the least
+concerned of any in the company--a state of mind, which in such an
+exigency, nothing but innocence can give, and is truly worthy of a
+Christian philosopher.
+
+If there be really so great a difference in principle between the
+high-flying Whigs, and the friends of France, I cannot but repeat the
+question, how come they to join in the destruction of the same man? Can
+his death be possibly for the interest of both? or have they both the
+same quarrel against him, that he is perpetually discovering and
+preventing the treacherous designs of our enemies? However it be, this
+great minister may now say with St. Paul, that he hath been "in perils by
+his own countrymen, and in perils by strangers."
+
+In the midst of so melancholy a subject, I cannot but congratulate with
+our own country, that such a savage monster as the Marquis de Guiscard,
+is none of her production; a wretch perhaps more detestable in his own
+nature, than even this barbarous act has been yet able to represent him
+to the world. For there are good reasons to believe, from several
+circumstances, that he had intentions of a deeper dye, than those he
+happened to execute;[18] I mean such as every good subject must tremble
+to think on. He hath of late been frequently seen going up the back
+stairs at court, and walking alone in an outer room adjoining to her
+Ma[jest]y's bed-chamber. He has often and earnestly pressed for some time
+to have access to the Qu[een], even since his correspondence with France;
+and he has now given such a proof of his disposition, as leaves it easy
+to guess what was before in his thoughts, and what he was capable of
+attempting.
+
+It is humbly to be hoped, that the legislature[19] will interpose on so
+extraordinary an occasion as this, and direct a punishment[20] some way
+proportionable to so execrable a crime.
+
+  _Et quicunque tuum violavit vulnere corpus,
+  Morte luat merita_----[21]
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 32 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: To this number the writer of "The Political State of Great
+Britain" made a pretty tart reply. In the issue for April, 1711, pp.
+315-320 he says: "One of the Tory writers, shall I call him? or rather
+libellers--one who presumptuously sets up for an Examiner--who, in order,
+as he fondly expects, to make his court to some men in power, with equal
+insolence and malice, makes it his weekly business to slander the
+moderate party; who, without the least provocation, brandishes his
+virulent pen against the best men ... instances in the murders of Caesar,
+Henry III. and Henry IV. of France, and of the Duke of Buckingham; and
+having extenuated the last, 'from the motives Felton is said to have
+had,' he concludes," etc. The writer further goes on to say: "As to the
+imputation of villanous assassinations, which the Examiner charges so
+home on the French nation, I am heartily sorry he has given them so fair
+an opportunity to retort the unfair and unjust argument from particulars
+to generals. For, without mentioning Felton, whose crime this writer has
+endeavoured _to extenuate_, no foreign records can afford a greater
+number of murders, parricides, and, to use the Examiner's expression,
+solid villanies, than our English history." Swift retorted on this writer
+in No. 42, _post_, pp. 276, 277. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: Cicero, "Pro Sestio," 65. "But that is not a remedy when the
+knife is applied to some sound and healthy part of the body; that is the
+act of an executioner and mere inhumanity. Those are the men who really
+apply healing remedies to the republic, who cut out some pestilence as if
+it were a wen on the person of the state."--C.D. YONGE. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: This refers to the attempted assassination of Harley and St.
+John by the Marquis de Guiscard. See Swift's "Memoirs Relating to that
+Change," etc. (vol. v., pp. 387-9 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Henri III. was assassinated by Jacques Clement, a Dominican
+friar, August 1st, 1589. Henri IV. was assassinated by Francois
+Ravaillac, May 14th, 1610. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: George Villiers, fourth Duke of Buckingham, was stabbed by
+Lieut. John Felton, August 23rd, 1628. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: Admiral de Coligny was assassinated August 23rd, 1572.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: Francois de Lorraine, Due de Guise, was shot in 1563. His
+son and successor (Henri le Balafre) was killed December 23rd, 1588.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: Davila was the author of "Historia delle Guerre Civili di
+Francia" (_c._ 1630). He was assassinated in 1631. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: "The first thing I would beg of this libeller," asks "The
+Medley" (No. 25, March 19th, 1711), "is to make out what he affirms of
+his being 'invited over.' If he would but prove that one particular, I
+would forgive him all his lies past and yet to come."
+
+Of course. Swift's extreme phrase of "invited over" referred to the fact
+that Guiscard had a Whig commission in the army. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: Antoine de Guiscard, at one time Abbe de la Bourlie, was
+born in 1658. For misconduct he was compelled, in 1703, to forsake his
+benefice and his country, and he undertook the cause of the Protestant
+Camisards in the Cevennes, in their insurrection against Louis XIV. It is
+known that he had been envoy to Turin, and had received a pension from
+Holland. On taking refuge in England he obtained a pension from the
+government, and by means of the influence of the Duke of Ormonde, who was
+his brother's friend, became a frequenter in fashionable circles. The
+death, however, of his friend Count Briancon seems to have deprived him
+of means. He fell into bad ways, became poor, and solicited a pension
+from the Queen, through St. John whose acquaintance he had made. A
+pension of L500 was granted him; but this sum Harley reduced. Afraid that
+even this means of a livelihood would be taken from him he opened a
+treasonable correspondence with one Moreau, a Parisian banker. The rest
+of the story of this poor wretch's life may be gathered from the
+excellent account of the Harley-Guiscard incident given by W. Sichel in
+his "Bolingbroke and his Times" (pp. 308-313).
+
+N. Luttrell has several entries in his Diary relating to Guiscard and the
+attempted assassination of Harley, and there is a long account of him in
+Boyer's "Political State" (vol. i., pp. 275-314). See also Portland
+MS., vol. iv., Wentworth Papers, and Swift's "Journal to Stella," and
+"Some Remarks," etc. (vol. v. of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: "Had such an accident ... against the secretary." The
+writer of "A Letter to the Seven Lords" (1711) quotes this passage, and
+remarks that "The Examiner" "intended seriously to charge you all, with
+subornation, in order to proceed to murder." See also Swift's "Some
+Remarks," etc. (vol. v., pp. 29-53 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: See note on p. 263. Also note on p. 30 of vol. v. of
+present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 14: William Gregg declared in his last confession that Mr.
+Harley "was not privy to my writing to France, directly nor indirectly,"
+and he thanked God for touching his "conscience so powerfully ... as to
+prevent my prostituting the same to save my life."--"William Gregg's
+Paper," "Published by Authority," 1708. Gregg told the Rev. Paul
+Lorrain "that he was profferred his life, and a great reward, if he
+would accuse his master" (F. Hoffman's "Secret Transactions," 1711,
+p. 8). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 15: Swift furnished Mrs. Manley with hints for her pamphlet
+entitled, "A True Narrative Of what pass'd at the Examination Of the
+Marquis De Guiscard," 1711. See note on p. 41 of vol. v. of present
+edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 16: "The matter was thus represented in the weekly paper called
+'The Examiner'; which Mr. St. John perused before it was printed, but
+made no alteration in that passage." Swift's "Memoirs Relating to
+that Change," etc. (vol v., p. 389 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 17: Guiscard could hardly have been aware of St. John's true
+sentiments towards Harley. In 1717 Bolingbroke, writing in his "Letter to
+Sir William Windham," says: "I abhorred Oxford to that degree, that I
+could not bear to be joined with him in any case" (edit. 1753, p. 94).
+And yet, when it was feared that Harley might die from his wound,
+St. John remarked to Swift that "he was but an ill dissembler" and
+Harley's life was "absolutely necessary." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 18: "It was thought he had a design against the Queen's person,
+for he had tried by all the ways that he could contrive to be admitted to
+speak with her in private." (BURNET'S "Own Times," ii., 566). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 19: An Act to make an Attempt on the Life of a Privy Councillor
+in the Execution of his Office to be Felony without Benefit of Clergy (9
+Ann. c. 21). This Act, which indemnified all those who had caused
+Guiscard's death, was recommended in a Royal Message, March 14th,
+introduced April 5th, passed the House of Commons, April  19th, and
+received the Royal Assent, May 16th, 1711. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 20: Writing to Stella, under date March 15th, Swift says: "I
+am sorry he [Guiscard] is dying; for they had found out a way to hang
+him. He certainly had an intention to murder the Queen." Two days later
+he says: "The coroner's inquest have found that he was killed by bruises
+received from a messenger, so to clear the cabinet counsellors from whom
+he received his wounds." (Vol. ii., p. 139 of present edition.) [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 21:
+"He who profaned thy body by a wound
+Must pay the penalty of death."
+[T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 34.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY MARCH 15, TO THURSDAY MARCH 22, 1710-11.
+
+
+_De Libertate retinenda, qua certe nihil est dulcius, tibi assentior._[2]
+
+The apologies of the ancient Fathers are reckoned to have been the most
+useful parts of their writings, and to have done greatest service to the
+Christian religion, because they removed those misrepresentations which
+had done it most injury. The methods these writers took, was openly and
+freely to discover every point of their faith, to detect the falsehood of
+their accusers, and to charge nothing upon their adversaries but what
+they were sure to make good. This example has been ill followed of later
+times; the Papists since the Reformation using all arts to palliate the
+absurdities of their tenets, and loading the Reformers with a thousand
+calumnies; the consequence of which has been only a more various, wide,
+and inveterate separation. It is the same thing in civil schisms: a Whig
+forms an image of a Tory, just after the thing he most abhors, and that
+image serves to represent the whole body.
+
+I am not sensible of any material difference there is between those who
+call themselves the Old Whigs, and a great majority of the present
+Tories; at least by all I could ever find, from examining several persons
+of each denomination. But it must be confessed that the present body of
+Whigs, as they now constitute that party, is a very odd mixture of
+mankind, being forced to enlarge their bottom by taking in every
+heterodox professor either in religion or government, whose opinions they
+were obliged to encourage for fear of lessening their number; while the
+bulk of the landed men and people were entirely of the old sentiments.
+However, they still pretended a due regard to the monarchy and the
+Church, even at the time when they were making the largest steps towards
+the ruin of both: but not being able to wipe off the many accusations
+laid to their charge, they endeavoured, by throwing of scandal, to make
+the Tories appear blacker than themselves, that so the people might join
+with _them_, as the smaller evil of the two.
+
+But among all the reproaches which the Whigs have flung upon their
+adversaries, there is none hath done them more service than that of
+_passive obedience_, as they represent it, with the consequences of
+non-resistance, arbitrary power, indefeasible right, tyranny, popery, and
+what not? There is no accusation which has passed with more plausibility
+than this, nor any that is supported with less justice. In order
+therefore to undeceive those who have been misled by false
+representations, I thought it would be no improper undertaking to set
+this matter in a fair light, which I think has not yet been done. A Whig
+asks whether you hold passive obedience? you affirm it: he then
+immediately cries out, "You are a Jacobite, a friend of France and the
+Pretender;" because he makes you answerable for the definition he has
+formed of that term, however different it be from what you understand. I
+will therefore give two descriptions of passive obedience; the first as
+it is falsely charged by the Whigs; the other as it is really professed
+by the Tories, at least by nineteen in twenty of all I ever conversed
+with.
+
+Passive Obedience as charged by the Whigs.
+
+_The doctrine of passive obedience is to believe that a king, even in a
+limited monarchy, holding his power only from God, is only answerable to
+Him. That such a king is above all law, that the cruellest tyrant must be
+submitted to in all things; and if his commands be ever so unlawful, you
+must neither fly nor resist, nor use any other weapons than prayers and
+tears. Though he should force your wife or daughter, murder your children
+before your face, or cut off five hundred heads in a morning for his
+diversion, you are still to wish him a long prosperous reign, and to be
+patient under all his cruelties, with the same resignation as under a
+plague or a famine; because to resist him would be to resist God in the
+person of His vicegerent. If a king of England should go through the
+streets of London, in order to murder every man he met, passive obedience
+commands them to submit. All laws made to limit him signify nothing,
+though passed by his own consent, if he thinks fit to break them. God
+will indeed call him to a severe account, but the whole people, united to
+a man, cannot presume to hold his hands, or offer him the least active
+disobedience. The people were certainly created for him, and not he for
+the people. His next heir, though worse than what I have described,
+though a fool or a madman, has a divine undefeasible right to succeed
+him, which no law can disannul; nay though he should kill his father upon
+the throne, he is immediately king to all intents and purposes, the
+possession of the crown wiping off all stains. But whosoever sits on the
+throne without this title, though never so peaceably, and by consent of
+former kings and parliaments, is an usurper, while there is any where in
+the world another person who hath a nearer hereditary right, and the
+whole kingdom lies under mortal sin till that heir be restored; because
+he has a divine title which no human law can defeat._
+
+This and a great deal more hath, in a thousand papers[3] and pamphlets,
+been laid to that doctrine of passive obedience, which the Whigs are
+pleased to charge upon us. This is what they perpetually are instilling
+into the people to believe, as the undoubted principles by which the
+present ministry, and a great majority in Parliament, do at this time
+proceed. This is what they accuse the clergy of delivering from the
+pulpits, and of preaching up as doctrines absolutely necessary to
+salvation. And whoever affirms in general, that passive obedience is due
+to the supreme power, he is presently loaden by our candid adversaries
+with such consequences as these. Let us therefore see what this doctrine
+is, when stripped of such misrepresentations, by describing it as really
+taught and practised by the Tories, and then it will appear what grounds
+our adversaries have to accuse us upon this article.
+
+Passive Obedience, as professed and practised by the Tories.
+
+_They think that in every government, whether monarchy or republic, there
+is placed a supreme, absolute, unlimited power, to which passive
+obedience is due. That wherever is entrusted the power of making laws,
+that power is without all bounds, can repeal or enact at pleasure
+whatever laws it thinks fit, and justly demands universal obedience and
+non-resistance. That among us, as every body knows, this power is lodged
+in the king or queen, together with the lords and commons of the kingdom;
+and therefore all decrees whatsoever, made by that power, are to be
+actively or passively obeyed. That the administration or executive part
+of this power is in England solely entrusted with the prince, who in
+administering those laws, ought to be no more resisted than the
+legislative power itself. But they do not conceive the same absolute
+passive obedience to be due to a limited prince's commands, when they are
+directly contrary to the laws he has consented to, and sworn to maintain.
+The crown may be sued as well as a private person; and if an arbitrary
+king of England should send his officers to seize my lands or goods
+against law, I can lawfully resist them. The ministers by whom he acts
+are liable to prosecution and impeachment, though his own person be
+sacred. But if he interposes his royal authority to support their
+insolence, I see no remedy, till it grows a general grievance, or till
+the body of the people have reason to apprehend it will be so; after
+which it becomes a case of necessity, and then I suppose a free people
+may assert their own rights, yet without any violation to the person or
+lawful power of the prince. But although the Tories allow all this, and
+did justify it by the share they had in the Revolution, yet they see no
+reason for entering upon so ungrateful a subject, or raising controversies
+upon it, as if we were in daily apprehensions of tyranny, under the reign
+of so excellent a princess, and while we have so many laws[4] of late
+years made to limit the prerogative; when according to the judgment of
+those who know our constitution best, things rather seem to lean to the
+other extreme, which is equally to be avoided. As to the succession; the
+Tories think an hereditary right to be the best in its own nature, and
+most agreeable to our old constitution; yet at the same time they allow
+it to be defeasible by Act of Parliament, and so is_ Magna Charta _too,
+if the legislature thinks fit; which is a truth so manifest, that no man
+who understands the nature of government, can be in doubt concerning it._
+
+These I take to be the sentiments of a great majority among the Tories,
+with respect to passive obedience: and if the Whigs insist, from the
+writings or common talk of warm and ignorant men, to form a judgment of
+the whole body, according to the first account I have here given, I will
+engage to produce as many of their side, who are utterly against passive
+obedience even to the legislature; who will assert the last resort of
+power to be in the people, against those whom they have chosen and
+trusted as their representatives, with the prince at the head; and who
+will put wild improbable cases to shew the reasonableness and necessity
+of resisting the legislative power, in such imaginary junctures. Than
+which however nothing can be more idle; for I dare undertake in any
+system of government, either speculative or practic, that was ever yet in
+the world, from Plato's "Republic" to Harrington's "Oceana,"[5] to put
+such difficulties as cannot be answered.
+
+All the other calumnies raised by the Whigs may be as easily wiped off;
+and I have charity to wish they could as fully answer the just
+accusations we have against them. Dodwell, Hicks, and Lesley,[6] are
+gravely quoted, to prove that the Tories design to bring in the
+Pretender; and if I should quote them to prove that the same thing is
+intended by the Whigs, it would be full as reasonable, since I am sure
+they have at least as much to do with Nonjurors as we. But our objections
+against the Whigs are built upon their constant practice for many years,
+whereof I have produced a hundred instances, against any single one of
+which no answer hath yet been attempted, though I have been curious
+enough to look into all the papers I could meet with that are writ
+against the "Examiner"; such a task as I hope no man thinks I would
+undergo for any other end, but that of finding an opportunity to own and
+rectify my mistakes; as I would be ready to do upon call of the meanest
+adversary. Upon which occasion, I shall take leave to add a few words.
+
+I flattered myself last Thursday, from the nature of my subject, and the
+inoffensive manner I handled it, that I should have one week's respite
+from those merciless pens, whose severity will some time break my heart;
+but I am deceived, and find them more violent than ever. They charge me
+with two lies and a blunder. The first lie is a truth, that Guiscard was
+invited over:[7] but it is of no consequence; I do not tax it as a fault;
+such sort of men have often been serviceable: I only blamed the
+indiscretion of raising a profligate abbot, at the first step, to a
+lieutenant-general and colonel of a regiment of horse, without staying
+some reasonable time, as is usual in such cases, till he had given some
+proofs of his fidelity, as well as of that interest and credit he
+pretended to have in his country: But that is said to be another lie, for
+he was a Papist, and could not have a regiment. However this other lie is
+a truth too; for a regiment he had, and paid by us, to his agent Monsieur
+Le Bas, for his use. The third is a blunder, that I say Guiscard's design
+was against Mr. Secretary St. John, and yet my reasonings upon it, are,
+as if it were personal against Mr. Harley. But I say no such thing, and
+my reasonings are just; I relate only what Guiscard said in Newgate,
+because it was a particularity the reader might be curious to know (and
+accordingly it lies in a paragraph by itself, after my reflections)[8]
+but I never meant to be answerable for what Guiscard said, or thought it
+of weight enough for me to draw conclusions from thence, when I had the
+Address of both Houses to direct me better; where it is expressly
+said,[9] "That Mr. Harley's fidelity to her Majesty, and zeal for her
+service, have drawn upon him the hatred of all the abettors of Popery and
+faction."[10] This is what I believe, and what I shall stick to.
+
+But alas, these are not the passages which have raised so much fury
+against me. One or two mistakes in facts of no importance, or a single
+blunder, would not have provoked them; they are not so tender of my
+reputation as a writer. All their outrage is occasioned by those passages
+in that paper, which they do not in the least pretend to answer, and with
+the utmost reluctancy are forced to mention. They take abundance of pains
+to clear Guiscard from a design against Mr. Harley's life, but offer not
+one argument to clear their other friends, who in the business of Gregg,
+were equally guilty of the same design against the same person; whose
+tongues were very swords, and whose penknives were axes.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 33 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Cicero, "Ep. ad Att.," xv. 13. "As to the maintenance of
+liberty--surely the most precious thing in the world--I agree with
+you."--E.S. SHUCKBURGH.]
+
+[Footnote 3: The following pamphlets may be instanced:--"Julian the
+Apostate," [by S. Johnson], 1682; "[Passive Obedience] A Sermon preached
+before the ... Lord Mayor," etc., by B. Calamy, 1683; "Passive Obedience
+Stated and Asserted," by T. Pomfret, 1683; "The Doctrine of
+Non-Resistance," [by E. Bohun], 1689; "History of Passive Obedience," [by
+A. Seller], 1689; "A Discourse concerning the Unreasonableness," etc. [by
+E. Stillingfleet], 1689; "Christianity, a Doctrine of the Cross," [by J.
+Kettlewell], 1691; and "The Measures of Submission," by B. Hoadly, 1706.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: The Act declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject
+(1 Will. and Mary, Sess. 2, c. 2), and the Act for the Further Limitation
+of the Crown (12 and 13 Will. III. c. 2), limited the power of the Crown
+in various respects. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: "The Commonwealth of Oceana," by James Harrington, 1656.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: Henry Dodwell (1641-1711), non-juror, and author of "An
+Admonitory Discourse ... Schism" (1704), "Occasional Communion" (1705),
+etc.
+
+George Hickes (1642-1715), non-juror. Dean of Worcester (1683-91), and
+author of "The Pretences of the Prince of Wales Examined, and Rejected"
+(1701).
+
+Charles Leslie, see No. 16, _ante_, and note, p. 85. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: "Such, a vile slanderer is the 'Examiner,' who says: 'he was
+invited over by the late ministry, preferred to a regiment, and made
+lieut.-general,' when there is an Act of Parliament against Papists being
+so."--"The Medley," No. 25 (March 19th). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: See No. 33, _ante_, p. 212. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: This is fairly quoted, changing the person. See Swift's
+remarks in the following number. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: "A Letter to the Seven Lords" says: "The Examiner knows
+_you_ are as much intended by 'faction,' as Guiscard was by 'Popery.'"
+[T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 35.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY MARCH 22, TO THURSDAY MARCH 29, 1711.
+
+  _--Sunt hic etiam sua praemia laudi;
+  Sunt lacrimae rerum, et mentem mortalia tangunt._[2]
+
+
+I begin to be heartily weary of my employment as _Examiner_; which I wish
+the m[inist]ry would consider, with half so much concern as I do, and
+assign me some other with less pains, and a larger pension. There may
+soon be a vacancy, either on the bench, in the revenue, or the army, and
+I am _equally_ qualified for each: but this trade of _Examining_, I
+apprehend may at one time or other go near to sour my temper. I did
+lately propose that some of those ingenious pens, which are engaged on
+the other side, might be employed to succeed me, and I undertook to
+bring them over for _t'other crown;_ but it was answered, that those
+gentlemen do much better service in the stations where they are. It was
+added, that abundance of abuses yet remained to be laid open to the
+world, which I had often promised to do, but was too much diverted by
+other subjects that came into my head. On the other side, the advice of
+some friends, and the threats of many enemies, have put me upon
+considering what would become of me if _times should alter._ This I have
+done very maturely, and the result is, that I am in no manner of pain. I
+grant, that what I have said upon occasion, concerning the late men in
+power, may be called satire by some unthinking people, as long as that
+faction is down; but if ever they come into play again, I must give them
+warning beforehand, that I shall expect to be a favourite, and that those
+pretended advocates of theirs, will be pilloried for libellers. For I
+appeal to any man, whether I ever charged that party, or its leaders,
+with one single action or design, which (if we may judge by their former
+practices) they will not openly profess, be proud of, and score up for
+merit, when they come again to the head of affairs? I said, they were
+insolent to the Qu[een]; will they not value themselves upon that, as an
+argument to prove them bold assertors of the people's liberty? I affirmed
+they were against a peace; will they be angry with me for setting forth
+the refinements of their politics, in pursuing the _only_ method left to
+preserve them in power? I said, they had involved the nation in debts,
+and engrossed much of its money; they go beyond me, and boast they have
+got it all, and the credit too. I have urged the probability of their
+intending great alterations in religion and government: if they destroy
+both at their next coming, will they not reckon my foretelling it, rather
+as a panegyric than an affront? I said,[3] they had formerly a design
+against Mr. H[arle]y's life: if they were now in power, would they not
+immediately cut off his head, and thank me for justifying the sincerity
+of their intentions? In short, there is nothing I ever said of those
+worthy patriots, which may not be as well excused; therefore, as soon as
+they resume their places, I positively design to put in my claim; and, I
+think, may do it with much better grace, than many of that party who
+now make their court to the present m[inist]ry. I know two or three great
+men, at whose levees you may daily observe a score of the most forward
+faces, which every body is ashamed of, except those that wear them. But I
+conceive my pretensions will be upon a very different foot: Let me offer
+a parallel case. Suppose, King Charles the First had entirely subdued the
+rebels at Naseby, and reduced the kingdom to his obedience: whoever had
+gone about to reason, from the former conduct of those _saints_, that if
+the victory had fallen on their side, they would have murdered their
+prince, destroyed monarchy and the Church and made the king's party
+compound for their estates as delinquents; would have been called a
+false, uncharitable libeller, by those very persons who afterwards
+gloried in all this, and called it the "work of the Lord," when they
+happened to succeed. I remember there was a person fined and imprisoned
+for _scandalum magnatum_, because he said the Duke of York was a Papist;
+but when that prince came to be king, and made open profession of his
+religion, he had the justice immediately to release his prisoner, who in
+his opinion had put a compliment upon him, and not a reproach: and
+therefore Colonel Titus,[4] who had warmly asserted the same thing in
+Parliament, was made a privy-councillor.
+
+By this rule, if that which, for some politic reasons, is now called
+scandal upon the late m[inist]ry, proves one day to be only an abstract
+of such a character as they will assume and be proud of; I think I may
+fairly offer my pretensions, and hope for their favour. And I am the more
+confirmed in this notion by what I have observed in those papers, that
+come weekly out against the "Examiner." The authors are perpetually
+telling me of my ingratitude to my masters, that I blunder, and betray
+the cause; and write with more bitterness against those that hire me,
+than against the Whigs. Now I took all this at first only for so many
+strains of wit, and pretty paradoxes to divert the reader; but upon
+further thinking I find they are serious. I imagined I had complimented
+the present ministry for their dutiful behaviour to the Queen; for their
+love of the old constitution in Church and State; for their generosity
+and justice, and for their desire of a speedy, honourable peace: but it
+seems I am mistaken, and they reckon all this for satire, because it is
+directly contrary to the practice of all those whom they set up to
+defend, and utterly against all their notions of a good ministry.
+Therefore I cannot but think they have reason on their side: for suppose
+I should write the character of an honest, a religious, and a learned
+man; and send the first to Newgate, the second to the Grecian
+Coffee-house, and the last to White's;[5] would they not all pass for
+satires, and justly enough, among the companies to whom they were sent?
+
+Having therefore employed several papers in such sort of panegyrics, and
+but very few on what they understand to be satires; I shall henceforth
+upon occasion be more liberal of the latter, of which they are like to
+have a taste, in the remainder of this present paper.
+
+Among all the advantages which the kingdom hath received by the late
+change of ministry, the greatest must be allowed to be the calling of the
+present Parliament, upon the dissolution of the last. It is acknowledged,
+that this excellent assembly hath entirely recovered the honour of
+P[arliamen]ts, which had been unhappily prostituted for some years past
+by the factious proceedings of an unnatural majority, in concert with a
+most corrupt administration. It is plain, by the present choice of
+members, that the electors of England, when left to themselves, do
+rightly understand their true interest. The moderate Whigs begin to be
+convinced that we have been all this while in wrong hands, and that
+things are now as they should be. And as the present House of Commons is
+the best representative of the nation that hath ever been summoned in our
+memories; so they have taken care in their first session, by that noble
+Bill of Qualification,[6] that future Parliaments should be composed of
+landed men, and our properties lie no more at mercy of those who have
+none themselves, or at least only what is transient or imaginary. If
+there be any gratitude in posterity, the memory of this assembly will be
+always celebrated; if otherwise, at least we, who share in the blessings
+they derive to us, ought with grateful hearts to acknowledge them.
+
+I design, in some following papers, to draw up a list (for I can do no
+more) of the great things this Parliament hath already performed, the
+many abuses they have detected; their justice in deciding elections
+without regard of party; their cheerfulness and address in raising
+supplies for the war, and at the same time providing for the nation's
+debts; their duty to the Queen, and their kindness to the Church. In the
+mean time I cannot forbear mentioning two particulars, which in my
+opinion do discover, in some measure, the temper of the present
+Parliament; and bear analogy to those passages related by Plutarch, in
+the lives of certain great men; which, as himself observes, "Though they
+be not of actions which make any great noise or figure in history, yet
+give more light into the characters of persons, than we could receive
+from an account of their most renowned achievements."
+
+Something like this may be observed from two late instances of decency
+and good nature, in that illustrious assembly I am speaking of. The first
+was, when after that inhuman attempt upon Mr. Harley, they were pleased
+to vote an Address to the Queen,[7] wherein they express their utmost
+detestation of the fact, their high esteem and great concern for that
+able minister, and justly impute his misfortunes to that zeal for her
+Majesty's service, which had "drawn upon him the hatred of all the
+abettors of Popery and faction." I dare affirm, that so distinguishing a
+mark of honour and good will from such a Parliament, was more acceptable
+to a person of Mr. H[arle]y's generous nature, than the most bountiful
+grant that was ever yet made to a subject; as her Majesty's answer,
+filled with gracious expressions in his favour, adds more to his real
+glory, than any _titles_ she could bestow. The prince and representatives
+of the whole kingdom, join in their concern for so important a life.
+These are the true rewards of virtue, and this is the commerce between
+noble spirits, in a coin which the giver knows where to bestow, and the
+receiver how to value, though neither avarice nor ambition would be able
+to comprehend its worth.
+
+The other instance I intended to produce of decency and good nature, in
+the present House of Commons, relates to their most worthy Speaker;[8]
+who having unfortunately lost his eldest son,[9] the assembly, moved with
+a generous pity for so sensible an affliction, adjourned themselves for a
+week, that so good a servant of the public, might have some interval to
+wipe away a father's tears: And indeed that gentleman has too just an
+occasion for his grief, by the death of a son, who had already acquired
+so great a reputation for every amiable quality, and who might have lived
+to be so great an honour and an ornament to his ancient family.
+
+Before I conclude, I must desire one favour of the reader, that when he
+thinks it worth his while to peruse any paper writ against the
+"Examiner," he will not form his judgment by any mangled quotation out of
+it which he finds in such papers, but be so just to read the paragraph
+referred to; which I am confident will be found a sufficient answer to
+all that ever those papers can object. At least I have seen above fifty
+of them, and never yet observed one single quotation transcribed with
+common candour.
+
+
+[Footnote: 1 No. 34 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote: 2 Virgil, "Aeneid," i. 461-2.
+"Even here
+Has merit its reward. Woe wakens tears,
+And mortal sufferings touch the heart of man."--R. KENNEDY.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: See No. 33, _ante_, p. 211. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: Silas Titus (1622-1704) was the author of "Killing no
+Murder," published in 1657. He sat in Parliament successively for
+Ludgershall, Lostwithiel, Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire, and Ludlow, In
+1688 he was made a privy councillor. In his notes on Burnet Swift says:
+"Titus was the greatest rogue in England" (Burnet's "Own Times,"
+i. 11). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: For the signification of these coffee-houses see the remarks
+prefixed to the "Tatlers" in this volume, p. 4. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: An Act for Securing the Freedom of Parliaments (9 Ann. c. 5)
+provided that English members should show a land qualification. It was
+introduced December 13th, 1710, and received the Royal Assent, February
+28th. See also No. 45, _post_, p. 294. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: The Address to the Queen was presented on March 13th, Swift
+somewhat strengthens the language of the address, the original words
+stating that the Houses had "to our great concern been informed," etc.;
+and "we cannot but be most deeply affected to find such an instance of
+inveterate malice, against one employed in your Majesty's council," etc.
+The Queen, in her reply, referred to "that barbarous attempt on Mr.
+Harley, whose zeal and fidelity in my service must appear yet more
+eminently by that horrid endeavour," etc.--"Journals of House of Lords,"
+xix.; "Journals of House of Commons," xvi. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: William Bromley (1664-1732) was Speaker from 1710 till
+1713. See note on p. 334 of vol. v. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: Clobery Bromley (1688-1711) was elected M.P. for Coventry,
+December, 1710. Only a few days before his death he had been appointed
+one of the commissioners to examine the public accounts. "The House being
+informed [March 20th] that Clobery Bromley, Esq., son to the Speaker,
+died that morning; out of respect to the father, and to give him time,
+both to perform the funeral rites, and to indulge his just affliction,
+they thought fit to adjourn to" the 26th.--"Hist. and Proc. of House of
+Commons," iv. 199.
+
+Swift wrote to Stella on the matter under date March 20th, 1711: "The
+Speaker's eldest son is just dead of the small pox, and the House is
+adjourned a week, to give him time to wipe off his tears. I think it
+very handsomely done; but I believe one reason is, that they want Mr.
+Harley so much" (vol. ii., p. 141 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 36.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY MARCH 29, TO THURSDAY APRIL 5, 1711.
+
+
+_Nullo suo peccato impediantur, quo minus alterius peccata demonstrare
+possint._[2]
+
+I have been considering the old constitution of this kingdom, comparing
+it with the monarchies and republics whereof we meet so many accounts in
+ancient story, and with those at present in most parts of Europe: I have
+considered our religion, established here by the legislature soon after
+the Reformation: I have likewise examined the genius and disposition of
+the people, under that reasonable freedom they possess: Then I have
+turned my reflections upon those two great divisions of Whig and Tory,
+(which, some way or other, take in the whole kingdom) with the principles
+they both profess, as well as those wherewith they reproach one another.
+From all this, I endeavour to determine, from which side her present
+M[ajest]y may reasonably hope for most security to her person and
+government, and to which she ought, in prudence, to trust the
+administration of her affairs. If these two rivals were really no more
+than _parties_, according to the common acceptation of the word, I should
+agree with those politicians who think, a prince descends from his
+dignity by putting himself at the head of either; and that his wisest
+course is, to keep them in a balance; raising or depressing either as it
+best suited with his designs. But when the visible interest of his crown
+and kingdom lies on one side, and when the other is but a faction, raised
+and strengthened by incidents and intrigues, and by deceiving the people
+with false representations of things; he ought, in prudence, to take the
+first opportunity of opening his subjects' eyes, and declaring himself in
+favour of those, who are for preserving the civil and religious rights of
+the nation, wherewith his own are so interwoven.
+
+This was certainly our case: for I do not take the heads, advocates, and
+followers of the Whigs, to make up, strictly speaking, a national party;
+being patched up of heterogeneous, inconsistent parts, whom nothing
+served to unite but the common interest of sharing in the spoil and
+plunder of the people; the present dread of their adversaries, by whom
+they apprehended to be called to an account, and that general conspiracy,
+of endeavouring to overturn the Church and State; which, however, if they
+could have compassed, they would certainly have fallen out among
+themselves, and broke in pieces, as _their predecessors_ did, after
+they destroyed the monarchy and religion. For, how could a Whig, who is
+against all discipline, agree with a Presbyterian, that carries it higher
+than the Papists themselves? How could a Socinian adjust his models to
+either? Or how could any of these cement with a Deist or Freethinker,
+when they came to consult upon settling points of faith? Neither would
+they have agreed better in their systems of government, where some would
+have been for a king, under the limitations of a Duke of Venice; others
+for a Dutch republic; a third party for an aristocracy, and most of them
+all for some new fabric of their own contriving.
+
+But however, let us consider them as a party, and under those general
+tenets wherein they agreed, and which they publicly owned, without
+charging them with any that they pretend to deny. Then let us _Examine_
+those principles of the Tories, which their adversaries allow them to
+profess, and do not pretend to tax them with any actions contrary to
+those professions: after which, let the reader judge from which of these
+two parties a prince hath most to fear; and whether her M[ajest]y did not
+consider the ease, the safety and dignity of her person, the security of
+her crown, and the transmission of monarchy to her Protestant successors,
+when she put her affairs into the present hands.
+
+Suppose the matter were now entire; the Qu[een] to make her choice, and
+for that end, should order the principles on both sides to be fairly laid
+before her. First, I conceive the Whigs would grant, that they have
+naturally no very great veneration for crowned heads; that they allow,
+the person of the prince may, upon many occasions, be resisted by arms;
+and that they do not condemn the war raised against King Charles the
+First, or own it to be a rebellion, though they would be thought to blame
+his murder. They do not think the prerogative to be yet sufficiently
+limited, and have therefore taken care (as a particular mark of their
+veneration for the illustrious house of Hanover) to clip it closer
+against next reign; which, consequently, they would be glad to see done
+in the present: not to mention, that the majority of them, if it were put
+to the vote, would allow, that they prefer a commonwealth before a
+monarchy. As to religion; their universal, undisputed maxim is, that it
+ought to make no distinction at all among Protestants; and in the word
+Protestant they include every body who is not a Papist, and who will, by
+an oath, give security to the government. Union in discipline and
+doctrine, the offensive sin of schism, the notion of a Church and a
+hierarchy, they laugh at as foppery, cant and priestcraft. They see no
+necessity at all that there should be a national faith; and what we
+usually call by that name, they only style the "religion of the
+magistrate."[3] Since the Dissenters and we agree in the main, why should
+the difference of a few speculative points, or modes of dress,
+incapacitate them from serving their prince and country, in a juncture
+when we ought to have all hands up against the common enemy? And why
+should they be forced to take the sacrament from our clergy's hands, and
+in our posture, or indeed why compelled to receive it at all, when
+they take an employment which has nothing to do with religion?
+
+These are the notions which most of that party avow, and which they do
+not endeavour to disguise or set off with false colours, or complain of
+being misrepresented about, I have here placed them on purpose, in the
+same light which themselves do, in the very apologies they make for what
+we accuse them of; and how inviting even these doctrines are, for such a
+monarch to close with, as our law, both statute and common, understands a
+King of England to be, let others decide. But then, if to these we should
+add other opinions, which most of their own writers justify, and which
+their universal practice has given a sanction to, they are no more than
+what a prince might reasonably expect, as the natural consequence of
+those avowed principles. For when such persons are at the head of
+affairs, the low opinion they have of princes, will certainly tempt them
+to violate that respect they ought to bear; and at the same time, their
+own want of duty to their sovereign is largely made up, by exacting
+greater submissions to themselves from their fellow-subjects: it being
+indisputably true, that the same principle of pride and ambition makes a
+man treat his equals with insolence, in the same proportion as he
+affronts his superiors; as both Prince and people have sufficiently felt
+from the late m[inist]ry.
+
+Then from their confessed notions of religion, as above related, I see no
+reason to wonder, why they countenanced not only all sorts of Dissenters,
+but the several gradations of freethinkers among us (all which were
+openly enrolled in their party); nor why they were so very averse from
+the present established form of worship, which by prescribing obedience
+to princes from the topic of conscience, would be sure to thwart all
+their schemes of innovation.
+
+One thing I might add, as another acknowledged maxim in that party, and
+in my opinion, as dangerous to the constitution as any I have mentioned;
+I mean, that of preferring, on all occasions, the moneyed interest before
+the landed; which they were so far from denying, that they would gravely
+debate the reasonableness and justice of it; and at the rate they went
+on, might in a little time have found a majority of representatives,
+fitly qualified to lay those heavy burthens on the rest of the nation,
+which themselves would not touch with one of their fingers.
+
+However, to deal impartially, there are some motives which might compel a
+prince, under the necessity of affairs, to deliver himself over to that
+party. They were _said_ to possess the great bulk of cash, and
+consequently of credit in the nation, and the heads of them had the
+reputation of presiding over those societies who have the great direction
+of both:[4] so that all applications for loans to the public service,
+upon any emergency, must be made through them; and it might prove highly
+dangerous to disoblige them, because in that case, it was not to be
+doubted, that they would be obstinate and malicious, ready to obstruct
+all affairs, not only by shutting their own purses, but by endeavouring
+to sink credit, though with some present imaginary loss to themselves,
+only to shew, it was a creature of their own.
+
+From this summary of Whig-principles and dispositions, we find what a
+prince may reasonably fear and hope from that party. Let us now very
+briefly consider, the doctrines of the Tories, which their adversaries
+will not dispute. As they prefer a well-regulated monarchy before all
+other forms of government; so they think it next to impossible to alter
+that institution here, without involving our whole island in blood and
+desolation. They believe, that the prerogative of a sovereign ought, at
+least, to be held as sacred and inviolable as the rights of his people,
+if only for this reason, because without a due share of power, he will
+not be able to protect them. They think, that by many known laws of
+this realm, both statute and common, neither the person, nor lawful
+authority of the prince, ought, upon any pretence whatsoever, to be
+resisted or disobeyed. Their sentiments, in relation to the Church, are
+known enough, and will not be controverted, being just the reverse to
+what I have delivered as the doctrine and practice of the Whigs upon that
+article.
+
+But here I must likewise deal impartially too, and add one principle as a
+characteristic of the Tories, which has much discouraged some princes
+from making use of them in affairs. Give the Whigs but power enough to
+insult their sovereign, engross his favours to themselves, and to oppress
+and plunder their fellow-subjects; they presently grow into good humour
+and good language towards the crown; profess they will stand by it with
+their lives and fortunes; and whatever rudenesses they may be guilty of
+in private, yet they assure the world, that there never was so gracious a
+monarch. But to the shame of the Tories, it must be confessed, that
+nothing of all this hath been ever observed in them; in or out of favour,
+you see no alteration, further than a little cheerfulness or cloud in
+their countenances; the highest employments can add nothing to their
+loyalty, but their behaviour to their prince, as well as their
+expressions of love and duty, are, in all conditions, exactly the same.
+
+Having thus impartially stated the avowed principles of Whig and Tory;
+let the reader determine, as he pleases, to which of these two a wise
+prince may, with most safety to himself and the public, trust his person
+and his affairs; and whether it were rashness or prudence in her
+M[ajest]y to make those changes in the ministry, which have been so
+highly extolled by some, and condemned by others.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 35 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: "None are prevented by their own faults from pointing out
+the faults of another."--H.T. RILEY. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: See Swift's "Letter Concerning the Sacramental Test" (vol.
+iv., p. 11 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: The Bank and the East India Company. The former was so
+decidedly in the Whig interest, that the great Doctor Sacheverell, on
+appearing to give his vote for choosing governors and directors for the
+Bank, was very rudely treated. Nor were the ministry successful in an
+attempt made about that time to put these great companies under Tory
+management. [S.] And see No. 25, _ante_, pp. 154-5. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 37.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY APRIL 5, TO THURSDAY APRIL 12, 1711.
+
+
+  _Tres species tam dissimiles, tria talia texta
+  Una dies dedit exitio----_[2]
+
+
+I write this paper for the sake of the Dissenters, whom I take to be the
+most spreading branch of the Whig party, that professeth Christianity,
+and the only one that seems to be zealous for any particular system of
+it; the bulk of those we call the Low Church, being generally
+indifferent, and undetermined in that point; and the other subdivisions
+having not yet taken either the Old or New Testament into their scheme.
+By the Dissenters therefore, it will easily be understood, that I mean
+the Presbyterians, as they include the sects of Anabaptists,
+Independents, and others, which have been melted down into them since the
+Restoration. This sect, in order to make itself national, having gone so
+far as to raise a Rebellion, murder their king, destroy monarchy and the
+Church, was afterwards broken in pieces by its own divisions; which made
+way for the king's return from his exile. However, the zealous among them
+did still entertain hopes of recovering the "dominion of grace;" whereof
+I have read a remarkable passage, in a book published about the year 1661
+and written by one of their own side. As one of the regicides was going
+to his execution, a friend asked him, whether he thought the cause would
+revive? He answered, "The cause is in the bosom of Christ, and as sure as
+Christ rose from the dead, so sure will the cause revive also."[3] And
+therefore the Nonconformists were strictly watched and restrained by
+penal laws, during the reign of King Charles the Second; the court and
+kingdom looking on them as a faction, ready to join in any design against
+the government in Church or State: And surely this was reasonable enough,
+while so many continued alive, who had voted, and fought, and preached
+against both, and gave no proof that they had changed their principles.
+The Nonconformists were then exactly upon the same foot with our
+Nonjurors now, whom we double tax, forbid their conventicles, and keep
+under hatches; without thinking ourselves possessed with a persecuting
+spirit, because we know they want nothing but the power to ruin us. This,
+in my opinion, should altogether silence the Dissenters' complaints of
+persecution under King Charles the Second; or make them shew us wherein
+they differed, at that time, from what our Jacobites are now.
+
+Their inclinations to the Church were soon discovered, when King James
+the Second succeeded to the crown, with whom they unanimously joined in
+its ruin, to revenge themselves for that restraint they had most justly
+suffered in the foregoing reign; not from the persecuting temper of the
+clergy, as their clamours would suggest, but the prudence and caution of
+the legislature. The same indulgence against law, was made use of by them
+and the Papists, and they amicably employed their power, as in defence of
+one common interest.
+
+But the Revolution happening soon after, served to wash away the memory
+of the rebellion; upon which, the run against Popery, was, no doubt, as
+just and seasonable, as that of fanaticism, after the Restoration: and
+the dread of Popery, being then our latest danger, and consequently the
+most fresh upon our spirits, all mouths were open against that; the
+Dissenters were rewarded with an indulgence by law; the rebellion and
+king's murder were now no longer a reproach; the former was only a civil
+war, and whoever durst call it a rebellion, was a Jacobite, and friend to
+France. This was the more unexpected, because the Revolution being wholly
+brought about by Church of England hands, they hoped one good consequence
+of it, would be the relieving us from the encroachments of Dissenters, as
+well as those of Papists, since both had equally confederated towards our
+ruin; and therefore, when the crown was new settled, it was hoped at
+least that the rest of the constitution would be restored. But this
+affair took a very different turn; the Dissenters had just made a shift
+to save a tide, and joined with the Prince of Orange, when they found all
+was desperate with their protector King James. And observing a party,
+then forming against the old principles in Church and State, under the
+name of Whigs and Low-Churchmen, they listed themselves of it, where they
+have ever since continued.
+
+It is therefore, upon the foot they now are, that I would apply myself to
+them, and desire they would consider the different circumstances at
+present, from what they were under, when they began their designs against
+the Church and monarchy, about seventy years ago. At that juncture they
+made up the body of the party, and whosoever joined with them from
+principles of revenge, discontent, ambition, or love of change, were all
+forced to shelter under their denomination; united heartily in the
+pretences of a further and purer Reformation in religion, and of
+advancing the "great work" (as the cant was then) "that God was about
+to do in these nations," received the systems of doctrine and discipline
+prescribed by the Scots, and readily took the Covenant;[4] so that there
+appeared no division among them, till after the common enemy was subdued.
+
+But now their case is quite otherwise, and I can hardly think it worth
+being of a party, upon the terms they have been received of late years;
+for suppose the whole faction should at length succeed in their design of
+destroying the Church; are they so weak to imagine, that the new
+modelling of religion, would be put into their hands? Would their
+brethren, the Low-Churchmen and Freethinkers, submit to their discipline,
+their synods or their classes, and divide the lands of bishops, or deans
+and chapters, among them? How can they help observing that their allies,
+instead of pretending more sanctity than other men, are some of them for
+levelling all religion, and the rest for abolishing it? Is it not
+manifest, that they have been treated by their confederates, exactly
+after the same manner, as they were by King James the Second, made
+instruments to ruin the Church, not for their sakes, but under a
+pretended project of universal freedom in opinion, to advance the dark
+designs of those who employ them? For, excepting the anti-monarchical
+principle, and a few false notions about liberty, I see but little
+agreement betwixt them; and even in these, I believe, it would be
+impossible to contrive a frame of government, that would please them all,
+if they had it now in their power to try. But however, to be sure, the
+Presbyterian institution would never obtain. For, suppose they should, in
+imitation of their predecessors, propose to have no King but our Saviour
+Christ, the whole clan of Freethinkers would immediately object, and
+refuse His authority. Neither would their Low-Church brethren use them
+better, as well knowing what enemies they are to that doctrine of
+unlimited toleration, wherever they are suffered to preside. So that upon
+the whole, I do not see, as their present circumstances stand, where the
+Dissenters can find better quarter, than from the Church of England.
+
+Besides, I leave it to their consideration, whether, with all their zeal
+against the Church, they ought not to shew a little decency, and how far
+it consists with their reputation, to act in concert with such
+confederates. It was reckoned a very infamous proceeding in the present
+most Christian king, to assist the Turk against the Emperor: policy, and
+reasons of state, were not allowed sufficient excuses, for taking part
+with an infidel against a believer. It is one of the Dissenters' quarrels
+against the Church, that she is not enough reformed from Popery; yet they
+boldly entered into a league with Papists and a popish prince, to destroy
+her. They profess much sanctity, and object against the wicked lives of
+some of our members; yet they have been long, and still continue, in
+strict combination with libertines and atheists, to contrive our ruin.
+What if the Jews should multiply, and become a formidable party among us?
+Would the Dissenters join in alliance with them likewise, because they
+agree already in some general principles, and because the Jews are
+allowed to be a "stiffnecked and rebellious people"?
+
+It is the part of wise men to conceal their passions, when they are not
+in circumstances of exerting them to purpose: the arts of getting power,
+and preserving indulgence, are very different. For the former, the
+reasonable hopes of the Dissenters, seem to be at an end; their comrades,
+the Whigs and Freethinkers, are just in a condition proper to be
+forsaken; and the Parliament, as well as the body of the people, will be
+deluded no longer. Besides, it sometimes happens for a cause to be
+exhausted and worn out, as that of the Whigs in general, seems at present
+to be: the nation has had enough of it. It is as vain to hope restoring
+that decayed interest, as for a man of sixty to talk of entering on a new
+scene of life, that is only proper for youth and vigour. New
+circumstances and new men must arise, as well as new occasions, which are
+not like to happen in our time. So that the Dissenters have no game left,
+at present, but to secure their indulgence: in order to which, I will be
+so bold to offer them some advice.
+
+First, That until some late proceedings are a little forgot, they would
+take care not to provoke, by any violence of tongue or pen, so great a
+majority, as there is now against them, nor keep up any longer that
+combination with their broken allies, but disperse themselves, and lie
+dormant against some better opportunity: I have shewn, they could have
+got no advantage if the late party had prevailed; and they will certainly
+lose none by its fall, unless through their own fault. They pretend a
+mighty veneration for the Queen; let them give proof of it, by quitting
+the ruined interest of those who have used her so ill; and by a due
+respect to the persons she is pleased to trust at present with her
+affairs: When they can no longer hope to govern, when struggling can do
+them no good, and may possibly hurt them, what is left but to be silent
+and passive?
+
+Secondly, Though there be no law (beside that of God Almighty) against
+_occasional conformity_,[5] it would be prudence in the Dissenters to use
+it as tenderly as they can: for, besides the infamous hypocrisy of the
+thing itself, too frequent practice would perhaps make a remedy
+necessary. And after all they have said to justify themselves in this
+point, it still continues hard to conceive, how those consciences can
+pretend to be scrupulous, upon which an employment has more power than
+the love of unity.
+
+In the last place, I am humbly of opinion, That the Dissenters would do
+well to drop that lesson they have learned from their directors, of
+affecting to be under horrible apprehensions, that the Tories are in the
+interests of the Pretender, and would be ready to embrace the first
+opportunity of inviting him over. It is with the worst grace in the
+world, that they offer to join in the cry upon this article: as if those,
+who alone stood in the gap against all the encroachments of Popery and
+arbitrary power, are not more likely to keep out both, than a set of
+schismatics, who to gratify their ambition and revenge, did, by the
+meanest compliances, encourage and spirit up that unfortunate prince, to
+fell upon such measures, as must, at last, have ended in the ruin of our
+liberty and religion.
+
+_I wish those who give themselves the trouble to write to the "Examiner"
+would consider whether what they send be proper for such a paper to take
+notice of: I had one letter last week, written, as I suppose, by a
+divine, to desire I would offer some reasons against a Bill now before
+the Parliament for Ascertaining the Tithe of Hops;[6] from which the
+writer apprehends great damage to the clergy, especially the poorer
+vicars: If it be, as he says, (and he seems to argue very reasonably upon
+it) the convocation now sitting, will, no doubt, upon due application,
+represent the matter to the House of Commons; and he may expect all
+justice and favour from that great body, who have already appeared so
+tender of their rights.
+
+A gentleman, likewise, who hath sent me several letters, relating to
+personal hardships he received from some of the late ministry; is advised
+to publish a narrative of them, they being too large, and not proper for
+this paper._
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 36 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2:
+"Three different forms, of threefold threads combined,
+The selfsame day in common ruin joined."
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: It is recorded in "The Speeches and Prayers of ... Mr. John
+Carew," 1660, and in "Rebels no Saints," 1661, that at the execution of
+John Carew, on October 15th, 1660: "One asked him if he thought there
+would be a resurrection of the cause? He answered, he died in the faith
+of that, as much as he did that his body should rise again." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: The Scotch General Assembly approved the "Solemn League and
+Covenant" on August 17th, 1643; it was publicly taken by the House of
+Commons at St. Margaret's, Westminster, on September 25th. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Such a law was passed December 20th, 1711. It was entitled
+"An Act for preserving the Protestant Religion" (10 Ann, c. 6), and
+required persons appointed to various offices to conform to the Church of
+England for one year and to receive the Sacrament three times. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: Leave was given for a Bill for Ascertaining the Tithe of
+Hops, March 26th, 1711, and the Bill was presented May 10th. It does not
+appear to have gone any further. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 38.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY APRIL 12, TO THURSDAY APRIL 19, 1711.
+
+  _Semper causae eventorum magis movent quam ipsa eventa.[2]_
+
+I am glad to observe, that several among the Whigs have begun very much
+to change their language of late. The style is now among the reasonable
+part of them, when they meet a man in business, or a Member of
+Parliament; "Well, gentlemen, if you go on as you have hitherto done, we
+shall no longer have any pretence to complain." They find, it seems, that
+there have been yet no overtures made to bring in the Pretender, nor any
+preparatory steps towards it. They read no enslaving votes, nor bills
+brought in to endanger the subject. The indulgence to scrupulous
+consciences,[3] is again confirmed from the throne, inviolably preserved,
+and not the least whisper offered that may affect it. All care is taken
+to support the war; supplies cheerfully granted, and funds readily
+subscribed to, in spite of the little arts made use of to discredit them.
+The just resentments of some, which are laudable in themselves, and which
+at another juncture it might be proper to give way to, have been softened
+or diverted by the calmness of others. So that upon the article of
+present management, I do not see how any objection of weight can well be
+raised.
+
+However, our adversaries still allege, that this great success was wholly
+unexpected, and out of all probable view. That in public affairs, we
+ought least of all others, to judge by events; that the attempt of
+changing a ministry, during the difficulties of a long war, was rash and
+inconsiderate: That if the Qu[een] were disposed by her inclinations, or
+from any personal dislike, for such a change, it might have been done
+with more safety, in a time of peace: That if it had miscarried by any of
+those incidents, which in all appearance might have intervened, the
+consequences would perhaps have ruined the whole confederacy; and,
+therefore, however it hath now succeeded, the experiment was too
+dangerous to try.
+
+But this is what we can by no means allow them. We never will admit
+rashness or chance to have produced all this harmony and order. It is
+visible to the world, that the several steps towards this change were
+slowly taken, and with the utmost caution. The movers observed as they
+went on, how matters would bear, and advanced no farther at first, than
+so as they might be able to stop or go back, if circumstances were not
+mature. Things were grown to such a height, that it was no longer the
+question, whether a person who aimed at an employment, were a Whig or a
+Tory, much less, whether he had merit or proper abilities for what he
+pretended to: he must owe his preferment only to the favourites; and the
+crown was so far from nominating, that they would not allow it a
+negative. This, the Qu[een] was resolved no longer to endure, and began
+to break into their prescription, by bestowing one or two places of
+consequence,[4] without consulting her ephori; after they had fixed them
+for others, and concluded as usually, that all their business was to
+signify their pleasure to her M[ajest]y. But though the persons the
+Qu[een] had chosen, were such as no objection could well be raised
+against upon the score of party; yet the oligarchy took the alarm;[5]
+their sovereign authority was, it seems, called in question; they grew
+into anger and discontent, as if their undoubted rights were violated.
+All former obligations to their sovereign now became cancelled; and they
+put themselves upon the foot of people, who were hardly used after the
+most eminent services.
+
+I believe all men, who know any thing in politics, will agree, that a
+prince thus treated, by those he has most confided in, and perpetually
+loaded with his favours, ought to extricate himself as soon as possible;
+and is then only blamable in his choice of time, when he defers one
+minute after it is in his power; because, from the monstrous
+encroachments of exorbitant avarice and ambition, he cannot tell how long
+it may continue to be so. And it will be found, upon enquiring into
+history, that most of those princes, who have been ruined by favourites,
+have owed their misfortune to the neglect of early remedies; deferring to
+struggle till they were quite sunk.
+
+The Whigs are every day cursing the ungovernable rage, the haughty pride,
+and unsatiable covetousness of a certain person,[6] as the cause of their
+fall; and are apt to tell their thoughts, that one single removal might
+have set all things right. But the interests of that single person, were
+found, upon experience, so complicated and woven with the rest, by love,
+by awe, by marriage, by alliance, that they would rather confound heaven
+and earth, than dissolve such an union.
+
+I have always heard and understood, that a king of England, possessed of
+his people's hearts, at the head of a free Parliament, and in full
+agreement with a great majority, made the true figure in the world that
+such a monarch ought to do, and pursued the real interest of himself and
+his kingdom. Will they allow her M[ajest]y to be in those circumstances
+at present? And was it not plain by the addresses sent from all parts of
+the island,[7] and by the visible disposition of the people, that such a
+Parliament would undoubtedly be chosen? And so it proved, without the
+court's using any arts to influence elections.
+
+What people then, are these in a corner, to whom the constitution must
+truckle? If the whole nation's credit cannot supply funds for the war,
+without humble application from the entire legislature to a few retailers
+of money, it is high time we should sue for a peace. What new maxims
+are these, which neither we nor our forefathers ever heard of before, and
+which no wise institution would ever allow? Must our laws from
+henceforward pass the Bank and East India Company, or have their royal
+assent before they are in force?
+
+To hear some of those worthy reasoners talking of credit, that she is so
+nice, so squeamish, so capricious; you would think they were describing a
+lady troubled with vapours or the colick, to be only removed by a course
+of steel, and swallowing a bullet. By the narrowness of their thoughts,
+one would imagine they conceived the world to be no wider than Exchange
+Alley. It is probable they may have such a sickly dame among them, and it
+is well if she has no worse diseases, considering what hands she passes
+through. But the national credit is of another complexion; of sound
+health, and an even temper, her life and existence being a quintessence
+drawn from the vitals of the whole kingdom. And we find these
+money-politicians, after all their noise, to be of the same opinion, by
+the court they paid her, when she lately appeared to them in the form of a
+_lottery_.[8]
+
+As to that mighty error in politics, they charge upon the Qu[een], for
+changing her ministry in the height of a war, I suppose, it is only
+looked upon as an error under a Whiggish administration; otherwise, the
+late King has much to answer for, who did it pretty frequently. And it
+is well known, that the late ministry of famous memory, was brought in
+during this present war,[9] only with this circumstance, that two or
+three of the chief, did first change their own principles, and then took
+in suitable companions.
+
+But however, I see no reason why the Tories should not value their wisdom
+by events, as well as the Whigs. Nothing was ever thought a more
+precipitate rash counsel, than that of altering the coin at the juncture
+it was done;[10] yet the prudence of the undertaking was sufficiently
+justified by the success. Perhaps it will be said, that the attempt was
+necessary, because the whole species of money, was so grievously clipped
+and counterfeit. And, is not her Majesty's authority as sacred as her
+coin? And has not that been most scandalously clipped and mangled, and
+often counterfeited too?
+
+It is another grievous complaint of the Whigs, that their late friends,
+and the whole party, are treated with abundance of severity in print, and
+in particular by the "Examiner." They think it hard, that when they are
+wholly deprived of power, hated by the people, and out of all hope of
+re-establishing themselves, their infirmities should be so often
+displayed, in order to render them yet more odious to mankind. This is
+what they employ their writers to set forth in their papers of the week;
+and it is humoursome enough to observe one page taken up in railing at the
+"Examiner" for his invectives against a discarded ministry; and the other
+side filled with the falsest and vilest abuses, against those who are now
+in the highest power and credit with their sovereign, and whose least
+breath would scatter them into silence and obscurity. However, though I
+have indeed often wondered to see so much licentiousness taken and
+connived at, and am sure it would not be suffered in any other country of
+Christendom; yet I never once invoked the assistance of the gaol or the
+pillory, which upon the least provocation, was the usual style during
+their tyranny. There hath not passed a week these twenty years without
+some malicious paper, scattered in every coffee-house by the emissaries
+of that party, whether it were down or up. I believe, they will not
+pretend to object the same thing to us. Nor do I remember any constant
+weekly paper, with reflections on the late ministry or j[u]nto. They have
+many weak, defenceless parts, they have not been used to a regular
+attack, and therefore it is that they are so ill able to endure one, when
+it comes to be their turn. So that they complain more of a few months'
+truths from us, than we did of all their scandal and malice, for twice as
+many years.
+
+I cannot forbear observing upon this occasion, that those worthy authors
+I am speaking of, seem to me, not fairly to represent the sentiments of
+their party; who in disputing with us, do generally give up several of
+the late m[inist]ry, and freely own many of their failings. They confess
+the monstrous debt upon the navy, to have been caused by most scandalous
+mismanagement; they allow the insolence of some, and the avarice of
+others, to have been insupportable: but these gentlemen are most liberal
+in their praises to those persons, and upon those very articles, where
+their wisest friends give up the point. They gravely tell us, that such a
+one was the most faithful servant that ever any prince had; another the
+most dutiful, a third the most generous, and a fourth of the greatest
+integrity. So that I look upon these champions, rather as retained by a
+cabal than a party, which I desire the reasonable men among them would
+please to consider.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 37 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Cicero, "Ep. ad Att.," ix. 5. "I am always more affected by
+the causes of events than by the events themselves."--E.S. SHUCKBURGH.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: "I am resolved  ... to maintain the indulgence by law
+allowed to scrupulous consciences" (Queen Anne's Speech, November 27th,
+1710). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: The Queen appointed Earl Rivers to the lieutenancy of the
+Tower without the Duke of Marlborough's concurrence. See "Memoirs
+Relating to that Change," etc. (vol. v., pp. 375-7 of present edition).
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: "Upon the fall of that great minister and favourite
+[Godolphin], that whole party became dispirited, and seemed to expect the
+worst that could follow". (Swift's "Memoirs Relating to that Change,"
+etc., vol v., p. 378 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: The Duchess of Marlborough. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: "The bulk of the high-church, or Tory-party ... were both
+very industrious in procuring addresses, which, under the pretence of
+expressing their loyalty to the Queen, and affection to the Church
+established, were mainly levelled, like so many batteries, against the
+ministry and Parliament," etc. (Boyer's "Annals of Queen Anne," ix.
+158-9). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: An Act for reviving ... certain Duties (9 Ann., c. 6),
+provided that L1,500,000 should be raised "by way of a lottery." It was
+introduced February 15th, and received the Royal Assent March 6th, 1710/1
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: The Queen appointed a ministry with Lord Godolphin as
+lord treasurer in the first months of her reign, May-July, 1702. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: The clipping of coin had become so widespread that it was
+absolutely imperative that steps should be taken to readjust matters. It
+was resolved, therefore, in 1695, to call in all light money and recoin
+it. The matter was placed in charge of the then chancellor of the
+exchequer, Charles Montague, afterwards Earl of Halifax, and he,
+with the assistance of Sir Isaac Newton, successfully accomplished the
+very arduous task. It cost the nation about L2,200,000, and a
+considerable inconvenience owing to lack of coins. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 39.[1]
+
+
+FROM THURSDAY APRIL 19, TO THURSDAY APRIL 26, 1711.
+
+_Indignum est in ed civitate, quae legibus continetur, discedi a
+legibus._[2]
+
+I[3] have been often considering how it comes to pass, that the dexterity
+of mankind in evil, should always outgrow, not only the prudence and
+caution of private persons, but the continual expedients of the wisest
+laws contrived to prevent it. I cannot imagine a knave to possess a
+greater share of natural wit or genius, than an honest man. I have known
+very notable sharpers at play, who upon all other occasions, were as
+great dunces, as human shape can well allow; and I believe, the same
+might be observed among the other knots of thieves and pickpockets, about
+this town. The proposition however is certainly true, and to be confirmed
+by an hundred instances. A scrivener, an attorney, a stock-jobber, and
+many other retailers of fraud, shall not only be able to overreach
+others, much wiser than themselves, but find out new inventions, to elude
+the force of any law made against them. I suppose, the reason of this
+may be, that as the aggressor is said to have generally the advantage of
+the defender; so the makers of the law, which is to defend our rights,
+have usually not so much industry or vigour, as those whose interest
+leads them to attack it. Besides, it rarely happens that men are rewarded
+by the public for their justice and virtue; neither do those who act upon
+such principles, expect any recompense till the next world: whereas
+fraud, where it succeeds, gives present pay; and this is allowed the
+greatest spur imaginable both to labour and invention. When a law is made
+to stop some growing evil, the wits of those, whose interest it is to
+break it with secrecy or impunity, are immediately at work; and even
+among those who pretend to fairer characters, many would gladly find
+means to avoid, what they would not be thought to violate. They desire to
+reap the advantage, if possible, without the shame, or at least, without
+the danger. This art is what I take that dexterous race of men, sprung
+up soon after the Revolution, to have studied with great application ever
+since, and to have arrived at great perfection in it. According to the
+doctrine of some Romish casuists, they have found out _quam prope ad
+peccatum sine peccato possint accedere_.[3] They can tell how to go
+within an inch of an impeachment, and yet come back untouched. They know
+what degree of corruption will just forfeit an employment, and whether
+the bribe you receive be sufficient to set you right, and put something
+in your pocket besides. How much to a penny, you may safely cheat the
+Qu[ee]n, whether forty, fifty or sixty _per cent._ according to the
+station you are in, and the dispositions of the persons in office, below
+and above you. They have computed the price you may securely take or give
+for a place, or what part of the salary you ought to reserve. They can
+discreetly distribute five hundred pounds in a small borough, without
+any danger from the statutes, against bribing elections. They can manage
+a bargain for an office, by a third, fourth or fifth hand, so that you
+shall not know whom to accuse; and win a thousand guineas at play, in
+spite of the dice, and send away the loser satisfied: They can pass the
+most exorbitant accounts, overpay the creditor with half his demands, and
+sink the rest.
+
+It would be endless to relate, or rather indeed impossible to discover,
+the several arts which curious men have found out to enrich themselves,
+by defrauding the public, in defiance of the law. The military men, both
+by sea and land, have equally cultivated this most useful science:
+neither hath it been altogether neglected by the other sex; of which, on
+the contrary, I could produce an instance, that would make ours blush to
+be so far outdone.
+
+Besides, to confess the truth, our laws themselves are extremely
+defective in many articles, which I take to be one ill effect of our best
+possession, liberty. Some years ago, the ambassador of a great prince was
+arrested,[4] and outrages committed on his person in our streets, without
+any possibility of redress from Westminster-Hall, or the prerogative of
+the sovereign; and the legislature was forced to provide a remedy against
+the like evils in times to come. A commissioner of the stamped paper[5]
+was lately discovered to have notoriously cheated the public of great
+sums for many years, by counterfeiting the stamps, which the law had made
+capital. But the aggravation of his crime, proved to be the cause that
+saved his life; and that additional heightening circumstance of betraying
+his trust, was found to be a legal defence. I am assured, that the
+notorious cheat of the brewers at Portsmouth,[6] detected about two
+months ago in Parliament, cannot by any law now in force, be punished in
+any degree, equal to the guilt and infamy of it. Nay, what is almost
+incredible, had Guiscard survived his detestable attempt upon Mr.
+Harley's person, all the inflaming circumstances of the fact, would not
+have sufficed, in the opinion of many lawyers, to have punished him with
+death;[7] and the public must have lain under this dilemma, either to
+condemn him by a law, _ex post facto_ (which would have been of dangerous
+consequence, and form an ignominious precedent) or undergo the
+mortification to see the greatest villain upon earth escape unpunished,
+to the infinite triumph and delight of Popery and faction. But even this
+is not to be wondered at, when we consider, that of all the insolences
+offered to the Qu[een] since the Act of Indemnity, (at least, that ever
+came to my ears) I can hardly instance above two or three, which, by the
+letter of the law could amount to high treason.
+
+From these defects in our laws, and the want of some discretionary power
+safely lodged, to exert upon emergencies; as well as from the great
+acquirements of able men, to elude the penalties of those laws they
+break, it is no wonder, the injuries done to the public, are so seldom
+redressed. But besides, no individual suffers, by any wrong he does to
+the commonwealth, in proportion to the advantage he gains by doing it.
+There are seven or eight millions who contribute to the loss, while the
+whole gain is sunk among a few. The damage suffered by the public, is not
+so immediately or heavily felt by particular persons, and the zeal of
+prosecution is apt to drop and be lost among numbers.
+
+But imagine a set of politicians for many years at the head of affairs,
+the game visibly their own, and by consequence acting with great
+security: may not these be sometimes tempted to forget their caution, by
+length of time, by excess of avarice and ambition, by the insolence or
+violence of their nature, or perhaps by a mere contempt for their
+adversaries? May not such motives as these, put them often upon actions
+directly against the law, such as no evasions can be found for, and which
+will lay them fully open to the vengeance of a prevailing interest,
+whenever they are out of power? It is answered in the affirmative. And
+here we cannot refuse the late m[inistr]y their due praises, who
+foreseeing a storm, provided for their own safety, by two admirable
+expedients, by which, with great prudence, they have escaped the
+punishments due to pernicious counsels and corrupt management. The first,
+was to procure, under pretences hardly specious, a general Act of
+Indemnity,[8] which cuts off all impeachments. The second, was yet more
+refined: suppose, for instance, a counsel is to be pursued, which is
+necessary to carry on the dangerous designs of a prevailing party, to
+preserve them in power, to gratify the immeasurable appetites of a few
+leaders, civil and military, though by hazarding the ruin of the whole
+nation: this counsel, desperate in itself, unprecedented in the nature of
+it, they procure a majority to form into an address,[9] which makes it
+look like the sense of the nation. Under that shelter they carry on their
+work, and lie secure against after-reckonings.
+
+I must be so free to tell my meaning in this, that among other things, I
+understand it of the address made to the Qu[een] about three years ago,
+to desire that her M[ajest]y would not consent to a peace, without the
+entire restitution of Sp[ai]n.[10] A proceeding, which to people abroad,
+must look like the highest strain of temerity, folly, and gasconade. But
+we at home, who allow the promoters of that advice to be no fools, can
+easily comprehend the depth and mystery of it. They were assured by this
+means, to pin down the war upon us, consequently to increase their own
+power and wealth, and multiply difficulties on the Qu[een] and kingdom,
+till they had fixed their party too firmly to be shaken, whenever they
+should find themselves disposed to reverse their address, and give us
+leave to wish for a peace.
+
+If any man entertains a more favourable opinion of this monstrous step in
+politics; I would ask him what we must do, in case we find it impossible
+to recover Spain? Those among the Whigs who believe a God, will confess,
+that the events of war lie in His hands; and the rest of them, who
+acknowledge no such power, will allow, that Fortune hath too great a
+share in the good or ill success of military actions, to let a wise man
+reason upon them, as if they were entirely in his power. If Providence
+shall think fit to refuse success to our arms, with how ill a grace, with
+what shame and confusion, shall we be obliged to recant that precipitate
+address, unless the world will be so charitable to consider, that
+parliaments among us, differ as much as princes, and that by the fatal
+conjunction of many unhappy circumstances, it is very possible for our
+island to be represented sometimes by those who have the least
+pretensions to it. So little truth or justice there is in what some
+pretend to advance, that the actions of former senates, ought always to
+be treated with respect by the latter; that those assemblies are all
+equally venerable, and no one to be preferred before another: by which
+argument, the Parliament that began the rebellion against King Charles
+the First, voted his trial, and appointed his murderers, ought to be
+remembered with respect.
+
+But to return from this digression; it is very plain, that considering
+the defectiveness of our laws, the variety of cases, the weakness of the
+prerogative, the power or the cunning of ill-designing men, it is
+possible, that many great abuses may be visibly committed, which cannot
+be legally punished: especially if we add to this, that some enquiries
+might probably involve those, whom upon other accounts, it is not
+thought convenient to disturb. Therefore, it is very false reasoning,
+especially in the management of public affairs, to argue that men are
+innocent, because the law hath not pronounced them guilty.
+
+I am apt to think, it was to supply such defects as these, that satire
+was first introduced into the world; whereby those whom neither religion,
+nor natural virtue, nor fear of punishment, were able to keep within the
+bounds of their duty, might be withheld by the shame of having their
+crimes exposed to open view in the strongest colours, and themselves
+rendered odious to mankind. Perhaps all this may be little regarded by
+such hardened and abandoned natures as I have to deal with; but, next to
+taming or binding a savage animal, the best service you can do the
+neighbourhood, is to give them warning, either to arm themselves, or not
+come in its way.
+
+Could I have hoped for any signs of remorse from the leaders of that
+faction, I should very gladly have changed my style, and forgot or passed
+by their million of enormities. But they are every day more fond of
+discovering their impotent zeal and malice: witness their conduct in the
+city about a fortnight ago,[11] which had no other end imaginable, beside
+that of perplexing our affairs, and endeavouring to make things
+desperate, that themselves may be thought necessary. While they continue
+in this frantic mood, I shall not forbear to treat them as they deserve;
+that is to say, as the inveterate, irreconcilable enemies to our country
+and its constitution.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 38 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: "It is a shameful thing in a state which is governed by
+laws, that there should be any departure from them." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: This paper called forth a reply which was printed in two
+forms, one with the title: "A Few Words upon the Examiner's Scandalous
+Peace" (London, 1711), and the other, "Reflections upon the
+Examiner's Scandalous Peace" (London: A. Baldwin, 1711). A careful
+comparison of these pamphlets shows that the text corresponds
+page for page. The author commences: "Though 'The Examiner' be certainly
+the most trifling, scurrilous, and malicious writer that ever appeared,
+yet, in spite of all his gross untruths and absurd notions, by assuming
+to himself an air of authority, and speaking in the person of one
+employed by the ministry, he sometimes gives a kind of weight to what he
+says, so as to make impressions of terror upon honest minds." Then, after
+quoting several of the Queen's Speeches to Parliament, and the Addresses
+in reply, he observes: "The 'Examiner' is resolved to continue so
+faithful to his principal quality of speaking untruths, that he has
+industriously taken care not to recite truly the very Address he makes it
+his business to rail at;" and he points out that it was not the
+"restitution of Spain," but the restoration of the Spanish Monarchy to
+the House of Austria that was desired. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: "How near to sin they can go without actually sinning."
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: The Muscovite Ambassador (A.A. Matveof) was arrested and
+taken out of his coach by violence. A Bill was brought into the House
+of Commons "for preserving the Privileges of Ambassadors," February
+7th, 1708/9, and obtained the Royal Assent, April 21st, 1709 (7 Ann.
+c. 12).
+
+Matveof, it seemed, was arrested by his creditors, who feared that,
+since he had taken leave at Court, they would never be paid. Peter
+the Great was angry at the indignity thus offered his representative,
+and was only unwillingly pacified by the above Act. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: Richard Dyet, J.P., "is discovered to have counterfeited
+stamped paper, in which he was a commissioner; and, with his accomplices,
+has cheated the Queen of L100,000" (Swift's "Journal to Stella," October
+3rd, 1710, vol. ii., p. 20 of present edition). He was tried for felony
+at the Old Bailey, January 13th, 1710/1, and was acquitted, because his
+offence was only a breach of trust. He was, however, re-committed
+for trial on the charge of misdemeanour. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: "Some very considerable abuses," the chancellor of the
+exchequer informed the House of Commons on January 3rd, 1710/1, "have
+been discovered in the victualling." It appears that the seamen in the
+navy were allowed seven pints of beer per day, during the time they were
+on board. In port, of course the sailors were permitted to go ashore, but
+the allowance was still charged to the ship's account; and became a
+perquisite of the purser. It often happened that the contractors did not
+send in the full amount of beer paid for, but gave the purser money in
+exchange for the difference. The scandal was brought to the attention
+of the House as stated, and a committee was appointed to inquire into
+the abuse. On February 15th the House considered the committee's report,
+and it was found that Thomas Ridge, Member for Portsmouth, contracted to
+supply 5,513 tons of beer, and had delivered only 3,213. Several other
+brewers of Portsmouth had been guilty of the same fraud. Mr. Ridge was
+expelled the House the same day. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: See Swift's "Journal," quoted in notes to No. 33, _ante_, p.
+214. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: This Act was passed in 1708. See No. 18, _ante_, and note,
+p. 105. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: The Address from both Houses, presented to the Queen,
+February 18th, 1709/10, prayed that she "would be pleased to order the
+Duke of Marlborough's immediate departure for Holland, where his presence
+will be equally necessary, to assist at the negotiations of peace, and to
+hasten the preparations for an early campaign," etc. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: The Address of both Houses to the Queen, presented on
+December 23rd, 1707, urged: "That nothing could restore a just balance of
+power in Europe, but the reducing the whole Spanish monarchy to the
+obedience of the House of Austria; and ... That no peace can be
+honourable or safe, for your Majesty or your allies, if Spain, the West
+Indies, or any part of the Spanish Monarchy, be suffered to remain under
+the power of the House of Bourbon." The resolutions as carried in the
+House of Lords on December 19th did not include the words "or any part of
+the Spanish Monarchy"; these words were introduced on a motion by Somers
+who was in the chair when the Select Committee met on December 20th to
+embody the resolutions in proper form. The altered resolution was quickly
+hurried through the Lords and agreed to by the Commons, and the Address
+as amended was presented to the Queen. By this bold move Somers prolonged
+the war indefinitely. See also note at the commencement of this number.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: This refers to the election of the governor and directors
+of the Bank of England on April 12th and 13th. All the Whig candidates
+were returned, and Sir H. Furnese was on the same day chosen Alderman for
+Bridge Within. See also No. 41, _post_, p. 267, [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+
+NUMB. 40.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY APRIL 26, TO THURSDAY MAY 3, 1711.
+
+  _Quis tulerit Gracchos de seditione querentes?_[2]
+
+There have been certain topics of reproach, liberally bestowed for some
+years past, by the Whigs and Tories, upon each other. We charge the
+former with a design of destroying the established Church, and
+introducing fanaticism and freethinking in its stead. We accuse them as
+enemies to monarchy; as endeavouring to undermine the present form of
+government, and to build a commonwealth, or some new scheme of their own,
+upon its ruins. On the other side, their clamours against us, may be
+summed up in those three formidable words, Popery, Arbitrary Power, and
+the Pretender. Our accusations against them we endeavour to make good by
+certain overt acts; such as their perpetually abusing the whole body of
+the clergy; their declared contempt for the very order of priesthood;
+their aversion for episcopacy; the public encouragement and patronage
+they gave to Tindall, Toland, and other atheistical writers; their
+appearing as professed advocates, retained by the Dissenters, excusing
+their separation, and laying the guilt of it to the obstinacy of the
+Church; their frequent endeavours to repeal the test, and their setting
+up the indulgence to scrupulous consciences, as a point of greater
+importance than the established worship. The regard they bear to our
+monarchy, hath appeared by their open ridiculing the martyrdom of King
+Charles the First, in their Calves-head Clubs,[3] their common discourses
+and their pamphlets: their denying the unnatural war raised against that
+prince, to have been a rebellion; their justifying his murder in the
+allowed papers of the week; their industry in publishing and spreading
+seditious and republican tracts; such as Ludlow's "Memoirs," Sidney "Of
+Government,"[4] and many others; their endless lopping of the
+prerogative, and mincing into nothing her M[ajest]y's titles to the
+crown.
+
+What proofs they bring for our endeavouring to introduce Popery,
+arbitrary power, and the Pretender, I cannot readily tell, and would be
+glad to hear; however, those important words having by dexterous
+management, been found of mighty service to their cause, though applied
+with little colour, either of reason or justice; I have been considering
+whether they may not be adapted to more proper objects.
+
+As to Popery, which is the first of these, to deal plainly, I can hardly
+think there is any set of men among us, except the professors of it, who
+have any direct intention to introduce it among us: but the question is,
+whether the principles and practices of us, or the Whigs, be most likely
+to make way for it? It is allowed, on all hands, that among the methods
+concerted at Rome, for bringing over England into the bosom of the
+Catholic Church; one of the chief was, to send Jesuits and other
+emissaries, in lay habits, who personating tradesmen and mechanics,
+should mix with the people, and under the pretence of a further and purer
+reformation, endeavour to divide us into as many sects as possible, which
+would either put us under the necessity of returning to our old errors,
+to preserve peace at home; or by our divisions make way for some powerful
+neighbour, with the assistance of the Pope's permission, and a
+consecrated banner, to convert and enslave us at once. If this hath been
+reckoned good politics (and it was the best the Jesuit schools could
+invent) I appeal to any man, whether the Whigs, for many years past, have
+not been employed in the very same work? They professed on all occasions,
+that they knew no reason why any one system of speculative opinions (as
+they termed the doctrines of the Church) should be established by law
+more than another; or why employments should be confined to the religion
+of the magistrate, and that called the Church established. The grand
+maxim they laid down was, That no man, for the sake of a few notions and
+ceremonies, under the names of doctrine and discipline, should be denied
+the liberty of serving his country: as if places would go a begging,
+unless Brownists, Familists, Sweet-singers, Quakers, Anabaptists and
+Muggletonians, would take them off our hands.
+
+I have been sometimes imagining this scheme brought to perfection, and
+how diverting it would look to see half a dozen Sweet-singers on the
+bench in their ermines, and two or three Quakers with their white staves
+at court. I can only say, this project is the very counterpart of the
+late King James's design, which he took up as the best method for
+introducing his own religion, under the pretext of an universal liberty
+of conscience, and that no difference in religion, should make any in his
+favour. Accordingly, to save appearances, he dealt some employments among
+Dissenters of most denominations; and what he did was, no doubt, in
+pursuance of the best advice he could get at home or abroad; and the
+Church thought it the most dangerous step he could take for her
+destruction. It is true, King James admitted Papists among the rest,
+which the Whigs would not; but this is sufficiently made up by a material
+circumstance, wherein they seem to have much outdone that prince, and to
+have carried their liberty of conscience to a higher point, having
+granted it to all the classes of Freethinkers, which the nice conscience
+of a Popish prince would not give him leave to do; and was therein
+mightily overseen; because it is agreed by the learned, that there is
+but a very narrow step from atheism, to the other extreme, superstition.
+So that upon the whole, whether the Whigs had any real design of bringing
+in Popery or no, it is very plain, that they took the most effectual step
+towards it; and if the Jesuits had been their immediate directors, they
+could not have taught them better, nor have found apter scholars.
+
+Their second accusation is, That we encourage and maintain arbitrary
+power in princes, and promote enslaving doctrines among the people. This
+they go about to prove by instances, producing the particular opinions of
+certain divines in King Charles the Second's reign; a decree of Oxford
+University,[5] and some few writers since the Revolution. What they mean,
+is the principle of passive obedience and non-resistance, which those who
+affirm, did, I believe, never intend should include arbitrary power.
+However, though I am sensible that it is not reckoned prudent in a
+dispute, to make any concessions without the last necessity; yet I do
+agree, that in my own private opinion, some writers did carry that tenet
+of passive obedience to a height, which seemed hardly consistent with the
+liberties of a country, whose laws can be neither enacted nor repealed,
+without the consent of the whole people. I mean not those who affirm it
+due in general, as it certainly is to the Legislature, but such as fix it
+entirely in the prince's person. This last has, I believe, been done by a
+very few; but when the Whigs quote authors to prove it upon us, they
+bring in all who mention it as a duty in general, without applying it to
+princes, abstracted from their senate.
+
+By thus freely declaring my own sentiments of passive obedience, it will
+at least appear, that I do not write for a party: neither do I, upon any
+occasion, pretend to speak their sentiments, but my own. The majority of
+the two Houses, and the present ministry (if those be a party) seem to me
+in all their proceedings, to pursue the real interest of Church and
+State: and if I shall happen to differ from particular persons among
+them, in a single notion about government, I suppose they will not, upon
+that account, explode me and my paper. However, as an answer once for
+all, to the tedious scurrilities of those idle people, who affirm, I am
+hired and directed what to write;[6] I must here inform them, that their
+censure is an effect of their principles: The present m[inistr]y are
+under no necessity of employing prostitute pens; they have no dark
+designs to promote, by advancing heterodox opinions.
+
+But (to return) suppose two or three private divines, under King Charles
+the Second, did a little overstrain the doctrine of passive obedience to
+princes; some allowance might be given to the memory of that unnatural
+rebellion against his father, and the dismal consequences of resistance.
+It is plain, by the proceedings of the Churchmen before and at the
+Revolution, that this doctrine was never designed to introduce arbitrary
+power.[7]
+
+I look upon the Whigs and Dissenters to be exactly of the same political
+faith; let us, therefore, see what share each of them had in advancing
+arbitrary power. It is manifest, that the fanatics made Cromwell the most
+absolute tyrant in Christendom:[8] The Rump abolished the House of Lords;
+the army abolished the Rump; and by this army of _saints_, he governed.
+The Dissenters took liberty of conscience and employments from the late
+King James, as an acknowledgment of his dispensing power; which makes a
+King of England as absolute as the Turk. The Whigs, under the late king,
+perpetually declared for keeping up a standing army, in times of peace;
+which has in all ages been the first and great step to the ruin of
+liberty. They were, besides, discovering every day their inclinations to
+destroy the rights of the Church; and declared their opinion, in all
+companies, against the bishops sitting in the House of Peers: which
+was exactly copying after their predecessors of 'Forty-one. I need not
+say their real intentions were to make the king absolute, but whatever be
+the designs of innovating men, they usually end in a tyranny: as we may
+see by an hundred examples in Greece, and in the later commonwealths of
+Italy, mentioned by Machiavel.
+
+In the third place, the Whigs accuse us of a design to bring in the
+Pretender; and to give it a greater air of probability, they suppose the
+Qu[een] to be a party in this design; which however, is no very
+extraordinary supposition in those who have advanced such singular
+paradoxes concerning Gregg and Guiscard. Upon this article, their charge
+is general, without ever offering to produce an instance. But I verily
+think, and believe it will appear no paradox, that if ever he be brought
+in, the Whigs are his men. For, first, it is an undoubted truth, that a
+year or two after the Revolution, several leaders of that party had their
+pardons sent them by the late King James,[9] and had entered upon
+measures to restore him, on account of some disobligations they received
+from King William. Besides, I would ask, whether those who are under the
+greatest ties of gratitude to King James, are not at this day become the
+most zealous Whigs? And of what party those are now, who kept a long
+correspondence with St. Germains?
+
+It is likewise very observable of late, that the Whigs upon all
+occasions, profess their belief of the Pretender's being no impostor, but
+a real prince, born of the late Queen's body:[10] which whether it be
+true or false, is very unseasonably advanced, considering the weight such
+an opinion must have with the vulgar, if they once thoroughly believe it.
+Neither is it at all improbable, that the Pretender himself puts his
+chief hopes in the friendship he expects from the Dissenters and Whigs,
+by his choice to invade the kingdom when the latter were most in credit:
+and he had reason to count upon the former, from the gracious treatment
+they received from his supposed father, and their joyful acceptance
+of it. But further, what could be more consistent with the Whiggish
+notion of a revolution-principle, than to bring in the Pretender? A
+revolution-principle, as their writings and discourses have taught us to
+define it, is a principle perpetually disposing men to revolutions: and
+this is suitable to the famous saying of a great Whig, "That the more
+revolutions the better"; which how odd a maxim soever in appearance, I
+take to be the true characteristic of the party.
+
+A dog loves to turn round often; yet after certain revolutions, he lies
+down to rest: but heads, under the dominion of the moon, are for
+perpetual changes, and perpetual revolutions: besides, the Whigs owe all
+their wealth to wars and revolutions; like the girl at Bartholomew-fair,
+who gets a penny by turning round a hundred times, with swords in her
+hands.[11]
+
+To conclude, the Whigs have a natural faculty of bringing in pretenders,
+and will therefore probably endeavour to bring in the great one at last:
+How many _pretenders_ to wit, honour, nobility, politics, have they
+brought in these last twenty years? In short, they have been sometimes
+able to procure a majority of pretenders in Parliament; and wanted
+nothing to render the work complete, except a Pretender at their head.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 39 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Juvenal, "Satires," ii. 24.
+
+  "Who his spleen could rein,
+  And hear the Gracchi of the mob complain?"--W. GIFFORD.
+
+  [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: The Calves-Head Club "was erected by an impudent set of
+people, who have their feast of calves-heads in several parts of the
+town, on the 30th of January; in derision of the day, and defiance of
+monarchy" ("Secret History of the Calves-Head Club," 1703). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: These works can hardly be called "tracts." Algernon Sidney's
+"Discourses concerning Government" (1698), is a portly folio of 467
+pages, and Ludlow's "Memoirs" (1698-9) occupy three stout octavo volumes.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: On July 21st, 1683, the University of Oxford passed a decree
+condemning as "false, seditious, and impious," a series of twenty-seven
+propositions, among which were the following:
+
+"All civil authority is derived originally from the people."
+
+"The King has but a co-ordinate power, and may be over-ruled by the Lords
+and Commons."
+
+"Wicked kings and tyrants ought to be put to death."
+
+"King Charles the First was lawfully put to death."
+
+The decree was reprinted in 1709/10 with the title, "An Entire
+Confutation of Mr. Hoadley's Book, of the Original of Government." It was
+burnt by the order of the House of Lords, dated March 23rd, 1709/10.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: In a letter to Dr. Chenevix, Bishop of Waterford (dated May
+23rd, 1758), Lord Chesterfield, speaking of Swift's "Last Four Years,"
+says that it "is a party pamphlet, founded on the lie of the day,
+which, as Lord Bolingbroke who had read it often assured me, _was
+coined and delivered out to him, to write 'Examiners' and other
+political papers upon_" (Chesterfield's "Works," ii. 498, edit. 1777).
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: From this and many previous passages it is obvious, that, in
+joining the Tories, Swift reserved to himself the right of putting his
+own interpretation upon the speculative points of their political creed.
+[S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: See Swift's "Presbyterians' Plea of Merit," and note, vol.
+iv., p. 36, of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: James II. sent a Declaration to England, dated April 20th,
+1692, in which he promised to pardon all those who should return to their
+duty. He made a few exceptions, and among these were Ormonde, Sunderland,
+Nottingham, Churchill, etc. It is said that of Churchill James remarked
+that he never could forgive him until he should efface the memory of his
+ingratitude by some eminent service. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: "The Pretended Prince of Wales," as he is styled in several
+Acts of Parliament, was first called "the Pretender" in Queen Anne's
+speech to Parliament on March 11th, 1707/8. She then said: "The French
+fleet sailed from Dunkirk, Tuesday, at three in the morning, northward,
+with the Pretender on board." The same epithet is employed in the
+Addresses by the two Houses in reply to this speech.
+
+It was currently reported that he was not a son of James II. and Queen
+Mary. Several pamphlets were written by "W. Fuller," to prove that he was
+the son of a gentlewoman named Grey, who was brought to England from
+Ireland in 1688 by the Countess of Tyrconnel. See also note on p. 409 of
+vol. v. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: An exhibition described at length in Ward's "London Spy."
+The wonder and dexterity of the feat consisted in the damsel sustaining a
+number of drawn swords upright upon her hands, shoulders, and neck, and
+turning round so nimbly as to make the spectators giddy. [S.]]
+
+
+
+
+NUMB. 41.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY MAY 3, TO THURSDAY MAY 10, 1711.[2]
+
+
+  _Dos est magna parentium virtus._[3]
+
+I took up a paper[4] some days ago in a coffee-house; and if the
+correctness of the style, and a superior spirit in it, had not
+immediately undeceived me, I should have been apt to imagine, I had been
+reading an "Examiner." In this paper, there were several important
+propositions advanced. For instance, that "Providence raised up Mr.
+H[arle]y to be an instrument of great good, in a very critical juncture,
+when it was much wanted." That, "his very enemies acknowledge his eminent
+abilities, and distinguishing merit, by their unwearied and restless
+endeavours against his person and reputation": That "they have had
+an inveterate malice against both": That he "has been wonderfully
+preserved from _some_ unparalleled attempts"; with more to the same
+purpose. I immediately computed by rules of arithmetic, that in the last
+cited words there was something more intended than the attempt of
+Guiscard, which I think can properly pass but for _one_ of the "some."
+And, though I dare not pretend to guess the author's meaning; yet the
+expression allows such a latitude, that I would venture to hold a wager,
+most readers, both Whig and Tory, have agreed with me, that this plural
+number must, in all probability, among other facts, take in the business
+of Gregg.[5]
+
+See now the difference of styles. Had I been to have told my thoughts on
+this occasion; instead of saying how Mr. H[arle]y was "treated by some
+persons," and "preserved from some unparalleled attempts"; I should with
+intolerable bluntness and ill manners, have told a formal story, of a
+com[mitt]ee[6] sent to a condemned criminal in Newgate, to bribe him with
+a pardon, on condition he would swear high treason against his master,
+who discovered his correspondence, and secured his person, when a certain
+grave politician had given him warning to make his escape: and by this
+means I should have drawn a whole swarm of hedge-writers to exhaust their
+catalogue of scurrilities against me as a liar, and a slanderer. But with
+submission to the author of that forementioned paper, I think he has
+carried that expression to the utmost it will bear: for after all this
+noise, I know of but two "attempts" against Mr. H[arle]y, that can really
+be called "unparalleled," which are those aforesaid of Gregg and
+Guiscard; and as to the rest, I will engage to parallel them from the
+story of Catiline, and others I could produce.
+
+However, I cannot but observe, with infinite pleasure, that a great part
+of what I have charged upon the late prevailing faction, and for
+affirming which, I have been adorned with so many decent epithets, hath
+been sufficiently confirmed at several times, by the resolutions of one
+or the other House of Parliament.[7] I may therefore now say, I hope,
+with good authority, that there have been "some unparalleled attempts"
+against Mr. Harley. That the late ministry were justly to blame in some
+management, which occasioned the unfortunate battle of Almanza,[8] and
+the disappointment at Toulon.[9] That the public has been grievously
+wronged by most notorious frauds, during the Whig administration. That
+those who advised the bringing in the Palatines,[10] were enemies to the
+kingdom. That the late managers of the revenue have not duly passed their
+accounts,[11] for a great part of thirty-five millions, and ought not to
+be trusted in such employments any more. Perhaps in a little time, I may
+venture to affirm some other paradoxes of this kind, and produce the same
+vouchers. And perhaps also, if it had not been so busy a period, instead
+of one "Examiner," the late ministry might have had above four hundred,
+each of whose little fingers would be heavier than my loins. It makes me
+think of Neptune's threat to the winds:
+
+  _Quos ego--sed motos praestat componere fluctus._[12]
+
+Thus when these sons of Aeolus, had almost sunk the ship with the
+tempests they raised, it was necessary to smooth the ocean, and secure
+the vessel, instead of pursuing the offenders.
+
+But I observe the general expectation at present, instead of dwelling any
+longer upon conjectures who is to be punished for past miscarriages,
+seems bent upon the rewards intended to those, who have been so highly
+instrumental in rescuing our constitution from its late dangers. It is
+the observation of Tacitus, in the life of Agricola, that his eminent
+services had raised a general opinion of his being designed, by the
+emperor, for praetor of Britain. _Nullis in hoc suis sermonibus, sed quia
+par videbatur:_ and then he adds, _Non semper errat fama, aliquando et
+eligit._[13] The judgment of a wise prince, and the general disposition
+of the people, do often point at the same person; and sometimes the
+popular wishes, do even foretell the reward intended for some superior
+merit. Thus among several deserving persons, there are two,[14] whom the
+public vogue hath in a peculiar manner singled out, as designed very soon
+to receive the choicest marks of the royal favour. One of them to be
+placed in a very high station, and both to increase the number of our
+nobility. This, I say, is the general conjecture; for I pretend to none,
+nor will be chargeable if it be not fulfilled; since it is enough for
+their honour, that the nation thinks them worthy of the greatest rewards.
+
+Upon this occasion I cannot but take notice, that of all the heresies in
+politics, profusely scattered by the partisans of the late
+administration, none ever displeased me more, or seemed to have more
+dangerous consequences to monarchy, than that pernicious talent so much
+affected, of discovering a contempt for birth, family, and ancient
+nobility. All the threadbare topics of poets and orators were displayed
+to discover to us, that merit and virtue were the only nobility; and that
+the advantages of blood, could not make a knave or a fool either honest
+or wise. Most popular commotions we read of in histories of Greece and
+Rome, took their rise from unjust quarrels to the nobles; and in the
+latter, the plebeians' encroachments on the patricians, were the first
+cause of their ruin.
+
+Suppose there be nothing but opinion in the difference of blood; every
+body knows, that authority is very much founded on opinion. But surely,
+that difference is not wholly imaginary. The advantages of a liberal
+education, of choosing the best companions to converse with; not being
+under the necessity of practising little mean tricks by a scanty
+allowance; the enlarging of thought, and acquiring the knowledge of men
+and things by travel; the example of ancestors inciting to great and good
+actions. These are usually some of the opportunities, that fall in the
+way of those who are born, of what we call the better families; and
+allowing genius to be equal in them and the vulgar, the odds are clearly
+on their side. Nay, we may observe in some, who by the appearance of
+merit, or favour of fortune, have risen to great stations, from an
+obscure birth, that they have still retained some sordid vices of their
+parentage or education, either insatiable avarice, or ignominious
+falsehood and corruption.
+
+To say the truth, the great neglect of education, in several noble
+families, whose sons are suffered to pass the most improvable seasons of
+their youth, in vice and idleness, have too much lessened their
+reputation; but even this misfortune we owe, among all the rest, to that
+Whiggish practice of reviling the Universities, under the pretence of
+their instilling pedantry, narrow principles, and high-church doctrines.
+
+I would not be thought to undervalue merit and virtue, wherever they are
+to be found; but will allow them capable of the highest dignities in a
+state, when they are in a very great degree of eminence. A pearl holds
+its value though it be found in a dunghill; but however, that is not the
+most probable place to search for it. Nay, I will go farther, and admit,
+that a man of quality without merit, is just so much the worse for his
+quality; which at once sets his vices in a more public view, and
+reproaches him for them. But on the other side, I doubt, those who are
+always undervaluing the advantages of birth, and celebrating personal
+merit, have principally an eye to their own, which they are fully
+satisfied with, and which nobody will dispute with them about; whereas
+they cannot, without impudence and folly, pretend to be nobly born:
+because this is a secret too easily discovered: for no men's parentage is
+so nicely inquired into, as that of assuming upstarts; especially when
+they affect to make it better than it is, as they often do, or behave
+themselves with insolence.
+
+But whatever may be the opinion of others upon this subject, whose
+philosophical scorn for blood and families, reaches even to those that
+are royal, or perhaps took its rise from a Whiggish contempt of the
+latter; I am pleased to find two such instances of extraordinary merit,
+as I have mentioned, joined with ancient and honourable birth, which
+whether it be of real or imaginary value, hath been held in veneration by
+all wise, polite states, both ancient and modern. And, as much a foppery,
+as men pretend to think it, nothing is more observable in those who rise
+to great place or wealth, from mean originals, than their mighty
+solicitude to convince the world that they are not so low as is commonly
+believed. They are glad to find it made out by some strained genealogy,
+that they have some remote alliance with better families. Cromwell
+himself was pleased with the impudence of a flatterer, who undertook to
+prove him descended from a branch of the royal stem. I know a
+citizen,[15] who adds or alters a letter in his name with every plum he
+acquires: he now wants but the change of a vowel, to be allied to a
+sovereign prince in Italy; and that perhaps he may contrive to be done,
+by a _mistake_ of the graver upon his tombstone.
+
+When I am upon this subject of nobility, I am sorry for the occasion
+given me, to mention the loss of a person who was so great an ornament to
+it, as the late lord president;[16] who began early to distinguish
+himself in the public service, and passed through the highest employments
+of state, in the most difficult times, with great abilities and untainted
+honour. As he was of a good old age, his principles of religion and
+loyalty had received no mixture from late infusions, but were instilled
+into him by his illustrious father, and other noble spirits, who had
+exposed their lives and fortunes for the royal martyr.
+
+            ----_Pulcherrima proles,
+  Magnanimi heroes nati melioribus annis._[17]
+
+His first great action was, like Scipio, to defend his father,[18] when
+oppressed by numbers; and his filial piety was not only rewarded with
+long life, but with a son, who upon the like occasion, would have shewn
+the same resolution. No man ever preserved his dignity better when he was
+out of power, nor shewed more affability while he was in. To conclude:
+his character (which I do not here pretend to draw) is such, as his
+nearest friends may safely trust to the most impartial pen; nor wants the
+least of that allowance which, they say, is required for those who are
+dead.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 40 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Writing to Stella, May 14th, 1711, Swift informs her: "Dr.
+Freind was with me, and pulled out a twopenny pamphlet just published
+called 'The State of Wit,' giving a character of all the papers that have
+come out of late. The author seems to be a Whig, yet he speaks very
+highly of a paper called 'The Examiner,' and says the supposed author of
+it is Dr. Swift" (vol. ii., p. 176, of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: Horace, "Odes," III. xxiv. 21.
+
+  "The lovers there for dowry claim
+  The father's virtue, and the mother's fame."
+                               P. FRANCIS.
+
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: "The Congratulatory Speech of William Bromley, Esq., ...
+together with the Chancellor of the Exchequer's Answer."--See also No.
+42, _post_, pp. 273-4. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: See No. 33, _ante_, pp. 207-14. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: The writer of "A Letter to the Seven Lords" says this means
+"that there was a committee of seven lords, sent to a condemned criminal
+in Newgate, to bribe him with a pardon, on condition he would swear high
+treason, against his master."
+
+In Hoffman's "Secret Transactions" (pp. 14, 15) the matter is thus
+referred to: "Who those persons were that offered Gregg his life, with
+great preferments and advantages (if he would but accuse his master) may
+not uneasily be guessed at, for most of the time he was locked up none
+but people of note, were permitted to come near him, who made him strange
+promises, and often repeated them." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: "He does, with his own impudence, and with the malice of a
+devil, bring in both Houses of P---- to say and mean the same thing....
+It is matter of wonder ... to see the greatest ministers of state we ever
+had (till now) treated by a poor paper-pedlar, every Thursday, like the
+veriest rascals in the kingdom.... I could, if it were needful, bring a
+great many instances, of this licentious way of the scum of mankind's
+treating the greatest peers in the nation" ("A Letter to the Seven
+Lords"). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: The Earl of Galway was defeated by the Duke of Berwick at
+this battle on April 25th, 1707. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: The Allies, under the Duke of Savoy, unsuccessfully laid
+siege to Toulon from July 26th to August 21st, 1707. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: The Palatines, who were mostly Lutherans, came over to
+England in great numbers in May and June of 1709. So large was the
+immigration that the House of Commons, on April 14th, 1711, passed a
+resolution declaring that the inviting and bringing over of the Palatines
+"at the public expense, was an extravagant and unreasonable charge to the
+kingdom, and a scandalous misapplication of the public money." Whoever
+advised it, said the resolution, "was an enemy to the Queen and this
+kingdom." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: A Committee, appointed January 13th, 1710/1, reported in
+April, 1711, that accounts for _L_35,302,107 18_s._ 9-5/8_d._(_sic_) had
+not been passed. On February 21st, 1711/2, the auditors presented a
+statement which showed that of these accounts (which went back to 1681),
+_L_6,133,571 had then been passed, and that a considerable portion of the
+remainder was waiting for technicalities only. On June 11th, 1713, it was
+reported that _L_24,624,436 had been either passed or "adjusted." See
+"Journals of House of Commons," xvi., xvii. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: Virgil, "Aeneid," i. 135.
+"Whom I--but first this uproar must be quelled."--R. KENNEDY.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: Tacitus, "Agricola," 9. (Tacitus wrote "Haud semper," etc.)
+"An opinion not founded upon any suggestions of his own, but upon his
+being thought equal to the station. Common fame does not always err,
+sometimes it even directs a choice" ("Oxford Translation" revised).
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 14: Harley, who was created Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer,
+May 23rd, 1711, and Sir Simon Harcourt, made Baron Harcourt, September
+3rd, 1711. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 15: Sir Henry Furnese (1658-1712), Bart. He obtained his
+baronetcy June 18th, 1707, and was the first to receive that dignity
+since the Union. He sat in the House as Member for Bramber and Sandwich,
+and was twice expelled. He was, however, re-elected for Sandwich and
+represented that constituency until his death on November 30th, 1712.
+
+The variety of ways in which his name has been spelt is quite remarkable.
+In the "Calendar of State Papers" for 1691 and 1692, the name is given as
+Furness, Furnese, and Furnes. The "Journals of the House of Commons,"
+recording his expulsion, speaks of him as Furnesse. When he was knighted
+(October 11th, 1691), the "Gazette" of October 19th printed it Furnace,
+and when he was made a baronet, the same journal had it Furnese. In the
+official "Return of Names of Members," the name is given successively as,
+Furnace, Furnac, Furnice, Furnise, Furness and Furnese. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 16: Laurence Hyde, Earl of Rochester, second son of the first
+Earl of Clarendon (see No. 27, _ante_, p. 170). He undertook the defence
+of his father when the latter was impeached by the House of Commons,
+October 30th, 1667, on a charge of high treason. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 17: Virgil, "Aeneid," vi. 648-9.
+
+  "Warriors, high souled, in better ages born,
+  Great Teucer's noble race, these plains adorn."--J.M. KING.
+
+  [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 18: "When the tumultuous perplexed charge of accumulated
+treasons was preferred against him by the Commons; his son Laurence, then
+a Member of that House, stept forth with this brave defiance to his
+accusers, that, if they could make out any proof of any one single
+article, he would, as he was authorized, join in the condemnation of his
+father" (Burton's "Genuineness of Clarendon's History," p. 111). [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+
+NUMB. 42.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY MAY 10, TO THURSDAY MAY 17, 1711.
+
+
+  _------Quem cur distringere coner,
+  Tutus ab infestis latronibus?_[2]
+
+
+I never let slip an opportunity of endeavouring to convince the world,
+that I am not partial, and to confound the idle reproach of my being
+hired or directed what to write in defence of the present ministry,[3] or
+for detecting the practices of the former. When I first undertook this
+paper, I firmly resolved, that if ever I observed any gross neglect,
+abuse or corruption in the public management, which might give any just
+offence to reasonable people, I would take notice of it with that
+innocent boldness which becomes an honest man, and a true lover of his
+country; at the same time preserving the respect due to persons so highly
+entrusted by so wise and excellent a Queen. I know not how such a liberty
+might have been resented; but I thank God there has been no occasion
+given me to exercise it; for I can safely affirm, that I have with the
+utmost rigour, examined all the actions of the present ministry, as far
+as they fall under general cognizance, without being able to accuse them
+of one ill or mistaken step. Observing indeed some time ago, that seeds
+of dissension[4] had been plentifully scattered from a certain corner,
+and fearing they began to rise and spread, I immediately writ a paper on
+the subject; which I treated with that warmth I thought it required: but
+the prudence of those at the helm soon prevented this growing evil; and
+at present it seems likely to have no consequences.
+
+I have had indeed for some time a small occasion of quarrelling, which I
+thought too inconsiderable for a formal subject of complaint, though I
+have hinted at it more than once. But it is grown at present to as great
+a height, as a matter of that nature can possibly bear; and therefore I
+conceive it high time that an effectual stop should be put to it. I have
+been amazed at the flaming licentiousness of several weekly papers, which
+for some months past, have been chiefly employed in barefaced
+scurrilities against those who are in the greatest trust and favour with
+the Qu[een], with the first and last letters of their names frequently
+printed; or some periphrasis describing their station, or other
+innuendoes, contrived too plain to be mistaken. The consequence of which
+is, (and it is natural it should be so) that their long impunity hath
+rendered them still more audacious.
+
+At this time I particularly intend a paper called the "Medley"; whose
+indefatigable, incessant railings against me, I never thought convenient
+to take notice of, because it would have diverted my design, which I
+thought was of public use.[5] Besides, I never yet observed that writer,
+or those writers, (for it is every way a "Medley") to argue against any
+one material point or fact that I had advanced, or make one fair
+quotation. And after all, I knew very well how soon the world grow weary
+of controversy. It is plain to me, that three or four hands at least have
+been joined at times in that worthy composition; but the outlines as well
+as the finishing, seem to have been always the work of the same pen, as
+it is visible from half a score beauties of style inseparable from it.
+But who these Meddlers are, or where the judicious leaders have picked
+them up, I shall never go about to conjecture: factious rancour, false
+wit, abandoned scurrility, impudent falsehood, and servile pedantry,
+having so many fathers, and so few to own them, that curiosity herself
+would not be at the pains to guess. It is the first time I ever did
+myself the honour to mention that admirable paper: nor could I imagine
+any occasion likely to happen, that would make it necessary for me to
+engage with such an adversary. This paper is weekly published, and as
+appears by the number, has been so for several months, and is next to the
+"Observator,"[6] allowed to be the best production of the party. Last
+week my printer brought me that of May 7, Numb. 32. where there are two
+paragraphs[7] relating to the Speaker of the House of Commons, and to Mr.
+Harley; which, as little as I am inclined to engage with such an
+antagonist, I cannot let pass, without failing in my duty to the public:
+and if those in power will suffer such infamous insinuations to pass with
+impunity, they act without precedent from any age or country of the
+world.
+
+I desire to open this matter, and leave the Whigs themselves to determine
+upon it. The House of Commons resolved, _nemine contradicente_, that the
+Speaker should congratulate Mr. Harley's escape and recovery[8] in the
+name of the House, upon his first attendance on their service. This is
+accordingly done; and the speech, together with the chancellor of the
+exchequer's, are printed by order of the House.[9] The author of the
+"Medley" takes this speech to task the very next week after it is
+published, telling us, in the aforesaid paper, that the Speaker's
+commending Mr. Harley, for being "an instrument of great good" to the
+nation, was "ill-chosen flattery"; because Mr. Harley had brought the
+"nation under great difficulties, to say no more:" He says, that when the
+Speaker tells Mr. Harley, that Providence has "wonderfully preserved" him
+"from some unparalleled attempts" (for that the "Medley" alludes to) he
+only "revives a false and groundless calumny upon other men"; which is
+"an instance of impotent, but inveterate malice,"[10] that makes him [the
+Speaker] "still appear more vile and contemptible." This is an extract
+from his first paragraph. In the next this writer says, that the
+Speaker's "praying to God for the continuance of Mr. Harley's life, as an
+invaluable blessing,[11] was a fulsome piece of insincerity, which
+exposes him to shame and derision"; because he is "known to bear ill will
+to Mr. Harley, to have an extreme bad opinion of him, and to think him an
+obstructor of those fine measures he would bring about."
+
+I now appeal to the Whigs themselves, whether a great minister of state,
+in high favour with the Qu[een], and a Speaker of the House of Commons,
+were ever publicly treated after so extraordinary a manner, in the most
+licentious times? For this is not a clandestine libel stolen into the
+world, but openly printed and sold, with the bookseller's name and place
+of abode at the bottom. And the juncture is admirable, when Mr. H[arle]y
+is generally believed upon the very point to be made an earl, and
+promoted to the most important station of the kingdom:[12] nay, the very
+marks of esteem he hath so lately received from the whole representative
+body of the people, are called "ill-chosen flattery," and "a fulsome
+piece of insincerity," exposing the donors "to shame and derision."
+
+Does this intrepid writer think he has sufficiently disguised the matter,
+by that stale artifice of altering the story, and putting it as a
+supposed case? Did any man who ever saw the congratulatory speech, read
+either of those paragraphs in the "Medley," without interpreting them
+just as I have done? Will the author declare upon his great sincerity,
+that he never had any such meaning? Is it enough, that a jury at
+Westminster-Hall would, perhaps, not find him guilty of defaming the
+Speaker and Mr. Harley in that paper? which however, I am much in doubt
+of too; and must think the law very defective, if the reputation of such
+persons must lie at the mercy of such pens. I do not remember to have
+seen any libel, supposed to be writ with caution and double meaning, in
+order to prevent prosecution, delivered under so thin a cover, or so
+unartificially made up as this; whether it were from an apprehension of
+his readers' dullness, or an effect of his own. He hath transcribed the
+very phrases of the Speaker, and put them in a different character, for
+fear they might pass unobserved, and to prevent all possibility of being
+mistaken. I shall be pleased to see him have recourse to the old evasion,
+and say, that I who make the application, am chargeable with the abuse:
+let any reader of either party be judge. But I cannot forbear asserting,
+as my opinion, that for a m[inist]ry to endure such open calumny, without
+calling the author to account, is next to deserving it. And this is an
+omission I venture to charge upon the present m[inist]ry, who are too apt
+to despise little things, which however have not always little
+consequences.
+
+When this paper was first undertaken, one design, among others, was, to
+_Examine_ some of those writings so frequently published with an evil
+tendency, either to religion or government; but I was long diverted by
+other enquiries, which I thought more immediately necessary, to
+animadvert upon men's actions, rather than their speculations: to shew
+the necessity there was of changing the ministry, that our constitution
+in Church and State might be preserved; to expose some dangerous
+principles and practices under the former administration, and prove by
+many instances, that those who are now at the helm, are entirely in the
+true interest of prince and people. This I may modestly hope, hath in
+some measure been already done, sufficient to answer the end proposed,
+which was to inform the ignorant and those at distance, and to convince
+such as are not engaged in a party, from other motives than that of
+conscience. I know not whether I shall have any appetite to continue this
+work much longer; if I do, perhaps some time may be spent in exposing and
+overturning the false reasonings of those who engage their pens on the
+other side, without losing time in vindicating myself against their
+scurrilities, much less in retorting them. Of this sort there is a
+certain humble companion, a French _maitre de langues_,[13] who every
+month publishes an extract from votes, newspapers, speeches and
+proclamations, larded with some insipid remarks of his own; which he
+calls "The Political State of Great Britain:"[14] This ingenious piece he
+tells us himself, is constantly translated into French, and printed in
+Holland, where the Dutch, no doubt, conceive most noble sentiments of us,
+conveyed through such a vehicle. It is observable in his account for
+April, that the vanity, so predominant in many of his nation, has made
+him more concerned for the honour of Guiscard, than the safety of Mr.
+H[arle]y: And for fear we should think the worse of his country upon that
+assassin's account,[15] he tells us, there have been more murders,
+parricides and villanies, committed in England, than any other part of
+the world. I cannot imagine how an illiterate foreigner, who is neither
+master of our language, or indeed of common sense, and who is devoted to
+a faction, I suppose, for no other reason, but his having more Whig
+customers than Tories, should take it into his head to write politic
+tracts of our affairs. But I presume, he builds upon the foundation of
+having being called to an account for his insolence in one of his former
+monthly productions,[16] which is a method that seldom fails of giving
+some vogue to the foolishest composition. If such a work must be done, I
+wish some tolerable hand would undertake it; and that we would not suffer
+a little whiffling Frenchman to neglect his trade of teaching his
+language to our children, and presume to instruct foreigners in our
+politics.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 41 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Horace, "Satires," II. i. 41-2.
+          "Safe it lies
+Within the sheath, till villains round me rise."--P. FRANCIS.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: See No. 40, _ante_, and note, p. 259. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: In "A Discourse of the Contests and Dissensions ... Athens
+and Rome," 1701 (vol. i., pp. 227-270, of present edition). See also
+Swift's reference to this pamphlet in his "Memoirs Relating to that
+Change," etc. (vol. v., p. 379). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: "The Medley," under Maynwaring, with occasional help from
+Addison and Steele, seems to have been published for the sole purpose
+of replying to the "Examiner." No. 40 (July 2nd, 1711) begins: "The
+'Examiner' is grown so insipid and contemptible that my acquaintance
+are offended at my troubling myself about him." No. 45 (the final number,
+August 6th, 1711) expresses the writer's "deep concern" for the loss of
+his "dear friend 'The Examiner,' who has at once left the world and me,
+quite unprovided for so great a blow." When the "Examiner" was revived by
+W. Oldisworth in December, 1711, it was soon followed by a reappearance
+of "The Medley." It started afresh with Numb. I. on March 3rd, 1712
+(_i.e._ 1711/2), and continued until August 4th, 1712, the date of the
+publication of Numb. XLV. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: See No. 16, _ante_, and note p. 85. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: The two paragraphs appeared in No. 32 of "The Medley," and
+the writer introduces them by a reference to "praise and censure, which I
+choose out of all the rest, because it only concerns the 'Examiner' to be
+well instructed in them, he having no other business but to flatter the
+new m[inistry], and abuse the old." The first paragraph runs:
+
+"In the first place, whenever any body would praise another, all he can
+say will have no weight or effect, if it be not true or probable. If
+therefore, for example, my friend should take it into his head to commend
+a man, _for having been an instrument of great good to a nation_, when in
+truth that very person had brought that same nation under great
+difficulties, to say no more; such ill-chosen flattery would be of no use
+or moment, nor add the least credit to the person so commended. Or if he
+should take that occasion to revive any false and groundless calumny upon
+other men, or another party of men; such an instance of _impotent but
+inveterate malice_, would make him still appear more vile and
+contemptible. The reason of all which is, that what he said was neither
+just, proper, nor real, and therefore must needs want the force of true
+eloquence, which consists in nothing else but in well representing things
+as they really are. I advise therefore my friend, before he praises any
+more of his heroes, to learn the common rules of writing; and
+particularly to read over and over a certain chapter in Aristotle's first
+book of Rhetoric, where are given very proper and necessary directions,
+_for praising a man who has done nothing that he ought to be praised
+for_."
+
+There is no reference here to the Speaker. The reference is to the
+"Examiner"; nor is there any mention of Providence having wonderfully
+preserved him from some unparalleled attempts.
+
+The second paragraph runs:
+
+"But the ancients did not think it enough for men to speak what was true
+or probable, they required further that their orators should be heartily
+in earnest; and that they should have all those motions and affections in
+their own minds which they endeavoured to raise in others. He that
+thinks, says Cicero, to warm others with his eloquence, must first be
+warm himself. And Quintilian says, We must first be affected ourselves,
+before we can move others. This made Pliny's panegyric upon Trajan so
+well received by his hearers, because every body knew the wonderful
+esteem and affection which he had for the person he commended: and
+therefore, when he concluded with a prayer to Jupiter, that he would take
+care of the life and safety of that great and good man, which he said
+contained in it all other blessings; though the expression was so high,
+it passed very well with those that heard him, as being agreeable to the
+known sentiments and affection of the speaker. Whereas, if my friend
+should be known to bear ill-will to another person, or to have an extreme
+bad opinion of him, or to think him an abstractor of those fine measures
+he would bring about, and should yet in one of his panegyrics pray to God
+for the continuance of that very person's life, as '_an invaluable
+blessing_'; such a fulsome piece of insincerity would only expose him to
+shame and derision." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: The House of Commons resolved on April 11th, that the
+Speaker should congratulate Mr. Harley when he was able to attend the
+House. This was done on April 26th. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: The House of Commons, on April 27th, ordered, "That Mr.
+Speaker be desired to print his congratulatory speech ... with the Answer
+of Mr. Chancellor of the Exchequer to the same." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: The Speaker thanks God that Harley's enemies had "not been
+able to accomplish what their inveterate, but impotent, malice, had
+designed." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: The Speaker prayed that Providence might "continue still to
+preserve so invaluable a life." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: Harley was appointed lord treasurer, May 30th, 1711, and
+created Earl of Oxford, May 23rd. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: Abel Boyer (1667-1729), author of a French dictionary, a
+French grammar, "History of William III.," "History of Queen Anne," "The
+Political State," "The Post Boy" (1705-9), and many other works. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 14: "The Political State of Great Britain" was started in
+January, 1710/1, and continued monthly until 1740. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 15: See No. 33, _ante_, and note, p. 207. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 16: Boyer appeared before the House of Lords, March 6th,
+1710/1, and owned that he was the compiler of "The Political State of
+Great Britain." He was kept in custody till March 12th, when he was
+reprimanded, and discharged after he had paid his fees. His offence was
+that "an account is pretended to be given of the Debates and Proceedings
+of this House" ("Journals of House of Lords," xix). The third number of
+"The Political State," Boyer issued on March 17th, giving his reason for
+the delay in its appearance: "An unavoidable and unvoluntary avocation,
+of which I may give you an account hereafter, has obliged me to write to
+you a fortnight later than usual." [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+
+NUMB. 43.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY MAY 17, TO THURSDAY MAY 24, 1711.
+
+  _Delicta majorum immeritus lues,
+  Romane; donec templa refeceris,
+      Aedesque labentes deorum_----[2]
+
+
+
+Several letters have been lately sent me, desiring I would make
+honourable mention of the pious design of building fifty churches, in
+several parts of London and Westminster, where they are most wanted;
+occasioned by an address of the convocation to the Queen,[3] and
+recommended by her Majesty to the House of Commons; who immediately
+promised, they would enable her "to accomplish so excellent a design,"
+and are now preparing a Bill accordingly. I thought to have deferred any
+notice of this important affair till the end of this session; at which
+time I proposed to deliver a particular account of the great and useful
+things already performed by this present Parliament. But in compliance to
+those who give themselves the trouble of advising me; and partly
+convinced by the reasons they offer; I am content to bestow a paper upon
+a subject, that indeed so well deserves it.
+
+The clergy, and whoever else have a true concern for the constitution of
+the Church, cannot but be highly pleased with one prospect in this new
+scene of public affairs. They may very well remember the time, when every
+session of Parliament, was like a cloud hanging over their heads; and if
+it happened to pass without bursting into some storm upon the Church, we
+thanked God, and thought it an happy escape till the next meeting; upon
+which we resumed our secret apprehensions, though we were not allowed to
+believe any danger. Things are now altered; the Parliament takes the
+necessities of the Church into consideration, receives the proposals of
+the clergy met in convocation, and amidst all the exigencies of a long
+expensive war, and under the pressure of heavy debts, finds a supply for
+erecting fifty edifices for the service of God. And it appears by the
+address of the Commons to her Majesty upon this occasion (wherein they
+discovered a true spirit of religion) that the applying the money granted
+"to accomplish so excellent a design,"[4] would, in their opinion, be the
+most effectual way of carrying on the war; that it would (to use their
+own words) "be a means of drawing down blessings on her Majesty's
+undertakings, as it adds to the number of those places, where the prayers
+of her devout and faithful subjects, will be daily offered up to God, for
+the prosperity of her government at home, and the success of her arms
+abroad."
+
+I am sometimes hoping, that we are not naturally so bad a people, as we
+have appeared for some years past. Faction, in order to support itself,
+is generally forced to make use of such abominable instruments, that as
+long as it prevails, the genius of a nation is overpressed, and cannot
+appear to exert itself: but when _that_ is broke and suppressed, when
+things return to the old course, mankind will naturally fall to act from
+principles of reason and religion. The Romans, upon a great victory, or
+escape from public danger, frequently built a temple in honour of some
+god, to whose peculiar favour they imputed their success or delivery: and
+sometimes the general did the like, _at his own expense_, to acquit
+himself of some pious vow he had made. How little of any thing resembling
+this hath been done by us after all our victories! and perhaps for that
+reason, among others, they have turned to so little account. But what
+could we expect? We acted all along as if we believed nothing of a God or
+His providence; and therefore it was consistent to offer up our edifices
+only to those, whom we looked upon as givers of all victory, in His
+stead.
+
+I have computed, that fifty churches may be built by a medium, at six
+thousand pound for a church; which is somewhat _under_ the price of a
+subject's palace: yet perhaps the care of above two hundred thousand
+souls, with the benefit of their prayers for the prosperity of their
+Queen and country, may be almost put in the balance with the domestic
+convenience, or even magnificence of any subject whatsoever.
+
+Sir William Petty, who under the name of Captain Graunt, published some
+observations upon bills of mortality about five years after the
+Restoration;[5] tells us, the parishes in London, were even then so
+unequally divided, that some were two hundred times larger than others.
+Since that time, the increase of trade, the frequency of Parliaments, the
+desire of living in the metropolis, together with that genius for
+building, which began after the fire, and hath ever since continued, have
+prodigiously enlarged this town on all sides, where it was capable of
+increase; and those tracts of land built into streets, have generally
+continued of the same parish they belonged to, while they lay in fields;
+so that the care of above thirty thousand souls, hath been sometimes
+committed to one minister, whose church would hardly contain the
+twentieth part of his flock: neither, I think, was any family in those
+parishes obliged to pay above a groat a year to their spiritual pastor.
+Some few of those parishes have been since divided; in others were
+erected chapels of ease, where a preacher is maintained by general
+contribution. Such poor shifts and expedients, to the infinite shame
+and scandal, of so vast and flourishing a city, have been thought
+sufficient for the service of God and religion; as if they were
+circumstances wholly indifferent.
+
+This defect, among other consequences of it, hath made schism a sort of
+necessary evil, there being at least three hundred thousand inhabitants
+in this town, whom the churches would not be able to contain, if the
+people were ever so well disposed: and in a city not overstocked with
+zeal, the only way to preserve any degree of religion, is to make all
+attendance upon the duties of it, as easy and cheap as possible: whereas
+on the contrary, in the larger parishes, the press is so great, and the
+pew-keeper's tax so exorbitant, that those who love to save trouble and
+money, either stay at home, or retire to the conventicles. I believe
+there are few examples in any Christian country of so great a neglect
+for religion; and the dissenting teachers have made their advantages
+largely by it, "sowing tares among the wheat while men slept;" being much
+more expert at procuring contributions, which is a trade they are bred up
+in, than men of a liberal education.
+
+And to say truth, the way practised by several parishes in and about this
+town, of maintaining their clergy by voluntary subscriptions, is not only
+an indignity to the character, but hath many pernicious consequences
+attending it; such a precarious dependence, subjecting a clergyman, who
+hath not more than ordinary spirit and resolution, to many
+inconveniences, which are obvious to imagine: but this defect will, no
+doubt, be remedied by the wisdom and piety of the present Parliament; and
+a tax laid upon every house in a parish, for the support of their pastor.
+Neither indeed can it be conceived, why a house, whose purchase is not
+reckoned above one-third less than land of the same yearly rent, should
+not pay a twentieth part annually (which is half tithe) to the support of
+the minister. One thing I could wish, that in fixing the maintenance to
+the several ministers in these new intended parishes, no determinate sum
+of money may be named, which in all perpetuities ought by any means to be
+avoided; but rather a tax in proportion to the rent of each house, though
+it be but a twentieth or even a thirtieth part. The contrary of this, I
+am told, was done in several parishes of the city after the fire; where
+the incumbent and his successors were to receive for ever a certain sum;
+for example, one or two hundred pounds a year. But the lawgivers did not
+consider, that what we call at present, one hundred pounds, will, in
+process of time, have not the intrinsic value of twenty; as twenty pounds
+now are hardly equal to forty shillings, three hundred years ago. There
+are a thousand instances of this all over England, in reserved rents
+applied to hospitals, in old chiefries, and even among the clergy
+themselves, in those payments which, I think, they call a _modus_.[6]
+
+As no prince had ever better dispositions than her present Majesty, for
+the advancement of true religion, so there was never any age that
+produced greater occasions to employ them on. It is an unspeakable
+misfortune, that any designs of so excellent a Queen, should be checked
+by the necessities of a long and ruinous war, which the folly or
+corruption of modern politicians have involved us in, against all the
+maxims whereby our country flourished so many hundred years: else her
+Majesty's care of religion would certainly have reached even to her
+American plantations. Those noble countries, stocked by numbers from
+hence, whereof too many are in no very great reputation for faith
+or morals, will be a perpetual reproach to us, till some better care is
+taken for cultivating Christianity among them. If the governors of those
+several colonies were obliged, at certain times, to transmit an exact
+representation of the state of religion, in their several districts; and
+the legislature here would, in a time of leisure, take that affair under
+their consideration, it might be perfected with little difficulty, and be
+a great addition to the glories of her Majesty's reign.
+
+But to waive further speculations upon so remote a scene, while we have
+subjects enough to employ them on at home; it is to be hoped, the clergy
+will not let slip any proper opportunity of improving the pious
+dispositions of the Queen and kingdom, for the advantage of the Church;
+when by the example of times past, they consider how rarely such
+conjunctures are like to happen. What if some method were thought on
+towards repairing of churches? for which there is like to be too frequent
+occasions, those ancient Gothic structures, throughout this kingdom,
+going every year to decay. That expedient of repairing or rebuilding them
+by charitable collections, seems in my opinion not very suitable, either
+to the dignity and usefulness of the work, or to the honour of our
+country; since it might be so easily done, with very little charge to the
+public, in a much more decent and honourable manner, while Parliaments
+are so frequently called. But these and other regulations must be left to
+a time of peace, which I shall humbly presume to wish may soon be our
+share, however offensive it may be to any, either abroad or at home, who
+are gainers by the war.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 42 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Horace, "Odes," III. vi. 1-3.
+
+  "Those ills your ancestors have done,
+   Romans, are now become your own;
+   And they will cost you dear,
+   Unless you soon repair
+   The falling temples which the gods provoke."
+
+  EARL OF ROSCOMMON (1672). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: The minister and churchwardens of Greenwich applied to the
+House of Commons on February 14th, 1710/1, for aid in the rebuilding of
+their church. The House referred the application to a committee. On
+February 28th the lower house of Convocation sent a deputation to the
+Speaker expressing their satisfaction at what had been done. On his
+reporting this to the House on the following day, they expressed their
+readiness to receive information. The lower house of Convocation prepared
+a scheme and presented it to the Speaker on March 9th; this was referred
+to the committee on the 10th. Acting on a hint received from the court,
+the bishops and clergy presented an Address to the Queen on March 26th,
+and this was followed by a Message from Her Majesty, on the 29th, to the
+House of Commons, recommending that Parliament should undertake "the
+great and necessary work of building more churches." On April 9th the
+House of Commons replied in an Address, promising to make provision, and
+resolved, on May 1st, to grant a supply for building fifty new churches
+in or about London and Westminster. On May 8th it fixed the amount at a
+sum "not exceeding L350,000." In pursuance of this a Bill was introduced
+on May 18th, which received the Royal Assent on June 12th (9 Ann. c. 17).
+This Bill granted L350,000 (to be raised by a duty on coals) for building
+fifty new churches in London and Westminster.
+
+In this connection it is interesting to remember that Swift, two years
+before, had recommended the building of more churches as part of his
+suggestions for "the advancement of religion." See his "Project for
+the Advancement of Religion" (vol. iii., p. 45 of present edition).
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: In their Address, on April 9th, 1711, the House of Commons
+said: "Neither the long expensive war, in which we are engaged, nor the
+pressure of heavy debts, under which we labour, shall hinder us from
+granting to your Majesty whatever is necessary, to accomplish so
+excellent a design, which, we hope, may be a means of drawing down
+blessings from Heaven on all your Majesty's other undertakings, as it
+adds to the number of those places, where the prayers of your devout and
+faithful subjects will be daily offered up to God, for the prosperity of
+your Majesty's government at home, and the success of your arms abroad."
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: "Natural and Political Observations ... upon the Bills of
+Mortality." By John Graunt, 1662. The writer says in chap. x. that
+Cripplegate parish was two hundred times as big as some of the parishes
+in the city. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: An abbreviation of _modus decimandi_, a composition in lieu
+of payment of tithes. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+
+NUMB. 44.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY MAY 24, TO THURSDAY MAY 31, 1711.
+
+
+  _Scilicet, ut possem curvo dignoscere rectum._[2]
+
+Having been forced in my papers to use the cant-words of Whig and Tory,
+which have so often varied their significations, for twenty years past; I
+think it necessary to say something of the several changes those two
+terms have undergone since that period; and then to tell the reader what
+I have always understood by each of them, since I undertook this work. I
+reckon that these sorts of conceited appellations, are usually invented
+by the vulgar; who not troubling themselves to examine through the merits
+of a cause, are consequently the most violent partisans of what they
+espouse; and in their quarrels, usually proceed to their beloved argument
+of _calling names_, till at length they light upon one which is sure to
+stick; and in time, each party grows proud of that appellation, which
+their adversaries at first intended for a reproach. Of this kind were the
+Prasini and Veneti,[3] the Guelfs and Ghibellines,[4] Huguenots and
+Papists, Roundheads and Cavaliers,[5] with many others, of ancient and
+modern date. Among us of late there seems to have been a barrenness of
+invention in this point, the words Whig and Tory,[6] though they are not
+much above thirty years old, having been pressed to the service of many
+successions of parties, with very different ideas fastened to them. This
+distinction, I think, began towards the latter part of King Charles the
+Second's reign, was dropped during that of his successor, and then
+revived at the Revolution, since which it has perpetually flourished,
+though applied to very different kinds of principles and persons. In that
+Convention of Lords and Commons,[7] some of both Houses were for a
+regency to the Prince of Orange, with a reservation of style and title to
+the absent king, which should be made use of in all public acts. Others,
+when they were brought to allow the throne vacant, thought the succession
+should immediately go to the next heir, according to the fundamental laws
+of the kingdom, as if the last king were actually dead. And though the
+dissenting lords (in whose House the chief opposition was) did at last
+yield both those points, took the oaths to the new king, and many of them
+employments, yet they were looked upon with an evil eye by the warm
+zealots of the other side; neither did the court ever heartily favour any
+of them, though some were of the most eminent for abilities and virtue,
+and served that prince, both in his councils and his army, with untainted
+faith. It was apprehended, at the same time, and perhaps it might have
+been true, that many of the clergy would have been better pleased with
+that scheme of a regency, or at least an uninterrupted lineal succession,
+for the sake of those whose consciences were truly scrupulous; and they
+thought there were some circumstances, in the case of the deprived
+bishops,[8] that looked a little hard, or at least deserved
+commiseration.
+
+These, and other the like reflections did, as I conceive, revive the
+denominations of Whig and Tory.
+
+Some time after the Revolution the distinction of high and low-church
+came in, which was raised by the Dissenters, in order to break the Church
+party, by dividing the members into high and low; and the opinions
+raised, that the high joined with the Papists, inclined the low to fall
+in with the Dissenters.
+
+And here I shall take leave to produce some principles, which in the
+several periods of the late reign, served to denote a man of one or the
+other party. To be against a standing army in time of peace, was all
+high-church, Tory and Tantivy.[9] To differ from a majority of b[isho]ps
+was the same. To raise the prerogative above law for serving a turn, was
+low-church and Whig. The opinion of the majority in the House of Commons,
+especially of the country-party or landed interest, was high-flying[10]
+and rank Tory. To exalt the king's supremacy beyond all precedent, was
+low-church, Whiggish and moderate. To make the least doubt of the
+pretended prince being supposititious, and a tiler's son, was, in their
+phrase, "top and topgallant," and perfect Jacobitism. To resume the most
+exorbitant grants, that were ever given to a set of profligate
+favourites, and apply them to the public, was the very quintessence of
+Toryism; notwithstanding those grants were known to be acquired, by
+sacrificing the honour and the wealth of England.
+
+In most of these principles, the two parties seem to have shifted
+opinions, since their institution under King Charles the Second, and
+indeed to have gone very different from what was expected from each, even
+at the time of the Revolution. But as to that concerning the Pretender,
+the Whigs have so far renounced it, that they are grown the great
+advocates for his legitimacy: which gives me the opportunity of
+vindicating a noble d[uke] who was accused of a blunder in the House,
+when upon a certain lord's mentioning the pretended Prince, his g[race]
+told the lords, he "must be plain with them, and call that person, not
+the pretended prince, but the pretended impostor:" which was so far from
+a blunder in that polite l[or]d, as his ill-willers give out, that it was
+only a refined way of delivering the avowed sentiments of his whole
+party.
+
+But to return, this was the state of principles when the Qu[een] came to
+the crown; some time after which, it pleased certain great persons, who
+had been all their lives in the altitude of Tory-profession, to enter
+into a treaty with the Whigs, from whom they could get better terms than
+from their old friends, who began to be resty, and would not allow
+monopolies of power and favour; nor consent to carry on the war entirely
+at the expense of this nation, that they might have pensions from abroad;
+while another people, more immediately concerned in the war, traded with
+the enemy as in times of peace. Whereas, the other party, whose case
+appeared then as desperate, was ready to yield to any conditions that
+would bring them into play. And I cannot help affirming, that this nation
+was made a sacrifice to the immeasurable appetite of power and wealth in
+a very few, that shall be nameless, who in every step they made, acted
+directly against what they had always professed. And if his Royal
+Highness the Prince[11] had died some years sooner (who was a perpetual
+check in their career) it is dreadful to think how far they might have
+proceeded.
+
+Since that time, the bulk of the Whigs appears rather to be linked to a
+certain set of persons, than any certain set of principles: so that if I
+were to define a member of that party, I would say, he was one "who
+believed in the late m[inist]ry." And therefore, whatever I have affirmed
+of Whigs in any of these papers, or objected against them, ought to be
+understood, either of those who were partisans of the late men in power,
+and privy to their designs; or such who joined with them, from a hatred
+to our monarchy and Church, as unbelievers and Dissenters of all sizes;
+or men in office, who had been guilty of much corruption, and dreaded a
+change; which would not only put a stop to further abuses for the future,
+but might, perhaps, introduce examinations of what was past. Or those who
+had been too highly obliged, to quit their supporters with any common
+decency. Or lastly, the money-traders, who could never hope to make their
+markets so well of _premiums_ and exorbitant interest, and high
+remittances, under any other administration.
+
+Under these heads, may be reduced the whole body of those whom I have all
+along understood for Whigs: for I do not include within this number, any
+of those who have been misled by ignorance, or seduced by plausible
+pretences, to think better of that sort of men than they deserve, and to
+apprehend mighty danger from their disgrace: because, I believe, the
+greatest part of such well-meaning people, are now thoroughly converted.
+
+And indeed, it must be allowed, that those two fantastic names of Whig
+and Tory, have at present very little relation to those opinions, which
+were at first thought to distinguish them. Whoever formerly professed
+himself to approve the Revolution, to be against the Pretender, to
+justify the succession in the house of Hanover, to think the British
+monarchy not absolute, but limited by laws, which the executive power
+could not dispense with, and to allow an indulgence to scrupulous
+consciences; such a man was content to be called a Whig. On the other
+side, whoever asserted the Queen's hereditary right; that the persons of
+princes were sacred; their lawful authority not to be resisted on any
+pretence; nor even their usurpations, without the most extreme necessity:
+that breaches in the succession were highly dangerous; that schism was a
+great evil, both in itself and its consequences; that the ruin of the
+Church, would probably be attended with that of the State; that no power
+should be trusted with those who are not of the established religion;
+such a man was usually called a Tory. Now, though the opinions of both
+these are very consistent, and I really think are maintained at present
+by a great majority of the kingdom; yet, according as men apprehend the
+danger greater, either from the Pretender and his party, or from the
+violence and cunning of other enemies to the constitution; so their
+common discourses and reasonings, turn either to the first or second set
+of these opinions I have mentioned, and are consequently styled either
+Whigs or Tories. Which is, as if two brothers apprehended their house
+would be set upon, but disagreed about the place from whence they thought
+the robbers would come, and therefore would go on different sides to
+defend it. They must needs weaken and expose themselves by such a
+separation; and so did we, only our case was worse: for in order to keep
+off a weak, remote enemy, from whom we could not suddenly apprehend any
+danger, we took a nearer and a stronger one into the house. I make no
+comparison at all between the two enemies: Popery and slavery are without
+doubt the greatest and most dreadful of any; but I may venture to affirm,
+that the fear of these, have not, at least since the Revolution, been so
+close and pressing upon us, as that from another faction; excepting only
+one short period, when the leaders of that very faction, invited the
+abdicating king to return; of which I have formerly taken notice.
+
+Having thus declared what sort of persons I have always meant, under the
+denomination of Whigs, it will be easy to shew whom I understand by
+Tories. Such whose principles in Church and State, are what I have above
+related; whose actions are derived from thence, and who have no
+attachment to any set of ministers, further than as these are friends
+to the constitution in all its parts, but will do their utmost to save
+their prince and country, whoever be at the helm.
+
+By these descriptions of Whig and Tory, I am sensible those names are
+given to several persons very undeservedly; and that many a man is called
+by one or the other, who has not the least title to the blame or praise I
+have bestowed on each of them throughout my papers.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 43 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Horace, "Epistles," II. ii. 44.
+"Fair truth from falsehood to discern."--P. FRANCIS.
+ [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: There were four factions, or parties, distinguished by their
+colours, which contended in the ancient circus at Constantinople. The
+white and the red were the most ancient. In the sixth century the
+dissension between the green (or Prasini) and the blue (or Veneti) was so
+violent, that 40,000 men were killed, and the factions were abolished
+from that time. See also Gibbon's "Rome," chap. xl. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: The Guelfs were the Papal and popular party in Italy, and
+the Ghibellines were the imperial and aristocratic. It is said that these
+names were first used as war cries at the battle of Weinsberg in 1140.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: These terms came into use about 1641. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: Writing under date, 1681, Burnet says "At this time the
+distinguishing names of Whig and Tory came to be the denominations of the
+parties" ("Hist. Own Times," i. 499) [T.S.]
+
+_Whig a more_ was a nick name given to the western peasantry of Scotland,
+from then using the words frequently in driving strings of horses. Hence,
+as connected with Calvinistical principles in religion, and republican
+doctrines in policy, it was given as a term of reproach to the opposition
+party in the latter years of Charles II. These retorted upon the
+courtiers the word _Tory_, signifying an Irish free-booter, and
+particularly applicable to the Roman Catholic followers of the Duke of
+York. [S]
+
+Macaulay's explanation of the origin of these two terms is somewhat
+different from that given by Scott. "In Scotland," he says, "some of the
+persecuted Covenanters, driven mad by oppression, had lately murdered the
+Primate, had taken aims against the government," etc. "These zealots were
+most numerous among the rustics of the western lowlands, who were
+vulgarly called Whigs. Thus the appellation of Whig was fastened on the
+Presbyterian zealots of Scotland, and was transferred to those English
+politicians who showed a disposition to oppose the court, and to treat
+Protestant Nonconformists with indulgence. The bogs of Ireland, at the
+same time, afforded a refuge to Popish outlaws, much resembling those who
+were afterwards known as Whiteboys. These men were then called Tories.
+The name of Tory was therefore given to Englishmen who refused to concur
+in excluding a Roman Catholic prince from the throne." ("History of
+England," vol. i, chap. ii) [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: The Convention was summoned by the Prince of Orange in
+December, 1688. After a lengthened debate they resolved, on February
+12th, 1688/9, that the Prince and Princess of Orange should "be declared
+King and Queen." The Sovereigns were proclaimed on February 13th, and on
+the 20th the Convention was voted a Parliament. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: The bishops who were deprived for refusing to take the oath
+of allegiance to King William were: Sancroft, the Archbishop of
+Canterbury; Ken, Bishop of Bath; White, Bishop of Peterborough; Turner,
+Bishop of Ely; Frampton, Bishop of Gloucester; and Lloyd, Bishop of
+Norwich. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: Writing to Stella, under date October 10th, 1711, Swift
+complains that "The Protestant Post-Boy" says "that an ambitious tantivy,
+missing of his towering hopes of preferment in Ireland, is come over to
+vent his spleen on the late ministry," etc. (vol. ii., p. 258, of present
+edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: "The most virtuous and pious enemy to their wicked
+principles [_i.e._, to those of the Calves-Head Club] is always cried
+down as a high-flyer, a Papist, and a traitor to his country" ("Secret
+History of the Calves-Head Club," 7th edit., 1709). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: Prince George of Denmark died October 28th, 1708. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+NUMB. 45.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY MAY 31, TO THURSDAY JUNE 7, 1711.[2]
+
+  _Magna vis est, magnum nomen, unum et idem sentieritis Senatus._[3]
+
+Whoever calls to mind the clamour and the calumny, the artificial fears
+and jealousies, the shameful misrepresentation of persons and of things,
+that were raised and spread by the leaders and instruments of a certain
+party, upon the change of the last ministry, and dissolution of
+Parliament; if he be a true lover of his country, must feel a mighty
+pleasure, though mixed with some indignation, to see the wishes, the
+conjectures, the endeavours, of an inveterate faction entirely
+disappointed; and this important period wholly spent, in restoring the
+prerogative to the prince, liberty to the subject, in reforming past
+abuses, preventing future, supplying old deficiencies, providing for
+debts, restoring the clergy to their rights, and taking care of the
+necessities of the Church: and all this unattended with any of those
+misfortunes which some men hoped for, while they pretended to fear.
+
+For my own part, I must confess, the difficulties appeared so great to
+me, from such a noise and shew of opposition, that I thought nothing but
+the absolute necessity of affairs, could ever justify so daring an
+attempt. But, a wise and good prince, at the head of an able ministry,
+and of a senate freely chosen; all united to pursue the true interest of
+their country, is a power, against which, the little inferior politics
+of any faction, will be able to make no long resistance. To this we may
+add one additional strength, which in the opinion of our adversaries, is
+the greatest and justest of any; I mean the _vox populi_, so indisputably
+declarative on the same side. I am apt to think, when these discarded
+politicians begin seriously to consider all this, they will think it
+proper to give out, and reserve their wisdom for some more convenient
+juncture.
+
+It was pleasant enough to observe, that those who were the chief
+instruments of raising the noise, who started fears, bespoke dangers, and
+formed ominous prognostics, in order scare the allies, to spirit the
+French, and fright ignorant people at home; made use of those very
+opinions themselves had broached, for arguments to prove, that the change
+of ministers was dangerous and unseasonable. But if a house be swept, the
+more occasion there is for such a work, the more dust it will raise; if
+it be going to ruin, the repairs, however necessary, will make a noise,
+and disturb the neighbourhood a while. And as to the rejoicings made in
+France,[4] if it be true, that they had any, upon the news of those
+alterations among us; their joy was grounded upon the same hopes with
+that of the Whigs, who comforted themselves, that a change of ministry
+and Parliament, would infallibly put us all into confusion, increase our
+divisions, and destroy our credit; wherein, I suppose, by this time they
+are equally undeceived.
+
+But this long session, being in a manner ended,[5] which several
+circumstances, and one accident, altogether unforeseen, have drawn out
+beyond the usual time; it may be some small piece of justice to so
+excellent an assembly, barely to mention a few of those great things they
+have done for the service of their QUEEN and country; which I shall take
+notice of, just as they come to my memory.
+
+The credit of the nation began mightily to suffer by a discount upon
+exchequer bills, which have been generally reckoned the surest and most
+sacred of all securities. The present lord treasurer, then a member of
+the House of Commons, proposed a method, which was immediately complied
+with, of raising them to a _par_ with _specie_;[6] and so they have ever
+since continued.
+
+The British colonies of Nevis and St. Christopher's,[7] had been
+miserably plundered by the French, their houses burnt, their plantations
+destroyed, and many of the inhabitants carried away prisoners: they had
+often, for some years past, applied in vain for relief from hence; till
+the present Parliament, considering their condition as a case of justice
+and mercy, voted them one hundred thousand pound by way of recompense, in
+some manner, for their sufferings.
+
+Some persons, whom the voice of the nation authorizes me to call her
+enemies, taking advantage of the general Naturalization Act, had invited
+over a great number of foreigners of all religions, under the name of
+Palatines;[8] who understood no trade or handicraft, yet rather chose to
+beg than labour;[9] who besides infesting our streets, bred contagious
+diseases, by which we lost in natives, thrice the number of what we
+gained in foreigners. The House of Commons, as a remedy against this
+evil, brought in a bill for repealing that Act of general Naturalization,
+which, to the surprise of most people, was rejected by the L[or]ds.[10]
+And upon this occasion, I must allow myself to have been justly rebuked
+by one of my weekly monitors, for pretending in a former paper, to hope
+that law would be repealed; wherein the Commons being disappointed, took
+care however to send many of the Palatines away, and to represent their
+being invited over, as a pernicious counsel.[11]
+
+The Qualification Bill,[12] incapacitating all men to serve in
+Parliament, who have not some estate in land, either in possession or
+certain reversion, is perhaps the greatest security that ever was
+contrived for preserving the constitution, which otherwise might, in a
+little time, lie wholly at the mercy of the moneyed interest: And since
+much the greatest part of the taxes is paid, either immediately from
+land, or from the productions of it, it is but common justice, that those
+who are the proprietors, should appoint what portion of it ought to go to
+the support of the public; otherwise, the engrossers of money, would be
+apt to lay heavy loads on others, which themselves never touch with one
+of their fingers.
+
+The public debts were so prodigiously increased, by the negligence and
+corruption of those who had been managers of the revenue; that the late
+m[iniste]rs, like careless men, who run out their fortunes, were so far
+from any thoughts of payment, as they had not the courage to state or
+compute them. The Parliament found that thirty-five millions had never
+been accounted for; and that the debt on the navy, wholly unprovided for,
+amounted to nine millions.[13] The late chancellor of the exchequer,
+suitable to his transcendent genius for public affairs, proposed a fund
+to be security for that immense debt, which is now confirmed by a law,
+and is likely to prove the greatest restoration and establishment of
+the kingdom's credit.[14] Nor content with this, the legislature
+hath appointed commissioners of accompts, to inspect into past
+mismanagements of the public money, and prevent them for the future.[15]
+
+I have, in a former paper, mentioned the Act for building fifty new
+Churches in London and Westminster,[16] with a fund appropriated for that
+pious and noble work. But while I am mentioning acts of piety, it would
+be unjust to conceal my lord high treasurer's concern for religion, which
+have extended even to another kingdom: his lordship having some months
+ago, obtained of her Majesty a remission of the first-fruits and tenths
+to the clergy of Ireland,[17] as he is known to have formerly done for
+that reverend body in this kingdom.
+
+The Act for carrying on a Trade to the South-Sea,[18] proposed by the
+same great person, whose thoughts are perpetually employed, and always
+with success, on the good of his country, will, in all probability, if
+duly executed, be of mighty advantage to the kingdom, and an everlasting
+honour to the present Parliament.[19]
+
+I might go on further, and mention that seasonable law against excessive
+gaming;[20] the putting a stop to that scandalous fraud of false musters
+in the Guards;[21] the diligent and effectual enquiry made by the Commons
+into several gross abuses.[22] I might produce many instances of their
+impartial justice in deciding controverted election, against former
+example, and great provocations to retaliate.[23] I might shew their
+cheerful readiness in granting such vast supplies; their great unanimity,
+not to be broken by all the arts of a malicious and cunning faction;
+their unfeigned duty to the QUEEN; and lastly, that representation made
+to her Majesty from the House of Commons, discovering such a spirit and
+disposition in that noble assembly, to redress all those evils, which a
+long mal-administration had brought upon us.[24]
+
+It is probable, that trusting only to my memory, I may have omitted many
+things of great importance; neither do I pretend further in the compass
+of this paper, than to give the world some general, however imperfect
+idea, how worthily this great assembly hath discharged the trust of those
+who so freely chose them; and what we may reasonably hope and expect from
+the piety, courage, wisdom, and loyalty of such excellent patriots, in a
+time so fruitful of occasions to exert the greatest abilities.
+
+And now I conceive the main design I had in writing these papers, is
+fully executed. A great majority of the nation is at length thoroughly
+convinced, that the Qu[een] proceeded with the highest wisdom, in
+changing her ministry and Parliament. That under a former administration,
+the greatest abuses of all kinds were committed, and the most dangerous
+attempts against the constitution for some time intended. The whole
+kingdom finds the present persons in power, directly and openly pursuing
+the true service of their QUEEN and country; and to be such whom their
+most bitter enemies cannot tax with bribery, covetousness, ambition,
+pride, insolence, or any pernicious principles in religion or government.
+
+For my own particular, those little barking pens which have so constantly
+pursued me, I take to be of no further consequence to what I have writ,
+than the scoffing slaves of old, placed behind the chariot, to put the
+general in mind of his mortality;[25] which was but a thing of form, and
+made no stop or disturbance in the shew. However, if those perpetual
+snarlers against me, had the same design, I must own they have
+effectually compassed it; since nothing can well be more mortifying, than
+to reflect that I am of the same species with creatures capable of
+uttering so much scurrility, dullness, falsehood and impertinence, to the
+scandal and disgrace of human nature.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 44 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: To Stella, about this time, Swift wrote giving a decided
+hint of the end of his term on "The Examiner." Under date June 7th, 1711,
+he says: "As for the 'Examiner,' I have heard a whisper, that after that
+of this day, which tells what this Parliament has done, you will hardly
+find them so good. I prophesy they will be trash for the future; and
+methinks in this day's 'Examiner' the author talks doubtfully, as if he
+would write no more" (vol. ii., pp. 192-3 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: "Great is the power, great the name, of a Senate which is
+unanimous in its opinions."--H.T. RILEY, [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: See No. 24, _ante_, and note on p. 145. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: The session did not actually close till June 12th. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: The House of Commons had resolved on January 16th, 1710/1,
+to provide for converting all non-specie exchequer bills into specie.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: The Act for licensing and regulating hackney coaches, etc.
+(9 Ann. c. 16) provided that a sum of L103,003 11_s._ 4_d._ should be
+distributed among those proprietors and inhabitants of Nevis and St.
+Christopher's who had suffered "very great losses by a late invasion of
+the French." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: See note on p. 264. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: A petition was presented to the House of Commons on January
+15th, 1710/1, against the Palatines as likely to spread disease and to
+become chargeable to the parish. [T.S.]
+
+The exactions of the French armies in the Palatinate, in the year 1709,
+drove from their habitations six or seven thousand persons of all
+descriptions and professions, who came into Holland with a view of
+emigrating to British America. It was never accurately ascertained, with
+what view, or by whose persuasions, their course was changed, but, by
+direction from the English ministers, they were furnished with shipping
+to come to England. In the settlements, they would have been a valuable
+colony; but in the vicinity of London, this huge accession to the poor of
+the metropolis was a burthen and a nuisance. They were encamped on
+Blackheath, near Greenwich, where, so soon as their countrymen heard that
+they were supported by British charity, the number of the fugitives began
+to increase by recruits from the Continent, till government prohibited
+further importation. A general Naturalization Act, passed in favour of
+the French Protestants, greatly encouraged this influx of strangers. This
+matter was inquired into by the Tory Parliament, who voted, that the
+bringing over the Palatines was an oppression on the nation, and a waste
+of the public money, and that he who advised it was an enemy to his
+country. The unfortunate fugitives had been already dispersed; some of
+them to North America, some to Ireland, and some through Britain. The
+pretence alleged for the vote against them, was the apprehension
+expressed by the guardians of the poor in several parishes, that they
+might introduce contagious diseases; but the real reason was a wish to
+gratify the prejudice of the common people against foreigners, and to
+dimmish the number of Dissenters. [S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: See No. 26, _ante_, and note on p. 160. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: On the invitation of the lord lieutenant 3,000 Palatines
+were sent into Ireland in August, 1709, and 800 in the following
+February. Many of them subsequently returned to England in the hope that
+they would be sent to Carolina. Large numbers had been brought to England
+from Holland at the Queen's expense, after the passing of the
+Naturalization Act. The government spent _L_22,275 in transporting
+3,300 of them to New York and establishing them there, undertaking to
+maintain them until they could provide for themselves. These sums were to
+be repaid within four years. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: See No. 35, _ante_, and note on p. 225. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: See No. 41, _ante_, and note on p. 264. The debt on the
+navy is a portion of the thirty-five millions referred to. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 14: Harley proposed a scheme, on May 2nd, 1711, by which all
+public and national debts and deficiencies were to be satisfied.
+Resolutions were passed on May 3rd, and a Bill brought in on the 17th,
+which was the origin of the celebrated South Sea scheme referred to later
+in the text. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 15: The Bill for examining the Public Accounts (9 Ann. c. 18)
+became law on May 16th. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 16: See No. 43, _ante_, pp. 278 _et seq._ [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 17: On August 15th, 1711, Swift wrote to Archbishop King: "He
+[the lord treasurer] told me, 'he had lately received a letter from the
+bishops of Ireland, subscribed (as I remember) by seventeen,
+acknowledging his favour about the first-fruits'" (Scott's edition, xv.
+465). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 18: The South Sea Company was established in pursuance of the
+Act 9 Ann. c. 15. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 19: The disastrous results of the South Sea scheme, when the
+company failed in 1720-21, are matter of history. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 20: A Bill for the better preventing of Excessive and Deceitful
+Gaming, was introduced January 25th, 1710/1, passed April 11th, and
+obtained the Royal Assent, May 16th (9 Ann. c. 19). A similar bill,
+which had passed the House of Commons in 1709/10, was dropped in the
+House of Lords. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 21: A committee of the House of Commons was appointed, on
+February 5th, 1710/1 to inquire into alleged false musters in the Guards.
+A petition was presented to the House on February 13th, complaining that
+tradesmen were listed in Her Majesty's Guards "to screen and protect them
+from their creditors." A clause was inserted in the Recruiting Bill to
+remedy this evil (10 Ann. c. 12; see sec. 39), and the House passed a
+strong resolution against the practice, on May 26th, when considering the
+report of the committee. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 22: The House of Commons, on June 4th, presented a
+representation to the Queen on mismanagements and abuses. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 23: A large number of petitions to the House of Commons
+concerning controverted elections had been considered in December, 1710.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 24: Towards the close of the very long representation
+addressed to the Queen on June 4th, the Commons said: "We ... beseech
+your Majesty ... that you would employ in places of authority and trust
+such only, as have given good testimonies of their duty to your Majesty,
+and of their affection to the true interest of your kingdom." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 25: In a Roman triumph a slave accompanied the victorious
+general to whisper in his ear: "Remember that thou art but a man."
+[T.S.]]
+
+
+
+
+NUMB. 46.[1]
+
+FROM THURSDAY JUNE 7, TO THURSDAY JUNE 14, 1711.[2]
+
+  _Melius non tangere clamo_.[3]
+
+When a general has conquered an army, and reduced a country to obedience,
+he often finds it necessary to send out small bodies, in order to take in
+petty castles and forts, and beat little straggling parties, which are
+otherwise, apt to make head and infest the neighbourhood: This case
+exactly resembles mine; I count the main body of the Whigs entirely
+subdued; at least, till they appear with new reinforcements, I shall
+reckon them as such; and therefore do now find myself at leisure to
+_Examine_ inferior abuses. The business I have left, is, to fall on those
+wretches that will be still keeping the war on foot, when they have no
+country to defend, no forces to bring into the field, nor any thing
+remaining, but their bare good-will towards faction and mischief: I mean,
+the present set of writers, whom I have suffered, without molestation, so
+long to infest the town. Were there not a concurrence from prejudice,
+party, weak understanding, and misrepresentation, I should think them too
+inconsiderable in themselves to deserve correction: But as my endeavour
+hath been to expose the gross impositions of the fallen party, I will
+give a taste, in the following petition, of the sincerity of these their
+factors, to shew how little those writers for the Whigs were guided by
+conscience or honour, their business being only to gratify a prevailing
+interest.
+
+
+"_To the Right Honourable the present M[inist]ry, the humble Petition of
+the Party Writers to the late M[inist]ry._
+
+"HUMBLY SHEWETH,
+
+"_That your petitioners have served their time to the trade of writing
+pamphlets and weekly papers, in defence of the Whigs, against the Church
+of England, and the Christian religion, and her Majesty's prerogative,
+and her title to the crown: That since the late change of ministry, and
+meeting of this Parliament, the said trade is mightily fallen off, and
+the call for the said pamphlets and papers, much less than formerly; and
+it is feared, to our further prejudice, that the 'Examiner' may
+discontinue writing, whereby some of your petitioners will be brought to
+utter distress, forasmuch as through false quotations, noted absurdities,
+and other legal abuses, many of your petitioners, to their great comfort
+and support, were enabled to pick up a weekly subsistence out of the said
+'Examiner.'
+
+"That your said poor petitioners, did humbly offer your Honours to write
+in defence of the late change of ministry and Parliament, much cheaper
+than they did for your predecessors, which your Honours were pleased to
+refuse.
+
+"Notwithstanding which offer, your petitioners are under daily
+apprehension, that your Honours will forbid them to follow the said trade
+any longer; by which your petitioners, to the number of fourscore, with
+their wives and families, will inevitably starve, having been bound to no
+other calling._
+
+"Your petitioners desire your Honours will tenderly consider the
+premisses, and suffer your said petitioners to continue their trade
+(those who set them at work, being still willing to employ them, though
+at lower rates) and your said petitioners will give security to make use
+of the same stuff, and dress it in the same manner, as they always did,
+and no other. _And your petitioners" &c._
+
+
+[Footnote 1: No. 45 in the reprint. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: In his "Journal to Stella," under date June 22nd, 1711,
+Swift writes: "Yesterday's was a sad 'Examiner,' and last week was very
+indifferent, though, some little scraps of the old spirit, as if he had
+given some hints; but yesterday's is all trash. It is plain the hand is
+changed." (vol. ii., p, 195).
+
+On November 2nd he gives the following account: "I have sent to Leigh the
+set of 'Examiners'; the first thirteen were written by several hands;
+some good, some bad; the next three-and-thirty were all by one hand, that
+makes forty-six: then that author, whoever he was, laid it down on
+purpose to confound guessers; and the last six were written by a woman"
+(vol. ii., p. 273). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: Horace, "Satires," II. i. 45.
+"'Better not touch me, friend,' I loud exclaim."--P. FRANCIS. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+
+CONTRIBUTION TO "THE SPECTATOR."
+
+
+NOTE.
+
+"THE SPECTATOR," projected by Steele, assisted and made famous by
+Addison, was first started on March 1st, 1710/1, and continued to be
+issued daily until December 6th, 1712. An interval of eighteen months
+then occurred, during six of which these two writers were busy with
+"The Guardian." On June 18th, 1714, however, "The Spectator" was resumed,
+and appeared daily until its final number on December 20th of that year.
+As with "The Tatler," so with "The Spectator," its success proved too
+great a temptation to be resisted; so that we find a spurious "Spectator"
+also. This was begun on Monday, January 3rd, 1714/5, and concluded
+August 3rd of the same year. Its sixty numbers (for it was issued twice a
+week) were afterwards published as "The Spectator, volume ninth and
+last." The principal writer to this spurious edition was said to be Dr.
+George Sewell.
+
+Of the contributions to Steele's "Spectator," by far the greater
+number were written by the projector and Addison. The other contributors
+were Eustace Budgell, John Hughes, John Byrom, Henry Grove, Thomas
+Parnell, "Orator" Henley, Dr. Zachary Pearce, Philip Yorke, and a few
+others whose identity is doubtful. Swift's contribution consisted of one
+paper only, and (probably) a single paragraph in another. [T.S.]
+
+
+
+
+THE SPECTATOR, NUMB. L.[1]
+
+
+  _Nunquam aliud natura, aliud sapientia dicit._
+  JUV.[2]
+
+FRIDAY, APRIL 27. 1711.
+
+When the four Indian kings[3] were in this country about a twelvemonth
+ago, I often mixed with the rabble and followed them a whole day
+together, being wonderfully struck with the sight of everything that is
+new or uncommon. I have, since their departure, employed a friend to make
+many enquiries of their landlord the upholsterer[4] relating to their
+manners and conversation, as also concerning the remarks which they made
+in this country: for next to the forming a right notion of such
+strangers, I should be desirous of learning what ideas they have
+conceived of us.
+
+The upholsterer finding my friend very inquisitive about these his
+lodgers, brought him some time since a little bundle of papers, which he
+assured him were written by King Sa Ga Yean Qua Rash Tow, and, as he
+supposes, left behind by some mistake. These papers are now translated,
+and contain abundance of very odd observations, which I find this little
+fraternity of kings made during their stay in the isle of Great Britain.
+I shall present my reader with a short specimen of them in this paper,
+and may perhaps communicate more to him hereafter. In the article of
+London are the following words, which without doubt are meant of the
+church of St. Paul.
+
+"On the most rising part of the town there stands a huge house, big
+enough to contain the whole nation of which I am king. Our good brother E
+Tow O Koam king of the Rivers, is of opinion it was made by the hands of
+that great God to whom it is consecrated. The kings of Granajah and of
+the Six Nations believe that it was created with the earth, and produced
+on the same day with the sun and moon. But for my own part, by the best
+information that I could get of this matter, I am apt to think that this
+prodigious pile was fashioned into the shape it now bears by several
+tools and instruments; of which they have a wonderful variety in this
+country. It was probably at first an huge mis-shapen rock that grew upon
+the top of the hill, which the natives of the country (after having cut
+it into a kind of regular figure) bored and hollowed with incredible
+pains and industry, till they had wrought in it all those beautiful
+vaults and caverns into which it is divided at this day. As soon as this
+rock was thus curiously scooped to their liking, a prodigious number of
+hands must have been employed in chipping the outside of it, which is now
+as smooth as polished marble;[5] and is in several places hewn out into
+pillars that stand like the trunks of so many trees bound about the top
+with garlands of leaves. It is probable that when this great work was
+begun, which must have been many hundred years ago, there was some
+religion among this people; for they give it the name of a temple, and
+have a tradition that it was designed for men to pay their devotions in.
+And indeed, there are several reasons which make us think, that the
+natives of this Country had formerly among them some sort of worship; for
+they set apart every seventh day as sacred: but upon my going into one of
+those holy houses on that day, I could not observe any circumstance of
+devotion in their behaviour: There was indeed a man in black who was
+mounted above the rest, and seemed to utter something with a great deal
+of vehemence; but as for those underneath him, instead of paying their
+worship to the Deity of the place, they were most of them bowing and
+curtsying to one another, and a considerable number of them fast asleep.
+
+"The Queen of the country appointed two men to attend us, that had enough
+of our language to make themselves understood in some few particulars.
+But we soon perceived these two were great enemies to one another, and
+did not always agree in the same story. We could make a shift to gather
+out of one of them, that this island was very much infested with a
+monstrous kind of animals, in the shape of men, called Whigs; and he
+often told us, that he hoped we should meet with none of them in our way,
+for that if we did, they would be apt to knock us down for being kings.
+
+"Our other interpreter used to talk very much of a kind of animal called
+a Tory, that was as great a monster as the Whig, and would treat us as
+ill for being foreigners.[6] These two creatures, it seems, are born with
+a secret antipathy to one another, and engage when they meet as naturally
+as the elephant and the rhinoceros. But as we saw none of either of these
+species, we are apt to think that our guides deceived us with
+misrepresentations and fictions, and amused us with an account of such
+monsters as are not really in their country.
+
+"These particulars we made a shift to pick out from the discourse of our
+interpreters; which we put together as well as we could, being able to
+understand but here and there a word of what they said, and afterwards
+making up the meaning of it among ourselves. The men of the country are
+very cunning and ingenious in handicraft works; but withal so very idle,
+that we often saw young lusty raw-boned fellows carried up and down the
+streets in little covered rooms by a couple of porters who are hired for
+that service. Their dress is likewise very barbarous, for they almost
+strangle themselves about the neck, and bind their bodies with many
+ligatures, that we are apt to think are the occasion of several
+distempers among them which our country is entirely free from. Instead of
+those beautiful feathers with which we adorn our heads, they often buy up
+a monstrous bush of hair, which covers their heads, and falls down in a
+large fleece below the middle of their backs; with which they walk up and
+down the streets, and are as proud of it as if it was of their own
+growth.
+
+"We were invited to one of their public diversions, where we hoped to
+have seen the great men of their country running down a stag or pitching
+a bar, that we might have discovered who were the men of the greatest
+perfections in their country;[7] but instead of that, they conveyed us
+into an huge room lighted up with abundance of candles, where this lazy
+people sat still above three hours to see several feats of ingenuity
+performed by others, who it seems were paid for it.
+
+"As for the women of the country, not being able to talk with them, we
+could only make our remarks upon them at a distance. They let the hair of
+their heads grow to a great length; but as the men make a great show with
+heads of hair that are none of their own, the women, who they say have
+very fine heads of hair, tie it up in a knot and cover it from being
+seen. The women look like angels, and would be more beautiful than the
+sun, were it not for little black spots[8] that are apt to break out in
+their faces, and sometimes rise in very odd figures. I have observed that
+those little blemishes wear off very soon; but when they disappear in one
+part of the face, they are very apt to break out in another, insomuch
+that I have seen a spot upon the forehead in the afternoon, which was
+upon the chin in the morning."
+
+The author then proceeds to shew the absurdity of breeches and
+petticoats, with many other curious observations, which I shall reserve
+for another occasion. I cannot however conclude this paper without taking
+notice, that amidst these wild remarks there now and then appears
+something very reasonable. I cannot likewise forbear observing, that we
+are all guilty in some measure of the same narrow way of thinking which
+we meet with in this abstract of the Indian journal; when we fancy the
+customs, dresses, and manners of other countries are ridiculous and
+extravagant, if they do not resemble those of our own.[9]
+
+
+[Footnote 1: On March 16th, 1711, Swift writes to Stella: "Have you seen
+the 'Spectator' yet, a paper that comes out every day? 'Tis written by
+Mr. Steele, who seems to have gathered new life, and have a new fund
+of wit; it is in the same nature as his 'Tatlers,' and they have all of
+them had something pretty. I believe Addison and he club." On April 28th
+he writes again: "'The Spectator' is written by Steele with Addison's
+help: 'tis often very pretty. Yesterday it was made of a noble hint I
+gave him long ago for his 'Tatlers,' about an Indian supposed to write
+his travels into England. I repent he ever had it. I intended to have
+written a book on that subject. I believe he has spent it all in one
+paper, and all the under hints there are mine too" (vol. ii., pp. 139 and
+166 of present edition). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Juvenal, "Satires," xiv. 321.
+
+    "Nature and wisdom never are at strife."--W. GIFFORD.
+
+  [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: Steele's paper on the four Indian kings appeared in "The
+Tatler" for May 13th, 1710 (No. 171):--"Who can convince the world that
+four kings shall come over here, and He at the Two Crowns and Cushion,
+and one of them fall sick, and the place be called King Street, and all
+this by mere accident?"--The so-called kings were four Iroquois chiefs
+who came over to see Queen Anne. The Queen saw them on April 19th, 1710.
+During their visit here Colonel Schuyler and Colonel Francis Nicholson
+were appointed to attend them. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: They lodged over the shop of Mr. Arne--father of Dr. Arne
+and Mrs. Cibber--in King Street, Covent Garden. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: The edition of 1712 has, "as the surface of a pebble."
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: In "The Tatler" for February 4th, 1709/10 (No. 129),
+Steele prints a letter from "Pasquin of Rome," in which he says: "It
+would also be very acceptable here to receive an account of those two
+religious orders which are lately sprung up amongst you, the Whigs and
+the Tories, with the points of doctrine, severities in discipline,
+penances, mortifications, and good works, by which they differ one from
+another." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: The edition of 1712 has: "the persons of the greatest
+abilities among them." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: See "The Spectator," No. 81, and "The Examiner," No. 32. The
+"black spots" are the patches ladies stuck on their faces. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: This paper is signed "C.", in the edition of 1712, which is
+one of the signatures used by Addison. See, however, Swift's "Journal,"
+quoted above. [T.S.]]
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+[The following paragraph in "The Spectator," No. 575
+Monday, August 2. 1714. is believed to have been contributed
+by Swift.]
+
+"The following question is started by one of the schoolmen. Supposing the
+whole body of the earth were a great ball or mass of the finest sand, and
+that a single grain or particle of this sand should be annihilated every
+thousand years. Supposing then that you had it in your choice to be happy
+all the while this prodigious mass of sand was consuming by this slow
+method till there was not a grain of it left, on condition you were to be
+miserable for ever after; or, supposing that you might be happy for ever
+after, on condition you would be miserable till the whole mass of sand
+were thus annihilated at the rate of one sand in a thousand years: Which
+of these two cases would you make your choice?"
+
+
+
+
+CONTRIBUTIONS TO "THE INTELLIGENCER."
+
+
+NOTE.
+
+"THE INTELLIGENCER" was published in Dublin, commencing May 11th, 1728,
+and continued for nineteen numbers. On June 12th, 1731, Swift, writing to
+Pope, gives some account of its inception, and the amount of writing he
+did for it: "Two or three of us had a fancy, three years ago, to write a
+weekly paper, and call it an 'Intelligencer.' But it continued not long;
+for the whole volume (it was reprinted in London, and I find you have
+seen it) was the work only of two, myself, and Dr. Sheridan. If we could
+have got some ingenious young man to have been the manager, who should
+have published all that might be sent him, it might have continued
+longer, for there were hints enough. But the printer here could not
+afford such a young man one farthing for his trouble, the sale being so
+small, and the price one halfpenny; and so it dropped. In the volume you
+saw, (to answer your questions,) the 1, 3, 5, 7, were mine. Of the 8th I
+writ only the verses, (very uncorrect, but against a fellow we all hated
+[Richard Tighe],) the 9th mine, the 10th only the verses, and of those
+not the four last slovenly lines; the 15th is a pamphlet of mine printed
+before, with Dr. Sheridan's preface, merely for laziness, not to
+disappoint the town: and so was the 19th, which contains only a parcel of
+facts relating purely to the miseries of Ireland, and wholly useless and
+unentertaining" (Scott's edition, xvii. 375-6).
+
+Of the contributions thus acknowledged, Nos. 1, 3, and 19 are reprinted
+here from the original edition; Nos. 5 and 7 were included by Pope in the
+fourth volume of "Miscellanies," under the title "An Essay on the Fates
+of Clergymen"; No. 9 he entitled "An Essay on Modern Education"; No. 15
+was a reprint of the pamphlet "A Short View of the State of Ireland"--
+these will be found in this edition under the above titles. The verses in
+No. 8 ("Mad Mullinix and Timothy") and in No. 10 ("Tim and the Fables")
+are in Swift's "Poems," Aldine edition, vol. iii., pp. 132-43.
+
+The nineteen numbers of "The Intelligencer" were collected and published
+in one volume, which was reprinted in London in 1729, "and sold by A.
+Moor in St. Paul's Church-yard." Monck Mason never saw a copy of the
+London reprint referred to by Swift. He had in his possession the
+original papers; "they are twenty in number," he says; "the last is
+double." The second London edition, published in 12mo in 1730, as
+"printed for Francis Cogan, at the Middle-Temple-Gate in Fleet-street,"
+includes No. 20, "Dean Smedley, gone to seek his Fortune," and also a
+poem, "The Pheasant and the Lark. A Fable." In the poem, several writers
+are compared to birds, Swift being the nightingale:
+
+  "At length the nightingale was heard,
+  For voice and wisdom long revered,
+  Esteemed of all the wise and good,
+  The guardian genius of the wood;" etc.
+
+The poem was written by Swift's friend, Dr. Delany. The title-page of
+this second edition ascribes the authorship, "By the Author of a Tale
+of a Tub."
+
+"The Intelligencer," in the words of W. Monck Mason, "served as a vehicle
+of satire against the Dean's political and literary enemies; of these the
+chief were, Richard Tighe, Sir Thomas Prendergast, and Jonathan Smedley,
+Dean of Clogher" ("Hist, and Antiq. of St. Patrick's," pp. 376-7). [T.S.]
+
+
+
+THE INTELLIGENCER, NUMB. 1.[1]
+
+SATURDAY, MAY 11, TO BE CONTINUED WEEKLY.
+
+
+It may be said, without offence to other cities, of much greater
+consequence in the world, that our town of Dublin doth not want its due
+proportion of folly, and vice, both native and imported; and as to those
+imported, we have the advantage to receive them last, and consequently
+after our happy manner to improve, and refine upon them.
+
+But, because there are many effects of folly and vice among us, whereof
+some are general, others confined to smaller numbers, and others again,
+perhaps to a few individuals; there is a society lately established, who
+at great expense, have erected an office of Intelligence, from which they
+are to receive weekly information of all important events and
+singularities, which this famous metropolis can furnish. Strict
+injunctions are given to have the truest information: in order to which,
+certain qualified persons are employed to attend upon duty in their
+several posts; some at the play-house, others in churches, some at balls,
+assemblies, coffee-houses, and meetings for quadrille,[2] some at the
+several courts of justice, both spiritual and temporal, some at the
+college, some upon my lord mayor, and aldermen in their public affairs;
+lastly, some to converse with favourite chamber-maids, and to frequent
+those ale-houses, and brandy-shops, where the footmen of great families
+meet in a morning; only the barracks and Parliament-house are excepted;
+because we have yet found no _enfans perdus_ bold enough to venture their
+persons at either. Out of these and some other store-houses, we hope to
+gather materials enough to inform, or divert, or correct, or vex the
+town.
+
+But as facts, passages, and adventures of all kinds, are like to have the
+greatest share in our paper, whereof we cannot always answer for the
+truth; due care shall be taken to have them applied to feigned names,
+whereby all just offence will be removed; for if none be guilty, none
+will have cause to blush or be angry; if otherwise, then the guilty
+person is safe for the future upon his present amendment, and safe for
+the present, from all but his own conscience.
+
+There is another resolution taken among us, which I fear will give a
+greater and more general discontent, and is of so singular a nature, that
+I have hardly confidence enough to mention it, although it be absolutely
+necessary by way of apology, for so bold and unpopular an attempt. But so
+it is, that we have taken a desperate counsel to produce into the world
+every distinguished action, either of justice, prudence, generosity,
+charity, friendship, or public spirit, which comes well attested to us.
+And although we shall neither here be so daring as to assign names, yet
+we shall hardly forbear to give some hints, that perhaps to the great
+displeasure of such deserving persons may endanger a discovery. For we
+think that even virtue itself, should submit to such a mortification, as
+by its visibility and example, will render it more useful to the world.
+But however, the readers of these papers, need not be in pain of being
+overcharged, with so dull and ungrateful a subject. And yet who knows,
+but such an occasion may be offered to us, once in a year or two, after
+we shall have settled a correspondence round the kingdom.
+
+But after all our boasts of materials, sent us by our several emissaries,
+we may probably soon fall short, if the town will not be pleased to lend
+us further assistance toward entertaining itself. The world best knows
+its own faults and virtues, and whatever is sent shall be faithfully
+returned back, only a little embellished according to the custom of
+authors. We do therefore demand and expect continual advertisements in
+great numbers, to be sent to the printer of this paper, who hath employed
+a judicious secretary to collect such as may be most useful for the
+public.
+
+And although we do not intend to expose our own persons by mentioning
+names, yet we are so far from requiring the same caution in our
+correspondents, that on the contrary, we expressly _charge_ and _command_
+them, in all the facts they send us, to set down the names, titles, and
+places of abode at length; together with a very particular description
+of the persons, dresses, and dispositions of the several lords, ladies,
+squires, madams, lawyers, gamesters, toupees, sots, wits, rakes, and
+informers, whom they shall have occasion to mention; otherwise it will
+not be possible for us to adjust our style to the different qualities,
+and capacities of the persons concerned, and treat them with the respect
+or familiarity, that may be due to their stations and characters, which
+we are determined to observe with the utmost strictness, that none may
+have cause to complain.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: In the "Contents" to both the editions of 1729 and 1730,
+this is called "Introduction." Each of the numbers has a special title in
+this table, as follows:
+
+No. I. Introduction.
+II. The Inhospitable Temper of 'Squire Wether.
+III. A Vindication of Mr. Gay, and the Beggar's Opera.
+IV. The Folly of Gaming.
+V. A Description of what the World calls Discretion.
+VI. A Representation of the Present Condition of Ireland.
+VII. The Character of Corusodes and Eugenio.
+VIII. A Dialogue between Mullinix and Timothy.
+IX. The foolish Methods of Education among the Nobility.
+X. Tim and Gay's Fables.
+XI. Proposals in Prose and Verse for, An Universal View of all the
+eminent Writers on the Holy Scriptures, &c.
+XII. Sir Ralph the Patriot turned Courtier.
+XIII. The Art of Story-Telling.
+XIV. Prometheus's Art of Man-making: And the Tale of the T--d.
+XV. The Services the Drapier has done his Country, and the Steps taken to
+ruin it.
+XVI. The Adventures of the three Brothers, George, Patrick, and Andrew.
+XVII. The Marks of Ireland's Poverty, shewn to be evident Proofs of its
+Riches.
+XVIII. St. Andrew's Day, and the Drapier's Birth-Day.
+XIX. The Hardships of the Irish being deprived of their Silver, and
+decoyed into America.
+[XX. Dean Smedley, gone to seek his Fortune.
+The Pheasant and the Lark. A Fable.]-[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: A fashionable card game of the time. See also Swift's poem,
+"The Journal of a Modern Lady" (Aldine edition, vol. i., pp. 214-23), and
+"A New Proposal for the better regulation ... of Quadrille," written by
+Dr. Josiah Hort, Bp. of Kilmore, in 1735/6 (afterwards Abp. of Tuam), and
+included by Scott in his edition of Swift (vii. 372-7). [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+THE INTELLIGENCER, NUMB. III.[1]
+
+  --_Ipse per omnes
+  Ibit personas, et turbam reddet in unam._[2]
+
+The players having now almost done with the comedy, called the "Beggar's
+Opera,"[3] for this season, it may be no unpleasant speculation, to
+reflect a little upon this dramatic piece, so singular in the subject,
+and the manner, so much an original, and which hath frequently given so
+very agreeable an entertainment.[4]
+
+Although an evil taste be very apt to prevail, both here, and in London,
+yet there is a point which whoever can rightly touch, will never fail of
+pleasing a very great majority; so great, that the dislikers, out of
+dullness or affectation will be silent, and forced to fall in with the
+herd; the point I mean, is what we call humour, which in its perfection
+is allowed to be much preferable to wit, if it be not rather the most
+useful, and agreeable species of it.
+
+I agree with Sir William Temple, that the word is peculiar to our English
+tongue, but I differ from him in the opinion, that the thing itself is
+peculiar to the English nation,[5] because the contrary may be found in
+many Spanish, Italian and French productions, and particularly, whoever
+hath a taste for true humour, will find a hundred instances of it in
+those volumes printed in France, under the name of _Le Theatre
+Italien_,[6] to say nothing of Rabelais, Cervantes, and many others.
+
+Now I take the comedy or farce, (or whatever name the critics will allow
+it) called the "Beggar's Opera"; to excel in this article of humour; and,
+upon that merit, to have met with such prodigious success both here, and
+in England.
+
+As to poetry, eloquence and music, which are said to have most power over
+the minds of men, it is certain that very few have a taste or judgment of
+the excellencies of the two former, and if a man succeeds in either, it
+is upon the authority of those few judges, that lend their taste to the
+bulk of readers, who have none of their own. I am told there are as few
+good judges in music, and that among those who crowd the operas, nine in
+ten go thither merely out of curiosity, fashion, or affectation.
+
+But a taste for humour is in some manner fixed to the very nature of man,
+and generally obvious to the vulgar, except upon subjects too refined,
+and superior to their understanding.
+
+And as this taste of humour is purely natural, so is humour itself,
+neither is it a talent confined to men of wit, or learning; for we
+observe it sometimes among common servants, and the meanest of the
+people, while the very owners are often ignorant of the gift they
+possess.
+
+I know very well, that this happy talent is contemptibly treated by
+critics, under the name of low humour, or low comedy; but I know
+likewise, that the Spaniards and Italians, who are allowed to have the
+most wit of any nation in Europe, do most excel in it, and do most esteem
+it.
+
+By what disposition of the mind, what influence of the stars, or what
+situation of the climate this endowment is bestowed upon mankind, may be
+a question fit for philosophers to discuss. It is certainly the best
+ingredient toward that kind of satire, which is most useful, and gives
+the least offence; which instead of lashing, laughs men out of their
+follies, and vices, and is the character which gives Horace the
+preference to Juvenal.
+
+And although some things are too serious, solemn or sacred to be turned
+into ridicule, yet the abuses of them are certainly not, since it is
+allowed that corruption in religion, politics, and law, may be proper
+topics for this kind of satire.
+
+There are two ends that men propose in writing satire, one of them less
+noble than the other, as regarding nothing further than personal
+satisfaction, and pleasure of the writer; but without any view towards
+personal malice; the other is a public spirit, prompting men of genius
+and virtue, to mend the world as far as they are able. And as both these
+ends are innocent, so the latter is highly commendable. With regard to
+the former, I demand whether I have not as good a title to laugh, as men
+have to be ridiculous, and to expose vice, as another hath to be vicious.
+If I ridicule the follies and corruptions of a court, a ministry, or a
+senate; are they not amply paid by pensions, titles, and power, while I
+expect and desire no other reward, than that of laughing with a few
+friends in a corner. Yet, if those who take offence, think me in the
+wrong, I am ready to change the scene with them, whenever they please.
+
+But if my design be to make mankind better, then I think it is my duty,
+at least I am sure it is the interest of those very courts and ministers,
+whose follies or vices I ridicule, to reward me for my good intentions;
+for, if it be reckoned a high point of wisdom to get the laughers on
+our side, it is much more easy, as well as wise to get those on our side,
+who can make millions laugh when they please.
+
+My reason for mentioning courts, and ministers, (whom I never think on,
+but with the most profound veneration) is because an opinion obtains that
+in the "Beggar's Opera" there appears to be some reflection upon
+courtiers and statesmen, whereof I am by no means a judge[7].
+
+It is true indeed that Mr. Gay, the author of this piece, hath been
+somewhat singular in the course of his fortunes, for it hath happened,
+that after fourteen years attending the court, with a large stock of real
+merit, a modest, and agreeable conversation, a hundred promises, and five
+hundred friends [he] hath failed of preferment, and upon a very weighty
+reason. He lay under the suspicion of having written a libel, or lampoon
+against a great m[inister][8]. It is true that great m[inister] was
+demonstratively convinced, and publicly owned his conviction, that Mr.
+Gay was not the author; but having lain under the suspicion, it seemed
+very just, that he should suffer the punishment; because in this most
+reformed age, the virtues of a great m[inister] are no more to be
+suspected, than the chastity of Caesar's wife.
+
+It must be allowed, that the "Beggar's Opera" is not the first of Mr.
+Gay's works, wherein he hath been faulty, with regard to courtiers and
+statesmen. For, to omit his other pieces even in his Fables, published
+within two years past, and dedicated to the Duke of Cumberland, for which
+he was promised a reward[9]; he hath been thought somewhat too bold upon
+courtiers. And although it is highly probable, he meant only the
+courtiers of former times, yet he acted unwarily, by not considering that
+the malignity of some people might misinterpret what he said to the
+disadvantage of present persons, and affairs.
+
+But I have now done with Mr. Gay as a politician, and shall consider him
+henceforward only as author of the "Beggar's Opera," wherein he hath by a
+turn of humour, entirely new, placed vices of all kinds in the strongest
+and most odious light; and thereby done eminent service, both to religion
+and morality. This appears from the unparalleled success he hath met
+with. All ranks parties and denominations of men, either crowding to see
+his opera, or reading it with delight in their closets, even ministers of
+state, whom he is thought to have most offended (next to those whom the
+actors more immediately represent) appearing frequently at the theatre,
+from a consciousness of their own innocence, and to convince the world
+how unjust a parallel, malice, envy, and disaffection to the government
+have made.
+
+I am assured that several worthy clergymen in this city, went privately
+to see the "Beggar's Opera" represented; and that the fleering coxcombs
+in the pit, amused themselves with making discoveries, and spreading the
+names of those gentlemen round the audience.
+
+I shall not pretend to vindicate a clergyman, who would appear openly in
+his habit at a theatre, among such a vicious crew, as would probably
+stand round him, and at such lewd comedies, and profane tragedies as are
+often represented. Besides I know very well, that persons of their
+function are bound to avoid the appearance of evil, or of giving cause of
+offence. But when the lords chancellors, who are keepers of the king's
+conscience, when the judges of the land, whose title is _reverend_, when
+ladies, who are bound by the rules of their sex, to the strictest
+decency, appear in the theatre without censure, I cannot understand, why
+a young clergyman who goes concealed out of curiosity to see an innocent
+and moral play, should be so highly condemned; nor do I much approve the
+rigour of a great p[rela]te, who said, "he hoped none of his clergy were
+there." I am glad to hear there are no weightier objections against that
+reverend body, planted in this city, and I wish there never may. But I
+should be very sorry that any of them should be so weak, as to imitate a
+court chaplain in England, who preached against the "Beggar's Opera,"
+which will probably do more good than a thousand sermons of so stupid, so
+injudicious, and so prostitute a divine[10].
+
+In this happy performance of Mr. Gay, all the characters are just, and
+none of them carried beyond nature, or hardly beyond practice. It
+discovers the whole system of that commonwealth, or that _imperium in
+imperio_ of iniquity, established among us, by which neither our lives,
+nor our properties are secure, either in the highways, or in public
+assemblies, or even in our own houses. It shews the miserable lives, and
+the constant fate of those abandoned wretches; for how little they sell
+their lives and souls; betrayed by their whores, their comrades, and the
+receivers and purchasers of these thefts and robberies. This comedy
+contains likewise a satire, which, although it doth by no means affect
+the present age, yet might have been useful in the former, and may
+possibly be so in ages to come. I mean where the author takes occasion of
+comparing those common robbers to robbers of the public;[11] and their
+several stratagems of betraying, undermining, and hanging each other,[12]
+to the several arts of politicians in times of corruption.
+
+This comedy likewise exposeth with great justice, that unnatural taste
+for Italian music among us,[13] which is wholly unsuitable to our
+northern climate, and the genius of the people, whereby we are over-run
+with Italian effeminacy, and Italian nonsense. An old gentleman said to
+me, that many years ago, when the practice of an unnatural vice grew so
+frequent in London, that many were prosecuted for it, he was sure it
+would be a forerunner[14] of Italian operas, and singers; and then we
+should want nothing but stabbing or poisoning, to make us perfect
+Italians.
+
+Upon the whole, I deliver my judgment, that nothing but servile
+attachment to a party, affectation of singularity, lamentable dullness,
+mistaken zeal, or studied hypocrisy, can have the least reasonable
+objection against this excellent moral performance of the celebrated Mr.
+Gay.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: See title in note above, p. 313. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: "He will go among the people, and will draw a crowd
+together." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: Gay's "The Beggar's Opera" was produced by Rich at the
+Theatre Royal in Lincoln's Inn Fields, January 29th, 1727/8, and
+published in book form in 1728. It was shortly afterwards performed in
+Dublin, Bath, and other places. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: Writing to Pope, May 10th, 1728, Swift says: "Mr. Gay's
+Opera has been acted here twenty times, and my lord lieutenant tells me
+it is very well performed; he has seen it often, and approves it much....
+'The Beggar's Opera' has done its task, _discedat uti conviva satur_"
+(Scott's edition, xvii. 188-9). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: In his essay "Of Poetry," Sir William Temple, writing of
+dramatic poetry, says: "Yet I am deceived, if our English has not in some
+kind excelled both the modern and the ancient, which has been by force of
+a vein natural perhaps to our country, and which with us is called
+humour, a word peculiar to our language too, and hard to be expressed
+in any other;" etc.--"Works," vol. i., p. 247 (1720). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: "Le Theatre Italian, ou le Recueil de toutes les Comedies et
+Scenes Francoises, qui out ete jouees sur le Theatre Italian." The
+collection was edited by Evariste Gherardi, and published in 1695. Two
+further volumes were issued in 1698, the third containing complete
+plays. The collection was afterwards extended to six volumes. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: A modern writer says of it: "It bristles with keen,
+well-pointed satire on the corrupt and venal politicians and courtiers of
+the day" (W.H. Husk in Grove's "Dict. of Music").[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: In the character of Robin of Bagshot Gay intended Sir Robert
+Walpole.[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: Gay's "Fables" was first published in 1727, with a
+dedication "To his Highness William Duke of Cumberland." The Fables are
+said to have been "invented for his amusement." Cumberland was the second
+son of George, Prince of Wales, and was afterwards known as "the
+butcher."[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: Dr. Thomas Herring, preacher at Lincoln's Inn, and
+afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, preached a sermon against "The
+Beggar's Opera" in March, 1727-8. It is referred to in a letter to the
+"Whitehall Evening Post," dated March 30th, 1728, reprinted in the
+Appendix to "Letters from Dr. T. Herring to W. Duncombe," 1777. As
+Archbishop of York, Herring interested himself greatly, during the
+rebellion of 1745, in forming an association for the defence of the
+liberties of the people and the constitution of the country. Writing to
+Swift, under date May 16th, 1728, Gay remarks: "I suppose you must have
+heard, that I had the honour to have had a sermon preached against my
+works by a court-chaplain, which I look upon as no small addition to my
+fame" (Scott, xvii. 194). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: The edition of 1729 has "those common robbers of the
+public." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: Peachum says: "Can it be expected that we should hang our
+acquaintance for nothing, when our betters will hardly save theirs
+without being paid for it?"--Act II., sc. x. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: The rivalry between Handel and the Italian composers had
+then been keen for nearly twenty years. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 14: The edition of 1729 has "the fore-runner." [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+
+THE INTELLIGENCER, NUMB. XIX[1].
+
+_Having on the 12th of October last, received a letter signed_ ANDREW
+DEALER, _and_ PATRICK PENNYLESS; _I believe the following_ PAPER, _just
+come to my hands, will be a sufficient answer to it[2]._
+
+  _Sic vos non vobis vellera fertis oves._
+  VlRG.[3]
+
+SIR,
+
+I am a country gentleman, and a Member of Parliament, with an estate of
+about 1400_l_. a year, which as a Northern landlord, I receive from above
+two hundred tenants, and my lands having been let, near twenty years ago,
+the rents, till very lately, were esteemed to be not above half value;
+yet by the intolerable scarcity of silver[4], I lie under the greatest
+difficulties in receiving them, as well as in paying my labourers, or
+buying any thing necessary for my family from tradesmen, who are not able
+to be long out of their money. But the sufferings of me, and those of my
+rank, are trifles in comparison, of what the meaner sort undergo; such as
+the buyers and sellers, at fairs, and markets; the shopkeepers in every
+town, the farmers in general. All those who travel with fish, poultry,
+pedlary-ware, and other conveniencies to sell: But more especially
+handicrafts-men, who work for us by the day, and common labourers, whom I
+have already mentioned. Both these kinds of people, I am forced to
+employ, till their wages amount to a double pistole,[5] or a moidore,
+(for we hardly have any gold of lower value left among us) to divide it
+among themselves as they can; and this is generally done at an ale-house
+or brandy shop; where, besides the cost of getting drunk, (which is
+usually the case) they must pay tenpence or a shilling, for changing
+their piece into silver, to some huckstering fellow, who follows that
+trade. But what is infinitely worse, those poor men for want of due
+payment, are forced to take up their oatmeal, and other necessaries of
+life, at almost double value, and consequently are not able, to discharge
+half their score, especially under the scarceness of corn, for two years
+past, and the melancholy disappointment of the present crop.
+
+The causes of this, and a thousand other evils, are clear and manifest to
+you and all other thinking men, though hidden from the vulgar: these
+indeed complain of hard times, the dearth of corn, the want of money, the
+badness of seasons; that their goods bear no price, and the poor cannot
+find work; but their weak reasonings never carry them to the hatred, and
+contempt, borne us by our neighbours, and brethren, without the least
+grounds of provocation, who rejoice at our sufferings, although sometimes
+to their own disadvantage; of the dead weight upon every beneficial
+branch of our trade;[6] of half our revenues sent annually to England,
+and many other grievances peculiar to this unhappy kingdom, excepted for
+our sins, which keep us from enjoying the common benefits of mankind, as
+you and some other lovers of their country, have so often observed, with
+such good inclinations, and so little effect.
+
+It is true indeed, that under our circumstances in general, this
+complaint for the want of silver, may appear as ridiculous, as for a man
+to be impatient, about a cut finger, when he is struck with the plague;
+and yet a poor fellow going to the gallows, may be allowed to feel the
+smart of wasps, while he is upon Tyburn Road. This misfortune is too
+urging,[7] and vexatious in every kind of small traffic, and so hourly
+pressing upon all persons in the country whatsoever, that a hundred
+inconveniences, of perhaps greater moment in themselves, have been
+timely[8] submitted to, with far less disquietude and murmurs. And the
+case seems yet the harder, if it be true, what many skilful men assert,
+that nothing is more easy, than a remedy; and, that the want of silver,
+in proportion to the little gold remaining among us, is altogether as
+unnecessary, as it is inconvenient. A person of distinction assured me
+very lately, that, in discoursing with the lord lieutenant,[9] before his
+last return to England, his excellency said, "He had pressed the matter
+often, in proper time and place, and to proper persons; and could not see
+any difficulty of the least moment, that could prevent us from being easy
+upon that article."[10]
+
+Whoever carries to England, twenty-seven English shillings, and brings
+back one moidore, of full weight, is a gainer of ninepence Irish; in a
+guinea, the advantage is threepence, and twopence in a pistole. The
+BANKERS, who are generally masters of all our gold, and silver, with this
+advantage, have sent over as much of the latter, as came into their
+hands. The value of one thousand moidores in silver, would thus amount in
+clear profit, to 37_l_. 10,_s_. The shopkeepers, and other traders, who
+go to London to buy goods, followed the same practice, by which we have
+been driven into this insupportable distress.
+
+To a common thinker, it should seem, that nothing would be more easy,
+than for the government to redress this evil, at any time they shall
+please. When the value of guineas was lowered in England, from 21_s_.
+6_d_. to only 21_s_.[11] the consequences to this kingdom, were obvious,
+and manifest to us all; and a sober man, may be allowed at least to
+wonder, though he dare not complain, why a new regulation of coin among
+us, was not then made; much more, why it hath never been since. It would
+surely require no very profound skill in algebra, to reduce the
+difference of ninepence in thirty shillings, or threepence in a guinea,
+to less than a farthing; and so small a fraction could be no temptation,
+either to bankers, to hazard their silver at sea, or tradesmen to load
+themselves with it, in their journeys to England. In my humble opinion,
+it would be no unseasonable condescension, if the government would
+graciously please, to signify to the poor loyal Protestant subjects of
+Ireland, either that this miserable want of silver, is not possible to be
+remedied in any degree, by the nicest skill in arithmetic; or else, that
+it doth not stand with the good pleasure of England, to suffer any silver
+at all among us. In the former case, it would be madness, to expect
+impossibilities: and in the other, we must submit: For, lives, and
+fortunes are always at the mercy of the CONQUEROR.
+
+The question hath been often put in printed papers, by the DRAPIER,[12]
+and others, or perhaps by the same WRITER, under different styles, why
+this kingdom should not be permitted to have a mint of its own, for the
+coinage of gold, silver, and copper, which is a power exercised by many
+bishops, and every petty prince in Germany. But this question hath never
+been answered, nor the least application that I have heard of, made to
+the Crown from hence, for the grant of a public mint, although it stands
+upon record, that several cities, and corporations here, had the liberty
+of coining silver. I can see no reasons, why we alone of all nations, are
+thus restrained, but such as I dare not mention; only thus far, I may
+venture, that Ireland is the first imperial kingdom, since Nimrod, which
+ever wanted power, to coin their own money.
+
+I know very well, that in England it is lawful for any subject, to
+petition either the Prince, or the Parliament, provided it be done in a
+dutiful, and regular manner; but what is lawful for a subject of Ireland,
+I profess I cannot determine; nor will undertake, that your printer shall
+not be prosecuted, in a court of justice, for publishing my wishes, that
+a poor shopkeeper might be able to change a guinea, or a moidore, when a
+customer comes for a crown's worth of goods. I have known less crimes
+punished with the utmost severity, under the title of disaffection: And,
+I cannot but approve the wisdom of the ancients, who, after Astraea had
+fled from the earth,[13] at least took care to provide three upright
+judges for Hell. Men's ears among us, are indeed grown so nice, that
+whoever happens to think out of fashion, in what relates to the welfare
+of this kingdom, dare not so much as complain of the toothache, lest our
+weak and busy dabblers in politic should be ready to swear against him
+for disaffection.
+
+There was a method practised by Sir Ambrose Crawley,[14] the great dealer
+in iron-works, which I wonder the gentlemen oL our country, under this
+great exigence, have not thought fit to imitate. In the several towns,
+and villages, where he dealt, and many miles round, he gave notes,
+instead of money, from twopence, to twenty shillings, which passed
+current in all shops, and markets, as well as in houses, where meat, or
+drink was sold. I see no reason, why the like practice, may not be
+introduced among us, with some degree of success, or at least may not
+serve, as a poor expedient, in this our blessed age of paper, which, as
+it dischargeth all our greatest payments, may be equally useful in the
+smaller, and may just keep us alive, till an English Act of Parliament
+shall forbid it.
+
+I have been told, that among some of our poorest American colonies, upon
+the continent, the people enjoy the liberty of cutting the little money
+among them into halves, and quarters, for the conveniences of small
+traffic. How happy should we be in comparison of our present condition,
+if the like privilege, were granted to us, of employing the shears, for
+want of a mint, upon our foreign gold; by clipping it into half-crowns,
+and shillings, and even lower denominations; for beggars must be content
+to live upon scraps; and it would be our felicity, that these scraps
+would never[15] be exported to other countries, while any thing better
+was left.
+
+If neither of these projects will avail, I see nothing left us, but to
+truck and barter our goods, like the wild Indians, with each other, or
+with our too powerful neighbours; only with this disadvantage on our
+side, that the Indians enjoy the product of their own land, whereas the
+better half of ours is sent away without so much as a recompense in
+bugles, or glass, in return.
+
+It must needs be a very comfortable circumstance, in the present
+juncture, that some thousand families are gone, or going, or preparing to
+go, from hence, and settle themselves in America. The poorer sort, for
+want of work; the farmers whose beneficial bargains, are now become a
+rack-rent, too hard to be borne. And those who have any ready money,
+or can purchase any, by the sale of their goods, or leases; because they
+find their fortunes hourly decaying; that their goods will bear no price,
+and that few or none, have any money to buy the very necessaries of life,
+are hastening to follow their departed neighbours. It is true, corn among
+us, carries a very high price; but it is for the same reason, that rats,
+and cats, and dead horses, have been often bought for gold, in a town
+besieged.
+
+There is a person of quality in my neighbourhood, who twenty years ago,
+when he was just come to age, being unexperienced, and of a generous
+temper, let his lands, even as times went then, at a low rate, to able
+tenants, and consequently by the rise of land, since that time, looked
+upon his estate, to be set at half value. But numbers of these tenants,
+or their descendants are now offering to sell their leases by cant, even
+those which were for lives, some of them renewable for ever, and some
+fee-farms, which the landlord himself hath bought in, at half the price
+they would have yielded seven years ago. And some leases let at the same
+time, for lives, have been given up to him, without any consideration at
+all.
+
+This is the most favourable face of things at present among us, I say,
+among us of the North, who are esteemed the only thriving people of the
+kingdom: And how far, and how soon, this misery and desolation may
+spread, is easy to foresee.
+
+The vast sums of money daily carried off, by our numerous adventurers to
+America, have deprived us of our gold in these parts, almost as much as
+of our silver.
+
+And the good wives who came[16] to our houses, offer us their pieces of
+linen, upon which their whole dependence lies, for so little profit, that
+it can neither half pay their rents, nor half support their families.
+
+It is remarkable, that this enthusiasm spread among our northern people,
+of sheltering themselves in the continent of America, hath no other
+foundation, than their present insupportable condition at home. I have
+made all possible inquiries, to learn what encouragement our people have
+met with, by any intelligence from those plantations, sufficient to make
+them undertake so tedious, and hazardous a voyage in all seasons of the
+year; and so ill accommodated in their ships, that many of them have died
+miserably in their passage; but, could never get one satisfactory answer.
+Somebody, they know not who, had written a letter to his friend, or
+cousin, from thence, inviting him by all means, to come over; that it was
+a fine fruitful country, and to be held for ever, at a penny an acre. But
+the truth of the fact is this, The English established in those colonies,
+are in great want of men to inhabit that tract of ground, which lies
+between them, and the wild Indians, who are not reduced under their
+dominion. We read of some barbarous people, whom the Romans placed in
+their armies, for no other service, than to blunt their enemies' swords,
+and afterwards to fill up trenches with their dead bodies. And thus our
+people who transport themselves, are settled in those interjacent tracts,
+as a screen against the insults of the savages, and many have as much
+land, as they can clear from the woods, at a very reasonable rate, if
+they can afford to pay about a hundred years' purchase by their labour.
+Now beside the fox's reasons which inclines all those, who have already
+ventured thither, to represent everything, in a false light, as well for
+justifying their own conduct, as for getting companions, in their misery;
+so, the governing people in those plantations, have wisely provided,[17]
+that no letters shall be suffered to pass from thence hither, without
+being first viewed by the council, by which our people here, are wholly
+deceived in the opinions, they have of the happy condition of their
+friends, gone before them. This was accidentally discovered some months
+ago, by an honest man who having transported himself, and family thither,
+and finding all things directly contrary to his hope, had the luck to
+convey a private note, by a faithful hand, to his relation here,
+entreating him, not to think of such a voyage, and to discourage all his
+friends from attempting it. Yet this, although it be a truth well known,
+hath produced very little effects; which is no manner of wonder, for as
+it is natural to a man in a fever to turn often, although without any
+hope of ease, or when he is pursued to leap down a precipice, to avoid an
+enemy just at his back; so, men in the extremest degree of misery, and
+want, will naturally fly to the first appearance of relief, let it be
+ever so vain, or visionary.
+
+You may observe, that I have very superficially touched the subject I
+began with, and with the utmost caution: for I know how criminal the
+least complaint hath been thought, however seasonable or just, or
+honestly intended, which hath forced me to offer up my daily prayers,
+that it may never, at least in my time, be interpreted by innuendoes as a
+false scandalous, seditious, and disaffected action, for a man to roar
+under an acute fit of the gout, which beside the loss and the danger,
+would be very inconvenient to one of my age, so severely afflicted with
+that distemper.
+
+I wish you good success, but I can promise you little, in an ungrateful
+office you have taken up, without the least view, either to reputation or
+profit. Perhaps your comfort is, that none but villains, and betrayers of
+their country, can be your enemies. Upon which, I have little to say,
+having not the honour, to be acquainted with many of that sort, and
+therefore, as you easily may believe, am compelled to lead a very retired
+life.
+
+I am Sir,
+Your most obedient,
+Humble servant,
+
+A. NORTH.
+
+County of Down,
+Dec. 2d. 1728.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: See title for this in note above to No. 1, p. 313. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: No. 19 of "The Intelligencer" is a reprint of a tract which
+I have not been able to find. It appeared again in 1736 under the title:
+"A Letter from the Revd. J.S.D.S.P.D. to a Country Gentleman in the
+North of Ireland."[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: "Apud Donati Vitam," 17:
+
+  "Thus do ye sheep grow fleeces for others."--W.F.H. KING.
+
+  [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: Writing to Dr. Sheridan, under date September 18th, 1728,
+Swift says: "I think the sufferings of the country for want of silver
+deserves a paper, since the remedy is so easy, and those in power so
+negligent" (Scott, xvii. 204). [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: The price of the pistole in Ireland was fixed at 18_s_.
+6_d_., the double pistole at _L_1 17_s_., and the moidore _L_1 10_s_.
+These prices were fixed by order of the Lords Justices, July 30th, 1712.
+In 1737 the moidore was reduced to _L_1 9_s_. 3_d_. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: "A Letter," etc., referred to in note on preceding page,
+has: "They consider not the dead weight upon every beneficial branch of
+our trade; that half our revenues are annually sent to England; with
+many other grievances peculiar to this unhappy kingdom; which keep
+us," etc. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: The 1736 edition of "A Letter," etc., has "is so urging."
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: The 1736 edition of "A Letter," etc., has "tamely."
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: John Carteret (1690-1763) succeeded his father as second
+Baron Carteret in 1695, and his mother as Earl Granville in 1744. He was
+Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1724 to 1730. See Swift's "Vindication
+of ... Lord Carteret" in vol. vi. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: "A Letter," etc. (1736 edition), has "being made easy upon
+this article." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 11: On December 22nd, 1717, the price of the guinea was
+reduced, by a proclamation, from 21_s_. 6_d_. to 21_s_. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: See vol. vii. of present edition of Swift's Works, dealing
+with the Drapier Letters. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: Astraea withdrew from the earth at the close of the Golden
+Age. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 14: Sir Ambrose Crowley (or Crawley), Liveryman of the
+Drapers' Company and Alderman for Dowgate Ward, sat in Parliament for
+Andover in 1713. He was satirized in "The Spectator" (No. 299,
+February 12th, 1711/2) as Sir John Enville, and in "The Tatler" (No.
+73, September 27th, 1709) as Sir Arthur de Bradley. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 15: "A Letter," etc. (1736), has "could never." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 16: The reprint of 1730, and "A Letter," etc. (1736), have "who
+come." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 17: "A Letter," etc. (1736), has: "The governing people in
+those plantations, have also wisely provided," etc. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+ALMANZA, battle of
+Anne, Queen, her change of ministry in 1710;
+  and the Church;
+  establishment of Queen Anne's bounty;
+  letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury.
+Aretino, Pietro.
+Army, essays on the.
+Asgill, John.
+Astell, Mrs. Mary.
+Atterbury, Bishop, his character in "The Tatler";
+  contributes to "The Examiner";
+  his influence in Convocation.
+Avarice, essay on.
+
+Bank, the, in the Whig interest.
+"Banks, Sir Jacob, Letter to".
+Bickerstaff, Isaac, Steele's pseudonym.
+Birth, value of.
+Boyer, Abel.
+Boyle, Henry.
+Bromley, Clobery.
+Bromley, William, speaker;
+  "Congratulatory Speech of".
+Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of, assassination of.
+Buckingham and Normanby, John, Duke of.
+Burgess, Daniel.
+Burnet, Bishop.
+
+Caesar, Julius.
+Calves-Head Club, the.
+Carew, John, speech at the execution of.
+Carteret, Lord.
+Chamber of Fame.
+Charles V. and Aretino.
+Church, the, resolution in Parliament as to the state of;;
+  essay on
+  answer to essay on;
+  the Whigs and.
+Churches, scheme for building new.
+Clement, Jacques.
+Clendon, John.
+Coffee-houses, signification of the.
+Coin, clipping of.
+Coligny, Admiral de, assassination of.
+Collins, Anthony.
+Coningsby, Mrs.
+Court of Alienation.
+Coward, William.
+Cowper, Earl.
+Crackanthorpe, Mrs.
+Crassus, Marcus, the Duke of Marlborough attacked under the name of.
+Crawley, Sir Ambrose.
+
+D'Ancre, Marechal.
+Daniel, Samuel.
+Dartmouth, Lord.
+Davila.
+Defoe, Daniel, edited "The Review".
+Devonshire, William, 2nd Duke of.
+Dissenters, the,
+  under James II.;
+  essay on;
+  Whigs and.
+Dodwell, Henry.
+Dyet, Richard.
+
+Eloquence, essay on;
+  further references to,
+Elstob, Mrs. Elizabeth.
+English tongue, corruption of the.
+Eumenes.
+"Examiner, The," establishment of.
+"Examiner, Letter to the."
+
+Faction,
+  fable of;
+  true characteristics of.
+Felton, John.
+"Female Tatler, The".
+Ford, James.
+Freind, Dr.
+"French King's Thanks to the Tories of Great Britain, The".
+Furnese, Sir Henry.
+
+Gay, John,
+  on "The Examiner";
+  vindication of his "Beggar's Opera";
+  his fables.
+George, Prince, of Denmark.
+Gertruydenberg, treaty of.
+Godolphin, Lord, his change of politics;
+  dismissal of;
+  nicknamed "Volpone";
+  his intrigues against Harley;
+  as "Gracchus";
+  devoted to the turf;
+  ministry of.
+Good manners, essay on.
+Greenshields, Rev. James.
+Gregg, William.
+Guiscard, Marquis de;
+  account of.
+Guise, Dukes of, assassination of,.
+
+Harcourt, Sir Simon.
+Hare, Dr. Francis.
+Harley, Robert, attempted assassination of;
+  made Earl of Oxford;
+  the Speaker's congratulation on his escape;
+  his scheme for securing debts;
+  his remission of first-fruits to the Irish Clergy.
+Harley, Thomas,
+Harrison, William, contributed to "The Tatler";
+  new issue of "The Tatler" by.
+Hastings, Lady Elizabeth.
+Henry III, of France, assassination of.
+Henry IV. of France, assassination of.
+Herring, Dr. Thomas.
+Hickes, George.
+Honeywood, General, superseded.
+Hooker, Richard.
+
+Indemnity, Act of (1708).
+Indian Kings, the, in London.
+"Intelligencer, The".
+Ireland, scarcity of silver in.
+Isaac, Mr., a dancing-master.
+Italian music, the taste for.
+
+James II., King, and the Dissenters;
+  and the Whigs.
+
+Kent, Duke of.
+
+Learning, Bill for the Encouragement of.
+Lechmere, Nicholas.
+Leeds, Duke of.
+Leslie, Rev. Charles.
+"Lewis, Erasmus, The Vindication of".
+Lions, dream of the.
+Lorrain, Paul.
+Louis XIV.
+
+Macartney, General, superseded.
+Madonella.
+"Management of the War, The," pamphlets by Dr. Hare.
+Manley, Mrs., attacked as "Madonella";
+  her "Memoirs of Europe".
+Marlborough, Duke of
+  the Treaty of Gertruydenberg;
+  his change of politics;
+  rewards and grants to;
+  his intrigues against Harley;
+  his proposal to be made Commander-in-chief for life;
+  attacked by Swift under the name of "Crassus";
+  charged with peculations with regard to bread contracts;
+  threatened resignation of in 1708.
+Marlborough, Duchess of.
+Masham, Mrs.
+Matveof, Muscovite Ambassador, arrest of.
+Medina, Sir Solomon de, and the Duke of Marlborough.
+"Medley, The," attack by Swift on;
+  and see notes to "The Examiner," _passim_
+Menage, Gilles.
+Meredith, General, superseded.
+Merit, genealogy and description of.
+Milton, John.
+Ministry, reasons for the change of;
+"Mob," Swift's dislike of the word.
+More, Henry.
+Morphew, the publisher.
+
+Naturalization Act.
+Naunton, Sir Robert.
+Nevis.
+Norris, John.
+Nottingham, Earl of.
+
+"Observator, The".
+Occasional Conformity Bill, the.
+October Club, the.
+Oldisworth, William;
+  revival of "The Examiner" by.
+Osborne, Francis.
+Oxford University, decree of.
+
+Palatines, the.
+Parsons, Robert.
+Partridge, John.
+Passive obedience, doctrine of;
+  according to the Whigs;
+  according to the Tories;
+Peace, Address to the Queen concerning (1707).
+People, madness of the.
+Peterborough, Earl of, letter from Swift to.
+Petty, Sir William.
+Platonic ladies.
+Political Lying, the Art of.
+"Political State of Great Britain, The"
+Popery, the Tories and.
+Pretender, the, party capital made out of;
+  and the Whigs.
+Prior, Matthew, contributes to "The Examiner";
+  stated to be the author of "The Examiner".
+
+Qualification Bill.
+
+Racan, Mons.
+Radcliffe, Dr John.
+"Rehearsal, The".
+Repington, Mr.
+"Review, The".
+Ridge, Thomas.
+Rivers, Earl, appointed Lieutenant of the Tower.
+Rochester, Laurence Hyde, Earl of.
+Roper, Abel, suspected as author of "The Examiner".
+
+Sacheverell, Dr.
+St. Christopher's.
+St John, Henry, and "The Examiner,"
+  character of;
+  "A Letter to The Examiner" attributed to;
+  attempted assassination of;
+  his hatred of Harley.
+Scythia, story of the king of.
+Security, Bill of.
+Sewell, Dr. George.
+Shippen, William.
+Shrewsbury, Charles, Duke of.
+Silver, scarcity of, in Ireland.
+Smalridge, Dr.
+Somers, Lord.
+South Sea Company, establishment of the.
+"Spectator, The".
+Stanhope, General.
+Stanley, Dr William.
+Steele, Richard, and "The Tatler";
+  article on Marlborough in "The Taller" by;
+  and "The Spectator".
+Suckling, Sir John.
+Sunderland, Earl of.
+Swift, Jonathan, his contributions to "The Tatler";
+  supports Harrison with the new "Tatler";
+  his contentions to "The Examiner";
+  his memorial to Harley regarding the first-fruits in Ireland;
+  his contribution to "The Spectator";
+  his contributions to "The Intelligencer".
+
+"Tatler, The," founding and success of;
+  authorship of papers in;
+  discontinued by Steele;
+  new issues of.
+Taxes, increase of.
+Temple, Sir William, on humour.
+Temson, Archbp.
+Test Act, the.
+Tindal, Matthew.
+Titus, Colonel Silas.
+Toland, John.
+Tones, principles of the, explained.
+Tory, origin of the word.
+Toulon, siege of.
+Trapp, Dr. Joseph.
+Tutchin, John, editor of "The Observator".
+Twisden, Heneage.
+
+Verres (Lord Wharton).
+
+Walpole, Horatio.
+War, many people interested in continuance of the;
+  pamphlets on the management of the.
+Wenman, Viscount.
+Wharton, Lord;
+  as "Clodius";
+  attacked by Swift under the name of Verres;
+  desecration of a church by.
+Whig and Tory, designation of the words.
+"Whig Examiner, The".
+Whigs, principles of the, explained;
+  and Dissenters;
+  and the Pretender.
+Wotton, Sir Henry.
+Wotton, W., his "Case of the Present Convocation considered".
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D.
+D., Volume IX; Contributions to The Tatler, The Examiner, The Spectator, and The Intelligencer, by Jonathan Swift
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