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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13139 ***
+
+LIVES OF JOHN DONNE, HENRY WOTTON, RICH'D HOOKER, GEORGE HERBERT, &c,
+VOLUME TWO
+
+by
+
+IZAAK WALTON
+
+
+
+
+
+
+This issue of "Walton's Lives" is based upon John Major's edition
+of 1825, which was printed from a copy of the edition of 1675,
+"corrected by Walton's own pen," Major's "illustrative notes" have
+been preserved, with some modifications by later hands. Mr. AUSTIN
+DOBSON has read the text, added the marginalia, and contributed the
+supplementary notes.
+
+I.G.
+
+August 9,
+
+Walton's birthday,
+
+1898.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+The Life of Mr. Richard Hooker
+
+The Life of Mr. George Herbert, Prebendary of Salisbury Cathedral
+
+The Life of Dr. Robert Sanderson, Late Lord Bishop of Lincoln
+
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE OF MR. RICHARD HOOKER:
+
+THE AUTHOR OF THOSE LEARNED BOOKS OF THE LAWS OF ECCLESIASTICAL
+POLITY.
+
+
+  "Judicious Hooker, though the cost be spent
+  On him, that hath a lasting monument
+  In his own books; yet ought we to express
+  If not the worth, yet our respectfulness."
+
+SIR WIL. COWPER
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+[Sidenote: Introduction]
+
+I have been persuaded, by a friend whom I reverence, and ought
+to obey, to write the Life of RICHARD HOOKER, the happy Author
+of Five--if not more--of the eight learned books of "The Laws of
+Ecclesiastical Polity." And though I have undertaken it, yet it hath
+been with some unwillingness: because I foresee that it must prove to
+me, and especially at this time of my age, a work of much labour to
+enquire, consider, research, and determine what is needful to be known
+concerning him. For I knew him not in his life, and must therefore not
+only look back to his death,--now sixty-four years past,--but almost
+fifty years beyond, that, even to his childhood and youth; and gather
+thence such observations and prognostics as may at least adorn, if not
+prove necessary for the completing of what I have undertaken.
+
+[Sidenote: Reasons for this Life]
+
+This trouble I foresee, and foresee also that it is impossible to
+escape censures; against which I will not hope my well-meaning and
+diligence can protect me,--for I consider the age in which I live--and
+shall therefore but intreat of my Reader a suspension of his censures,
+till I have made known unto him some reasons, which I myself would now
+gladly believe do make me in some measure fit for this undertaking;
+and if these reasons shall not acquit me from all censures, they may
+at least abate of their severity, and this is all I can probably hope
+for. My reasons follow.
+
+About forty years past--for I am now past the seventy of my
+age--I began a happy affinity with William Cranmer,--now with
+God,--grand-nephew unto the great Archbishop of that name;--a family
+of noted prudence and resolution; with him and two of his sisters I
+had an entire and free friendship: one of them was the wife of Dr.
+Spencer,[1] a bosom friend and sometime com-pupil with Mr. Hooker in
+Corpus Christi College in Oxford, and after President of the same. I
+name them here, for that I shall have occasion to mention them in the
+following discourse, as also George Cranmer, their brother, of whose
+useful abilities my Reader may have a more authentic testimony than my
+pen can purchase for him, by that of our learned Camden and others.
+
+[Sidenote: Hooker's friends]
+
+This William Cranmer and his two fore-named sisters had some affinity,
+and a most familiar friendship, with Mr. Hooker, and had had some
+part of their education with him in his house, when he was parson of
+Bishop's-Bourne near Canterbury; in which City their good father then
+lived. They had, I say, a part of their education with him as myself,
+since that time, a happy cohabitation with them; and having some
+years before read part of Mr. Hooker's works with great liking and
+satisfaction, my affection to them made me a diligent inquisitor into
+many things that concerned him; as namely, of his persons, his nature,
+the management of his time, his wife, his family, and the fortune
+of him and his. Which enquiry hath given me much advantage in the
+knowledge of what is now under my consideration, and intended for the
+satisfaction of my Reader.
+
+[Sidenote: Conclusion]
+
+I had also a friendship with the Reverend Dr. Usher,[2] the late
+learned Archbishop of Armagh; and with Dr. Morton, the late learned
+and charitable Bishop of Durham; as also the learned John Hales,
+of Eton College; and with them also--who loved the very name of Mr.
+Hooker--I have had many discourses concerning him; and from them, and
+many others that have now put off mortality, I might have had more
+informations, if I could then have admitted a thought of any fitness
+for what by persuasion I have now undertaken. But though that full
+harvest be irrecoverably lost, yet my memory hath preserved some
+gleanings, and my diligence made such additions to them, as I hope
+will prove useful to the completing of what I intend: in the discovery
+of which I shall be faithful, and with this assurance put a period to
+my Introduction.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: A native of Suffolk, one of the Clerks of Corpus Christi
+College, Oxford, and Greek Reader. He entered Orders, became a noted
+Preacher, Chaplain to James I., and a great admirer of Richard Hooker
+and the famous Dr. John Reynolds, the latter of whom he succeeded
+as Master of his College. About four years after Hooker's death, he
+published the Five Books of Ecclesiastical Polity, with a Preface; and
+dying on April 3rd, 1614, was buried at Oxford.]
+
+[Footnote 2: The illustrious Primate of Ireland, born in Dublin, Jan.
+4th, 1580. He was the first Student of Trinity College, in 1593,
+and in 1610 he was made Bishop of Meath, whence he was translated to
+Armagh, in 1625. In the Irish Rebellion, he lost every thing but his
+library, which he conveyed to England, where he died in retirement,
+March 21st, 1655-56.]
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE
+OF
+MR. RICHARD HOOKER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Birth and parentage]
+
+It is not to be doubted, but that Richard Hooker was born at
+Heavy-tree, near, or within the precincts, or in the City of Exeter;
+a City which may justly boast, that it was the birth-place of him and
+Sir Thomas Bodley; as indeed the County may, in which it stands, that
+it hath furnished this nation with Bishop Jewel, Sir Francis Drake,
+Sir Walter Raleigh, and many others, memorable for their valour and
+learning. He was born about the year of our Redemption 1553, and of
+parents that were not so remarkable for their extraction or riches, as
+for their virtue and industry, and God's blessing upon both; by
+which they were enabled to educate their children in some degree
+of learning, of which our Richard Hooker may appear to be one fair
+testimony, and that nature is not so partial as always to give the
+great blessings of wisdom and learning, and with them the greater
+blessings of virtue and government, to those only that are of a more
+high and honourable birth.
+
+[Sidenote: "His complexion"]
+
+His complexion--if we may guess by him at the age of forty--was
+sanguine, with a mixture of choler; and yet his motion was slow even
+in his youth, and so was his speech, never expressing an earnestness
+in either of them, but an humble gravity suitable to the aged. And it
+is observed,--so far as enquiry is able to look back at this distance
+of time,--that at his being a school-boy he was an early questionist,
+quietly inquisitive "why this was, and that was not, to be remembered?
+why this was granted, and that denied?" This being mixed with a
+remarkable modesty, and a sweet serene quietness of nature, and with
+them a quick apprehension of many perplexed parts of learning, imposed
+then upon him as a scholar, made his Master and others to believe him
+to have an inward blessed divine light, and therefore to consider him
+to be a little wonder. For in that, children were less pregnant, less
+confident and more malleable, than in this wiser, but not better, age.
+
+[Sidenote: Early training]
+
+This meekness and conjuncture of knowledge, with modesty in his
+conversation, being observed by his Schoolmaster, caused him to
+persuade his parents--who intended him for an apprentice--to continue
+him at school till he could find out some means, by persuading his
+rich Uncle, or some other charitable person, to ease them of a part
+of their care and charge; assuring them that their son was so enriched
+with the blessings of nature and grace, that God seemed to single him
+out as a special instrument of his glory. And the good man told them
+also, that he would double his diligence in instructing him, and would
+neither expect nor receive any other reward, than the content of so
+hopeful and happy an employment.
+
+This was not unwelcome news, and especially to his Mother, to whom
+he was a dutiful and dear child, and all parties were so pleased with
+this proposal, that it was resolved so it should be. And in the
+mean time his Parents and Master laid a foundation for his future
+happiness, by instilling into his soul the seeds of piety, those
+conscientious principles of loving and fearing God, of an early belief
+that he knows the very secrets of our souls; that he punisheth
+our vices, and rewards our innocence; that we should be free from
+hypocrisy, and appear to man what we are to God, because first or last
+the crafty man is catched in his own snare. These seeds of piety were
+so seasonably planted, and so continually watered with the daily dew
+of God's blessed Spirit, that his infant virtues grew into such holy
+habits, as did make him grow daily into more and more favour both with
+God and man; which, with the great learning that he did after attain
+to, hath made Richard Hooker honoured in this, and will continue him
+to be so to succeeding generations.
+
+[Sidenote: John Hooker]
+
+This good School-master, whose name I am not able to recover,--and
+am sorry, for that I would have given him a better memorial in this
+humble monument, dedicated to the memory of his scholar,--was very
+solicitous with John Hooker, then Chamberlain of Exeter, and uncle to
+our Richard, to take his Nephew into his care, and to maintain him for
+one year in the University, and in the mean time to use his endeavours
+to procure an admission for him into some College, though it were but
+in a mean degree; still urging and assuring him, that his charge would
+not continue long; for the lad's learning and manners were both so
+remarkable, that they must of necessity be taken notice of; and that
+doubtless God would provide him some second patron, that would free
+him and his Parents from their future care and charge.
+
+[Sidenote: Bishop Jewel]
+
+These reasons, with the affectionate rhetoric of his good Master, and
+God's blessing upon both, procured from his Uncle a faithful promise,
+that he would take him into his care and charge before the expiration
+of the year following, which was performed by him, and with the
+assistance of the learned Mr. John Jewel;[1] of whom this may be
+noted, that he left, or was about the first of Queen Mary's reign
+expelled out of Corpus Christi College in Oxford,--of which he was a
+Fellow,--for adhering to the truth of those principles of Religion to
+which he had assented and given testimony in the days of her brother
+and predecessor, Edward the Sixth; and this John Jewel, having within
+a short time after, a just cause to fear a more heavy punishment than
+expulsion, was forced, by forsaking this, to seek safety in another
+nation; and, with that safety, the enjoyment of that doctrine and
+worship for which he suffered.
+
+But the cloud of that persecution and fear ending with the life of
+Queen Mary, the affairs of the Church and State did then look more
+clear and comfortable; so that he, and with him many others of the
+same judgment, made a happy return into England about the first of
+Queen Elizabeth; in which year this John Jewel was sent a Commissioner
+or Visitor, of the Churches of the Western parts of this kingdom, and
+especially of those in Devonshire, in which County he was born; and
+then and there he contracted a friendship with John Hooker, the Uncle
+of our Richard.
+
+[Sidenote: At Oxford]
+
+About the second or third year of her reign, this John Jewel was
+made Bishop of Salisbury; and there being always observed in him a
+willingness to do good, and to oblige his friends, and now a power
+added to his willingness; this John Hooker gave him a visit in
+Salisbury, and besought him for charity's sake to look favourably upon
+a poor nephew of his, whom Nature had fitted for a scholar; but the
+estate of his parents was so narrow, that they were unable to give him
+the advantage of learning; and that the Bishop would therefore become
+his patron, and prevent him from being a tradesman, for he was a boy
+of remarkable hopes. And though the Bishop knew men do not usually
+look with an indifferent eye upon their own children and relations,
+yet he assented so far to John Hooker, that he appointed the boy and
+his School-master should attend him, about Easter next following, at
+that place: which was done accordingly; and then, after some questions
+and observations of the boy's learning, and gravity, and behaviour,
+the Bishop gave his School-master a reward, and took order for an
+annual pension for the boy's parents; promising also to take him into
+his care for a future preferment, which he performed: for about the
+fifteenth year of his age, which was anno 1567, he was by the Bishop
+appointed to remove to Oxford, and there to attend Dr. Cole,[2]
+then President of Corpus Christi College. Which he did; and Dr. Cole
+had--according to a promise made to the Bishop--provided for him both
+a Tutor--which was said to be the learned Dr. John Reynolds,[3]--and a
+Clerk's place in that College: which place, though it were not a
+full maintenance, yet, with the contribution of his Uncle, and
+the continued pension of his patron, the good Bishop, gave him a
+comfortable subsistence. And in this condition he continued until the
+eighteenth year of his age, still increasing in learning and prudence,
+and so much in humility and piety, that he seemed to be filled with
+the Holy Ghost; and even like St. John Baptist, to be sanctified from
+his mother's womb, who did often bless the day in which she bare him.
+
+[Sidenote: "A dangerous sickness"]
+
+About this time of his age, he fell into a dangerous sickness, which
+lasted two months; all which time his Mother, having notice of it, did
+in her hourly prayers as earnestly beg his life of God, as Monica the
+mother of St. Augustine did, that he might become a true Christian;
+and their prayers were both so heard as to be granted. Which Mr.
+Hooker would often mention with much joy, and as often pray that "he
+might never live to occasion any sorrow to so good a mother; of whom
+he would often say, he loved her so dearly, that he would endeavour to
+be good, even as much for her's as for his own sake."
+
+[Sidenote: The Bishop's horse]
+
+As soon as he was perfectly recovered from this sickness, he took a
+journey from Oxford to Exeter, to satisfy and see his good Mother,
+being accompanied with a countryman and companion of his own College,
+and both on foot; which was then either more in fashion, or want of
+money, or their humility made it so: but on foot they went, and took
+Salisbury in their way, purposely to see the good Bishop, who made
+Mr. Hooker and his companion dine with him at his own table: which Mr.
+Hooker boasted of with much joy and gratitude when he saw his mother
+and friends: and at the Bishop's parting with him, the Bishop gave
+him good counsel, and his benediction, but forgot to give him money;
+which, when the Bishop had considered, he sent a servant in all haste
+to call Richard back to him: and at Richard's return, the Bishop said
+to him, "Richard, I sent for you back to lend you a horse, which
+hath carried me many a mile, and, I thank God, with much ease;" and
+presently delivered into his hand a walking-staff, with which he
+professed he had travelled through many parts of Germany. And he said,
+"Richard, I do not give, but lend you my horse: be sure you be honest,
+and bring my horse back to me at your return this way to Oxford. And
+I do now give you ten groats, to bear your charges to Exeter; and here
+is ten groats more, which I charge you to deliver to your Mother
+and tell her I send her a Bishop's benediction with it, and beg the
+continuance of her prayers for me. And if you bring my horse back
+to me, I will give you ten groats more, to carry you on foot to the
+College: and so God bless you, good Richard."
+
+[Sidenote: Jewel's death]
+
+And this, you may believe, was performed by both parties. But, alas!
+the next news that followed Mr. Hooker to Oxford was, that his learned
+and charitable patron had changed this for a better life. Which happy
+change may be believed, for that as he lived, so he died, in devout
+meditation and prayer: and in both so zealously, that it became a
+religious question, "Whether his last ejaculations or his soul did
+first enter into Heaven?"
+
+And now Mr. Hooker became a man of sorrow and fear: of sorrow, for the
+loss of so dear and comfortable a patron; and of fear for his future
+subsistence. But Dr. Cole raised his spirits from this dejection, by
+bidding him go cheerfully to his studies, and assuring him, he
+should neither want food nor raiment,--which was the utmost of his
+hopes,--for he would become his patron.
+
+And so he was for about nine months, and not longer; for about that
+time this following accident did befall Mr. Hooker.
+
+[Sidenote: Bishop Sandys]
+
+[Sidenote: Hooker's pupil]
+
+Edwin Sandys[4]--sometime Bishop of London, and after Archbishop of
+York--had also been in the days of Queen Mary, forced, by forsaking
+this, to seek safety in another nation; where, for some years, Bishop
+Jewel and he were companions at bed and board in Germany; and where,
+in this their exile, they did often eat the bread of sorrow, and by
+that means they there began such a friendship, as lasted till the
+death of Bishop Jewel, which was in September, 1571. A little before
+which time the two Bishops meeting, Jewel had an occasion to begin a
+story of his Richard Hooker, and in it gave such a character of
+his learning and manners, that though Bishop Sandys was educated
+in Cambridge, where he had obliged, and had many friends; yet his
+resolution was, that his son Edwin should be sent to Corpus Christi
+College in Oxford, and by all means be pupil to Mr. Hooker, though
+his son Edwin was not much younger than Mr. Hooker then was: for the
+Bishop said, "I will have a Tutor for my son, that shall teach him
+learning by instruction, and virtue by example: and my greatest care
+shall be of the last; and, God willing, this Richard Hooker shall be
+the man into whose hands I will commit my Edwin." And the Bishop did
+so about twelve months, or not much longer, after this resolution.
+
+[Sidenote: Hooker's behaviour]
+
+And doubtless, as to these two, a better choice could not be made; for
+Mr. Hooker was now in the nineteenth year of his age; had spent
+five in the University; and had, by a constant unwearied diligence,
+attained unto a perfection in all the learned languages; by the help
+of which, an excellent tutor, and his unintermitted studies, he had
+made the subtilty of all the arts easy and familiar to him, and useful
+for the discovery of such learning as lay hid from common searchers.
+So that by these, added to his great reason, and his restless industry
+added to both, he did not only know more of causes and effects; but
+what he knew, he knew better than other men. And with this knowledge
+he had a most blessed and clear method of demonstrating what he
+knew, to the great advantage of all his pupils,--which in time were
+many,--but especially to his two first, his dear Edwin Sandys, and his
+as dear George Cranmer; of which there will be a fair testimony in the
+ensuing relation.
+
+This for Mr. Hooker's learning. And for his behaviour, amongst other
+testimonies, this still remains of him, that in four years he was but
+twice absent from the Chapel prayers; and that his behaviour there
+was such, as shewed an awful reverence of that God which he then
+worshipped and prayed to; giving all outward testimonies that his
+affections were set on heavenly things. This was his behaviour towards
+God; and for that to man, it is observable that he was never known to
+be angry, or passionate, or extreme in any of his desires; never
+heard to repine or dispute with Providence, but, by a quiet gentle
+submission and resignation of his will to the wisdom of his Creator,
+bore the burthen of the day with patience; never heard to utter an
+uncomely word: and by this, and a grave behaviour, which is a divine
+charm, he begot an early reverence unto his person, even from those
+that at other times and in other companies, took a liberty to cast
+off that strictness of behaviour and discourse that is required in a
+Collegiate life. And when he took any liberty to be pleasant, his wit
+was never blemished with scoffing, or the utterance of any conceit
+that bordered upon, or might beget a thought of looseness in his
+hearers. Thus mild, thus innocent and exemplary was his behaviour in
+his College; and thus this good man continued till his death, still
+increasing in learning, in patience, and piety.
+
+[Sidenote: Scholar of his College]
+
+In this nineteenth year of his age, he was, December 24, 1573,
+admitted to be one of the twenty Scholars of the Foundation; being
+elected and so admitted as born in Devon or Hantshire; out of which
+Counties a certain number are to be elected in vacancies by the
+Founder's Statutes. And now as he was much encouraged, so now he was
+perfectly incorporated into this beloved College, which was then noted
+for an eminent Library, strict Students, and remarkable Scholars. And
+indeed it may glory, that it had Cardinal Poole,[5] but more that it
+had Bishop Jewel, Dr. John Reynolds, and Dr. Thomas Jackson,[6] of
+that foundation. The first famous for his learned Apology for the
+Church of England, and his Defence of it against Harding.[7] The
+second, for the learned and wise manage of a public dispute with John
+Hart,[8] of the Romish persuasion, about the Head and Faith of the
+Church, and after printed by consent of both parties. And the third,
+for his most excellent "Exposition of the Creed," and other treatises;
+all such as have given greatest satisfaction to men of the greatest
+learning. Nor was Dr. Jackson more note-worthy for his learning, than
+for his strict and pious life, testified by his abundant love, and
+meekness, and charity to all men.
+
+[Sidenote: Inceptor of Arts]
+
+[Sidenote: Sir Henry Savile]
+
+And in the year 1576, February 23, Mr. Hooker's Grace was given him
+for Inceptor of Arts; Dr. Herbert Westphaling,[9] a man of note for
+learning, being then Vice-Chancellor: and the Act following he was
+completed Master, which was anno 1577, his patron, Dr. Cole, being
+Vice-Chancellor that year, and his dear friend, Henry Savile[10]
+of Merton College, being then one of the Proctors. 'Twas that Henry
+Savile that was after Sir Henry Savile, Warden of Merton College, and
+Provost of Eton; he which founded in Oxford two famous Lectures; and
+endowed them with liberal maintenance.
+
+It was that Sir Henry Savile that translated and enlightened the
+History of Cornelius Tacitus, with a most excellent Comment; and
+enriched the world by his laborious and chargeable collecting the
+scattered pieces of St. Chrysostom, and the publication of them in
+one entire body in Greek; in which language he was a most judicious
+critic. It was this Sir Henry Savile that had the happiness to be a
+contemporary and familiar friend to Mr. Hooker; and let posterity know
+it.
+
+And in this year of 1577, he was so happy as to be admitted Fellow of
+the College; happy also in being the contemporary and friend of that
+Dr. John Reynolds, of whom I have lately spoken, and of Dr. Spencer;
+both which were after and successively made Presidents of Corpus
+Christi College: men of great learning and merit, and famous in their
+generations.
+
+[Sidenote: Sandys and Cranmer]
+
+Nor was Mr. Hooker more happy in his contemporaries of his time and
+College, than in the pupilage and friendship of his Edwin Sandys and
+George Cranmer; of whom my Reader may note, that this Edwin Sandys was
+after Sir Edwin Sandys, and as famous for his "Speculum Europae,"
+as his brother George for making posterity beholden to his pen by a
+learned relation and comment on his dangerous and remarkable Travels;
+and for his harmonious translation of the Psalms of David, the Book of
+Job, and other poetical parts of Holy Writ, into most high and elegant
+verse. And for Cranmer, his other pupil, I shall refer my Reader
+to the printed testimonies of our learned Mr. Camden, of Fynes
+Moryson[11] and others.
+
+"This Cranmer," says Mr. Camden in his Annals of Queen
+Elizabeth,--"whose Christian name was George, was a gentleman of
+singular hopes, the eldest son of Thomas Cranmer, son of Edmund
+Cranmer, the Archbishop's brother: he spent much of his youth in
+Corpus Christi College in Oxford, where he continued Master of Arts
+for some time before he removed, and then betook himself to travel,
+accompanying that worthy gentleman Sir Edwin Sandys into France,
+Germany, and Italy, for the space of three years; and after their
+happy return, he betook himself to an employment under Secretary
+Davison, a Privy Councillor of note, who, for an unhappy undertaking,
+became clouded and pitied: after whose fall, he went in place of
+Secretary with Sir Henry Killegrew in his Embassage into France: and
+after his death he was sought after by the most noble Lord Mountjoy,
+with whom he went into Ireland, where he remained, until in a battle
+against the rebels near Carlingford, an unfortunate wound put an end
+both to his life, and the great hopes that were conceived of him, he
+being then but in the thirty-sixth year of his age."
+
+[Sidenote: "A sacred friendship"]
+
+Betwixt Mr. Hooker and these his two Pupils, there was a sacred
+friendship; a friendship made up of religious principles, which
+increased daily by a similitude of inclinations to the same
+recreations and studies; a friendship elemented in youth, and in an
+university, free from self-ends, which the friendships of age usually
+are not. And in this sweet, this blessed, this spiritual amity, they
+went on for many years: and as the holy Prophet saith, "so they took
+sweet counsel together, and walked in the house of God as friends."
+By which means they improved this friendship to such a degree of holy
+amity, as bordered upon heaven: a friendship so sacred, that when it
+ended in this world, it began in that next, where it shall have no
+end.
+
+[Sidenote: Hooker's studies]
+
+And, though this world cannot give any degree of pleasure equal to
+such a friendship; yet obedience to parents, and a desire to know the
+affairs, manners, laws, and learning of other nations, that they might
+thereby become the more serviceable unto their own, made them put off
+their gowns, and leave the College and Mr. Hooker to his studies,
+in which he was daily more assiduous, still enriching his quiet
+and capacious soul with the precious learning of the Philosophers,
+Casuists, and Schoolmen; and with them the foundation and reason of
+all Laws, both Sacred and Civil; and indeed with such other learning
+as lay most remote from the track of common studies. And, as he was
+diligent in these, so he seemed restless in searching the scope and
+intention of God's Spirit revealed to mankind in the Sacred Scripture:
+for the understanding of which, he seemed to be assisted by the same
+Spirit with which they were written; He that regardeth truth in the
+inward parts, making him to understand wisdom secretly. And the good
+man would often say, that "God abhors confusion as contrary to his
+nature;" and as often say, "That the Scripture was not writ to beget
+disputations and pride, and opposition to government; but charity and
+humility, moderation, obedience to authority, and peace to mankind;"
+of which virtues, he would as often say, "no man did ever repent
+himself on his death-bed." And that this was really his judgment, did
+appear in his future writings, and in all the actions of his life. Nor
+was this excellent man a stranger to the more light and airy parts
+of learning, as Music and Poetry; all which he had digested and made
+useful; and of all which the Reader will have a fair testimony in what
+will follow.
+
+[Sidenote: Hebrew Lecturer]
+
+In the year 1579, the Chancellor of the University was given to
+understand, that the public Hebrew Lecture was not read according to
+the Statutes; nor could be, by reason of a distemper, that had then
+seized the brain of Mr. Kingsmill, who was to read it; so that it lay
+long unread, to the great detriment of those that were studious of
+that language. Therefore the Chancellor writ to his Vice-Chancellor,
+and the University, that he had heard such commendations of the
+excellent knowledge of Mr. Richard Hooker in that tongue, that he
+desired he might be procured to read it: and he did, and continued to
+do so till he left Oxford.
+
+Within three months after his undertaking this Lecture,--namely in
+October 1579,--he was, with Dr. Reynolds and others, expelled his
+College; and this Letter, transcribed from Dr. Reynolds his own hand,
+may give some account of it.
+
+[Sidenote: Expulsion from College]
+
+     To SIR FRANCIS KNOLLES.
+
+"I am sorry, Right Honourable, that I am enforced to make unto
+you such a suit, which I cannot move; but I must complain of the
+unrighteous dealing of one of our College, who hath taken upon him,
+against all law and reason, to expel out of our house both me and Mr.
+Hooker, and three other of our fellows, for doing that which by oath
+we were bound to do. Our matter must be heard before the Bishop
+of Winchester, with whom I do not doubt but we shall find equity.
+Howbeit, forasmuch as some of our adversaries have said that the
+Bishop is already forestalled, and will not give us such audience as
+we look for; therefore I am humbly to beseech your Honour, that you
+will desire the Bishop, by your letters, to let us have justice;
+though it be with rigour, so it be justice: our cause is so good, that
+I am sure we shall prevail by it. Thus much I am bold to request of
+your honour for Corpus Christi College sake, or rather for Christ's
+sake; whom I beseech to bless you with daily increase of his manifold
+gifts, and the blessed graces of his Holy Spirit.
+
+    "Your Honour's in Christ to command,
+
+       "JOHN REYNOLDS.
+
+"LONDON, _October_ 9, 1579."
+
+[Sidenote: At Paul's Cross]
+
+This expulsion was by Dr. John Barfoote, then Vice-President of the
+College, and Chaplain to Ambrose Earl of Warwick. I cannot learn the
+pretended cause; but that they were restored the same month is most
+certain.[12] I return to Mr. Hooker in his College, where he continued
+his studies with all quietness, for the space of three years; about
+which time he entered into Sacred Orders, being then made Deacon and
+Priest, and, not long after, was appointed to preach at St. Paul's
+Cross.[13]
+
+[Sidenote: His sermon]
+
+In order to which Sermon, to London he came, and immediately to the
+Shunamite's House; which is a House so called, for that, besides
+the stipend paid the Preacher, there is provision made also for his
+lodging and diet for two days before, and one day after his Sermon.
+This house was then kept by John Churchman, sometime a Draper of good
+note in Watling-street, upon whom poverty had at last come like an
+armed man, and brought him into a necessitous condition; which, though
+it be a punishment, is not always an argument of God's disfavour; for
+he was a virtuous man. I shall not yet give the like testimony of his
+wife, but leave the Reader to judge by what follows. But to this house
+Mr. Hooker came so wet, so weary, and weather-beaten, that he was
+never known to express more passion, than against a friend that
+dissuaded him from footing it to London, and for finding him no easier
+an horse,--supposing the horse trotted when he did not;--and at this
+time also, such a faintness and fear possessed him, that he would not
+be persuaded two days' rest and quietness, or any other means could be
+used to make him able to preach his Sunday's Sermon; but a warm bed,
+and rest, and drink proper for a cold, given him by Mrs. Churchman,
+and her diligent attendance added unto it, enabled him to perform the
+office of the day, which was in or about the year 1581.
+
+And in this first public appearance to the world, he was not so happy
+as to be free from exceptions against a point of doctrine delivered
+in his Sermon; which was, "That in God there were two wills; an
+antecedent and a consequent will: his first will, That all mankind
+should be saved; but his second will was, That those only should be
+saved, that did live answerable to that degree of grace which he had
+offered or afforded them." This seemed to cross a late opinion of Mr.
+Calvin's, and then taken for granted by many that had not a capacity
+to examine it, as it had been by him before, and hath been since by
+Master Henry Mason, Dr. Jackson, Dr. Hammond, and others of great
+learning, who believe that a contrary opinion intrenches upon the
+honour and justice of our merciful God. How he justified this, I will
+not undertake to declare; but it was not excepted against--as Mr.
+Hooker declares in his rational Answer to Mr. Travers--by John
+Elmer[14], then Bishop of London, at this time one of his auditors,
+and at last one of his advocates too, when Mr. Hooker was accused for
+it.
+
+[Sidenote: Wanted a nurse!]
+
+[Sidenote: His marriage]
+
+But the justifying of this doctrine did not prove of so bad
+consequence, as the kindness of Mrs. Churchman's curing him of his
+late distemper and cold; for that was so gratefully apprehended by
+Mr. Hooker, that he thought himself bound in conscience to believe all
+that she said: so that the good man came to be persuaded by her, "that
+he was a man of a tender constitution; and that it was best for him to
+have a wife, that might prove a nurse to him; such a one as might both
+prolong his life, and make it more comfortable; and such a one she
+could and would provide for him, if he thought fit to marry." And he,
+not considering that "the children of this world are wiser in their
+generation than the children of light;" but, like a true Nathaniel,
+fearing no guile, because he meant none, did give her such a power
+as Eleazar was trusted with,--you may read it in the book of
+Genesis,--when he was sent to choose a wife for Isaac; for even so he
+trusted her to choose for him, promising upon a fair summons to return
+to London, and accept of her choice; and he did so in that, or about
+the year following. Now, the wife provided for him was her daughter
+Joan, who brought him neither beauty nor portion: and for her
+conditions, they were too like that wife's, which is by Solomon
+compared to a dripping house: so that the good man had no reason to
+"rejoice in the wife of his youth;" but too just cause to say with the
+holy Prophet, "Wo is me, that I am constrained to have my habitation
+in the tents of Kedar!"
+
+This choice of Mr. Hooker's--if it were his choice--may be wondered
+at: but let us consider that the Prophet Ezekiel says, "There is a
+wheel within a wheel;" a secret sacred wheel of Providence,--most
+visible in marriages,--guided by his hand, that "allows not the race
+to the swift," nor "bread to the wise," nor good wives to good men:
+and He that can bring good out of evil--for mortals are blind to this
+reason--only knows why this blessing was denied to patient Job, to
+meek Moses, and to our as meek and patient Mr. Hooker. But so it was;
+and let the Reader cease to wonder, for affliction is a divine diet;
+which though it be not pleasing to mankind, yet Almighty God hath
+often, very often, imposed it as good, though bitter physic to those
+children whose souls are dearest to him.
+
+[Sidenote: At Drayton-Beauchamp]
+
+And by this marriage the good man was drawn from the tranquillity of
+his College; from that garden of piety, of pleasure, of peace, and a
+sweet conversation, into the thorny wilderness of a busy world; into
+those corroding cares that attend a married Priest, and a country
+Parsonage; which was Drayton-Beauchamp in Buckinghamshire, not
+far from Aylesbury, and in the Diocese of Lincoln; to which he
+was presented by John Cheney, Esq.--then Patron of it--the 9th of
+December, 1584, where he behaved himself so as to give no occasion of
+evil, but as St. Paul adviseth a minister of God--"in much patience,
+in afflictions, in anguishes, in necessities, in poverty and no doubt
+in long-suffering;" yet troubling no man with his discontents and
+wants.
+
+[Sidenote: Res augusta domi]
+
+And in this condition he continued about a year; in which time his two
+pupils, Edwin Sandys and George Cranmer, took a journey to see their
+tutor; where they found him with a book in his hand,--it was the Odes
+of Horace,--he being then like humble and innocent Abel, tending his
+small allotment of sheep in a common field; which he told his pupils
+he was forced to do then, for that his servant was gone home to dine,
+and assist his wife to do some necessary household business. But when
+his servant returned and released him, then his two pupils attended
+him unto his house, where their best entertainment was his quiet
+company, which was presently denied them: for Richard was called to
+rock the cradle; and the rest of their welcome was so like this, that
+they staid but till next morning, which was time enough to discover
+and pity their tutor's condition; and they having in that time
+rejoiced in the remembrance, and then paraphrased on many of the
+innocent recreations of their younger days, and other like diversions,
+and thereby given him as much present comfort as they were able, they
+were forced to leave him to the company of his wife Joan, and seek
+themselves a quieter lodging for next night. But at their parting from
+him, Mr. Cranmer said, "Good tutor, I am sorry your lot is fallen in
+no better ground, as to your parsonage; and more sorry that your
+wife proves not a more comfortable companion, after you have wearied
+yourself in your restless studies." To whom the good man replied, "My
+dear George, if Saints have usually a double share in the miseries
+of this life, I, that am none, ought not to repine at what my wise
+Creator hath appointed for me: but labour--as indeed I do daily--to
+submit mine to his will, and possess my soul in patience and peace."
+
+[Sidenote: Master of the Temple]
+
+At their return to London, Edwin Sandys acquaints his father, who was
+then Archbishop of York, with his Tutor's sad condition, and solicits
+for his removal to some benefice that might give him a more quiet and
+a more comfortable subsistence; which his father did most willingly
+grant him when it should next fall into his power. And not long after
+this time, which was in the year 1585, Mr. Alvey,--Master of the
+Temple,--died, who was a man of a strict life, of great learning, and
+of so venerable behaviour, as to gain so high a degree of love and
+reverence from all men, that he was generally known by the name of
+Father Alvey. And at the Temple-reading, next after the death of this
+Father Alvey, he, the said Archbishop of York being then at dinner
+with the Judges, the Reader, and the Benchers of that Society, met
+with a general condolement for the death of Father Alvey, and with a
+high commendation of his saint-like life, and of his great merit both
+towards God and man; and as they bewailed his death, so they wished
+for a like pattern of virtue and learning to succeed him. And here
+came in a fair occasion for the Bishop to commend Mr. Hooker to Father
+Alvey's place, which he did with so effectual an earnestness, and that
+seconded with so many other testimonies of his worth, that Mr.
+Hooker was sent for from Drayton-Beauchamp to London, and there the
+Mastership of the Temple proposed unto him by the Bishop, as a greater
+freedom from his country cares, the advantages of a better society,
+and a more liberal pension than his country parsonage did afford him.
+But these reasons were not powerful enough to incline him to a willing
+acceptance of it: his wish was rather to gain a better country living,
+where he might see God's blessings spring out of the earth, and be
+free from noise,--so he expressed the desire of his heart,--and eat
+that bread which he might more properly call his own, in privacy
+and quietness. But, notwithstanding this averseness, he was at last
+persuaded to accept of the Bishop's proposal; and was by Patent for
+life, made Master of the Temple the 17th of March, 1585, he being then
+in the 34th year of his age. [This you may find in the Temple Records.
+William Ermstead was master of the Temple at the Dissolution of the
+Priory, and died 2 Eliz. (1559). Richard Alvey, Bat. Divinity, Pat.
+13 Febr. 2 Eliz. _Magister, sive Custos Domûs et Ecchsiæ Novi Templi_,
+died 27 Eliz. (1585). Richard Hooker succeeded that year by Patent, in
+terminis, as Alvey had it, and he left it 33 Eliz. (1591). That year
+Dr. Balgey succeeded Richard Hooker.]
+
+And here I shall make a stop; and, that the Reader may the better
+judge of what follows, give him a character of the times and temper of
+the people of this nation, when Mr. Hooker had his admission into this
+place; a place which he accepted, rather than desired: and yet here he
+promised himself a virtuous quietness, that blessed tranquillity which
+he always prayed and laboured for, that so he might in peace bring
+forth the fruits of peace, and glorify God by uninterrupted prayers
+and praises. For this he always thirsted and prayed: but Almighty
+God did not grant it; for his admission into this place was the very
+beginning of those oppositions and anxieties, which till then this
+good man was a stranger to; and of which the Reader may guess by what
+follows.
+
+[Sidenote: Character of the times]
+
+[Sidenote: Hopes under Elizabeth]
+
+In this character of the times, I shall by the Reader's favour, and
+for his information, look so far back as to the beginning of the reign
+of Queen Elizabeth; a time, in which the many under pretended titles
+to the Crown, the frequent treasons, the doubts of her successor, the
+late Civil War, and the sharp persecution for Religion that raged to
+the effusion of so much blood in the reign of Queen Mary, were fresh
+in the memory of all men; and begot fears in the most pious and wisest
+of this nation, lest the like days should return again to them, or
+their present posterity. And the apprehension of these dangers, begot
+a hearty desire of a settlement in the Church and State; believing
+there was no other probable way left to make them sit quietly under
+their own vines and fig-trees, and enjoy the desired fruit of their
+labours. But time, and peace, and plenty begot self-ends: and these
+begot animosities, envy, opposition, and unthankfulness for those very
+blessings for which they lately thirsted, being then the very utmost
+of their desires, and even beyond their hopes.
+
+[Sidenote: Three parties]
+
+This was the temper of the times in the beginning of her reign; and
+thus it continued too long; for those very people that had enjoyed
+the desires of their hearts in a Reformation from the Church of Rome,
+became at last so like the grave, as never to be satisfied, but were
+still thirsting for more and more; neglecting to pay that obedience,
+and perform those vows, which they made in their days of adversities
+and fear: so that in short time there appeared three several
+interests, each of them fearless and restless in the prosecution
+of their designs: they may for distinction be called, the active
+Romanists, the restless Non-conformists,--of which there were many
+sorts,--and the passive peaceable Protestants. The counsels of the
+first considered and resolved on in Rome; the second both in Scotland,
+in Geneva, and in divers selected, secret, dangerous Conventicles,
+both there, and within the bosom of our own nation: the third pleaded
+and defended their cause by established laws, both Ecclesiastical and
+Civil: and if they were active, it was to prevent the other two from
+destroying what was by those known Laws happily established to them
+and their posterity.
+
+I shall forbear to mention the very many and dangerous plots of the
+Romanists against the Church and State; because what is principally
+intended in this digression, is an account of the opinions and
+activity of the Non-conformists: against whose judgment and practice
+Mr. Hooker became at last, but most unwillingly, to be engaged in a
+book-war; a war which he maintained not as against an enemy, but with
+the spirit of meekness and reason.
+
+[Sidenote: The Non-conformists]
+
+In which number of Non-conformists, though some might be sincere,
+well-meaning men, whose indiscreet zeal might be so like charity, as
+thereby to cover a multitude of their errors; yet of this party
+there were many that were possessed with a high degree of spiritual
+wickedness; I mean with an innate restless pride and malice; I do
+not mean the visible carnal sins of gluttony and drunkenness, and
+the like,--from which, good Lord, deliver us!--but sins of a higher
+nature, because they are more unlike God, who is the God of love, and
+mercy, and order, and peace: and more like the Devil, who is not
+a glutton, nor can be drunk, and yet is a Devil: but I mean those
+spiritual wickednesses of malice and revenge, and an opposition to
+government: men that joyed to be the authors of misery, which is
+properly his work that is the enemy and disturber of mankind; and
+thereby greater sinners than the glutton or drunkard, though some will
+not believe it. And of this party there were also many, whom prejudice
+and a furious zeal had so blinded, as to make them neither to hear
+reason, nor adhere to the ways of peace: men that were the very dregs
+and pest of mankind; men whom pride and self-conceit had made to
+over-value their own pitiful crooked wisdom so much as not to be
+ashamed to hold foolish and unmannerly disputes against those men whom
+they ought to reverence, and those laws which they ought to obey; men
+that laboured and joyed first to find out the faults, and then speak
+evil of Government, and to be the authors of confusion; men whom
+company, and conversation, and custom had at last so blinded, and made
+so insensible that these were sins, that like those that perished
+in the gainsaying of Korah, so these died without repenting of these
+spiritual wickednesses; of which the practices of Coppinger and
+Hacket[15] in their lives, and the death of them and their adherents,
+are, God knows, too sad examples, and ought to be cautions to those
+men that are inclined to the like spiritual wickednesses.
+
+[Sidenote: Growth of sedition]
+
+And in these times, which tended thus to confusion, there were
+also many of these scruple-mongers, that pretended a tenderness of
+conscience, refusing to take an oath before a lawful Magistrate: and
+yet these very men in their secret Conventicles did covenant and
+swear to each other, to be assiduous and faithful in using their best
+endeavours to set up the Presbyterian doctrine and discipline; and
+both in such a manner as they themselves had not yet agreed on; but
+up that government must. To which end there were many that wandered
+up and down and were active in sowing discontents and seditions,
+by venomous and secret murmurings, and a dispersion of scurrilous
+pamphlets and libels against the Church and State; but especially
+against the Bishops; by which means, together with venomous and
+indiscreet sermons, the common people became so fanatic, as to believe
+the Bishops to be Antichrist, and the only obstructers of God's
+discipline! and at last some of them were given over to so bloody a
+zeal, and such other desperate delusions, as to find out a text in
+the Revelation of St. John, that Antichrist was to be overcome by
+the sword. So that those very men, that began with tender and meek
+petitions, proceeded to admonitions: then to satirical remonstrances:
+and at last--having, like Absalom, numbered who was not, and who was,
+for their cause--they got a supposed certainty of so great a party,
+that they durst threaten first the Bishops, and then the Queen and
+Parliament, to all which they were secretly encouraged by the Earl
+of Leicester, then in great favour with her Majesty, and the reputed
+cherisher and patron-general of these pretenders to tenderness of
+conscience; his design being, by their means, to bring such an odium
+upon the Bishops, as to procure an alienation of their lands, and a
+large proportion of them for himself: which avaricious desire had at
+last so blinded his reason, that his ambitious and greedy hopes seemed
+to put him into a present possession of Lambeth-House.
+
+[Sidenote: Scottish Non-conformists]
+
+And to these undertakings the Non-conformists of this nation were much
+encouraged and heightened by a correspondence and confederacy with
+that brotherhood in Scotland; so that here they become so bold, that
+one [Mr. Dering][16] told the Queen openly in a sermon, "She was
+like an untamed heifer, that would not be ruled by God's people, but
+obstructed his discipline." And in Scotland they were more confident;
+for there [Vide Bishop Spotswood's History of the Church of Scotland]
+they declared her an Atheist, and grew to such an height, as not to be
+accountable for any thing spoken against her, nor for treason against
+their own King, if it were but spoken in the pulpit; shewing at last
+such a disobedience to him, that his mother being in England, and then
+in distress, and in prison, and in danger of death, the Church denied
+the King their prayers for her; and at another time, when he had
+appointed a day of Feasting, the Church declared for a general Fast,
+in opposition to his authority.
+
+[Sidenote: Remedial measures.]
+
+To this height they were grown in both nations, and by these means
+there was distilled into the minds of the common people such other
+venomous and turbulent principles as were inconsistent with the safety
+of the Church and State: and these opinions vented so daringly, that,
+beside the loss of life and limbs, the governors of the Church and
+State were forced to use such other severities as will not admit of an
+excuse, if it had not been to prevent the gangrene of confusion, and
+the perilous consequences of it; which, without such prevention, would
+have been first confusion, and then ruin and misery to this numerous
+nation.
+
+[Sidenote: Spectator ab extra]
+
+These errors and animosities were so remarkable, that they begot
+wonder in an ingenious Italian, who being about this time come newly
+into this nation, and considering them, writ scoffingly to a friend in
+his own country, to this purpose; "That the common people of England
+were wiser than the wisest of his nation; for here the very women and
+shop-keepers were able to judge of Predestination, and to determine
+what laws were fit to be made concerning Church-government; and then,
+what were fit to be obeyed or abolished. That they were more able--or
+at least thought so--to raise and determine perplexed Cases of
+Conscience, than the wisest of the most learned Colleges in Italy!
+That men of the slightest learning, and the most ignorant of the
+common people, were mad for a new, or super, or re-reformation of
+Religion; and that in this they appeared like that man, who would
+never cease to whet and whet his knife, till there was no steel left
+to make it useful." And he concluded his letter with this observation,
+"That those very men that were most busy in oppositions, and
+disputations, and controversies, and finding out the faults of their
+governors, had usually the least of humility and mortification, or of
+the power of godliness."
+
+[Sidenote: Growth of Atheism]
+
+And to heighten all these discontents and dangers, there was also
+sprung up a generation of godless men; men that had so long given way
+to their own lusts and delusions, and so highly opposed the blessed
+motions of His Spirit, and the inward light of their own consciences,
+that they became the very slaves of vice, and had thereby sinned
+themselves into a belief of that which they would, but could not
+believe, into a belief, which is repugnant even to human nature;--for
+the Heathens believe that there are many Gods;--but these had sinned
+themselves into a belief that there was no God! and so, finding
+nothing in themselves but what was worse than nothing, began to wish
+what they were not able to hope for, namely, "That they might be like
+the beasts that perish!" and in wicked company--which is the Atheist's
+sanctuary--were so bold as to say so: though the worst of mankind,
+when he is left alone at midnight, may wish, but is not then able to
+think it: even into a belief that there is no God. Into this wretched,
+this reprobate condition, many had then sinned themselves.
+
+[Sidenote: John Whitgift]
+
+And now, when the Church was pestered with them, and with all those
+other fore-named irregularities; when her lands were in danger of
+alienation, her power at least neglected, and her peace torn to
+pieces by several schisms, and such heresies as do usually attend that
+sin:--for heresies do usually out-live their first authors;--when the
+common people seemed ambitious of doing those very things that were
+forbidden and attended with most dangers, that thereby they might be
+punished, and then applauded and pitied: when they called the spirit
+of opposition a tender conscience, and complained of persecution,
+because they wanted power to persecute others: when the giddy
+multitude raged, and became restless to find out misery for themselves
+and others; and the rabble would herd themselves together, and
+endeavour to govern and act in spite of authority:--in this extremity
+of fear, and danger of the Church and State, when, to suppress the
+growing evils of both, they needed a man of prudence and piety, and
+of an high and fearless fortitude, they were blest in all by John
+Whitgift, his being made Archbishop of Canterbury; of whom Sir Henry
+Wotton--that knew him well in his youth, and had studied him in his
+age--gives this true character; "That he was a man of reverend and
+sacred memory, and of the primitive temper; such a temper, as when
+the Church by lowliness of spirit did flourish in highest examples of
+virtue." And indeed this man proved so.
+
+And though I dare not undertake to add to this excellent and true
+character of Sir Henry Wotton; yet I shall neither do right to this
+discourse, nor to my Reader, if I forbear to give him a further and
+short account of the life and manners of this excellent man; and it
+shall be short, for I long to end this digression, that I may lead my
+reader back to Mr. Hooker where we left him at the Temple.
+
+[Sidenote: Archbishop of Canterbury]
+
+John Whitgift was born in the County of Lincoln, of a family that
+was ancient; and noted to be both prudent and affable, and gentle
+by nature. He was educated in Cambridge; much of his learning was
+acquired in Pembroke Hall,--where Mr. Bradford[17] the Martyr was his
+tutor;--from thence he was removed to Peter House; from thence to be
+Master of Pembroke Hall; and from thence to the Mastership of Trinity
+College. About which time the Queen made him her Chaplain; and not
+long after Prebend of Ely, and then Dean of Lincoln; and having for
+many years past looked upon him with much reverence and favour,
+gave him a fair testimony of both, by giving him the Bishoprick of
+Worcester, and--which was not with her a usual favour--forgiving
+him his first fruits; then by constituting him Vice-President of
+the Principality of Wales. And having experimented his wisdom, his
+justice, and moderation in the manage of her affairs in both these
+places, she, in the twenty-sixth of her reign, 1583, made him
+Archbishop of Canterbury, and, not long after, of her Privy Council;
+and trusted him to manage all her Ecclesiastical affairs and
+preferments. In all which removes, he was like the Ark, which left a
+blessing on the place where it rested; and in all his employments was
+like Jehoiada, that did good unto Israel.
+
+These were the steps of this Bishop's ascension to this place of
+dignity and cares: in which place--to speak Mr. Camden's very words in
+his Annals of Queen Elizabeth--"he devoutly consecrated both his whole
+life to God, and his painful labours to the good of his Church."
+
+And yet in this place he met with many oppositions in the regulation
+of Church affairs, which were much disordered at his entrance, by
+reason of the age and remissness of Bishop Grindal,[18] his immediate
+predecessor, the activity of the Non-conformists, and their chief
+assistant the Earl of Leicester; and indeed by too many others of
+the like sacrilegious principles. With these he was to encounter; and
+though he wanted neither courage, nor a good cause, yet he foresaw,
+that without a great measure of the Queen's favour, it was impossible
+to stand in the breach that had been lately made into the lands and
+immunities of the Church, or indeed to maintain the remaining lands
+and rights of it. And therefore by justifiable sacred insinuations,
+such as St. Paul to Agrippa,--"Agrippa, believest thou? I know thou
+believest," he wrought himself into so great a degree of favour with
+her, as, by his pious use of it, hath got both of them a great degree
+of fame in this world, and of glory in that into which they are now
+both entered.
+
+[Sidenote: The "little black husband"]
+
+His merits to the Queen, and her favours to him were such, that she
+called him, "her little black husband," and called "his servants her
+servants:" and she saw so visible and blessed a sincerity shine in all
+his cares and endeavours for the Church's and for her good, that she
+was supposed to trust him with the very secrets of her soul, and to
+make him her confessor; of which she gave many fair testimonies; and
+of which one was, that "she would never eat flesh in Lent, without
+obtaining a licence from her little black husband:" and would often
+say "she pitied him because she trusted him, and had thereby eased
+herself by laying the burthen of all her Clergy-cares upon his
+shoulders, which he managed with prudence and piety."
+
+[Sidenote: Church-lands Acts]
+
+I shall not keep myself within the promised rules of brevity in this
+account of his interest with her Majesty, and his care of the Church's
+rights, if in this digression I should enlarge to particulars; and
+therefore my desire is, that one example may serve for a testimony of
+both. And, that the Reader may the better understand it, he may take
+notice, that not many years before his being made Archbishop,
+there passed an Act, or Acts of Parliament, intending the better
+preservation of the Church-lands, by recalling a power which was
+vested in others to sell or lease them, by lodging and trusting the
+future care and protection of them only in the Crown: and amongst many
+that made a bad use of this power or trust of the Queen's, the Earl
+of Leicester was one; and the Bishop having, by his interest with her
+Majesty, put a stop to the Earl's sacrilegious designs, they two fell
+to an open opposition before her; after which they both quitted the
+room, not friends in appearance. But the Bishop made a sudden and
+seasonable return to her Majesty,--for he found her alone--and spake
+to her with great humility and reverence, to this purpose.
+
+[Sidenote: An address]
+
+"I beseech your Majesty to hear me with patience, and to believe that
+your's and the Church's safety are dearer to me than my life, but
+my conscience dearer than both: and therefore give me leave to do my
+duty, and tell you, that Princes are deputed nursing Fathers of the
+Church, and owe it a protection; and therefore God forbid that you
+should be so much as passive in her ruin, when you may prevent it;
+or that I should behold it without horror and detestation; or should
+forbear to tell your Majesty of the sin and danger of Sacrilege.
+And though you and myself were born in an age of frailties, when the
+primitive piety and care of the Church's lands and immunities are much
+decayed; yet, Madam, let me beg that you would first consider that
+there are such sins as Profaneness and Sacrilege: and that, if there
+were not, they could not have names in Holy Writ, and particularly
+in the New Testament. And I beseech you to consider, that though our
+Saviour said, 'He judged no man;' and, to testify it, would not judge
+nor divide the inheritance betwixt the two brethren, nor would judge
+the woman taken in adultery; yet in this point of the Church's rights
+he was so zealous, that he made himself both the accuser, and the
+judge, and the executioner too, to punish these sins; witnessed,
+in that he himself made the whip to drive the profaners out of the
+Temple, overthrew the tables of the money-changers, and drove them out
+of it. And I beseech you to consider, that it was St. Paul that said
+to those Christians of his time that were offended with Idolatry, and
+yet committed Sacrilege; 'Thou that abhorrest Idols, dost thou commit
+Sacrilege?' supposing, I think, Sacrilege the greater sin. This
+may occasion your Majesty to consider, that there is such a sin as
+Sacrilege; and to incline you to prevent the Curse that will follow
+it, I beseech you also to consider, that Constantine, the first
+Christian Emperor, and Helena his Mother; that King Edgar, and Edward
+the Confessor; and indeed many others of your predecessors, and many
+private Christians, have also given to God, and to his Church, much
+land, and many immunities, which they might have given to those of
+their own families, and did not; but gave them for ever as an absolute
+right and sacrifice to God: and with these immunities and lands they
+have entailed a curse upon the alienators of them: God prevent your
+Majesty and your successors from being liable to that Curse, which
+will cleave unto Church-lands as the leprosy to the Jews.
+
+"And to make you, that are trusted with their preservation, the better
+to understand the danger of it, I beseech you forget not, that, to
+prevent these Curses, the Church's land and power have been also
+endeavoured to be preserved, as far as human reason and the law of
+this nation have been able to preserve them, by an immediate and most
+sacred obligation on the consciences of the Princes of this realm.
+For they that consult Magna Charta shall find, that as all your
+predecessors were at their Coronation, so you also were sworn before
+all the Nobility and Bishops then present, and in the presence of
+God, and in his stead to him that anointed you, to maintain the
+Church-lands, and the rights belonging to it: and this you yourself
+have testified openly to God at the holy Altar, by laying your hands
+on the Bible then lying upon it. And not only Magna Charta, but many
+modern Statutes have denounced a Curse upon those that break Magna
+Charta; a Curse like the leprosy, that was entailed on the Jews: for
+as that, so these Curses have, and will cleave to the very stones of
+those buildings that have been consecrated to God; and the father's
+sin of Sacrilege hath, and will prove to be entailed on his son and
+family. And now, Madam, what account can be given for the breach of
+this Oath at the Last Great Day, either by your Majesty, or by me, if
+it be wilfully, or but negligently violated, I know not.
+
+"And therefore, good Madam, let not the late Lord's exceptions
+against the failings of some few Clergymen prevail with you to punish
+posterity for the errors of the present age; let particular men suffer
+for their particular errors; but let God and his Church have their
+inheritance: and though I pretend not to prophecy, yet I beg posterity
+to take notice of what is already become visible in many families;
+that Church-land added to an ancient and just inheritance, hath proved
+like a moth fretting a garment, and secretly consumed both: or like
+the Eagle that stole a coal from the altar, and thereby set her nest
+on fire, which consumed both her young eagles and herself that stole
+it. And though I shall forbear to speak reproachfully of your Father,
+yet I beg you to take notice, that a part of the Church's rights added
+to the vast treasures left him by his Father, hath been conceived to
+bring an unavoidable consumption upon both, notwithstanding all his
+diligency to preserve them.
+
+"And consider, that after the violation of those laws, to which he had
+sworn in Magna Charta, God did so far deny him his restraining grace,
+that as King Saul, after he was forsaken of God, fell from one sin
+to another; so he, till at last he fell into greater sins than I am
+willing to mention. Madam, Religion is the foundation and cement of
+human societies; and when they that serve at God's Altar shall be
+exposed to poverty, then Religion itself will be exposed to scorn, and
+become contemptible; as you may already observe it to be in too many
+poor Vicarages in this nation. And therefore, as you are by a late
+Act or Acts of Parliament, entrusted with a great power to preserve or
+waste the Church-lands; yet dispose of them, for Jesus' sake, as
+you have promised to men, and vowed to God, that is, as the donors
+intended: let neither falsehood nor flattery beguile you to do
+otherwise; but put a stop to God's and the Levites' portion, I beseech
+you, and to the approaching ruins of His Church, as you expect
+comfort at the Last Great Day; for Kings must be judged. Pardon this
+affectionate plainness, my most dear Sovereign, and let me beg to be
+still continued in your favour; and the Lord still continue you in
+His."
+
+[Sidenote: Its reception]
+
+The Queen's patient hearing this affectionate speech, and her future
+care to preserve the Church's rights, which till then had been
+neglected, may appear a fair testimony, that he made her's and the
+Church's good the chiefest of his cares, and that she also thought so.
+And of this there were such daily testimonies given, as begot betwixt
+them so mutual a joy and confidence, that they seemed born to believe
+and do good to each other; she not doubting his piety to be more than
+all his opposers, which were many; nor doubting his prudence to be
+equal to the chiefest of her Council, who were then as remarkable for
+active wisdom, as those dangerous times did require, or this nation
+did ever enjoy. And in this condition he continued twenty years; in
+which time he saw some flowings, but many more ebbings of her
+favour towards all men that had opposed him, especially the Earl of
+Leicester: so that God seemed still to keep him in her favour, that
+he might preserve the remaining Church-lands and immunities from
+Sacrilegious alienations. And this good man deserved all the honour
+and power with which she gratified and trusted him; for he was a pious
+man, and naturally of noble and grateful principles: he eased her of
+all her Church-cares by his wise manage of them; he gave her faithful
+and prudent counsels in all the extremities and dangers of her
+temporal affairs, which were very many; he lived to be the chief
+comfort of her life in her declining age, and to be then most
+frequently with her, and her assistant at her private devotions; he
+lived to be the greatest comfort of her soul upon her death-bed, to
+be present at the expiration of her last breath, and to behold the
+closing of those eyes that had long looked upon him with reverence and
+affection. And let this also be added, that he was the Chief Mourner
+at her sad funeral; nor let this be forgotten, that, within a
+few hours after her death, he was the happy proclaimer, that King
+James--her peaceful successor--was heir to the Crown.
+
+[Sidenote: The Bishop's works]
+
+[Sidenote: His Free-school]
+
+Let me beg of my Reader to allow me to say a little, and but a little,
+more of this good Bishop, and I shall then presently lead him back to
+Mr. Hooker; and because I would hasten, I will mention but one part of
+the Bishop's charity and humility; but this of both. He built a large
+Alms-house near to his own Palace at Croydon in Surrey, and endowed
+it with maintenance for a Master and twenty-eight poor men and women;
+which he visited so often, that he knew their names and dispositions;
+and was so truly humble, that he called them Brothers and Sisters; and
+whensoever the Queen descended to that lowliness to dine with him at
+his Palace in Lambeth,--which was very often,--he would usually the
+next day shew the like lowliness to his poor Brothers and Sisters at
+Croydon, and dine with them at his Hospital; at which time, you may
+believe there was joy at the table. And at this place he built also
+a fair Free-school, with a good accommodation and maintenance for the
+Master and Scholars. Which gave just occasion for Boyse Sisi, then
+Ambassador for the French King, and resident here, at the Bishop's
+death, to say, "the Bishop had published many learned books; but a
+Free-school to train up youth, and an Hospital to lodge and maintain
+aged and poor people, were the best evidences of Christian learning
+that a Bishop could leave to posterity." This good Bishop lived to see
+King James settled in peace, and then fell into an extreme sickness
+at his Palace in Lambeth; of which when the King had notice, he
+went presently to visit him, and found him in his bed in a declining
+condition and very weak; and after some short discourse betwixt them,
+the King at his departure assured him, "He had a great affection for
+him, and a very high value for his prudence and virtues, and would
+endeavour to beg his life of God for the good of his Church." To which
+the good Bishop replied, "_Pro Ecclesia Dei! Pro Ecclesia Dei_!" which
+were the last words he ever spake; therein testifying, that as in his
+life, so at his death, his chiefest care was of God's Church.
+
+This John Whitgift was made Archbishop in the year 1583. In which busy
+place he continued twenty years and some months; and in which time you
+may believe he had many trials of his courage and patience: but his
+motto was "_Vincit qui patitur_;" and he made it good.
+
+[Sidenote: His trials]
+
+Many of his trials were occasioned by the then powerful Earl of
+Leicester, who did still--but secretly--raise and cherish a faction of
+Non-conformists to oppose him; especially one Thomas Cartwright,[19]
+a man of noted learning, sometime contemporary with the Bishop in
+Cambridge, and of the same College, of which the Bishop had been
+Master; in which place there began some emulations,--the particulars
+I forbear,--and at last open and high oppositions betwixt them; and in
+which you may believe Mr. Cartwright was most faulty, if his expulsion
+out of the University can incline you to it.
+
+And in this discontent after the Earl's death,--which was 1588,--Mr.
+Cartwright appeared a chief cherisher of a party that were for the
+Geneva Church-government; and, to effect it, he ran himself into many
+dangers both of liberty and life, appearing at the last to justify
+himself and his party in many remonstrances, which he caused to be
+printed: and to which the Bishop made a first answer, and Cartwright
+replied upon him; and then the Bishop having rejoined to his first
+reply, Mr. Cartwright either was, or was persuaded to be, satisfied,
+for he wrote no more, but left the Reader to be judge which had
+maintained their cause with most charity and reason. After some
+silence, Mr. Cartwright received from the Bishop many personal favours
+and betook himself to a more private living, which was at Warwick,
+where he was made Master of an Hospital, and lived quietly, and grew
+rich; and where the Bishop gave him a licence to preach, upon promises
+not to meddle with controversies, but incline his hearers to piety
+and moderation: and this promise he kept during his life, which ended
+1602, the Bishop surviving him but some few months; each ending his
+days in perfect charity with the other.
+
+And now after this long digression, made for the information of my
+Reader concerning what follows, I bring him back to venerable Mr.
+Hooker, where we left him in the Temple, and where we shall find him
+as deeply engaged in a controversy with Walter Travers,[20]--a friend
+and favourite of Mr. Cartwright's--as the Bishop had ever been with
+Mr. Cartwright himself, and of which I shall proceed to give this
+following account.
+
+[Sidenote: The new generation]
+
+[Sidenote: Thomas Nashe]
+
+And first this; that though the pens of Mr. Cartwright and the Bishop
+were now at rest, yet there was sprung up a new generation of restless
+men, that by company and clamours became possessed of a faith, which
+they ought to have kept to themselves, but could not: men that
+were become positive in asserting, "That a papist cannot be saved:"
+insomuch, that about this time, at the execution of the Queen of
+Scots, the Bishop that preached her Funeral Sermon--which was Dr.
+Howland,[21] then Bishop of Peterborough--was reviled for not being
+positive for her damnation. And besides this boldness of their
+becoming Gods, so far as to set limits to His mercies, there was
+not only one Martin Mar-Prelate,[22] but other venomous books daily
+printed and dispersed; books that were so absurd and scurrilous, that
+the graver Divines disdained them an answer. And yet these were grown
+into high esteem with the common people, till Tom Nash[23] appeared
+against them all, who was a man of a sharp wit, and the master of
+a scoffing, satirical, merry pen, which he employed to discover
+the absurdities of those blind, malicious, senseless pamphlets, and
+sermons as senseless as they; Nash's answers being like his books,
+which bore these, or like titles: "An Almond for a Parrot;" "A Fig for
+my Godson;" "Come crack me this nut," and the like; so that this
+merry wit made some sport, and such a discovery of their absurdities,
+as--which is strange--he put a greater stop to these malicious
+pamphlets, than a much wiser man had been able.
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Travers]
+
+And now the Reader is to take notice, that at the death of Father
+Alvey, who was Master of the Temple, this Walter Travers was
+Lecturer there for the Evening Sermons, which he preached with great
+approbation, especially of some citizens, and the younger gentlemen of
+that Society; and for the most part approved by Mr. Hooker himself,
+in the midst of their oppositions. For he continued Lecturer a part of
+his time; Mr. Travers being indeed a man of competent learning, of a
+winning behaviour, and of a blameless life. But he had taken Orders
+by the Presbytery in Antwerp,--and with them some opinions, that could
+never be eradicated,--and if in anything he was transported, it was
+in an extreme desire to set up that government in this nation; for
+the promoting of which he had a correspondence with Theodore Beza at
+Geneva, and others in Scotland; and was one of the chiefest assistants
+to Mr. Cartwright in that design.
+
+Mr. Travers had also a particular hope to set up this government in
+the Temple, and to that end used his most zealous endeavours to be
+Master of it; and his being disappointed by Mr. Hooker's admittance,
+proved the occasion of a public opposition betwixt them in their
+Sermons: many of which were concerning the doctrine and ceremonies
+of this Church: insomuch that, as St. Paul withstood St. Peter to his
+face, so did they withstand each other in their Sermons: for, as one
+hath pleasantly expressed it, "The forenoon Sermon spake Canterbury;
+and the afternoon Geneva."
+
+[Sidenote: His petition]
+
+In these Sermons there was little of bitterness, but each party
+brought all the reasons he was able to prove his adversary's opinion
+erroneous. And thus it continued a long time, till the oppositions
+became so visible, and the consequences so dangerous, especially in
+that place, that the prudent Archbishop put a stop to Mr. Travers
+his preaching, by a positive prohibition. Against which Mr. Travers
+appealed, and petitioned her Majesty's Privy Council to have it
+recalled; where, besides his patron, the Earl of Leicester, he met
+also with many assisting friends: but they were not able to prevail
+with, or against the Archbishop, whom the Queen had intrusted with all
+Church-power; and he had received so fair a testimony of Mr. Hooker's
+principles, and of his learning and moderation, that he withstood
+all solicitations. But the denying this petition of Mr. Travers, was
+unpleasant to divers of his party; and the reasonableness of it became
+at last to be so publicly magnified by them, and many others of that
+party, as never to be answered: so that, intending the Bishop's and
+Mr. Hooker's disgrace, they procured it to be privately printed and
+scattered abroad; and then Mr. Hooker was forced to appear, and make
+as public an Answer; which he did, and dedicated it to the Archbishop;
+and it proved so full an answer, an answer that had in it so much of
+clear reason, and writ with so much meekness and majesty of style,
+that the Bishop began to have him in admiration, and to rejoice that
+he had appeared in his cause, and disdained not earnestly to beg his
+friendship; even a familiar friendship with a man of so much quiet
+learning and humility.
+
+[Sidenote: Points at issue]
+
+To enumerate the many particular points in issue which Mr. Hooker
+and Mr. Travers dissented,--all, or most of which I have seen
+written,--would prove at least tedious: and therefore I shall impose
+upon my Reader no more than two, which shall immediately follow, and
+by which he may judge of the rest.
+
+Mr. Travers excepted against Mr. Hooker, for that in one of his
+Sermons he declared, "That the assurance of what we believe by the
+Word of God is not to us so certain as that which we perceive by
+sense." And Mr. Hooker confesseth he said so, and endeavours to
+justify it by the reasons following.
+
+"First; I taught that the things which God promises in his Word are
+surer than what we touch, handle, or see: but are we so sure and
+certain of them? If we be, why doth God so often prove his promises to
+us as he doth, by arguments drawn from our sensible experience? For we
+must be surer of the proof than of the things proved; otherwise it is
+no proof. For example; how is it that many men looking on the moon, at
+the same time, every one knoweth it to be the moon as certainly as the
+other doth? but many believing one and the same promise, have not all
+one and the same fulness of persuasion. For how falleth it out, that
+men being assured of any thing by sense, can be no surer of it than
+they are; when as the strongest in faith that liveth upon the earth
+hath always need to labour, strive, and pray, that his assurance
+concerning heavenly and spiritual things may grow, increase, and be
+augmented?"
+
+[Sidenote: Hooker's sermon]
+
+The Sermon, that gave him the cause of this his justification,
+makes the case more plain, by declaring "That there is, besides this
+certainty of evidence, a certainty of adherence." In which having most
+excellently demonstrated what the certainty of adherence is, he
+makes this comfortable use of it, "Comfortable," he says, "as to weak
+believers, who suppose themselves to be faithless, not to believe,
+when notwithstanding they have their adherence; the Holy Spirit hath
+his private operations, and worketh secretly in them, and effectually
+too, though they want the inward testimony of it."
+
+Tell this, saith he, to a man that hath a mind too much dejected by a
+sad sense of his sin; to one that, by a too severe judging of himself,
+concludes that he wants faith, because he wants the comfortable
+assurance of it; and his answer will be, do not persuade me against my
+knowledge, against what I find and feel in myself: I do not, I know, I
+do not believe.--Mr. Hooker's own words follow.--"Well then, to favour
+such men a little in their weakness, let that be granted which they
+do imagine; be it, that they adhere not to God's promises, but are
+faithless, and without belief: but are they not grieved for their
+unbelief? They confess they are; do they not wish it might, and also
+strive that it may be otherwise? We know they do. Whence cometh this,
+but from a secret love and liking, that they have of those things
+believed? For no man can love those things which in his own opinion
+are not; and if they think those things to be, which they show they
+love, when they desire to believe them; then must it be, that, by
+desiring to believe, they prove themselves true believers: for without
+faith no man thinketh that things believed are: which argument all the
+subtilties of infernal powers will never be able to dissolve." This
+is an abridgement of part of the reasons Mr. Hooker gives for his
+justification of this his opinion, for which he was excepted against
+by Mr. Travers.
+
+[Sidenote: Answers to Travers]
+
+Mr. Hooker was also accused by Mr. Travers, for that he in one of his
+Sermons had declared, "That he doubted not but that God was merciful
+to many of our forefathers living in Popish superstition, for as much
+as they sinned ignorantly;" and Mr. Hooker in his Answer professeth
+it to be his judgment, and declares his reasons for this charitable
+opinion to be as followeth.
+
+But first, he states the question about Justification and Works, and
+how the foundation of Faith without works is overthrown; and then he
+proceeds to discover that way which natural men and some others
+have mistaken to be the way, by which they hope to attain true and
+everlasting happiness: and having discovered the mistaken, he proceeds
+to direct to that true way, by which, and no other, everlasting life
+and blessedness is attainable. And these two ways he demonstrates
+thus;--they be his own words that follow:--"That, the way of Nature;
+this, the way of Grace; the end of that way, Salvation merited,
+pre-supposing the righteousness of men's works; their righteousness,
+a natural ability to do them; that ability, the goodness of God, which
+created them in such perfection. But the end of this way, Salvation
+bestowed upon men as a gift: pre-supposing not their righteousness,
+but the forgiveness of their unrighteousness, Justification; their
+justification, not their natural ability to do good, but their hearty
+sorrow for not doing, and unfeigned belief in Him, for whose sake
+not-doers are accepted, which is their Vocation; their vocation, the
+election of God, taking them out of the number of lost children:
+their Election, a Mediator in whom to be elected; this mediation,
+inexplicable mercy: this mercy, supposing their misery for whom He
+vouchsafed to die, and make Himself a Mediator."
+
+And he also declareth, "There is no meritorious cause for our
+Justification, but Christ: no effectual, but his mercy;" and says
+also, "We deny the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, we abuse, disannul
+and annihilate the benefit of his passion, if by a proud imagination
+we believe we can merit everlasting life, or can be worthy of it."
+This belief, he declareth, is to destroy the very essence of our
+Justification; and he makes all opinions that border upon this to
+be very dangerous. "Yet nevertheless,"--and for this he was
+accused,--"considering how many virtuous and just men, how many Saints
+and Martyrs have had their dangerous opinions amongst which this was
+one, that they hoped to make God some part of amends, by voluntary
+punishments which they laid upon themselves: because by this, or the
+like erroneous opinions, which do by consequence overthrow the merits
+of Christ, shall man be so bold as to write on their graves, 'Such men
+are damned; there is for them no Salvation?' St. Austin says, _Errare
+possum, Hæreticus esse nolo_. And except we put a difference betwixt
+them that err ignorantly, and them that obstinately persist in it, how
+is it possible that any man should hope to be saved? Give me a Pope
+or Cardinal, whom great afflictions have made to know himself, whose
+heart God hath touched with true sorrow for all his sins, and filled
+with a love of Christ and his Gospel; whose eyes are willingly open
+to see the truth, and his mouth ready to renounce all error,--this one
+opinion of merit excepted, which he thinketh God will require at his
+hands;--and because he wanteth, trembleth, and is discouraged, and
+yet can say, Lord, cleanse me from all my secret sins! shall I think,
+because of this, or a like error, such men touch not so much as the
+hem of Christ's garment? If they do, wherefore should I doubt, but
+that virtue may proceed from Christ to save them? No, I will not be
+afraid to say to such a one, You err in your opinion; but be of good
+comfort; you have to do with a merciful God, who will make the best
+of that little which you hold well; and not with a captious sophister,
+who gathereth the worst out of every thing in which you are mistaken."
+
+But it will be said, says Mr. Hooker, the admittance of merit in any
+degree overthroweth the foundation, excludeth from the hope of mercy,
+from all possibility of salvation. (And now Mr. Hooker's own words
+follow.)
+
+"What, though they hold the truth sincerely in all other parts of
+Christian faith; although they have in some measure all the virtues
+and graces of the Spirit, although they have all other tokens of God's
+children in them? although they be far from having any proud opinion,
+that they shall be saved by the worthiness of their deeds? although
+the only thing, that troubleth and molesteth them, be a little too
+much dejection, somewhat too great a fear arising from an erroneous
+conceit, that God will require a worthiness in them, which they are
+grieved to find wanting in themselves? although they be not obstinate
+in this opinion? although they be willing, and would be glad to
+forsake it, if any one reason were brought sufficient to disprove it?
+although the only cause why they do not forsake it ere they die, be
+their ignorance of that means by which it might be disproved? although
+the cause why the ignorance in this point is not removed, be the want
+of knowledge in such as should be able, and are not, to remove it? Let
+me die," says Mr. Hooker, "if it be ever proved, that simply an error
+doth exclude a Pope or Cardinal in such a case utterly from hope of
+life. Surely, I must confess, that if it be an error to think that God
+may be merciful to save men, even when they err, my greatest comfort
+is my error: were it not for the love I bear to this error, I would
+never wish to speak or to live."
+
+I was willing to take notice of these two points, as supposing them
+to be very material; and that, as they are thus contracted, they may
+prove useful to my Reader; as also for that the answers be arguments
+of Mr. Hooker's great and clear reason, and equal charity. Other
+exceptions were also made against him by Mr. Travers, as "That he
+prayed before, and not after, his Sermons; that in his prayers he
+named Bishops; that he kneeled, both when he prayed, and when he
+received the Sacrament;" and--says Mr. Hooker in his Defence--"other
+exceptions so like these, as but to name, I should have thought a
+greater fault than to commit them."
+
+[Sidenote: His "dove-like temper"]
+
+And it is not unworthy the noting, that, in the manage of so great a
+controversy, a sharper reproof than this, and one like it, did never
+fall from the happy pen of this humble man. That like it was upon
+a like occasion of exceptions, to which his answer was, "your next
+argument consists of railing and of reasons: to your railing I say
+nothing; to your reasons I say what follows." And I am glad of this
+fair occasion to testify the dove-like temper of this meek, this
+matchless man. And doubtless, if Almighty God had blest the Dissenters
+from the ceremonies and discipline of this Church, with a like measure
+of wisdom and humility, instead of their pertinacious zeal, then
+obedience and truth had kissed each other; then peace and piety had
+flourished in our nation, and this Church and State had been blessed
+like Jerusalem, that is at unity with itself: but this can never be
+expected, till God shall bless the common people of this nation with
+a belief, that Schism is a sin, and they not fit to judge what is
+Schism: and bless them also with a belief, that there may be offences
+taken which are not given, and, that laws are not made for private men
+to dispute, but to obey.
+
+[Sidenote: His writings]
+
+And this also may be worthy of noting, that these exceptions of Mr.
+Travers against Mr. Hooker proved to be _felix error_, for they were
+the cause of his transcribing those few of his Sermons, which we now
+see printed with his books; and of his "Answer to Mr. Travers his
+Supplication;" and of his most learned and useful "Discourse of
+Justification, of Faith, and Works:" and by their transcription they
+fell into such hands as have preserved them from being lost, as too
+many of his other matchless writings were: and from these I have
+gathered many observations in this discourse of his life.
+
+[Sidenote: "Ecclesiastical Polity"]
+
+After the publication of his "Answer to the Petition of Mr. Travers,"
+Mr. Hooker grew daily into greater repute with the most learned and
+wise of the nation; but it had a contrary effect in very many of
+the Temple, that were zealous for Mr. Travers, and for his
+Church-discipline; insomuch, that though Mr. Travers left the place,
+yet the seeds of discontent could not be rooted out of that Society,
+by the great reason, and as great meekness, of this humble man: for
+though the chief Benchers gave him much reverence and encouragement,
+yet he there met with many neglects and oppositions by those of Master
+Travers' judgment; insomuch that it turned to his extreme grief:
+and, that he might unbeguile and win them, he designed to write a
+deliberate, sober treatise of the Church's power to make Canons for
+the use of ceremonies, and by law to impose an obedience to them, as
+upon her children; and this he proposed to do in "Eight Books of
+the Law of Ecclesiastical Polity;" intending therein to shew such
+arguments as should force an assent from all men, if reason, delivered
+in sweet language, and void of any provocation, were able to do it:
+and, that he might prevent all prejudice, he wrote before it a large
+Preface, or Epistle to the Dissenting Brethren, wherein there were
+such bowels of love, and such a commixture of that love with reason,
+as was never exceeded but in Holy Writ; and particularly by that of
+St. Paul to his dear brother and fellow-labourer Philemon: than which
+none ever was more like this epistle of Mr. Hooker's. So that his dear
+friend and companion in his studies, Dr. Spencer, might, after his
+death, justly say, "What admirable height of learning, and depth of
+judgment, dwelt in the lowly mind of this truly humble man--great in
+all wise men's eyes, except his own; with what gravity and majesty of
+speech his tongue and pen uttered heavenly mysteries; whose eyes, in
+the humility of his heart, were always cast down to the ground; how
+all things that proceeded from him were breathed as from the Spirit of
+Love; as if he, like the bird of the Holy Ghost, the Dove, had wanted
+gall:--let those that knew him not in his person, judge these living
+images of his soul, his writings."
+
+[Sidenote: Desire for quietness]
+
+The foundation of these books was laid in the Temple; but he found
+it no fit place to finish what he had there designed; he therefore
+earnestly solicited the Archbishop for a remove from that place; to
+whom he spake to this purpose: "My Lord, when I lost the freedom of my
+cell, which was my College, yet I found some degree of it in my quiet
+country parsonage: but I am weary of the noise and oppositions of this
+place; and indeed God and Nature did not intend me for contentions,
+but for study and quietness. My Lord, my particular contests with Mr.
+Travers here have proved the more unpleasant to me, because I believe
+him to be a good man; and that belief hath occasioned me to examine
+mine own conscience concerning his opinions; and, to satisfy that, I
+have consulted the Scripture, and other laws, both human and divine,
+whether the conscience of him, and others of his judgment, ought to be
+so far complied with, as to alter our frame of Church-government,
+our manner of God's worship, our praising and praying to him, and our
+established ceremonies, as often as his, and other tender consciences
+shall require us. And in this examination, I have not only satisfied
+myself, but have begun a Treatise, in which I intend a justification
+of the Laws of our Ecclesiastical Polity; in which design God and his
+holy angels shall at the last great Day bear me that witness which my
+conscience now does; that my meaning is not to provoke any, but rather
+to satisfy all tender consciences: and I shall never be able to do
+this, but where I may study, and pray for God's blessing upon my
+endeavours, and keep myself in peace and privacy, and behold God's
+blessings spring out of my mother earth, and eat my own bread without
+oppositions;[24] and therefore, if your Grace can judge me worthy of
+such a favour, let me beg it, that I may perfect what I have begun."
+
+[Sidenote: Rector of Boscombe]
+
+[Sidenote: Prebend of Salisbury]
+
+About this time the Parsonage or Rectory of Boscum, in the Diocese of
+Sarum, and six miles from that City, became void. The Bishop of Sarum
+is patron of it; but in the vacancy of that See,--which was three
+years betwixt the translation of Bishop Pierce to the See of York, and
+Bishop Caldwell's admission into it,--the disposal of that, and all
+benefices belonging to that See, during this said vacancy, came to be
+disposed of by the Archbishop of Canterbury: and he presented Richard
+Hooker to it in the year 1591. And Richard Hooker was also in the
+said year instituted, July 17, to be a Minor Prebend of Salisbury, the
+corps to it being Nether-Haven, about ten miles from that City;
+which prebend was of no great value, but intended chiefly to make
+him capable of a better preferment in that church. In this Boscum he
+continued till he had finished four of his eight proposed books of
+"The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity," and these were entered into the
+Register-Book in Stationers' Hall, the 9th of March, 1592, but not
+published till the year 1594, and then were with the before-mentioned
+large and affectionate Preface, which he directs to them that seek--as
+they term it--the reformation of the Laws and Orders Ecclesiastical
+in the Church of England; of which books I shall yet say nothing more,
+but that he continued his laborious diligence to finish the remaining
+four during his life;--of all which more properly hereafter;--but at
+Boscum he finished and published but only the first four, being then
+in the 39th year of his age.
+
+He left Boscum in the year 1595, by a surrender of it into the
+hands of Bishop Caldwell: and he presented Benjamin Russell, who was
+instituted into it the 23rd of June in the same year.
+
+[Sidenote: Rector of Bishops-bourne]
+
+The Parsonage of Bishop's Bourne in Kent, three miles from Canterbury,
+is in that Archbishop's gift; but, in that latter end of the year
+1594, Dr. William Redman, the Rector of it, was made Bishop of
+Norwich; by which means the power of presenting to it was _pro eâ
+vice_ in the Queen; and she presented Richard Hooker, whom she loved
+well, to this good living of Bourne, the 7th July, 1595; in which
+living he continued till his death, without any addition of dignity or
+profit.
+
+And now having brought our Richard Hooker from his birth-place, to
+this where he found a grave, I shall only give some account of his
+books and of his behaviour in this Parsonage of Bourne, and then give
+a rest both to myself and my Reader.
+
+His first four books and large epistle have been declared to be
+printed at his being at Boscum, anno 1594. Next I am to tell, that
+at the end of these four books there was, when he first printed them,
+this Advertisement to the Reader. "I have for some causes, thought it
+at this time more fit to let go these first four books by themselves,
+than to stay both them and the rest, till the whole might together
+be published. Such generalities of the cause in question as are here
+handled, it will be perhaps not amiss to consider apart, by way of
+introduction unto the books that are to follow concerning particulars;
+in the mean time the Reader is requested to mend the Printer's errors,
+as noted underneath."
+
+[Sidenote: "Ecclesiastical Polity"]
+
+[Sidenote: The Pope his reader]
+
+And I am next to declare, that his Fifth Book--which is larger than
+his first four--was first also printed by itself, anno 1597,
+and dedicated to his patron--for till then he chose none--the
+Archbishop.--These books were read with an admiration of their
+excellency in this, and their just fame spread itself also into
+foreign nations. And I have been told, more than forty years past,
+that either Cardinal Allen,[25] or learned Dr. Stapleton,[26]--both
+Englishmen, and in Italy about the time when Mr. Hooker's four books
+were first printed,--meeting with this general fame of them, were
+desirous to read an author, that both the reformed and the learned of
+their own Romish Church did so much magnify; and therefore caused
+them to be sent for to Rome: and after reading them, boasted to the
+Pope,--which then was Clement the Eighth,--"That though he had lately
+said, he never met with an English book, whose writer deserved the
+name of author; yet there now appeared a wonder to them, and it would
+be so to his Holiness, if it were in Latin: for a poor obscure English
+Priest had writ four such books of Laws, and Church-polity, and in a
+style that expressed such a grave and so humble a majesty, with such
+clear demonstration of reason, that in all their readings they had not
+met with any that exceeded him:" and this begot in the Pope an earnest
+desire that Dr. Stapleton should bring the said four books, and,
+looking on the English, read a part of them to him in Latin; which
+Dr. Stapleton did, to the end of the first book; at the conclusion of
+which, the Pope spake to this purpose: "There is no learning that this
+man hath not searched into, nothing too hard for his understanding:
+this man indeed deserves the name of an author: his books will get
+reverence by age; for there is in them such seeds of eternity, that
+if the rest be like this, they shall last till the last fire shall
+consume all learning."
+
+[Sidenote: King James on Hooker]
+
+Nor was this high, the only testimony and commendation given to his
+books; for at the first coming of King James into this kingdom, he
+enquired of the Archbishop Whitgift for his friend Mr. Hooker, that
+writ the books of Church-polity; to which the answer was, that he died
+a year before Queen Elizabeth, who received the sad news of his death
+with very much sorrow; to which the King replied, "And I receive it
+with no less, that I shall want the desired happiness of seeing and
+discoursing with that man, from whose books I have received such
+satisfaction: indeed, my Lord, I have received more satisfaction in
+reading a leaf or paragraph, in Mr. Hooker, though it were but about
+the fashion of Churches, or Church-Music, or the like, but especially
+of the Sacraments, than I have had in the reading particular large
+treatises written but of one of those subjects by others, though
+very learned men: and I observe there is in Mr. Hooker no affected
+language: but a grave, comprehensive, clear manifestation of reason,
+and that backed with the authority of the Scripture, the Fathers, and
+Schoolmen, and with all Law both sacred and civil. And, though many
+others write well, yet in the next age they will be forgotten; but
+doubtless there is in every page of Mr. Hooker's book, the picture
+of a divine soul, such pictures of truth and reason, and drawn in
+so sacred colours, that they shall never fade, but give an immortal
+memory to the author." And it is so truly true, that the King thought
+what he spake, that, as the most learned of the nation have, and still
+do mention Mr. Hooker with reverence; so he also did never mention
+him but with the epithet of learned, or judicious, or reverend, or
+venerable Mr. Hooker.
+
+[Sidenote: A Latin version]
+
+Nor did his son, our late King Charles the First, ever mention him but
+with the same reverence, enjoining his son, our now gracious King,
+to be studious in Mr. Hooker's books. And our learned antiquary, Mr.
+Camden [in his Annals, 5299], mentioning the death, the modesty, and
+other virtues of Mr. Hooker, and magnifying his books, wished, "that,
+for the honour of this, and benefit of other nations, they were turned
+into the Universal Language." Which work, though undertaken by many,
+yet they have been weary, and forsaken it: but the Reader may now
+expect it, having been long since begun and lately finished, by the
+happy pen of Dr. Earle,[27] now Lord Bishop of Salisbury, of whom I
+may justly say,--and let it not offend him, because it is such a truth
+as ought not to be concealed from posterity, or those that now live,
+and yet know him not,--that since Mr. Hooker died, none have lived
+whom God hath blessed with more innocent wisdom, more sanctified
+learning, or a more pious, peaceable, primitive temper: so that this
+excellent person seems to be only like himself, and our venerable
+Richard Hooker, and only fit to make the learned of all nations happy,
+in knowing what hath been too long confined to the language of our
+little island.
+
+[Sidenote: Life at Bishops-bourne]
+
+There might be many more and just occasions taken to speak of his
+books, which none ever did or can commend too much; but I decline
+them, and hasten to an account of his Christian behaviour and death
+at Bourne; in which place he continued his customary rules of
+mortification and self-denial; was much in fasting, frequent in
+meditation and prayers, enjoying those blessed returns, which only men
+of strict lives feel and know, and of which men of loose and godless
+lives cannot be made sensible; for spiritual things are spiritually
+discerned.
+
+[Sidenote: Saravia's tracts]
+
+At his entrance into this place, his friendship was much sought for
+by Dr. Hadrian Saravia,[28] then, or about that time, made one of the
+Prebends of Canterbury; a German by birth, and sometime a pastor both
+in Flanders and Holland, where he had studied, and well considered
+the controverted points concerning Episcopacy and sacrilege; and in
+England had a just occasion to declare his judgment concerning both,
+unto his brethren ministers of the Low Countries; which was excepted
+against by Theodore Beza and others; against whose exceptions he
+rejoined, and thereby became the happy author of many learned
+tracts writ in Latin, especially of three; one, of the "Degrees of
+Ministers," and of the "Bishops' superiority above the Presbytery;"
+a second, "against Sacrilege;" and a third of "Christian Obedience to
+Princes;" the last being occasioned by Gretzerus the Jesuit.[29] And
+it is observable, that when, in a time of Church tumults, Beza gave
+his reasons to the Chancellor of Scotland for the abrogation of
+Episcopacy in that nation, partly by letters, and more fully in a
+Treatise of a threefold Episcopacy,--which he calls divine, human, and
+satanical,--this Dr. Saravia had, by the help of Bishop Whitgift, made
+such an early discovery of their intentions, that he had almost
+as soon answered that Treatise as it became public; and he therein
+discovered how Beza's opinion did contradict that of Calvin's and
+his adherents; leaving them to interfere with themselves in point of
+Episcopacy. But of these tracts it will not concern me to say more,
+than that they were most of them dedicated to his, and the Church of
+England's watchful patron, John Whitgift, the Archbishop; and printed
+about the time in which Mr. Hooker also appeared first to the world,
+in the publication of his first four books of "Ecclesiastical Polity."
+
+This friendship being sought for by this learned Doctor, you may
+believe was not denied by Mr. Hooker, who was by fortune so like him,
+as to be engaged against Mr. Travers, Mr. Cartwright, and others of
+their judgment, in a controversy too like Dr. Saravia's; so that in
+this year of 1595, and in this place of Bourne, these two excellent
+persons began a holy friendship, increasing daily to so high and
+mutual affections, that their two wills seemed to be but one and the
+same; and their designs both for the glory of God, and peace of the
+Church, still assisting and improving each other's virtues, and
+the desired comforts of a peaceable piety; which I have willingly
+mentioned, because it gives a foundation to some things that follow.
+
+[Sidenote: "What went they out to see?"]
+
+[Sidenote: His bashfulnes]
+
+This Parsonage of Bourne is from Canterbury three miles, and near to
+the common road that leads from that City to Dover; in which Parsonage
+Mr. Hooker had not been twelve months, but his books, and the
+innocency and sanctity of his life became so remarkable, that
+many turned out of the road, and others--scholars especially--went
+purposely to see the man, whose life and learning were so much
+admired: and alas! as our Saviour said of St. John Baptist, "What went
+they out to see? a man clothed in purple and fine linen?" No, indeed:
+but an obscure, harmless man; a man in poor clothes, his loins usually
+girt in a coarse gown, or canonical coat; of a mean stature, and
+stooping, and yet more lowly in the thoughts of his soul; his body
+worn out, not with age, but study and holy mortifications; his face
+full of heat-pimples, begot by his unactivity and sedentary life.
+And to this true character of his person, let me add this of his
+disposition and behaviour: God and Nature blessed him with so blessed
+a bashfulness, that as in his younger days his pupils might easily
+look him out of countenance; so neither then, nor in his age, did he
+ever willingly look any man in the face: and was of so mild and humble
+a nature, that his poor Parish-Clerk and he did never talk but with
+both their hats on, or both off, at the same time: and to this may
+be added, that though he was not purblind, yet he was short or
+weaksighted; and where he fixed his eyes at the beginning of his
+sermon, there they continued till it was ended: and the Reader has a
+liberty to believe, that his modesty and dim sight were some of the
+reasons why he trusted Mrs. Churchman to choose his wife.
+
+[Sidenote: His Parish Clerk]
+
+This Parish-Clerk lived till the third or fourth year of the late Long
+Parliament; betwixt which time and Mr. Hooker's death there had come
+many to see the place of his burial, and the Monument dedicated to his
+memory by Sir William Cowper, who still lives; and the poor Clerk
+had many rewards for shewing Mr. Hooker's grave place, and his said
+Monument, and did always hear Mr. Hooker mentioned with commendations
+and reverence; to all which he added his own knowledge and
+observations of his humility and holiness; and in all which discourses
+the poor man was still more confirmed in his opinion of Mr. Hooker's
+virtues and learning. But it so fell out, that about the said third or
+fourth year of the Long Parliament, the then present Parson of Bourne
+was sequestered,--you may guess why,--and a Genevan Minister put into
+his good living. This, and other like sequestrations, made the Clerk
+express himself in a wonder, and say, "They had sequestered so many
+good men, that he doubted, if his good master Mr. Hooker had lived
+till now, they would have sequestered him too!"
+
+It was not long before this intruding Minister had made a party in and
+about the said Parish, that were desirous to receive the Sacrament as
+in Geneva; to which end, the day was appointed for a select company,
+and forms and stools set about the altar, or communion-table, for them
+to sit and eat and drink: but when they went about this work, there
+was a want of some joint-stools, which the Minister sent the Clerk to
+fetch, and then to fetch cushions,--but not to kneel upon.--When the
+Clerk saw them begin to sit down, he began to wonder; but the Minister
+bade him "cease wondering, and lock the Church-door:" to whom he
+replied, "Pray take you the keys, and lock me out: I will never come
+more into this Church; for all men will say, my master Hooker was a
+good man, and a good scholar; and I am sure it was not used to be
+thus in his days:" and report says the old man went presently home and
+died; I do not say died immediately, but within a few Christian days
+after.[30]
+
+[Sidenote: His Christian behavior]
+
+But let us leave this grateful Clerk in his quiet grave, and return
+to Mr. Hooker himself, continuing our observations of his Christian
+behaviour in this place, where he gave a holy valediction to all the
+pleasures and allurements of earth; possessing his soul in a virtuous
+quietness, which he maintained by constant study, prayers, and
+meditations. His use was to preach once every Sunday, and he, or his
+Curate, to catechise after the second Lesson in the Evening Prayer.
+His Sermons were neither long nor earnest, but uttered with a grave
+zeal and an humble voice: his eyes always fixed on one place, to
+prevent imagination from wandering; insomuch that he seemed to
+study as he spake. The design of his Sermons--as indeed of all his
+discourses--was to shew reasons for what he spake; and with these
+reasons such a kind of rhetoric, as did rather convince and persuade,
+than frighten men into piety; studying not so much for matter,--which
+he never wanted,--as for apt illustrations, to inform and teach his
+unlearned hearers by familiar examples, and then make them better by
+convincing applications; never labouring by hard words, and then by
+heedless distinctions and sub-distinctions, to amuse his hearers, and
+get glory to himself; but glory only to God. Which intention, he would
+often say, was as discernible in a Preacher, "as a natural from an
+artificial beauty."
+
+[Sidenote: Fasting and prayer]
+
+He never failed the Sunday before every Ember-week to give notice
+of it to his parishioners, persuading them both to fast, and then
+to double their devotions for a learned and a pious Clergy, but
+especially the last; saying often, "That the life of a pious Clergyman
+was visible rhetoric; and so convincing, that the most godless
+men--though they would not deny themselves the enjoyment of their
+present lusts--did yet secretly wish themselves like those of the
+strictest lives." And to what he persuaded others, he added his own
+example of fasting and prayer; and did usually every Ember-week take
+from the Parish-Clerk the key of the Church-door, into which place he
+retired every day, and locked himself up for many hours; and did the
+like most Fridays and other days of fasting.
+
+He would by no means omit the customary time of Procession, persuading
+all, both rich and poor, if they desired the preservation of love,
+and their Parish-rights and liberties, to accompany him in his
+perambulation; and most did so: in which perambulation he would
+usually express more pleasant discourse than at other times, and
+would then always drop some loving and facetious observations to be
+remembered against the next year, especially by the boys and young
+people; still inclining them, and all his present parishioners, to
+meekness, and mutual kindness and love; because "Love thinks not evil,
+but covers a multitude of infirmities."
+
+[Sidenote: Parish work]
+
+He was diligent to enquire who of his Parish were sick, or any ways
+distressed, and would often visit them, unsent for; supposing that
+the fittest time to discover to them those errors, to which health and
+prosperity had blinded them. And having by pious reasons and prayers
+moulded them into holy resolutions for the time to come, he would
+incline them to confession and bewailing their sins, with purpose
+to forsake them, and then to receive the Communion, both as a
+strengthening of those holy resolutions, and as a seal betwixt God and
+them of his mercies to their souls, in case that present sickness did
+put a period to their lives.
+
+And as he was thus watchful and charitable to the sick, so he was
+as diligent to prevent lawsuits; still urging his parishioners and
+neighbours to bear with each other's infirmities, and live in love,
+because, as St. John says, "He that lives in love, lives in God:
+for God is love." And to maintain this holy fire of love constantly
+burning on the altar of a pure heart, his advice was to watch and
+pray, and always keep themselves fit to receive the Communion,
+and then to receive it often; for it was both a confirming and
+strengthening of their graces. This was his advice; and at his
+entrance or departure out of any house, he would usually speak to the
+whole family, and bless them by name; insomuch, that as he seemed his
+youth to be taught of God, so he seemed in this place to teach
+his precepts as Enoch did, by walking with him in all holiness and
+humility, making each day a step towards a blessed eternity. And
+though, in this weak and declining age of the world, such examples are
+become barren, and almost incredible; yet let his memory be blessed by
+this true recordation, because he that praises Richard Hooker,
+praises God who hath given such gifts to men; and let this humble
+and affectionate relation of him become such a pattern, as may invite
+posterity to imitate these his virtues.
+
+[Sidenote: Slanderous tongues]
+
+[Sidenote: False accusations]
+
+[Sidenote: A prayer]
+
+This was his constant behaviour both at Bourne, and in all the places
+in which he lived: thus did he walk with God, and tread the footsteps
+of primitive piety; and yet, as that great example of meekness and
+purity, even our blessed Jesus, was not free from false accusations,
+no more was this disciple of his, this most humble, most innocent,
+holy man. His was a slander parallel to that of chaste Susannah's by
+the wicked Elders; or that against St. Athanasius, as it is recorded
+in his life,--for this holy man had heretical enemies,--a slander
+which this age calls _trepanning_.[31] The particulars need not a
+repetition; and that it was false, needs no other testimony than the
+public punishment of his accusers, and their open confession of
+his innocency. It was said, that the accusation was contrived by a
+dissenting brother, one that endured not Church-ceremonies, hating
+him for his book's sake, which he was not able to answer; and his name
+hath been told me; but I have not so much confidence in the relation,
+as to make my pen fix a scandal on him to posterity; I shall rather
+leave it doubtful till the great day of revelation. But this is
+certain, that he lay under the great charge, and the anxiety of this
+accusation, and kept it secret to himself for many months; and, being
+a helpless man, had lain longer under this heavy burthen, but that the
+Protector of the innocent gave such an accidental occasion, as forced
+him to make it known to his two dearest friends, Edwin Sandys and
+George Cranmer, who were so sensible of their tutor's sufferings,
+that they gave themselves no rest, till by their disquisitions and
+diligence they had found out the fraud, and brought him the welcome
+news, that his accusers did confess they had wronged him, and begged
+his pardon. To which the good man's reply was to this purpose: "The
+Lord forgive them; and the Lord bless you for this comfortable news.
+Now have I a just occasion to say with Solomon, 'Friends are born for
+the days of adversity;' and such you have proved to me. And to my
+God I say, as did the Mother of St. John Baptist, 'Thus hath the Lord
+dealt with me, in the day wherein he looked upon me, to take away
+my reproach among men. 'And, O my God! neither my life, nor my
+reputation, are safe in my own keeping; but in thine, who didst take
+care of me when I yet hanged upon my mother's breast. Blessed are they
+that put their trust in thee, O Lord! for when false witnesses were
+risen up against me; when shame was ready to cover my face; when my
+flights were restless; when my soul thirsted for a deliverance, as the
+hart panteth after the rivers of water; then thou, Lord, didst hear my
+complaints, pity my condition, and art now become my deliverer; and as
+long as I live I will hold up my hands in this manner, and magnify thy
+mercies, who didst not give me over as a prey to mine enemies: the
+net is broken, and they are taken in it. Oh! blessed are they that put
+their trust in thee! and no prosperity shall make me forget those days
+of sorrow, or to perform those vows that I have made to thee in the
+days of my affliction; for with such sacrifices, thou, O God, art well
+pleased; and I will pay them."[32]
+
+[Sidenote: His charity]
+
+Thus did the joy and gratitude of this good man's heart break forth;
+and it is observable, that as the invitation to this slander was his
+meek behaviour and dove-like simplicity, for which he was remarkable;
+so his Christian charity ought to be imitated. For though the spirit
+of revenge is so pleasing to mankind, that it is never conquered but
+by a supernatural grace, revenge being indeed so deeply rooted in
+human nature, that, to prevent the excesses of it,--for men would not
+know moderation,--Almighty God allows not any degree of it to any man,
+but says "vengeance is mine:" and though this be said positively
+by God himself, yet this revenge is so pleasing, that man is hardly
+persuaded to submit the manage of it to the time, and justice, and
+wisdom of his Creator, but would hasten to be his own executioner
+of it. And yet nevertheless, if any man ever did wholly decline, and
+leave this pleasing passion to the time and measure of God alone, it
+was this Richard Hooker, of whom I write: for when his slanderers
+were to suffer, he laboured to procure their pardon; and when that was
+denied him, his reply was, "That however he would fast and pray
+that God would give them repentance, and patience to undergo their
+punishment." And his prayers were so far returned into his own bosom,
+that the first was granted, if we may believe a penitent behaviour,
+and an open confession. And 'tis observable, that after this time he
+would often say to Dr. Saravia, "Oh! with what quietness did I enjoy
+my soul, after I was free from the fears of my slander! And how much
+more after a conflict and victory over my desires of revenge!"
+
+[Sidenote: A long sickness]
+
+About the year 1600, and of his age forty-six, he fell into a long
+and sharp sickness, occasioned by a cold taken in his passage by water
+betwixt London and Gravesend, from the malignity of which he was never
+recovered; for after that time, till his death, he was not free from
+thoughtful days and restless nights: but a submission to His will that
+makes the sick man's bed easy, by giving rest to his soul, made his
+very languishment comfortable: and yet all this time he was solicitous
+in his study, and said often to Dr. Saravia,--who saw him daily, and
+was the chief comfort of his life,--"That he did not beg a long life
+of God for any other reason, but to live to finish his three remaining
+books of Polity; and then, 'Lord, let thy servant depart in peace;'"
+which was his usual expression. And God heard his prayers, though he
+denied the Church the benefit of them, as completed by himself; and
+'tis thought he hastened his own death, by hastening to give life to
+his books. But this is certain, that the nearer he was to his death,
+more he grew in humility, in holy thoughts, and resolutions.
+
+[Sidenote: Approaching end]
+
+About a month before his death, this good man, that never knew, or at
+least never considered, the pleasures of the palate, became first
+to lose his appetite, and then to have an averseness to all food,
+insomuch that he seemed to live some intermitted weeks by the smell of
+meat only, and yet still studied and writ. And now his guardian angel
+seemed to foretel him that the day of his dissolution drew near; for
+which his vigorous soul appeared to thirst.
+
+In this time of his sickness and not many days before his death, his
+house was robbed; of which he having notice, his question was, "Are my
+books and written papers safe?" And being answered that they were; his
+reply was, "Then it matters not; for no other loss can trouble me."
+
+[Sidenote: Closing hours]
+
+[Sidenote: Last words]
+
+About one day before his death, Dr. Saravia, who knew the very
+secrets of his soul,--for they were supposed to be confessors to
+each other,--came to him, and, after a conference of the benefit, the
+necessity, and safety of the Church's absolution, it was resolved the
+Doctor should give him both that and the Sacrament the following
+day. To which end the Doctor came, and, after a short retirement and
+privacy, they two returned to the company; and then the Doctor
+gave him and some of those friends which were with him, the blessed
+Sacrament of the body and blood of our Jesus. Which being performed,
+the Doctor thought he saw a reverend gaiety and joy in his face; but
+it lasted not long; for his bodily infirmities did return suddenly,
+and became more visible, insomuch that the Doctor apprehended death
+ready to seize him; yet, after some amendment, left him at night, with
+a promise to return early the day following; which he did, and
+then found him better in appearance, deep in contemplation, and not
+inclinable to discourse; which gave the Doctor occasion to require
+his present thoughts. To which he replied, "That he was meditating the
+number and nature of Angels, and their blessed obedience and order,
+without which, peace could not be in Heaven: and Oh! that it might be
+so on Earth!" After which words, he said, "I have lived to see this
+world is made up of perturbations; and I have been long preparing to
+leave it, and gathering comfort for the dreadful hour of making my
+account with God, which I now apprehend to be near: and though I have
+by his grace loved him in my youth, and feared him in mine age, and
+laboured to have a conscience void of offence to him, and to all men;
+yet if thou, O Lord! be extreme to mark what I have done amiss, who
+can abide it? And therefore, where I have failed, Lord, shew mercy
+to me; for I plead not my righteousness, but the forgiveness of my
+unrighteousness, for His merits, who died to purchase pardon for
+penitent sinners. And since I owe thee a death, Lord, let it not be
+terrible, and then take thine own time: I submit to it: let not mine,
+O Lord! but let thy will be done." With which expression he fell into
+a dangerous slumber; dangerous as to his recovery, yet recover he did,
+but it was to speak only these few words: "Good Doctor, God hath heard
+my daily petitions, for I am at peace with all men, and he is at peace
+with me; and from that blessed assurance I feel that inward joy, which
+this world can neither give nor take from me: my conscience beareth me
+this witness, and this witness makes the thoughts of death joyful. I
+could wish to live to do the Church more service; but cannot hope it,
+for my days are past as a shadow that returns not." More he would
+have spoken, but his spirits failed him; and, after a short conflict
+betwixt Nature and Death, a quiet sigh put a period to his last
+breath, and so he fell asleep. And now he seems to rest like Lazarus
+in Abraham's bosom. Let me here draw his curtain, till with the most
+glorious company of the Patriarchs and Apostles, the most Noble Army
+of Martyrs and Confessors, this most learned, most humble, holy man
+shall also awake to receive an eternal tranquillity, and with it a
+greater degree of glory than common Christians shall be made partakers
+of.
+
+[Sidenote: A prayer]
+
+In the mean time, Bless, O Lord! Lord, bless his brethren, the Clergy
+of this nation, with effectual endeavours to attain, if not to his
+great learning, yet to his remarkable meekness, his godly simplicity,
+and his Christian moderation; for these will bring peace at the last.
+And, Lord, let his most excellent writings be blest with what he
+designed, when he undertook them: which was, glory to thee, O God! on
+high, peace in thy Church, and goodwill to mankind. Amen, Amen.
+
+IZAAK WALTON.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: Dr. John Jewel was born in the Parish of Berry Narber, in
+Devon, May 24th, 1522. He was educated at Merton, and Corpus Christi
+Colleges, Oxford, and in the reign of Edward VI, he publickly
+professed the Reformed Religion. During the reign of Mary he remained
+abroad; but on the accession of Elizabeth, he returned, and was
+made Bishop of Salisbury, in 1559. In his controversy with the
+Roman Catholics, he published his famous "Apology for the Church of
+England," which was translated into several languages, although it was
+greatly opposed by the Papists. His fatigues abroad, and his incessant
+study, so much impaired his constitution, that he died, Sept. 21st,
+1571.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Dr. William Cole, 1599, exchanged with Dr. Reynolds the
+Presidentship of Corpus Christi College for the Deanery of Lincoln,
+which he did not long enjoy. He fled into Germany in the time of
+Queen Mary, and Anthony Wood names him as one of the exiles of Geneva
+engaged with Miles Coverdale in a new translation of the Bible.]
+
+[Footnote 3: He was professor of Divinity in Oxford, and died May
+21st, 1607. It has been said that he was brought up in the Romish
+faith, and that he was afterwards a strong supporter of the
+Puritans; but Fuller supposes that it was only for the sake of
+giving satisfaction to some of the more tender consciences of the
+Non-conformists, since the virtue of Reynolds was almost proverbial.]
+
+[Footnote 4: One of Translators of the Bible of 1565, born at
+Hawkshead in Lancashire in 1519, and educated at St. John's College,
+Cambridge, where he embraced the Protestant faith. He was committed
+to the Tower and Marshalsea for having preached in favour of Lady Jane
+Grey; and on his release he left the kingdom, till the accession of
+Elizabeth, by whom he was made Bishop of Worcester. In 1570, he was
+translated to London, in 1576 to York, and in 1588, he died: his
+sermons are still admired, and a most virtuous character is given him
+by Fuller. His son, Sir Edward Sandys, Prebendary of York, was born
+about 1561, and is well known as the author of the tract entitled,
+"Europae Speculum," a view of the State of Religion in the Western
+parts of the World. He thus describes the various contrarieties of
+the state and church of Rome. "What pomp, what riot, to that of their
+Cardinals? What severity of life comparable to that of their Heremits
+and Capuchins? Who wealthier than their Prelates? who poorer by vow
+and profession than their Mendicants? On the one side of the street,
+a cloister of Virgins: on the other a stye of courtezans, with public
+toleration. This day all in masks, with all looseness and foolery: to
+morrow all in processions, whipping themselves till the blood follow.
+On one door an excommunication throwing to Hell all transgressours:
+on another a Jubilee, or full discharge from all transgressions. Who
+learneder in all kinds of sciences than their Jesuits? what thing
+more ignorant than their ordinary mass-priests? What prince so able
+to prefer his servants and followers as the Pope, and in so great
+multitude? Who able to take deeper or readier revenge on his enemies?
+What pride equal unto his, making Kings kiss his pantofle? What
+humility greater than his, shriving himself daily on his knees to an
+ordinary priest?"]
+
+[Footnote 5: The name of this well-known English Cardinal is omitted
+in the later editions.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Dr. Jackson was born at Wilton on the Wear, in Durham, in
+1579, and was educated at Queen's and Corpus Christi Colleges, Oxford.
+He was made Prebendary of Winchester in 1635, and Dean of Peterborough
+in 1638; he died in 1640, and his principal work is a "Commentary on
+the Creed."]
+
+[Footnote 7: Dr. Thomas Harding, educated at Winchester school, became
+Fellow of New College, Oxford, in 1536. He was the first King's Hebrew
+Professor in that University, and in the reign of King Edward VI. he
+displayed great zeal for the Reformed Religion. Under Queen Mary he
+abandoned his principles, and obtained considerable preferment;
+a Prebend in the Church of Winchester, and the Treasurership of
+Salisbury. On the accession of Queen Elizabeth he adhered to the
+religion to which he had recently conformed, and fled beyond sea to
+Louvain, where he distinguished himself by writing against Bishop
+Jewel's "Challenge." He had been Chaplain to the Duke of Suffolk,
+father of Lady Jane Grey.]
+
+[Footnote 8: John Hart, a Jesuit, was educated in the University of
+Oxford. In 1571 he was admitted to the English College at Douay, and
+in 1578 was ordained priest. Returning in 1580 to England, he was
+apprehended, tried, and condemned to death; but on the day of his
+execution he was reprieved, and sent back to the Tower, where he
+remained three years. It was during his confinement in the Tower that
+he held a disputation with Dr. Reynolds. In 1584, being banished from
+England, Hart proceeded to Verdun and joined the Society of Jesus. He
+died at Jarislau, in Poland, on 19 July, 1594.]
+
+[Footnote 9: A man of great piety of life, and such gravity, that he
+was scarcely ever seen to laugh. He was a native of Westphalia,
+in Germany: was Canon of Christ Church, Vice-Chancellor of the
+University, and in 1585-86, was consecrated Bishop of Hereford.]
+
+[Footnote 10: Sir H. Savile was born at Over Bradley, near Halifax in
+Yorkshire, Nov. 30th, 1549, and was entered of Merton College, Oxford.
+He was Greek and Mathematical Preceptor to Queen Elizabeth, and was
+one of the Translators of the Bible, under James I., who knighted him
+in 1604. He died Feb. 19th, 1621-22.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Mr. Morrison, Secretary to Lord Mountjoy, and author
+of "An Itinerary, containing his ten Years Travels through the twelve
+Dominions of Germany, Bohmerland, Switzerland, Denmark, Poland,
+England, Scotland, and Ireland; divided into three Parts. London,
+1617." Fol. Published after his death, and originally written in
+Latin.]
+
+[Footnote 12: The later editions of the Life of Hooker omit the
+account of this expulsion.]
+
+[Footnote 13: A pulpit cross formed of timber, covered with lead, and
+mounted upon stone steps, which stood in the midst of the Church-yard
+of the Cathedral; in which Sermons were preached by eminent Divines
+every Sunday in the forenoon, when the Court, the Magistrates of the
+City, and a vast concourse of people usually attended. There is notice
+of its use so early as 1259, but it was not finished in its final form
+until 1449, by Kemp, Bishop of London, and it was finally destroyed by
+order of Parliament, in 1643. The Corporation of London ordained that
+all Ministers who came from a distance to preach at this Cross, were
+to have lodgings and provision for five days; and the Bishop of London
+gave them notice of their place of residence.]
+
+[Footnote 14: The excellent Aylmer, was born at Aylmer-Hall, in
+Norfolk, in 1521, and was Tutor to Lady Jane Grey; he left England,
+during the reign of Mary, and went to Zurich. He returned on
+Elizabeth's accession, and was made Bishop of London in March,
+1576--7, strictly governing the Puritans throughout his Prelacy. He
+died in 1594.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Two wretched fanatics; the first died in prison, and
+the second was hanged in 1591. Hacket was called by his followers
+"the supreme Monarch of the world from whom all Princes of Europe hold
+their sceptres," and was held "to be a greater prophet than Moses or
+John Baptist, even Jesus Christ, who was come with his fan in his
+hand to judge the world." Fuller says that Hacket was of so "cruel and
+fierce a nature that he is reported to have bit off and eat down the
+nose of his schoolmaster."]
+
+[Footnote 16: Edward Dering, a Puritan Divine, and a native of Kent,
+educated at Christ College, Cambridge. He was suspended from his
+Lectureships on account of his nonconformity, but he is commended as
+a truly religious man, whose pure and virtuous life was followed by a
+happy death, in 1576. He wrote some Sermons, and a Defence of Bishop
+Jewel's Apology for the Church.]
+
+[Footnote 17: A mild and beneficent man burned by the Papists at
+Smithfield, July 1, 1555.]
+
+[Footnote 18: Edmund Grindal, Archbishop of Canterbury, born in 1519,
+at Hinsingham, in Cumberland, and educated at Cambridge. In 1552 he
+became Prebendary of Westminster, but on the death of King Edward he
+retired to Strasburg. Here he continued to reside till the accession
+of Elizabeth, who nominated him in 1559 to the See of London, whence,
+in 1570, he was translated to York, and in 1575, on the death of
+Parker, to Canterbury. His indulgence to the Puritans procured him the
+Queen's displeasure, and for some time he was sequestered and confined
+to his house, but in 1582 he resigned his office, and died July 6th,
+1583.]
+
+[Footnote 19: Thomas Cartwright was born in Hertfordshire in 1535,
+and was educated at Cambridge. In 1567 he graduated B.D., and was
+appointed Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity. Having vigorously
+assailed the Church Establishment in his lectures, he was deprived
+of his professorship; whereupon he went to Geneva, and made the
+acquaintance of Beza. In 1572 he revisited England, and entered into
+a long controversy with Whitgift; in 1573 he went to Heidelberg, and
+afterwards served as minister to the English congregations at Antwerp
+and Middleburg. On returning to England, in 1585, he was imprisoned by
+order of Bishop Aylmer, but was soon released at the instance of Lord
+Burghley. In 1595 he accompanied Lord Zouch to Guernsey, remaining on
+the island till 1598. He died at Warwick on 27th December, 1603 (not,
+as Walton says, 1602). Among his works are a Latin Harmony of the
+Gospels, Commentaries on the Colossians, &c.]
+
+[Footnote 20: Walter Travers, who had been Fellow of Trinity College,
+Cambridge, to which Cartwright removed, and he was also his intimate
+friend, and joint preacher with him in Antwerp. When Travers came
+to England, he was made Chaplain to Lord Burghley, whose interest
+procured him to be Lecturer at the Temple.]
+
+[Footnote 21: Dr. RICHARD ROWLAND, Master of St. John's College in
+Cambridge, and the fourth Bishop of Peterborough, died in 1600. It
+does not appear that he was the preacher on this occasion, for Gunton,
+in his "History of the Church of Peterborough," states that it was
+Wickham, Bishop of Lincoln.]
+
+[Footnote 22: In 1588, many satirical libels were published against
+the Bishops, written principally by a Society of men assuming the name
+of Martin Mar-Prelate; some of them were entitled, _Diotrephes, the
+Minerals, the Epistle to the Convocation-House, Have you any work for
+a Cooper?_ and _More work for a Cooper_, referring to the Defence
+of the Church and Bishops of England, written by Cowper, Bishop of
+Winchester. The real authors of these tracts, were John Penry, a
+Welchman, John Udall, and other ministers.]
+
+[Footnote 23: Thomas Nashe, an English Satirical writer, baptized in
+1567 at Lowestoffe, in Suffolk, and educated at St. John's College,
+Cambridge. As a master of invective he has no superior; he died in
+or before 1601.--_An Almond for a Parrot_, was probably by Lyly the
+Euphuist. _A Fig for my Godson_, and _Come, Crack me this Nut_, are
+the after-titles of _Pappe with an Hatchet_, another tract of Lyly's
+(if we may believe the testimony of Gabriel Harvey).]
+
+[Footnote 24: In some of the later editions of the Life of Hooker,
+this paragraph is thus altered--"And in this examination: I have not
+only satisfied myself, but have begun a treatise in which I intend the
+satisfaction of others, by a demonstration of the reasonableness
+of our Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity; and therein laid a hopeful
+foundation for the Church's peace; and so as not to provoke your
+adversary, Mr. Cartwright, nor Mr. Travers, whom I take to be
+mine--but not mine enemy--God knows this to be my meaning. To which
+end I have searched many books, and spent many thoughtful hours; and I
+hope not in vain, for I write to reasonable men. But, my Lord, I shall
+never be able to finish what I have begun, unless I be removed into
+some quiet country parsonage, where I may see God's blessings spring
+out of my mother earth, and eat mine own bread in peace and privacy.
+A place where I may, without disturbance, meditate my approaching
+mortality and that great account, which all flesh must at the last
+great day give to the God of all Spirits. This is my design; and as
+those are the designs of my heart, so they shall, by God's assistance,
+be the constant endeavours of the uncertain remainder of my life."]
+
+[Footnote 25: He was for some time Fellow of Oriel College, and
+principal of St. Mary Hall. He was made a Cardinal by Pope Sixtus V.
+in 1587. In 1589, he was appointed Archbishop of Mechlin in Brabant,
+and died on 6th October, 1594.]
+
+[Footnote 26: It is ascertained by Bishop King's letter to Walton,
+that it was Dr. Stapleton who introduced the works of Hooker to the
+Pope. Thomas Stapleton was a Romish Divine, born in 1536, at Henfield,
+in Sussex, and educated at Winchester, and New College, Oxford. In
+the reign of Mary he was made Prebendary of Chichester; but at the
+accession of Elizabeth he left England, and became Professor of
+Divinity at Douay. He died at Louvain, in 1598, and his works form
+four volumes in folio.]
+
+[Footnote 27: Dr. John Earle, author of the "Microcosmography, or a
+piece of the World, discovered in Essays and characters," was born
+at York, in 1601; was educated at Oxford, and was Tutor to Prince
+Charles. In the Civil Wars, he lost both his property and preferments,
+and attended the King abroad as his Chaplain. At the Restoration
+he was made Dean of Westminster, in 1662 was consecrated Bishop of
+Worcester, and in 1663 was translated to Salisbury. He died at Oxford,
+1665. His translation of Hooker's Polity was never printed.]
+
+[Footnote 28: A Protestant Divine, and Professor of Divinity at
+Leyden, born at Artois in 1531, came to England in 1587. He was the
+bosom friend of Whitgift. For some time he was master of the Free
+Grammar School of Southampton. Dr. Saravia was one of the Translators
+of King James's Bible, and died in 1613. His tracts have been printed,
+both in Latin and English.]
+
+[Footnote 29: A most learned Jesuit. He read theological lectures
+at Ingolstadt, where he died in 1625, aged 63 years. His works were
+published at Ratisbon, in 1734-1741, in 17 vols. fol.]
+
+[Footnote 30: Our biographer has lamented that it was not in his power
+to recover the name of Mr. Hooker's worthy school-master. That of
+his grateful parish-clerk was Sampson Horton. It appears from the
+parish-register of Bishop's-Bourne, that "Sampson Horton was buried
+the 9th of May 1648, an aged man who had been clarke to this parish,
+by his own relation, threescore yeares."]
+
+[Footnote 31: "Can there be any of friendship in snares, hooks and
+_trepans_?"
+
+"Nothing but gins, and snares and _trapans_ for souls."--_Dr. South_.]
+
+[Footnote 32: "A certain lewd woman came to his chamber, and solicited
+his charity under this cogent argument, 'that if he should deny her,
+she would lay base attempts to his charge;' and by this means, at
+several times, she had gotten money from him; until at last Providence
+was pleased to concern itself for the righting wronged innocence. It
+so fell out, that this woman came to him when his two dear friends Mr.
+Sandys and Mr. Cranmer were with him: wondering to see such a person
+come with so much confidence, they inquired of their tutor the
+occasion of it, who in a little time tells them the truth of the whole
+abuse. Upon which they contrive a way to be present in his chamber,
+where they might hear the whole discourse at her next coming. An
+opportunity soon offered, and the lewd woman persisting in her threats
+of laying ill things to his charge, if she was denied what she came
+for, money, his two friends stepped forth from behind the curtains to
+her confusion and the shame of those who had employed her in so
+vile an action; for his slanderers were punished for this their vile
+attempt, who at their suffering shewed a penitent behaviour, and made
+an open confession."--_Prince's Worthies of Devon_.]
+
+
+
+
+[Sidenote: Cowper's epitaph]
+
+This following Epitaph was long since presented to the world, in
+memory of Mr. HOOKER, by Sir WILLIAM COWPER, who also built him a
+fair Monument in Bourne Church, and acknowledges him to have been his
+spiritual father.
+
+  Though nothing can be spoke worthy his fame,
+  Or the remembrance of that precious name,
+  Judicious Hooker; though this cost be spent
+  On him, that hath a lasting monument[1]
+  In his own books; yet ought we to express,
+  If not his worth, yet our respectfulness.
+  Church-Ceremonies he maintain'd; then why
+  Without all ceremony should he die?
+  Was it because his life and death should be
+  Both equal patterns of humility?
+  Or that perhaps this only glorious one
+  Was above all, to ask, why had he none?
+  Yet he, that lay so long obscurely low,
+  Doth now preferr'd to greater honours go.
+  Ambitious men, learn hence to be more wise,
+  Humility is the true way to rise:
+  And God in me this lesson did inspire,
+  To bid this humble man, "Friend, sit up higher."
+
+[Footnote 1: On this monument is a bust of Hooker, representing him in
+his cap and gown.]
+
+
+
+
+AN APPENDIX
+TO THE
+LIFE OF MR. RICHARD HOOKER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Other details]
+
+And now, having by a long and laborious search satisfied myself, and I
+hope my Reader, by imparting to him the true relation of Mr. Hooker's
+life, I am desirous also to acquaint him with some observations that
+relate to it, and which could not properly fall to be spoken till
+after his death; of which my Reader may expect a brief and true
+account in the following Appendix.
+
+[Sidenote: Date of death]
+
+And first, it is not to be doubted but that he died in the
+forty-seventh, if not in the forty-sixth year of his age: which I
+mention, because many have believed him to be more aged: but I have so
+examined it, as to be confident I mistake not: and for the year of
+his death, Mr. Camden, who in his Annals of Queen Elizabeth, 1599,
+mentions him with a high commendation of his life and learning,
+declares him to die in the year 1599; and yet in that in of his
+Monument, set up at the charge of Sir William Cowper, in Bourne
+Church, where Mr. Hooker was buried, his death is there said to be
+in anno 1603; but doubtless both are mistaken; for I have it attested
+under the hand of William Somner, the Archbishop's Registrar for the
+Province of Canterbury, that Richard Hooker's Will bears date October
+26th in anno 1600, and that it was proved the third of December
+following. [And the Reader may take notice, that since I first writ
+this Appendix to the Life of Mr. Hooker, Mr. Fulman, of Corpus Christi
+College, hath shewed me a good authority for the very day and hour
+of Mr. Hooker's death, in one of his books of Polity, which had been
+Archbishop Laud's. In which book, beside many considerable marginal
+notes of some passages of his time, under the Bishop's own hand,
+there is also written in the title-page of that book--which now is
+Mr. Fulman's--this attestation: Ricardus Hooker _vir summis doctrinæ
+dotibus ornatus, de Ecclesia præcipue Anglicana optime meritus, obiit
+Novemb. 2, circiter horam secundam post-meridianum_, Anno 1600.]
+
+[Sidenote: His daughters]
+
+And that at his death he left four daughters, Alice, Cicely, Jane and
+Margaret; that he gave to each of them an hundred pounds; that he left
+Joan, his wife, his sole executrix; and that, by his inventory his
+estate--a great part of it being in books--came to £1,092 9_s_. 2_d_.,
+which was much more than he thought himself worth; and which was not
+got by his care, much less by the good housewifery of his wife, but
+saved by his trusty servant, Thomas Lane, that was wiser than his
+master in getting money for him, and more frugal than his mistress in
+keeping of it. Of which Will of Mr. Hooker's I shall say no more, but
+that his dear friend Thomas, the father of George Cranmer,--of whom
+I have spoken, and shall have occasion to say more,--was one of the
+witnesses to it.
+
+One of his elder daughters was married to one Chalinor, sometime a
+School-master in Chichester, and are both dead long since. Margaret,
+his youngest daughter, was married unto Ezekiel Charke, Bachelor in
+Divinity, and Rector of St. Nicholas in Harbledown, near Canterbury,
+who died about sixteen years past, and had a son Ezekiel, now living,
+and in Sacred Orders; being at this time Rector of Waldron, in Sussex.
+She left also a daughter, with both whom I have spoken not many months
+past, and find her to be a widow in a condition that wants not, but
+very far from abounding. And these two attested unto me, that Richard
+Hooker, their grandfather, had a sister, by name Elizabeth Harvey,
+that lived to the age of 121 years, and died in the month of
+September, 1663.
+
+For his other two daughters I can learn little certainty, but have
+heard they both died before they were marriageable. And for his wife,
+she was so unlike Jephtha's daughter, that she staid not a comely time
+to bewail her widowhood; nor lived long enough to repent her second
+marriage; for which, doubtless, she would have found cause, if there
+had been but four months betwixt Mr. Hooker's and her death. But she
+is dead, and let her other infirmities be buried with her.
+
+Thus much briefly for his age, the year of his death, his estate, his
+wife, and his children. I am next to speak of his books; concerning
+which I shall have a necessity of being longer, or shall neither
+do right to myself, or my Reader, which is chiefly intended in this
+Appendix.
+
+[Sidenote: His books]
+
+I have declared in his Life, that he proposed Eight Books, and that
+his first Four were printed anno 1594, and his Fifth book first
+printed, and alone, anno 1597; and that he lived to finish the
+remaining Three of the proposed Eight: but whether we have the
+last Three as finished by himself, is a just and material question;
+concerning which I do declare, that I have been told almost forty
+years past, by one that very well knew Mr. Hooker and the affairs of
+his family, that, about a month after the death of Mr. Hooker, Bishop
+Whitgift, then Archbishop of Canterbury, sent one of his Chaplains to
+enquire of Mrs. Hooker, for the three remaining books of Polity,
+writ by her husband: of which she would not, or could not, give
+any account: and that about three months after that time the Bishop
+procured her to be sent for to London, and then by his procurement she
+was to be examined by some of her Majesty's Council, concerning the
+disposal of those books: but, by way of preparation for the next
+day's examination, the Bishop invited her to Lambeth, and after some
+friendly questions, she confessed to him, that one Mr. Charke, and
+another Minister that dwelt near Canterbury, came to her, and desired
+that they might go into her husband's study, and look upon some of
+his writings: and that there they two burnt and tore many of them,
+assuring her, that they were writings not fit to be seen: and that she
+knew nothing more concerning them. Her lodging was then in King street
+in Westminster, where she was found next morning dead in her bed, and
+her new husband suspected and questioned for it; but he was declared
+innocent of her death.
+
+[Sidenote: Those of Polity]
+
+And I declare also, that Dr. John Spencer,--mentioned in the Life of
+Mr. Hooker,--who was of Mr. Hooker's College, and of his time there,
+and betwixt whom there was so friendly a friendship, that they
+continually advised together in all their studies, and particularly
+in what concerned these books of Polity--this Dr. Spencer, the Three
+perfect books being lost, had delivered into his hands--I think by
+Bishop Whitgift--the imperfect books, or first rough draughts of
+them, to be made as perfect as they might be by him, who both knew Mr.
+Hooker's handwriting, and was best acquainted with his intentions. And
+a fair testimony of this may appear by an Epistle, first, and usually
+printed before Mr. Hooker's Five books,--but omitted, I know not why,
+in the last impression of the Eight printed together in anno 1662, in
+which the Publishers seem to impose the three doubtful books, to be
+the undoubted books of Mr. Hooker,--with these two letters, J.S. at
+the end of the said Epistle, which was meant for this John Spencer:
+in which Epistle the Reader may find these words, which may give some
+authority to what I have here written of his last Three books.
+
+[Sidenote: "J.S.," his Epistle]
+
+"And though Mr. Hooker hastened his own death by hastening to give
+life to his books, yet he held out with his eyes to behold these
+Benjamins, these sons of his right hand, though to him they proved
+Benonies, sons of pain and sorrow. But some evil-disposed minds,
+whether of malice or covetousness, or wicked blind zeal, it is
+uncertain, as soon as they were born, and their father dead, smothered
+them, and by conveying the perfect copies, left unto us nothing but
+the old, imperfect, mangled draughts, dismembered into pieces; no
+favour, no grace, not the shadow of themselves remaining in them. Had
+the father lived to behold them thus defaced, he might rightly have
+named them Benonies, the sons of sorrow: but being the learned will
+not suffer them to die and be buried, it is intended the world shall
+see them as they are; the learned will find in them some shadows and
+resemblances of their father's face. God grant, that as they were with
+their brethren dedicated to the Church for messengers of peace: so,
+in the strength of that little breath of life that remaineth in them,
+they may prosper in their work, and, by satisfying the doubts of
+such as are willing to learn, they may help to give an end to the
+calamities of these our civil wars."--J.S.
+
+[Sidenote: The Three Books]
+
+And next the Reader may note, that this Epistle of Dr. Spencer's
+was writ and first printed within four years after the death of
+Mr. Hooker, in which time all diligent search had been made for
+the perfect copies; and then granted not recoverable, and therefore
+endeavoured to be completed out of Mr. Hooker's rough draughts, as
+is expressed by the said Dr. Spencer in the said Epistle, since whose
+death it is now fifty years.
+
+And I do profess by the faith of a Christian, that Dr. Spencer's
+wife--who was my Aunt, and Sister to George Cranmer, of whom I have
+spoken--told me forty years since, in these, or in words to this
+purpose: "That her husband had made up, or finished Mr. Hooker's last
+Three books; and that upon her husband's death-bed, or in his last
+sickness, he gave them into her hand, with a charge that they should
+not be seen by any man, but be by her delivered into the hands of the
+then Archbishop of Canterbury, which was Dr. Abbot, or unto Dr. King,
+then Bishop of London, and that she did as he enjoined her."
+
+I do conceive, that from Dr. Spencer's, and no other copy, there have
+been divers transcripts; and I know that these were to be found in
+several places; as namely, in Sir Thomas Bodley's Library; in that of
+Dr. Andrews, late Bishop of Winton; in the late Lord Conway's; in the
+Archbishop of Canterbury's; and in the Bishop of Armagh's; and in many
+others: and most of these pretended to be the Author's own hand, but
+much disagreeing, being indeed altered and diminished, as men have
+thought fittest to make Mr. Hooker's judgment suit with their fancies,
+or give authority to their corrupt designs; and for proof of a part of
+this, take these following testimonies.
+
+[Sidenote: "Clavi Trabales"]
+
+Dr. Barnard, sometime Chaplain to Dr. Usher, late Lord Archbishop of
+Armagh, hath declared in a late book, called "Clavi Trabales," printed
+by Richard Hodgkinson, anno 1661, that, in his search and examination
+of the said Bishop's manuscripts, he found the Three written books
+which were supposed the Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth of Mr. Hooker's
+books of Ecclesiastical Polity; and that in the said Three books--now
+printed as Mr. Hooker's--there are so many omissions, that they amount
+to many paragraphs, and which cause many incoherencies: the omissions
+are set down at large in the said printed book, to which I refer
+the Reader for the whole; but think fit in this place to insert this
+following short part of some of the said omissions.
+
+[Sidenote: Omissions]
+
+First, as there could be in natural bodies no motion of any thing,
+unless there were some first which moved all things, and continued
+unmoveable; even so in politic societies there must be some
+unpunishable, or else no man shall suffer punishment: for sith
+punishments proceed always from superiors, to whom the administration
+of justice belongeth; which administration must have necessarily a
+fountain, that deriveth it to all others, and receiveth not from any,
+because otherwise the course of justice should go infinitely in a
+circle, every superior having his superior without end, which cannot
+be: therefore a well-spring, it followeth, there is: a supreme head of
+justice, whereunto all are subject, but itself in subjection to none.
+Which kind of pre-eminency if some ought to have in a kingdom, who
+but a King shall have it? Kings, therefore, or no man, can have lawful
+power to judge.
+
+If private men offend, there is the Magistrate over them, which
+judgeth; if Magistrates, they have their Prince; if Princes, there is
+Heaven, a tribunal, before which they shall appear; on earth they are
+not accountable to any. Here, says the Doctor, it breaks off abruptly.
+
+And I have these words also attested under the hand of Mr. Fabian
+Philips, a man of note for his useful books. "I will make oath, if I
+shall be required, that Dr. Sanderson, the late Bishop of Lincoln,
+did a little before his death affirm to me, he had seen a manuscript
+affirmed to him to be the hand-writing of Mr. Richard Hooker, in
+which there was no mention made of the King or supreme governors being
+accountable to the people. This I will make oath, that that good man
+attested to me.
+
+              "FABIAN PHILIPS." [1]
+
+So that there appears to be both omissions and additions in the said
+last Three printed books: and this may probably be one reason why Dr.
+Sanderson, the said learned Bishop,--whose writings are so highly and
+justly valued,--gave a strict charge near the time of his death, or
+in his last Will, "That nothing of his that was not already printed,
+should be printed after his death."
+
+[Sidenote: King Charles on Hooker]
+
+It is well known how high a value our learned King James put upon
+the books writ by Mr. Hooker; and known also that our late King
+Charles--the Martyr for the Church--valued them the second of all
+books, testified by his commending them to the reading of his son
+Charles, that now is our gracious King: and you may suppose that this
+Charles the First was not a stranger to the Three pretended books,
+because, in a discourse with the Lord Say, in the time of the Long
+Parliament, when the said Lord required the King to grant the truth of
+his argument, because it was the judgment of Mr. Hooker,--quoting him
+in one of the three written books, the King replied, "They were not
+allowed to be Mr. Hooker's books: but, however, he would allow them
+to be Mr. Hooker's, and consent to what his Lordship proposed to prove
+out of those doubtful books, if he would but consent to the judgment
+of Mr. Hooker in the other five, that were the undoubted books of Mr.
+Hooker."
+
+[Sidenote: To the Reader]
+
+In this relation concerning these Three doubtful books of Mr.
+Hooker's, my purpose was to enquire, then set down what I observed and
+know; which I have done, not as an engaged person, but indifferently;
+and now leave my Reader to give sentence, for their legitimation, as
+to himself; but so as to leave others the same liberty of believing or
+disbelieving them to be Mr. Hooker's: and 'tis observable, that as
+Mr. Hooker advised with Dr. Spencer, in the design and manage of
+these books; so also, and chiefly with his dear pupil, George
+Cranmer,--whose sister was the wife of Dr. Spencer,--of which this
+following letter may be a testimony, and doth also give authority to
+some things mentioned both in this Appendix and in the Life of Mr.
+Hooker, and is therefore added. I.W.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: A Barrister of eminence, particularly noted for his
+loyalty, born at Prestbury, in Gloucestershire, in 1601. He died in
+1690; and was the Author of several excellent Law Tracts, as well as
+one asserting that Charles I. was a martyr for his people.]
+
+
+
+
+GEORGE CRANMER'S LETTER
+UNTO
+MR. RICHARD HOOKER,
+
+_February_, 1598.[1]
+
+
+[Sidenote: New Church Discipline]
+
+[Sidenote: Change in opinion]
+
+What posterity is likely to judge of these matters concerning
+Church-discipline, we may the better conjecture, if we call to mind
+what our own age, within few years, upon better experience, hath
+already judged concerning the same. It may be remembered, that at
+first, the greatest part of the learned in the land were either
+eagerly affected, or favourably inclined that way. The books then
+written for the most part savoured of the disciplinary style; it
+sounded every where in pulpits, and in common phrase of men's speech.
+The contrary part began to fear they had taken a wrong course; many
+which impugned the discipline, yet so impugned it, not as not being
+the better form of government, but as not being so convenient for our
+state, in regard of dangerous innovations thereby likely to grow: one
+man [John Whitgift, the Archbishop] alone there was to speak
+of,--whom let no suspicion of flattery deprive of his deserved
+commendation,--who, in the defiance of the one part, and courage
+of the other, stood in the gap and gave others respite to prepare
+themselves to the defence, which, by the sudden eagerness and violence
+of their adversaries, had otherwise been prevented, wherein God hath
+made good unto him his own impress, _Vincit qui patitur:_ for what
+contumelious indignities he hath at their hands sustained, the world
+is witness; and what reward of honour above his adversaries God hath
+bestowed upon him, themselves,--though nothing glad thereof,--must
+needs confess. Now of late years the heat of men towards the
+discipline is greatly decayed; their judgments begin to sway on the
+other side; the learned have weighed it, and found it light; wise
+men conceive some fear, lest it prove not only not the best kind of
+government, but the very bane and destruction of all government. The
+cause of this change in men's opinions may be drawn from the general
+nature of error, disguised and clothed with the name of truth; which
+did mightily and violently possess men at first, but afterwards, the
+weakness thereof being by time discovered, it lost that reputation,
+which before it had gained. As by the outside of an house the
+passers-by are oftentimes deceived, till they see the conveniency of
+the rooms within; so, by the very name of discipline and reformation,
+men were drawn at first to cast a fancy towards it, but now they
+have not contented themselves only to pass by and behold afar off the
+fore-front of this reformed house; they have entered it, even at the
+special request of the master-workmen and chief-builders thereof: they
+have perused the rooms, the lights, the conveniences, and they find
+them not answerable to that report which was made of them, nor to
+that opinion which upon report they had conceived: so as now the
+discipline, which at first triumphed over all, being unmasked,
+beginneth to droop, and hang down her head.
+
+[Sidenote: Causes]
+
+[Sidenote: Gregory Martin]
+
+The cause of change in opinion concerning the discipline is proper to
+the learned, or to such as by them have been instructed. Another cause
+there is more open, and more apparent to the view of all, namely,
+the course of practice, which the Reformers have had with us from the
+beginning. The first degree was only some small difference about the
+cap and surplice; but not such as either bred division in the
+Church, or tended to the ruin of the government established. This was
+peaceable; the next degree more stirring. Admonitions were directed to
+the Parliament in peremptory sort against our whole form of regiment.
+In defence of them, volumes were published in English and in Latin:
+yet this was no more than writing. Devices were set on foot to erect
+the practice of the discipline without authority; yet herein some
+regard of modesty, some moderation was used. Behold at length it brake
+forth into open outrage, first in writing by Martin;[2] in whose
+kind of dealing these things may be observed: 1. That whereas Thomas
+Cartwright and others his great masters, had always before set out the
+discipline as a Queen, and as the daughter of God; he contrariwise, to
+make her more acceptable to the people, brought her forth as a
+Vice[3] upon the stage. 2. This conceit of his was grounded--as may
+be supposed--upon this rare policy, that seeing the discipline was by
+writing refuted, in Parliament rejected, in secret corners hunted
+out and decried, it was imagined that by open railing,--which to the
+vulgar is commonly most plausible,--the State Ecclesiastical might
+have been drawn into such contempt and hatred, as the overthrow
+thereof should have been most grateful to all men, and in a manner
+desired by all the common people. 3. It may be noted--and this I know
+myself to be true--how some of them, although they could not for shame
+approve so lewd an action, yet were content to lay hold on it to
+the advancement of their cause, by acknowledging therein the secret
+judgments of God against the Bishops, and hoping that some good might
+be wrought thereby for his Church; as indeed there was, though
+not according to their construction. For 4thly, contrary to their
+expectation, that railing spirit did not only not further, but
+extremely disgrace and prejudice their cause, when it was once
+perceived from how low degrees of contradiction, at first, to what
+outrage of contumely and slander, they were at length proceeded; and
+were also likely to proceed further.
+
+[Sidenote: Hacket and Coppinger]
+
+A further degree of outrage was also in fact: certain [Hacket and
+Coppinger] prophets did arise, who deeming it not possible that God
+should suffer that to be undone, which they did so fiercely desire to
+have done, namely, that his holy saints, the favourers and fathers of
+the discipline, should be enlarged and delivered from persecution;
+and seeing no means of deliverance ordinary, were fain to persuade
+themselves that God must needs raise some extraordinary means; and
+being persuaded of none so well as of themselves, they forthwith must
+needs be the instruments of this great work. Hereupon they framed
+unto themselves an assured hope, that, upon their preaching out of a
+peascart in Cheapside, all the multitude would have presently joined
+unto them, and in amazement of mind have asked them, _Viri fratres,
+quid agimus?_ whereunto it is likely they would have returned an
+answer far unlike to that of St. Peter: "Such and such are men
+unworthy to govern; pluck them down: such and such are the dear
+children of God; let them be advanced."
+
+Of two of these men it is meet to speak with all commiseration; yet
+so, that others by their example may receive instruction, and withal
+some light may appear, what stirring affections the discipline is like
+to inspire, if it light upon apt and prepared minds.
+
+[Sidenote: Bancroft's book]
+
+Now if any man doubt of what society they were; or if the Reformers
+disclaim them, pretending that by them they were condemned; let
+these points be considered. 1. Whose associates were they before they
+entered into this frantic passion? Whose sermons did they frequent?
+Whom did they admire? 2. Even when they were entering into it, Whose
+advice did they require? and when they were in, Whose approbation?
+Whom advertised they of their purpose? Whose assistance by prayer did
+they request? But we deal injuriously with them to lay this to their
+charge; for they reproved and condemned it. How! did they disclose
+it to the Magistrate, that it might be suppressed? or were they not
+rather content to stand aloof off, and see the end of it, as being
+loath to quench that spirit? No doubt these mad practitioners were of
+their society, with whom before, and in the practice of their madness,
+they had most affinity. Hereof read Dr. Bancroft's book.[4]
+
+[Sidenote: Brownists and Barrowists]
+
+A third inducement may be to dislike of the discipline, if we consider
+not only how far the Reformers themselves have proceeded, but what
+others upon their foundations have built. Here come the Brownists[5]
+in the first rank, their lineal descendants, who have seized upon a
+number of strange opinions; whereof, although their ancestors, the
+Reformers, were never actually possessed, yet, by right and interest
+from them derived, the Brownists and Barrowists[6] have taken
+possession of them: for if the positions of the Reformers be true, I
+cannot see how the main and general conclusions of Brownism should be
+false; for upon these two points, as I conceive, they stand.
+
+[Sidenote: Their two points]
+
+1. That, because we have no Church, they are to sever themselves from
+us. 2. That without Civil authority they are to erect a Church of
+their own. And if the former of these be true, the latter, I suppose,
+will follow: for if above all things men be to regard their salvation;
+and if out of the Church there be no salvation; it followeth, that,
+if we have no Church, we have no means of salvation; and therefore
+separation from us in that respect is both lawful and necessary; as
+also, that men, so separated from the false and counterfeit Church,
+are to associate themselves unto some Church; not to ours; to the
+Popish much less; therefore to one of their own making. Now the ground
+of all these inferences being this, That in our Church there is no
+means of salvation, is out of the Reformers' principles most clearly
+to be proved. For wheresoever any matter of faith unto salvation
+necessary is denied, there can be no means of salvation; but in the
+Church of England, the discipline, by them accounted a matter of
+faith, and necessary to salvation, is not only denied, but impugned,
+and the professors thereof oppressed. _Ergo_.
+
+Again,--but this reason perhaps is weak,--every true Church of Christ
+acknowledgeth the whole Gospel of Christ: the discipline, in their
+opinion, is a part of the Gospel, and yet by our Church resisted.
+_Ergo_.
+
+[Sidenote: Essential discipline]
+
+Again, the discipline is essentially united to the Church: by which
+term essentially, they must mean either an essential part, or an
+essential property. Both which ways it must needs be, that where that
+essential discipline is not, neither is there any Church. If therefore
+between them and the Brownists there should be appointed a solemn
+disputation, whereof with us they have been oftentimes so earnest
+challengers; it doth not yet appear what other answer they could
+possibly frame to these and the like arguments, wherewith they may be
+pressed, but fairly to deny the conclusion,--for all the premises
+are their own,--or rather ingeniously to reverse their own principles
+before laid, whereon so foul absurdities have been so firmly built.
+What further proofs you can bring out of their high words, magnifying
+the discipline, I leave to your better remembrance: but, above all
+points, I am desirous this one should be strongly enforced against
+them, because it wringeth them most of all, and is of all others--for
+aught I see--the most unanswerable. You may notwithstanding say, that
+you would be heartily glad these their positions might be salved, as
+the Brownists might not appear to have issued out of their loins: but
+until that be done, they must give us leave to think that they have
+cast the seed whereout these tares are grown.
+
+[Sidenote: "Godless politics"]
+
+Another sort of men there are, which have been content to run on with
+the Reformers for a time, and to make them poor instruments of their
+own designs. These are a sort of godless politics, who, perceiving
+the plot of discipline to consist of these two parts, the overthrow
+of Episcopal, and erection of Presbyterial authority; and that this
+latter can take no place till the former be removed; are content to
+join with them in the destructive part of discipline, bearing them in
+hand, that in the other also they shall find them as ready. But when
+time shall come, it may be they would be as loath to be yoked with
+that kind of regiment, as now they are willing to be released from
+this. These men's ends in all their actions is distraction; their
+pretence and colour, reformation. Those things which under this
+colour they have effected to their own good, are, 1. By maintaining a
+contrary faction, they have kept the Clergy always in awe, and
+thereby made them more pliable, and willing to buy their peace. 2. By
+maintaining an opinion of equality among ministers, they have made way
+to their own purposes for devouring Cathedral Churches, and Bishops'
+livings. 3. By exclaiming against abuses in the Church, they have
+carried their own corrupt dealing in the Civil State more covertly.
+For such is the nature of the multitude, that they are not able to
+apprehend many things at once; so as being possessed with a dislike or
+liking of any one thing, many other in the mean time may escape them
+without being perceived. 4. They have sought to disgrace the Clergy,
+in entertaining a conceit in men's minds, and confirming it by
+continual practice, That men of learning, and especially of the
+Clergy, which are employed in the chiefest kind of learning, are not
+to be admitted to matters of State; contrary to the practice of all
+well-governed commonwealths, and of our own till these late years.
+
+[Sidenote: Atheists]
+
+[Sidenote: Causes of Atheism]
+
+A third sort of men there are, though not descended from the
+Reformers, yet in part raised and greatly strengthened by them;
+namely, the cursed crew of Atheists. This also is one of those points,
+which I am desirous you should handle most effectually, and strain
+yourself therein to all points of motion and affection; as in that of
+the Brownists, to all strength and sinews of reason. This is a sort
+most damnable, and yet by the general suspicion of the world at
+this day most common. The causes of it, which are in the parties
+themselves, although you handle in the beginning of the fifth book,
+yet here again they may be touched: but the occasions of help and
+furtherance, which by the Reformers have been yielded unto them, are,
+as I conceive, two; namely, senseless preaching, and disgracing of the
+Ministry: for how should not men dare to impugn that, which neither
+by force of reason, nor by authority of persons, is maintained? But in
+the parties themselves these two causes I conceive of Atheism: 1. More
+abundance of wit than judgment, and of witty than judicious learning;
+whereby they are more inclined to contradict any thing, than willing
+to be informed of the truth. They are not therefore men of sound
+learning for the most part, but smatterers; neither is their kind of
+dispute so much by force of argument, as by scoffing; which humour
+of scoffing, and turning matters most serious into merriment, is now
+become so common, as we are not to marvel what the Prophet means
+by the seat of scorners, nor what the Apostles, by foretelling of
+scorners to come; for our own age hath verified their speech unto
+us: which also may be an argument against these scoffers and Atheists
+themselves, seeing it hath been so many ages ago foretold, that such
+men the latter days of the world should afford: which could not
+be done by any other spirit, save that whereunto things future and
+present are alike. And even for the main question of the resurrection,
+whereat they stick so mightily, was it not plainly foretold, that men
+should in the latter times say, "Where is the promise of his coming?"
+Against the creation, the ark, and divers other points, exceptions are
+said to be taken, the ground whereof is superfluity of wit, without
+ground of learning and judgment. A second cause of Atheism is
+sensuality, which maketh men desirous to remove all stops and
+impediments of their wicked life; among which because Religion is the
+chiefest, so as neither in this life without shame they can persist
+therein, nor--if that be true--without torment in the life to come;
+they therefore whet their wits to annihilate the joys of Heaven,
+wherein they see--if any such be--they can have no part, and likewise
+the pains of Hell, wherein their portion must needs be very great.
+They labour therefore, not that they may not deserve those pains, but
+that, deserving them, there may be no such pains to seize upon them.
+But what conceit can be imagined more base, than that man should
+strive to persuade himself even against the secret instinct, no doubt,
+of his own mind, that his soul is as the soul of a beast, mortal, and
+corruptible with the body? Against which barbarous opinion their own
+Atheism is a very strong argument. For, were not the soul a nature
+separable from the body, how could it enter into discourse of things
+merely spiritual, and nothing at all pertaining to the body? Surely
+the soul were not able to conceive any thing of Heaven, no not so much
+as to dispute against Heaven, and against God, if there were not in it
+somewhat heavenly, and derived from God.
+
+[Sidenote: Papists]
+
+The last which have received strength and encouragement from the
+Reformers are Papists; against whom, although they are most bitter
+enemies, yet unwittingly they have given them great advantage. For
+what can any enemy rather desire than the breach and dissension of
+those which are confederates against him? Wherein they are to remember
+that if our communion with Papists in some few ceremonies do so much
+strengthen them, as is pretended, how much more doth this division and
+rent among ourselves, especially seeing it is maintained to be, not in
+light matters only, but even in matters of faith and salvation? Which
+over-reaching speech of theirs, because it is so open an advantage for
+the Barrowist and the Papist, we are to wish and hope for, that they
+will acknowledge it to have been spoken rather in heat of affection,
+than with soundness of judgment; and that through their exceeding love
+to that creature of discipline which themselves have bred, nourished,
+and maintained, their mouth in commendation of her did so often
+overflow.
+
+[Sidenote: Points of controversy]
+
+From hence you may proceed--but the means of connexion I leave to
+yourself--to another discourse, which I think very meet to be handled
+either here or elsewhere at large; the parts whereof may be these: 1.
+That in this cause between them and us, men are to sever the proper
+and essential points and controversy from those which are accidental.
+The most essential and proper are these two: overthrow of the
+Episcopal, and erection of Presbyterial authority. But in these two
+points whosoever joineth with them, is accounted of their number;
+whosoever in all other points agreeth with them, yet thinketh the
+authority of Bishops not unlawful, and of Elders not necessary, may
+justly be severed from their retinue. Those things, therefore, which
+either in the persons, or in the laws and orders themselves are
+faulty, may be complained on, acknowledged, and amended, yet they no
+whit the nearer their main purpose: for what if all errors by them
+supposed in our Liturgy were amended, even according to their own
+heart's desire; if non-residence, pluralities, and the like were
+utterly taken away; are their lay-elders therefore presently
+authorized? or their sovereign ecclesiastical jurisdiction
+established?
+
+[Sidenote: Faults of the complainants]
+
+But even in their complaining against the outward and accidental
+matters in Church-Government, they are many ways faulty. 1. In their
+end, which they propose to themselves. For in declaiming against
+abuses, their meaning is not to have them redressed, but, by
+disgracing the present state, to make way for their own discipline. As
+therefore in Venice, if any Senator should discourse against the
+power of their Senate, as being either too sovereign, or too weak in
+government, with purpose to draw their authority to a moderation, it
+might well be suffered; but not so, if it should appear he spake with
+purpose to induce another state by depriving the present. So in all
+causes belonging either to Church or Commonwealth, we are to have
+regard what mind the complaining part doth bear, whether of amendment
+or innovation; and accordingly either to suffer or suppress it. Their
+objection therefore is frivolous, "Why, may not men speak against
+abuses?" Yes; but with desire to cure the part affected, not
+to destroy the whole. 2. A second fault is in their manner of
+complaining, not only because it is for the most part in bitter and
+reproachful terms, but also it is to the common people, who are judges
+incompetent and insufficient, both to determine any thing amiss, and
+for want of skill and authority to amend it. Which also discovereth
+their intent and purpose to be rather destructive than corrective. 3.
+Those very exceptions which they take are frivolous and impertinent.
+Some things indeed they accuse as impious; which if they may appear to
+be such, God forbid they should be maintained.
+
+[Sidenote: "Doubly Deceived"]
+
+Against the rest it is only alleged, that they are idle ceremonies
+without use, and that better and more profitable might be devised.
+Wherein they are doubly deceived; for neither is it a sufficient plea
+to say, this must give place, because a better may be devised; because
+in our judgments of better and worse, we oftentimes conceive amiss,
+when we compare those things which are in devise with those which are
+in practice: for the imperfections of the one are hid, till by time
+and trial they be discovered: the others are already manifest and
+open to all. But last of all,--which is a point in my opinion of great
+regard, and which I am desirous to have enlarged,--they do not see
+that for the most part when they strike at the State Ecclesiastical,
+they secretly wound the Civil State, for personal faults; "What can
+be said against the Church, which may not also agree to the
+Commonwealth?" In both, Statesmen have always been, and will be
+always, men; sometimes blinded with error, most commonly perverted
+by passions; many unworthy have been and are advanced in both; many
+worthy not regarded. And as for abuses, which they pretend to be in
+the law themselves; when they inveigh against non-residence, do they
+take it a matter lawful or expedient in the Civil State, for a man
+to have a great and gainful office in the North, himself continually
+remaining in the South? "He that hath an office let him attend his
+office." When they condemn plurality of livings spiritual to the pit
+of Hell, what think they of the infinity of temporal promotions? By
+the great Philosopher, _Pol. lib. ii. cap. 9,_ it is forbidden as a
+thing most dangerous to Commonwealths, that by the same man many great
+offices should be exercised. When they deride our ceremonies as vain
+and frivolous, were it hard to apply their exceptions even to those
+civil ceremonies, which at the Coronation, in Parliament, and all
+Courts of Justice, are used? Were it hard to argue even against
+Circumcision, the ordinance of God, as being a cruel ceremony? against
+the Passover, as being ridiculous--shod, girt, a staff in their hand,
+to eat a lamb?
+
+[Sidenote: Conclusion]
+
+To conclude: you may exhort the Clergy,--or what if you direct your
+conclusion not to the Clergy in general, but only to the learned in or
+of both Universities?--you may exhort them to a due consideration of
+all things, and to a right esteem and valuing of each thing in that
+degree wherein it ought to stand. For it oftentimes falleth out, that
+what men have either devised themselves, or greatly delighted in,
+the price and the excellency thereof they do admire above desert. The
+chiefest labour of a Christian should be to know, of a Minister to
+preach Christ crucified: in regard whereof, not only worldly things,
+but things otherwise precious, even the discipline itself, is vile
+and base. Whereas now, by the heat of contention, and violence of
+affection, the zeal of men towards the one hath greatly decayed their
+love to the other. Hereunto therefore they are to be exhorted to
+preach Christ Crucified, the mortification of the flesh, the renewing
+of the Spirit; not those things which in time of strife seem precious
+but--passions being allayed--are vain and childish. G.C.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: This admirable dissertation originally appeared in 1642,
+entitled, "Concerning the New Church Discipline; an excellent Letter
+written by Mr. George Cranmer, to Mr. R.H."]
+
+[Footnote 2: Gregory Martin, born at Maxfield, near Winchelsea,
+admitted of St. John's Coll. Oxford, 1557, embraced the Roman
+Catholic Religion and was ordained priest at Douay, 1573. The Rheims
+translation of the Vulgate has been ascribed entirely to him. He died
+at Rheims in 1582.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Vice was the fool of the old moralities, with his dagger
+of lath, a long coat, and a cap with a pair of ass's ears.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Entitled "A Survey of the pretended holy Discipline,
+to which is prefixed a Sermon, preached against the Puritans, at
+St. Paul's Cross, Feb. 9, 1588-9, from the following text: 'Dearly
+beloved, believe not every Spirit, but try the Spirits whether they be
+of God, for many false Prophets have gone out into the world.' I John
+iv. 1."]
+
+[Footnote 5: Robert Brown, a native of Northampton, educated at Corpus
+Christi College in Cambridge, was the founder of a sect of Puritans,
+who took their name from him. He wrote several tracts in support
+of his opinions, and sustained various persecutions, having been
+committed at different times to thirty-two prisons, in some of which
+he could not see his hand at broad day. Before his removal with his
+followers to Middleburg in Zealand, he became disgusted with their
+divisions and disputes; and though he had gone a further distance than
+any of the Puritans did, he renounced his principles of separation,
+being promoted by his relation, Lord Burghley, to the benefice of
+Achurch in Northamptonshire. He died in Northampton Gaol in 1630, in
+the 80th year of his age, having been sent thither by a justice of the
+peace for assaulting a constable, who was executing a warrant against
+him.]
+
+[Footnote 6: So denominated from Henry Barrow, a layman, and noted
+sectary, who was executed at Tyburn on 6th April, 1593, for publishing
+seditious books against the Queen and the State.]
+
+
+
+
+THE WORKS OF MR. RICHARD HOOKER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Hooker's Works]
+
+The Works of Mr. Hooker, exclusive of the Books of Ecclesiastical
+Polity, are,
+
+I. "ANSWER to the SUPPLICATION that Mr. TRAVERS made to the COUNCIL.
+_Oxon_. 1612." 4to.
+
+II. "A learned DISCOURSE of JUSTIFICATION, WORKS, and how the
+FOUNDATION of FAITH is overthrown: on _Habak_. i. 4. _Oxon_. 1612."
+4to.
+
+III. "A learned SERMON of the NATURE of PRIDE: on _Habak_. ii. 4.
+_Oxon_. 1612." 4to.
+
+IV. "A REMEDY against SORROW and FEAR, delivered in a FUNERAL SERMON:
+on _John_ xiv. 27. _Oxon_. 1612." 4to.
+
+V. "A learned and comfortable SERMON of the CERTAINTY and PERPETUITY
+of FAITH in the ELECT: especially of the PROPHET HABAKKUK'S FAITH: on
+_Habak_. i. 4. _Oxon_. 1612." 4to.
+
+VI. "TWO SERMONS upon part of ST. JUDE'S EPISTLE. _Epist. Jude_, ver.
+17, 18, 19, 20, 21, _Oxon_. 1613." 4to.
+
+VII. In 1641, a volume was published under the following title: "A
+SUMMARIE VIEW of the GOVERNMENT both of the OLD and NEW TESTAMENT;
+whereby the EPISCOPAL GOVERNMENT of CHRIST'S CHURCH is vindicated,"
+out of the rude draughts of Launcelot Andrews, late Bishop of
+Winchester.
+
+To this volume is prefixed, as a preamble to the whole, "A DISCOVERY
+of the CAUSES of these CONTENTIONS touching CHURCH GOVERNMENT, out of
+the FRAGMENTS of RICHARD HOOKER."
+
+This volume contains certain brief treatises, written by divers
+learned men, concerning the ancient and modern Government of the
+Church. The treatises are seven in number, of which this posthumous
+work of Mr. Hooker is one, and as it stands before the rest it is
+therefore called a Preamble to the whole.
+
+VIII. THREE TREATISES inserted in the "CLAVI TRABALES," viz. 1. "On
+the KING'S POWER in Matters of RELIGION." 2. "Of his POWER in the
+ADVANCEMENT of BISHOPS to their ROOMS of PRELACY." 3. "The KING'S
+EXEMPTION from CENSURE and other JUDICIAL POWER."
+
+It will not be improper to notice a publication of great merit,
+entitled "A FAITHFUL ABRIDGMENT of the WORKS of that learned and
+judicious Divine, Mr. RICHARD HOOKER, in eight books of ECCLESIASTICAL
+POLITY, and of all the other Treatises which were written by the same
+Author. With an Account of his Life. By a Divine of the Church of
+England. _London_, 1705."
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE
+OF
+MR. GEORGE HERBERT,
+PREBENDARY OF SALISBURY CATHEDRAL.
+
+  "Where with a soul composed of harmonies,
+  Like a sweet swan, he warbles as he dies
+  His Maker's praise, and his own obsequies."
+
+    --COTTON.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+TO THE
+LIFE OF GEORGE HERBERT.
+
+
+[Sidenote: A box of ointment]
+
+In a late retreat from the business of this world, and those many
+little cares with which I have too often cumbered myself, I fell into
+a contemplation of some of those historical passages that are recorded
+in Sacred Story: and more particularly of what had passed betwixt our
+blessed Saviour and that wonder of Women, and Sinners, and Mourners,
+St. Mary Magdalen. I call her Saint, because I did not then, nor do
+now consider her, as when she was possessed with seven devils; not as
+when her wanton eyes and dishevelled hair were designed and managed
+to charm and ensnare amorous beholders. But I did then, and do now
+consider her, as after she had expressed a visible and sacred sorrow
+for her sensualities; as after those eyes had wept such a flood of
+penitential tears as did wash, and that hair had wiped, and she most
+passionately kissed the feet of her's and our blessed Jesus. And I do
+now consider, that because she loved much, not only much was forgiven
+her: but that beside that blessed blessing of having her sins
+pardoned, and the joy of knowing her happy condition, she also had
+from him a testimony, that her alabaster box of precious ointment
+poured on his head and feet, and that spikenard, and those spices
+that were by her dedicated to embalm and preserve his sacred body
+from putrefaction, should so far preserve her own memory, that these
+demonstrations of her sanctified love, and of her officious and
+generous gratitude, should be recorded and mentioned wheresoever his
+Gospel should be read; intending thereby, that as his, so her name,
+should also live to succeeding generations, even till time itself
+shall be no more.
+
+[Sidenote: Reasons for this Life]
+
+Upon occasion of which fair example, I did lately look back, and not
+without some content,--at least to myself,--that I have endeavoured to
+deserve the love, and preserve the memory, of my two deceased friends,
+Dr. Donne, and Sir Henry Wotton, by declaring the several employments
+and various accidents of their lives. And though Mr. George
+Herbert--whose Life I now intend to write--were to me a stranger as to
+his person, for I have only seen him; yet since he was, and was worthy
+to be, their friend, and very many of his have been mine, I judge it
+may not be unacceptable to those that knew any of them in their
+lives, or do now know them by mine, or their own writings, to see this
+conjunction of them after their deaths; without which, many things
+that concerned them, and some things that concerned the age in which
+they lived, would be less perfect, and lost to posterity.
+
+For these reasons I have undertaken it; and if I have prevented any
+abler person, I beg pardon of him and my Reader.
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE
+OF
+MR. GEORGE HERBERT.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Birth and family]
+
+George Herbert was born the Third day of April, in the Year of our
+Redemption 1593. The place of his birth was near to the Town of
+Montgomery, and in that Castle[1] that did then bear the name of that
+Town and County; that Castle was then a place of state and strength,
+and had been successively happy in the Family of the Herberts, who
+had long possessed it; and with it, a plentiful estate, and hearts
+as liberal to their poor neighbours. A family, that hath been blessed
+with men of remarkable wisdom, and a willingness to serve their
+country, and, indeed, to do good to all mankind; for which they
+are eminent: But alas! this family did in the late rebellion suffer
+extremely in their estates; and the heirs of that Castle saw it laid
+level with that earth, that was too good to bury those wretches that
+were the cause of it.
+
+[Sidenote: Father and mother]
+
+The Father of our George was Richard Herbert, the son of Edward
+Herbert, Knight, the son of Richard Herbert, Knight, the son of the
+famous Sir Richard Herbert of Colebrook, in the County of Monmouth,
+Banneret, who was the youngest brother of that memorable William
+Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, that lived in the reign of our King Edward
+the Fourth.
+
+His Mother was Magdalen Newport, the youngest daughter of Sir Richard,
+and sister to Sir Francis Newport of High-Arkall, in the County of
+Salop, Knight, and grandfather of Francis Lord Newport, now Controller
+of his Majesty's Household. A family that for their loyalty have
+suffered much in their estates, and seen the ruin of that excellent
+structure, where their ancestors have long lived, and been memorable
+for their hospitality.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Herbert of Cherbury]
+
+This Mother of George Herbert--of whose person, and wisdom, and virtue
+I intend to give a true account in a seasonable place--was the happy
+Mother of seven sons and three daughters, which she would often say
+was Job's number, and Job's distribution; and as often bless God, that
+they were neither defective in their shapes, or in their reason;
+and very often reprove them that did not praise God for so great a
+blessing. I shall give the Reader a short account of their names, and
+not say much of their fortunes. Edward, the eldest, was first made
+Knight of the Bath, at that glorious time of our late Prince Henry's
+being installed Knight of the Garter; after many years' useful travel,
+and the attainment of many languages, he was by King James sent
+Ambassador resident to the then French King, Lewis the thirteenth.
+There he continued about two years; but he could not subject himself
+to a compliance with the humours of the Duke de Luisnes, who was then
+the great and powerful favourite at Court: so that upon a complaint to
+our King, he was called back into England in some displeasure; but at
+his return he gave such an honourable account of his employment, and
+so justified his comportment to the Duke and all the Court, that he
+was suddenly sent back upon the same Embassy, from which he returned
+in the beginning of the reign of our good King Charles the First, who
+made him first Baron of Castle-Island, and not long after of Cherbury,
+in the County of Salop. He was a man of great learning and reason, as
+appears by his printed book "De Veritate," and by his "History of the
+reign of King Henry the Eighth," and by several other tracts.[2]
+
+[Sidenote: Other Herberts]
+
+The second and third brothers were Richard and William, who ventured
+their lives to purchase honour in the wars of the Low Countries, and
+died officers in that employment. Charles was the fourth, and died
+fellow of New College in Oxford. Henry was the sixth, who became
+a menial servant to the Crown in the days of King James, and hath
+continued to be so for fifty years; during all which time he hath been
+Master of the Revels; a place that requires a diligent wisdom, with
+which God hath blessed him. The seventh son was Thomas, who, being
+made captain of a ship in that fleet with which Sir Robert Mansell
+was sent against Algiers, did there shew a fortunate and true English
+valour. Of the three sisters I need not say more, than that they were
+all married to persons of worth, and plentiful fortunes; and lived to
+be examples of virtue, and to do good in their generations.
+
+[Sidenote: George Herbert]
+
+I now come to give my intended account of George, who was the fifth of
+those seven brothers.
+
+George Herbert spent much of his childhood in a sweet content under
+the eye and care of his prudent Mother, and the tuition of a Chaplain,
+or tutor to him and two of his brothers, in her own family,--for she
+was then a widow,--where he continued till about the age of twelve
+years; and being at that time well instructed in the rules of Grammar,
+he was not long after commended to the care of Dr. Neale,[3] who was
+then Dean of Westminster; and by him to the care of Mr. Ireland,[4]
+who was then Chief Master of that School; where the beauties of his
+pretty behaviour and wit shined, and became so eminent and lovely in
+this his innocent age, that he seemed to be marked out for piety, and
+to become the care of Heaven, and of a particular good angel to guard
+and guide him. And thus he continued in that School, till he came
+to be perfect in the learned languages, and especially in the Greek
+tongue, in which he after proved an excellent critic.
+
+[Sidenote: At Cambridge]
+
+About the age of fifteen--he being then a King's Scholar--he was
+elected out of that School for Trinity College in Cambridge, to which
+place he was transplanted about the year 1608; and his prudent Mother,
+well knowing that he might easily lose or lessen that virtue and
+innocence, which her advice and example had planted in his mind, did
+therefore procure the generous and liberal Dr. Nevil,[5] who was then
+Dean of Canterbury, and Master of that College, to take him into his
+particular care, and provide him a tutor; which he did most gladly
+undertake, for he knew the excellencies of his mother, and how to
+value such a friendship.
+
+This was the method of his education, till he was settled in
+Cambridge; where we will leave him in his study, till I have paid my
+promised account of his excellent mother; and I will endeavour to make
+it short.
+
+[Sidenote: Lady Magdalen Herbert]
+
+I have told her birth, her marriage, and the number of her children,
+and have given some short account of them. I shall next tell the
+Reader, that her husband died when our George was about the age of
+four years: I am next to tell, that she continued twelve years a
+widow; that she then married happily to a noble gentleman, the brother
+and heir of the Lord Danvers,[6] Earl of Danby, who did highly value
+both her person and the most excellent endowments of her mind.
+
+[Sidenote: Her character]
+
+[Sidenote: Dr. Donne]
+
+In this time of her widowhood, she being desirous to give Edward, her
+eldest son, such advantages of learning, and other education, as might
+suit his birth and fortune, and thereby make him the more fit for the
+service of his country, did, at his being of a fit age, remove from
+Montgomery Castle with him, and some of her younger sons, to Oxford;
+and having entered Edward into Queen's College, and provided him a
+fit tutor, she commended him to his care, yet she continued there
+with him, and still kept him in a moderate awe of herself, and so
+much under her own eye, as to see and converse with him daily: but she
+managed this power over him without any such rigid sourness as might
+make her company a torment to her child; but with such a sweetness and
+compliance with the recreations and pleasures of youth, as did incline
+him willingly to spend much of his time in the company of his dear and
+careful mother; which was to her great content: for she would often
+say, "That as our bodies take a nourishment suitable to the meat
+on which we feed; so our souls do as insensibly take in vice by the
+example or conversation with wicked company:" and would therefore
+as often say, "That ignorance of vice was the best preservation of
+virtue; and that the very knowledge of wickedness was as tinder to
+inflame and kindle sin and keep it burning." For these reasons she
+endeared him to her own company, and continued with him in Oxford four
+years; in which time her great and harmless wit, her cheerful gravity,
+and her obliging behaviour, gained her an acquaintance and friendship
+with most of any eminent worth or learning, that were at that time
+in or near that University; and particularly with Mr. John Donne, who
+then came accidentally to that place, in this time of her being
+there. It was that John Donne who was after Dr. Donne, and Dean of St.
+Paul's, London: and he, at his leaving Oxford, writ and left there, in
+verse, a character of the beauties of her body and mind: of the first
+he says,
+
+  No Spring nor Summer-beauty hath such grace
+  As I have seen in an Autumnal face.
+
+Of the latter he says,
+
+  In all her words to every hearer fit,
+  You may at revels, or at council sit.
+
+The rest of her character may be read in his printed poems, in that
+Elegy which bears the name of "The Autumnal Beauty." For both he and
+she were then past the meridian of man's life.
+
+This amity, begun at this time and place, was not an amity that
+polluted their souls; but an amity made up of a chain of suitable
+inclinations and virtues; an amity like that of St. Chrysostom's to
+his dear and virtuous Olympias; whom, in his letters, he calls his
+Saint: or an amity, indeed, more like that of St. Hierome to his
+Paula; whose affection to her was such, that he turned poet in his old
+age, and then made her epitaph: wishing all his body were turned into
+tongues, that he might declare her just praises to posterity. And this
+amity betwixt her and Mr. Donne was begun in a happy time for him, he
+being then near to the fortieth year of his age,--which was some years
+before he entered into Sacred Orders;--a time when his necessities
+needed a daily supply for the support of his wife, seven children,
+and a family. And in this time she proved one of his most bountiful
+benefactors; and he as grateful an acknowledger of it. You may take
+one testimony for what I have said of these two worthy persons, from
+this following Letter and Sonnet.
+
+[Sidenote: Letter and Sonnet]
+
+"MADAM,
+
+"Your favours to me are every where: I use them and have them. I enjoy
+them at London, and leave them there; and yet find them at Mitcham.
+Such riddles as these become things inexpressible; and such is your
+goodness. I was almost sorry to find your servant here this day;
+because I was loath to have any witness of my not coming home last
+night, and indeed of my coming this morning. But my not coming was
+excusable, because earnest business detained me; and my coming this
+day is by the example of your St. Mary Magdalen, who rose early upon
+Sunday to seek that which she loved most; and so did I. And, from her
+and myself, I return such thanks as are due to one, to whom we owe all
+the good opinion, that they, whom we need most, have of us. By this
+messenger, and on this good day, I commit the inclosed Holy Hymns and
+Sonnets--which for the matter, not the workmanship, have yet escaped
+the fire--to your judgment, and to your protection too, if you think
+them worthy of it; and I have appointed this inclosed Sonnet to usher
+them to your happy hand.
+
+             "Your unworthiest servant,
+  Unless your accepting him to be so have mended him,
+                    Jo. DONNE.
+
+"Mitcham, July 11, 1607."
+
+TO THE LADY MAGDALEN HERBERT: OF ST. MARY MAGDALEN.
+
+  Her of your name, whose fair inheritance
+    Bethina was, and jointure Magdalo,
+  An active faith so highly did advance,
+    That she once knew more than the Church did know,
+  The Resurrection! so much good there is
+    Delivered of her, that some Fathers be
+  Loth to believe one woman could do this:
+    But think these Magdalens were two or three.
+  Increase their number, Lady, and their fame:
+    To their devotion add your innocence:
+  Take so much of th' example, as of the name;
+    The latter half; and in some recompense
+  That they did harbour Christ himself, a guest,
+    Harbour these Hymns, to his dear name addrest.
+  J.D.
+
+These Hymns are now lost to us; but doubtless they were such as they
+two now sing in Heaven.
+
+[Sidenote: Her Funeral Sermon]
+
+There might be more demonstrations of the friendship, and the many
+sacred endearments betwixt these two excellent persons,--for I have
+many of their letters in my hand,--and much more might be said of her
+great prudence and piety: but my design was not to write her's, but
+the life of her son; and therefore I shall only tell my Reader, that
+about that very day twenty years that this letter was dated, and sent
+her, I saw and heard this Mr. John Donne--who was then Dean of St.
+Paul's--weep, and preach her Funeral Sermon, in the Parish Church
+of Chelsea, near London, where she now rests in her quiet grave: and
+where we must now leave her, and return to her son George, whom we
+left in his study in Cambridge. And in Cambridge we may find our
+George Herbert's behaviour to be such, that we may conclude he
+consecrated the first-fruits of his early age to virtue, and a serious
+study of learning. And that he did so, this following Letter and
+Sonnet, which were, in the first year of his going to Cambridge,
+sent his dear Mother for a New-year's gift, may appear to be some
+testimony.
+
+[Sidenote: A Letter]
+
+--"But I fear the heat of my late ague hath dried up those springs,
+by which scholars say the Muses use to take up their habitations.
+However, I need not their help to reprove the vanity of those many
+love-poems, that are daily writ, and consecrated to Venus; nor to
+bewail that so few are writ, that look towards God and Heaven. For my
+own part, my meaning--dear Mother--is, in these Sonnets, to declare my
+resolution to be, that my poor abilities in Poetry, shall be all and
+ever consecrated to God's glory: and I beg you to receive this as one
+testimony."
+
+[Sidenote: and Sonnets]
+
+  My God, where is that ancient heat towards thee,
+    Wherewith whole shoals of Martyrs once did burn,
+    Besides their other flames? Doth Poetry
+  Wear Venus' livery? only serve her turn?
+  Why are not Sonnets made of thee? and lays
+    Upon thine altar burnt? Cannot thy love
+    Heighten a spirit to sound out thy praise
+  As well as any she? Cannot thy Dove
+  Outstrip their Cupid easily in flight?
+    Or, since thy ways are deep, and still the same,
+    Will not a verse run smooth that bears thy name?
+  Why doth that fire, which by thy power and might
+    Each breast does feel, no braver fuel choose
+    Than that, which one day, worms may chance refuse?
+  Sure, Lord, there is enough in thee to dry
+    Oceans of ink; for as the Deluge did
+    Cover the Earth, so doth thy Majesty;
+  Each cloud distils thy praise, and doth forbid
+  Poets to turn it to another use.
+    Roses and lilies speak Thee; and to make
+    A pair of cheeks of them, is thy abuse.
+  Why should I women's eyes for crystal take?
+  Such poor invention burns in their low mind
+    Whose fire is wild, and doth not upward go
+    To praise, and on thee, Lord, some ink bestow.
+  Open the bones, and you shall nothing find
+   In the best face but filth; when, Lord, in Thee
+   The beauty lies in the discovery.
+  G.H.
+
+This was his resolution at the sending this letter to his dear Mother,
+about which time he was in the seventeenth year of his age: and as he
+grew older, so he grew in learning, and more and more in favour both
+with God and man: insomuch that, in this morning of that short day
+of his life, he seemed to be marked out for virtue, and to become the
+care of Heaven; for God still kept his soul in so holy a frame, that
+he may, and ought to be a pattern of virtue to all posterity, and
+especially to his brethren of the Clergy, of which the Reader may
+expect a more exact account in what will follow.
+
+[Sidenote: College honours]
+
+I need not declare that he was a strict student, because, that he was
+so, there will be many testimonies in the future part of his life. I
+shall therefore only tell, that he was made Minor Fellow in the year
+1609, Bachelor of Arts in the year 1611; Major Fellow of the College,
+March 15th, 1615: and that in that year he was also made Master of
+Arts, he being then in the 22nd year of his age; during all which
+time, all, or the greatest diversion from his study, was the practice
+of Music, in which he became a great master; and of which he would
+say, "That it did relieve his drooping spirits, compose his distracted
+thoughts, and raised his weary soul so far above earth, that it gave
+him an earnest of the joys of Heaven, before he possessed them." And
+it may be noticed, that from his first entrance into the College, the
+generous Dr. Nevil was a cherisher of his studies, and such a lover of
+his person, his behaviour, and the excellent endowments of his mind,
+that he took him often into his own company; by which he confirmed his
+native gentleness: and if during his time he expressed any error,
+it was, that he kept himself too much retired, and at too great a
+distance with all his inferiors; and his clothes seemed to prove, that
+he put too great a value on his parts and parentage.
+
+[Sidenote: Orator]
+
+This may be some account of his disposition, and of the employment of
+his time till he was Master of Arts, which was anno 1615, and in the
+year 1619 he was chosen Orator for the University. His two precedent
+Orators were Sir Robert Naunton,[7] and Sir Francis Nethersole.[8] The
+first was not long after made Secretary of State, and Sir Francis,
+not very long after his being Orator, was made Secretary to the
+Lady Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia. In this place of Orator our George
+Herbert continued eight years; and managed it with as becoming and
+grave a gaiety, as any had ever before or since his time. For "he had
+acquired great learning, and was blessed with a high fancy, a civil
+and sharp wit; and with a natural elegance, both in his behaviour, his
+tongue, and his pen." Of all which there might be very many particular
+evidences; but I will limit myself to the mention of but three.
+
+[Sidenote: Letter to King James]
+
+And the first notable occasion of shewing his fitness for this
+employment of Orator was manifested in a letter to King James, upon
+the occasion of his sending that University his book called "Basilicon
+Doron;"[9] and their Orator was to acknowledge this great honour, and
+return their gratitude to his Majesty for such a condescension; at the
+close of which letter he writ,
+
+  Quid Vaticanam Bodleianamque objicis, hospes!
+    Unicus est nobis Bibliotheca Liber.
+
+This letter was writ in such excellent Latin, was so full of conceits,
+and all the expressions so suited to the genius of the King, that he
+enquired the Orator's name, and then asked William Earl of Pembroke,
+if he knew him? whose answer was, "That he knew him very well, and
+that he was his kinsman; but he loved him more for his learning and
+virtue, than for that he was of his name and family." At which answer
+the King smiled, and asked the Earl leave that he might love him too,
+for he took him to be the jewel of that University.
+
+[Sidenote: Andrew Melville]
+
+[Sidenote: Herbert's answers]
+
+[Sidenote: Lady Arabella Stuart]
+
+The next occasion he had and took to shew his great abilities, was,
+with them, to shew also his great affection to that Church in which he
+received his baptism, and of which he professed himself a member; and
+the occasion was this: There was one Andrew Melvin,[10] a Minister
+of the Scotch Church, and Rector of St. Andrew's; who, by a long
+and constant converse with a discontented part of that Clergy which
+opposed Episcopacy, became at last to be a chief leader of that
+faction; and had proudly appeared to be so to King James, when he was
+but King of that nation, who, the second year after his Coronation in
+England, convened a part of the Bishops, and other learned Divines
+of his Church, to attend him at Hampton-Court, in order to a friendly
+conference with some dissenting brethren, both of this and the Church
+of Scotland: of which Scotch party Andrew Melvin was one; and he being
+a man of learning, and inclined to satirical poetry, had scattered
+many malicious, bitter verses against our Liturgy, our ceremonies, and
+our Church-government; which were by some of that party so magnified
+for the wit, that they were therefore brought into Westminster School,
+where Mr. George Herbert, then, and often after, made such answers to
+them, and such reflections on him and his Kirk, as might unbeguile
+any man that was not too deeply pre-engaged in such a quarrel.--But
+to return to Mr. Melvin at Hampton-Court Conference;[11] he there
+appeared to be a man of an unruly wit, of a strange confidence, of so
+furious a zeal, and of so ungoverned passions, that his insolence to
+the King, and others at this Conference, lost him both his Rectorship
+of St. Andrew's and his liberty too; for his former verses, and his
+present reproaches there used against the Church and State, caused
+him to be committed prisoner to the Tower of London; where he remained
+very angry for three years. At which time of his commitment, he found
+the Lady Arabella[12] an innocent prisoner there; and he pleased
+himself much in sending, the next day after his commitment, these two
+verses to the good lady; which I will underwrite, because they may
+give the Reader a taste of his others, which were like these.
+
+  Causa tibi mecum est communis, carceris, Ara-
+    Bella, tibi causa est, Araque sacra mihi.
+
+I shall not trouble my Reader with an account of his enlargement from
+that prison, or his death; but tell him Mr. Herbert's verses were
+thought so worthy to be preserved, that Dr. Duport,[13] the learned
+Dean of Peterborough, hath lately collected and caused many of them
+to be printed, as an honourable memorial of his friend Mr. George
+Herbert, and the cause he undertook.
+
+[Sidenote: In favour with James]
+
+And in order to my third and last observation of his great abilities,
+it will be needful to declare, that about this time King James came
+very often to hunt at Newmarket and Royston, and was almost as often
+invited to Cambridge, where his entertainment was comedies,[14] suited
+to his pleasant humour; and where Mr. George Herbert was to welcome
+him with gratulations, and the applauses of an Orator; which he always
+performed so well, that he still grew more into the King's favour,
+insomuch that he had a particular appointment to attend his Majesty
+at Royston; where, after a discourse with him, his Majesty declared to
+his kinsman, the Earl of Pembroke, that he found the Orator's learning
+and wisdom much above his age or wit. The year following, the King
+appointed to end his progress at Cambridge, and to stay there certain
+days; at which time he was attended by the great Secretary of
+Nature and all learning, Sir Francis Bacon, Lord Verulam, and by the
+ever-memorable and learned Dr. Andrews, Bishop of Winchester, both
+which did at that time begin a desired friendship with our Orator.
+Upon whom, the first put such a value on his judgment, that he usually
+desired his approbation before he would expose any of his books to
+be printed; and thought him so worthy of his friendship, that having
+translated many of the Prophet David's Psalms into English verse, he
+made George Herbert his patron, by a public dedication of them to him,
+as the best judge of Divine Poetry. And for the learned Bishop, it is
+observable, that at that time there fell to be a modest debate betwixt
+them two about Predestination, and Sanctity of life; of both of which
+the Orator did, not long after, send the Bishop some safe and useful
+aphorisms, in a long letter, written in Greek; which letter was so
+remarkable for the language and reason of it, that, after the reading
+of it, the Bishop put it into his bosom, and did often shew it to many
+Scholars, both of this and foreign nations; but did always return it
+back to the place where he first lodged it, and continued it so near
+his heart till the last day of his life.
+
+[Sidenote: His friends]
+
+To this I might add the long and entire friendship betwixt him and Sir
+Henry Wotton, and Dr. Donne; but I have promised to contract myself,
+and shall therefore only add one testimony to what is also mentioned
+in the Life of Dr. Donne; namely, that a little before his death he
+caused many Seals to be made, and in them to be engraven the figure of
+Christ, crucified on an Anchor,--the emblem of Hope,--and of which Dr.
+Donne would often say, "_Crux mihi anchora_."--These Seals he gave
+or sent to most of those friends on which he put a value: and, at
+Mr. Herbert's death, these verses were found wrapt up with that seal,
+which was by the Doctor given to him;
+
+  When my dear friend could write no more,
+  He gave this _Seal_ and so gave o'er.
+
+  When winds and waves rise highest I am sure,
+  This _Anchor_ keeps my faith, that, me secure.
+
+[Sidenote: His attainments]
+
+At this time of being Orator, he had learned to understand the
+Italian, Spanish, and French tongues very perfectly: hoping, that as
+his predecessors, so he might in time attain the place of a Secretary
+of State, he being at that time very high in the King's favour, and
+not meanly valued and loved by the most eminent and most powerful of
+the Court Nobility. This, and the love of a Court-conversation, mixed
+with a laudable ambition to be something more than he then was, drew
+him often from Cambridge, to attend the King wheresoever the Court
+was, who then gave him a sinecure, which fell into his Majesty's
+disposal, I think, by the death of the Bishop of St. Asaph.[15] It was
+the same that Queen Elizabeth had formerly given to her favourite Sir
+Philip Sidney, and valued to be worth an hundred and twenty pounds per
+annum. With this, and his annuity, and the advantage of his College,
+and of his Oratorship, he enjoyed his genteel humour for clothes, and
+Court-like company, and seldom looked towards Cambridge, unless the
+King were there, but then he never failed; and, at other times, left
+the manage of his Orator's place to his learned friend, Mr. Herbert
+Thorndike, who is now Prebend of Westminster.[16]
+
+[Sidenote: His health]
+
+I may not omit to tell, that he had often designed to leave the
+University, and decline all study, which he thought did impair his
+health; for he had a body apt to a consumption, and to fevers, and
+other infirmities, which he judged were increased by his studies;
+for he would often say, "He had too thoughtful a wit; a wit like a
+penknife in too narrow a sheath, too sharp for his body." But his
+Mother would by no means allow him to leave the University, or to
+travel; and though he inclined very much to both, yet he would by
+no means satisfy his own desires at so dear a rate, as to prove an
+undutiful son to so affectionate a Mother; but did always submit to
+her wisdom. And what I have now said may partly appear in a copy of
+verses in his printed poems; 'tis one of those that bear the title
+of Affliction; and it appears to be a pious reflection on God's
+providence, and some passages of his life, in which he says,
+
+[Sidenote: "Affliction"]
+
+  Whereas my birth and spirit rather took
+    The way that takes the town:
+  Thou didst betray me to a lingering book,
+    And wrapt me in a gown:
+  I was entangled in a world of strife,
+  Before I had the power to change my life.
+
+  Yet, for I threaten'd oft the siege to raise,
+    Not simpering all mine age;
+  Thou often didst with academic praise
+    Melt and dissolve my rage:
+  I took the sweeten'd pill, till I came where
+  I could not go away, nor persevere.
+
+  Yet, lest perchance I should too happy be
+    In my unhappiness,
+  Turning my purge to food, thou throwest me
+    Into more sicknesses.
+  Thus dost thy power cross-bias me, not making
+  Thine own gifts good, yet me from my ways taking.
+
+  Now I am here, what thou wilt do with me
+    None of my books will show.
+  I read, and sigh, and wish I were a tree,
+    For then sure I should grow
+  To fruit or shade, at least some bird would trust
+  Her household with me, and I would be just.
+
+  Yet, though thou troublest me, I must be meek,
+    In weakness must be stout,
+  Well, I will change my service, and go seek
+    Some other master out;
+  Ah, my dear God! though I am clean forgot,
+  Let me not love thee, if I love thee not.
+
+  G.H.
+
+[Sidenote: Retires into Kent]
+
+In this time of Mr. Herbert's attendance and expectation of some good
+occasion to remove from Cambridge to Court, God, in whom there is an
+unseen chain of causes, did in a short time put an end to the lives of
+two of his most obliging and most powerful friends, Lodowick Duke of
+Richmond, and James Marquis of Hamilton; and not long after him King
+James died also, and with them, all Mr. Herbert's Court-hopes: so that
+he presently betook himself to a retreat from London, to a friend
+in Kent, where he lived very privately, and was such a lover of
+solitariness, as was judged to impair his health, more than his study
+had done. In this time of retirement, he had many conflicts with
+himself, whether he should return to the painted pleasures of a
+Court-life, or betake himself to a study of Divinity, and enter into
+Sacred Orders, to which his dear mother had often persuaded him. These
+were such conflicts, as they only can know, that have endured them;
+for ambitious desires, and the outward glory of this world, are not
+easily laid aside; but at last God inclined him to put on a resolution
+to serve at his altar.
+
+[Sidenote: Holy Orders]
+
+He did, at his return to London, acquaint a Court-friend with his
+resolution to enter into Sacred Orders, who persuaded him to alter
+it, as too mean an employment, and too much below his birth, and the
+excellent abilities and endowments of his mind. To whom he replied,
+"It hath been formerly judged that the domestic servants of the King
+of Heaven should be of the noblest families on earth. And though the
+iniquity of the late times have made clergymen meanly valued, and
+the sacred name of priest contemptible; yet I will labour to make it
+honourable, by consecrating all my learning, and all my poor abilities
+to advance the glory of that God that gave them; knowing that I can
+never do too much for him, that hath done so much for me, as to make
+me a Christian. And I will labour to be like my Saviour, by making
+humility lovely in the eyes of all men, and by following the merciful
+and meek example of my dear Jesus."
+
+[Sidenote: Layton Ecclesia]
+
+This was then his resolution; and the God of constancy, who intended
+him for a great example of virtue, continued him in it, for within
+that year he was made Deacon, but the day when, or by whom, I cannot
+learn; but that he was about that time made Deacon, is most certain;
+for I find by the Records of Lincoln, that he was made Prebend of
+Layton Ecclesia, in the Diocese of Lincoln, July 15th, 1626, and that
+this Prebend was given him by John,[17] then Lord Bishop of that See.
+And now he had a fit occasion to shew that piety and bounty that was
+derived from his generous mother, and his other memorable ancestors,
+and the occasion was this.
+
+[Sidenote: Church-building]
+
+This Layton Ecclesia is a village near to Spalden, in the County of
+Huntingdon, and the greatest part of the Parish Church was fallen
+down, and that of it which stood was so decayed, so little, and so
+useless, that the parishioners could not meet to perform their duty
+to God in public prayer and praises; and thus it had been for almost
+twenty years, in which time there had been some faint endeavours for
+a public collection to enable the parishioners to rebuild it; but with
+no success, till Mr. Herbert undertook it; and he, by his own, and
+the contribution of many of his kindred, and other noble friends,
+undertook the re-edification of it; and made it so much his whole
+business, that he became restless till he saw it finished as it now
+stands; being for the workmanship, a costly Mossaic; for the form, an
+exact cross; and for the decency and beauty, I am assured, it is the
+most remarkable Parish Church that this nation affords. He lived to
+see it so wainscotted, as to be exceeded by none; and, by his order,
+the Reading pew and Pulpit were a little distant from each other, and
+both of an equal height; for he would often say, "They should neither
+have a precedency or priority of the other; but that prayer and
+preaching, being equally useful, might agree like brethren, and have
+an equal honour and estimation."
+
+Before I proceed farther, I must look back to the time of Mr.
+Herbert's being made Prebend, and tell the Reader, that not long
+after, his Mother being informed of his intentions to rebuild that
+Church, and apprehending the great trouble and charge that he was like
+to draw upon himself, his relations and friends, before it could
+be finished, sent for him from London to Chelsea,--where she then
+dwelt,--and at his coming, said, "George, I sent for you, to persuade
+you to commit Simony, by giving your patron as good a gift as he has
+given to you; namely, that you give him back his prebend; for, George,
+it is not for your weak body, and empty purse, to undertake to
+build Churches." Of which, he desired he might have a day's time to
+consider, and then make her an answer. And at his return to her the
+next day, when he had first desired her blessing, and she given it
+him, his next request was, "That she would at the age of thirty-three
+years, allow him to become an undutiful son: for he had made a vow to
+God, that, if he were able, he would rebuild that Church." And
+then shewed her such reasons for his resolution, that she presently
+subscribed to be one of his benefactors; and undertook to solicit
+William Earl of Pembroke to become another, who subscribed for fifty
+pounds; and not long after, by a witty and persuasive letter from Mr.
+Herbert, made it fifty pounds more. And in this nomination of some
+of his benefactors, James Duke of Lenox, and his brother, Sir Henry
+Herbert, ought to be remembered; as also the bounty of Mr. Nicholas
+Farrer,[18] and Mr. Arthur Woodnot: the one a gentleman in the
+neighbourhood of Layton, and the other a Goldsmith in Foster Lane,
+London, ought not to be forgotten: for the memory of such men ought to
+outlive their lives. Of Mr. Farrer, I shall hereafter give an account
+in a more seasonable place; but before I proceed farther, I will give
+this short account of Mr. Arthur Woodnot.
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Arthur Woodnot]
+
+He was a man that had considered overgrown estates do often require
+more care and watchfulness to preserve than get them, and considered
+that there be many discontents, that riches cure not; and did
+therefore set limits to himself, as to desire of wealth. And having
+attained so much as to be able to shew some mercy to the poor, and
+preserve a competence for himself, he dedicated the remaining part of
+his life to the service of God, and to be useful to his friends; and
+he proved to be so to Mr. Herbert; for besides his own bounty,
+he collected and returned most of the money that was paid for the
+rebuilding of that Church; he kept all the account of the charges, and
+would often go down to state them, and see all the workmen paid. When
+I have said, that this good man was a useful friend to Mr. Herbert's
+father, and to his mother, and continued to be so to him, till he
+closed his eyes on his death-bed; I will forbear to say more, till I
+have the next fair occasion to mention the holy friendship that was
+betwixt him and Mr. Herbert. From whom Mr. Woodnot carried to his
+mother this following letter, and delivered it to her in a sickness,
+which was not long before that which proved to be her last.
+
+[Sidenote: A Letter]
+
+A Letter of Mr. GEORGE HERBERT to his Mother, In her Sickness."
+
+"MADAM,
+
+"At my last parting from you, I was the better content, because I was
+in hope I should myself carry all sickness out of your family: but
+since I know I did not and that your share continues, or rather
+increaseth, I wish earnestly that I were again with you; and would
+quickly make good my wish, but that my employment does fix me here, it
+being now but a month to our commencement: wherein my absence, by how
+much it naturally augmenteth suspicion, by so much shall it make my
+prayers the more constant and the more earnest for you to the God of
+all consolation.--In the mean time, I beseech you to be cheerful,
+and comfort yourself in the God of all comfort, who is not willing to
+behold any sorrow but for sin.--What hath affliction grievous in it
+more than for a moment? or why should our afflictions here, have
+so much power or boldness as to oppose the hope of our joys
+hereafter?--Madam, as the earth is but a point in respect of the
+heavens, so are earthly troubles compared to heavenly joys; therefore,
+if either age or sickness lead you to those joys, consider what
+advantage you have over youth and health, who are now so near those
+true comforts. Your last letter gave me earthly preferment, and I hope
+kept heavenly for yourself: but would you divide and choose too?
+Our College customs allow not that: and I should account myself most
+happy, if I might change with you; for I have always observed the
+thread of life to be like other threads or skeins of silk, full of
+snarles and incumbrances. Happy is he, whose bottom is wound up, and
+laid ready for work in the New Jerusalem.--For myself, dear Mother, I
+always feared sickness more than death, because sickness hath made me
+unable to perform those offices for which I came into the world, and
+must yet be kept in it; but you are freed from that fear, who have
+already abundantly discharged that part, having both ordered your
+family and so brought up your children, that they have attained to the
+years of discretion, and competent maintenance. So that now, if they
+do not well, the fault cannot be charged on you, whose example
+and care of them will justify you both to the world and your own
+conscience; insomuch that, whether you turn your thoughts on the life
+past, or on the joys that are to come, you have strong preservatives
+against all disquiet. And for temporal afflictions, I beseech you
+consider, all that can happen to you are either afflictions of estate,
+or body, or mind. For those of estate, of what poor regard ought they
+to be? since, if we had riches, we are commanded to give them away: so
+that the best use of them is, having, not to have them. But perhaps,
+being above the common people, our credit and estimation calls on us
+to live in a more splendid fashion: but, O God! how easily is that
+answered, when we consider that the blessings in the holy Scripture
+are never given to the rich, but to the poor. I never find 'Blessed be
+the rich,' or 'Blessed be the noble;' but, 'Blessed be the meek,' and,
+'Blessed be the poor,' and, 'Blessed be the mourners, for they shall
+be comforted.'--And yet, O God! most carry themselves so, as if
+they not only not desired, but even feared to be blessed.--And for
+afflictions of the body, dear Madam, remember the holy Martyrs of God,
+how they have been burned by thousands, and have endured such other
+tortures, as the very mention of them might beget amazement: but their
+fiery trials have had an end; and your's--which, praised be God, are
+less,--are not like to continue long. I beseech you, let such thoughts
+as these moderate your present fear and sorrow; and know that if any
+of yours should prove a Goliah-like trouble, yet you may say with
+David, 'That God, who hath delivered me out of the paws of the lion
+and bear, will also deliver me out of the hands of this uncircumcised
+Philistine.'--Lastly, for those afflictions of the soul; consider that
+God intends that to be as a Sacred Temple for himself to dwell in, and
+will not allow any room there for such an inmate as grief; or allow
+that any sadness shall be his competitor. And, above all, if any care
+of future things molest you, remember those admirable words of the
+Psalmist: 'Cast thy care on the Lord, and he shall nourish thee.'
+[Psal. lv. 22.] To which join that of St. Peter, 'Casting all your
+care on the Lord, for he careth for you.' [1 Pet. v. 7.] What an
+admirable thing is this, that God puts his shoulder to our burden, and
+entertains our care for us, that we may the more quietly intend his
+service! To conclude, let me commend only one place more to you:
+Philipp. iv. 4. St. Paul saith there, 'Rejoice in the Lord always: and
+again I say, rejoice.' He doubles it to take away the scruple of those
+that might say, What, shall we rejoice in afflictions? Yes, I say
+again, rejoice; so that it is not left to us to rejoice, or not
+rejoice; but, whatsoever befalls us, we must always, at all times,
+rejoice in the Lord, who taketh care for us. And it follows in the
+next verses: 'Let your moderation appear to all men: The Lord is at
+hand: Be careful for nothing.' What can be said more comfortably?
+Trouble not yourselves; God is at hand, to deliver us from all, or in
+all.--Dear Madam, pardon my boldness, and accept the good meaning of
+
+     "Your most obedient son,
+
+                 "GEORGE HERBERT.
+
+"_Trin. Coll. May 25th,_ 1622."
+
+[Sidenote: Sickness]
+
+About the year 1629, and the thirty-fourth of his age, Mr. Herbert was
+seized with a sharp quotidian ague, and thought to remove it by the
+change of air; to which end, he went to Woodford in Essex, but thither
+more chiefly to enjoy the company of his beloved brother, Sir Henry
+Herbert, and other friends then of that family. In his house he
+remained about twelve months, and there became his own physician, and
+cured himself of his ague, by forbearing to drink, and not eating any
+meat, no not mutton, nor a hen, or pigeon, unless they were
+salted; and by such a constant diet he removed his ague, but with
+inconveniences that were worse; for he brought upon himself
+a disposition to rheums, and other weaknesses, and a supposed
+consumption. And it is to be noted, that in the sharpest of his
+extreme fits he would often say, "Lord, abate my great affliction, or
+increase my patience: but Lord, I repine not; I am dumb, Lord, before
+thee, because thou doest it." By which, and a sanctified submission to
+the will of God, he shewed he was inclinable to bear the sweet yoke of
+Christian discipline, both then and in the latter part of his life, of
+which there will be many true testimonies.
+
+[Sidenote: At Dauntsey]
+
+And now his care was to recover from his consumption, by a change
+from Woodford into such an air as was most proper to that end. And his
+remove was to Dauntsey in Wiltshire, a noble house, which stands in a
+choice air; the owner of it then was the Lord Danvers, Earl of Danby,
+who loved Mr. Herbert so very much, that he allowed him such an
+apartment in it as might best suit with his accommodation and liking.
+And in this place, by a spare diet, declining all perplexing studies,
+moderate exercise, and a cheerful conversation, his health was
+apparently improved to a good degree of strength and cheerfulness. And
+then he declared his resolution both to marry, and to enter into the
+Sacred Orders of Priesthood. These had long been the desires of his
+Mother, and his other relations; but she lived not to see either, for
+she died in the year 1627. And though he was disobedient to her about
+Layton Church, yet, in conformity to her will, he kept his Orator's
+place till after her death, and then presently declined it; and
+the more willingly, that he might be succeeded by his friend Robert
+Creighton,[19] who now is Dr. Creighton, and the worthy Bishop of
+Wells.
+
+I shall now proceed to his marriage; in order to which, it will be
+convenient that I first give the Reader a short view of his person,
+and then an account of his wife, and of some circumstances concerning
+both.--He was for his person of a stature inclining towards tallness;
+his body was very straight, and so far from being cumbered with too
+much flesh, that he was lean to an extremity. His aspect was cheerful,
+and his speech and motion did both declare him a gentleman; for they
+were all so meek and obliging, that they purchased love and respect
+from all that knew him.
+
+[Sidenote: Jane Danvers]
+
+These, and his other visible virtues, begot him much love from a
+gentleman of a noble fortune, and a near kinsman to his friend the
+Earl of Danby; namely, from Mr. Charles Danvers of Bainton, in the
+County of Wilts, Esq. This Mr. Danvers, having known him long,
+and familiarly, did so much affect him, that he often and publicly
+declared a desire, that Mr. Herbert would marry any of his nine
+daughters,--for he had so many,--but rather his daughter Jane than any
+other, because Jane was his beloved daughter. And he had often said
+the same to Mr. Herbert himself; and that if he could like her for a
+wife, and she him for a husband, Jane should have a double blessing:
+and Mr. Danvers had so often said the like to Jane, and so much
+commended Mr. Herbert to her, that Jane became so much a platonic, as
+to fall in love with Mr. Herbert unseen.
+
+[Sidenote: His marriage]
+
+This was a fair preparation for a marriage; but, alas! her father died
+before Mr. Herbert's retirement to Dauntsey: yet some friends to
+both parties procured their meeting; at which time a mutual affection
+entered into both their hearts, as a conqueror enters into a surprised
+city; and love having got such possession, governed, and made there
+such laws and resolutions, as neither party was able to resist;
+insomuch, that she changed her name into Herbert the third day after
+this first interview.
+
+This haste might in others be thought a love-frenzy, or worse; but
+it was not, for they had wooed so like princes, as to have select
+proxies; such as were true friends to both parties, such as well
+understood Mr. Herbert's and her temper of mind, and also their
+estates, so well before this interview, that the suddenness was
+justifiable by the strictest rules of prudence; and the more, because
+it proved so happy to both parties; for the eternal lover of mankind
+made them happy in each other's mutual and equal affections, and
+compliance; indeed, so happy, that there never was any opposition
+betwixt them, unless it were a contest which should most incline to
+a compliance with the other's desires. And though this begot, and
+continued in them, such a mutual love, and joy, and content, as was no
+way defective; yet this mutual content, and love, and joy, did receive
+a daily augmentation, by such daily obligingness to each other, as
+still added such new affluences to the former fulness of these divine
+souls, as was only improvable in Heaven, where they now enjoy it.
+
+[Sidenote: A presentation]
+
+About three months after this marriage, Dr. Curle, who was then Rector
+of Bemerton, in Wiltshire, was made Bishop of Bath and Wells, and
+not long after translated to Winchester, and by that means the
+presentation of a Clerk to Bemerton did not fall to the Earl of
+Pembroke,--who was the undoubted Patron of it,--but to the King,
+by reason of Dr. Curie's advancement: but Philip, then Earl of
+Pembroke,--for William was lately dead,--requested the King to bestow
+it upon his kinsman George Herbert; and the King said, "Most willingly
+to Mr. Herbert, if it be worth his acceptance;" and the Earl as
+willingly and suddenly sent it him, without seeking. But though Mr.
+Herbert had formerly put on a resolution for the Clergy; yet, at
+receiving this presentation, the apprehension of the last great
+account, that he was to make for the cure of so many souls, made him
+fast and pray often, and consider for not less than a month: in which
+time he had some resolutions to decline both the Priesthood, and that
+living. And in this time of considering, "he endured," as he would
+often say, "such spiritual conflicts, as none can think, but only
+those that have endured them."
+
+[Sidenote: Rector of Bemerton]
+
+In the midst of these conflicts, his old and dear friend, Mr. Arthur
+Woodnot, took a journey to salute him at Bainton,--where he then
+was, with his wife's friends and relations,--and was joyful to be
+an eye-witness of his health and happy marriage. And after they had
+rejoiced together some few days, they took a journey to Wilton, the
+famous seat of the Earls of Pembroke; at which time the King, the
+Earl, and the whole Court were there, or at Salisbury, which is near
+to it. And at this time Mr. Herbert presented his thanks to the Earl,
+for his presentation to Bemerton, but had not yet resolved to accept
+it, and told him the reason why: but that night, the Earl acquainted
+Dr. Laud, then Bishop of London, and after Archbishop of Canterbury,
+with his kinsman's irresolution. And the Bishop did the next day so
+convince Mr. Herbert, that the refusal of it was a sin, that a tailor
+was sent for to come speedily from Salisbury to Wilton, to take
+measure, and make him canonical clothes against next day; which
+the tailor did: and Mr. Herbert being so habited, went with his
+presentation to the learned Dr. Davenant,[20] who was then Bishop of
+Salisbury, and he gave him institution immediately,--for Mr. Herbert
+had been made Deacon some years before,--and he was also the same
+day--which was April 26th, 1630--inducted into the good, and more
+pleasant than healthful, Parsonage of Bemerton; which is a mile from
+Salisbury.
+
+[Sidenote: Preparation]
+
+I have now brought him to the Parsonage of Bemerton,[21] and to the
+thirty-sixth year of his age, and must stop here, and bespeak the
+Reader to prepare for an almost incredible story, of the great
+sanctity of the short remainder of his holy life; a life so full of
+charity, humility, and all Christian virtues, that it deserves the
+eloquence of St. Chrysostom to commend and declare it: a life, that
+if it were related by a pen like his, there would then be no need for
+this age to look back into times past for the examples of primitive
+piety; for they might be all found in the life of George Herbert. But
+now, alas! who is fit to undertake it? I confess I am not; and am not
+pleased with myself that I must; and profess myself amazed, when I
+consider how few of the Clergy lived like him then, and how many live
+so unlike him now. But it becomes not me to censure: my design is
+rather to assure the Reader, that I have used very great diligence to
+inform myself, that I might inform him of the truth of what follows;
+and though I cannot adorn it with eloquence, yet I will do it with
+sincerity.
+
+When at his induction he was shut into Bemerton Church, being left
+there alone to toll the bell,--as the Law requires him,--he staid so
+much longer than an ordinary time, before he returned to those friends
+that staid expecting him at the Church-door, that his friend Mr.
+Woodnot looked in at the Church-window, and saw him lie prostrate on
+the ground before the Altar; at which time and place--as he after told
+Mr. Woodnot--he set some rules to himself, for the future manage of
+his life; and then and there made a vow to labour to keep them.
+
+[Sidenote: and resolutions]
+
+And the same night that he had his induction, he said to Mr. Woodnot,
+"I now look back upon my aspiring thoughts, and think myself more
+happy than if I had attained what then I so ambitiously thirsted for.
+And I now can behold the Court with an impartial eye, and see plainly
+that it is made up of fraud and titles, and flattery, and many other
+such empty, imaginary, painted pleasures; pleasures, that are so
+empty, as not to satisfy when they are enjoyed. But in God, and his
+service, is a fulness of all joy and pleasure, and no satiety. And I
+will now use all my endeavours to bring my relations and dependents to
+a love and reliance on Him, who never fails those that trust him. But
+above all, I will be sure to live well, because the virtuous life of
+a Clergyman is the most powerful eloquence to persuade all that see
+it to reverence and love, and at least to desire to live like him. And
+this I will do, because I know we live in an age that hath more need
+of good examples than precepts. And I beseech that God, who hath
+honoured me so much as to call me to serve him at his altar, that as
+by his special grace he hath put into my heart these good desires
+and resolutions; so he will, by his assisting grace, give me ghostly
+strength to bring the same to good effect. And I beseech him, that my
+humble and charitable life may so win upon others, as to bring glory
+to my Jesus, whom I have this day taken to be my Master and Governor;
+and I am so proud of his service, that I will always observe, and
+obey, and do his will; and always call him, Jesus my Master; and I
+will always contemn my birth, or any title or dignity that can be
+conferred upon me, when I shall compare them with my title of being a
+Priest, and serving at the Altar of Jesus my Master."
+
+[Sidenote: "The Odour"]
+
+And that he did so, may appear in many parts of his book of Sacred
+Poems: especially in that which he calls "The Odour." In which he
+seems to rejoice in the thoughts of that word Jesus, and say, that
+the adding these words, my Master, to it, and the often repetition of
+them, seemed to perfume his mind, and leave an oriental fragrancy in
+his very breath. And for his unforced choice to serve at God's altar,
+he seems in another place of his poems, "The Pearl," (Matt. xiii. 45,
+46,) to rejoice and say--"He knew the ways of learning; knew what
+nature does willingly, and what, when it is forced by fire; knew the
+ways of honour, and when glory inclines the soul to noble expressions;
+knew the Court; knew the ways of pleasure, of love, of wit, of music,
+and upon what terms he declined all these for the service of his
+Master Jesus;" and then concludes, saying,
+
+  That, through these labyrinths, not my grovelling wit,
+  But thy silk twist, let down from Heaven to me,
+  Did both conduct, and teach me, how by it To climb to thee.
+
+[Sidenote: A Priest's Wife]
+
+The third day after he was made Rector of Bemerton, and had changed
+his sword and silk clothes into a canonical coat, he returned so
+habited with his friend Mr. Woodnot to Bainton; and immediately after
+he had seen and saluted his wife, he said to her--"You are now a
+Minister's wife, and must now so far forget your father's house, as
+not to claim a precedence of any of your parishioners; for you are to
+know, that a Priest's wife can challenge no precedence or place, but
+that which she purchases by her obliging humility; and I am sure,
+places so purchased do best become them. And let me tell you, that I
+am so good a Herald, as to assure you that this is truth." And she was
+so meek a wife, as to assure him, "it was no vexing news to her, and
+that he should see her observe it with a cheerful willingness."
+And, indeed, her unforced humility, that humility that was in her so
+original, as to be born with her, made her so happy as to do so; and
+her doing so begot her an unfeigned love, and a serviceable respect
+from all that conversed with her; and this love followed her in all
+places, as inseparably as shadows follow substances in sunshine.
+
+[Sidenote: A parishioner]
+
+It was not many days before he returned back to Bemerton, to view the
+Church, and repair the Chancel: and indeed to rebuild almost three
+parts of his house, which was fallen down, or decayed by reason of his
+predecessor's living at a better Parsonage-house; namely, at Minal,
+sixteen or twenty miles from this place. At which time of Mr.
+Herbert's coming alone to Bemerton, there came to him a poor old
+woman, with an intent to acquaint him with her necessitous condition,
+as also with some troubles of her mind: but after she had spoke some
+few words to him, she was surprised with a fear, and that begot a
+shortness of breath, so that her spirits and speech failed her; which
+he perceiving, did so compassionate her, and was so humble, that he
+took her by the hand, and said, "Speak, good mother; be not afraid to
+speak to me; for I am a man that will hear you with patience; and
+will relieve your necessities too, if I be able: and this I will do
+willingly; and therefore, mother, be not afraid to acquaint me with
+what you desire." After which comfortable speech, he again took her by
+the hand, made her sit down by him, and understanding she was of his
+parish, he told her "He would be acquainted with her, and take her
+into his care." And having with patience heard and understood her
+wants,--and it is some relief for a poor body to be but heard with
+patience,--he, like a Christian Clergyman, comforted her by his meek
+behaviour and counsel: but because that cost him nothing, he relieved
+her with money too, and so sent her home with a cheerful heart,
+praising God, and praying for him. Thus worthy, and--like David's
+blessed man--thus lowly, was Mr. George Herbert in his own eyes, and
+thus lovely in the eyes of others.
+
+At his return that night to his wife at Bainton, he gave her an
+account of the passages betwixt him and the poor woman; with which she
+was affected, that she went next day to Salisbury, and there bought
+a pair of blankets, and sent them as a token of her love to the poor
+woman; and with them a message, "That she would see and be acquainted
+with her, when her house was built at Bemerton."
+
+[Sidenote: Bemerton Parsonage]
+
+There be many such passages both of him and his wife, of which some
+few will be related: but I shall first tell, that he hasted to get
+the Parish-Church repaired; then to beautify the Chapel,--which stands
+near his house,--and that at his own great charge. He then proceeded
+to rebuild the greatest part of the Parsonage-house, which he did
+also very completely, and at his own charge; and having done this
+good work, he caused these verses to be writ upon, or engraven in, the
+mantle of the chimney in his hall.
+
+  TO MY SUCCESSOR.
+
+  If thou chance for to find
+  A new house to thy mind,
+  And built without thy cost;
+    Be good to the poor,
+    As God gives thee store,
+  And then my labour's not lost.
+
+We will now, by the Reader's favour, suppose him fixed at Bemerton,
+and grant him to have seen the Church repaired, and the Chapel
+belonging to it very decently adorned at his own great charge,--which
+is a real truth;--and having now fixed him there, I shall proceed
+to give an account of the rest of his behaviour, both to his
+parishioners, and those many others that knew and conversed with him.
+
+[Sidenote: Ordained Priest]
+
+Doubtless Mr. Herbert had considered, and given rules to himself for
+his Christian carriage both to God and man, before he entered
+into Holy Orders. And 'tis not unlike, but that he renewed those
+resolutions at his prostration before the holy altar, at his induction
+into the Church of Bemerton: but as yet he was but a Deacon, and
+therefore longed for the next Ember-week, that he might be ordained
+Priest, and made capable of administering both the Sacraments. At
+which time the reverend Dr. Humphrey Henchman,[22] now Lord Bishop
+of London,--who does not mention him but with some veneration for
+his life and excellent learning,--tells me, "He laid his hand on Mr.
+Herbert's head, and, alas! within less than three years, lent his
+shoulder to carry his dear friend to his grave."
+
+[Sidenote: "The Country Parson"]
+
+And that Mr. Herbert might the better preserve those holy rules which
+such a Priest as he intended to be, ought to observe; and that time
+might not insensibly blot them out of his memory, but that the next
+year might shew him his variations from this year's resolutions; he
+therefore did set down his rules, then resolved upon, in that order as
+the world now sees them printed in a little book, called "The Country
+Parson;" in which some of his rules are:
+
+  The Parson's knowledge.
+  The Parson on Sundays.
+  The Parson praying.
+  The Parson preaching.
+  The Parson's charity.
+  The Parson comforting the sick.
+  The Parson arguing.
+  The Parson condescending.
+  The Parson in his journey.
+  The Parson in his mirth.
+  The Parson with his Churchwardens.
+  The Parson blessing the people.
+
+And his behaviour towards God and man may be said to be a practical
+comment on these, and the other holy rules set down in that useful
+book: a book so full of plain, prudent, and useful rules, that that
+Country Parson, that can spare twelve pence, and yet wants it, is
+scarce excusable; because it will both direct him what he ought to do,
+and convince him for not having done it.
+
+[Sidenote: First sermon]
+
+At the death of Mr. Herbert, this book fell into the hands of his
+friend Mr. Woodnot; and he commended it into the trusty hands of Mr.
+sermon Barnabas Oley,[23] who published it with a most conscientious
+and excellent preface; from which I have had some of those truths,
+that are related in this life of Mr. Herbert. The text of his first
+Sermon was taken out of Solomon's Proverbs, chap. iv. 23, and the
+words were, "Keep thy heart with all diligence." In which first Sermon
+he gave his Parishioners many necessary, holy, safe rules for the
+discharge of a good conscience, both to God and man; and delivered
+his Sermon after a most florid manner, both with great learning and
+eloquence; but, at the close of this Sermon, told them, "That should
+not be his constant way of preaching; for since Almighty God does not
+intend to lead men to Heaven by hard questions, he would not therefore
+fill their heads with unnecessary notions; but that, for their sakes,
+his language and his expressions should be more plain and practical
+in his future sermons." And he then made it his humble request, "That
+they would be constant to the Afternoon's Service, and Catechising:"
+and shewed them convincing reasons why he desired it; and his obliging
+example and persuasions brought them to a willing conformity to his
+desires.
+
+[Sidenote: Other sermons]
+
+The texts for all his future sermons--which, God knows, were not
+many--were constantly taken out of the Gospel for the day; and he
+did as constantly declare why the Church did appoint that portion
+of Scripture to be that day read; and in what manner the Collect for
+every Sunday does refer to the Gospel, or to the Epistle then read
+to them; and, that they might pray with understanding, he did usually
+take occasion to explain, not only the Collect for every particular
+Sunday, but the reasons of all the other Collects and Responses in our
+Church-service; and made it appear to them, that the whole service of
+the Church was a reasonable, and therefore an acceptable sacrifice
+to God: as namely, that we begin with "Confession of ourselves to be
+vile, miserable sinners;" and that we begin so, because, till we have
+confessed ourselves to be such, we are not capable of that mercy which
+we acknowledge we need, and pray for: but having, in the prayer of
+our Lord, begged pardon for those sins which we have confessed; and
+hoping, that as the Priest hath declared our absolution, so by our
+public confession, and real repentance, we have obtained that pardon;
+then we dare and do proceed to beg of the Lord, "to open our lips,
+that our mouth may shew forth his praise;" for till then we are
+neither able nor worthy to praise him. But this being supposed, we are
+then fit to say, "Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the
+Holy Ghost;" and fit to proceed to a further service of our God, in
+the Collects, and Psalms, and Lauds, that follow in the service.
+
+[Sidenote: Psalms and Lauds]
+
+And as to the Psalms and Lauds, he proceeded to inform them why they
+were so often, and some of them daily, repeated in our Church-service;
+namely, the Psalms every month, because they be an historical and
+thankful repetition of mercies past, and such a composition of prayers
+and praises, as ought to be repeated often, and publicly; for with
+such sacrifice God is honoured and well-pleased. This for the Psalms.
+
+[Sidenote: His teaching]
+
+And for the Hymns and Lauds appointed to be daily repeated or sung
+after the first and second Lessons are read to the congregation; he
+proceeded to inform them, that it was most reasonable, after they have
+heard the will and goodness of God declared or preached by the Priest
+in his reading the two chapters, that it was then a seasonable duty
+to rise up, and express their gratitude to Almighty God, for those his
+mercies to them, and to all mankind; and then to say with the Blessed
+Virgin, "that their souls do magnify the Lord, and that their spirits
+do also rejoice in God their Saviour:" and that it was their duty also
+to rejoice with Simeon in his song, and say with him, "That their eyes
+have" also "seen their salvation;" for they have seen that salvation
+which was but prophesied till his time: and he then broke out into
+these expressions of joy that he did see it; but they live to see it
+daily in the history of it, and therefore ought daily to rejoice, and
+daily to offer up their sacrifices of praise to their God, for that
+particular mercy. A service, which is now the constant employment of
+that Blessed Virgin and Simeon, and all those blessed Saints that are
+possessed of Heaven: and where they are at this time interchangeably
+and constantly singing, "Holy, holy, holy, Lord God; glory be to God
+on high, and on earth peace." And he taught them, that to do this was
+an acceptable service to God, because the Prophet David says in his
+Psalms, "He that praiseth the Lord honoureth him."
+
+He made them to understand how happy they be that are freed from the
+incumbrances of that law which our forefathers groaned under: namely,
+from the legal sacrifices, and from the many ceremonies of the
+Levitical law; freed from Circumcision, and from the strict
+observation of the Jewish Sabbath, and the like. And he made them
+know, that having received so many and so great blessings, by being
+born since the days of our Saviour, it must be an acceptable sacrifice
+to Almighty God, for them to acknowledge those blessings daily, and
+stand up and worship, and say as Zacharias did, "Blessed be the Lord
+God of Israel, for he hath--in our days--visited and redeemed his
+people; and he hath--in our days--remembered, and shewed that mercy,
+which by the mouth of the Prophets, he promised to our forefathers;
+and this he has done according to his holy covenant made with them."
+And he made them to understand that we live to see and enjoy
+the benefit of it, in his Birth, in his Life, his Passion, his
+Resurrection, and Ascension into Heaven, where he now sits sensible of
+all our temptations and infirmities; and where he is at this present
+time making intercession for us, to his and our Father: and therefore
+they ought daily to express their public gratulations, and say daily
+with Zacharias, "Blessed be the Lord God of Israel, that hath thus
+visited and thus redeemed his people."--These were some of the
+reasons, by which Mr. Herbert instructed his congregation for the
+use of the Psalms and Hymns appointed to be daily sung or said in the
+Church-service.
+
+[Sidenote: Prayers]
+
+He informed them also, when the Priest did pray only for the
+congregation, and not for himself; and when they did only pray for
+him; as namely, after the repetition of the Creed before he proceeds
+to pray the Lord's Prayer, or any of the appointed Collects, the
+Priest is directed to kneel down, and pray for them, saying, "The
+Lord be with you;" and when they pray for him, saying, "And with thy
+spirit;" and then they join together in the following Collects: and
+he assured them, that when there is such mutual love, and such joint
+prayers offered for each other, then the holy Angels look down
+from Heaven, and are ready to carry such charitable desires to God
+Almighty, and he as ready to receive them; and that a Christian
+congregation calling thus upon God with one heart, and one voice, and
+in one reverent and humble posture, looks as beautifully as Jerusalem,
+that is at peace with itself.
+
+[Sidenote: Mode of worship]
+
+He instructed them also why the prayer of our Lord was prayed often
+in every full service of the Church; namely, at the conclusion of the
+several parts of that service; and prayed then, not only because it
+was composed and commanded by our Jesus that made it, but as a perfect
+pattern for our less perfect forms of prayer, and therefore fittest to
+sum up and conclude all our imperfect petitions.
+
+He instructed them also, that as by the second Commandment we are
+required not to bow down to, or worship an idol, or false god; so,
+by the contrary rule, we are to bow down and kneel, or stand up and
+worship the true God. And he instructed them why the Church required
+the congregation to stand up at the repetition of the Creeds; namely,
+because they thereby declare both their obedience to the Church, and
+an assent to that faith into which they had been baptized. And he
+taught them, that in that shorter Creed or Doxology, so often repeated
+daily, they also stood up to testify their belief to be, that "the God
+that they trusted in was one God, and three persons; the Father, the
+Son, and the Holy Ghost; to whom they and the Priest gave glory." And
+because there had been heretics that had denied some of those three
+persons to be God, therefore the congregation stood up and honoured
+him, by confessing and saying, "It was so in the beginning, is now so,
+and shall ever be so world without end." And all gave their assent to
+this belief, by standing up and saying, Amen.
+
+[Sidenote: Commemorations]
+
+He instructed them also what benefit they had by the Church's
+appointing the celebration of holidays and the excellent use of them,
+namely, that they were set apart for particular commemorations of
+particular mercies received from Almighty God; and--as Reverend Mr.
+Hooker says--to be the landmarks to distinguish times; for by them we
+are taught to take notice how time passes by us, and that we ought
+not to let the years pass without a celebration of praise for those
+mercies which those days give us occasion to remember, and therefore
+they were to note that the year is appointed to begin the 25th day
+of March; a day in which we commemorate the Angel's appearing to the
+Blessed Virgin, with the joyful tidings that "she should conceive and
+bear a son, that should be the Redeemer of mankind." And she did so
+forty weeks after this joyful salutation; namely, at our Christmas:
+a day in which we commemorate his Birth with joy and praise: and
+that eight days after this happy birth we celebrate his Circumcision;
+namely, in that which we call New-year's day. And that, upon that day
+which we call Twelfth-day, we commemorate the manifestation of the
+unsearchable riches of Jesus to the Gentiles: and that that day we
+also celebrate the memory of his goodness in sending a star to guide
+the three Wise Men from the East to Bethlehem, that they might there
+worship, and present him with their oblations of gold, frankincense,
+and myrrh. And he--Mr. Herbert--instructed them, that Jesus was forty
+days after his birth presented by his blessed Mother in the Temple;
+namely, on that day which we call, "The Purification of the Blessed
+Virgin, Saint Mary."
+
+[Sidenote: Other instructions]
+
+And he instructed them, that by the Lent-fast we imitate and
+commemorate our Saviour's humiliation in fasting forty days; and
+that we ought to endeavour to be like him in purity: and that on
+Good Friday we commemorate and condole his Crucifixion; and at Easter
+commemorate his glorious Resurrection. And he taught them, that after
+Jesus had manifested himself to his Disciples to be "that Christ that
+was crucified, dead and buried;" and by his appearing and conversing
+with his Disciples for the space of forty days after his Resurrection,
+he then, and not till then, ascended into Heaven in the sight of those
+Disciples; namely, on that day which we call the Ascension, or Holy
+Thursday. And that we then celebrate the performance of the promise
+which he made to his Disciples at or before his Ascension; namely,
+"that though he left them, yet he would send them the Holy Ghost to
+be their Comforter;" and that he did so on that day which the Church
+calls Whitsunday.--Thus the Church keeps an historical and circular
+commemoration of times, as they pass by us; of such times as ought to
+incline us to occasional praises, for the particular blessings which
+we do, or might receive, by those holy commemorations.
+
+[Sidenote: His own practice]
+
+He made them know also why the Church hath appointed Ember-weeks; and
+to know the reason why the Commandments, and the Epistles and Gospels,
+were to be read at the Altar or Communion Table: why the Priest was to
+pray the Litany kneeling; and why to pray some Collects standing: and
+he gave them many other observations, fit for his plain congregation,
+but not fit for me now to mention; for I must set limits to my pen,
+and not make that a treatise, which I intended to be a much shorter
+account than I have made it: but I have done, when I have told the
+Reader, that he was constant in catechising every Sunday in the
+afternoon, and that his catechising was after his Second Lesson,
+and in the pulpit; and that he never exceeded his half hour, and was
+always so happy as to have an obedient and a full congregation.
+
+And to this I must add, that if he were at any time too zealous in his
+Sermons, it was in reproving the indecencies of the people's behaviour
+in the time of divine service; and of those Ministers that huddle up
+the Church-prayers, without a visible reverence and affection; namely,
+such as seemed to say the Lord's prayer, or a Collect in a breath. But
+for himself, his custom was to stop betwixt every Collect, and give
+the people time to consider what they had prayed, and to force
+their desires affectionately to God, before he engaged them into new
+petitions.
+
+[Sidenote: "Mr. Herbert's Saint's-bell"]
+
+And by this account of his diligence to make his parishioners
+understand what they prayed, and why they praised and adored their
+Creator, I hope I shall the more easily obtain the Reader's belief
+to the following account of Mr. Herbert's own practice; which was to
+appear constantly with his wife and three nieces--the daughters of
+a deceased sister--and his whole family, twice every day at
+the Church-prayers in the Chapel, which does almost join to his
+Parsonage-house. And for the time of his appearing, it was strictly at
+the canonical hours of ten and four: and then and there he lifted up
+pure and charitable hands to God in the midst of the congregation. And
+he would joy to have spent that time in that place, where the honour
+of his Master Jesus dwelleth; and there, by that inward devotion which
+he testified constantly by an humble behaviour and visible adoration,
+he, like Joshua, brought not only "his own household thus to serve the
+Lord;" but brought most of his parishioners, and many gentlemen in the
+neighbourhood, constantly to make a part of his congregation twice
+a day: and some of the meaner sort of his parish did so love and
+reverence Mr. Herbert, that they would let their plough rest when Mr.
+Herbert's Saint's-bell rung to prayers, that they might also offer
+their devotions to God with him; and would then return back to their
+plough. And his most holy life was such, that it begot such reverence
+to God, and to him, that they thought themselves the happier, when
+they carried Mr. Herbert's blessing back with them to their labour.
+Thus powerful was his reason and example to persuade others to a
+practical piety and devotion.
+
+And his constant public prayers did never make him to neglect his own
+private devotions, nor those prayers that he thought himself bound to
+perform with his family, which always were a set form, and not long;
+and he did always conclude them with a Collect which the Church hath
+appointed for the day or week.--Thus he made every day's sanctity a
+step towards that kingdom, where impurity cannot enter.
+
+[Sidenote: Music]
+
+His chiefest recreation was Music, in which heavenly art he was a
+most excellent master, and did himself compose many Divine Hymns and
+Anthems, which he set and sung to his lute or viol: and though he was
+a lover of retiredness, yet his love to Music was such, that he went
+usually twice every week, on certain appointed days, to the Cathedral
+Church in Salisbury; and at his return would say, "That his time spent
+in prayer, and Cathedral-music, elevated his soul, and was his Heaven
+upon earth." But before his return thence to Bemerton, he would
+usually sing and play his part at an appointed private Music-meeting;
+and, to justify this practice, he would often say, "Religion does not
+banish mirth, but only moderates and sets rules to it."
+
+And as his desire to enjoy his Heaven upon earth drew him twice every
+week to Salisbury, so his walks thither were the occasion of many
+happy accidents to others; of which I will mention some few.
+
+In one of his walks to Salisbury he overtook a gentleman, that is
+still living in that City; and in their walk together, Mr. Herbert
+took a fair occasion to talk with him, and humbly begged to be
+excused, if he asked him some account of his faith; and said, "I
+do this the rather, because though you are not of my parish, yet I
+receive tythe from you by the hand of your tenant; and, Sir, I am the
+bolder to do it, because I know there be some sermon-hearers that be
+like those fishes, that always live in salt water, and yet are always
+fresh."
+
+After which expression, Mr. Herbert asked him some needful questions,
+and having received his answer, gave him such rules for the trial of
+his sincerity, and for a practical piety, and in so loving and meek
+a manner, that the gentleman did so fall in love with him, and his
+discourse, that he would often contrive to meet him in his walk to
+Salisbury, or to attend him back to Bemerton; and still mentions the
+name of Mr. George Herbert with veneration, and still praiseth God for
+the occasion of knowing him.
+
+[Sidenote: The cure for indifference]
+
+In another of his Salisbury walks, he met with a neighbour Minister;
+and after some friendly discourse betwixt them, and some condolement
+for the decay of piety, and too general contempt of the Clergy, Mr.
+Herbert took occasion to say,
+
+"One cure for these distempers would be, for the Clergy themselves to
+keep the Ember-weeks strictly, and beg of their parishioners to join
+with them in fasting and prayers for a more religious Clergy.
+
+"And another cure would be, for themselves to restore the great and
+neglected duty of Catechising, on which the Salvation of so many of
+the poor and ignorant lay-people does depend; but principally, that
+the Clergy themselves would be sure to live unblameably; and that
+the dignified Clergy especially which preach temperance, would avoid
+surfeiting and take all occasions to express a visible humility and
+charity in their lives; for this would force a love and an imitation,
+and an unfeigned reverence from all that knew them to be such." (And
+for proof of this, we need no other testimony than the life and death
+of Dr. Lake,[24] late Lord Bishop of Bath and Wells.) "This," said Mr.
+Herbert, "would be a cure for the wickedness and growing Atheism of
+our age. And, my dear brother, till this be done by us, and done in
+earnest, let no man expect a reformation of the manners of the Laity;
+for 'tis not learning, but this, this only that must do it; and, till
+then, the fault must lie at our doors."
+
+[Sidenote: The Good Samaritan]
+
+In another walk to Salisbury, he saw a poor man with a poorer horse,
+that was fallen under his load: they were both in distress, and needed
+present help; which Mr. Herbert perceiving, put off his canonical
+coat, and helped the poor man to unload, and after to load, his horse.
+The poor man blessed him for it, and he blessed the poor man; and was
+so like the Good Samaritan, that he gave him money to refresh both
+himself and his horse; and told him, "That if he loved himself he
+should be merciful to his beast." Thus he left the poor man: and at
+his coming to his musical friends at Salisbury, they began to wonder
+that Mr. George Herbert, which used to be so trim and clean, came into
+that company so soiled and discomposed: but he told them the occasion.
+And when one of the company told him "He had disparaged himself by so
+dirty an employment," his answer was, "That the thought of what he had
+done would prove music to him at midnight; and that the omission of it
+would have upbraided and made discord in his conscience, whensoever he
+should pass by that place: for if I be bound to pray for all that be
+in distress, I am sure that I am bound, so far as it is in my power,
+to practice what I pray for. And though I do not wish for the like
+occasion every day, yet let me tell you, I would not willingly pass
+one day of my life without comforting a sad soul, or shewing
+mercy; and I praise God for this occasion. And now let's tune our
+instruments."
+
+Thus, as our blessed Saviour, after his Resurrection, did take
+occasion to interpret the Scripture to Cleopas, and that other
+Disciple, which he met with and accompanied in their journey to
+Emmaus; so Mr. Herbert, in his path toward Heaven, did daily take any
+fair occasion to instruct the ignorant, or comfort any that were in
+affliction; and did always confirm his precepts, by shewing humility
+and mercy, and ministering grace to the hearers.
+
+[Sidenote: Mrs. Herbert]
+
+[Sidenote: His charity]
+
+And he was most happy in his wife's unforced compliance with his acts
+of Charity, whom he made his almoner, and paid constantly into her
+hand, a tenth penny of what money he received for tythe, and gave her
+power to dispose that to the poor of his parish, and with it a power
+to dispose a tenth part of the corn that came yearly into his barn:
+which trust she did most faithfully perform, and would often offer to
+him an account of her stewardship, and as often beg an enlargement of
+his bounty; for she rejoiced in the employment: and this was usually
+laid out by her in blankets and shoes for some such poor people as she
+knew to stand in most need of them. This as to her charity.--And for
+his own, he set no limits to it: nor did ever turn his face from
+any that he saw in want, but would relieve them; especially his poor
+neighbours; to the meanest of whose houses he would go, and inform
+himself of their wants, and relieve them cheerfully, if they were in
+distress; and would always praise God, as much for being willing, as
+for being able to do it. And when he was advised by a friend to be
+more frugal, because he might have children, his answer was, "He would
+not see the danger of want so far off: but being the Scripture does
+so commend Charity, as to tell us that Charity is the top of Christian
+virtues, the covering of sins, the fulfilling of the Law, the Life of
+Faith; and that Charity hath a promise of the blessings of this life,
+and of a reward in that life which is to come: being these, and more
+excellent things are in Scripture spoken of thee, O Charity! and that,
+being all my tythes and Church-dues are a deodate from thee, O my God!
+make me, O my God! so far to trust thy promise, as to return them back
+to thee; and by thy grace I will do so, in distributing them to any
+of thy poor members that are in distress, or do but bear the image
+of Jesus my Master." "Sir," said he to his friend, "my wife hath a
+competent maintenance secured after my death; and therefore, as
+this is my prayer, so this my resolution shall, by God's grace, be
+unalterable."
+
+[Sidenote: His illness]
+
+This may be some account of the excellencies of the active part of his
+life; and thus he continued, till a consumption so weakened him, as to
+confine him to his house, or to the Chapel, which does almost join to
+it; in which he continued to read prayers constantly twice every day,
+though he were very weak: in one of which times of his reading, his
+wife observed him to read in pain, and told him so, and that it wasted
+his spirits, and weakened him; and he confessed it did, but said, his
+"life could not be better spent, than in the service of his Master
+Jesus, who had done and suffered so much for him. But," said he, "I
+will not be wilful; for though my spirit be willing, yet I find my
+flesh is weak; and therefore Mr. Bostock shall be appointed to read
+prayers for me to-morrow; and I will now be only a hearer of them,
+till this mortal shall put on immortality." And Mr. Bostock did
+the next day undertake and continue this happy employment, till Mr.
+Herbert's death. This Mr. Bostock was a learned and virtuous man,
+an old friend of Mr. Herbert's, and then his Curate to the Church of
+Fulston, which is a mile from Bemerton, to which Church Bemerton is
+but a Chapel of Ease. And this Mr. Bostock did also constantly
+supply the Church-service for Mr. Herbert in that Chapel, when the
+Music-meeting at Salisbury caused his absence from it.
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Edward Duncon]
+
+About one month before his death, his friend Mr. Farrer,--for an
+account of whom I am by promise indebted to the Reader, and intend to
+make him sudden payment,--hearing of Mr. Herbert's sickness, sent
+Mr. Edmund Duncon--who is now Rector of Friar Barnet in the County of
+Middlesex--from his house of Gidden Hall, which is near to Huntingdon,
+to see Mr. Herbert, and to assure him, he wanted not his daily prayers
+for his recovery; and Mr. Duncon was to return back to Gidden, with an
+account of Mr. Herbert's condition. Mr. Duncon found him weak, and
+at that time lying on his bed, or on a pallet; but at his seeing
+Mr. Duncon he raised himself vigorously, saluted him, and with some
+earnestness enquired the health of his brother Farrer; of which Mr.
+Duncon satisfied him, and after some discourse of Mr. Farrer's holy
+life, and the manner of his constant serving God, he said to Mr.
+Duncon,--"Sir, I see by your habit that you are a Priest, and I desire
+you to pray with me:" which being granted, Mr. Duncon asked him, "What
+prayers?" To which Mr. Herbert's answer was, "O, Sir! the prayers of
+my Mother, the Church of England: no other prayers are equal to them!
+But at this time, I beg of you to pray only the Litany, for I am
+weak and faint:" and Mr. Duncon did so. After which, and some other
+discourse of Mr. Farrer, Mrs. Herbert provided Mr. Duncon a plain
+supper, and a clean lodging, and he betook himself to rest. This Mr.
+Duncon tells me; and tells me, that, at his first view of Mr. Herbert,
+he saw majesty and humility so reconciled in his looks and behaviour,
+as begot in him an awful reverence for his person; and says, "his
+discourse was so pious, and his motion so genteel and meek, that after
+almost forty years, yet they remain still fresh in his memory."
+
+The next morning Mr. Duncon left him, and betook himself to a journey
+to Bath, but with a promise to return back to him within five days;
+and he did so: but before I shall say any thing of what discourse then
+fell betwixt them two, I will pay my promised account of Mr. Farrer.
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Nicholas Ferrer]
+
+[Sidenote: Little Gidden]
+
+Mr. Nicholas Farrer--who got the reputation of being called Saint
+Nicholas at the age of six years--was born in London, and doubtless
+had good education in his youth; but certainly was, at an early age,
+made Fellow of Clare-Hall in Cambridge; where he continued to
+be eminent for his piety, temperance, and learning. About the
+twenty-sixth year of his age, he betook himself to travel: in which
+he added, to his Latin and Greek, a perfect knowledge of all the
+languages spoken in the Western parts of our Christian world; and
+understood well the principles of their Religion, and of their manner,
+and the reasons of their worship. In this his travel he met with many
+persuasions to come into a communion with that church which calls
+itself Catholic: but he returned from his travels as he went, eminent
+for his obedience to his mother, the Church of England. In his absence
+from England, Mr. Farrer's father--who was a merchant--allowed him a
+liberal maintenance; and, not long after his return into England, Mr.
+Farrer had, by the death of his father, or an elder brother, or both,
+an estate left him, that enabled him to purchase land to the value of
+four or five hundred pounds a year; the greatest part of which land
+was at Little Gidden, four or six miles from Huntingdon, and about
+eighteen from Cambridge; which place he chose for the privacy of it,
+and for the Hall, which had the Parish-Church or Chapel, belonging
+and adjoining near to it; for Mr. Farrer, having seen the manners and
+vanities of the world, and found them to be, as Mr. Herbert says, "a
+nothing between two dishes," did so contemn it, that he resolved to
+spend the remainder of his life in mortifications, and in devotion,
+and charity, and to be always prepared for death. And his life was
+spent thus:
+
+[Sidenote: Life there]
+
+He and his family, which were like a little College, and about thirty
+in number, did most of them keep Lent and all Ember-weeks strictly,
+both in fasting and using all those mortifications and prayers that
+the Church hath appointed to be then used; and he and they did the
+like constantly on Fridays, and on the Vigils or Eves appointed to
+be fasted before the Saints' days: and this frugality and abstinence
+turned to the relief of the poor: but this was but a part of his
+charity; none but God and he knew the rest.
+
+[Sidenote: The daily round]
+
+This family, which I have said to be in number about thirty, were a
+part of them his kindred, and the rest chosen to be of a temper fit
+to be moulded into a devout life; and all of them were for their
+dispositions serviceable, and quiet, and humble, and free from
+scandal. Having thus fitted himself for his family, he did, about the
+year 1630, betake himself to a constant and methodical service of God;
+and it was in this manner:--He, being accompanied with most of his
+family, did himself use to read the common prayers--for he was a
+Deacon--every day, at the appointed hours of ten and four, in the
+Parish-Church, which was very near his house, and which he had both
+repaired and adorned; for it was fallen into a great ruin, by reason
+of a depopulation of the village before Mr. Farrer bought the manor.
+And he did also constantly read the Matins every morning at the hour
+of six, either in the Church, or in an Oratory, which was within his
+own house. And many of the family did there continue with him after
+the prayers were ended, and there they spent some hours in singing
+Hymns, or Anthems, sometimes in the Church, and often to an organ in
+the Oratory. And there they sometimes betook themselves to meditate,
+or to pray privately, or to read a part of the New Testament to
+themselves, or to continue their praying or reading the Psalms; and in
+case the Psalms were not always read in the day, then Mr. Farrer,
+and others of the congregation, did at night, at the ringing of
+a watch-bell, repair to the Church or Oratory, and there betake
+themselves to prayers and lauding God, and reading the Psalms that
+had not been read in the day: and when these, or any part of the
+congregation, grew weary or faint, the watch-bell was rung, sometimes
+before, and sometimes after midnight; and then another part of the
+family rose, and maintained the watch, sometimes by praying, or
+singing lauds to God, or reading the Psalms; and when, after some
+hours, they also grew weary or faint, then they rung the watch-bell
+and were also relieved by some of the former, or by a new part of
+the society, which continued their devotions--as hath been
+mentioned--until morning. And it is to be noted, that in this
+continued serving of God, the Psalter or the whole Book of Psalms, was
+in every four and twenty hours sung or read over, from the first to
+the last verse: and this was done as constantly as the sun runs his
+circle every day about the world, and then begins again the same
+instant that it ended.
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Farrer's Death]
+
+Thus did Mr. Farrer and his happy family serve God day and night; thus
+did they always behave themselves as in his presence. And they did
+always eat and drink by the strictest rules of temperance; eat and
+drink so as to be ready to rise at midnight, or at the call of a
+watch-bell, and perform their devotions to God. And it is fit to
+tell the Reader, that many of the Clergy, that were more inclined
+to practical piety and devotion, than to doubtful and needless
+disputations, did often come to Gidden Hall, and make themselves a
+part of that happy society, and stay a week or more, and then join
+with Mr. Farrer and the family in these devotions, and assist and ease
+him or them in their watch by night. And these various devotions had
+never less than two of the domestic family in the night; and the
+watch was always kept in the Church or Oratory, unless in extreme cold
+winter nights, and then it was maintained in a parlour, which had
+a fire in it; and the parlour was fitted for that purpose. And this
+course of piety, and great liberality to his poor neighbours, Mr.
+Farrer maintained till his death, which was in the year 1639.[24]
+
+[Sidenote: "Valdesso's Considerations"]
+
+Mr. Farrer's and Mr. Herbert's devout lives were both so noted, that
+the general report of their sanctity gave them occasion to renew that
+slight acquaintance which was begun at their being contemporaries in
+Cambridge; and this new holy friendship was long maintained without
+any interview, but only by loving and endearing letters. And one
+testimony of their friendship and pious designs, may appear by Mr.
+Farrer's commending the "Considerations of John Valdesso"--a book
+which he had met with in his travels, and translated out of Spanish
+into English,--to be examined and censured by Mr. Herbert before it
+was made public: which excellent book Mr. Herbert did read, and return
+back with many marginal notes, as they be now printed with it; and
+with them, Mr. Herbert's affectionate letter to Mr. Farrer.
+
+[Sidenote: Valdesso himself]
+
+This John Valdesso was a Spaniard, and was for his learning and virtue
+much valued and loved by the great Emperor Charles the Fifth, whom
+Valdesso had followed as a Cavalier all the time of his long and
+dangerous wars: and when Valdesso grew old, and grew weary both of war
+and the world, he took his fair opportunity to declare to the Emperor,
+that his resolution was to decline his Majesty's service, and betake
+himself to a quiet and contemplative life, "because there ought to
+be a vacancy of time betwixt fighting and dying." The Emperor
+had himself, for the same, or other like reasons, put on the same
+resolution: but God and himself did, till then, only know them; and
+he did therefore desire Valdesso to consider well of what he had said,
+and to keep his purpose within his own breast, till they two might
+have a second opportunity of a friendly discourse; which Valdesso
+promised to do.
+
+In the mean time the Emperor appoints privately a day for him and
+Valdesso to meet again; and, after a pious and free discourse,
+they both agreed on a certain day to receive the blessed Sacrament
+publicly; and appointed an eloquent and devout Friar to preach a
+Sermon of contempt of the world, and of the happiness and benefit of a
+quiet and contemplative life; which the Friar did most affectionately.
+After which Sermon, the Emperor took occasion to declare openly, "That
+the Preacher had begot in him a resolution to lay down his dignities,
+and to forsake the world, and betake himself to a monastical life."
+And he pretended, he had persuaded John Valdesso to do the like: but
+this is most certain, that after the Emperor had called his son Philip
+out of England, and resigned to him all his kingdoms, that then the
+Emperor and John Valdesso did perform their resolutions.
+
+This account of John Valdesso I received from a friend, that had it
+from the mouth of Mr. Farrer. And the Reader may note, that in this
+retirement John Valdesso writ his Hundred and Ten Considerations,
+and many other treatises of worth, which want a second Mr. Farrer to
+procure and translate them.[25]
+
+[Sidenote: Failing strength]
+
+[Sidenote: "The Temple"]
+
+After this account of Mr. Farrer and John Valdesso, I proceed to my
+account of Mr. Herbert and Mr. Duncon, who according to his promise
+returned from Bath the fifth day, and then found Mr. Herbert much
+weaker than he left him; and therefore their discourse could not be
+long: but at Mr. Duncon's parting with him, Mr. Herbert spoke to this
+purpose: "Sir, I pray you give my brother Farrer an account of the
+decaying condition of my body, and tell him I beg him to continue his
+daily prayers for me; and let him know that I have considered, that
+God only is what he would be; and that I am, by his grace, become now
+so like him, as to be pleased with what pleaseth him; and tell him,
+that I do not repine, but am pleased with my want of health: and tell
+him, my heart is fixed on that place where true joy is only to be
+found; and that I long to be there, and do wait for my appointed
+change with hope and patience." Having said this, he did, with so
+sweet a humility as seemed to exalt him, bow down to Mr. Duncon, and
+with a thoughtful and contented look, say to him, "Sir, I pray deliver
+this little book to my dear brother Farrer, and tell him, he shall
+find in it a picture of the many spiritual conflicts that have passed
+betwixt God and my soul, before I could subject mine to the will of
+Jesus my Master: in whose service I have now found perfect freedom.
+Desire him to read it; and then, if he can think it may turn to the
+advantage of any dejected poor soul, let it be made public; if
+not, let him burn it; for I and it are less than the least of God's
+mercies." Thus meanly did this humble man think of this excellent
+book, which now bears the name of "The Temple; or, Sacred Poems and
+Private Ejaculations;" of which Mr. Farrer would say, "There was in
+it the picture of a divine soul in every page: and that the whole book
+was such a harmony of holy passions, as would enrich the world with
+pleasure and piety." And it appears to have done so; for there
+have been more than twenty thousand of them sold since the first
+impression.
+
+[Sidenote: Its publication]
+
+And this ought to be noted, that when Mr. Farrer sent this book to
+Cambridge to be licensed for the press, the Vice-Chancellor would by
+no means allow the two so much noted verses,
+
+  Ready to pass to the American strand,
+
+to be printed; and Mr. Farrer would by no means allow the book to be
+printed and want them. But after some time, and some arguments for and
+against their being made public, the Vice-Chancellor said, "I knew Mr.
+Herbert well, and know that he had many heavenly speculations, and
+was a divine poet: but I hope the world will not take him to be an
+inspired prophet, and therefore I license the whole book." So that it
+came to be printed without the diminution or addition of a syllable,
+since it was delivered into the hands of Mr. Duncon, save only that
+Mr. Farrer hath added that excellent Preface that is printed before
+it.
+
+[Sidenote: Retrospect]
+
+[Sidenote: Waiting for death]
+
+At the time of Mr. Duncon's leaving Mr. Herbert,--which was about
+three weeks before his death,--his old and dear friend Mr. Woodnot
+came from London to Bemerton, and never left him till he had seen him
+draw his last breath, and closed his eyes on his death-bed. In this
+time of his decay, he was often visited and prayed for by all the
+Clergy that lived near to him, especially by his friends the Bishop
+and Prebends of the Cathedral Church in Salisbury; but by none
+more devoutly than his wife, his three nieces,--then a part of his
+family,--and Mr. Woodnot, who were the sad witnesses of his daily
+decay; to whom he would often speak to this purpose: "I now look back
+upon the pleasures of my life past, and see the content I have taken
+in beauty, in wit, in music, and pleasant conversation, are now all
+past by me like a dream, or as a shadow that returns not, and are now
+all become dead to me, or I to them; and I see, that as my father and
+generation hath done before me, so I also shall now suddenly (with
+Job) make my bed also in the dark; and I praise God I am prepared for
+it; and I praise him that I am not to learn patience now I stand
+in such need of it; and that I have practised mortification, and
+endeavoured to die daily, that I might not die eternally; and my hope
+is, that I shall shortly leave this valley of tears, and be free from
+all fevers and pain; and, which will be a more happy condition, I
+shall be free from sin, and all the temptations and anxieties that
+attend it: and this being past, I shall dwell in the New Jerusalem;
+dwell there with men made perfect; dwell where these eyes shall see my
+Master and Saviour Jesus; and with him see my dear Mother, and all
+my relations and friends. But I must die, or not come to that happy
+place. And this is my content, that I am going daily towards it: and
+that every day which I have lived, hath taken a part of my appointed
+time from me; and that I shall live the less time, for having lived
+this and the day past," These, and the like expressions, which he
+uttered often, may be said to be his enjoyment of Heaven before he
+enjoyed it. The Sunday before his death, he rose suddenly from his bed
+or couch, called for one of his instruments, took it into his hand and
+said,
+
+  My God, my God,
+  My music shall find thee,
+      And every string
+  Shall have his attribute to sing.
+
+And having tuned it, he played and sung:
+
+    The Sundays of man's life,
+  Threaded together on time's string,
+  Make bracelets to adorn the wife
+  Of the eternal glorious King:
+  On Sundays Heaven's doors stand ope;
+  Blessings are plentiful and rife,
+    More plentiful than hope.
+
+Thus he sung on earth such Hymns and Anthems, as the Angels, and he,
+and Mr. Farrer, now sing in Heaven.
+
+[Sidenote: His Will]
+
+[Sidenote: Last words]
+
+Thus he continued meditating, and praying, and rejoicing, till the day
+of his death; and on that day said to Mr. Woodnot, "My dear friend,
+I am sorry I have nothing to present to my merciful God but sin and
+misery; but the first is pardoned, and a few hours will now put a
+period to the latter; for I shall suddenly go hence, and be no more
+seen." Upon which expression Mr. Woodnot took occasion to remember him
+of the re-edifying Layton Church, and his many acts of mercy. To which
+he made answer, saying, "They be good works, if they be sprinkled
+with the blood of Christ, and not otherwise." After this discourse he
+became more restless, and his soul seemed to be weary of her earthly
+tabernacle; and this uneasiness became so visible, that his wife,
+his three nieces, and Mr. Woodnot, stood constantly about his bed,
+beholding him with sorrow, and an unwillingness to lose the sight of
+him, whom they could not hope to see much longer. As they stood thus
+beholding him, his wife observed him to breathe faintly, and with
+much trouble, and observed him to fall into a sudden agony; which so
+surprised her, that she fell into a sudden passion, and required of
+him to know how he did. To which his answer was, "that he had passed
+a conflict with his last enemy, and had overcome him by the merits of
+his Master Jesus." After which answer, he looked up, and saw his wife
+and nieces weeping to an extremity, and charged them, if they loved
+him, to withdraw into the next room, and there pray every one alone
+for him; for nothing but their lamentations could make his death
+uncomfortable. To which request their sighs and tears would not suffer
+them to make any reply; but they yielded him a sad obedience, leaving
+only with him Mr. Woodnot and Mr. Bostock. Immediately after they had
+left him, he said to Mr. Bostock, "Pray, Sir, open that door, then
+look into that cabinet, in which you may easily find my last Will, and
+give it into my hand:" which being done, Mr. Herbert delivered it into
+the hand of Mr. Woodnot, and said, "My old friend, I here deliver
+you my last Will, in which you will find that I have made you my sole
+Executor for the good of my wife and nieces; and I desire you to shew
+kindness to them, as they shall need it: I do not desire you to be
+just; for I know you will be so for your own sake; but I charge you,
+by the religion of our friendship, to be careful of them." And having
+obtained Mr. Woodnot's promise to be so, he said, "I am now ready
+to die." After which words, he said, "Lord, forsake me not now my
+strength faileth me: but grant me mercy for the merits of my Jesus.
+And now, Lord--Lord, now receive my soul." And with those words he
+breathed forth his divine soul, without any apparent disturbance, Mr.
+Woodnot and Mr. Bostock attending his last breath, and closing his
+eyes.
+
+Thus he lived, and thus he died, like a Saint, unspotted of the
+world, full of alms-deeds, full of humility, and all the examples of a
+virtuous life; which I cannot conclude better, than with this borrowed
+observation:
+
+  ----All must to their cold graves:
+  But the religious actions of the just
+  Smell sweet in death, and blossom in the dust.[26]
+
+Mr. George Herbert's have done so to this, and will doubtless do so to
+succeeding generations.--I have but this to say more of him; that if
+Andrew Melvin died before him,[27] then George Herbert died without an
+enemy.[28] I wish--if God shall be so pleased--that I may be so happy
+as to die like him.
+
+IZ. WA.
+
+[Sidenote: Mrs. Herbert]
+
+There is a debt justly due to the memory of Mr. Herbert's virtuous
+Wife; a part of which I will endeavour to pay, by a very short account
+of the remainder of her life, which shall follow.
+
+She continued his disconsolate widow about six years, bemoaning
+herself, and complaining, that she had lost the delight of her eyes;
+but more that she had lost the spiritual guide for her poor soul; and
+would often say, "O that I had, like holy Mary, the Mother of Jesus,
+treasured up all his sayings in my heart! But since I have not been
+able to do that, I will labour to live like him, that where he now is
+I may be also." And she would often say,--as the Prophet David for his
+son Absalom,--"O that I had died for him!" Thus she continued mourning
+till time and conversation had so moderated her sorrows, that she
+became the happy wife of Sir Robert Cook, of Highnam, in the County
+of Gloucester, Knight. And though he put a high value on the excellent
+accomplishments of her mind and body, and was so like Mr. Herbert, as
+not to govern like a master, but as an affectionate husband; yet
+she would even to him often take occasion to mention the name of Mr.
+George Herbert, and say, that name must live in her memory till she
+put off mortality. By Sir Robert she had only one child, a daughter,
+whose parts and plentiful estate make her happy in this world, and her
+well using of them gives a fair testimony that she will be so in that
+which is to come.
+
+Mrs. Herbert was the wife of Sir Robert eight years, and lived his
+widow about fifteen; all which time she took a pleasure in mentioning
+and commending the excellencies of Mr. George Herbert. She died in the
+year 1663, and lies buried at Highnam: Mr. Herbert in his own
+Church, under the altar, and covered with a gravestone without any
+inscription.
+
+[Sidenote: Lost relics]
+
+This Lady Cook had preserved many of Mr. Herbert's private writings,
+which she intended to make public; but they and Highnam House were
+burnt together by the late rebels, and so lost to posterity.
+
+I.W.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: A fortress first erected by Roger de Montgomery, Earl of
+Shrewsbury, under William I., to secure his conquests in Wales, though
+it was twice partly destroyed by the Welsh. It stands near the Severn,
+on a gentle ascent, having a fair prospect over the plain beneath. The
+order of Parliament for its destruction was made June 11th, 1649.]
+
+[Footnote 2: That eloquent and acute biographer, Edmund Lodge, thus
+truly gives the character of Lord Herbert of Cherbury. "Of that
+anomaly of character by the abundance and variety of which foreigners
+are pleased to tell us that our country is distinguished, we meet with
+few examples more striking than in the subject of this memoir--wise
+and unsteady; prudent and careless; a philosopher, with ungovernable
+and ridiculous prejudices; a good humoured man, who even sought
+occasions to shed the blood of his fellow creatures; a deist,
+with superstition too gross for the most secluded cloister. These
+observations are not founded on the report of others, but on the
+fragment which remains of his own sketch of his life,--a piece of
+infinite curiosity." His autobiography has been edited by Horace
+Walpole and Scott. He is also the author of a volume of poems written
+in the style of Donne, frequently marred by harsh rhythm and violent
+conceits, but occasionally displaying artistic excellence of a very
+high order.]
+
+[Footnote 3: It has been said of Dr. Richard Neale, that no one
+was more thoroughly acquainted with the distresses as well as the
+conveniences of the clergy, having served the Church as Schoolmaster,
+Curate, Vicar, Rector, Master of the Savoy, Dean of Westminster,
+Clerk of the Closet to James I. and Charles I., Bishop of Rochester,
+Lichfield, Durham, Winchester, and Archbishop of York (1631). "He
+died," says Echard, "full of years as he was full of honours; a
+faithful subject to his prince, an indulgent father to his clergy,
+a bountiful patron to his chaplains, and a true friend to all that
+relied upon him."]
+
+[Footnote 4: He was made Master of Westminster School in 1599, and
+continued so to 1610.]
+
+[Footnote 5: Thomas Nevil, D.D., eminent for the splendour of his
+birth, his extraordinary piety and learning, was educated at Pembroke
+Hall in the University of Cambridge. In 1582 he was admitted Master of
+Magdalen College in the same University, and in 1593 he succeeded Dr.
+John Still in the Mastership of Trinity College, being then Dean
+of the Cathedral Church of Peterborough, over which he presided
+commendably eight years. Upon the demise of Queen Elizabeth, Dr.
+Nevil, who had been promoted to the Deanery of Canterbury in 1597, was
+sent by Archbishop Whitgift to King James in Scotland, in the names of
+the Bishops and Clergy of England, to tender their bounden duties, and
+to understand his Highness's pleasure for the ordering and guiding of
+the Clergy. The Dean brought a most gracious answer of his Highness's
+purpose, which was to uphold and maintain the government of the late
+Queen, as she left it settled.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Born on 28th June, 1573; created Baron Danvers in 1603,
+and Earl of Danby 7th February, 1625-6; died on 10th January, 1643-4.]
+
+[Footnote 7: This gentleman was born in Suffolk, in 1563, and was
+descended from a very ancient family in that County. He was educated
+at Trinity College, Cambridge, and on January 8th, 1617-18, was made
+Secretary of State: King James I. having been previously so well
+pleased with his eloquence and learning as to appoint him Master
+of the Court of Wards. Sir Robert Naunton was the Author of the
+interesting "Fragmenta Regalia, or Observations on Queen Elizabeth and
+her Favourites." He died on Good Friday, 1633-34.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Sir Francis Nethersole was a native of Kent, Ambassador
+to the Princes of the Union, and Secretary to the Queen of Bohemia,
+and was equally remarkable for his doings and sufferings in her
+behalf.]
+
+[Footnote 9: This royal work is divided into three books; the first on
+"A Christian King's duty towards God." The second on "A King's duty in
+his office." The third on "A King's behaviour in things indifferent."]
+
+[Footnote 10: Andrew Melville procured the Basilicon Doron in
+Manuscript, and circulated it in Scotland, which produced a libel
+against it and first caused its publication in 1599. This celebrated
+person was born in 1545, and was educated at the University of St.
+Andrews, which he left with an eminent character for learning, and
+travelled through France to Geneva. He was elected principal Master
+of Glasgow College in 1574, when he began to enforce the Presbyterian
+System; and after much opposition, and two years' imprisonment, he
+died Professor of Divinity to the Protestants of Sedan, in 1622.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Andrew Melville was not present at the celebrated
+conference held at Hampton-Court, in the first year of King James
+I., upon the complaint of the Puritans against the ceremonies and the
+liturgy of the Church of England. He was summoned to appear before the
+King and Council in 1604. In the first edition of "Mr. Walton's Life
+of Mr. George Herbert," Melville is described to be "Master of a great
+wit; a wit full of knots and clenches; a wit sharp and satirical;
+exceeded, I think, by none of that nation, but their Buchanan."]
+
+[Footnote 12: Daughter of Charles Stuart, Earl of Lenox, the younger
+brother of Henry, Earl of Darnley, father of King James I. She was
+born at Hampstead in 1577, and received a very liberal education;
+added to which, she possessed a large estate, and, the English
+succession being doubtful, she was supposed to be a probable heir
+to the crown. She incurred the displeasure of James, by marrying Mr.
+William Seymour, grandson of the Earl of Hertford, for which she was
+sent to the Tower; and although she had made her escape thence, she
+was overtaken, brought back, and died there in 1615.]
+
+[Footnote 13: James Duport, the learned son of a learned father, John
+Duport, Master of Jesus College, Cambridge, was Greek Professor in
+that University. On the promotion of Dr. Edward Rainbow to the See
+of Carlisle, he was appointed Dean of Peterborough, and in 1668 was
+elected Master of Magdalen College, Cambridge.]
+
+[Footnote 14: In the margin of the 1670 edition is written "Albumazar,
+Ignoramus." The author of "Albumazar," a piece presented before the
+King at Cambridge in 1614, and printed in the same year, was John
+Tomkis. "Ignoramus," a Latin comedy by James Ruggle (or Ruggles), was
+first printed in 1630.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Dr. Richard Parry, who died September 26, 1623. The
+"sinecure" here mentioned was the rectory of Whitford.]
+
+[Footnote 16: Mr. Herbert Thorndike was then Fellow of Trinity
+College. He was ejected from his Fellowship by the usurped powers, and
+admitted to the Rectory of Barley in Hertfordshire, July 2, 1642.
+On the death of Dr. Samuel Ward, he was elected to the Mastership of
+Sidney College, but was kept out of it by the oppression of the times.
+For his sufferings and great learning he was installed Prebendary
+of Westminster, Sept. 5, 1660. In the year following he resigned his
+living of Barley, and died in 1672. He assisted Dr. Walton in the
+edition of the Polyglot Bible.]
+
+[Footnote 17: Dr. John Williams, afterwards Archbishop of York, was
+then Bishop of Lincoln, the last ecclesiastic who was Lord Keeper of
+the Great Seal.]
+
+[Footnote 18: See Prof. Mayor's "Nicholas Farrer: Two Lives by his
+brother John and Dr. Jebb." (Cambridge, 1855.)]
+
+[Footnote 19: A native of Scotland, educated at Westminster School
+and Trinity College, Cambridge, afterwards Greek Professor of the
+University. During the Civil Wars, he suffered extremely for the Royal
+Cause, and was an exile with Charles II., who gave him the Deanery of
+Wells on the Restoration, and in 1670, he was made Bishop of Bath and
+Wells. He died in 1672.]
+
+[Footnote 20: He was, in 1609, Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity
+at Cambridge, and in 1611, Bishop of Salisbury. He was appointed by
+James I. to attend the Synod of Dort, and his endeavours to effect an
+union between the reformed Churches were zealous and sincere. He died
+in 1641.]
+
+[Footnote 21: The House and grounds of this Rectory were in the same
+state as in the time of Herbert, when the late Archdeacon Coxe was
+presented to the living; the principal part of the former was single,
+with small windows, and the river Neder flowed at the bottom of the
+garden. Bemerton is two miles west by north of Salisbury, and the
+Church is dedicated to St. Andrew.]
+
+[Footnote 22: At the time Dr. Henchman was Prebendary of Salisbury,
+of which See he became Bishop in 1660, and in 1663 he was removed to
+London. He was much esteemed by King Charles II., whose escape at the
+battle of Worcester, he was very instrumental in promoting: but when
+the declaration for liberty of conscience was published in 1671-72,
+this Prelate was not afraid of the King's displeasure, but enjoined
+his Clergy to preach against Popery. He died in 1675.]
+
+[Footnote 23: A private Clergyman, of Clare Hall, Cambridge, who
+suffered much for his gallant devotion to the cause of his King,
+Charles I.]
+
+[Footnote 24: The extraordinary course of life pursued at Gidding, the
+strictness of their rules, their prayers, literally without ceasing,
+their abstinence, mortifications, nightly watchings, and various
+other peculiarities, gave birth to censure in some, and inflamed the
+malevolence of others, but excited the wonder and curiosity of all. So
+that they were frequently visited with different views by persons of
+all denominations, and of opposite opinions. They received all who
+came with courteous civility; and from those who were inquisitive they
+concealed nothing, as indeed there was not any thing either in their
+opinions or their practice, in the least degree necessary to be
+concealed. Notwithstanding this, they were by some abused as Papists,
+by others as Puritans, Mr. Ferrar himself, though possessed of
+uncommon patience and resignation, yet in anguish of spirit complained
+to his friends, that the perpetual obloquy he endured was a sort
+of unceasing martyrdom. Added to all this, violent invectives and
+inflammatory pamphlets were published against them. Amongst others,
+not long after Mr. Ferrar's death, a treatise was addressed to the
+Parliament, entitled, "The Arminian Nunnery, or a brief description
+and relation of the late erected monastical place called the Arminian
+Nunnery at Little Gidding in Huntingdonshire: humbly addressed to the
+wise consideration of the present parliament. The foundation is by a
+company of Ferrars at Gidding," printed by Thomas Underbill, 1641.
+
+Soon after Mr. Ferrar's death, certain soldiers of the Parliament
+resolved to plunder the house at Gidding. The family being informed of
+their hasty approach, thought it prudent to fly; while these military
+zealots, in the rage of what they called _reformation_, ransacked both
+the church and the house; in doing which, they expressed a particular
+spite against the organ. This they broke in pieces, of which they made
+a large fire, and at it roasted several of Mr. Ferrar's sheep, which
+they had killed in his grounds. This done, they seized all the plate,
+furniture, and provision, which they could conveniently carry away.
+And in this general devastation perished the works which Mr. Ferrar
+had compiled for the use of his household, consisting chiefly of
+harmonies of the Old and New Testament.]
+
+[Footnote 25: Valdesso died at Naples in 1540.]
+
+[Footnote 26: Altered from a Dirge in Shirley's "Contention of Ajax
+and Ulysses."--The lines in Shirley are
+
+  "Your heads must come
+  To the cold tomb--
+  Only the actions of the just
+  Smell sweet and blossom in their dust."]
+
+[Footnote 27: "Mr. George Herbert, Esq., Parson of Fuggleston and
+Bemerton, was buried 3d day of March, 1632." (_Parish Register of
+Bemerton_.')--It does not appear whether he was buried in the parish
+church or in the chapel. His letter to Mr. Nicholas Ferrar, the
+translator of Valdesso, is dated from his Parsonage at Bemerton, near
+Salisbury, Sept. 29, 1632. It must be remembered, that the beginning
+of the year, at that time, was computed the 25th of March. In this
+year also, he wrote the short address to the Reader, which is prefixed
+to his "Priest to the Temple," which was not published till after his
+death.]
+
+[Footnote 28: It is not to be supposed that Andrew Melville could
+retain the least personal resentment against Mr. Herbert; whose verses
+have in them so little of the poignancy of satire, that it is scarce
+possible to consider them as capable of exciting the anger of him to
+whom they are addressed.]
+
+
+
+
+LETTER FROM
+MR. GEORGE HERBERT
+TO
+NICHOLAS FARRER,
+
+_the Translator of Valdesso_
+
+
+[Sidenote: Concerning Valdesso]
+
+My dear and deserving brother, your Valdesso I now return with many
+thanks, and some notes, in which perhaps you will discover some care
+which I forbear not in the midst of my griefs; first for your sake,
+because I would do nothing negligently that you commit unto me:
+secondly for the Author's sake, whom I conceive to have been a true
+servant of God; and to such, and all that is their's, I owe diligence:
+thirdly for the Church's sake, to whom by printing it, I would have
+you consecrate it. You owe the Church a debt, and God hath put this
+into your hands--as he sent the fish with money to St. Peter--to
+discharge it; happily also with this--as his thoughts are
+fruitful--intending the honour of his servant the Author, who, being
+obscured in his own country, he would have to flourish in this land
+of light, and region of the Gospel among his chosen. It is true, there
+are some things which I like not in him, as my fragments will express,
+when you read them: nevertheless, I wish you by all means to publish
+it, for these three eminent things observable therein: First, that God
+in the midst of Popery, should open the eyes of one to understand and
+express so clearly and excellently, the intent of the Gospel in the
+acceptation of Christ's righteousness,--as he sheweth through all
+his Considerations,--a thing strangely buried and darkened by the
+adversaries, and their great stumbling block. Secondly, the great
+honour and reverence which he every where bears towards our dear
+Master and Lord; concluding every Consideration almost with his holy
+name, and setting his merit forth so piously; for which I do so love
+him, that were there nothing else, I would print it, that with it the
+honour of my Lord might be published. Thirdly, the many pious rules
+of ordering our life about mortification, and observation of God's
+kingdom within us, and the working thereof; of which he was a very
+diligent observer. These three things are very eminent in the Author,
+and overweigh the defects--as I conceive--towards the publishing
+thereof.
+
+  From his Parsonage of
+  Bemerton, near Salisbury,
+  Sept. 29th, 1632.
+
+
+
+
+THE WORKS OF MR. GEORGE HERBERT.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Herbert's Works]
+
+I. "ORATIO quâ auspicatissimum serenissimi Principis CAROLI reditum
+ex Hispaniis celebravit GEORGIUS HERBERT, Academæ Cantabrigiensis
+Orator.--1623."
+
+II. "ORATIO ... habita coram Dominis Legatis cum Magistro in Artib.
+titulis insignirentur. 27 Febr. 1622."
+
+III. "A TRANSLATION of LEWIS CORNARO'S TREATISE on TEMPERANCE."
+Printed at Cambridge in 1634, along with Mr. Nicholas Ferrar's
+translation of "The Hygiasticon, or the right Course of preserving
+Health, by Leonard Lessius." To Mr. Herbert's Translation is annexed
+"A Paradox, translated out of Italian, That a more spare diet is
+better than a splendid or sumptuous."
+
+IV. "HERBERT'S REMAINS; or Sundry Pieces of that sweet Singer of the
+Temple, Mr. GEORGE HERBERT, some time Orator of the University of
+Cambridge, now exposed to public Light." _London, 1652._
+
+This volume consists of--1. "A Priest to the Temple, or the Country
+Parson in his Character and Rule of Holy Life; with a Prefatory View
+of the Life and Virtues of the Author and Excellencies of this Book,
+by Barnabas Oley." In the second and subsequent impressions of this
+volume is added, "A Preface to the Christian Reader," consisting
+of six paragraphs, by Mr. Oley. 2. "Jacula Prudentum; or Outlandish
+Proverbs, Sentences, &c., selected by Mr. George Herbert."
+
+V. "THE TEMPLE: SACRED POEMS and Private EJACULATIONS, by Mr. GEORGE
+HERBERT, late orator of the University of Cambridge. In his Temple
+doth every Man speak of his Honour, Psal. xxix. _Cambridge, 1633_."
+
+VI. "MUSÆ RESPONSORÆ AD ANDREÆ MELVINI ANTI-TAMI-CAMI-CATEGORIAM. Ex
+officinâ, Joh. Field, _Cantab. 1662._" 12mo.
+
+During his residence at Cambridge, he composed Latin Poems on the
+Death of Henry Prince of Wales; and of Anne, Queen to James I. See
+"Epicedium Cantabrigiense in obitum immaturum semperque deflendum
+Henrici illustrissimi Principis Walliæ, _Cantab. 1612._" And
+"Lachrymæ Cantabrigienses in obitum serenissimæ Regiæ Annæ, Conjugis
+dilectissimæ Jacobi Magnæ Britanniæ, Franciæ, et Hiberniæ Regis.
+_Cantab. 1619._"
+
+The following letters, written by Herbert, when he was Public Orator,
+are in the Orator's Book at Cambridge:
+
+1. "To Sir Robert Naunton, with thanks for some acts of kindness
+procured by him from Government to the University."
+
+2. "To Fulke Greville, on the same account."
+
+3. "To George Villiers, Marquis of Buckingham, on his being created a
+Marquis."
+
+4. "To Sir Francis Bacon, with thanks for his Novum Organum."
+
+5. "To Sir Thomas Coventry, Attorney-General."
+
+6. "To Montagu, Lord Treasurer," and
+
+7. "To Sir Robert Heath, Solicitor-General, congratulating them on
+their several promotions."
+
+8. "To King James, with thanks for a present of his Doron Basilicon."
+
+9. "To the same, with thanks for the preservation of the river."
+
+10. "To Sir Francis Bacon, on the same subject."
+
+11. "To Dr. Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury, against the London
+Printers monopolizing foreign books."
+
+12. "To Sir Francis Bacon, on the same subject."
+
+13. "To Leigh, Chief Justice, on his promotion."
+
+14. "To Cranfield, Lord Treasurer, on the same occasion."
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE
+OF
+DR. ROBERT SANDERSON,
+LATE BISHOP OF LINCOLN.
+
+"Blessed is the man in whose spirit there is no guile."--Ps. xxxii.
+2.
+
+
+
+
+TO THE RIGHT REVEREND AND HONOURABLE,
+GEORGE,
+LORD BISHOP OF WINCHESTER, PRELATE OF THE GARTER, AND ONE OF HIS
+MAJESTY'S PRIVY COUNCIL.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Dedication]
+
+MY LORD,
+
+If I should undertake to enumerate the many favours and advantages
+I have had by my very long acquaintance with your Lordship, I
+should enter upon an employment, that might prove as tedious as the
+collecting of the materials for this poor Monument, which I have
+erected, and do dedicate to the Memory of your beloved friend, Dr.
+Sanderson: But though I will not venture to do that; yet I do remember
+with pleasure, and remonstrate with gratitude, that your Lordship made
+me known to him, Mr. Chillingworth,[1] and Dr. Hammond; men, whose
+merits ought never to be forgotten.
+
+My friendship with the first was begun almost forty years past, when
+I was as far from a thought, as a desire to outlive him; and farther
+from an intention to write his Life. But the wise Disposer of all
+men's lives and actions hath prolonged the first, and now permitted
+the last; which is here dedicated to your Lordship,--and, as it ought
+to be--with all humility, and a desire that it may remain as a public
+testimony of my gratitude.
+
+        My Lord,
+  Your most affectionate old friend,
+        and most humble servant,
+               IZAAK WALTON.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: William Chillingworth, born at Oxford in 1602, and
+educated at Trinity College. He was proverbially celebrated there
+for clear and acute reasoning; but he so much involved himself in the
+Romish Controversy with John Fisher, a Jesuit, as to become a convert,
+and enter the College at Douay. His re-conversion was brought about by
+his godfather, Archbishop Laud, in 1631, when he returned to England;
+and in 1638, he wrote his famous work called "The Religion of
+Protestants a safe Way to Salvation." Fol. He was zealously attached
+to the Royal cause, and served at the Siege of Gloucester: but being
+taken prisoner, he was carried to the Bishop's Palace, at Chichester,
+on account of his illness, and, dying there Jan. 30th, 1644, was
+buried in the Cathedral, without any other ceremony than that of his
+book being cast into the grave by the hand of a fanatic.]
+
+
+
+
+THE PREFACE
+
+
+[Sidenote: Introductory]
+
+I dare neither think, nor assure the Reader, that I have committed no
+mistakes in this relation of the Life of Dr. Sanderson; but I am sure,
+there is none that are either wilful, or very material. I confess, it
+was worthy the employment of some person of more Learning and greater
+abilities than I can pretend to; and I have not a little wondered
+that none have yet been so grateful to him and to posterity, as to
+undertake it. For it may be noted, that our Saviour hath had such
+care, that, for Mary Magdalen's kindness to him, her name should never
+be forgotten: and doubtless Dr. Sanderson's meek and innocent life,
+his great and useful Learning, might therefore challenge the like
+endeavours to preserve his memory: And 'tis to me a wonder, that it
+has been already fifteen years neglected. But, in saying this, my
+meaning is not to upbraid others,--I am far from that,--but excuse
+myself, or beg pardon for daring to attempt it. This being premised, I
+desire to tell the Reader, that in this relation I have been so bold,
+as to paraphrase and say, what I think he--whom I had the happiness
+to know well--would have said upon the same occasions: and if I have
+erred in this kind, and cannot now beg pardon of him that loved me;
+yet I do of my Reader, from whom I desire the same favour.
+
+[Sidenote: Reasons for writing]
+
+And, though my age might have procured me a Writ of Ease, and that
+secured me from all further trouble in this kind; yet I met with such
+persuasions to begin, and so many willing informers since, and from
+them, and others, such helps and encouragements to proceed, that when
+I found myself faint, and weary of the burthen with which I had loaden
+myself, and ready to lay it down; yet time and new strength hath at
+last brought it to be what it now is, and presented to the Reader, and
+with it this desire; that he will take notice, that Dr. Sanderson did
+in his Will, or last sickness, advertise, that after his death nothing
+of his might be printed; because that might be said to be his, which
+indeed was not; and also for that he might have changed his opinion
+since he first writ it. And though these reasons ought to be regarded,
+yet regarded so, as he resolves in that Case of Conscience concerning
+Rash Vows; that there may appear very good second reasons why we may
+forbear to perform them. However, for his said reasons, they ought to
+be read as we do Apocryphal Scripture; to explain, but not oblige us
+to so firm a belief of what is here presented as his.
+
+[Sidenote: Tracts and a Sermon]
+
+And I have this to say more; That as in my queries for writing Dr.
+Sanderson's Life, I met with these little Tracts annexed; so, in my
+former queries for my information to write the Life of venerable Mr.
+Hooker, I met with a Sermon, which I also believe was really his, and
+here presented as his to the Reader. It is affirmed,--and I have
+met with reason to believe it,--that there be some Artists, that do
+certainly know an original picture from a copy; and in what age of the
+world, and by whom drawn. And if so, then I hope it may be as safely
+affirmed, that what is here presented for their's is so like their
+temper of mind, their other writings, the times when, and the
+occasions upon which they were writ, that all Readers may safely
+conclude, they could be writ by none but venerable Mr. Hooker, and the
+humble and learned Dr. Sanderson.
+
+And lastly, I am now glad that I have collected these memoirs, which
+lay scattered, and contracted them into a narrower compass; and if I
+have, by the pleasant toil of doing so, either pleased or profited any
+man, I have attained what I designed when I first undertook it. But I
+seriously wish, both for the Reader's and Dr. Sanderson's sake, that
+posterity had known his great Learning and Virtue by a better pen; by
+such a pen, as could have made his life as immortal, as his learning
+and merits ought to be.
+
+I.W.
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE
+OF
+DR. ROBERT SANDERSON,
+LATE LORD BISHOP OF LINCOLN.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Birth and birth-place]
+
+Doctor Robert Sanderson, the late learned Bishop of Lincoln, whose
+Life I intend to write with all truth and equal plainness, was born
+the nineteenth day of September in the year of our Redemption 1587.
+The place of his birth was Rotherham[1] in the County of York; a Town
+of good note, and the more for that Thomas Rotherham,[2] some time
+Archbishop of that see, was born in it; a man, whose great wisdom,
+and bounty, and sanctity of life, have made it the more memorable: as
+indeed it ought also to be, for being the birth-place of our Robert
+Sanderson. And the Reader will be of my belief, if this humble
+relation of his life can hold any proportion with his great Piety, his
+useful Learning, and his many other extraordinary endowments.
+
+[Sidenote: His father]
+
+He was the second and youngest Son, of Robert Sanderson, of
+Gilthwaite-Hall, in the said Parish and County, Esq., by Elizabeth,
+one of the daughters of Richard Carr, of Butterthwaite-Hall, in the
+Parish of Ecclesfield, in the said County of York, Gentleman.
+
+This Robert Sanderson, the Father, was descended from a numerous,
+ancient, and honourable family of his own name: for the search of
+which truth, I refer my Reader, that inclines to it, to Dr. Thoroton's
+"History of the Antiquities of Nottinghamshire," and other records;
+not thinking it necessary here to engage him into a search for bare
+titles, which are noted to have in them nothing of reality: for titles
+not acquired, but derived only, do but shew us who of our ancestors
+have, and how they have achieved that honour which their descendants
+claim, and may not be worthy to enjoy. For, if those titles descend to
+persons that degenerate into Vice, and break off the continued line of
+Learning, or Valour, or that Virtue that acquired them, they destroy
+the very foundation upon which that Honour was built; and all the
+rubbish of their vices ought to fall heavy on such dishonourable
+heads; ought to fall so heavy, as to degrade them of their titles, and
+blast their memories with reproach and shame.
+
+But our Robert Sanderson lived worthy of his name and family: of
+which one testimony may be, that Gilbert, called the Great Earl
+of Shrewsbury, thought him not unworthy to be joined with him as
+a Godfather to Gilbert Sheldon,[3] the late Lord Archbishop of
+Canterbury; to whose merits and memory, posterity--the Clergy
+especially--ought to pay a reverence.
+
+[Sidenote: His youth]
+
+But I return to my intended relation of Robert the Son, who began in
+his youth to make the Laws of God, and obedience to his parents, the
+rules of his life; seeming even then to dedicate himself, and all his
+studies, to Piety and Virtue.
+
+[Sidenote: His early training]
+
+And as he was inclined to this by that native goodness, with which the
+wise Disposer of all hearts had endowed his; so this calm, this
+quiet and happy temper of mind--his being mild, and averse to
+oppositions--made the whole course of his life easy and grateful both
+to himself and others: and this blessed temper was maintained and
+improved by his prudent Father's good example; and by frequent
+conversing with him, and scattering short apophthegms and little
+pleasant stories, and making useful applications of them, his son was
+in his infancy taught to abhor Vanity and Vice as monsters, and to
+discern the loveliness of Wisdom and Virtue; and by these means, and
+God's concurring grace, his knowledge was so augmented, and his native
+goodness so confirmed, that all became so habitual, as it was not easy
+to determine whether Nature or Education were his teachers.
+
+And here let me tell the Reader, that these early beginnings of
+Virtue, were by God's assisting grace, blessed with what St. Paul
+seemed to beg for his Philippians [Phil. i. 6.]; namely, "That he,
+that had begun a good work in them, would finish it." And Almighty
+God did: for his whole life was so regular and innocent, that he might
+have said at his death--and with truth and comfort--what the same St.
+Paul said after to the same Philippians, when he advised them to walk
+as they had him for an example [chap. iii. 17].
+
+[Sidenote: At Rotherham]
+
+And this goodness, of which I have spoken, seemed to increase as his
+years did; and with his goodness his Learning, the foundation of which
+was laid in the Grammar-school of Rotherham--that being one of those
+three that were founded and liberally endowed by the said great and
+good Bishop of that name.--And in this time of his being a Scholar
+there, he was observed to use an unwearied diligence to attain
+learning, and to have a seriousness beyond his age, and with it a more
+than common modesty; and to be of so calm and obliging a behaviour,
+that the Master and whole number of Scholars loved him as one man.
+
+And in this love and amity he continued at that School till about
+the thirteenth year of his age; at which time his Father designed to
+improve his Grammar learning, by removing him from Rotherham to one of
+the more noted Schools of Eton or Westminster; and after a year's stay
+there, then to remove him thence to Oxford. But, as he went with him,
+he called on an old friend, a Minister of noted learning, and told him
+his intentions; and he, after many questions with his Son, received
+such answers from him, that he assured his Father, his Son was so
+perfect a Grammarian, that he had laid a good foundation to build
+any or all the Arts upon; and therefore advised him to shorten his
+journey, and leave him at Oxford. And his Father did so.
+
+[Sidenote: At Oxford]
+
+[Sidenote: Master of Arts]
+
+His father left him there to the sole care and manage of Dr.
+Kilbie,[4] who was then Rector of Lincoln College. And he, after some
+time and trial of his manners and learning, thought fit to enter him
+of that College, and, after to matriculate him in the University,
+which he did the first of July, 1603; but he was not chosen Fellow
+till the third of May, 1606; at which time he had taken his degree of
+Bachelor of Arts: at the taking of which degree, his Tutor told the
+Rector, "That his pupil Sanderson had a metaphysical brain and a
+matchless memory; and that he thought he had improved or made the last
+so by an art of his own invention." And all the future employments of
+his life proved that his tutor was not mistaken. I must here stop
+my Reader, and tell him that this Dr. Kilbie was a man of so great
+learning and wisdom, and was so excellent a critic in the Hebrew
+Tongue, that he was made Professor of it in this university; and was
+also so perfect a Grecian, that he was by King James appointed to
+be one of the Translators of the Bible; and that this Doctor and Mr.
+Sanderson had frequent discourses, and loved as father and son. The
+Doctor was to ride a journey into Derbyshire, and took Mr. Sanderson
+to bear him company: and they going together on a Sunday with the
+Doctor's friend to that Parish Church where they then were, found the
+young Preacher to have no more discretion, than to waste a great part
+of the hour allotted for his Sermon in exceptions against the late
+Translation of several words,--not expecting such a hearer as Dr.
+Kilbie,--and shewed three reasons why a particular word should have
+been otherwise translated. When Evening Prayer was ended, the Preacher
+was invited to the Doctor's friend's house; where after some other
+conference the Doctor told him, "He might have preached more useful
+doctrine, and not have filled his auditors' ears with needless
+exceptions against the late Translation: and for that word, for which
+he offered to that poor congregation three reasons why it ought to
+have been translated as he said; he and others had considered
+all them, and found thirteen more considerable reasons why it was
+translated as now printed;" and told him, "If his friend, then
+attending him, should prove guilty of such indiscretion, he should
+forfeit his favour." To which Mr. Sanderson said, "He hoped he should
+not." And the preacher was so ingenuous as to say, "He would not
+justify himself." And so I return to Oxford. In the year 1608,--July
+the 11th,--Mr. Sanderson was completed Master of Arts. I am not
+ignorant, that for the attaining these dignities the time was shorter
+than was then or is now required; but either his birth or the well
+performance of some extraordinary exercise, or some other merit, made
+him so: and the Reader is requested to believe, that 'twas the last:
+and requested to believe also, that if I be mistaken in the time, the
+College Records have misinformed me: but I hope they have not.
+
+In that year of 1608, he was--November the 7th--by his College chosen
+Reader of Logic in the House; which he performed so well, that he was
+chosen again the sixth of November, 1609. In the year 1613, he was
+chosen Sub-Rector of the College, and the like for the year 1614, and
+chosen again to the same dignity and trust for the year 1616.
+
+In all which time and employments, his abilities and behaviour were
+such, as procured him both love and reverence from the whole Society;
+there being no exception against him for any faults, but a sorrow
+for the infirmities of his being too timorous and bashful; both which
+were, God knows, so connatural as they never left him. And I know not
+whether his lovers ought to wish they had; for they proved so like the
+radical moisture in man's body, that they preserved the life of virtue
+in his soul, which by God's assisting grace never left him till this
+life put on immortality. Of which happy infirmities--if they may be so
+called--more hereafter.
+
+[Sidenote: Standing for Proctor]
+
+In the year 1614 he stood to be elected one of the Proctors for the
+University. And 'twas not to satisfy any ambition of his own, but to
+comply with the desire of the Rector and whole Society, of which he
+was a Member; who had not had a Proctor chosen out of their College
+for the space of sixty years;--namely, not from the year 1554, unto
+his standing;--and they persuaded him, that if he would but stand for
+Proctor, his merits were so generally known, and he so well beloved,
+that 'twas but appearing, and he would infallibly carry it against any
+opposers; and told him, "That he would by that means recover a right
+or reputation that was seemingly dead to his College." By these, and
+other like persuasions, he yielded up his own reason to their's, and
+appeared to stand for Proctor. But that election was carried on by so
+sudden and secret, and by so powerful a faction, that he missed it.
+Which when he understood, he professed seriously to his friends, "That
+if he were troubled at the disappointment, it was for their's, and
+not for his own sake: for he was far from any desire of such an
+employment, as must be managed with charge and trouble, and was too
+usually rewarded with hard censures, or hatred, or both."
+
+[Sidenote: Lectures on Logic]
+
+[Sidenote: Their success]
+
+In the year following he was earnestly persuaded by Dr. Kilbie and
+others, to review the Logic Lectures which he had read some years past
+in his College; and, that done, to methodise and print them, for the
+ease and public good of posterity. But though he had an averseness to
+appear publicly in print; yet after many serious solicitations,
+and some second thoughts of his own, he laid aside his modesty, and
+promised he would; and he did so in that year of 1615. And the book
+proved as his friends seemed to prophesy, that is, of great and
+general use, whether we respect the Art or the Author. For Logic may
+be said to be an Art of right reasoning; an Art that undeceives men
+who take falsehood for truth; enables men to pass a true judgment, and
+detect those fallacies, which in some men's understandings usurp the
+place of right reason. And how great a master our Author was in this
+art, will quickly appear from that clearness of method, argument, and
+demonstration, which is so conspicuous in all his other writings. He,
+who had attained to so great a dexterity in the use of reason
+himself, was best qualified to prescribe rules and directions for the
+instructions of others. And I am the more satisfied of the excellency
+and usefulness of this, his first public undertaking, by hearing that
+most Tutors in both Universities teach Dr. Sanderson's Logic to their
+Pupils, as a foundation upon which they are to build their future
+studies in Philosophy. And, for a further confirmation of my belief,
+the Reader may note, that since his Book of Logic was first printed
+there has not been less than ten thousand sold: and that 'tis like to
+continue both to discover truth and to clear and confirm the reason of
+the unborn world.[5]
+
+[Sidenote: Senior Proctor]
+
+It will easily be believed that his former standing for a Proctor's
+place, and being disappointed, must prove much displeasing to a man of
+his great wisdom and modesty, and create in him an averseness to run a
+second hazard of his credit and content: and yet he was assured by Dr.
+Kilbie, and the Fellows of his own College, and most of those that
+had opposed him in the former Election, that his Book of Logic had
+purchased for him such a belief of his learning and prudence, and
+his behaviour at the former Election had got for him so great and so
+general a love, that all his former opposers repented what they had
+done; and therefore persuaded him to venture to stand a second time.
+And, upon these, and other like encouragements, he did again, but not
+without an inward unwillingness, yield up his own reason to their's,
+and promised to stand. And he did so; and was the tenth of April,
+1616, chosen Senior Proctor for the year following; Mr. Charles
+Crooke[6] of Christ Church being then chosen the Junior.
+
+In this year of his being Proctor, there happened many memorable
+accidents; namely, Dr. Robert Abbot,[7] Master of Balliol College, and
+Regius Professor of Divinity,--who being elected or consecrated Bishop
+of Sarum some months before,--was solemnly conducted out of Oxford
+towards his Diocese, by the Heads of all Houses, and the chief of
+all the University. And Dr. Prideaux[8] succeeded him in the
+Professorship, in which he continued till the year 1642,--being then
+elected Bishop of Worcester,--and then our now Proctor, Mr. Sanderson,
+succeeded him in the Regius Professorship.
+
+[Sidenote: Dr. Lake]
+
+And in this year Dr. Arthur Lake[9]--then Warden of New College--was
+advanced to the Bishopric of Bath and Wells: a man of whom I take
+myself bound in justice to say, that he has made the great trust
+committed to him, the chief care and whole business of his life. And
+one testimony of this proof may be, that he sate usually with his
+Chancellor in his Consistory, and at least advised, if not assisted,
+in most sentences for the punishing of such offenders as deserved
+Church-censures. And it may be noted, that, after a sentence for
+penance was pronounced, he did very rarely or never, allow of any
+commutation for the offence, but did usually see the sentence
+for penance executed; and then as usually preached a Sermon on
+mortification and repentance, and did so apply them to the offenders,
+that then stood before him, as begot in them a devout contrition, and
+at least resolutions to amend their lives: and having done that, he
+would take them--though never so poor--to dinner with him, and use
+them friendly, and dismiss them with his blessing and persuasions to
+a virtuous life, and beg them to believe him. And his humility and
+charity, and other Christian excellencies, were all like this. Of
+all which the Reader may inform himself in his Life, truly writ, and
+printed before his Sermons.
+
+And in this year also, the very prudent and very wise Lord Ellesmere,
+who was so very long Lord Chancellor of England, and then of Oxford,
+resigning up the last, the Right Honourable, and as magnificent,
+William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, was chosen to succeed him.
+
+[Sidenote: University matters]
+
+And in this year our late King Charles the First--then Prince of
+Wales--came honourably attended to Oxford; and having deliberately
+visited the University, the Schools, Colleges, and Libraries, he and
+his attendants were entertained with ceremonies and feasting suitable
+to their dignity and merits.
+
+And this year King James sent letters to the University for the
+regulating their studies; especially of the young Divines: advising
+they should not rely on modern sums and systems, but study the Fathers
+and Councils, and the more primitive learning. And this advice was
+occasioned by the indiscreet inferences made by very many Preachers
+out of Mr. Calvin's doctrine concerning Predestination, Universal
+Redemption, the Irresistibility of God's Grace, and of some other
+knotty points depending upon these; points which many think were not,
+but by interpreters forced to be, Mr. Calvin's meaning; of the truth
+or falsehood of which I pretend not to have an ability to judge; my
+meaning in this relation, being only to acquaint the Reader with the
+occasion of the King's Letter.
+
+[Sidenote: Revision of the Statutes]
+
+It may be observed, that the various accidents of this year did afford
+our Proctor large and laudable matter to dilate and discourse upon:
+and that though his office seemed, according to statute and custom,
+to require him to do so at his leaving it; yet he chose rather to
+pass them over with some very short observations, and present the
+governors, and his other hearers, with rules to keep up discipline and
+order in the University; which at that time was, either by defective
+Statutes, or want of the due execution of those that were good, grown
+to be extremely irregular. And in this year also, the magisterial part
+of the Proctor required more diligence, and was more difficult to be
+managed than formerly, by reason of a multiplicity of new Statutes,
+which begot much confusion; some of which Statutes were then, and
+others suddenly after, put into an useful execution. And though these
+Statutes were not then made so perfectly useful as they were designed,
+till Archbishop Laud's time--who assisted in the forming and promoting
+them;--yet our present Proctor made them as effectual as discretion
+and diligence could do: of which one example may seem worthy the
+noting; namely, that if in his night-walk he met with irregular
+Scholars absent from their Colleges at University hours, or disordered
+by drink, or in scandalous company, he did not use his power of
+punishing to an extremity; but did usually take their names, and a
+promise to appear before him unsent for next morning; and when they
+did, convinced them, with such obligingness, and reason added to it,
+that they parted from him with such resolutions, as the man after
+God's own heart was possessed with, when he said, "There is mercy with
+thee, and therefore thou shall be feared:" Psal. cxxx. 4. And by this
+and a like behaviour to all men, he was so happy as to lay down this
+dangerous employment, as but very few, if any, have done, even without
+an enemy.
+
+[Sidenote: Looking back]
+
+After his speech was ended, and he retired with a friend into a
+convenient privacy, he looked upon his friend with a more than common
+cheerfulness, and spake to him to this purpose: "I look back upon my
+late employment with some content to myself, and a great thankfulness
+to Almighty God, that he hath made me of a temper not apt to provoke
+the meanest of mankind, but rather to pass by infirmities, if noted;
+and in this employment I have had--God knows--many occasions to do
+both. And when I consider, how many of a contrary temper are by sudden
+and small occasions transported and hurried by anger to commit such
+errors, as they in that passion could not foresee, and will in their
+more calm and deliberate thoughts upbraid, and require repentance: and
+consider, that though repentance secures us from the punishment of
+any sin, yet how much more comfortable it is to be innocent than need
+pardon: and consider, that errors against men, though pardoned both by
+God and them, do yet leave such anxious and upbraiding impressions in
+the memory, as abates of the offender's content:--when I consider all
+this, and that God hath of his goodness given me a temper that hath
+prevented me from running into such enormities, I remember my temper
+with joy and thankfulness. And though I cannot say with David--I wish
+I could,--that therefore 'his praise shall always be in my mouth;'
+Psal. xxxiv. 1; yet I hope, that by his grace, and that grace seconded
+by my endeavours, it shall never be blotted out of my memory; and I
+now beseech Almighty God that it never may."
+
+[Sidenote: Gilbert Sheldon]
+
+And here I must look back, and mention one passage more in his
+Proctorship, which is, that Gilbert Sheldon, the late Lord Archbishop
+of Canterbury, was this year sent to Trinity College in that
+University; and not long after his entrance there, a letter was sent
+after him from his godfather--the father of our Proctor--to let his
+son know it, and commend his godson to his acquaintance, and to
+more than a common care of his behaviour; which proved a pleasing
+injunction to our Proctor, who was so gladly obedient to his father's
+desire, that he some few days after sent his servitor to intreat
+Mr. Sheldon to his chamber next morning. But it seems Mr. Sheldon
+having--like a young man as he was--run into some such irregularity
+as made him conscious he had transgressed his statutes, did therefore
+apprehend the Proctor's invitation as an introduction to punishment;
+the fear of which made his bed restless that night: but, at their
+meeting the next morning, that fear vanished immediately by the
+Proctor's cheerful countenance, and the freedom of their discourse of
+friends. And let me tell my Reader, that this first meeting proved the
+beginning of as spiritual a friendship as human nature is capable of;
+of a friendship free from all self ends: and it continued to be so,
+till death forced a separation of it on earth; but it is now reunited
+in Heaven.
+
+[Sidenote: Ordination]
+
+And now, having given this account of his behaviour, and the
+considerable accidents in his Proctorship, I proceed to tell my
+Reader, that, this busy employment being ended, he preached his sermon
+for his Degree of Bachelor in Divinity in as elegant Latin, and as
+remarkable for the matter, as hath been preached in that University
+since that day. And having well performed his other exercises for that
+Degree, he took it the nine and twentieth of May following, having
+been ordained Deacon and Priest in the year 1611, by John King, then
+Bishop of London, who had not long before been Dean of Christ Church,
+and then knew him so well, that he became his most affectionate
+friend. And in this year, being then about the twenty-ninth of his
+age, he took from the University a license to preach.
+
+[Sidenote: Wibberton and Boothby Pagnell]
+
+In the year 1618, he was by Sir Nicholas Sanderson, Lord Viscount
+Castleton, presented to the Rectory of Wibberton, not far from Boston,
+in the County of Lincoln, a living of very good value; but it lay in
+so low and wet a part of that country as was inconsistent with his
+health. And health being--next to a good conscience--the greatest of
+God's blessings in this life, and requiring therefore of every man a
+care and diligence to preserve it, he, apprehending a danger of losing
+it, if he continued at Wibberton a second Winter, did therefore resign
+it back into the hands of his worthy kinsman and patron, about one
+year after his donation of it to him.
+
+And about this time of his resignation he was presented to the Rectory
+of Boothby Pannell, in the same County of Lincoln; a town which
+has been made famous, and must continue to be famous, because Dr.
+Sanderson, the humble and learned Dr. Sanderson, was more than forty
+years Parson of Boothby Pannell, and from thence dated all or most of
+his matchless writings.
+
+To this living--which was of no less value, but a purer air than
+Wibberton--he was presented by Thomas Harrington, of the same County,
+and Parish, Esq., who was a gentleman of a very ancient family, and of
+great use and esteem in his country during his whole life. And in this
+Boothby Pannell the meek and charitable Dr. Sanderson and his patron
+lived with an endearing, mutual, and comfortable friendship, till the
+death of the last put a period to it.
+
+[Sidenote: Resigns his Fellowship]
+
+About the time that he was made Parson of Boothby Pannell, he resigned
+his Fellowship of Lincoln College unto the then Rector and Fellows;
+and his resignation is recorded in these words:
+
+Ego Robertus Sanderson perpetuus, &c.
+
+I Robert Sanderson, Fellow of the College of St. Mary's and
+All-Saints, commonly called Lincoln College, in the University of
+Oxford, do freely and willingly resign into the hands of the Rector
+and Fellows, all the right and title that I have in the said College,
+wishing to them and their successors all peace, and piety, and
+happiness, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy
+Ghost. Amen.
+
+       ROBERT SANDERSON.
+
+May 6, 1619.
+
+And not long after this resignation, he was by the then Bishop of
+York,[10] or the King _sede vacante_, made Prebend of the Collegiate
+Church of Southwell in that Diocese; and shortly after of Lincoln by
+the Bishop of that See.
+
+[Sidenote: Marriage]
+
+And being now resolved to set down his rest in a quiet privacy at
+Boothby Pannell, and looking back with some sadness upon his removal
+from his general acquaintance left in Oxford, and the peculiar
+pleasures of a University life; he could not but think the want of
+society would render this of a country Parson the more uncomfortable,
+by reason of that want of conversation; and therefore he did put
+on some faint purposes to marry. For he had considered, that though
+marriage be cumbered with more worldly care than a single life; yet a
+complying and a prudent wife changes those very cares into so mutual a
+content, as makes them become like the sufferings of St. Paul, Colos.
+i. 24, which he would not have wanted because they occasioned his
+rejoicing in them. And he, having well considered this, and observed
+the secret unutterable joys that children beget in parents, and
+the mutual pleasures and contented trouble of their daily care and
+constant endeavours to bring up those little images of themselves, so
+as to make them as happy as all those cares and endeavours can make
+them: he, having considered all this, the hopes of such happiness
+turned his faint purposes into a positive resolution to marry. And he
+was so happy as to obtain Anne, the daughter of Henry Nelson, Bachelor
+in Divinity, then Rector of Haugham, in the County of Lincoln, a man
+of noted worth and learning. And the Giver of all good things was so
+good to him, as to give him such a wife as was suitable to his own
+desires; a wife, that made his life happy by being always content when
+he was cheerful; that divided her joys with him, and abated of his
+sorrow, by bearing a part of that burden; a wife that demonstrated her
+affection by a cheerful obedience to all his desires, during the whole
+course of his life; and at his death too, for she outlived him.
+
+[Sidenote: A country parson]
+
+And in this Boothby Pannell, he either found or made his parishioners
+peaceable, and complying with him in the decent and regular service
+of God. And thus his Parish, his patron, and he lived together in
+a religious love and a contented quietness; he not troubling their
+thoughts by preaching high and useless notions, but such plain truths
+as were necessary to be known, believed and practised, in order to
+their salvation. And their assent to what he taught was testified by
+such a conformity to his doctrine, as declared they believed and loved
+him. For he would often say, "That, without the last, the most evident
+truths--heard as from an enemy, or an evil liver--either are not, or
+are at least the less effectual; and do usually rather harden than
+convince the hearer."
+
+And this excellent man did not think his duty discharged by only
+reading the Church prayers, catechising, preaching, and administering
+the Sacraments seasonably; but thought--if the Law or the Canons may
+seem to enjoin no more,--yet that God would require more, than the
+defective laws of man's making can or do enjoin; the performance of
+that inward law, which Almighty God hath imprinted in the conscience
+of all good Christians, and inclines those whom he loves to perform.
+He, considering this, did therefore become a law to himself,
+practising what his conscience told him was his duty, in reconciling
+differences, and preventing lawsuits, both in his Parish and in the
+neighbourhood. To which may be added his often visiting sick and
+disconsolate families, persuading them to patience, and raising them
+from dejection by his advice and cheerful discourse, and by adding
+his own alms, if there were any so poor as to need it: considering how
+acceptable it is to Almighty God, when we do as we are advised by
+St. Paul, Gal. vi. 2, "Help to bear one another's burden," either of
+sorrow or want: and what a comfort it will be, when the Searcher of
+all hearts shall call us to a strict account for that evil we have
+done, and the good we have omitted, to remember we have comforted and
+been helpful to a dejected or distressed family.
+
+[Sidenote: The poor tenant]
+
+And that his practice was to do good, one example may be, that he met
+with a poor dejected neighbour, that complained he had taken a meadow,
+the rent of which was 9_l_. a year; and when the hay was made ready
+to be carried into his barn, several days' constant rain had so raised
+the water, that a sudden flood carried all away, and his rich Landlord
+would bate him no rent; and that unless he had half abated, he and
+seven children were utterly undone. It may be noted, that in this age
+there are a sort of people so unlike the God of Mercy, so void of the
+bowels of pity, that they love only themselves and children: love them
+so, as not to be concerned, whether the rest of mankind waste their
+days in sorrow or shame; people that are cursed with riches, and a
+mistake that nothing but riches can make them and their's happy. But
+it was not so with Dr. Sanderson; for he was concerned, and spoke
+comfortably to the poor dejected man; bade him go home and pray, and
+not load himself with sorrow, for he would go to his Landlord next
+morning; and if his Landlord would not abate what he desired, he and a
+friend would pay it for him.
+
+[Sidenote: The rich landlord]
+
+[Sidenote: A successful mediator]
+
+To the Landlord he went the next day, and, in a conference, the
+Doctor presented to him the sad condition of his poor dejected Tenant;
+telling him how much God is pleased when men compassionate the poor:
+and told him, that though God loves sacrifice, yet he loves mercy so
+much better, that he is pleased when called the God of Mercy. And
+told him, the riches he was possessed of were given him by that God of
+Mercy, who would not be pleased, if he, that had so much given,
+yea, and forgiven him too, should prove like the rich steward in the
+Gospel, "that took his fellow servant by the throat to make him pay
+the utmost farthing." This he told him: and told him, that the law of
+this nation--by which law he claims his rent--does not undertake to
+make men honest or merciful; but does what it can to restrain men from
+being dishonest or unmerciful, and yet was defective in both: and that
+taking any rent from his poor Tenant, for what God suffered him not to
+enjoy, though the law allowed him to do so, yet if he did so, he was
+too like that rich Steward which he had mentioned to him; and told him
+that riches so gotten, and added to his great estate, would, as Job
+says, "prove like gravel in his teeth:" would in time so corrode his
+conscience, or become so nauseous when he lay upon his deathbed, that
+he would then labour to vomit it up, and not be able: and therefore
+advised him, being very rich, to make friends of his unrighteous
+Mammon, before that evil day come upon him: but however, neither
+for his own sake, nor for God's sake, to take any rent of his poor,
+dejected, sad Tenant; for that were to gain a temporal, and lose his
+eternal happiness. These and other such reasons were urged with so
+grave and compassionate an earnestness, that the Landlord forgave his
+Tenant the whole rent.
+
+The Reader will easily believe that Dr. Sanderson, who was so meek and
+merciful, did suddenly and gladly carry this comfortable news to the
+dejected Tenant; and we believe, that at the telling of it there was
+mutual rejoicing. It was one of Job's boasts, that "he had seen none
+perish for want of clothing: and that he had often made the heart of
+the widow to rejoice." Job xxxi. 19. And doubtless Dr. Sanderson
+might have made the same religious boast of this and very many like
+occasions. But, since he did not, I rejoice that I have this just
+occasion to do it for him; and that I can tell the Reader, I might
+tire myself and him, in telling how like the whole course of Dr.
+Sanderson's life was to this which I have now related.
+
+[Sidenote: Contented obscurity]
+
+Thus he went on in an obscure and quiet privacy, doing good daily both
+by word and by deed, as often as any occasion offered itself; yet not
+so obscurely, but that his very great learning, prudence, and piety
+were much noted and valued by the Bishop of his Diocese, and by most
+of the nobility and gentry of that county. By the first of which
+he was often summoned to preach many Visitation Sermons, and by the
+latter at many Assizes. Which Sermons, though they were much esteemed
+by them that procured, and were fit to judge them; yet they were the
+less valued, because he read them, which he was forced to do; for
+though he had an extraordinary memory,--even the art of it,--yet he
+had such an innate invincible fear and bashfulness, that his memory
+was wholly useless, as to the repetition of his sermons as he had writ
+them; which gave occasion to say, when they were first printed and
+exposed to censure, which was in the year 1632,--"that the best
+Sermons that were ever read, were never preached."
+
+[Sidenote: Chaplain to Charles I.]
+
+In this contented obscurity he continued, till the learned and good
+Archbishop Laud,[11] who knew him well in Oxford,--for he was
+his contemporary there,--told the King,--'twas the knowing and
+conscientious King Charles the First,--that there was one Mr.
+Sanderson, an obscure country Minister, that was of such sincerity,
+and so excellent in all casuistical learning, that he desired
+his Majesty would make him his Chaplain. The King granted it most
+willingly, and gave the Bishop charge to hasten it, for he longed to
+discourse with a man that had dedicated his studies to that useful
+part of learning. The Bishop forgot not the King's desire, and Mr.
+Sanderson was made his Chaplain in Ordinary in November following,
+1631. And when they became known to each other, the King did put many
+Cases of Conscience to him, and received from him such deliberate,
+safe, and clear solutions, as gave him great content in conversing
+with him; so that, at the end of his month's attendance, the King told
+him, "he should long for the next November; for he resolved to have a
+more inward acquaintance with him, when that month and he returned."
+And when the month and he did return, the good King was never absent
+from his Sermons, and would usually say, "I carry my ears to hear
+other preachers; but I carry my conscience to hear Mr. Sanderson,
+and to act accordingly." And this ought not to be concealed from
+posterity, that the King thought what he spake; for he took him to be
+his adviser, in that quiet part of his life, and he proved to be his
+comforter in those days of his affliction, when he apprehended himself
+to be in danger of death or deposing. Of which more hereafter.
+
+[Sidenote: Clerk of the Convocation]
+
+In the first Parliament of this good King,--which was 1625,--he was
+chosen to be a Clerk of the Convocation for the Diocese of Lincoln;
+which I here mention, because about that time did arise many disputes
+about Predestination, and the many critical points that depend upon,
+or are interwoven in it; occasioned, as was said, by a disquisition of
+new principles of Mr. Calvin's, though others say they were before
+his time. But of these Dr. Sanderson then drew up, for his own
+satisfaction, such a scheme--he called it _Pax Ecclesiæ_--as then gave
+himself, and hath since given others, such satisfaction, that it still
+remains to be of great estimation among the most learned. He was also
+chosen Clerk of all the Convocations during that good King's reign.
+Which I here tell my Reader, because I shall hereafter have occasion
+to mention that Convocation in 1640, the unhappy Long Parliament,
+and some debates of the Predestination points as they have been since
+charitably handled betwixt him, the learned Dr. Hammond,[12] and Dr.
+Pierce,[13] the now Reverend Dean of Salisbury.
+
+[Sidenote: "D.D."]
+
+In the year 1636, his Majesty, then in his progress, took a fair
+occasion to visit Oxford, and to take an entertainment for two days
+for himself and honourable attendants; which the Reader ought to
+believe was suitable to their dignities. But this is mentioned,
+because at the King's coming thither, Dr. Sanderson did attend him,
+and was then--the 31st of August--created Doctor of Divinity; which
+honour had an addition to it, by having many of the Nobility of this
+nation then made Doctors and Masters of Arts with him; some of whose
+names shall be recorded and live with his, and none shall outlive it.
+First, Dr. Curle and Dr. Wren,[14] who were then Bishops of Winton and
+of Norwich,--and had formerly taken their degrees in Cambridge,
+were with him created Doctors of Divinity in his University. So was
+Meric,[15] the son of the learned Isaac Casaubon; and Prince Rupert,
+who still lives, the then Duke of Lenox, Earl of Hereford, Earl of
+Essex, of Berkshire, and very many others of noble birth--too many to
+be named--were then created Masters of Arts.
+
+[Sidenote: The New Covenant]
+
+[Sidenote: What followed]
+
+Some years before the unhappy Long Parliament, this nation being then
+happy and in peace,--though inwardly sick of being well,--namely, in
+the year 1639, a discontented party of the Scots Church were zealously
+restless for another reformation of their Kirk-government; and to
+that end created a new Covenant, for the general taking of which
+they pretended to petition the King for his assent, and that he would
+enjoin the taking of it by all of that nation. But this petition was
+not to be presented to him by a committee of eight or ten men of their
+fraternity; but by so many thousands, and they so armed as seemed
+to force an assent to what they seemed to request; so that though
+forbidden by the King, yet they entered England, and in the heat of
+zeal took and plundered Newcastle, where the King was forced to meet
+them with an army: but upon a treaty and some concessions, he sent
+them back,--though not so rich as they intended, yet,--for that time,
+without bloodshed. But, Oh! this peace, and this Covenant, were but
+the fore-runners of war, and the many miseries that followed: for in
+the year following there were so many chosen into the Long Parliament,
+that were of a conjunct council with these very zealous and as
+factious reformers, as begot such a confusion by the several desires
+and designs in many of the members of that Parliament, and at last
+in the very common people of this nation, that they were so lost by
+contrary designs, fears, and confusions, as to believe the Scots and
+their Covenant would restore them to their former tranquillity. And to
+that end the Presbyterian party of this nation did again, in the year
+1643, invite the Scotch Covenanters back into England: and hither they
+came marching with it gloriously upon their pikes and in their hats,
+with this motto: "For the Crown and Covenant of both Kingdoms." This
+I saw, and suffered by it. But when I look back upon the ruin of
+families, the bloodshed, the decay of common honesty, and how the
+former piety and plain dealing of this now sinful nation is turned
+into cruelty and cunning, I praise God that he prevented me from being
+of that party which helped to bring in this Covenant, and those sad
+confusions that have followed it. And I have been the bolder to say
+this to myself, because in a sad discourse with Dr. Sanderson, I heard
+him make the like grateful acknowledgment.
+
+[Sidenote: Changes in the Service Book]
+
+This digression is intended for the better information of the reader
+in what will follow concerning Dr. Sanderson. And first, that the
+Covenanters of this nation, and their party in Parliament, made many
+exceptions against the Common Prayer and ceremonies of the Church, and
+seemed restless for a Reformation: and though their desires seemed not
+reasonable to the King, and the learned Dr. Laud, then Archbishop
+of Canterbury; yet, to quiet their consciences, and prevent future
+confusion, they did, in the year 1641, desire Dr. Sanderson to call
+two more of the Convocation to advise with him, and that he would
+then draw up some such safe alterations as he thought fit in the
+Service-book, and abate some of the ceremonies that were least
+material for satisfying their consciences:--and to this end they did
+meet together privately twice a week at the Dean of Westminster's[16]
+house, for the space of three months or more. But not long after that
+time, when Dr. Sanderson had made the reformation ready for a view,
+the Church and State were both fallen into such a confusion, that Dr.
+Sanderson's model for reformation became then useless. Nevertheless,
+his reputation was such, that he was, in the year 1642, proposed by
+both Houses of Parliament to the King, then in Oxford, to be one of
+their trustees for the settling of Church-affairs, and was allowed of
+by the King to be so: but that treaty came to nothing.
+
+[Sidenote: Regius Professor of Divinity]
+
+In the year 1643, the two Houses of Parliament took upon them to make
+an ordinance, and call an Assembly of Divines, to debate and settle
+some Church-controversies, of which many were very unfit to judge; in
+which Dr. Sanderson was also named, but did not appear; I suppose for
+the same reason that many other worthy and learned men did forbear,
+the summons wanting the King's authority. And here I must look back,
+and tell the Reader, that in the year 1642, he was, July 21st, named
+by a more undoubted authority to a more noble employment, which was
+to be Professor Regius of Divinity in Oxford: but, though knowledge be
+said to puff up, yet his modesty and too mean an opinion of his great
+abilities, and some other real or pretended reasons,--expressed in his
+speech, when he first appeared in the chair, and since printed,--kept
+him from entering into it till October, 1646.
+
+[Sidenote: His lectures]
+
+He did, for about a year's time, continue to read his matchless
+Lectures, which were first _de Juramento_, a point very difficult, and
+at that time very dangerous to be handled as it ought to be. But this
+learned man, as he was eminently furnished with abilities to satisfy
+the consciences of men upon that important subject; so he wanted not
+courage to assert the true obligation of Oaths in a degenerate age,
+when men had made perjury a main part of their religion. How much
+the learned world stands obliged to him for these, and his following
+Lectures _de Conscientiâ_, I shall not attempt to declare, as
+being very sensible that the best pens must needs fall short in the
+commendation of them: so that I shall only add, that they continued
+to this day, and will do for ever, as a complete standard for the
+resolution of the most material doubts in Casuistical Divinity. And
+therefore I proceed to tell the Reader, that about the time of his
+reading those Lectures,--the King being then prisoner in the Isle of
+Wight,--the Parliament had sent the Covenant, the Negative Oath, and
+I know not what more, to be taken by the Doctor of the Chair, and
+all Heads of Houses; and all other inferior Scholars, of what degree
+soever, were all to take these Oaths by a fixed day; and those that
+did not, to abandon their College, and the University too, within
+twenty-four hours after the beating of a drum; for if they remained
+longer, they were to be proceeded against as spies.
+
+Dr. Laud, then Archbishop of Canterbury, the Earl of Strafford, and
+many others, had been formerly murdered by this wicked Parliament; but
+the King yet was not: and the University had yet some faint hopes that
+in a Treaty then in being, or pretended to be suddenly, there might
+be such an agreement made between King and Parliament, that the
+Dissenters in the University might both preserve their consciences and
+subsistence which they then enjoyed by their Colleges.
+
+[Sidenote: A mistaken hope]
+
+[Sidenote: Manifesto to Parliament.]
+
+And being possessed of this mistaken hope, that the Parliament were
+not yet grown so merciless as not to allow manifest reason for their
+not submitting to the enjoined Oaths, the University appointed
+twenty delegates to meet, consider, and draw up a Manifesto to the
+Parliament, why they could not take those oaths but by violation
+of their consciences: and of these delegates Dr. Sheldon,--late
+Archbishop of Canterbury,--Dr. Hammond,--Dr. Sanderson, Dr.
+Morley,--now Bishop of Winchester,--and that most honest and as
+judicious Civil Lawyer, Dr. Zouch,[17] were a part; the rest I cannot
+now name: but the whole number of the delegates requested Dr. Zouch
+to draw up the Law part, and give it to Dr. Sanderson: and he was
+requested to methodise and add what referred to reason and conscience,
+and put it into form. He yielded to their desires and did so. And
+then, after they had been read in a full Convocation, and allowed of,
+they were printed in Latin, that the Parliament's proceedings and the
+University's sufferings might be manifested to all nations: and the
+imposers of these oaths might repent, or answer them: but they were
+past the first; and for the latter, I might swear they neither can,
+nor ever will. And these Reasons were also suddenly turned into
+English by Dr. Sanderson, that those of these three kingdoms might the
+better judge of the loyal party's sufferings.
+
+[Sidenote: "Cases of Conscience"]
+
+[Sidenote: The King's errors]
+
+[Sidenote: Translation of "De Juramento"]
+
+About this time the Independents--who were then grown to be the most
+powerful part of the army--had taken the King from a close to a
+more large imprisonment; and, by their own pretences to liberty of
+conscience, were obliged to allow somewhat of that to the King,
+who had, in the year 1646, sent for Dr. Sanderson, Dr. Hammond, Dr.
+Sheldon,--the late Archbishop of Canterbury,--and Dr. Morley,--the now
+Bishop of Winchester,--to attend him, in order to advise with them,
+how far he might with a good conscience comply with the proposals of
+the Parliament for a peace in Church and State: but these, having been
+then denied him by the Presbyterian Parliament, were now allowed
+him by those in present power. And as those other Divines, so Dr.
+Sanderson gave his attendance on his Majesty also in the Isle of
+Wight, preached there before him, and had in that attendance many,
+both public and private, conferences with him, to his Majesty's great
+satisfaction. At which time he desired Dr. Sanderson, that, being the
+Parliament had proposed to him the abolishing of Episcopal Government
+in the Church, as inconsistent with Monarchy, that he would consider
+of it; and declare his judgment. He undertook to do so, and did it;
+but it might not be printed till our King's happy Restoration, and
+then it was. And at Dr. Sanderson's taking his leave of his Majesty in
+his last attendance on him, the King requested him to betake himself
+to the writing Cases of Conscience for the good of posterity. To which
+his answer was, "That he was now grown old, and unfit to write Cases
+of Conscience." But the King was so bold with him as to say, "It was
+the simplest answer he ever heard from Dr. Sanderson; for no young man
+was fit to be a judge, or write Cases of Conscience." And let me here
+take occasion to tell the Reader this truth, not commonly known;
+that in one of these conferences this conscientious King told Dr.
+Sanderson, or one of them that then waited with him, "that the
+remembrance of two errors did much afflict him; which were, his assent
+to the Earl of Strafford's death, and the abolishing Episcopacy in
+Scotland; and that if God ever restored him to be in a peaceable
+possession of his Crown, he would demonstrate his repentance by a
+public confession, and a voluntary penance,"--I think barefoot--from
+the Tower of London, or Whitehall, to St. Paul's Church, and desire
+the people to intercede with God for his pardon. I am sure one of them
+that told it me lives still, and will witness it. And it ought to
+be observed, that Dr. Sanderson's Lectures _de Juramento_ were so
+approved and valued by the King, that in this time of his imprisonment
+and solitude he translated them into exact English; desiring Dr.
+Juxon,[18]--then Bishop of London,--Dr. Hammond, and Sir Thomas
+Herbert,[19] who then attended him,--to compare them with the
+original. The last still lives, and has declared it, with some other
+of that King's excellencies, in a letter under his own hand, which was
+lately shewed me by Sir William Dugdale, King at Arms. The book was
+designed to be put into the King's Library at St. James's; but, I
+doubt, not now to be found there. I thought the honour of the Author
+and the Translator to be both so much concerned in this relation, that
+it ought not to be concealed from the Reader, and 'tis therefore here
+inserted.
+
+[Sidenote: Expelled from Oxford]
+
+I now return to Dr. Sanderson in the Chair in Oxford; where they that
+complied not in taking the Covenant, Negative Oath, and Parliament
+Ordinance for Church-discipline and worship, were under a sad and
+daily apprehension of expulsion: for the Visitors were daily expected,
+and both City and University full of soldiers, and a party of
+Presbyterian Divines, that were as greedy and ready to possess, as the
+ignorant and ill-natured Visitors were to eject the Dissenters out of
+their Colleges and livelihoods: but, notwithstanding, Dr. Sanderson
+did still continue to read his Lecture, and did, to the very faces of
+those Presbyterian Divines and soldiers, read with so much reason, and
+with a calm fortitude make such applications, as, if they were not,
+they ought to have been ashamed, and begged pardon of God and him,
+and forborne to do what followed. But these thriving sinners were
+hardened; and, as the Visitors expelled the Orthodox, they, without
+scruple or shame, possessed themselves of their Colleges; so that,
+with the rest, Dr. Sanderson was in June, 1648, forced to pack up and
+be gone, and thank God he was not imprisoned, as Dr. Sheldon, and Dr.
+Hammond, and others then were.
+
+[Sidenote: Dr. Morley]
+
+[Sidenote: His fortitude]
+
+I must now again look back to Oxford, and tell my Reader, that the
+year before this expulsion, when the University had denied this
+subscription, and apprehended the danger of that visitation which
+followed, they sent Dr. Morley, then Canon of Christ Church,--now
+Lord Bishop of Winchester,--and others, to petition the Parliament for
+recalling the injunction, or a mitigation of it, or accept of their
+reasons why they could not take the Oaths enjoined them; and the
+petition was by Parliament referred to a committee to hear and report
+the reasons to the House, and a day set for hearing them. This done,
+Dr. Morley and the rest went to inform and fee Counsel, to plead their
+cause on the day appointed; but there had been so many committed
+for pleading, that none durst undertake it; for at this time the
+privileges of that Parliament were become a _Noli me tangere_, as
+sacred and useful to them, as traditions ever were, or are now, to the
+Church of Rome; their number must never be known, and therefore not
+without danger to be meddled with. For which reason Dr. Morley was
+forced, for want of Counsel, to plead the University's Reasons for
+non-compliance with the Parliament's injunctions: and though this was
+done with great reason, and a boldness equal to the justice of his
+cause; yet the effect of it was, but that he and the rest appearing
+with him were so fortunate as to return to Oxford without commitment.
+This was some few days before the Visitors and more soldiers were sent
+down to drive the Dissenters out of the University. And one that
+was, at this time of Dr. Morley's pleading, a powerful man in
+the Parliament,[20] and of that committee, observing Dr. Morley's
+behaviour and reason, and inquiring of him and hearing a good report
+of his morals, was therefore willing to afford him a peculiar favour;
+and, that he might express it, sent for me that relate this story, and
+knew Dr. Morley well, and told me, "he had such a love for Dr. Morley,
+that knowing he would not take the Oaths, and must therefore be
+ejected his College, and leave Oxford; he desired I would therefore
+write to him to ride out of Oxford, when the Visitors came into it,
+and not return till they left it, and he should be sure then to
+return in safety; and that he should, without taking any Oath or other
+molestation, enjoy his Canon's place in his College." I did receive
+this intended kindness with a sudden gladness, because I was sure
+the party had a power, and as sure he meant to perform it, and did
+therefore write the Doctor word: and his answer was, that I must
+not fail to return my friend,--who still lives,--his humble and
+undissembled thanks, though he could not accept of his intended
+kindness; for when the Dean, Dr. Gardner, Dr. Paine, Dr. Hammond, Dr.
+Sanderson and all the rest of the College were turned out, except Dr.
+Wall,[21] he should take it to be, if not a sin, yet a shame, to be
+left behind with him only. Dr. Wall I knew, and will speak nothing of
+him, for he is dead.
+
+[Sidenote: Matters in London]
+
+It may easily be imagined, with what a joyful willingness these
+self-loving reformers took possession of all vacant preferments, and
+with what reluctance others parted with their beloved Colleges and
+subsistence; but their consciences were dearer than their subsistence,
+and out they went; the reformers possessing them without shame or
+scruple: where I leave these scruple-mongers, and make an account of
+the then present affairs of London, to be the next employment of my
+Reader's patience.
+
+And in London all the Bishops' houses were turned to be prisons, and
+they filled with Divines, that would not take the Covenant, or forbear
+reading Common Prayer, or that were accused for some faults like
+these. For it may be noted, that about this time the Parliament set
+out a proclamation, to encourage all laymen that had occasion to
+complain of their Ministers for being troublesome or scandalous, or
+that conformed not to Orders of Parliament, to make their complaint to
+a committee for that purpose; and the Minister, though a hundred
+miles from London, should appear there, and give satisfaction, or be
+sequestered;--and you may be sure no Parish could want a covetous, or
+malicious, or cross-grained complaint;--by which means all prisons
+in London, and in some other places, became the sad habitations of
+conforming Divines.
+
+And about this time the Bishop of Canterbury having been by an unknown
+law condemned to die, and the execution suspended for some days, many
+of the malicious citizens, fearing his pardon, shut up their shops,
+professing not to open them till justice was executed. This malice and
+madness is scarce credible; but I saw it.
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Thomas Brightman]
+
+The Bishops had been voted out of the House of Parliament, and some
+upon that occasion sent to the Tower; which made many Covenanters
+rejoice, and believe Mr. Brightman[22]--who probably was a good and
+well-meaning man--to be inspired in his "Comment on the Apocalypse,"
+an abridgment of which was now printed, and called Mr. Brightman's
+"Revelation of the Revelation." And though he was grossly mistaken
+in other things, yet, because he had made the Churches of Geneva and
+Scotland, which had no Bishops, to be Philadelphia in the Apocalypse,
+the Angel that God loved; Rev. iii. 7-13, and the power of Prelacy to
+be Antichrist, the evil Angel, which the House of Commons had now
+so spewed up, as never to recover their dignity; therefore did those
+Covenanters approve and applaud Mr. Brightman for discovering and
+foretelling the Bishops' downfall; so that they both railed at them,
+and rejoiced to buy good pennyworths of their land, which their
+friends of the House of Commons did afford them, as a reward of their
+diligent assistance to pull them down.
+
+[Sidenote: Contentions]
+
+And the Bishops' power being now vacated, the common people were made
+so happy, as every Parish might choose their own Minister, and tell
+him when he did, and when he did not, preach true doctrine: and by
+this and like means, several Churches had several teachers, that
+prayed and preached for and against one another: and engaged their
+hearers to contend furiously for truths which they understood not;
+some of which I shall mention in the discourse that follows.
+
+[Sidenote: and contradictions]
+
+I have heard of two men, that in their discourse undertook to give a
+character of a third person: and one concluded he was a very honest
+man, "for he was beholden to him;" and the other, that he was not,
+"for he was not beholden to him." And something like this was in the
+designs both of the Covenanters and Independents, the last of which
+were now grown both as numerous and as powerful as the former: for
+though they differed much in many principles, and preached against
+each other, one making it a sign of being in the state of grace, if we
+were but zealous for the Covenant; and the other, that we ought to buy
+and sell by a measure, and to allow the same liberty of conscience to
+others, which we by Scripture claim to ourselves; and therefore not
+to force any to swear the Covenant contrary to their consciences, and
+lose both their livings and liberties too. Though these differed thus
+in their conclusions, yet they both agreed in their practice to preach
+down Common Prayer, and get into the best sequestered livings; and
+whatever became of the true owners, their wives and children, yet to
+continue in them without the least scruple of conscience.
+
+They also made other strange observations of Election, Reprobation,
+and Free Will, and the other points dependent upon these; such as the
+wisest of the common people were not fit to judge of; I am sure I am
+not: though I must mention some of them historically in a more proper
+place, when I have brought my Reader with me to Dr. Sanderson at
+Boothby Pannell.
+
+And in the way thither I must tell him, that a very Covenanter, and a
+Scot too, that came into England with this unhappy Covenant, was got
+into a good sequestered living by the help of a Presbyterian Parish,
+which had got the true owner out. And this Scotch Presbyterian, being
+well settled in this good living, began to reform the Churchyard,
+by cutting down a large yew-tree, and some other trees that were an
+ornament to the place, and very often a shelter to the parishioners;
+who, excepting against him for so doing, were answered, "That the
+trees were his, and 'twas lawful for every man to use his own, as he,
+and not as they thought fit." I have heard, but do not affirm it,
+that no action lies against him that is so wicked as to steal the
+winding-sheet of a dead body after it is buried; and have heard the
+reason to be, because none were supposed to be so void of humanity;
+and that such a law would vilify that nation that would but suppose so
+vile a man to be born in it: nor would one suppose any man to do what
+this Covenanter did. And whether there were any law against him, I
+know not; but pity the Parish the less for turning out their legal
+Minister.
+
+[Sidenote: Boothby again]
+
+We have now overtaken Dr. Sanderson at Boothby Parish, where he hoped
+to enjoy himself though in a poor, yet in a quiet and desired privacy;
+but it proved otherwise: for all corners of the nation were filled
+with Covenanters, confusion, Committee-men, and soldiers, serving
+each other to their several ends, of revenge, or power, or profit: and
+these Committee-men and soldiers were most of them so possessed with
+this Covenant, that they became like those that were infected with
+that dreadful Plague of Athens; the plague of which Plague was, that
+they by it became maliciously restless to get into company, and to
+joy,--so the Historian saith,--when they had infected others, even
+those of their most beloved or nearest friends or relations:[23] and
+though there might be some of these Covenanters that were beguiled and
+meant well; yet such were the generality of them, and temper of
+the times, that you may be sure Dr. Sanderson, who though quiet
+and harmless, yet an eminent dissenter from them, could not live
+peaceably; nor did he: for the soldiers would appear, and visibly
+disturb him in the Church when he read prayers, pretending to advise
+him how God was to be served most acceptably: which he not approving,
+but continuing to observe order and decent behaviour in reading the
+Church-service, they forced his book from him, and tore it, expecting
+extemporary prayers.
+
+At this time he was advised by a Parliament man of power and note,
+that valued and loved him much, not to be strict in reading all the
+Common Prayer, but make some little variation, especially if the
+soldiers came to watch him; for then it might not be in the power of
+him and his other friends to secure him from taking the Covenant, or
+Sequestration: for which reasons he did vary somewhat from the strict
+rules of the Rubric. I will set down the very words of confession
+which he used, as I have it under his own hand; and tell the Reader,
+that all his other variations were as little, and much like to this.
+
+[Sidenote: A Confession]
+
+HIS CONFESSION.
+
+"O Almighty God and merciful Father, we, thy unworthy servants, do
+with shame and sorrow confess, that we have all our life long gone
+astray out of thy ways like lost sheep; and that, by following
+too much the vain devices and desires of our own hearts, we have
+grievously offended against thy holy laws, both in thought, word, and
+deed; we have many times left undone those good duties which we might
+and ought to have done; and we have many times done those evils,
+when we might have avoided them, which we ought not to have done.
+We confess, O Lord! that there is no health at all, nor help in
+any creature to relieve us; but all our hope is in thy mercy, whose
+justice we have by our sins so far provoked. Have mercy therefore upon
+us, O Lord! have mercy upon us miserable offenders: spare us, good
+God, who confess our faults, that we perish not; but, according to
+thy gracious promises declared unto mankind in Christ Jesus our Lord,
+restore us upon our true repentance into thy grace and favour. And
+grant, O most merciful Father! for his sake, that we henceforth study
+to serve and please thee by leading a godly, righteous, and a sober
+life, to the glory of thy holy name, and the eternal comfort of our
+own souls, through Jesus Christ our Lord."
+
+Amen.
+
+[Sidenote: Wise submission]
+
+In these disturbances of tearing his servicebook, a neighbour came on
+a Sunday, after the Evening service was ended, to visit and condole
+with him for the affront offered by the soldiers. To whom he spake
+with a composed patience, and said; "God hath restored me to my
+desired privacy, with my wife and children; where I hoped to have met
+with quietness, and it proves not so: but I will labour to be pleased,
+because God, on whom I depend, sees it is not fit for me to be quiet.
+I praise him, that he hath by his grace prevented me from making
+shipwreck of a good conscience to maintain me in a place of great
+reputation and profit: and though my condition be such, that I need
+the last, yet I submit; for God did not send me into this world to do
+my own, but suffer his will, and I will obey it." Thus by a sublime
+depending on his wise, and powerful, and pitiful Creator, he did
+cheerfully submit to what God had appointed, justifying the truth of
+that doctrine which he had preached.
+
+About this time that excellent book of "The King's Meditations in his
+Solitude" was printed, and made public; and Dr. Sanderson was such a
+lover of the Author, and so desirous that the whole world should see
+the character of him in that book, and something of the cause for
+which they suffered, that he designed to turn it into Latin: but
+when he had done half of it most excellently, his friend Dr. Earle
+prevented him, by appearing to have done the whole very well before
+him.
+
+[Sidenote: Preaching without book]
+
+About this time his dear and most intimate friend, the learned Dr.
+Hammond, came to enjoy a conversation and rest with him for some days;
+and did so. And having formerly persuaded him to trust his excellent
+memory, and not read, but try to speak a sermon as he had writ it, Dr.
+Sanderson became so compliant, as to promise he would. And to that end
+they two went early the Sunday following to a neighbour Minister,
+and requested to exchange a sermon; and they did so. And at Dr.
+Sanderson's going into the pulpit, he gave his sermon--which was a
+very short one--into the hand of Dr. Hammond, intending to preach
+it as it was writ: but before he had preached a third part, Dr.
+Hammond,--looking on his sermon as written,--observed him to be out,
+and so lost as to the matter, that he also became afraid for him: for
+'twas discernible to many of the plain auditory. But when he had ended
+this short sermon, as they two walked homeward, Dr. Sanderson said
+with much earnestness, "Good Doctor, give me my sermon; and know, that
+neither you nor any man living, shall ever persuade me to preach again
+without my books." To which the reply was, "Good Doctor, be not angry:
+for if I ever persuade you to preach again without book, I will give
+you leave to burn all those that I am master of."
+
+Part of the occasion of Dr. Hammond's visit, was at this time to
+discourse with Dr. Sanderson about some opinions, in which, if they
+did not then, they had doubtless differed formerly; it was about those
+knotty points, which are by the learned called the Quinquarticular
+Controversy; of which I shall proceed, not to give any judgment,--I
+pretend not to that,--but some short historical account which shall
+follow.
+
+[Sidenote: Liberties of doctrine]
+
+There had been, since the unhappy Covenant was brought and so
+generally taken in England, a liberty given or taken by many
+Preachers--those those of London especially--to preach and be too
+positive in the points of Universal Redemption, Predestination, and
+those other depending upon these. Some of which preached, "That
+all men were, before they came into this world, so predestinated to
+salvation or damnation, that it was not in their power to sin so, as
+to lose the first, nor by their most diligent endeavour to avoid the
+latter. Others, that it was not so: because then God could not be said
+to grieve for the death of a sinner, when he himself had made him
+so by an inevitable decree, before he had so much as a being in this
+world;" affirming therefore, "that man had some power left him to do
+the will of God, because he was advised to work out his salvation with
+fear and trembling;" maintaining, "that it is most certain every man
+can do what he can to be saved;" and that "he that does what he can
+to be saved, shall never be damned." And yet many that affirmed this
+would confess, "That that grace, which is but a persuasive offer, and
+left to us to receive, or refuse, is not that grace which shall bring
+men to Heaven." Which truths, or untruths, or both, be they which they
+will, did upon these, or the like occasions, come to be searched into,
+and charitably debated betwixt Dr. Sanderson, Dr. Hammond, and Dr.
+Pierce,--the now Reverend Dean of Salisbury,--of which I shall proceed
+to give some account, but briefly.
+
+[Sidenote: A charitable disquisition]
+
+In the year 1648, the fifty-two London Ministers--then a fraternity of
+Sion College in that City--had in a printed Declaration aspersed Dr.
+Hammond most heinously, for that he had in his Practical Catechism
+affirmed, that our Saviour died for the sins of all mankind. To
+justify which truth, he presently makes a charitable reply--as 'tis
+now printed in his works.--After which there were many letters passed
+betwixt the said Dr. Hammond, Dr. Sanderson and Dr. Pierce, concerning
+God's grace and decrees. Dr. Sanderson was with much unwillingness
+drawn into this debate; for he declared it would prove uneasy to him,
+who in his judgment of God's decrees differed with Dr. Hammond,--whom
+he reverenced and loved dearly,--and would not therefore engage him
+into a controversy, of which he could never hope to see an end: but
+they did all enter into a charitable disquisition of these said points
+in several letters, to the full satisfaction of the learned; those
+betwixt Dr. Sanderson and Dr. Hammond being printed in his works; and
+for what passed betwixt him and the learned Dr. Pierce, I refer my
+Reader to a Letter annexed to the end of this relation.
+
+[Sidenote: Changes of judgment]
+
+I think the judgment of Dr. Sanderson, was, by these debates, altered
+from what it was at his entrance into them; for in the year 1632, when
+his excellent Sermons were first printed in quarto, the Reader may on
+the margin find some accusation of Arminius for false doctrine; and
+find that, upon a review and reprinting those Sermons in folio, in the
+year 1657, that accusation of Arminius is omitted. And the change
+of his judgment seems more fully to appear in his said letter to Dr.
+Pierce. And let me now tell the Reader, which may seem to be perplexed
+with these several affirmations of God's decrees before mentioned,
+that Dr. Hammond, in a postscript to the last letter of Dr.
+Sanderson's, says, "God can reconcile his own contradictions,
+and therefore advises all men, as the Apostle does, to study
+mortification, and be wise to sobriety." And let me add farther, that
+if these fifty-two Ministers of Sion College were the occasion of the
+debates in these letters, they have, I think, been the occasion of
+giving an end to the Quinquarticular Controversy: for none have since
+undertaken to say more; but seem to be so wise, as to be content to be
+ignorant of the rest, till they come to that place, where the secrets
+of all hearts shall be laid open. And let me here tell the Reader
+also, that if the rest of mankind would, as Dr. Sanderson, not conceal
+their alteration of judgment, but confess it to the honour of God
+and themselves, then our nation would become freer from pertinacious
+disputes, and fuller of recantations.
+
+[Sidenote: Dr. Laud]
+
+I cannot lead my Reader to Dr. Hammond and Dr. Sanderson, where we
+left them at Boothby Pannell, till I have looked back to the Long
+Parliament, the Society of Covenanters in Sion College, and those
+others scattered up and down in London, and given some account
+of their proceedings and usage of the late learned Dr. Laud, then
+Archbishop of Canterbury. And though I will forbear to mention the
+injustice of his death, and the barbarous usage of him, both then and
+before it; yet my desire is that what follows may be noted, because it
+does now, or may hereafter, concern us; namely, that in his last sad
+sermon on the scaffold at his death, he having freely pardoned all his
+enemies, and humbly begged of God to pardon them, and besought those
+present to pardon and pray for him; yet he seemed to accuse the
+magistrates of the City, for suffering a sort of wretched people,
+that could not know why he was condemned, to go visibly up and down
+to gather hands to a petition, that the Parliament would hasten his
+execution. And having declared how unjustly he thought himself to be
+condemned, and accused for endeavouring to bring in Popery,--for
+that was one of the accusations for which he died,--he declared with
+sadness, "That the several sects and divisions then in England,--which
+he had laboured to prevent,--were like to bring the Pope a far greater
+harvest, than he could ever have expected without them." And said,
+"These sects and divisions introduce profaneness under the cloak of an
+imaginary Religion; and that we have lost the substance of Religion by
+changing it into opinion: and that by these means this Church, which
+all the Jesuits' machinations could not ruin, was fallen into apparent
+danger by those which were his accusers." To this purpose he spoke at
+his death: for this, and more of which, the Reader may view his last
+sad sermon on the scaffold. And it is here mentioned, because his dear
+friend, Dr. Sanderson, seems to demonstrate the same in his two large
+and remarkable Prefaces before his two volumes of Sermons; and he
+seems also with much sorrow to say the same again in his last Will,
+made when he apprehended himself to be very near his death. And these
+Covenanters ought to take notice of it, and to remember, that, by the
+late wicked war begun by them, Dr. Sanderson was ejected out of the
+Professor's Chair in Oxford; and that if he had continued in it,--for
+he lived fourteen years after,--both the learned of this, and other
+nations, had been made happy by many remarkable Cases of Conscience,
+so rationally stated, and so briefly, so clearly, and so convincingly
+determined, that posterity might have joyed and boasted, that Dr.
+Sanderson was born in this nation, for the ease and benefit of all the
+learned that shall be born after him: but this benefit is so like time
+past, that they are both irrecoverably lost.
+
+[Sidenote: Prisoner at Lincoln]
+
+I should now return to Boothby Pannell, where we left Dr. Hammond and
+Dr. Sanderson together; but neither can be found there: for the first
+was in his journey to London, and the second seized upon the day
+after his friend's departure, and carried prisoner to Lincoln, then
+a garrison of the Parliament's. For the pretended reason of which
+commitment, I shall give this following account.
+
+[Sidenote: Exchanged for Dr. Clarke]
+
+There was one Mr. Clarke, the Minister of Alington, a town not many
+miles from Boothby Pannell, who was an active man for the Parliament
+and Covenant; one that, when Belvoir Castle--then a garrison for the
+Parliament--was taken by a party of the King's soldiers, was taken
+in it, and made a prisoner of war in Newark, then a garrison of the
+King's; a man so active and useful for his party, that they became so
+much concerned for his enlargement, that the Committee of Lincoln sent
+a troop of horse to seize and bring Dr. Sanderson a prisoner to that
+garrison: and they did so. And there he had the happiness to meet with
+many, that knew him so well as to treat him kindly; but told him,
+"He must continue their prisoner, till he should purchase his own
+enlargement by procuring an exchange for Mr. Clarke, then prisoner in
+the King's garrison of Newark." There were many reasons given by the
+Doctor of the injustice of his imprisonment, and the inequality of
+the exchange: but all were ineffectual; for done it must be, or he
+continue a prisoner. And in time done it was, upon the following
+conditions.
+
+[Sidenote: Mode of life]
+
+First, that Dr. Sanderson and Mr. Clarke being exchanged, should live
+undisturbed at their own Parishes; and if either were injured by the
+soldiers of the contrary party, the other, having notice of it, should
+procure him a redress, by having satisfaction made for his loss, or
+for any other injury; or if not, he to be used in the same kind by the
+other party. Nevertheless, Dr. Sanderson could neither live safe nor
+quietly, being several times plundered, and once wounded in three
+places: but he, apprehending the remedy might turn to a more
+intolerable burden by impatience or complaining, forbore both;
+and possessed his soul in a contented quietness, without the least
+repining. But though he could not enjoy the safety he expected by this
+exchange, yet, by His providence that can bring good out of evil, it
+turned so much to his advantage, that whereas as his living had been
+sequestered from the year 1644, and continued to be so till this time
+of his imprisonment, he, by the Articles of War in this exchange for
+Mr. Clarke, procured his sequestration to be recalled, and by that
+means enjoyed a poor, but contented subsistence for himself, wife, and
+children, till the happy restoration of our King and Church.
+
+In this time of his poor, but contented privacy of life, his
+casuistical learning, peaceful moderation, and sincerity, became so
+remarkable, that there were many that applied themselves to him for
+resolution in cases of conscience; some known to him, many not; some
+requiring satisfaction by conference, others by letters; so many, that
+his life became almost as restless as their minds; yet he denied
+no man: and if it be a truth which holy Mr. Herbert says, "That all
+worldly joys seem less, when compared with shewing mercy or doing
+kindnesses;" then doubtless Dr. Sanderson might have boasted for
+relieving so many restless and wounded consciences; which, as Solomon
+says, "are a burden that none can bear, though their fortitude may
+sustain their other infirmities;" and if words cannot express the
+joy of a conscience relieved from such restless agonies; then Dr.
+Sanderson might rejoice that so many were by him so clearly and
+conscientiously satisfied, for he denied none, and would often praise
+God for that ability, and as often for the occasion, and that God had
+inclined his heart to do it to the meanest of any of those poor, but
+precious souls, for which his Saviour vouchsafed to be crucified.
+
+[Sidenote: Cases of conscience]
+
+Some of these very many cases that were resolved by letters, have been
+preserved and printed for the benefit of posterity; as namely,
+
+  1. Of the Sabbath.
+  2. Marrying with a Recusant.
+  3. Of unlawful love.
+  4. Of a military life.
+  5. Of Scandal.
+  6. Of a bond taken in the King's name.
+  7. Of the Engagement.
+  8. Of a rash vow.
+
+But many more remain in private hands, of which one is of Simony; and
+I wish the world might see it, that it might undeceive some Patrons,
+who think they have discharged that great and dangerous trust, both
+to God and man, if they take no money for a living, though it may be
+parted with for other ends less justifiable.
+
+[Sidenote: Preface to last sermons]
+
+And in this time of his retirement, when the common people were amazed
+and grown giddy by the many falsehoods, and misapplications of truths
+frequently vented in sermons; when they wrested the Scripture by
+challenging God to be of their party, and called upon him in their
+prayers to patronise their sacrilege and zealous frenzies; in this
+time he did so compassionate the generality of this misled nation,
+that though the times threatened danger, yet he then hazarded his
+safety by writing the large and bold Preface now extant before his
+last twenty Sermons;--first printed in the year 1655;--in which there
+was such strength of reason, with so powerful and clear convincing
+applications made to the Non-conformists, as being read by one of
+those dissenting brethren, who was possessed with such a spirit of
+contradiction, as being neither able to defend his error, nor yield
+to truth manifest,--his conscience having slept long and quietly in
+a good sequestered living,--was yet at the reading of it so awakened,
+that after a conflict with the reason he had met, and the damage he
+was to sustain if he consented to it,--and being still unwilling to be
+so convinced, as to lose by being over-reasoned,--he went in haste to
+the bookseller of whom it was bought, threatened him, and told him in
+anger, "he had sold a book in which there was false Divinity; and that
+the Preface had upbraided the Parliament, and many godly Ministers of
+that party, for unjust dealing." To which his reply was,--'twas Tim.
+Garthwaite,--"That 'twas not his trade to judge of true or false
+Divinity, but to print and sell books: and yet if he, or any friend
+of his, would write an answer to it, and own it by setting his name to
+it, he would print the Answer, and promote the selling of it."
+
+[Sidenote: A meeting in Little Britain]
+
+About the time of his printing this excellent Preface, I met him
+accidentally in London, in sad-coloured clothes, and, God knows,
+far from being costly. The place of our meeting was near to Little
+Britain, where he had been to buy a book, which he then had in his
+hand. We had no inclination to part presently, and therefore turned
+to stand in a corner under a penthouse,--for it began to rain,--and
+immediately the wind rose, and the rain increased so much, that both
+became so inconvenient, as to force us into a cleanly house, where we
+had bread, cheese, ale, and a fire for our money. This rain and wind
+were so obliging to me, as to force our stay there for at least an
+hour, to my great content and advantage; for in that time he made to
+me many useful observations, with much clearness and conscientious
+freedom. I shall relate a part of them, in hope they may also turn to
+the advantage of my Reader. He seemed to lament, that the Parliament
+had taken upon them to abolish our Liturgy, to the scandal of so many
+devout and learned men, and the disgrace of those many martyrs, who
+had sealed the truth and use of it with their blood: and that no
+Minister was now thought godly that did not decry it, and at least
+pretend to make better prayers _ex tempore_: and that they, and only
+they, that could do so, prayed by the Spirit, and were godly; though
+in their sermons they disputed, and evidently contradicted each other
+in their prayers. And as he did dislike this, so he did most highly
+commend the Common Prayer of the Church, saying, "the Collects were
+the most passionate, proper, and most elegant expressions that any
+language ever afforded; and that there was in them such piety, and so
+interwoven with instructions, that they taught us to the power, the
+wisdom, the majesty, and mercy of God, and much of our duty both to
+him and our neighbour: and that a congregation, behaving themselves
+reverently, and putting up to God these joint and known desires for
+pardon of sins, and praises for mercies received, could not but be
+more pleasing to God, than those raw, unpremeditated expressions, to
+which many of the hearers could not say, Amen."
+
+[Sidenote: "The Treasury of Christian comfort"]
+
+And he then commended to me the frequent use of the Psalter, or Psalms
+of David; speaking to this purpose: "That they were the Treasury of
+Christian comfort, fitted for all persons and necessities; able to
+raise the soul from dejection by the frequent mention of God's mercies
+to repentant sinners; to stir up holy desires: to increase joy; to
+moderate sorrow; to nourish hope, and teach us patience, by waiting
+God's leisure: to beget a trust in the mercy, power, and providence of
+our Creator; and to cause a resignation of ourselves to his will; and
+then, and not till then, to believe ourselves happy." This, he said,
+the Liturgy and Psalms taught us; and that by the frequent use of the
+last, they would not only prove to be our soul's comfort, but would
+become so habitual, as to transform them into the Image of his soul
+that composed them. After this manner he expressed himself concerning
+the Liturgy and Psalms; and seemed to lament that this, which was
+the devotion of the more primitive times, should in common pulpits
+be turned into needless debates about Freewill, Election, and
+Reprobation, of which, and many like questions, we may be safely
+ignorant, because Almighty God intends not to lead us to Heaven by
+hard questions, but by meekness and charity, and a frequent practice
+of devotion.
+
+[Sidenote: Dangerous mistakes]
+
+[Sidenote: A year of Homilies]
+
+And he seemed to lament very much, that, by the means of irregular and
+indiscreet preaching, the generality of the nation were possessed with
+such dangerous mistakes, as to think, "they might be religious first,
+and then just and merciful; that they might sell their consciences,
+and yet have something left that was worth keeping; that they might
+be sure they were elected, though their lives were visibly scandalous;
+that to be cunning was to be wise; that to be rich was to be happy,
+though their wealth was got without justice or mercy; that to be
+busy in things they understood not, was no sin." These and the like
+mistakes he lamented much, and besought God to remove them, and
+restore us to that humility, sincerity, and singleheartedness, with
+which this nation was blessed before the unhappy Covenant was brought
+into the nation, and every man preached and prayed what seemed best
+in his own eyes. And he then said to me, "That the way to restore this
+nation to a more meek and Christian temper, was to have the body of
+Divinity--or so much of it as was needful to be known--to be put into
+fifty-two Homilies or Sermons, of such a length as not to exceed a
+third, or fourth part of an hour's reading: and these needful points
+to be made so clear and plain, that those of a mean capacity might
+know what was necessary to be believed, and what God requires to be
+done; and then some applications of trial and conviction: and these
+to be read every Sunday of the year, as infallibly as the blood
+circulates the body; and then as certainly begun again, and continued
+the year following: and that this being done, it might probably abate
+the inordinate desires of knowing what we need not, and practising
+what we know and ought to do." This was the earnest desire of this
+prudent man. And Oh that Dr. Sanderson had undertaken it! for then in
+all probability it would have proved effectual.
+
+[Sidenote: Another conference]
+
+At this happy time of enjoying his company and his discourse, he
+expressed a sorrow by saying to me, "Oh that I had gone Chaplain
+to that excellently accomplished gentleman, your friend, Sir Henry
+Wotton! which was once intended, when he first went Ambassador to
+the State of Venice: for by that employment I had been forced into a
+necessity of conversing, not with him only, but with several men of
+several nations; and might thereby have kept myself from my unmanly
+bashfulness, which has proved very troublesome, and not less
+inconvenient to me; and which I now fear is become so habitual as
+never to leave me: and by that means I might also have known, or at
+least have had the satisfaction of seeing, one of the late miracles
+of general learning, prudence, and modesty, Sir Henry Wotton's dear
+friend, Padre Paulo, who, the author of his life says, was born with
+a bashfulness as invincible as I have found my own to be: a man whose
+fame must never die, till virtue and learning shall become so useless
+as not to be regarded."
+
+This was a part of the benefit I then had by that hour's conversation:
+and I gladly remember and mention it, as an argument of my happiness,
+and his great humility and condescension. I had also a like advantage
+by another happy conference with him, which I am desirous to impart
+in this place to the Reader. He lamented much, that in many Parishes,
+where the maintenance was not great, there was no Minister to
+officiate; and that many of the best sequestered livings were
+possessed with such rigid Covenanters as denied the Sacrament to their
+Parishioners, unless upon such conditions, and in such a manner, as
+they could not take it. This he mentioned with much sorrow, saying,
+"The blessed Sacrament did, by way of preparation for it, give
+occasion to all conscientious receivers to examine the performance
+of their vows, since they received their last seal for the pardon of
+their sins past; and to examine and re-search their hearts, and make
+penitent reflections on their failings; and, that done, to bewail
+them, and then make new vows or resolutions to obey all God's
+commands, and beg his grace to perform them. And this done,
+the Sacrament repairs the decays of grace, helps us to conquer
+infirmities, gives us grace to beg God's grace, and then gives us
+what we beg; makes us still hunger and thirst after his righteousness,
+which we then receive, and being assisted with our endeavours, will
+still so dwell in us, as to become our satisfaction in this life, and
+our comfort on our last sick beds." The want of this blessed benefit
+he lamented much, and pitied their condition that desired, but could
+not obtain it.
+
+[Sidenote: His character]
+
+I hope I shall not disoblige my Reader, if I here enlarge into a
+further character of his person and temper. As first, that he was
+moderately tall: his behaviour had in it much of a plain comeliness,
+and very little, yet enough, of ceremony or courtship; his looks and
+motion manifested affability and mildness, and yet he had with these a
+calm, but so matchless a fortitude, as secured him from complying
+with any of those many Parliament injunctions, that interfered with a
+doubtful conscience. His learning was methodical and exact, his wisdom
+useful, his integrity visible, and his whole life so unspotted, that
+all ought to be preserved as copies for posterity to write after; the
+Clergy especially, who with impure hands ought not to offer sacrifice
+to that God, whose pure eyes abhor iniquity.
+
+There was in his Sermons no improper rhetoric, nor such perplexed
+divisions, as may be said to be like too much light, that so dazzles
+the eyes, that the sight becomes less perfect: but there was therein
+no want of useful matter, nor waste of words; and yet such clear
+distinctions as dispelled all confused notions, and made his hearers
+depart both wiser, and more confirmed in virtuous resolutions.
+
+[Sidenote: His memory]
+
+[Sidenote: His even temper]
+
+His memory was so matchless and firm, as 'twas only overcome by his
+bashfulness; for he alone, or to a friend, could repeat all the Odes
+of Horace, all Tully's Offices, and much of Juvenal and Persius,
+without book: and would say, "the repetition of one of the Odes of
+Horace to himself, was to him such music, as a lesson on the viol was
+to others, when they played it to themselves or friends." And though
+he was blest with a clearer judgment than other men, yet he was so
+distrustful of it, that he did over-consider of consequences, and
+would so delay and re-consider what to determine, that though none
+ever determined better, yet, when the bell tolled for him to appear
+and read his Divinity Lectures in Oxford, and all the Scholars
+attended to hear him, he had not then, or not till then, resolved and
+writ what he meant to determine; so that that appeared to be a truth,
+which his old dear friend Dr. Sheldon would often say, namely, "That
+his judgment was so much superior to his fancy, that whatsoever
+this suggested, that disliked and controlled; still considering, and
+re-considering, till his time was so wasted, that he was forced to
+write, not, probably, what was best, but what he thought last." And
+yet what he did then read, appeared to all hearers to be so useful,
+clear, and satisfactory, as none ever determined with greater
+applause. These tiring and perplexing thoughts begot in him an
+averseness to enter into the toil of considering and determining all
+casuistical points; because during that time, they neither gave rest
+to his body or mind. But though he would not be always loaden with
+these knotty points and distinctions; yet the study of old records,
+genealogies, and Heraldry, were a recreation and so pleasing, that he
+would say they gave rest to his mind. Of the last of which I have seen
+two remarkable volumes; and the Reader needs neither to doubt their
+truth or exactness.
+
+And this humble man had so conquered all repining and ambitious
+thoughts, and with them all other unruly passions, that, if the
+accidents of the day proved to his danger or damage, yet he both began
+and ended it with an even and undisturbed quietness; always praising
+God that he had not withdrawn food and raiment from him and his poor
+family; nor suffered him to violate his conscience for his safety, or
+to support himself or them in a more splendid or plentiful condition;
+and that he therefore resolved with David, "That his praise should be
+always in his mouth."
+
+[Sidenote: "De Conscientiâ"]
+
+I have taken a content in giving my Reader this character of his
+person, his temper, and some of the accidents of his life past; and
+more might be added of all; but I will with sorrow look forward to the
+sad days, in which so many good men suffered, about the year 1658, at
+which time Dr. Sanderson was in a very low condition as to his estate;
+and in that time Mr. Robert Boyle[24]--a gentleman of a very noble
+birth, and more eminent for his liberality, learning, and virtue,
+and of whom I would say much more, but that he still lives--having
+casually met with and read his Lectures _de Juramento_, to his great
+satisfaction, and being informed of Dr. Sanderson's great innocence
+and sincerity, and that he and his family were brought into a low
+condition by his not complying with the Parliament's injunctions,
+sent him by his dear friend Dr. Barlow[25]--the now learned Bishop of
+Lincoln--50_l._ and with it a request and promise. The request was,
+that he would review the Lectures _de Conscientiâ_, which he had read
+when he was Doctor of the Chair in Oxford, and print them for the good
+of posterity:--and this Dr. Sanderson did in the year 1659.--And the
+promise was, that he would pay him that, or a greater sum if desired,
+during his life, to enable him to pay an amanuensis, to ease him from
+the trouble of writing what he should conceive or dictate. For the
+more particular account of which, I refer my Reader to a letter
+writ by the said Dr. Barlow, which I have annexed to the end of this
+relation.
+
+[Sidenote: The Restoration]
+
+Towards the end of this year, 1659, when the many mixed sects, and
+their creators and merciless protectors, had led or driven each other
+into a whirlpool of confusion: when amazement and fear had seized
+them, and their accusing consciences gave them an inward and fearful
+intelligence, that the god which they had long served was now ready to
+pay them such wages, as he does always reward witches with for their
+obeying him: when these wretches were come to foresee an end of
+their cruel reign, by our King's return; and such sufferers as Dr.
+Sanderson--and with him many of the oppressed Clergy and others--could
+foresee the cloud of their afflictions would be dispersed by it; then,
+in the beginning of the year following, the King was by God restored
+to us, and we to our known laws and liberties, and a general joy
+and peace seemed to breathe through the three nations. Then were the
+suffering Clergy freed from their sequestration, restored to their
+revenues, and to a liberty to adore, praise, and pray to God in such
+order as their consciences and oaths had formerly obliged them. And
+the Reader will easily believe, that Dr. Sanderson and his dejected
+family rejoiced to see this day, and be of this number.
+
+[Sidenote: Commended to Charles II.]
+
+It ought to be considered--which I have often heard or read--that in
+the primitive times men of learning and virtue were usually sought
+for, and solicited to accept of Episcopal government, and often
+refused it. For they conscientiously considered, that the office of
+a Bishop was made up of labour and care; that they were trusted to be
+God's almoners of the Church's revenue, and double their care for the
+poor; to live strictly themselves, and use all diligence to see that
+their family, officers, and Clergy did so; and that the account of
+that stewardship, must, at the last dreadful day, be made to the
+Searcher of all Hearts: and that in the primitive times they were
+therefore timorous to undertake it. It may not be said, that Dr.
+Sanderson was accomplished with these, and all the other requisites
+required in a Bishop, so as to be able to answer them exactly: but
+it may be affirmed, as a good preparation, that he had at the age of
+seventy-three years--for he was so old at the King's Return--fewer
+faults to be pardoned by God or man, than are apparent in others in
+these days, in which, God knows, we fall so short of that visible
+sanctity and zeal to God's glory, which was apparent in the days of
+primitive Christianity. This is mentioned by way of preparation to
+what I shall say more of Dr. Sanderson; and namely, that, at
+the King's return, Dr. Sheldon, the late prudent Bishop of
+Canterbury,--than whom none knew, valued, or loved Dr. Sanderson more
+or better,--was by his Majesty made a chief trustee to commend to him
+fit men to supply the then vacant Bishoprics. And Dr. Sheldon knew
+none fitter than Dr. Sanderson, and therefore humbly desired the King
+that he would nominate him: and, that done, he did as humbly desire
+Dr. Sanderson that he would, for God's and the Church's sake,
+take that charge and care upon him. Dr. Sanderson had, if not an
+unwillingness, certainly no forwardness to undertake it; and would
+often say, he had not led himself, but his friend would now lead him
+into a temptation, which he had daily prayed against; and besought
+God, if he did undertake it, so as to assist him with his grace, that
+the example of his life, his cares and endeavours, might promote his
+glory, and help forward the salvation of others.
+
+[Sidenote: Bishop of Lincoln]
+
+This I have mentioned as a happy preparation to his Bishopric; and
+am next to tell, that he was consecrated Bishop of Lincoln at
+Westminster, the 28th of October, 1660.
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Richard Baxter]
+
+There was about this time a Christian care taken, that those whose
+consciences were, as they said, tender, and could not comply with the
+service and ceremonies of the Church, might have satisfaction given
+by a friendly debate betwixt a select number of them, and some like
+number of those that had been sufferers for the Church-service and
+ceremonies, and now restored to liberty; of which last some were then
+preferred to power and dignity in the Church. And of these Bishop
+Sanderson was one, and then chose to be a moderator in that debate:
+and he performed his trust with much mildness, patience, and reason;
+but all proved ineffectual: for there be some prepossessions like
+jealousies, which, though causeless, yet cannot be removed by reasons
+as apparent as demonstration can make any truth. The place appointed
+for this debate was the Savoy in the Strand: and the points debated
+were, I think, many; some affirmed to be truth and reason, some denied
+to be either; and these debates being then in words, proved to be so
+loose and perplexed as satisfied neither party. For some time that
+which had been affirmed was immediately forgot or denied, and so no
+satisfaction given to either party. But that the debate might become
+more useful, it was therefore resolved that the day following the
+desires and reasons of the Non-conformists should be given in writing,
+and they in writing receive answers from the conforming party. And
+though I neither now can, nor need to mention all the points debated,
+nor the names of the dissenting brethren; yet I am sure Mr. Baxter was
+one, and am sure what shall now follow was one of the points debated.
+
+Concerning a command of lawful superiors, what was sufficient to its
+being a lawful command; this proposition was brought by the conforming
+party.
+
+"That command which commands an act in itself lawful, and no other act
+or circumstance unlawful, is not sinful."
+
+Mr. Baxter[26] denied it for two reasons, which he gave in with his
+own hand in writing, thus:
+
+One was, "Because that may be a sin _per accidens_, which is not so in
+itself, and may be unlawfully commanded, though that accident be
+not in the command." Another was, "That it may be commanded under an
+unjust penalty."
+
+Again this proposition being brought by the Conformists, "That command
+which commandeth an act in itself lawful, and no other act whereby
+any unjust penalty is enjoined, nor any circumstance whence, _per
+accidens_, any sin is consequent which the commander ought to provide
+against, is not sinful."
+
+[Sidenote: His contentions or denials]
+
+Mr. Baxter denied it for this reason, then given in with his own
+hand in writing thus: "Because the first act commanded may be _per
+accidens_ unlawful, and be commanded by an unjust penalty, though no
+other act or circumstance commanded be such."
+
+Again, this proposition being brought by the Conformists, "That
+command which commandeth an act in itself lawful, and no other act
+whereby any unjust penalty is enjoined, nor any circumstance,
+whence directly, or _per accidens_, any sin is consequent, which the
+commander ought to provide against, hath in it all things requisite
+to the lawfulness of a command, and particularly cannot be guilty of
+commanding an act _per accidens_ unlawful, nor of commanding an act
+under an unjust penalty."
+
+Mr. Baxter denied it upon the same reasons.
+
+                 PETER GUNNING.[27]
+
+                 JOHN PEARSON.[28]
+
+These were then two of the disputants, still alive, and will attest
+this; one being now Lord Bishop of Ely, and the other of Chester.
+And the last of them told me very lately, that one of the
+Dissenters--which I could, but forbear to name--appeared to Dr.
+Sanderson to be so bold, so troublesome, and so illogical in the
+dispute, as forced patient Dr. Sanderson--who was then Bishop of
+Lincoln, and a moderator with other Bishops--to say, with an unusual
+earnestness, "That he had never met with a man of more pertinacious
+confidence, and less abilities, in all his conversation."
+
+[Sidenote: Results of the debate]
+
+But though this debate at the Savoy was ended without any great
+satisfaction to either party, yet both parties knew the desires, and
+understood the abilities, of the other, much better than before it:
+and the late distressed Clergy, that were now restored to their former
+rights and power, did, at the next meeting in Convocation, contrive to
+give the dissenting party satisfaction by alteration, explanation, and
+addition to some part both of the Rubric and Common Prayer, as also
+by adding some new necessary Collects, and a particular Collect
+of Thanksgiving. How many of those new Collects were worded by Dr.
+Sanderson, I cannot say; but am sure the whole Convocation valued him
+so much that he never undertook to speak to any point in question, but
+he was heard with great willingness and attention; and when any point
+in question was determined, the Convocation did usually desire him to
+word their intentions, and as usually approve and thank him.
+
+[Sidenote: New Offices]
+
+At this Convocation the Common Prayer was made more complete, by
+adding three new necessary Offices; which were, "A Form of Humiliation
+for the Murder of King Charles the Martyr; A Thanksgiving for the
+Restoration of his Son our King; and For the Baptising of Persons of
+riper Age." I cannot say Dr. Sanderson did form, or word them all,
+but doubtless more than any single man of the Convocation; and he
+did also, by desire of the Convocation, alter and add to the forms of
+Prayers to be used at Sea--now taken into the Service-Book.--And
+it may be noted, that William, the now Right Reverend Bishop of
+Canterbury,[29] was in these employments diligently useful; especially
+in helping to rectify the Calendar and Rubric. And lastly, it may
+be noted, that, for the satisfying all the dissenting brethren and
+others, the Convocation's reasons for the alterations and additions
+to the Liturgy were by them desired to be drawn up by Dr. Sanderson;
+which being done by him, and approved by them, was appointed to be
+printed before the Liturgy, and may be known by this title--"The
+Preface;" and begins thus--"It hath been the Wisdom of the Church."--
+
+I shall now follow him to his Bishopric, and declare a part of his
+behaviour in that busy and weighty employment. And first, that it was
+with such condescension and obligingness to the meanest of his Clergy,
+as to know and be known to them. And indeed he practised the like to
+all men of what degree soever, especially to his old neighbours or
+parishioners of Boothby Pannell; for there was all joy at his table,
+when they came to visit him: then they prayed for him, and he for
+them, with an unfeigned affection.
+
+I think it will not be denied, but that the care and toil required of
+a Bishop, may justly challenge the riches and revenue with which their
+predecessors had lawfully endowed them: and yet he sought not that so
+much, as doing good both to the present age and posterity; and he made
+this appear by what follows.
+
+[Sidenote: The Bishop at Buckden]
+
+[Sidenote: Repairs and restorations]
+
+The Bishop's chief house at Buckden, in the County of Huntingdon, the
+usual residence of his predecessors,--for it stands about the midst
+of his Diocese,--having been at his consecration a great part of it
+demolished, and what was left standing under a visible decay, was by
+him undertaken to be erected and repaired: and it was performed with
+great speed, care, and charge. And to this may be added, that the King
+having by an Injunction commended to the care of the Bishops, Deans,
+and Prebends of all Cathedral Churches, "the repair of them, their
+houses, and augmentation of small Vicarages;" he, when he was
+repairing Buckden, did also augment the last, as fast as fines were
+paid for renewing leases so fast, that a friend, taking notice of his
+bounty, was so bold as to advise him to remember, "he was under his
+first-fruits, and that he was old, and had a wife and children yet but
+meanly provided for, especially if his dignity were considered." To
+whom he made a mild and thankful answer, saying, "It would not become
+a Christian Bishop to suffer those houses built by his predecessors
+to be ruined for want of repair; and less justifiable to suffer any of
+those, that were called to so high a calling as to sacrifice at God's
+altar, to eat the bread of sorrow constantly, when he had a power by
+a small augmentation, to turn it into the bread of cheerfulness: and
+wished, that as this was, so it were also in his power to make all
+mankind happy, for he desired nothing more. And for his wife and
+children, he hoped to leave them a competence, and in the hands of a
+God that would provide for all that kept innocence, and trusted his
+providence and protection, which he had always found enough to make
+and keep him happy."
+
+[Sidenote: His favourite books]
+
+There was in his Diocese a Minister of almost his age, that had been
+of Lincoln College when he left it, who visited him often, and always
+welcome, because he was a man of innocence and openheartedness. This
+Minister asked the Bishop what books he studied most, when he laid the
+foundation of his great and clear learning. To which his answer was,
+"that he declined reading many; but what he did read were well chosen,
+and read so often, that he became Very familiar with them;" and said,
+"they were chiefly three, Aristotle's Rhetoric, Aquinas's _Secunda
+Secundit_, and Tully, but chiefly his offices, which he had not read
+over less than twenty times, and could at this age say without book."
+And told him also, "the learned Civilian Doctor Zouch--who died
+lately--had writ _Elementa Jurisprudentiae_, which was a book that he
+could also say without book; and that no wise man could read it too
+often, or love or commend too much;" and told him, "these had been his
+toil: but for himself he always had a natural love to genealogies and
+Heraldry; and that when his thoughts were harassed with any perplexed
+studies, he left off, and turned to them as a recreation; and that his
+very recreation had made him so perfect in them, that he could, in a
+very short time, give an account of the descent, arms, and antiquity
+of any family of the Nobility or gentry of this nation."
+
+[Sidenote: His Will]
+
+Before I give an account of Dr. Sanderson's last sickness, I desire to
+tell the Reader that he was of a healthful constitution, cheerful and
+mild, of an even temper, very moderate in his diet, and had had little
+sickness, till some few years before his death; but was then every
+winter punished with a diarrhoea, which left not till warm weather
+returned and removed it: and this distemper did, as he grew older,
+seize him oftener, and continue longer with him. But though it
+weakened him, yet it made him rather indisposed than sick, and did no
+way disable him from studying--indeed too much.--In this decay of his
+strength, but not of his memory or reason,--for this distemper works
+not upon the understanding,--he made his last Will, of which I shall
+give some account for confirmation of what hath been said, and what I
+think convenient to be known, before I declare his death and burial.
+
+He did in his last Will,[30] give an account of his faith and
+persuasion in point of religion, and Church-government, in these very
+words:
+
+"I, Robert Sanderson, Doctor of Divinity, an unworthy Minister of
+Jesus Christ, and, by the providence of God, Bishop of Lincoln, being
+by the long continuance of an habitual distemper brought to a great
+bodily weakness and faintness of spirits, but--by the great mercy of
+God--without any bodily pain otherwise, or decay of understanding,
+do make this my Will and Testament,--written all with my own
+hand,--revoking all former Wills by me heretofore made, if any such
+shall be found. First, I commend my soul into the hands of Almighty
+God, as of a faithful Creator, which I humbly beseech him mercifully
+to accept, looking upon it, not as it is in itself,--infinitely
+polluted with sin,--but as it is redeemed and purged with the precious
+blood of his only beloved Son, and my most sweet Saviour Jesus Christ;
+in confidence of whose merits and mediation alone it is, that I cast
+myself upon the mercy of God for the pardon of my sins, and the hopes
+of eternal life. And here I do profess, that as I have lived, so I
+desire, and--by the grace of God--resolve, to die in the communion
+of the Catholic Church of Christ, and a true son of the Church
+of England: which, as it stands by law established, to be both in
+doctrine and worship agreeable to the word of God, and in the most,
+and most material points of both conformable to the faith and practice
+of the godly Churches of Christ in the primitive and purer times, I do
+firmly believe: led so to do, not so much from the force of custom and
+education,--to which the greatest part of mankind owe their particular
+different persuasions in point of Religion,--as upon the clear
+evidence of truth and reason, after a serious and impartial
+examination of the grounds, as well of Popery as Puritanism, according
+to that measure of understanding, and those opportunities which God
+hath afforded me: and herein I am abundantly satisfied, that the
+schism which the Papists on the one hand, and the superstition which
+the Puritan on the other hand, lay to our charge, are very justly
+chargeable upon themselves respectively. Wherefore I humbly beseech
+Almighty God, the Father of mercies, to preserve the Church by his
+power and providence, in peace, truth, and godliness, evermore to
+the world's end: which doubtless he will do, if the wickedness and
+security of a sinful people--and particularly those sins that are so
+rife, and seem daily to increase among us, of unthankfulness, riot,
+and sacrilege--do not tempt his patience to the contrary. And I also
+further humbly beseech him, that it would please him to give unto our
+gracious Sovereign, the reverend Bishops, and the Parliament, timely
+to consider the great danger that visibly threatens this Church in
+point of Religion by the late great increase of Popery, and in point
+of revenue by sacrilegious inclosures; and to provide such wholesome
+and effectual remedies, as may prevent the same before it be too
+late."
+
+And for a further manifestation of his humble thoughts and desires,
+they may appear to the Reader by another part of his Will which
+follows.
+
+"As for my corruptible body, I bequeath it to the earth whence it was
+taken, to be decently buried in the Parish Church of Buckden,
+towards the upper end of the Chancel, upon the second, or--at the
+furthest--the third day after my decease; and that with as little
+noise, pomp, and charge as may be, without the invitation of any
+person how near soever related unto me, other than the inhabitants
+of Buckden; without the unnecessary expense of escutcheons, gloves,
+ribbons, &c., and without any blacks to be hung any where in or about
+the house or Church, other than a pulpit cloth, a hearse-cloth, and
+a mourning gown for the Preacher; whereof the former--after my body
+shall be interred--to be given to the Preacher of the Funeral Sermon,
+and the latter to the Curate of the Parish for the time being. And
+my will further is that the Funeral Sermon be preached by my own
+household Chaplain, containing some wholesome discourse concerning
+Mortality, the Resurrection of the Dead and the Last Judgment; and
+that he shall have for his pains 5_l._ upon condition that he speak
+nothing at all concerning my person, either good or ill, other than
+I myself shall direct; only signifying to the auditory that it was my
+express will to have it so. And it is my will, that no costly monument
+be erected for my memory, but only a fair flat marble stone to be laid
+over me, with this inscription in legible Roman characters, DEPOSITUM
+ROBERTI SANDERSON NUPER LINCOLNIENSIS EPISCOPI, QUI OBIIT ANNO DOMINI
+MDCLXII. ET ÆTATIS SUÆ SEPTUAGESIMO SEXTO, HIC REQUIESCIT IN SPE BEATE
+RESURRECTIONIS. This manner of burial, although I cannot but foresee
+it will prove unsatisfactory to sundry my nearest friends and
+relations, and be apt to be censured by others, as an evidence of
+my too much parsimony and narrowness of mind, as being altogether
+unusual, and not according to the mode of these times: yet it is
+agreeable to the sense of my heart, and I do very much desire my Will
+may be carefully observed herein, hoping it may become exemplary to
+some or other: at least however testifying at my death--what I have so
+often and earnestly professed in my life time--my utter dislike of the
+flatteries commonly used in Funeral Sermons, and of the vast expenses
+otherwise laid out in Funeral solemnities and entertainments, with
+very little benefit to any; which if bestowed in pious and charitable
+works, might redound to the public or private benefit of many
+persons."
+
+[Sidenote: His death]
+
+I am next to tell, that he died the 29th of January, 1662; and that
+his body was buried in Buckden, the third day after his death; and for
+the manner, that it was as far from ostentation as he desired it;
+and all the rest of his Will was as punctually performed. And when
+I have--to his just praise--told this truth, "that he died far from
+being rich," I shall return back to visit, and give a further account
+of him on his last sick bed.
+
+His last Will--of which I have mentioned a part--was made about three
+weeks before his death, about which time, finding his strength to
+decay by reason of his constant infirmity, and a consumptive cough
+added to it, he retired to his chamber, expressing a desire to enjoy
+his last thoughts to himself in private, without disturbance or care,
+especially of what might concern this world. And that none of his
+Clergy--which are more numerous than any other Bishop's--might suffer
+by his retirement, he did by commission impower his Chaplain, Mr.
+Pullin,[31] with Episcopal power to give institutions to all livings
+or Church-preferments, during this his disability to do it himself.
+In this time of his retirement he longed for his dissolution; and when
+some that loved him prayed for his recovery, if he at any time found
+any amendment, he seemed to be displeased, by saying, "His friends
+said their prayers backward for him: and that it was not his desire to
+live a useless life, and by filling up a place keep another out of it,
+that might do God and his Church service." He would often with
+much joy and thankfulness mention, "That during his being a
+housekeeper--which was more than forty years--there had not been one
+buried out of his family, and that he was now like to be the first."
+He would also often mention with thankfulness, "That till he was
+three score years of age, he had never spent five shillings in law,
+nor--upon himself--so much in wine: and rejoiced much that he had
+so lived, as never to cause an hour's sorrow to his good father; and
+hoped he should die without an enemy."
+
+[Sidenote: Rules and habits]
+
+He, in this retirement, had the Church prayers read in his chamber
+twice every day; and at nine at night, some prayers read to him and
+a part of his family out of "The Whole Duty of Man." As he was
+remarkably punctual and regular in all his studies and actions, so he
+used himself to be for his meals. And his dinner being appointed to
+be constantly ready at the ending of prayers, and he expecting and
+calling for it, was answered, "It would be ready in a quarter of an
+hour." To which his reply was, "A quarter of an hour! Is a quarter
+of an hour nothing to a man that probably has days not many hours to
+live?" And though he did live many hours after this, yet he lived
+not many days; for the day after--which was three days before his
+death--he was become so weak and weary of either motion or sitting,
+that he was content, or forced, to keep his bed: in which I desire he
+may rest, till I have given some account of his behaviour there, and
+immediately before it.
+
+[Sidenote: His last days]
+
+The day before he took his bed,--which was three days before his
+death,--he, that he might receive a new assurance for the pardon of
+his sins past, and be strengthened in his way to the New Jerusalem,
+took the blessed Sacrament of the Body and Blood of his and our
+blessed Jesus, from the hands of his Chaplain, Mr. Pullin, accompanied
+with his wife, children, and a friend, in as awful, humble, and ardent
+a manner, as outward reverence could express. After the praise and
+thanksgiving for it was ended, he spake to this purpose: "Thou, O
+God! tookest me out of my mother's womb, and hast been the powerful
+protector of me to this present moment of my life: Thou hast neither
+forsaken me now I am become greyheaded, nor suffered me to forsake
+thee in the late days of temptation, and sacrifice my conscience for
+the preservation of my liberty or estate. It was by grace that I have
+stood, when others have fallen under my trials: and these mercies I
+now remember with joy and thankfulness; and my hope and desire is,
+that I may die praising thee."
+
+[Sidenote: Use of the Psalms]
+
+The frequent repetition of the Psalms of David, hath been noted to be
+a great part of the devotion of the primitive Christians; the Psalms
+having in them not only prayers and holy instructions, but such
+commemorations of God's mercies, as may preserve, comfort, and confirm
+our dependence on the power, and providence, and mercy of our Creator.
+And this is mentioned in order to telling, that as the holy Psalmist
+said, that his eyes should prevent both the dawning of the day and
+night watches, by meditating on God's word (Psal. cxix. 147), so it
+was Dr. Sanderson's constant practice every morning to entertain his
+first waking thoughts with a repetition of those very Psalms that
+the Church hath appointed to be constantly read in the daily Morning
+service: and having at night laid him in his bed, he as constantly
+closed his eyes with a repetition of those appointed for the service
+of the evening, remembering and repeating the very Psalms appointed
+for every day; and as the month had formerly ended and began again,
+so did this exercise of his devotion. And if his first waking thoughts
+were of the world, or what concerned it, he would arraign and condemn
+himself for it. Thus he began that work on earth, which is now his
+employment in Heaven.
+
+[Sidenote: Death]
+
+After his taking his bed, and about a day before his death, he
+desired his Chaplain, Mr. Pullin, to give him absolution: and at his
+performing that office, he pulled off his cap, that Mr. Pullin
+might lay his hand upon his bare head. After this desire of his was
+satisfied, his body seemed to be at more ease, and his mind more
+cheerful; and he said, "Lord, forsake me not now my strength faileth
+me; but continue thy mercy, and let my mouth be filled with thy
+praise." He continued the remaining night and day very patient, and
+thankful for any of the little offices that were performed for his
+ease and refreshment: and during that time did often say the 103rd
+Psalm to himself, and very often these words, "My heart is fixed, O
+God! my heart is fixed where true joy is to be found." His thoughts
+seemed now to be wholly of death, for which he was so prepared, that
+the King of Terrors could not surprise him as a thief in the night:
+for he had often said, he was prepared, and longed for it. And as this
+desire seemed to come from Heaven, so it left him not till his soul
+ascended to that region of blessed spirits, whose employments are to
+join in concert with him, and sing praise and glory to that God, who
+hath brought them to that place, into which sin and sorrow cannot
+enter.
+
+Thus this pattern of meekness and primitive innocence changed this for
+a better life. 'Tis now too late to wish that my life may be like
+his; for I am in the eighty-fifth year of my age: but I humbly beseech
+Almighty God, that my death may: and do as earnestly beg of every
+Reader, to say--Amen.
+
+Blessed is the man in whose spirit there is no guile, Psal. xxxii. 2.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: This is a mistake; Bishop Sanderson was born at Sheffield
+on the 19th of September.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Thomas Scot, or Rotheram, so called after his
+birth-place, Fellow of King's College, in Cambridge, was afterward
+Master of Pembroke Hall, and 1483 and 1484, Chancellor of the
+University. He obtained great ecclesiastical preferment, being
+successively Provost of Beverley, Bishop of Rochester and of Lincoln,
+and lastly Archbishop of York. Nor was he less adorned with civil
+honours, having been appointed, first, Keeper of the Privy Seal, and
+then Lord Chancellor of England. The two Universities and his native
+town still enjoy the fruits of his bounty. He died 29th May, 1500.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Dr. Gilbert Sheldon was born July 19, 1598.--His father,
+Roger Sheldon, though of no obscure parentage, was a menial servant
+to Gilbert Earl of Shrewsbury.--He was of Trinity College, Oxford, and
+took his Master's degree in May, 1620. He was introduced to Charles I.
+by Lord Coventry, and became one of His Majesty's Chaplains. Upon the
+Restoration, he was made Dean of the Chapel Royal, succeeded Dr. Juxon
+as Bishop of London, and after as Archbishop of Canterbury; in 1667
+he was elected Chancellor of the University of Oxford. He died at
+Lambeth, Nov. 9, 1677.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Dr. Richard Kilbie, born at Ratcliffe, in Leicestershire,
+and a great benefactor to his College, since he restored the neglected
+library, added eight new repositories for books, and gave to it
+many excellent volumes. He became Rector in 1590, and in 1610 he was
+appointed the King's Hebrew Professor. He died in 1620.]
+
+[Footnote 5: An edition of this work was published in Oxford so
+recently as 1841.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Mr. Charles Crooke, a younger son of Sir John Crooke, of
+Chilton, in Bucks, one of the Justices of the King's Bench. In 1615,
+he proceeded D.D., being then Rector of Amersham and a Fellow of Eton
+College.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Brother of George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury, born
+at Guildford in 1560, and promoted to the See of Salisbury in 1615, as
+a reward for his Lectures against Suarez and Bellarmine, in defence of
+the King's supreme power. On his way to Sarum, he made an oration to
+the University, and his friends parted from him with tears. He died
+March 2nd, 1617-8.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Dr. John Prideaux, born at Harford, in Devon in 1578, and
+Rector of Exeter College in 1612, when he acquired so much fame in the
+government of it, that several eminent foreigners placed themselves
+under his care. He was made King's Professor in Divinity in 1615, and
+Bishop of Worcester in 1641; but was reduced to great poverty in the
+Civil Wars, and died July 20th, 1650.]
+
+[Footnote 9: Dr. Arthur Lake, born at Southampton about 1550, and
+educated at Winchester School, whence he proceeded to New College,
+Oxford. He was created Dean of Worcester in 1608, and Bishop of Bath
+and Wells in 1616. He died on 4th May, 1626.]
+
+[Footnote 10: Dr. Tobias Matthew--died March 29, 1628, aged 83.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Dr. William Laud, born at Reading, Oct. 7, 1573, and
+educated there, and at St. John's College, Oxford. In 1616, he was
+made Dean of Gloucester, in 1621 Bishop of St. David's, and in 1622 he
+had a conference with Fisher the Jesuit, of which the printed account
+evinces how opposed he was to Popery; but his Arminian tenets gave
+offence to the Calvinists. In 1626 he was translated to the See of
+Bath and Wells, in 1628 to London, and in 1633 to Canterbury. His zeal
+for the establishment of the Liturgy in Scotland produced him numerous
+enemies, by whose means he was imprisoned in the Tower for three
+years, and beheaded Jan. 10th, 1644-45. His works were published at
+Oxford, 6 vols. 8vo., 1847-9.]
+
+[Footnote 12: Dr. Henry Hammond was born at Chertsey, in Surrey, Aug.
+18th, 1605, and was educated at Eton, and Magdalen College, Oxford.
+His loyalty caused him to be deprived of his preferments during the
+Civil Wars, and at the Restoration he was designed for Bishop of
+Worcester, but died before consecration, April 25th, 1660. His
+principal works are, his "Practical Catechism," and "A Paraphrase and
+Annotations on the New Testament."]
+
+[Footnote 13: Dr. Thomas Pierce, for some years President of Magdalen
+College, Oxford. In his epitaph composed by himself he says, "Here
+lies all that was mortal, the outside, dust, and ashes of Thomas
+Pierce, D.D., once the President of a College in Oxford, at first the
+Rector of _Brington-cum-Membris,_ Canon of Lincoln, and at last Dean
+of Sarum; who fell asleep in the Lord Jesus [Mar. 28, an. 1691], but
+in hope of an awake at the resurrection."]
+
+[Footnote 14: Dr. Matthew Wren, successively Bishop of Hereford,
+Norwich, and Ely, died April 14, 1667, aged eighty-one years and
+upwards. He was distinguished for his extraordinary attachment to the
+royal cause, having suffered an imprisonment for eighteen years with
+singular patience and magnanimity.
+
+It should not be forgotten, that when Cromwell had repeatedly offered
+to release the Bishop, he refused to accept of the proffered boon,
+saying, "that he scorned to receive his liberty from a tyrant and
+usurper." His life was kindly prolonged by Providence, that as he had
+seen the destruction, so he might also see the happy restoration of
+his order.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Born at Geneva on August 14, 1599, and educated at
+Christ Church, Oxford. Archbishop Laud gave him the living of Minster,
+Kent, and a Prebend in the Cathedral of Canterbury. He suffered
+much in the civil wars, but at the Restoration he recovered his
+preferments. Among his works are "A Treatise of Use and Custom,"
+1638, "De Quatuor Linguis Commentatio," 1650, "Of Credulity and
+Incredulity," 1668. He died on July 14, 1671.]
+
+[Footnote 16: Dr. John Williams was then Dean of Westminster. He held
+this Deanery _in Commendam_ during the whole time of his being Bishop
+of Lincoln, and likewise three years after his translation to York.]
+
+[Footnote 17: Was born at Anstley, in Wiltshire, in 1590; he received
+his education in William of Wykeham's school, near Winchester; was
+matriculated in the University of Oxford in 1608, and admitted Fellow
+of New College in 1609. He took the degree of LL.B. June 30, 1614,
+and that of LL.D. April 8, 1619. He no sooner had obtained his first
+degree than he became an Advocate in Doctors' Commons. Through the
+influence of his noble kinsman, who was then Lord of the Cinque Ports,
+he was elected, in 1620, a Burgess to serve in Parliament for Hythe
+in Kent. In the same year he succeeded Dr. John Budden as Professor
+of Civil law; and in 1625, he was appointed Principal of Alban's Hall.
+Though a layman, he held the Prebend of Shipston, in the Church of
+Salisbury, which was then first annexed to the Law Professorship by
+James I.
+
+After the Restoration, Dr. Zouch, whose loyalty always remained
+unimpeached, had the honour of being named by the King, along with
+several other Commissioners, to restore the splendours and regulate
+the disorders of the University. He was re-instated in the Court of
+Admiralty; and if he had lived he would doubtless have attained those
+higher dignities in his profession, to which his integrity and great
+abilities entitled him. He died at his apartments in Doctors' Commons,
+London, March 1, 1660.]
+
+[Footnote 18: Let it ever be remembered to the honour of this Prelate,
+whom Charles I. was wont to call "the good man," and whom he declared
+to be his greatest comfort in his most afflictive situation, that he
+delivered his sentiments without disguise to the King, on the subject
+of Lord Strafford's fate, telling him plainly, that "he ought to do
+nothing with an unsatisfied conscience, upon any consideration in
+the world." His character is thus beautifully pourtrayed by Sir Henry
+Wotton, in a letter to the Queen of Bohemia. "There is in him no
+tumour, no sourness, no distraction of thoughts; but a quiet mind, a
+patient care, free access, mild and moderate answers. To this I must
+add, a solid judgment, a sober plainness, and a most indubitable
+character of fidelity in his very face; so as there needs not much
+study to think him both a good man and a wise man."]
+
+[Footnote 19: This learned person went abroad in 1626, and spent
+four years in visiting Asia and Africa. He again left England, and
+travelled over several parts of Europe. He afterwards joined the
+Parliament against Charles I., whom he was appointed to attend from
+the very beginning of his imprisonment to the time of his death.
+He shewed himself a most faithful servant to the King, whose real
+character he soon discovered to be totally different from that which
+had been represented to him. In 1660, Charles II. advanced him to the
+Dignity of a Baronet, by the name of Thomas Herbert of Tinterne, in
+Monmouth "for faithfully serving his royal father during the two
+last years of his life."--In 1678 he published "Threnodia Carolina;
+containing Memoirs of the two last Years of the reign of King Charles
+I." This little work was reprinted in 1813, upon the opening the tomb
+of the royal martyr, by Mr. G. Nicoll of Pall Mall, with a "sensible
+and seasonable Preface." Sir T. Herbert assisted Sir William Dugdale
+in compiling the third volume of his "Monasticon Anglicanum;" and died
+at York, his native place, 1682, leaving several MSS. to the public
+library at Oxford, and others to that of the Cathedral at York.]
+
+[Footnote 20: This is supposed to have been Mr. Swinfen, an ancestor
+(on the female side) of the late Earl St. Vincent.]
+
+[Footnote 21: They were all, except Dr. Wall, ejected in 1647. Dr.
+Samuel Fell died of grief, the day he was made acquainted with the
+murder of Charles I., viz. on Feb. 1, 1648-9. Dr. Gardner, Canon of
+the third stall, lived to be restored, and died in 1670. Dr. Paine,
+Canon of the fourth stall, died during the rebellion. Dr. Hammond,
+Sub-dean and Canon of the second stall, died in 1660. As for Dr. Wall,
+Canon of the seventh stall, he conformed no doubt to the measures of
+the Visitors. He died possessed of it in 1666.]
+
+[Footnote 22: Mr. Thomas Brightman, born at Nottingham, and educated
+at Queen's College in Cambridge, was Rector of Hawnes in Bedfordshire.
+He died suddenly Aug. 24, 1607.
+
+Mr. Thomas Cartwright, the noted Puritan, in allusion to the name of
+Mr. Brightman, considers him as full of illumination as "a bright star
+in the Church of God." Though no favourable opinion can be entertained
+of his writings, yet the acknowledged innocence of his life and
+conversation entitles him to every encomium.]
+
+[Footnote 23: Honest Walton rather overstates the case. Thucydides
+simply says that attendance on the sick promoted the spread of the
+pestilence. (Lib. II. c. 51.)]
+
+[Footnote 24: This amiable philosopher was born Jan. 25th, 1626-17, at
+Lismore, in the province of Munster, in Ireland. He was a scholar, a
+gentleman, a Christian of the most exalted piety and charity, and a
+very eminent Natural philosopher. He died Dec. 30th, 1691.]
+
+[Footnote 25: Dr. Thomas Barlow was born in 1607, at Orton, in
+Westmoreland, was made Bishop of Lincoln, in 1675, and died at
+Buckden, in 1691. His character appears to have been vacillating; he
+was not among the venerable Prelates who stood forth the Protectors
+of the Protestant Religion in 1688. His theological learning was
+considerable.]
+
+[Footnote 26: Richard Baxter was born at Rowton, in Shropshire, 1615,
+and was a Chaplain in the Parliamentary Army, though he was a defender
+of Monarchy. He refused the Bishopric of Hereford, and died in 1691.
+His "Saint's Everlasting Rest" and "Call to the Unconverted" are his
+most famous books.]
+
+[Footnote 27: Dr. Peter Gunning was a loyalist Divine, who suffered
+considerably for the Royal cause, and died Bishop of Ely, in 1684.]
+
+[Footnote 28: Dr. John Pearson was the author of the famous
+"Exposition of the Creed;" in 1661, he was made Lady Margaret's
+Professor of Divinity, at Cambridge, and died Bishop of Chester, in
+1686, aged 74.]
+
+[Footnote 29: Dr. William Bancroft, born at Freshingfield, in Suffolk,
+in 1616, and educated at Emanuel College, Cambridge, where he
+was deprived of his Fellowship in 1649, for refusing to take the
+engagement. He was made Archbishop in 1677, and in 1688, he was one of
+the seven Prelates sent to the Tower by James II. At the Revolution
+he refused taking the Oaths to the new government, for which he was
+suspended and deprived. He died in retirement Nov. 14th, 1693.]
+
+[Footnote 30: Bishop Sanderson's Will is recorded in the Prerogative
+Court of Canterbury, in the volume called Juxon, Article 37. After his
+death, it was industriously reported that he repented of his writing
+against the Presbyterians, and would not suffer a Church Minister to
+pray by him, which is refuted by the narrative of Mr. Pullin's giving
+him the Sacrament.]
+
+[Footnote 31: Mr. John Pullin, B.D., and formerly Fellow of Magdalen
+College, Cambridge. His name is subscribed to a copy of commendatory
+Latin verses prefixed to "Duport's Greek Version of Job." He was a
+Prebendary, and also Chancellor of Lincoln.]
+
+
+
+
+DR. PIERCE'S LETTER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Letters from Sanderson]
+
+GOOD MR. WALTON,
+
+At my return to this place, I made a yet stricter search after the
+letters long ago sent me from our most excellent Dr. Sanderson, before
+the happy restoration of the King and Church of England to their
+several rights: in one of which letters more especially, he was
+pleased to give me a narrative both of the rise and the progress,
+and reasons also, as well of his younger, as of his last and riper
+judgment, touching the famous points controverted between the
+Calvinians and the Armenians, as they are commonly (though unjustly
+and unskilfully) miscalled on either side.
+
+[Sidenote: Dr. Hammond's book]
+
+The whole letter I allude to does consist of several sheets, whereof
+a good part had been made public long ago, by the most learned, most
+judicious, most pious Dr. Hammond, (to whom I sent it both for his
+private, and for the public satisfaction, if he thought fit,) in his
+excellent book, entitled, "A Pacific Discourse of God's Grace and
+Decrees, in full accordance with Dr. Sanderson:" to which discourse
+I refer you for an account of Dr. Sanderson and the history of his
+thoughts in his own hand-writing, wherein I sent it to Westwood, as I
+received it from Boothby Pannel. And although the whole book, (printed
+in the year 1660, and reprinted since with his other tracts in folio,)
+is very worthy of your perusal; yet, for the work you are about, you
+shall not have need to read more at present than from the 8th to the
+23rd page, and as far as the end of section 33. There you will find in
+what year the excellent man, whose life you write, became a Master of
+Arts: how his first reading of learned Hooker had been occasioned by
+certain puritanical pamphlets; and how good a preparative he found it
+for his reading of Calvin's Institutions, the honour of whose name
+(at that time especially) gave such credit to his errors: how he erred
+with Mr. Calvin, whilst he took things upon trust in the sublapsarian
+way: how, being chosen to be a Clerk of the Convocation for the
+Diocese of Lincoln, 1625, he reduced the Quinquarticular Controversy
+into five schemes or tables; and thereupon discerned a necessity of
+quitting the sublapsarian way, of which he had before a better liking,
+as well as the supralapsarian, which he could never fancy. There you
+will meet with his two weighty reasons against them both, and find his
+happy change of judgment to have been ever since the year 1625, even
+thirty-four years before the world either knew, or, at least, took
+notice of it; and more particularly his reasons for rejecting Dr.
+Twiss, (or the way he walks in,) although his acute and very learned
+and ancient friend.
+
+[Sidenote: Arriba discussed]
+
+I now proceed to let you know from Dr. Sanderson's own hand,[1] which
+was never printed, (and which you can hardly know from any, unless
+from his son, or from myself,) that, when that Parliament was broken
+up, and the convocation therewith dissolved, a gentleman of his
+acquaintance, by occasion of some discourse about these points, told
+him of a book not long before published at Paris, (A.D. 1623,) by a
+Spanish Bishop,[2] who had undertaken to clear the differences in
+the great controversy _De Concordia Gratiæ et Liberi Arbitrii_. And
+because his friend perceived he was greedily desirous to see the book,
+he sent him one of them, containing the four first books of twelve
+which he intended then to publish. "When I had read," says Dr.
+Sanderson, in the following words of the same letter, "his Epistle
+Dedicatory to the Pope (Gregory XV.), he spake so highly of his own
+invention, that I then began rather to suspect him for a mountebank,
+than to hope I should find satisfaction from his performances. I found
+much confidence and great pomp of words, but little matter as to the
+main knot of the business, other than had been said an hundred times
+before, to wit, of the co-existence of all things past, present, and
+future [Latin] _in mente divina realiter ab aeterno_, which is
+the subject of his whole third book: only he interpreteth the word
+_realiter_ so as to import not only _præsentialitatem objectivam,_ (as
+others held before him,) but _propriam et actualem existentiam_; yet
+confesseth it is hard to make this intelligible. In his fourth book
+he endeavours to declare a twofold manner of God's working _ad extra_;
+the one _sub ordine prædestinationis_, of which eternity is the proper
+measure: the other _sub ordine gratia_, whereof time is the
+measure; and that God worketh _fortiter_ in the one (though not
+_irresistibiliter_) as well _suamter_ in the other, wherein the
+free will hath his proper working also. From the result of his whole
+performance I was confirmed in this opinion; that we must acknowledge
+the work of both grace and free will in the conversion of a
+sinner; and so likewise in all other events, the consistency of the
+infallibility of God's foreknowledge at least (though not with any
+absolute, but conditional predestination) with the liberty of man's
+will, and the contingency of inferior causes and effects. These, I
+say, we must acknowledge for the [Greek: hoti] but for the [Greek: to
+pos], I thought it bootless for me to think of comprehending it. And
+so came the two _Acta Synodalia Dordrechtana_ to stand in my study,
+only to fill up a room to this day."
+
+[Sidenote: "Vindiciæ Gratiæ" discussed]
+
+And yet see the restless curiosity of man. Not many years after, to
+wit, A.D. 1632, out cometh Dr. Twiss's[3] _Vindiciæ Gratiæ_, a large
+volume, purposely writ against Arminius: and then, notwithstanding my
+former resolution, I must need be meddling again. The respect I bore
+to his person and great learning, and the acquaintance I had had with
+him in Oxford, drew me to the reading of that whole book. But from the
+reading of it (for I read it through to a syllable) I went away with
+many and great dissatisfactions. Sundry things in that book I took
+notice of, which brought me into a greater dislike of his opinion than
+I had before: but especially these three: First, that he bottometh
+very much of his discourse upon a very erroneous principle, which yet
+he seemeth to be so deeply in love with, that he hath repeated it, I
+verily believe, some hundreds of times in that work: to wit this;
+That whatsoever is first in the intention is last in execution, and
+_e converso._ Which is an error of that magnitude, that I cannot
+but wonder how a person of such acuteness and subtilty of wit could
+possibly be deceived with it. All logicians know there is no such
+universal maxim as he buildeth upon. The true maxim is but this:
+_Finis qui primus est in intentione, est ultimus in executione_. In
+the order of final causes, and the means used for that end, the rule
+holdeth perpetually: but in other things it holdeth not at all, or
+but by chance; or not as a rule, and necessarily. Secondly, that,
+foreseeing such consequences would naturally and necessarily follow
+from his opinion, as would offend the ear of a sober Christian at the
+very first sound, he would yet rather choose not only to admit the
+said harsh consequences, but professedly endeavour also to maintain
+them, and plead hard for them in large digressions, than to recede
+in the least from that opinion which he had undertaken to defend.
+Thirdly, that seeing (out of the sharpness of his wit) a necessity of
+forsaking the ordinary sublapsarian way, and the supralapsarian too,
+as it had diversely been declared by all that had gone before him,
+(for the shunning of those rocks, which either of those ways must
+unavoidably cast him upon,) he was forced to seek out an untrodden
+path, and to frame out of his own brain a new way, (like a spider's
+web wrought out of her own bowels,) hoping by that device to salve all
+absurdities, that could be objected; to wit, by making the glory of
+God (as it is indeed the chiefest, so) the only end of all other his
+decrees, and then making all those other decrees to be but one
+entire co-ordinate medium conducing to that one end, and so the whole
+subordinate to it, but not any one part thereof subordinate to any
+other of the same. Dr. Twiss should have done well to have been more
+sparing in imputing the _studium partlum_ to others, wherewith his own
+eyes, though of eminent perspicacity, were so strangely blindfolded,
+that he could not discern how this his new device, and his old dearly
+beloved principle, (like the _Cadmean Sparti_,) do mutually destroy
+the one the other.
+
+This relation of my past thoughts having spun out to a far greater
+length than I intended, I shall give a shorter account of what they
+now are concerning these points.
+
+[Sidenote: Hammond and Sanderson]
+
+For which account I refer you to the following parts of Dr. Hammond's
+book aforesaid, where you may find them already printed: and
+for another account at large of Bishop Sanderson's last judgment
+concerning _God's concurrence_ or _non-concurrence_ with the _actions
+of men_, and the _positive entity of sins of commission_, I refer you
+to his letters already printed by his consent, in my large Appendix to
+my Impartial Enquiry into the Nature of Sin, § 68, p. 193, as far as
+p. 200.
+
+"Sir, I have rather made it my choice to transcribe all above out of
+the letters of Dr. Sanderson, which lie before me, than venture the
+loss of my originals by post or carrier, which, though not often, yet
+sometimes fail. Make use of as much or as little as you please, of
+what I send you from himself (because from his own letters to me) in
+the penning of his life, as your own prudence shall direct you: using
+my name for your warranty in the account given of him, as much or as
+little as you please too. You have a performance of my promise, and an
+obedience to your desires from
+
+"Your affectionate
+
+"Humble Servant,
+
+"THO. PIERCE.
+
+"North Tidworth,
+
+"March 5, 1677-8."
+
+
+[Footnote 1: Sir, I pray note, that all that follows between inverted
+commas are Dr. Sanderson's own words, excellently worthy, but no where
+else extant; and commend him as much as any thing you can say of him.
+T.P.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Arriba.]
+
+[Footnote 3: This learned nonconformist was born at Reading about
+1575, and educated at Winchester School, and New College, Oxford. He
+had been Chaplain to the Princess Elizabeth. He died at Newbury, July
+20, 1646. Wood says, "his plain preaching was esteemed good; his solid
+disputations were accounted better; but his pious life was reckoned
+best of all."]
+
+
+
+
+THE BISHOP OF LINCOLN'S LETTER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Sanderson's Life]
+
+[Sidenote: Erroneous doctrines]
+
+MY WORTHY FRIEND, MR. WALTON,
+
+I am heartily glad, that you have undertaken to write the Life of that
+excellent person, and, both for learning and Piety, eminent Prelate,
+Dr. Sanderson, late Bishop of Lincoln; because I know your ability to
+know, and integrity to write truth: And sure I am, that the life
+and actions of that pious and learned Prelate will afford you matter
+enough for his commendation, and the imitation of posterity. In order
+to the carrying on your intended good work, you desire my assistance,
+that I would communicate to you such particular passages of his life,
+as were certainly known to me. I confess I had the happiness to be
+particularly known to him for about the space of twenty years; and,
+in Oxon, to enjoy his conversation, and his learned and pious
+instructions while he was Regius Professor of Divinity there.
+Afterwards, when (in the time of our late unhappy confusions) he
+left Oxon, and was retired into the country, I had the benefit of his
+letters; wherein, with great candour and kindness, he answered those
+doubts I proposed, and gave me that satisfaction, which I neither had
+nor expected from some others of greater confidence, but less judgment
+and humility. Having, in a letter, named two or three books writ (_ex
+professo_) against the being of any original sin; and that Adam,
+by his fall, transmitted some calamity only, but no crime to his
+posterity; the good old man was exceedingly troubled, and bewailed the
+misery of those licentious times, and seemed to wonder (save that the
+times were such) that any should write, or be permitted to publish
+any error so contradictory to truth, and the doctrine of the Church
+of England, established (as he truly said) by clear evidence of
+Scripture, and the just and supreme power of this nation, both sacred
+and civil. I name not the books, nor their authors, which are not
+unknown to learned men (and I wish they had never been known) because
+both the doctrine and the unadvised abettors of it are, and shall be,
+to me apocryphal.
+
+[Sidenote: "De Conscientiâ"]
+
+Another little story I must not pass in silence, being an argument
+of Dr. Sanderson's piety, great ability, and judgment, as a casuist.
+Discoursing with an honourable person[1] (whose piety I value more
+than his nobility and learning, though both be great) about a case of
+conscience concerning oath and vows, their nature and obligation; in
+which, for some particular reasons, he then desired more fully to
+be informed; I commended to him Dr. Sanderson's book "De Juramento;"
+which having read, with great satisfaction, he asked me,--"If I
+thought the Doctor could be induced to write Cases of Conscience,
+if he might have an honorary pension allowed him to furnish him with
+books for that purpose?" I told him I believed he would: And, in a
+letter to the Doctor, told him what great satisfaction that honourable
+person, and many more, had reaped by reading his book "De Juramento;"
+and asked him "whether he would be pleased, for the benefit of the
+Church, to write some tract of Cases of Conscience;" He replied, "That
+he was glad that any had received any benefit by his books:" and added
+further, "That if any future tract of his could bring such benefit
+to any, as we seemed to say his former had done, he would willingly,
+though without any Pension, set about that work." Having received this
+answer, that honourable person, before mentioned, did, by my hands,
+return 50_l_. to the good Doctor, whose condition then (as most
+good men's at that time were) was but low; and he presently revised,
+finished, and published that excellent book, "De Conscientiâ:" a book
+little in bulk, but not so if we consider the benefit an intelligent
+reader may receive by it. For there are so many general propositions
+concerning conscience, the nature and obligation of it, explained and
+proved, with such firm consequence and evidence of reason, that he who
+reads, remembers, and can with prudence pertinently apply them _hic
+et nunc_ to particular cases, may, by their light and help, rationally
+resolve a thousand particular doubts and scruples of conscience. Here
+you may see the charity of that honourable person in promoting,
+and the piety and industry of the good Doctor, in performing that
+excellent work.
+
+[Sidenote: A good casuist:]
+
+[Sidenote: his equipment]
+
+And here I shall add the judgment of that learned and pious Prelate
+concerning a passage very pertinent to our present purpose. When he
+was in Oxon, and read his public lectures in the school as Regius
+Professor of Divinity, and by the truth of his positions, and
+evidences of his proofs, gave great content and satisfaction to all
+his hearers, especially in his clear resolutions of all difficult
+cases which occurred in the explication of the subject-matter of his
+lectures; a person of quality (yet alive) privately asked him, "What
+course a young Divine should take in his studies to enable him to be a
+good casuist?" His answer was, "That a convenient under of the learned
+languages, at least of Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, and a sufficient
+knowledge of arts and sciences presupposed; I there were two things in
+human literature, a comprehension of which would be of very great use,
+to enable a man to be a rational and able casuist, which otherwise was
+very difficult, if not impossible: I. A convenient knowledge of moral
+philosophy; especially that part of it which treats of the nature of
+human actions: To know, _'quid sit actus humanus (spontaneus, invitus,
+mixtus), unde habet bonitatem et malitiam moralem? an ex genere et
+objecto, vel ex circumstantiis?'_ How the variety of circumstances
+varies the goodness or evil of human actions? How far knowledge and
+ignorance may aggravate or excuse, increase or diminish the goodness
+or evil of our actions? For every case of conscience being only
+this--'Is this action good or bad? May I do it, or may I not?'--He
+who, in these, knows not how and whence human actions become morally
+good and evil, never can (_in hypothesi_) rationally and certainly
+determine, whether this or that particular action be so.--2. The
+second thing, which," he said, "would be a great help and advantage to
+a casuist, was a convenient knowledge of the nature and obligation of
+laws in general: to know what a law is; what a natural and a positive
+law; what's required to the _'latio, dispensato, derogatio, vel
+abrogalio legis;'_ what promulgation is antecedently required to
+the obligation of any positive law; what ignorance takes off the
+obligation of a law, or does excuse, diminish, or aggravate the
+transgression: For every case of conscience being only this--'Is this
+lawful for me, or is it not?' and the law the only rule and measure by
+which I must judge of the lawfulness or unlawfulness of any action;
+it evidently follows, that he who, in these, knows not the nature and
+obligation of laws, never can be a good casuist, or rationally assure
+himself or others, of the lawfulness or unlawfulness of actions in
+particular."
+
+[Sidenote: Conclusion]
+
+This was the judgment and good counsel of that learned and pious
+Prelate: And having, by long experience, found the truth and benefit
+of it, I conceive, I could not without ingratitude to him, and want
+of charity to others, conceal it.--Pray pardon this rude, and, I fear
+impertinent scribble, which, if nothing else, may signify thus much,
+that I am willing to obey your desires, and am indeed,
+
+Your affectionate friend,
+
+THOMAS LINCOLN.
+
+London, May 10, 1678.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: Robert Boyle, Esq.]
+
+
+
+
+THE WORKS OF DR. ROBERT SANDERSON.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Sanderson's Works]
+
+I. "LOGICÆ ARTIS COMPENDIUM. _Oxon._ 1615." 8vo.
+
+II. "PHYSICÆ SCIENTIÆ COMPENDIUM, à ROBERTO SANDERSON, Coll. Lincoln,
+in almâ Oxoniensi olim socio, &c. _Oxoniæ_, 1671."
+
+III. SERMONS. "Dr. Sanderson's XII. Sermons, 1632." 4to.--"Dr.
+Sanderson's Sermons (including the twelve before printed), 1664."
+Folio.--"Ditto, with his Life by Isaac Walton, 1689." Folio.
+
+IV. "NINE CASES OF CONSCIENCE DETERMINED, 1678. 1685." 8vo.
+
+V. "DE JURAMENTI PROMISSORII OBLIGATIONE PRÆLECTIONES SEPTEM: HABITÆ
+in SCHOLA THEOLOGICA OXONII, Termino Michaëlis anno Dom. MDCXLVI.
+à ROBERTO SANDERSON. Præmissâ Oratione ab eodem habitâ cùm Publicam
+Professionem auspicaretur, 26 Octobris, 1646. _Lona_. 1647."
+
+These Lectures were translated into the English language by Charles I.
+during his confinement in the Isle of Wight, and printed at London, in
+1655--8vo.
+
+VI. "DE OBLIGATIONE CONSCIENTIÆ PRÆLECTIONES DECEM OXONII in SCHOLA
+THEOLOGICA HABITÆ, anno Dom. MDCXLVII." An English translation of the
+"Prelections on the Nature and Obligation of Promissory Oaths and of
+Conscience," was published in 3 vols. 8vo. _London_, 1722.
+
+VII. "CENSURE OF MR. ANTON. ASCHAM his BOOK of the CONFUSIONS and
+REVOLUTIONS of GOVERNMENT, _London_, 1649." 8vo.
+
+VIII. "EPISCOPACY (as established by Law in England) NOT PREJUDICIAL
+to REGAL POWER. Written in the Time of the Long Parliament, by the
+special Command of the late King. _London_, 1673."
+
+IX. "DISCOURSE CONCERNING the CHURCH, in THESE PARTICULARS: First,
+concerning the Visibility of the true Church: Secondly, concerning the
+Church of Rome. _London_, 1688."
+
+X. 1. "BISHOP SANDERSON'S JUDGMENT concerning SUBMISSION to USURPERS."
+2. "PAX ECCLESIÆ." 3. "BISHOP SANDERSON'S JUDGMENT in ONE VIEW for the
+SETTLEMENT of the CHURCH." 4. "REASONS of the present JUDGMENT of the
+UNIVERSITY of OXFORD, concerning the SOLEMN LEAGUE and COVENANT,
+the NEGATIVE OATH, the ORDINANCES concerning DISCIPLINE and WORSHIP.
+_London_, 1678."
+
+XI. A large "PREFACE" to a book written at the command of Charles I.
+by Archbishop Usher, and published by Dr. Sanderson, entitled "The
+POWER communicated by GOD to the PRINCE, and the OBEDIENCE required of
+the SUBJECT. _London_, 1661."--4to. Second corrected edition of this
+work was published in 8vo. 1683.
+
+XII. "A PREFATORY DISCOURSE," in defence of Usher and his Writings,
+prefixed to a collection of Treatises, entitled 'CLAVI TRABALES, or
+NAILES fastened by some great MASTERS of ASSEMBLYES, concerning the
+KING'S SUPREMACY and CHURCH GOVERNMENT under BISHOPS.'
+
+The Preface is dated "London, Aug. 10, 1661," and subscribed "The
+unworthy servant of Jesus Christ, Ro. LINCOLN."
+
+XIII. "PROPHECIES concerning the RETURN of POPERY," inserted in a book
+entitled 'Fair Warning: The Second Part. _London_, 1663.'
+
+XIV. "The PREFACE to the BOOK of COMMON PRAYER," beginning with these
+words; "It hath been the wisdom of the Church"----.
+
+XV. "[Greek: EPINOMIS], seu EXPLANATIO JURAMENTI," &c., inserted in
+the 'Excerpta è Corpore Statutorum Univ. Oxoniensis,' p. 194.
+
+XVI. "ARTICLES of VISITATION and ENQUIRY concerning MATTERS
+ECCLESIASTICAL, exhibited to the Ministers, Churchwardens, and Sidemen
+of every Parish within the Diocese of Lincoln, in the first episcopal
+Visitation of the Right Rev. Father in God, ROBERT, by Divine
+Providence, Lord Bishop of Lincoln; with the oath to be administered
+to the Churchwardens, and the Bishop's Admonition to them. _London_,
+1662." 4to.
+
+XVII. Peck, in the 'Desiderata Curiosa,' Vol. II., has inserted "The
+HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES of the CATHEDRAL CHURCH of the Blessed Virgin
+St. MARY at LINCOLN; containing an exact Copy of all the Monumental
+Inscriptions there, in Number 163, as they stood in 1641; most of
+which was soon after torn up, or otherwise defaced. Collected by
+ROBERT SANDERSON, S.T.P., afterwards Lord Bishop of that Church, and
+compared with and corrected by Sir WILLIAM DUGDALE'S MS. Survey."
+
+Dr. White Kennet, Bishop of Peterborough, had in his possession the
+copies of two letters transcribed from the originals that were in the
+hands of Bishop Barlow. 1. Superscribed "For Mr. Thomas Barlow, at the
+Library in Oxon," and subscribed "Your very loving friend and
+servant, ROBERT SANDERSON," dated "Botheby Pagnell, Sept. 28, 1656,"
+importuning Dr. Barlow, "to undertake the managing that dispute in the
+question of great importance upon the ancient landmarks, by Dr. Jeremy
+Taylor; so unhappily (and so unseasonably too) endeavoured to be
+removed in the doctrine of original sin." 2. Another letter of Dr.
+Sanderson to Dr. Barlow, at Queen's College, dated "Botheby Pagnell,
+Sept. 17, 1657," expressing himself, "That Dr. Taylor is so peremptory
+and pertinacious of his errors as not to hearken to the sober advices
+of his grave, reverend, and learned friends, amidst the distractions
+of these times," &c.
+
+Dr. Sanderson and Dr. Hammond were jointly concerned in a work
+entitled "A PACIFIC DISCOURSE of GOD'S GRACE and DECREES," published
+by the latter in 1660.
+
+It would be improper not to observe, that in the Preface to the
+Polyglott Bible, printed at London in 1657, Dr. Bryan Walton has
+classed Dr. Sanderson among those of his much honoured friends who
+assisted him in that noble work.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTES
+
+_The numbers at the beginning of paragraphs refer to the pages_
+
+
+LIFE OF HOOKER
+
+_Frontispiece._--The portrait here given is from Hooker's monument in
+Bishopsbourne Church.
+
+_Text, etc._--_The Life of Mr. Richard Hooker_ was first published
+in small _octavo_ in 1665. The second edition was prefixed to the
+_Ecclesiastical Polity_ of 1666, _folio_, and again in 1676 and 1682.
+It was also included in Walton's collection of 1670. A valuable essay
+on Hooker by Dean Church is prefixed to the Clarendon Press edition of
+the first book of _Ecclesiastical Polity_, 1876.
+
+_Page_
+
+3. _at this time of my age._ He says at p. 4 that he was "past the
+seventy of his age."
+
+5. _John Hales._ See vol. i. p. 193, note.
+
+7. _He was born, etc._ "Probably in March, 1553-54," says the _Dict.
+of Nat. Biography_.
+
+8. _a school-boy._ He was educated at Exeter grammar school.
+
+14. _the Bishop said to him. Cf._ chap. iii. of the _Vicar of
+Wakefield_, where this anecdote is referred to. Indeed Hooker is there
+alleged to have been the "great ancestor" of George Primrose.
+
+23. _elemented._ See note to vol. i. p. 53.
+
+26. _I cannot learn the pretended cause._ It seems probable that
+the views of Hooker and his friends had offended Barfoot, who was a
+zealous Puritan.
+
+17. _he entered into Sacred Orders._ About 1581.
+
+30. _her conditions_, personal qualities, manners. Recent
+investigations tend to show that honest Izaak's account is prejudiced,
+as Hooker in his will makes his "wel-beloved wife" sole executrix and
+residuary legatee, and his father-in-law was one of the overseers.
+Nevertheless Wood calls her "a clownish, silly woman, and withal a
+mere Xanthippe."
+
+58. _The forenoon ... Geneva._ The speaker was Fuller, but the
+quotation is not quite textual.
+
+70. _and behold God's blessings. Cf._ p. 33.
+
+71. _corps_, endowment. "When the _corps_ of the profit or benefice
+is but one the title can be but one man's" (Hooker, _Ecclesiastical
+Polity_, v. lxxx, § 11).
+
+94. _Judicious Hooker._ This is the first application to Hooker of
+this time-honoured epithet. Sir W. Cowper was the grandfather of
+William, first Earl Cowper. The monument was erected in 1635.
+
+97. _one of his elder daughters. I.e._ Cicely.
+
+97. _both died before they were marriageable._ Alice died unmarried in
+1649; but Jane (or Jone) married Edward Nethersole at Bishopsbourne,
+23rd March 1600.
+
+99. _dead in her bed._ In March 1601.
+
+108, _regiment_, regimen, regulation, management. _Cf_. Bacon's essay
+"Of Regiment of Health."
+
+121. _in devise_, in contemplation.
+
+
+LIFE OF HERBERT
+
+_Text, etc.--The Life of Mr. George Herbert_ was first published in
+1670, 12mo, with his letters to his mother, etc. It was also included
+in the collected _Lives_ of 1670. All his known writings have been
+edited by Dr. Grosart for the _Fuller Worthies Library_, 1874, and the
+_Aldine Poets_, 1876.
+
+134. _he was elected ... Cambridge._ He was admitted scholar 5th May
+1609, and matriculated pensioner at Trinity 18th December 1609.
+
+135. _her husband died._ Sir Richard Herbert died in 1597.
+
+136. _in Oxford four years._ From 1598 to 1603-4.
+
+142. _Bachelor of Arts in 1611._ The correct date is 1612-13.
+
+142. _Matter of Arts, 1616._ See also p. 143. These data were
+furnished to Dr. Grosart by the University authorities.
+
+143. _chosen Orator._ 18th January 1620.
+
+149. _many Seals._ See vol. i. p. 72.
+
+150. _a sinecure._ Whitford is in Flintshire.
+
+152. _cross-bias me._ A bowling-green image.
+
+154. _Prebend of Layton Ecclesia._ Grosart points out that Walton was
+wrong here. Herbert was not a Deacon. He held the prebendary of Layton
+(Leighton Bromswold) as a laic, as he did the sinecure rectorship of
+Whitford.
+
+163. _she died in the year_ 1627. In June. On July 1 Donne preached
+her Funeral Sermon. See _ante_, p. 139. When it was published (London,
+1627, 12mo) Herbert appended to it the Greek and Latin poems to
+her memory, entitled _Parentalia_; these were the chief verses he
+published in his lifetime.
+
+165. _three months after this marriage._ It took place at Edington on
+5th March 1629.
+
+167. _canonical clothes._ This, as Dr. Grosart says, shows that he
+"was still a layman."
+
+167. _Parsonage of Bemerton._ In the presentation in the Record
+Office, which is dated 16th April 1630, ten days before his induction,
+it is styled "Rectory of the parish church of Fulston (Fuggleston) St.
+Peter's and Bemerton."
+
+175. "_The Country Parson._" For further particulars see p. 212. Of
+the simplicity of this beautiful little book Canon Ainger has well
+said, "Not for the first or last time in our literature was it to be
+shown that the euphuistic tendency is killed when the writer begins
+to think more of his topic than himself" (Craik's _English Prose_, ii.
+(1894), 204).
+
+190. _being_, seeing. _Cf._ also p. 258.
+
+193. _genteel_, refined, well-bred.
+
+201. "_The Temple._" See full title on p. 213.
+
+205. _passion_, violent commotion of the mind, perturbation.
+
+206. _my last Will._ This, which Walton had not seen, is printed by
+Dr. Grosart (_Herbert's Poetical Works_, 1876, p. lxi).
+
+207. _buried 3rd day of March, 1632._ I.e. in 1633, as the rest of the
+note seems to imply. He lies under the altar in the church.
+
+
+LIFE OF SANDERSON
+
+_Text, etc_ The first separate edition of the _Life of Dr. Robert
+Sanderson_ was printed in 1678, 8vo. It is corrected and supplemented
+in Jacobson's edition of Sanderson's works, 1854, 6 vols.
+
+223. _the place of his birth was Rotherham._ As stated in the note, it
+was Sheffield, in a house called the Lane Head Stane. He was baptized
+on the 10th September.
+
+240. _about this time._ He was presented to the Rectory of Boothby
+Pagnell in 1619. There is a print of Boothby Parsonage in the
+_Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1801, i. 105.
+
+241. _resigned his Fellowship._ In May 1619.
+
+241. _pennyworths_, bargains.
+
+271. _prevented him_, anticipated him.
+
+282. _Little Britain_. Like Duck Lane, Little Britain was (in Strype's
+words) "much inhabited by booksellers."
+
+296. _conversation_, intercourse with the world.
+
+303. _blacks_, mourning. _Cf_. Bacon "Of Death" (Essay 2).
+
+305. _29th of January 1662._ Should be 1663. He was buried in the
+chancel of Buckden Church.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13139 ***
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #13139 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13139)
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Lives of John Donne, Henry Wotton, Rich'd
+Hooker, George Herbert, &C, Volume Two, by Izaak Walton
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Lives of John Donne, Henry Wotton, Rich'd Hooker, George Herbert,
+&C, Volume Two
+
+Author: Izaak Walton
+
+Release Date: August 8, 2004  [eBook #13139]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF JOHN DONNE, HENRY WOTTON,
+RICH'D HOOKER, GEORGE HERBERT, &C, VOLUME TWO***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Leah Moser and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+LIVES OF JOHN DONNE, HENRY WOTTON, RICH'D HOOKER, GEORGE HERBERT, &c,
+VOLUME TWO
+
+by
+
+IZAAK WALTON
+
+
+
+
+
+
+This issue of "Walton's Lives" is based upon John Major's edition
+of 1825, which was printed from a copy of the edition of 1675,
+"corrected by Walton's own pen," Major's "illustrative notes" have
+been preserved, with some modifications by later hands. Mr. AUSTIN
+DOBSON has read the text, added the marginalia, and contributed the
+supplementary notes.
+
+I.G.
+
+August 9,
+
+Walton's birthday,
+
+1898.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+The Life of Mr. Richard Hooker
+
+The Life of Mr. George Herbert, Prebendary of Salisbury Cathedral
+
+The Life of Dr. Robert Sanderson, Late Lord Bishop of Lincoln
+
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE OF MR. RICHARD HOOKER:
+
+THE AUTHOR OF THOSE LEARNED BOOKS OF THE LAWS OF ECCLESIASTICAL
+POLITY.
+
+
+  "Judicious Hooker, though the cost be spent
+  On him, that hath a lasting monument
+  In his own books; yet ought we to express
+  If not the worth, yet our respectfulness."
+
+SIR WIL. COWPER
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+[Sidenote: Introduction]
+
+I have been persuaded, by a friend whom I reverence, and ought
+to obey, to write the Life of RICHARD HOOKER, the happy Author
+of Five--if not more--of the eight learned books of "The Laws of
+Ecclesiastical Polity." And though I have undertaken it, yet it hath
+been with some unwillingness: because I foresee that it must prove to
+me, and especially at this time of my age, a work of much labour to
+enquire, consider, research, and determine what is needful to be known
+concerning him. For I knew him not in his life, and must therefore not
+only look back to his death,--now sixty-four years past,--but almost
+fifty years beyond, that, even to his childhood and youth; and gather
+thence such observations and prognostics as may at least adorn, if not
+prove necessary for the completing of what I have undertaken.
+
+[Sidenote: Reasons for this Life]
+
+This trouble I foresee, and foresee also that it is impossible to
+escape censures; against which I will not hope my well-meaning and
+diligence can protect me,--for I consider the age in which I live--and
+shall therefore but intreat of my Reader a suspension of his censures,
+till I have made known unto him some reasons, which I myself would now
+gladly believe do make me in some measure fit for this undertaking;
+and if these reasons shall not acquit me from all censures, they may
+at least abate of their severity, and this is all I can probably hope
+for. My reasons follow.
+
+About forty years past--for I am now past the seventy of my
+age--I began a happy affinity with William Cranmer,--now with
+God,--grand-nephew unto the great Archbishop of that name;--a family
+of noted prudence and resolution; with him and two of his sisters I
+had an entire and free friendship: one of them was the wife of Dr.
+Spencer,[1] a bosom friend and sometime com-pupil with Mr. Hooker in
+Corpus Christi College in Oxford, and after President of the same. I
+name them here, for that I shall have occasion to mention them in the
+following discourse, as also George Cranmer, their brother, of whose
+useful abilities my Reader may have a more authentic testimony than my
+pen can purchase for him, by that of our learned Camden and others.
+
+[Sidenote: Hooker's friends]
+
+This William Cranmer and his two fore-named sisters had some affinity,
+and a most familiar friendship, with Mr. Hooker, and had had some
+part of their education with him in his house, when he was parson of
+Bishop's-Bourne near Canterbury; in which City their good father then
+lived. They had, I say, a part of their education with him as myself,
+since that time, a happy cohabitation with them; and having some
+years before read part of Mr. Hooker's works with great liking and
+satisfaction, my affection to them made me a diligent inquisitor into
+many things that concerned him; as namely, of his persons, his nature,
+the management of his time, his wife, his family, and the fortune
+of him and his. Which enquiry hath given me much advantage in the
+knowledge of what is now under my consideration, and intended for the
+satisfaction of my Reader.
+
+[Sidenote: Conclusion]
+
+I had also a friendship with the Reverend Dr. Usher,[2] the late
+learned Archbishop of Armagh; and with Dr. Morton, the late learned
+and charitable Bishop of Durham; as also the learned John Hales,
+of Eton College; and with them also--who loved the very name of Mr.
+Hooker--I have had many discourses concerning him; and from them, and
+many others that have now put off mortality, I might have had more
+informations, if I could then have admitted a thought of any fitness
+for what by persuasion I have now undertaken. But though that full
+harvest be irrecoverably lost, yet my memory hath preserved some
+gleanings, and my diligence made such additions to them, as I hope
+will prove useful to the completing of what I intend: in the discovery
+of which I shall be faithful, and with this assurance put a period to
+my Introduction.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: A native of Suffolk, one of the Clerks of Corpus Christi
+College, Oxford, and Greek Reader. He entered Orders, became a noted
+Preacher, Chaplain to James I., and a great admirer of Richard Hooker
+and the famous Dr. John Reynolds, the latter of whom he succeeded
+as Master of his College. About four years after Hooker's death, he
+published the Five Books of Ecclesiastical Polity, with a Preface; and
+dying on April 3rd, 1614, was buried at Oxford.]
+
+[Footnote 2: The illustrious Primate of Ireland, born in Dublin, Jan.
+4th, 1580. He was the first Student of Trinity College, in 1593,
+and in 1610 he was made Bishop of Meath, whence he was translated to
+Armagh, in 1625. In the Irish Rebellion, he lost every thing but his
+library, which he conveyed to England, where he died in retirement,
+March 21st, 1655-56.]
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE
+OF
+MR. RICHARD HOOKER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Birth and parentage]
+
+It is not to be doubted, but that Richard Hooker was born at
+Heavy-tree, near, or within the precincts, or in the City of Exeter;
+a City which may justly boast, that it was the birth-place of him and
+Sir Thomas Bodley; as indeed the County may, in which it stands, that
+it hath furnished this nation with Bishop Jewel, Sir Francis Drake,
+Sir Walter Raleigh, and many others, memorable for their valour and
+learning. He was born about the year of our Redemption 1553, and of
+parents that were not so remarkable for their extraction or riches, as
+for their virtue and industry, and God's blessing upon both; by
+which they were enabled to educate their children in some degree
+of learning, of which our Richard Hooker may appear to be one fair
+testimony, and that nature is not so partial as always to give the
+great blessings of wisdom and learning, and with them the greater
+blessings of virtue and government, to those only that are of a more
+high and honourable birth.
+
+[Sidenote: "His complexion"]
+
+His complexion--if we may guess by him at the age of forty--was
+sanguine, with a mixture of choler; and yet his motion was slow even
+in his youth, and so was his speech, never expressing an earnestness
+in either of them, but an humble gravity suitable to the aged. And it
+is observed,--so far as enquiry is able to look back at this distance
+of time,--that at his being a school-boy he was an early questionist,
+quietly inquisitive "why this was, and that was not, to be remembered?
+why this was granted, and that denied?" This being mixed with a
+remarkable modesty, and a sweet serene quietness of nature, and with
+them a quick apprehension of many perplexed parts of learning, imposed
+then upon him as a scholar, made his Master and others to believe him
+to have an inward blessed divine light, and therefore to consider him
+to be a little wonder. For in that, children were less pregnant, less
+confident and more malleable, than in this wiser, but not better, age.
+
+[Sidenote: Early training]
+
+This meekness and conjuncture of knowledge, with modesty in his
+conversation, being observed by his Schoolmaster, caused him to
+persuade his parents--who intended him for an apprentice--to continue
+him at school till he could find out some means, by persuading his
+rich Uncle, or some other charitable person, to ease them of a part
+of their care and charge; assuring them that their son was so enriched
+with the blessings of nature and grace, that God seemed to single him
+out as a special instrument of his glory. And the good man told them
+also, that he would double his diligence in instructing him, and would
+neither expect nor receive any other reward, than the content of so
+hopeful and happy an employment.
+
+This was not unwelcome news, and especially to his Mother, to whom
+he was a dutiful and dear child, and all parties were so pleased with
+this proposal, that it was resolved so it should be. And in the
+mean time his Parents and Master laid a foundation for his future
+happiness, by instilling into his soul the seeds of piety, those
+conscientious principles of loving and fearing God, of an early belief
+that he knows the very secrets of our souls; that he punisheth
+our vices, and rewards our innocence; that we should be free from
+hypocrisy, and appear to man what we are to God, because first or last
+the crafty man is catched in his own snare. These seeds of piety were
+so seasonably planted, and so continually watered with the daily dew
+of God's blessed Spirit, that his infant virtues grew into such holy
+habits, as did make him grow daily into more and more favour both with
+God and man; which, with the great learning that he did after attain
+to, hath made Richard Hooker honoured in this, and will continue him
+to be so to succeeding generations.
+
+[Sidenote: John Hooker]
+
+This good School-master, whose name I am not able to recover,--and
+am sorry, for that I would have given him a better memorial in this
+humble monument, dedicated to the memory of his scholar,--was very
+solicitous with John Hooker, then Chamberlain of Exeter, and uncle to
+our Richard, to take his Nephew into his care, and to maintain him for
+one year in the University, and in the mean time to use his endeavours
+to procure an admission for him into some College, though it were but
+in a mean degree; still urging and assuring him, that his charge would
+not continue long; for the lad's learning and manners were both so
+remarkable, that they must of necessity be taken notice of; and that
+doubtless God would provide him some second patron, that would free
+him and his Parents from their future care and charge.
+
+[Sidenote: Bishop Jewel]
+
+These reasons, with the affectionate rhetoric of his good Master, and
+God's blessing upon both, procured from his Uncle a faithful promise,
+that he would take him into his care and charge before the expiration
+of the year following, which was performed by him, and with the
+assistance of the learned Mr. John Jewel;[1] of whom this may be
+noted, that he left, or was about the first of Queen Mary's reign
+expelled out of Corpus Christi College in Oxford,--of which he was a
+Fellow,--for adhering to the truth of those principles of Religion to
+which he had assented and given testimony in the days of her brother
+and predecessor, Edward the Sixth; and this John Jewel, having within
+a short time after, a just cause to fear a more heavy punishment than
+expulsion, was forced, by forsaking this, to seek safety in another
+nation; and, with that safety, the enjoyment of that doctrine and
+worship for which he suffered.
+
+But the cloud of that persecution and fear ending with the life of
+Queen Mary, the affairs of the Church and State did then look more
+clear and comfortable; so that he, and with him many others of the
+same judgment, made a happy return into England about the first of
+Queen Elizabeth; in which year this John Jewel was sent a Commissioner
+or Visitor, of the Churches of the Western parts of this kingdom, and
+especially of those in Devonshire, in which County he was born; and
+then and there he contracted a friendship with John Hooker, the Uncle
+of our Richard.
+
+[Sidenote: At Oxford]
+
+About the second or third year of her reign, this John Jewel was
+made Bishop of Salisbury; and there being always observed in him a
+willingness to do good, and to oblige his friends, and now a power
+added to his willingness; this John Hooker gave him a visit in
+Salisbury, and besought him for charity's sake to look favourably upon
+a poor nephew of his, whom Nature had fitted for a scholar; but the
+estate of his parents was so narrow, that they were unable to give him
+the advantage of learning; and that the Bishop would therefore become
+his patron, and prevent him from being a tradesman, for he was a boy
+of remarkable hopes. And though the Bishop knew men do not usually
+look with an indifferent eye upon their own children and relations,
+yet he assented so far to John Hooker, that he appointed the boy and
+his School-master should attend him, about Easter next following, at
+that place: which was done accordingly; and then, after some questions
+and observations of the boy's learning, and gravity, and behaviour,
+the Bishop gave his School-master a reward, and took order for an
+annual pension for the boy's parents; promising also to take him into
+his care for a future preferment, which he performed: for about the
+fifteenth year of his age, which was anno 1567, he was by the Bishop
+appointed to remove to Oxford, and there to attend Dr. Cole,[2]
+then President of Corpus Christi College. Which he did; and Dr. Cole
+had--according to a promise made to the Bishop--provided for him both
+a Tutor--which was said to be the learned Dr. John Reynolds,[3]--and a
+Clerk's place in that College: which place, though it were not a
+full maintenance, yet, with the contribution of his Uncle, and
+the continued pension of his patron, the good Bishop, gave him a
+comfortable subsistence. And in this condition he continued until the
+eighteenth year of his age, still increasing in learning and prudence,
+and so much in humility and piety, that he seemed to be filled with
+the Holy Ghost; and even like St. John Baptist, to be sanctified from
+his mother's womb, who did often bless the day in which she bare him.
+
+[Sidenote: "A dangerous sickness"]
+
+About this time of his age, he fell into a dangerous sickness, which
+lasted two months; all which time his Mother, having notice of it, did
+in her hourly prayers as earnestly beg his life of God, as Monica the
+mother of St. Augustine did, that he might become a true Christian;
+and their prayers were both so heard as to be granted. Which Mr.
+Hooker would often mention with much joy, and as often pray that "he
+might never live to occasion any sorrow to so good a mother; of whom
+he would often say, he loved her so dearly, that he would endeavour to
+be good, even as much for her's as for his own sake."
+
+[Sidenote: The Bishop's horse]
+
+As soon as he was perfectly recovered from this sickness, he took a
+journey from Oxford to Exeter, to satisfy and see his good Mother,
+being accompanied with a countryman and companion of his own College,
+and both on foot; which was then either more in fashion, or want of
+money, or their humility made it so: but on foot they went, and took
+Salisbury in their way, purposely to see the good Bishop, who made
+Mr. Hooker and his companion dine with him at his own table: which Mr.
+Hooker boasted of with much joy and gratitude when he saw his mother
+and friends: and at the Bishop's parting with him, the Bishop gave
+him good counsel, and his benediction, but forgot to give him money;
+which, when the Bishop had considered, he sent a servant in all haste
+to call Richard back to him: and at Richard's return, the Bishop said
+to him, "Richard, I sent for you back to lend you a horse, which
+hath carried me many a mile, and, I thank God, with much ease;" and
+presently delivered into his hand a walking-staff, with which he
+professed he had travelled through many parts of Germany. And he said,
+"Richard, I do not give, but lend you my horse: be sure you be honest,
+and bring my horse back to me at your return this way to Oxford. And
+I do now give you ten groats, to bear your charges to Exeter; and here
+is ten groats more, which I charge you to deliver to your Mother
+and tell her I send her a Bishop's benediction with it, and beg the
+continuance of her prayers for me. And if you bring my horse back
+to me, I will give you ten groats more, to carry you on foot to the
+College: and so God bless you, good Richard."
+
+[Sidenote: Jewel's death]
+
+And this, you may believe, was performed by both parties. But, alas!
+the next news that followed Mr. Hooker to Oxford was, that his learned
+and charitable patron had changed this for a better life. Which happy
+change may be believed, for that as he lived, so he died, in devout
+meditation and prayer: and in both so zealously, that it became a
+religious question, "Whether his last ejaculations or his soul did
+first enter into Heaven?"
+
+And now Mr. Hooker became a man of sorrow and fear: of sorrow, for the
+loss of so dear and comfortable a patron; and of fear for his future
+subsistence. But Dr. Cole raised his spirits from this dejection, by
+bidding him go cheerfully to his studies, and assuring him, he
+should neither want food nor raiment,--which was the utmost of his
+hopes,--for he would become his patron.
+
+And so he was for about nine months, and not longer; for about that
+time this following accident did befall Mr. Hooker.
+
+[Sidenote: Bishop Sandys]
+
+[Sidenote: Hooker's pupil]
+
+Edwin Sandys[4]--sometime Bishop of London, and after Archbishop of
+York--had also been in the days of Queen Mary, forced, by forsaking
+this, to seek safety in another nation; where, for some years, Bishop
+Jewel and he were companions at bed and board in Germany; and where,
+in this their exile, they did often eat the bread of sorrow, and by
+that means they there began such a friendship, as lasted till the
+death of Bishop Jewel, which was in September, 1571. A little before
+which time the two Bishops meeting, Jewel had an occasion to begin a
+story of his Richard Hooker, and in it gave such a character of
+his learning and manners, that though Bishop Sandys was educated
+in Cambridge, where he had obliged, and had many friends; yet his
+resolution was, that his son Edwin should be sent to Corpus Christi
+College in Oxford, and by all means be pupil to Mr. Hooker, though
+his son Edwin was not much younger than Mr. Hooker then was: for the
+Bishop said, "I will have a Tutor for my son, that shall teach him
+learning by instruction, and virtue by example: and my greatest care
+shall be of the last; and, God willing, this Richard Hooker shall be
+the man into whose hands I will commit my Edwin." And the Bishop did
+so about twelve months, or not much longer, after this resolution.
+
+[Sidenote: Hooker's behaviour]
+
+And doubtless, as to these two, a better choice could not be made; for
+Mr. Hooker was now in the nineteenth year of his age; had spent
+five in the University; and had, by a constant unwearied diligence,
+attained unto a perfection in all the learned languages; by the help
+of which, an excellent tutor, and his unintermitted studies, he had
+made the subtilty of all the arts easy and familiar to him, and useful
+for the discovery of such learning as lay hid from common searchers.
+So that by these, added to his great reason, and his restless industry
+added to both, he did not only know more of causes and effects; but
+what he knew, he knew better than other men. And with this knowledge
+he had a most blessed and clear method of demonstrating what he
+knew, to the great advantage of all his pupils,--which in time were
+many,--but especially to his two first, his dear Edwin Sandys, and his
+as dear George Cranmer; of which there will be a fair testimony in the
+ensuing relation.
+
+This for Mr. Hooker's learning. And for his behaviour, amongst other
+testimonies, this still remains of him, that in four years he was but
+twice absent from the Chapel prayers; and that his behaviour there
+was such, as shewed an awful reverence of that God which he then
+worshipped and prayed to; giving all outward testimonies that his
+affections were set on heavenly things. This was his behaviour towards
+God; and for that to man, it is observable that he was never known to
+be angry, or passionate, or extreme in any of his desires; never
+heard to repine or dispute with Providence, but, by a quiet gentle
+submission and resignation of his will to the wisdom of his Creator,
+bore the burthen of the day with patience; never heard to utter an
+uncomely word: and by this, and a grave behaviour, which is a divine
+charm, he begot an early reverence unto his person, even from those
+that at other times and in other companies, took a liberty to cast
+off that strictness of behaviour and discourse that is required in a
+Collegiate life. And when he took any liberty to be pleasant, his wit
+was never blemished with scoffing, or the utterance of any conceit
+that bordered upon, or might beget a thought of looseness in his
+hearers. Thus mild, thus innocent and exemplary was his behaviour in
+his College; and thus this good man continued till his death, still
+increasing in learning, in patience, and piety.
+
+[Sidenote: Scholar of his College]
+
+In this nineteenth year of his age, he was, December 24, 1573,
+admitted to be one of the twenty Scholars of the Foundation; being
+elected and so admitted as born in Devon or Hantshire; out of which
+Counties a certain number are to be elected in vacancies by the
+Founder's Statutes. And now as he was much encouraged, so now he was
+perfectly incorporated into this beloved College, which was then noted
+for an eminent Library, strict Students, and remarkable Scholars. And
+indeed it may glory, that it had Cardinal Poole,[5] but more that it
+had Bishop Jewel, Dr. John Reynolds, and Dr. Thomas Jackson,[6] of
+that foundation. The first famous for his learned Apology for the
+Church of England, and his Defence of it against Harding.[7] The
+second, for the learned and wise manage of a public dispute with John
+Hart,[8] of the Romish persuasion, about the Head and Faith of the
+Church, and after printed by consent of both parties. And the third,
+for his most excellent "Exposition of the Creed," and other treatises;
+all such as have given greatest satisfaction to men of the greatest
+learning. Nor was Dr. Jackson more note-worthy for his learning, than
+for his strict and pious life, testified by his abundant love, and
+meekness, and charity to all men.
+
+[Sidenote: Inceptor of Arts]
+
+[Sidenote: Sir Henry Savile]
+
+And in the year 1576, February 23, Mr. Hooker's Grace was given him
+for Inceptor of Arts; Dr. Herbert Westphaling,[9] a man of note for
+learning, being then Vice-Chancellor: and the Act following he was
+completed Master, which was anno 1577, his patron, Dr. Cole, being
+Vice-Chancellor that year, and his dear friend, Henry Savile[10]
+of Merton College, being then one of the Proctors. 'Twas that Henry
+Savile that was after Sir Henry Savile, Warden of Merton College, and
+Provost of Eton; he which founded in Oxford two famous Lectures; and
+endowed them with liberal maintenance.
+
+It was that Sir Henry Savile that translated and enlightened the
+History of Cornelius Tacitus, with a most excellent Comment; and
+enriched the world by his laborious and chargeable collecting the
+scattered pieces of St. Chrysostom, and the publication of them in
+one entire body in Greek; in which language he was a most judicious
+critic. It was this Sir Henry Savile that had the happiness to be a
+contemporary and familiar friend to Mr. Hooker; and let posterity know
+it.
+
+And in this year of 1577, he was so happy as to be admitted Fellow of
+the College; happy also in being the contemporary and friend of that
+Dr. John Reynolds, of whom I have lately spoken, and of Dr. Spencer;
+both which were after and successively made Presidents of Corpus
+Christi College: men of great learning and merit, and famous in their
+generations.
+
+[Sidenote: Sandys and Cranmer]
+
+Nor was Mr. Hooker more happy in his contemporaries of his time and
+College, than in the pupilage and friendship of his Edwin Sandys and
+George Cranmer; of whom my Reader may note, that this Edwin Sandys was
+after Sir Edwin Sandys, and as famous for his "Speculum Europae,"
+as his brother George for making posterity beholden to his pen by a
+learned relation and comment on his dangerous and remarkable Travels;
+and for his harmonious translation of the Psalms of David, the Book of
+Job, and other poetical parts of Holy Writ, into most high and elegant
+verse. And for Cranmer, his other pupil, I shall refer my Reader
+to the printed testimonies of our learned Mr. Camden, of Fynes
+Moryson[11] and others.
+
+"This Cranmer," says Mr. Camden in his Annals of Queen
+Elizabeth,--"whose Christian name was George, was a gentleman of
+singular hopes, the eldest son of Thomas Cranmer, son of Edmund
+Cranmer, the Archbishop's brother: he spent much of his youth in
+Corpus Christi College in Oxford, where he continued Master of Arts
+for some time before he removed, and then betook himself to travel,
+accompanying that worthy gentleman Sir Edwin Sandys into France,
+Germany, and Italy, for the space of three years; and after their
+happy return, he betook himself to an employment under Secretary
+Davison, a Privy Councillor of note, who, for an unhappy undertaking,
+became clouded and pitied: after whose fall, he went in place of
+Secretary with Sir Henry Killegrew in his Embassage into France: and
+after his death he was sought after by the most noble Lord Mountjoy,
+with whom he went into Ireland, where he remained, until in a battle
+against the rebels near Carlingford, an unfortunate wound put an end
+both to his life, and the great hopes that were conceived of him, he
+being then but in the thirty-sixth year of his age."
+
+[Sidenote: "A sacred friendship"]
+
+Betwixt Mr. Hooker and these his two Pupils, there was a sacred
+friendship; a friendship made up of religious principles, which
+increased daily by a similitude of inclinations to the same
+recreations and studies; a friendship elemented in youth, and in an
+university, free from self-ends, which the friendships of age usually
+are not. And in this sweet, this blessed, this spiritual amity, they
+went on for many years: and as the holy Prophet saith, "so they took
+sweet counsel together, and walked in the house of God as friends."
+By which means they improved this friendship to such a degree of holy
+amity, as bordered upon heaven: a friendship so sacred, that when it
+ended in this world, it began in that next, where it shall have no
+end.
+
+[Sidenote: Hooker's studies]
+
+And, though this world cannot give any degree of pleasure equal to
+such a friendship; yet obedience to parents, and a desire to know the
+affairs, manners, laws, and learning of other nations, that they might
+thereby become the more serviceable unto their own, made them put off
+their gowns, and leave the College and Mr. Hooker to his studies,
+in which he was daily more assiduous, still enriching his quiet
+and capacious soul with the precious learning of the Philosophers,
+Casuists, and Schoolmen; and with them the foundation and reason of
+all Laws, both Sacred and Civil; and indeed with such other learning
+as lay most remote from the track of common studies. And, as he was
+diligent in these, so he seemed restless in searching the scope and
+intention of God's Spirit revealed to mankind in the Sacred Scripture:
+for the understanding of which, he seemed to be assisted by the same
+Spirit with which they were written; He that regardeth truth in the
+inward parts, making him to understand wisdom secretly. And the good
+man would often say, that "God abhors confusion as contrary to his
+nature;" and as often say, "That the Scripture was not writ to beget
+disputations and pride, and opposition to government; but charity and
+humility, moderation, obedience to authority, and peace to mankind;"
+of which virtues, he would as often say, "no man did ever repent
+himself on his death-bed." And that this was really his judgment, did
+appear in his future writings, and in all the actions of his life. Nor
+was this excellent man a stranger to the more light and airy parts
+of learning, as Music and Poetry; all which he had digested and made
+useful; and of all which the Reader will have a fair testimony in what
+will follow.
+
+[Sidenote: Hebrew Lecturer]
+
+In the year 1579, the Chancellor of the University was given to
+understand, that the public Hebrew Lecture was not read according to
+the Statutes; nor could be, by reason of a distemper, that had then
+seized the brain of Mr. Kingsmill, who was to read it; so that it lay
+long unread, to the great detriment of those that were studious of
+that language. Therefore the Chancellor writ to his Vice-Chancellor,
+and the University, that he had heard such commendations of the
+excellent knowledge of Mr. Richard Hooker in that tongue, that he
+desired he might be procured to read it: and he did, and continued to
+do so till he left Oxford.
+
+Within three months after his undertaking this Lecture,--namely in
+October 1579,--he was, with Dr. Reynolds and others, expelled his
+College; and this Letter, transcribed from Dr. Reynolds his own hand,
+may give some account of it.
+
+[Sidenote: Expulsion from College]
+
+     To SIR FRANCIS KNOLLES.
+
+"I am sorry, Right Honourable, that I am enforced to make unto
+you such a suit, which I cannot move; but I must complain of the
+unrighteous dealing of one of our College, who hath taken upon him,
+against all law and reason, to expel out of our house both me and Mr.
+Hooker, and three other of our fellows, for doing that which by oath
+we were bound to do. Our matter must be heard before the Bishop
+of Winchester, with whom I do not doubt but we shall find equity.
+Howbeit, forasmuch as some of our adversaries have said that the
+Bishop is already forestalled, and will not give us such audience as
+we look for; therefore I am humbly to beseech your Honour, that you
+will desire the Bishop, by your letters, to let us have justice;
+though it be with rigour, so it be justice: our cause is so good, that
+I am sure we shall prevail by it. Thus much I am bold to request of
+your honour for Corpus Christi College sake, or rather for Christ's
+sake; whom I beseech to bless you with daily increase of his manifold
+gifts, and the blessed graces of his Holy Spirit.
+
+    "Your Honour's in Christ to command,
+
+       "JOHN REYNOLDS.
+
+"LONDON, _October_ 9, 1579."
+
+[Sidenote: At Paul's Cross]
+
+This expulsion was by Dr. John Barfoote, then Vice-President of the
+College, and Chaplain to Ambrose Earl of Warwick. I cannot learn the
+pretended cause; but that they were restored the same month is most
+certain.[12] I return to Mr. Hooker in his College, where he continued
+his studies with all quietness, for the space of three years; about
+which time he entered into Sacred Orders, being then made Deacon and
+Priest, and, not long after, was appointed to preach at St. Paul's
+Cross.[13]
+
+[Sidenote: His sermon]
+
+In order to which Sermon, to London he came, and immediately to the
+Shunamite's House; which is a House so called, for that, besides
+the stipend paid the Preacher, there is provision made also for his
+lodging and diet for two days before, and one day after his Sermon.
+This house was then kept by John Churchman, sometime a Draper of good
+note in Watling-street, upon whom poverty had at last come like an
+armed man, and brought him into a necessitous condition; which, though
+it be a punishment, is not always an argument of God's disfavour; for
+he was a virtuous man. I shall not yet give the like testimony of his
+wife, but leave the Reader to judge by what follows. But to this house
+Mr. Hooker came so wet, so weary, and weather-beaten, that he was
+never known to express more passion, than against a friend that
+dissuaded him from footing it to London, and for finding him no easier
+an horse,--supposing the horse trotted when he did not;--and at this
+time also, such a faintness and fear possessed him, that he would not
+be persuaded two days' rest and quietness, or any other means could be
+used to make him able to preach his Sunday's Sermon; but a warm bed,
+and rest, and drink proper for a cold, given him by Mrs. Churchman,
+and her diligent attendance added unto it, enabled him to perform the
+office of the day, which was in or about the year 1581.
+
+And in this first public appearance to the world, he was not so happy
+as to be free from exceptions against a point of doctrine delivered
+in his Sermon; which was, "That in God there were two wills; an
+antecedent and a consequent will: his first will, That all mankind
+should be saved; but his second will was, That those only should be
+saved, that did live answerable to that degree of grace which he had
+offered or afforded them." This seemed to cross a late opinion of Mr.
+Calvin's, and then taken for granted by many that had not a capacity
+to examine it, as it had been by him before, and hath been since by
+Master Henry Mason, Dr. Jackson, Dr. Hammond, and others of great
+learning, who believe that a contrary opinion intrenches upon the
+honour and justice of our merciful God. How he justified this, I will
+not undertake to declare; but it was not excepted against--as Mr.
+Hooker declares in his rational Answer to Mr. Travers--by John
+Elmer[14], then Bishop of London, at this time one of his auditors,
+and at last one of his advocates too, when Mr. Hooker was accused for
+it.
+
+[Sidenote: Wanted a nurse!]
+
+[Sidenote: His marriage]
+
+But the justifying of this doctrine did not prove of so bad
+consequence, as the kindness of Mrs. Churchman's curing him of his
+late distemper and cold; for that was so gratefully apprehended by
+Mr. Hooker, that he thought himself bound in conscience to believe all
+that she said: so that the good man came to be persuaded by her, "that
+he was a man of a tender constitution; and that it was best for him to
+have a wife, that might prove a nurse to him; such a one as might both
+prolong his life, and make it more comfortable; and such a one she
+could and would provide for him, if he thought fit to marry." And he,
+not considering that "the children of this world are wiser in their
+generation than the children of light;" but, like a true Nathaniel,
+fearing no guile, because he meant none, did give her such a power
+as Eleazar was trusted with,--you may read it in the book of
+Genesis,--when he was sent to choose a wife for Isaac; for even so he
+trusted her to choose for him, promising upon a fair summons to return
+to London, and accept of her choice; and he did so in that, or about
+the year following. Now, the wife provided for him was her daughter
+Joan, who brought him neither beauty nor portion: and for her
+conditions, they were too like that wife's, which is by Solomon
+compared to a dripping house: so that the good man had no reason to
+"rejoice in the wife of his youth;" but too just cause to say with the
+holy Prophet, "Wo is me, that I am constrained to have my habitation
+in the tents of Kedar!"
+
+This choice of Mr. Hooker's--if it were his choice--may be wondered
+at: but let us consider that the Prophet Ezekiel says, "There is a
+wheel within a wheel;" a secret sacred wheel of Providence,--most
+visible in marriages,--guided by his hand, that "allows not the race
+to the swift," nor "bread to the wise," nor good wives to good men:
+and He that can bring good out of evil--for mortals are blind to this
+reason--only knows why this blessing was denied to patient Job, to
+meek Moses, and to our as meek and patient Mr. Hooker. But so it was;
+and let the Reader cease to wonder, for affliction is a divine diet;
+which though it be not pleasing to mankind, yet Almighty God hath
+often, very often, imposed it as good, though bitter physic to those
+children whose souls are dearest to him.
+
+[Sidenote: At Drayton-Beauchamp]
+
+And by this marriage the good man was drawn from the tranquillity of
+his College; from that garden of piety, of pleasure, of peace, and a
+sweet conversation, into the thorny wilderness of a busy world; into
+those corroding cares that attend a married Priest, and a country
+Parsonage; which was Drayton-Beauchamp in Buckinghamshire, not
+far from Aylesbury, and in the Diocese of Lincoln; to which he
+was presented by John Cheney, Esq.--then Patron of it--the 9th of
+December, 1584, where he behaved himself so as to give no occasion of
+evil, but as St. Paul adviseth a minister of God--"in much patience,
+in afflictions, in anguishes, in necessities, in poverty and no doubt
+in long-suffering;" yet troubling no man with his discontents and
+wants.
+
+[Sidenote: Res augusta domi]
+
+And in this condition he continued about a year; in which time his two
+pupils, Edwin Sandys and George Cranmer, took a journey to see their
+tutor; where they found him with a book in his hand,--it was the Odes
+of Horace,--he being then like humble and innocent Abel, tending his
+small allotment of sheep in a common field; which he told his pupils
+he was forced to do then, for that his servant was gone home to dine,
+and assist his wife to do some necessary household business. But when
+his servant returned and released him, then his two pupils attended
+him unto his house, where their best entertainment was his quiet
+company, which was presently denied them: for Richard was called to
+rock the cradle; and the rest of their welcome was so like this, that
+they staid but till next morning, which was time enough to discover
+and pity their tutor's condition; and they having in that time
+rejoiced in the remembrance, and then paraphrased on many of the
+innocent recreations of their younger days, and other like diversions,
+and thereby given him as much present comfort as they were able, they
+were forced to leave him to the company of his wife Joan, and seek
+themselves a quieter lodging for next night. But at their parting from
+him, Mr. Cranmer said, "Good tutor, I am sorry your lot is fallen in
+no better ground, as to your parsonage; and more sorry that your
+wife proves not a more comfortable companion, after you have wearied
+yourself in your restless studies." To whom the good man replied, "My
+dear George, if Saints have usually a double share in the miseries
+of this life, I, that am none, ought not to repine at what my wise
+Creator hath appointed for me: but labour--as indeed I do daily--to
+submit mine to his will, and possess my soul in patience and peace."
+
+[Sidenote: Master of the Temple]
+
+At their return to London, Edwin Sandys acquaints his father, who was
+then Archbishop of York, with his Tutor's sad condition, and solicits
+for his removal to some benefice that might give him a more quiet and
+a more comfortable subsistence; which his father did most willingly
+grant him when it should next fall into his power. And not long after
+this time, which was in the year 1585, Mr. Alvey,--Master of the
+Temple,--died, who was a man of a strict life, of great learning, and
+of so venerable behaviour, as to gain so high a degree of love and
+reverence from all men, that he was generally known by the name of
+Father Alvey. And at the Temple-reading, next after the death of this
+Father Alvey, he, the said Archbishop of York being then at dinner
+with the Judges, the Reader, and the Benchers of that Society, met
+with a general condolement for the death of Father Alvey, and with a
+high commendation of his saint-like life, and of his great merit both
+towards God and man; and as they bewailed his death, so they wished
+for a like pattern of virtue and learning to succeed him. And here
+came in a fair occasion for the Bishop to commend Mr. Hooker to Father
+Alvey's place, which he did with so effectual an earnestness, and that
+seconded with so many other testimonies of his worth, that Mr.
+Hooker was sent for from Drayton-Beauchamp to London, and there the
+Mastership of the Temple proposed unto him by the Bishop, as a greater
+freedom from his country cares, the advantages of a better society,
+and a more liberal pension than his country parsonage did afford him.
+But these reasons were not powerful enough to incline him to a willing
+acceptance of it: his wish was rather to gain a better country living,
+where he might see God's blessings spring out of the earth, and be
+free from noise,--so he expressed the desire of his heart,--and eat
+that bread which he might more properly call his own, in privacy
+and quietness. But, notwithstanding this averseness, he was at last
+persuaded to accept of the Bishop's proposal; and was by Patent for
+life, made Master of the Temple the 17th of March, 1585, he being then
+in the 34th year of his age. [This you may find in the Temple Records.
+William Ermstead was master of the Temple at the Dissolution of the
+Priory, and died 2 Eliz. (1559). Richard Alvey, Bat. Divinity, Pat.
+13 Febr. 2 Eliz. _Magister, sive Custos Domûs et Ecchsiæ Novi Templi_,
+died 27 Eliz. (1585). Richard Hooker succeeded that year by Patent, in
+terminis, as Alvey had it, and he left it 33 Eliz. (1591). That year
+Dr. Balgey succeeded Richard Hooker.]
+
+And here I shall make a stop; and, that the Reader may the better
+judge of what follows, give him a character of the times and temper of
+the people of this nation, when Mr. Hooker had his admission into this
+place; a place which he accepted, rather than desired: and yet here he
+promised himself a virtuous quietness, that blessed tranquillity which
+he always prayed and laboured for, that so he might in peace bring
+forth the fruits of peace, and glorify God by uninterrupted prayers
+and praises. For this he always thirsted and prayed: but Almighty
+God did not grant it; for his admission into this place was the very
+beginning of those oppositions and anxieties, which till then this
+good man was a stranger to; and of which the Reader may guess by what
+follows.
+
+[Sidenote: Character of the times]
+
+[Sidenote: Hopes under Elizabeth]
+
+In this character of the times, I shall by the Reader's favour, and
+for his information, look so far back as to the beginning of the reign
+of Queen Elizabeth; a time, in which the many under pretended titles
+to the Crown, the frequent treasons, the doubts of her successor, the
+late Civil War, and the sharp persecution for Religion that raged to
+the effusion of so much blood in the reign of Queen Mary, were fresh
+in the memory of all men; and begot fears in the most pious and wisest
+of this nation, lest the like days should return again to them, or
+their present posterity. And the apprehension of these dangers, begot
+a hearty desire of a settlement in the Church and State; believing
+there was no other probable way left to make them sit quietly under
+their own vines and fig-trees, and enjoy the desired fruit of their
+labours. But time, and peace, and plenty begot self-ends: and these
+begot animosities, envy, opposition, and unthankfulness for those very
+blessings for which they lately thirsted, being then the very utmost
+of their desires, and even beyond their hopes.
+
+[Sidenote: Three parties]
+
+This was the temper of the times in the beginning of her reign; and
+thus it continued too long; for those very people that had enjoyed
+the desires of their hearts in a Reformation from the Church of Rome,
+became at last so like the grave, as never to be satisfied, but were
+still thirsting for more and more; neglecting to pay that obedience,
+and perform those vows, which they made in their days of adversities
+and fear: so that in short time there appeared three several
+interests, each of them fearless and restless in the prosecution
+of their designs: they may for distinction be called, the active
+Romanists, the restless Non-conformists,--of which there were many
+sorts,--and the passive peaceable Protestants. The counsels of the
+first considered and resolved on in Rome; the second both in Scotland,
+in Geneva, and in divers selected, secret, dangerous Conventicles,
+both there, and within the bosom of our own nation: the third pleaded
+and defended their cause by established laws, both Ecclesiastical and
+Civil: and if they were active, it was to prevent the other two from
+destroying what was by those known Laws happily established to them
+and their posterity.
+
+I shall forbear to mention the very many and dangerous plots of the
+Romanists against the Church and State; because what is principally
+intended in this digression, is an account of the opinions and
+activity of the Non-conformists: against whose judgment and practice
+Mr. Hooker became at last, but most unwillingly, to be engaged in a
+book-war; a war which he maintained not as against an enemy, but with
+the spirit of meekness and reason.
+
+[Sidenote: The Non-conformists]
+
+In which number of Non-conformists, though some might be sincere,
+well-meaning men, whose indiscreet zeal might be so like charity, as
+thereby to cover a multitude of their errors; yet of this party
+there were many that were possessed with a high degree of spiritual
+wickedness; I mean with an innate restless pride and malice; I do
+not mean the visible carnal sins of gluttony and drunkenness, and
+the like,--from which, good Lord, deliver us!--but sins of a higher
+nature, because they are more unlike God, who is the God of love, and
+mercy, and order, and peace: and more like the Devil, who is not
+a glutton, nor can be drunk, and yet is a Devil: but I mean those
+spiritual wickednesses of malice and revenge, and an opposition to
+government: men that joyed to be the authors of misery, which is
+properly his work that is the enemy and disturber of mankind; and
+thereby greater sinners than the glutton or drunkard, though some will
+not believe it. And of this party there were also many, whom prejudice
+and a furious zeal had so blinded, as to make them neither to hear
+reason, nor adhere to the ways of peace: men that were the very dregs
+and pest of mankind; men whom pride and self-conceit had made to
+over-value their own pitiful crooked wisdom so much as not to be
+ashamed to hold foolish and unmannerly disputes against those men whom
+they ought to reverence, and those laws which they ought to obey; men
+that laboured and joyed first to find out the faults, and then speak
+evil of Government, and to be the authors of confusion; men whom
+company, and conversation, and custom had at last so blinded, and made
+so insensible that these were sins, that like those that perished
+in the gainsaying of Korah, so these died without repenting of these
+spiritual wickednesses; of which the practices of Coppinger and
+Hacket[15] in their lives, and the death of them and their adherents,
+are, God knows, too sad examples, and ought to be cautions to those
+men that are inclined to the like spiritual wickednesses.
+
+[Sidenote: Growth of sedition]
+
+And in these times, which tended thus to confusion, there were
+also many of these scruple-mongers, that pretended a tenderness of
+conscience, refusing to take an oath before a lawful Magistrate: and
+yet these very men in their secret Conventicles did covenant and
+swear to each other, to be assiduous and faithful in using their best
+endeavours to set up the Presbyterian doctrine and discipline; and
+both in such a manner as they themselves had not yet agreed on; but
+up that government must. To which end there were many that wandered
+up and down and were active in sowing discontents and seditions,
+by venomous and secret murmurings, and a dispersion of scurrilous
+pamphlets and libels against the Church and State; but especially
+against the Bishops; by which means, together with venomous and
+indiscreet sermons, the common people became so fanatic, as to believe
+the Bishops to be Antichrist, and the only obstructers of God's
+discipline! and at last some of them were given over to so bloody a
+zeal, and such other desperate delusions, as to find out a text in
+the Revelation of St. John, that Antichrist was to be overcome by
+the sword. So that those very men, that began with tender and meek
+petitions, proceeded to admonitions: then to satirical remonstrances:
+and at last--having, like Absalom, numbered who was not, and who was,
+for their cause--they got a supposed certainty of so great a party,
+that they durst threaten first the Bishops, and then the Queen and
+Parliament, to all which they were secretly encouraged by the Earl
+of Leicester, then in great favour with her Majesty, and the reputed
+cherisher and patron-general of these pretenders to tenderness of
+conscience; his design being, by their means, to bring such an odium
+upon the Bishops, as to procure an alienation of their lands, and a
+large proportion of them for himself: which avaricious desire had at
+last so blinded his reason, that his ambitious and greedy hopes seemed
+to put him into a present possession of Lambeth-House.
+
+[Sidenote: Scottish Non-conformists]
+
+And to these undertakings the Non-conformists of this nation were much
+encouraged and heightened by a correspondence and confederacy with
+that brotherhood in Scotland; so that here they become so bold, that
+one [Mr. Dering][16] told the Queen openly in a sermon, "She was
+like an untamed heifer, that would not be ruled by God's people, but
+obstructed his discipline." And in Scotland they were more confident;
+for there [Vide Bishop Spotswood's History of the Church of Scotland]
+they declared her an Atheist, and grew to such an height, as not to be
+accountable for any thing spoken against her, nor for treason against
+their own King, if it were but spoken in the pulpit; shewing at last
+such a disobedience to him, that his mother being in England, and then
+in distress, and in prison, and in danger of death, the Church denied
+the King their prayers for her; and at another time, when he had
+appointed a day of Feasting, the Church declared for a general Fast,
+in opposition to his authority.
+
+[Sidenote: Remedial measures.]
+
+To this height they were grown in both nations, and by these means
+there was distilled into the minds of the common people such other
+venomous and turbulent principles as were inconsistent with the safety
+of the Church and State: and these opinions vented so daringly, that,
+beside the loss of life and limbs, the governors of the Church and
+State were forced to use such other severities as will not admit of an
+excuse, if it had not been to prevent the gangrene of confusion, and
+the perilous consequences of it; which, without such prevention, would
+have been first confusion, and then ruin and misery to this numerous
+nation.
+
+[Sidenote: Spectator ab extra]
+
+These errors and animosities were so remarkable, that they begot
+wonder in an ingenious Italian, who being about this time come newly
+into this nation, and considering them, writ scoffingly to a friend in
+his own country, to this purpose; "That the common people of England
+were wiser than the wisest of his nation; for here the very women and
+shop-keepers were able to judge of Predestination, and to determine
+what laws were fit to be made concerning Church-government; and then,
+what were fit to be obeyed or abolished. That they were more able--or
+at least thought so--to raise and determine perplexed Cases of
+Conscience, than the wisest of the most learned Colleges in Italy!
+That men of the slightest learning, and the most ignorant of the
+common people, were mad for a new, or super, or re-reformation of
+Religion; and that in this they appeared like that man, who would
+never cease to whet and whet his knife, till there was no steel left
+to make it useful." And he concluded his letter with this observation,
+"That those very men that were most busy in oppositions, and
+disputations, and controversies, and finding out the faults of their
+governors, had usually the least of humility and mortification, or of
+the power of godliness."
+
+[Sidenote: Growth of Atheism]
+
+And to heighten all these discontents and dangers, there was also
+sprung up a generation of godless men; men that had so long given way
+to their own lusts and delusions, and so highly opposed the blessed
+motions of His Spirit, and the inward light of their own consciences,
+that they became the very slaves of vice, and had thereby sinned
+themselves into a belief of that which they would, but could not
+believe, into a belief, which is repugnant even to human nature;--for
+the Heathens believe that there are many Gods;--but these had sinned
+themselves into a belief that there was no God! and so, finding
+nothing in themselves but what was worse than nothing, began to wish
+what they were not able to hope for, namely, "That they might be like
+the beasts that perish!" and in wicked company--which is the Atheist's
+sanctuary--were so bold as to say so: though the worst of mankind,
+when he is left alone at midnight, may wish, but is not then able to
+think it: even into a belief that there is no God. Into this wretched,
+this reprobate condition, many had then sinned themselves.
+
+[Sidenote: John Whitgift]
+
+And now, when the Church was pestered with them, and with all those
+other fore-named irregularities; when her lands were in danger of
+alienation, her power at least neglected, and her peace torn to
+pieces by several schisms, and such heresies as do usually attend that
+sin:--for heresies do usually out-live their first authors;--when the
+common people seemed ambitious of doing those very things that were
+forbidden and attended with most dangers, that thereby they might be
+punished, and then applauded and pitied: when they called the spirit
+of opposition a tender conscience, and complained of persecution,
+because they wanted power to persecute others: when the giddy
+multitude raged, and became restless to find out misery for themselves
+and others; and the rabble would herd themselves together, and
+endeavour to govern and act in spite of authority:--in this extremity
+of fear, and danger of the Church and State, when, to suppress the
+growing evils of both, they needed a man of prudence and piety, and
+of an high and fearless fortitude, they were blest in all by John
+Whitgift, his being made Archbishop of Canterbury; of whom Sir Henry
+Wotton--that knew him well in his youth, and had studied him in his
+age--gives this true character; "That he was a man of reverend and
+sacred memory, and of the primitive temper; such a temper, as when
+the Church by lowliness of spirit did flourish in highest examples of
+virtue." And indeed this man proved so.
+
+And though I dare not undertake to add to this excellent and true
+character of Sir Henry Wotton; yet I shall neither do right to this
+discourse, nor to my Reader, if I forbear to give him a further and
+short account of the life and manners of this excellent man; and it
+shall be short, for I long to end this digression, that I may lead my
+reader back to Mr. Hooker where we left him at the Temple.
+
+[Sidenote: Archbishop of Canterbury]
+
+John Whitgift was born in the County of Lincoln, of a family that
+was ancient; and noted to be both prudent and affable, and gentle
+by nature. He was educated in Cambridge; much of his learning was
+acquired in Pembroke Hall,--where Mr. Bradford[17] the Martyr was his
+tutor;--from thence he was removed to Peter House; from thence to be
+Master of Pembroke Hall; and from thence to the Mastership of Trinity
+College. About which time the Queen made him her Chaplain; and not
+long after Prebend of Ely, and then Dean of Lincoln; and having for
+many years past looked upon him with much reverence and favour,
+gave him a fair testimony of both, by giving him the Bishoprick of
+Worcester, and--which was not with her a usual favour--forgiving
+him his first fruits; then by constituting him Vice-President of
+the Principality of Wales. And having experimented his wisdom, his
+justice, and moderation in the manage of her affairs in both these
+places, she, in the twenty-sixth of her reign, 1583, made him
+Archbishop of Canterbury, and, not long after, of her Privy Council;
+and trusted him to manage all her Ecclesiastical affairs and
+preferments. In all which removes, he was like the Ark, which left a
+blessing on the place where it rested; and in all his employments was
+like Jehoiada, that did good unto Israel.
+
+These were the steps of this Bishop's ascension to this place of
+dignity and cares: in which place--to speak Mr. Camden's very words in
+his Annals of Queen Elizabeth--"he devoutly consecrated both his whole
+life to God, and his painful labours to the good of his Church."
+
+And yet in this place he met with many oppositions in the regulation
+of Church affairs, which were much disordered at his entrance, by
+reason of the age and remissness of Bishop Grindal,[18] his immediate
+predecessor, the activity of the Non-conformists, and their chief
+assistant the Earl of Leicester; and indeed by too many others of
+the like sacrilegious principles. With these he was to encounter; and
+though he wanted neither courage, nor a good cause, yet he foresaw,
+that without a great measure of the Queen's favour, it was impossible
+to stand in the breach that had been lately made into the lands and
+immunities of the Church, or indeed to maintain the remaining lands
+and rights of it. And therefore by justifiable sacred insinuations,
+such as St. Paul to Agrippa,--"Agrippa, believest thou? I know thou
+believest," he wrought himself into so great a degree of favour with
+her, as, by his pious use of it, hath got both of them a great degree
+of fame in this world, and of glory in that into which they are now
+both entered.
+
+[Sidenote: The "little black husband"]
+
+His merits to the Queen, and her favours to him were such, that she
+called him, "her little black husband," and called "his servants her
+servants:" and she saw so visible and blessed a sincerity shine in all
+his cares and endeavours for the Church's and for her good, that she
+was supposed to trust him with the very secrets of her soul, and to
+make him her confessor; of which she gave many fair testimonies; and
+of which one was, that "she would never eat flesh in Lent, without
+obtaining a licence from her little black husband:" and would often
+say "she pitied him because she trusted him, and had thereby eased
+herself by laying the burthen of all her Clergy-cares upon his
+shoulders, which he managed with prudence and piety."
+
+[Sidenote: Church-lands Acts]
+
+I shall not keep myself within the promised rules of brevity in this
+account of his interest with her Majesty, and his care of the Church's
+rights, if in this digression I should enlarge to particulars; and
+therefore my desire is, that one example may serve for a testimony of
+both. And, that the Reader may the better understand it, he may take
+notice, that not many years before his being made Archbishop,
+there passed an Act, or Acts of Parliament, intending the better
+preservation of the Church-lands, by recalling a power which was
+vested in others to sell or lease them, by lodging and trusting the
+future care and protection of them only in the Crown: and amongst many
+that made a bad use of this power or trust of the Queen's, the Earl
+of Leicester was one; and the Bishop having, by his interest with her
+Majesty, put a stop to the Earl's sacrilegious designs, they two fell
+to an open opposition before her; after which they both quitted the
+room, not friends in appearance. But the Bishop made a sudden and
+seasonable return to her Majesty,--for he found her alone--and spake
+to her with great humility and reverence, to this purpose.
+
+[Sidenote: An address]
+
+"I beseech your Majesty to hear me with patience, and to believe that
+your's and the Church's safety are dearer to me than my life, but
+my conscience dearer than both: and therefore give me leave to do my
+duty, and tell you, that Princes are deputed nursing Fathers of the
+Church, and owe it a protection; and therefore God forbid that you
+should be so much as passive in her ruin, when you may prevent it;
+or that I should behold it without horror and detestation; or should
+forbear to tell your Majesty of the sin and danger of Sacrilege.
+And though you and myself were born in an age of frailties, when the
+primitive piety and care of the Church's lands and immunities are much
+decayed; yet, Madam, let me beg that you would first consider that
+there are such sins as Profaneness and Sacrilege: and that, if there
+were not, they could not have names in Holy Writ, and particularly
+in the New Testament. And I beseech you to consider, that though our
+Saviour said, 'He judged no man;' and, to testify it, would not judge
+nor divide the inheritance betwixt the two brethren, nor would judge
+the woman taken in adultery; yet in this point of the Church's rights
+he was so zealous, that he made himself both the accuser, and the
+judge, and the executioner too, to punish these sins; witnessed,
+in that he himself made the whip to drive the profaners out of the
+Temple, overthrew the tables of the money-changers, and drove them out
+of it. And I beseech you to consider, that it was St. Paul that said
+to those Christians of his time that were offended with Idolatry, and
+yet committed Sacrilege; 'Thou that abhorrest Idols, dost thou commit
+Sacrilege?' supposing, I think, Sacrilege the greater sin. This
+may occasion your Majesty to consider, that there is such a sin as
+Sacrilege; and to incline you to prevent the Curse that will follow
+it, I beseech you also to consider, that Constantine, the first
+Christian Emperor, and Helena his Mother; that King Edgar, and Edward
+the Confessor; and indeed many others of your predecessors, and many
+private Christians, have also given to God, and to his Church, much
+land, and many immunities, which they might have given to those of
+their own families, and did not; but gave them for ever as an absolute
+right and sacrifice to God: and with these immunities and lands they
+have entailed a curse upon the alienators of them: God prevent your
+Majesty and your successors from being liable to that Curse, which
+will cleave unto Church-lands as the leprosy to the Jews.
+
+"And to make you, that are trusted with their preservation, the better
+to understand the danger of it, I beseech you forget not, that, to
+prevent these Curses, the Church's land and power have been also
+endeavoured to be preserved, as far as human reason and the law of
+this nation have been able to preserve them, by an immediate and most
+sacred obligation on the consciences of the Princes of this realm.
+For they that consult Magna Charta shall find, that as all your
+predecessors were at their Coronation, so you also were sworn before
+all the Nobility and Bishops then present, and in the presence of
+God, and in his stead to him that anointed you, to maintain the
+Church-lands, and the rights belonging to it: and this you yourself
+have testified openly to God at the holy Altar, by laying your hands
+on the Bible then lying upon it. And not only Magna Charta, but many
+modern Statutes have denounced a Curse upon those that break Magna
+Charta; a Curse like the leprosy, that was entailed on the Jews: for
+as that, so these Curses have, and will cleave to the very stones of
+those buildings that have been consecrated to God; and the father's
+sin of Sacrilege hath, and will prove to be entailed on his son and
+family. And now, Madam, what account can be given for the breach of
+this Oath at the Last Great Day, either by your Majesty, or by me, if
+it be wilfully, or but negligently violated, I know not.
+
+"And therefore, good Madam, let not the late Lord's exceptions
+against the failings of some few Clergymen prevail with you to punish
+posterity for the errors of the present age; let particular men suffer
+for their particular errors; but let God and his Church have their
+inheritance: and though I pretend not to prophecy, yet I beg posterity
+to take notice of what is already become visible in many families;
+that Church-land added to an ancient and just inheritance, hath proved
+like a moth fretting a garment, and secretly consumed both: or like
+the Eagle that stole a coal from the altar, and thereby set her nest
+on fire, which consumed both her young eagles and herself that stole
+it. And though I shall forbear to speak reproachfully of your Father,
+yet I beg you to take notice, that a part of the Church's rights added
+to the vast treasures left him by his Father, hath been conceived to
+bring an unavoidable consumption upon both, notwithstanding all his
+diligency to preserve them.
+
+"And consider, that after the violation of those laws, to which he had
+sworn in Magna Charta, God did so far deny him his restraining grace,
+that as King Saul, after he was forsaken of God, fell from one sin
+to another; so he, till at last he fell into greater sins than I am
+willing to mention. Madam, Religion is the foundation and cement of
+human societies; and when they that serve at God's Altar shall be
+exposed to poverty, then Religion itself will be exposed to scorn, and
+become contemptible; as you may already observe it to be in too many
+poor Vicarages in this nation. And therefore, as you are by a late
+Act or Acts of Parliament, entrusted with a great power to preserve or
+waste the Church-lands; yet dispose of them, for Jesus' sake, as
+you have promised to men, and vowed to God, that is, as the donors
+intended: let neither falsehood nor flattery beguile you to do
+otherwise; but put a stop to God's and the Levites' portion, I beseech
+you, and to the approaching ruins of His Church, as you expect
+comfort at the Last Great Day; for Kings must be judged. Pardon this
+affectionate plainness, my most dear Sovereign, and let me beg to be
+still continued in your favour; and the Lord still continue you in
+His."
+
+[Sidenote: Its reception]
+
+The Queen's patient hearing this affectionate speech, and her future
+care to preserve the Church's rights, which till then had been
+neglected, may appear a fair testimony, that he made her's and the
+Church's good the chiefest of his cares, and that she also thought so.
+And of this there were such daily testimonies given, as begot betwixt
+them so mutual a joy and confidence, that they seemed born to believe
+and do good to each other; she not doubting his piety to be more than
+all his opposers, which were many; nor doubting his prudence to be
+equal to the chiefest of her Council, who were then as remarkable for
+active wisdom, as those dangerous times did require, or this nation
+did ever enjoy. And in this condition he continued twenty years; in
+which time he saw some flowings, but many more ebbings of her
+favour towards all men that had opposed him, especially the Earl of
+Leicester: so that God seemed still to keep him in her favour, that
+he might preserve the remaining Church-lands and immunities from
+Sacrilegious alienations. And this good man deserved all the honour
+and power with which she gratified and trusted him; for he was a pious
+man, and naturally of noble and grateful principles: he eased her of
+all her Church-cares by his wise manage of them; he gave her faithful
+and prudent counsels in all the extremities and dangers of her
+temporal affairs, which were very many; he lived to be the chief
+comfort of her life in her declining age, and to be then most
+frequently with her, and her assistant at her private devotions; he
+lived to be the greatest comfort of her soul upon her death-bed, to
+be present at the expiration of her last breath, and to behold the
+closing of those eyes that had long looked upon him with reverence and
+affection. And let this also be added, that he was the Chief Mourner
+at her sad funeral; nor let this be forgotten, that, within a
+few hours after her death, he was the happy proclaimer, that King
+James--her peaceful successor--was heir to the Crown.
+
+[Sidenote: The Bishop's works]
+
+[Sidenote: His Free-school]
+
+Let me beg of my Reader to allow me to say a little, and but a little,
+more of this good Bishop, and I shall then presently lead him back to
+Mr. Hooker; and because I would hasten, I will mention but one part of
+the Bishop's charity and humility; but this of both. He built a large
+Alms-house near to his own Palace at Croydon in Surrey, and endowed
+it with maintenance for a Master and twenty-eight poor men and women;
+which he visited so often, that he knew their names and dispositions;
+and was so truly humble, that he called them Brothers and Sisters; and
+whensoever the Queen descended to that lowliness to dine with him at
+his Palace in Lambeth,--which was very often,--he would usually the
+next day shew the like lowliness to his poor Brothers and Sisters at
+Croydon, and dine with them at his Hospital; at which time, you may
+believe there was joy at the table. And at this place he built also
+a fair Free-school, with a good accommodation and maintenance for the
+Master and Scholars. Which gave just occasion for Boyse Sisi, then
+Ambassador for the French King, and resident here, at the Bishop's
+death, to say, "the Bishop had published many learned books; but a
+Free-school to train up youth, and an Hospital to lodge and maintain
+aged and poor people, were the best evidences of Christian learning
+that a Bishop could leave to posterity." This good Bishop lived to see
+King James settled in peace, and then fell into an extreme sickness
+at his Palace in Lambeth; of which when the King had notice, he
+went presently to visit him, and found him in his bed in a declining
+condition and very weak; and after some short discourse betwixt them,
+the King at his departure assured him, "He had a great affection for
+him, and a very high value for his prudence and virtues, and would
+endeavour to beg his life of God for the good of his Church." To which
+the good Bishop replied, "_Pro Ecclesia Dei! Pro Ecclesia Dei_!" which
+were the last words he ever spake; therein testifying, that as in his
+life, so at his death, his chiefest care was of God's Church.
+
+This John Whitgift was made Archbishop in the year 1583. In which busy
+place he continued twenty years and some months; and in which time you
+may believe he had many trials of his courage and patience: but his
+motto was "_Vincit qui patitur_;" and he made it good.
+
+[Sidenote: His trials]
+
+Many of his trials were occasioned by the then powerful Earl of
+Leicester, who did still--but secretly--raise and cherish a faction of
+Non-conformists to oppose him; especially one Thomas Cartwright,[19]
+a man of noted learning, sometime contemporary with the Bishop in
+Cambridge, and of the same College, of which the Bishop had been
+Master; in which place there began some emulations,--the particulars
+I forbear,--and at last open and high oppositions betwixt them; and in
+which you may believe Mr. Cartwright was most faulty, if his expulsion
+out of the University can incline you to it.
+
+And in this discontent after the Earl's death,--which was 1588,--Mr.
+Cartwright appeared a chief cherisher of a party that were for the
+Geneva Church-government; and, to effect it, he ran himself into many
+dangers both of liberty and life, appearing at the last to justify
+himself and his party in many remonstrances, which he caused to be
+printed: and to which the Bishop made a first answer, and Cartwright
+replied upon him; and then the Bishop having rejoined to his first
+reply, Mr. Cartwright either was, or was persuaded to be, satisfied,
+for he wrote no more, but left the Reader to be judge which had
+maintained their cause with most charity and reason. After some
+silence, Mr. Cartwright received from the Bishop many personal favours
+and betook himself to a more private living, which was at Warwick,
+where he was made Master of an Hospital, and lived quietly, and grew
+rich; and where the Bishop gave him a licence to preach, upon promises
+not to meddle with controversies, but incline his hearers to piety
+and moderation: and this promise he kept during his life, which ended
+1602, the Bishop surviving him but some few months; each ending his
+days in perfect charity with the other.
+
+And now after this long digression, made for the information of my
+Reader concerning what follows, I bring him back to venerable Mr.
+Hooker, where we left him in the Temple, and where we shall find him
+as deeply engaged in a controversy with Walter Travers,[20]--a friend
+and favourite of Mr. Cartwright's--as the Bishop had ever been with
+Mr. Cartwright himself, and of which I shall proceed to give this
+following account.
+
+[Sidenote: The new generation]
+
+[Sidenote: Thomas Nashe]
+
+And first this; that though the pens of Mr. Cartwright and the Bishop
+were now at rest, yet there was sprung up a new generation of restless
+men, that by company and clamours became possessed of a faith, which
+they ought to have kept to themselves, but could not: men that
+were become positive in asserting, "That a papist cannot be saved:"
+insomuch, that about this time, at the execution of the Queen of
+Scots, the Bishop that preached her Funeral Sermon--which was Dr.
+Howland,[21] then Bishop of Peterborough--was reviled for not being
+positive for her damnation. And besides this boldness of their
+becoming Gods, so far as to set limits to His mercies, there was
+not only one Martin Mar-Prelate,[22] but other venomous books daily
+printed and dispersed; books that were so absurd and scurrilous, that
+the graver Divines disdained them an answer. And yet these were grown
+into high esteem with the common people, till Tom Nash[23] appeared
+against them all, who was a man of a sharp wit, and the master of
+a scoffing, satirical, merry pen, which he employed to discover
+the absurdities of those blind, malicious, senseless pamphlets, and
+sermons as senseless as they; Nash's answers being like his books,
+which bore these, or like titles: "An Almond for a Parrot;" "A Fig for
+my Godson;" "Come crack me this nut," and the like; so that this
+merry wit made some sport, and such a discovery of their absurdities,
+as--which is strange--he put a greater stop to these malicious
+pamphlets, than a much wiser man had been able.
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Travers]
+
+And now the Reader is to take notice, that at the death of Father
+Alvey, who was Master of the Temple, this Walter Travers was
+Lecturer there for the Evening Sermons, which he preached with great
+approbation, especially of some citizens, and the younger gentlemen of
+that Society; and for the most part approved by Mr. Hooker himself,
+in the midst of their oppositions. For he continued Lecturer a part of
+his time; Mr. Travers being indeed a man of competent learning, of a
+winning behaviour, and of a blameless life. But he had taken Orders
+by the Presbytery in Antwerp,--and with them some opinions, that could
+never be eradicated,--and if in anything he was transported, it was
+in an extreme desire to set up that government in this nation; for
+the promoting of which he had a correspondence with Theodore Beza at
+Geneva, and others in Scotland; and was one of the chiefest assistants
+to Mr. Cartwright in that design.
+
+Mr. Travers had also a particular hope to set up this government in
+the Temple, and to that end used his most zealous endeavours to be
+Master of it; and his being disappointed by Mr. Hooker's admittance,
+proved the occasion of a public opposition betwixt them in their
+Sermons: many of which were concerning the doctrine and ceremonies
+of this Church: insomuch that, as St. Paul withstood St. Peter to his
+face, so did they withstand each other in their Sermons: for, as one
+hath pleasantly expressed it, "The forenoon Sermon spake Canterbury;
+and the afternoon Geneva."
+
+[Sidenote: His petition]
+
+In these Sermons there was little of bitterness, but each party
+brought all the reasons he was able to prove his adversary's opinion
+erroneous. And thus it continued a long time, till the oppositions
+became so visible, and the consequences so dangerous, especially in
+that place, that the prudent Archbishop put a stop to Mr. Travers
+his preaching, by a positive prohibition. Against which Mr. Travers
+appealed, and petitioned her Majesty's Privy Council to have it
+recalled; where, besides his patron, the Earl of Leicester, he met
+also with many assisting friends: but they were not able to prevail
+with, or against the Archbishop, whom the Queen had intrusted with all
+Church-power; and he had received so fair a testimony of Mr. Hooker's
+principles, and of his learning and moderation, that he withstood
+all solicitations. But the denying this petition of Mr. Travers, was
+unpleasant to divers of his party; and the reasonableness of it became
+at last to be so publicly magnified by them, and many others of that
+party, as never to be answered: so that, intending the Bishop's and
+Mr. Hooker's disgrace, they procured it to be privately printed and
+scattered abroad; and then Mr. Hooker was forced to appear, and make
+as public an Answer; which he did, and dedicated it to the Archbishop;
+and it proved so full an answer, an answer that had in it so much of
+clear reason, and writ with so much meekness and majesty of style,
+that the Bishop began to have him in admiration, and to rejoice that
+he had appeared in his cause, and disdained not earnestly to beg his
+friendship; even a familiar friendship with a man of so much quiet
+learning and humility.
+
+[Sidenote: Points at issue]
+
+To enumerate the many particular points in issue which Mr. Hooker
+and Mr. Travers dissented,--all, or most of which I have seen
+written,--would prove at least tedious: and therefore I shall impose
+upon my Reader no more than two, which shall immediately follow, and
+by which he may judge of the rest.
+
+Mr. Travers excepted against Mr. Hooker, for that in one of his
+Sermons he declared, "That the assurance of what we believe by the
+Word of God is not to us so certain as that which we perceive by
+sense." And Mr. Hooker confesseth he said so, and endeavours to
+justify it by the reasons following.
+
+"First; I taught that the things which God promises in his Word are
+surer than what we touch, handle, or see: but are we so sure and
+certain of them? If we be, why doth God so often prove his promises to
+us as he doth, by arguments drawn from our sensible experience? For we
+must be surer of the proof than of the things proved; otherwise it is
+no proof. For example; how is it that many men looking on the moon, at
+the same time, every one knoweth it to be the moon as certainly as the
+other doth? but many believing one and the same promise, have not all
+one and the same fulness of persuasion. For how falleth it out, that
+men being assured of any thing by sense, can be no surer of it than
+they are; when as the strongest in faith that liveth upon the earth
+hath always need to labour, strive, and pray, that his assurance
+concerning heavenly and spiritual things may grow, increase, and be
+augmented?"
+
+[Sidenote: Hooker's sermon]
+
+The Sermon, that gave him the cause of this his justification,
+makes the case more plain, by declaring "That there is, besides this
+certainty of evidence, a certainty of adherence." In which having most
+excellently demonstrated what the certainty of adherence is, he
+makes this comfortable use of it, "Comfortable," he says, "as to weak
+believers, who suppose themselves to be faithless, not to believe,
+when notwithstanding they have their adherence; the Holy Spirit hath
+his private operations, and worketh secretly in them, and effectually
+too, though they want the inward testimony of it."
+
+Tell this, saith he, to a man that hath a mind too much dejected by a
+sad sense of his sin; to one that, by a too severe judging of himself,
+concludes that he wants faith, because he wants the comfortable
+assurance of it; and his answer will be, do not persuade me against my
+knowledge, against what I find and feel in myself: I do not, I know, I
+do not believe.--Mr. Hooker's own words follow.--"Well then, to favour
+such men a little in their weakness, let that be granted which they
+do imagine; be it, that they adhere not to God's promises, but are
+faithless, and without belief: but are they not grieved for their
+unbelief? They confess they are; do they not wish it might, and also
+strive that it may be otherwise? We know they do. Whence cometh this,
+but from a secret love and liking, that they have of those things
+believed? For no man can love those things which in his own opinion
+are not; and if they think those things to be, which they show they
+love, when they desire to believe them; then must it be, that, by
+desiring to believe, they prove themselves true believers: for without
+faith no man thinketh that things believed are: which argument all the
+subtilties of infernal powers will never be able to dissolve." This
+is an abridgement of part of the reasons Mr. Hooker gives for his
+justification of this his opinion, for which he was excepted against
+by Mr. Travers.
+
+[Sidenote: Answers to Travers]
+
+Mr. Hooker was also accused by Mr. Travers, for that he in one of his
+Sermons had declared, "That he doubted not but that God was merciful
+to many of our forefathers living in Popish superstition, for as much
+as they sinned ignorantly;" and Mr. Hooker in his Answer professeth
+it to be his judgment, and declares his reasons for this charitable
+opinion to be as followeth.
+
+But first, he states the question about Justification and Works, and
+how the foundation of Faith without works is overthrown; and then he
+proceeds to discover that way which natural men and some others
+have mistaken to be the way, by which they hope to attain true and
+everlasting happiness: and having discovered the mistaken, he proceeds
+to direct to that true way, by which, and no other, everlasting life
+and blessedness is attainable. And these two ways he demonstrates
+thus;--they be his own words that follow:--"That, the way of Nature;
+this, the way of Grace; the end of that way, Salvation merited,
+pre-supposing the righteousness of men's works; their righteousness,
+a natural ability to do them; that ability, the goodness of God, which
+created them in such perfection. But the end of this way, Salvation
+bestowed upon men as a gift: pre-supposing not their righteousness,
+but the forgiveness of their unrighteousness, Justification; their
+justification, not their natural ability to do good, but their hearty
+sorrow for not doing, and unfeigned belief in Him, for whose sake
+not-doers are accepted, which is their Vocation; their vocation, the
+election of God, taking them out of the number of lost children:
+their Election, a Mediator in whom to be elected; this mediation,
+inexplicable mercy: this mercy, supposing their misery for whom He
+vouchsafed to die, and make Himself a Mediator."
+
+And he also declareth, "There is no meritorious cause for our
+Justification, but Christ: no effectual, but his mercy;" and says
+also, "We deny the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, we abuse, disannul
+and annihilate the benefit of his passion, if by a proud imagination
+we believe we can merit everlasting life, or can be worthy of it."
+This belief, he declareth, is to destroy the very essence of our
+Justification; and he makes all opinions that border upon this to
+be very dangerous. "Yet nevertheless,"--and for this he was
+accused,--"considering how many virtuous and just men, how many Saints
+and Martyrs have had their dangerous opinions amongst which this was
+one, that they hoped to make God some part of amends, by voluntary
+punishments which they laid upon themselves: because by this, or the
+like erroneous opinions, which do by consequence overthrow the merits
+of Christ, shall man be so bold as to write on their graves, 'Such men
+are damned; there is for them no Salvation?' St. Austin says, _Errare
+possum, Hæreticus esse nolo_. And except we put a difference betwixt
+them that err ignorantly, and them that obstinately persist in it, how
+is it possible that any man should hope to be saved? Give me a Pope
+or Cardinal, whom great afflictions have made to know himself, whose
+heart God hath touched with true sorrow for all his sins, and filled
+with a love of Christ and his Gospel; whose eyes are willingly open
+to see the truth, and his mouth ready to renounce all error,--this one
+opinion of merit excepted, which he thinketh God will require at his
+hands;--and because he wanteth, trembleth, and is discouraged, and
+yet can say, Lord, cleanse me from all my secret sins! shall I think,
+because of this, or a like error, such men touch not so much as the
+hem of Christ's garment? If they do, wherefore should I doubt, but
+that virtue may proceed from Christ to save them? No, I will not be
+afraid to say to such a one, You err in your opinion; but be of good
+comfort; you have to do with a merciful God, who will make the best
+of that little which you hold well; and not with a captious sophister,
+who gathereth the worst out of every thing in which you are mistaken."
+
+But it will be said, says Mr. Hooker, the admittance of merit in any
+degree overthroweth the foundation, excludeth from the hope of mercy,
+from all possibility of salvation. (And now Mr. Hooker's own words
+follow.)
+
+"What, though they hold the truth sincerely in all other parts of
+Christian faith; although they have in some measure all the virtues
+and graces of the Spirit, although they have all other tokens of God's
+children in them? although they be far from having any proud opinion,
+that they shall be saved by the worthiness of their deeds? although
+the only thing, that troubleth and molesteth them, be a little too
+much dejection, somewhat too great a fear arising from an erroneous
+conceit, that God will require a worthiness in them, which they are
+grieved to find wanting in themselves? although they be not obstinate
+in this opinion? although they be willing, and would be glad to
+forsake it, if any one reason were brought sufficient to disprove it?
+although the only cause why they do not forsake it ere they die, be
+their ignorance of that means by which it might be disproved? although
+the cause why the ignorance in this point is not removed, be the want
+of knowledge in such as should be able, and are not, to remove it? Let
+me die," says Mr. Hooker, "if it be ever proved, that simply an error
+doth exclude a Pope or Cardinal in such a case utterly from hope of
+life. Surely, I must confess, that if it be an error to think that God
+may be merciful to save men, even when they err, my greatest comfort
+is my error: were it not for the love I bear to this error, I would
+never wish to speak or to live."
+
+I was willing to take notice of these two points, as supposing them
+to be very material; and that, as they are thus contracted, they may
+prove useful to my Reader; as also for that the answers be arguments
+of Mr. Hooker's great and clear reason, and equal charity. Other
+exceptions were also made against him by Mr. Travers, as "That he
+prayed before, and not after, his Sermons; that in his prayers he
+named Bishops; that he kneeled, both when he prayed, and when he
+received the Sacrament;" and--says Mr. Hooker in his Defence--"other
+exceptions so like these, as but to name, I should have thought a
+greater fault than to commit them."
+
+[Sidenote: His "dove-like temper"]
+
+And it is not unworthy the noting, that, in the manage of so great a
+controversy, a sharper reproof than this, and one like it, did never
+fall from the happy pen of this humble man. That like it was upon
+a like occasion of exceptions, to which his answer was, "your next
+argument consists of railing and of reasons: to your railing I say
+nothing; to your reasons I say what follows." And I am glad of this
+fair occasion to testify the dove-like temper of this meek, this
+matchless man. And doubtless, if Almighty God had blest the Dissenters
+from the ceremonies and discipline of this Church, with a like measure
+of wisdom and humility, instead of their pertinacious zeal, then
+obedience and truth had kissed each other; then peace and piety had
+flourished in our nation, and this Church and State had been blessed
+like Jerusalem, that is at unity with itself: but this can never be
+expected, till God shall bless the common people of this nation with
+a belief, that Schism is a sin, and they not fit to judge what is
+Schism: and bless them also with a belief, that there may be offences
+taken which are not given, and, that laws are not made for private men
+to dispute, but to obey.
+
+[Sidenote: His writings]
+
+And this also may be worthy of noting, that these exceptions of Mr.
+Travers against Mr. Hooker proved to be _felix error_, for they were
+the cause of his transcribing those few of his Sermons, which we now
+see printed with his books; and of his "Answer to Mr. Travers his
+Supplication;" and of his most learned and useful "Discourse of
+Justification, of Faith, and Works:" and by their transcription they
+fell into such hands as have preserved them from being lost, as too
+many of his other matchless writings were: and from these I have
+gathered many observations in this discourse of his life.
+
+[Sidenote: "Ecclesiastical Polity"]
+
+After the publication of his "Answer to the Petition of Mr. Travers,"
+Mr. Hooker grew daily into greater repute with the most learned and
+wise of the nation; but it had a contrary effect in very many of
+the Temple, that were zealous for Mr. Travers, and for his
+Church-discipline; insomuch, that though Mr. Travers left the place,
+yet the seeds of discontent could not be rooted out of that Society,
+by the great reason, and as great meekness, of this humble man: for
+though the chief Benchers gave him much reverence and encouragement,
+yet he there met with many neglects and oppositions by those of Master
+Travers' judgment; insomuch that it turned to his extreme grief:
+and, that he might unbeguile and win them, he designed to write a
+deliberate, sober treatise of the Church's power to make Canons for
+the use of ceremonies, and by law to impose an obedience to them, as
+upon her children; and this he proposed to do in "Eight Books of
+the Law of Ecclesiastical Polity;" intending therein to shew such
+arguments as should force an assent from all men, if reason, delivered
+in sweet language, and void of any provocation, were able to do it:
+and, that he might prevent all prejudice, he wrote before it a large
+Preface, or Epistle to the Dissenting Brethren, wherein there were
+such bowels of love, and such a commixture of that love with reason,
+as was never exceeded but in Holy Writ; and particularly by that of
+St. Paul to his dear brother and fellow-labourer Philemon: than which
+none ever was more like this epistle of Mr. Hooker's. So that his dear
+friend and companion in his studies, Dr. Spencer, might, after his
+death, justly say, "What admirable height of learning, and depth of
+judgment, dwelt in the lowly mind of this truly humble man--great in
+all wise men's eyes, except his own; with what gravity and majesty of
+speech his tongue and pen uttered heavenly mysteries; whose eyes, in
+the humility of his heart, were always cast down to the ground; how
+all things that proceeded from him were breathed as from the Spirit of
+Love; as if he, like the bird of the Holy Ghost, the Dove, had wanted
+gall:--let those that knew him not in his person, judge these living
+images of his soul, his writings."
+
+[Sidenote: Desire for quietness]
+
+The foundation of these books was laid in the Temple; but he found
+it no fit place to finish what he had there designed; he therefore
+earnestly solicited the Archbishop for a remove from that place; to
+whom he spake to this purpose: "My Lord, when I lost the freedom of my
+cell, which was my College, yet I found some degree of it in my quiet
+country parsonage: but I am weary of the noise and oppositions of this
+place; and indeed God and Nature did not intend me for contentions,
+but for study and quietness. My Lord, my particular contests with Mr.
+Travers here have proved the more unpleasant to me, because I believe
+him to be a good man; and that belief hath occasioned me to examine
+mine own conscience concerning his opinions; and, to satisfy that, I
+have consulted the Scripture, and other laws, both human and divine,
+whether the conscience of him, and others of his judgment, ought to be
+so far complied with, as to alter our frame of Church-government,
+our manner of God's worship, our praising and praying to him, and our
+established ceremonies, as often as his, and other tender consciences
+shall require us. And in this examination, I have not only satisfied
+myself, but have begun a Treatise, in which I intend a justification
+of the Laws of our Ecclesiastical Polity; in which design God and his
+holy angels shall at the last great Day bear me that witness which my
+conscience now does; that my meaning is not to provoke any, but rather
+to satisfy all tender consciences: and I shall never be able to do
+this, but where I may study, and pray for God's blessing upon my
+endeavours, and keep myself in peace and privacy, and behold God's
+blessings spring out of my mother earth, and eat my own bread without
+oppositions;[24] and therefore, if your Grace can judge me worthy of
+such a favour, let me beg it, that I may perfect what I have begun."
+
+[Sidenote: Rector of Boscombe]
+
+[Sidenote: Prebend of Salisbury]
+
+About this time the Parsonage or Rectory of Boscum, in the Diocese of
+Sarum, and six miles from that City, became void. The Bishop of Sarum
+is patron of it; but in the vacancy of that See,--which was three
+years betwixt the translation of Bishop Pierce to the See of York, and
+Bishop Caldwell's admission into it,--the disposal of that, and all
+benefices belonging to that See, during this said vacancy, came to be
+disposed of by the Archbishop of Canterbury: and he presented Richard
+Hooker to it in the year 1591. And Richard Hooker was also in the
+said year instituted, July 17, to be a Minor Prebend of Salisbury, the
+corps to it being Nether-Haven, about ten miles from that City;
+which prebend was of no great value, but intended chiefly to make
+him capable of a better preferment in that church. In this Boscum he
+continued till he had finished four of his eight proposed books of
+"The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity," and these were entered into the
+Register-Book in Stationers' Hall, the 9th of March, 1592, but not
+published till the year 1594, and then were with the before-mentioned
+large and affectionate Preface, which he directs to them that seek--as
+they term it--the reformation of the Laws and Orders Ecclesiastical
+in the Church of England; of which books I shall yet say nothing more,
+but that he continued his laborious diligence to finish the remaining
+four during his life;--of all which more properly hereafter;--but at
+Boscum he finished and published but only the first four, being then
+in the 39th year of his age.
+
+He left Boscum in the year 1595, by a surrender of it into the
+hands of Bishop Caldwell: and he presented Benjamin Russell, who was
+instituted into it the 23rd of June in the same year.
+
+[Sidenote: Rector of Bishops-bourne]
+
+The Parsonage of Bishop's Bourne in Kent, three miles from Canterbury,
+is in that Archbishop's gift; but, in that latter end of the year
+1594, Dr. William Redman, the Rector of it, was made Bishop of
+Norwich; by which means the power of presenting to it was _pro eâ
+vice_ in the Queen; and she presented Richard Hooker, whom she loved
+well, to this good living of Bourne, the 7th July, 1595; in which
+living he continued till his death, without any addition of dignity or
+profit.
+
+And now having brought our Richard Hooker from his birth-place, to
+this where he found a grave, I shall only give some account of his
+books and of his behaviour in this Parsonage of Bourne, and then give
+a rest both to myself and my Reader.
+
+His first four books and large epistle have been declared to be
+printed at his being at Boscum, anno 1594. Next I am to tell, that
+at the end of these four books there was, when he first printed them,
+this Advertisement to the Reader. "I have for some causes, thought it
+at this time more fit to let go these first four books by themselves,
+than to stay both them and the rest, till the whole might together
+be published. Such generalities of the cause in question as are here
+handled, it will be perhaps not amiss to consider apart, by way of
+introduction unto the books that are to follow concerning particulars;
+in the mean time the Reader is requested to mend the Printer's errors,
+as noted underneath."
+
+[Sidenote: "Ecclesiastical Polity"]
+
+[Sidenote: The Pope his reader]
+
+And I am next to declare, that his Fifth Book--which is larger than
+his first four--was first also printed by itself, anno 1597,
+and dedicated to his patron--for till then he chose none--the
+Archbishop.--These books were read with an admiration of their
+excellency in this, and their just fame spread itself also into
+foreign nations. And I have been told, more than forty years past,
+that either Cardinal Allen,[25] or learned Dr. Stapleton,[26]--both
+Englishmen, and in Italy about the time when Mr. Hooker's four books
+were first printed,--meeting with this general fame of them, were
+desirous to read an author, that both the reformed and the learned of
+their own Romish Church did so much magnify; and therefore caused
+them to be sent for to Rome: and after reading them, boasted to the
+Pope,--which then was Clement the Eighth,--"That though he had lately
+said, he never met with an English book, whose writer deserved the
+name of author; yet there now appeared a wonder to them, and it would
+be so to his Holiness, if it were in Latin: for a poor obscure English
+Priest had writ four such books of Laws, and Church-polity, and in a
+style that expressed such a grave and so humble a majesty, with such
+clear demonstration of reason, that in all their readings they had not
+met with any that exceeded him:" and this begot in the Pope an earnest
+desire that Dr. Stapleton should bring the said four books, and,
+looking on the English, read a part of them to him in Latin; which
+Dr. Stapleton did, to the end of the first book; at the conclusion of
+which, the Pope spake to this purpose: "There is no learning that this
+man hath not searched into, nothing too hard for his understanding:
+this man indeed deserves the name of an author: his books will get
+reverence by age; for there is in them such seeds of eternity, that
+if the rest be like this, they shall last till the last fire shall
+consume all learning."
+
+[Sidenote: King James on Hooker]
+
+Nor was this high, the only testimony and commendation given to his
+books; for at the first coming of King James into this kingdom, he
+enquired of the Archbishop Whitgift for his friend Mr. Hooker, that
+writ the books of Church-polity; to which the answer was, that he died
+a year before Queen Elizabeth, who received the sad news of his death
+with very much sorrow; to which the King replied, "And I receive it
+with no less, that I shall want the desired happiness of seeing and
+discoursing with that man, from whose books I have received such
+satisfaction: indeed, my Lord, I have received more satisfaction in
+reading a leaf or paragraph, in Mr. Hooker, though it were but about
+the fashion of Churches, or Church-Music, or the like, but especially
+of the Sacraments, than I have had in the reading particular large
+treatises written but of one of those subjects by others, though
+very learned men: and I observe there is in Mr. Hooker no affected
+language: but a grave, comprehensive, clear manifestation of reason,
+and that backed with the authority of the Scripture, the Fathers, and
+Schoolmen, and with all Law both sacred and civil. And, though many
+others write well, yet in the next age they will be forgotten; but
+doubtless there is in every page of Mr. Hooker's book, the picture
+of a divine soul, such pictures of truth and reason, and drawn in
+so sacred colours, that they shall never fade, but give an immortal
+memory to the author." And it is so truly true, that the King thought
+what he spake, that, as the most learned of the nation have, and still
+do mention Mr. Hooker with reverence; so he also did never mention
+him but with the epithet of learned, or judicious, or reverend, or
+venerable Mr. Hooker.
+
+[Sidenote: A Latin version]
+
+Nor did his son, our late King Charles the First, ever mention him but
+with the same reverence, enjoining his son, our now gracious King,
+to be studious in Mr. Hooker's books. And our learned antiquary, Mr.
+Camden [in his Annals, 5299], mentioning the death, the modesty, and
+other virtues of Mr. Hooker, and magnifying his books, wished, "that,
+for the honour of this, and benefit of other nations, they were turned
+into the Universal Language." Which work, though undertaken by many,
+yet they have been weary, and forsaken it: but the Reader may now
+expect it, having been long since begun and lately finished, by the
+happy pen of Dr. Earle,[27] now Lord Bishop of Salisbury, of whom I
+may justly say,--and let it not offend him, because it is such a truth
+as ought not to be concealed from posterity, or those that now live,
+and yet know him not,--that since Mr. Hooker died, none have lived
+whom God hath blessed with more innocent wisdom, more sanctified
+learning, or a more pious, peaceable, primitive temper: so that this
+excellent person seems to be only like himself, and our venerable
+Richard Hooker, and only fit to make the learned of all nations happy,
+in knowing what hath been too long confined to the language of our
+little island.
+
+[Sidenote: Life at Bishops-bourne]
+
+There might be many more and just occasions taken to speak of his
+books, which none ever did or can commend too much; but I decline
+them, and hasten to an account of his Christian behaviour and death
+at Bourne; in which place he continued his customary rules of
+mortification and self-denial; was much in fasting, frequent in
+meditation and prayers, enjoying those blessed returns, which only men
+of strict lives feel and know, and of which men of loose and godless
+lives cannot be made sensible; for spiritual things are spiritually
+discerned.
+
+[Sidenote: Saravia's tracts]
+
+At his entrance into this place, his friendship was much sought for
+by Dr. Hadrian Saravia,[28] then, or about that time, made one of the
+Prebends of Canterbury; a German by birth, and sometime a pastor both
+in Flanders and Holland, where he had studied, and well considered
+the controverted points concerning Episcopacy and sacrilege; and in
+England had a just occasion to declare his judgment concerning both,
+unto his brethren ministers of the Low Countries; which was excepted
+against by Theodore Beza and others; against whose exceptions he
+rejoined, and thereby became the happy author of many learned
+tracts writ in Latin, especially of three; one, of the "Degrees of
+Ministers," and of the "Bishops' superiority above the Presbytery;"
+a second, "against Sacrilege;" and a third of "Christian Obedience to
+Princes;" the last being occasioned by Gretzerus the Jesuit.[29] And
+it is observable, that when, in a time of Church tumults, Beza gave
+his reasons to the Chancellor of Scotland for the abrogation of
+Episcopacy in that nation, partly by letters, and more fully in a
+Treatise of a threefold Episcopacy,--which he calls divine, human, and
+satanical,--this Dr. Saravia had, by the help of Bishop Whitgift, made
+such an early discovery of their intentions, that he had almost
+as soon answered that Treatise as it became public; and he therein
+discovered how Beza's opinion did contradict that of Calvin's and
+his adherents; leaving them to interfere with themselves in point of
+Episcopacy. But of these tracts it will not concern me to say more,
+than that they were most of them dedicated to his, and the Church of
+England's watchful patron, John Whitgift, the Archbishop; and printed
+about the time in which Mr. Hooker also appeared first to the world,
+in the publication of his first four books of "Ecclesiastical Polity."
+
+This friendship being sought for by this learned Doctor, you may
+believe was not denied by Mr. Hooker, who was by fortune so like him,
+as to be engaged against Mr. Travers, Mr. Cartwright, and others of
+their judgment, in a controversy too like Dr. Saravia's; so that in
+this year of 1595, and in this place of Bourne, these two excellent
+persons began a holy friendship, increasing daily to so high and
+mutual affections, that their two wills seemed to be but one and the
+same; and their designs both for the glory of God, and peace of the
+Church, still assisting and improving each other's virtues, and
+the desired comforts of a peaceable piety; which I have willingly
+mentioned, because it gives a foundation to some things that follow.
+
+[Sidenote: "What went they out to see?"]
+
+[Sidenote: His bashfulnes]
+
+This Parsonage of Bourne is from Canterbury three miles, and near to
+the common road that leads from that City to Dover; in which Parsonage
+Mr. Hooker had not been twelve months, but his books, and the
+innocency and sanctity of his life became so remarkable, that
+many turned out of the road, and others--scholars especially--went
+purposely to see the man, whose life and learning were so much
+admired: and alas! as our Saviour said of St. John Baptist, "What went
+they out to see? a man clothed in purple and fine linen?" No, indeed:
+but an obscure, harmless man; a man in poor clothes, his loins usually
+girt in a coarse gown, or canonical coat; of a mean stature, and
+stooping, and yet more lowly in the thoughts of his soul; his body
+worn out, not with age, but study and holy mortifications; his face
+full of heat-pimples, begot by his unactivity and sedentary life.
+And to this true character of his person, let me add this of his
+disposition and behaviour: God and Nature blessed him with so blessed
+a bashfulness, that as in his younger days his pupils might easily
+look him out of countenance; so neither then, nor in his age, did he
+ever willingly look any man in the face: and was of so mild and humble
+a nature, that his poor Parish-Clerk and he did never talk but with
+both their hats on, or both off, at the same time: and to this may
+be added, that though he was not purblind, yet he was short or
+weaksighted; and where he fixed his eyes at the beginning of his
+sermon, there they continued till it was ended: and the Reader has a
+liberty to believe, that his modesty and dim sight were some of the
+reasons why he trusted Mrs. Churchman to choose his wife.
+
+[Sidenote: His Parish Clerk]
+
+This Parish-Clerk lived till the third or fourth year of the late Long
+Parliament; betwixt which time and Mr. Hooker's death there had come
+many to see the place of his burial, and the Monument dedicated to his
+memory by Sir William Cowper, who still lives; and the poor Clerk
+had many rewards for shewing Mr. Hooker's grave place, and his said
+Monument, and did always hear Mr. Hooker mentioned with commendations
+and reverence; to all which he added his own knowledge and
+observations of his humility and holiness; and in all which discourses
+the poor man was still more confirmed in his opinion of Mr. Hooker's
+virtues and learning. But it so fell out, that about the said third or
+fourth year of the Long Parliament, the then present Parson of Bourne
+was sequestered,--you may guess why,--and a Genevan Minister put into
+his good living. This, and other like sequestrations, made the Clerk
+express himself in a wonder, and say, "They had sequestered so many
+good men, that he doubted, if his good master Mr. Hooker had lived
+till now, they would have sequestered him too!"
+
+It was not long before this intruding Minister had made a party in and
+about the said Parish, that were desirous to receive the Sacrament as
+in Geneva; to which end, the day was appointed for a select company,
+and forms and stools set about the altar, or communion-table, for them
+to sit and eat and drink: but when they went about this work, there
+was a want of some joint-stools, which the Minister sent the Clerk to
+fetch, and then to fetch cushions,--but not to kneel upon.--When the
+Clerk saw them begin to sit down, he began to wonder; but the Minister
+bade him "cease wondering, and lock the Church-door:" to whom he
+replied, "Pray take you the keys, and lock me out: I will never come
+more into this Church; for all men will say, my master Hooker was a
+good man, and a good scholar; and I am sure it was not used to be
+thus in his days:" and report says the old man went presently home and
+died; I do not say died immediately, but within a few Christian days
+after.[30]
+
+[Sidenote: His Christian behavior]
+
+But let us leave this grateful Clerk in his quiet grave, and return
+to Mr. Hooker himself, continuing our observations of his Christian
+behaviour in this place, where he gave a holy valediction to all the
+pleasures and allurements of earth; possessing his soul in a virtuous
+quietness, which he maintained by constant study, prayers, and
+meditations. His use was to preach once every Sunday, and he, or his
+Curate, to catechise after the second Lesson in the Evening Prayer.
+His Sermons were neither long nor earnest, but uttered with a grave
+zeal and an humble voice: his eyes always fixed on one place, to
+prevent imagination from wandering; insomuch that he seemed to
+study as he spake. The design of his Sermons--as indeed of all his
+discourses--was to shew reasons for what he spake; and with these
+reasons such a kind of rhetoric, as did rather convince and persuade,
+than frighten men into piety; studying not so much for matter,--which
+he never wanted,--as for apt illustrations, to inform and teach his
+unlearned hearers by familiar examples, and then make them better by
+convincing applications; never labouring by hard words, and then by
+heedless distinctions and sub-distinctions, to amuse his hearers, and
+get glory to himself; but glory only to God. Which intention, he would
+often say, was as discernible in a Preacher, "as a natural from an
+artificial beauty."
+
+[Sidenote: Fasting and prayer]
+
+He never failed the Sunday before every Ember-week to give notice
+of it to his parishioners, persuading them both to fast, and then
+to double their devotions for a learned and a pious Clergy, but
+especially the last; saying often, "That the life of a pious Clergyman
+was visible rhetoric; and so convincing, that the most godless
+men--though they would not deny themselves the enjoyment of their
+present lusts--did yet secretly wish themselves like those of the
+strictest lives." And to what he persuaded others, he added his own
+example of fasting and prayer; and did usually every Ember-week take
+from the Parish-Clerk the key of the Church-door, into which place he
+retired every day, and locked himself up for many hours; and did the
+like most Fridays and other days of fasting.
+
+He would by no means omit the customary time of Procession, persuading
+all, both rich and poor, if they desired the preservation of love,
+and their Parish-rights and liberties, to accompany him in his
+perambulation; and most did so: in which perambulation he would
+usually express more pleasant discourse than at other times, and
+would then always drop some loving and facetious observations to be
+remembered against the next year, especially by the boys and young
+people; still inclining them, and all his present parishioners, to
+meekness, and mutual kindness and love; because "Love thinks not evil,
+but covers a multitude of infirmities."
+
+[Sidenote: Parish work]
+
+He was diligent to enquire who of his Parish were sick, or any ways
+distressed, and would often visit them, unsent for; supposing that
+the fittest time to discover to them those errors, to which health and
+prosperity had blinded them. And having by pious reasons and prayers
+moulded them into holy resolutions for the time to come, he would
+incline them to confession and bewailing their sins, with purpose
+to forsake them, and then to receive the Communion, both as a
+strengthening of those holy resolutions, and as a seal betwixt God and
+them of his mercies to their souls, in case that present sickness did
+put a period to their lives.
+
+And as he was thus watchful and charitable to the sick, so he was
+as diligent to prevent lawsuits; still urging his parishioners and
+neighbours to bear with each other's infirmities, and live in love,
+because, as St. John says, "He that lives in love, lives in God:
+for God is love." And to maintain this holy fire of love constantly
+burning on the altar of a pure heart, his advice was to watch and
+pray, and always keep themselves fit to receive the Communion,
+and then to receive it often; for it was both a confirming and
+strengthening of their graces. This was his advice; and at his
+entrance or departure out of any house, he would usually speak to the
+whole family, and bless them by name; insomuch, that as he seemed his
+youth to be taught of God, so he seemed in this place to teach
+his precepts as Enoch did, by walking with him in all holiness and
+humility, making each day a step towards a blessed eternity. And
+though, in this weak and declining age of the world, such examples are
+become barren, and almost incredible; yet let his memory be blessed by
+this true recordation, because he that praises Richard Hooker,
+praises God who hath given such gifts to men; and let this humble
+and affectionate relation of him become such a pattern, as may invite
+posterity to imitate these his virtues.
+
+[Sidenote: Slanderous tongues]
+
+[Sidenote: False accusations]
+
+[Sidenote: A prayer]
+
+This was his constant behaviour both at Bourne, and in all the places
+in which he lived: thus did he walk with God, and tread the footsteps
+of primitive piety; and yet, as that great example of meekness and
+purity, even our blessed Jesus, was not free from false accusations,
+no more was this disciple of his, this most humble, most innocent,
+holy man. His was a slander parallel to that of chaste Susannah's by
+the wicked Elders; or that against St. Athanasius, as it is recorded
+in his life,--for this holy man had heretical enemies,--a slander
+which this age calls _trepanning_.[31] The particulars need not a
+repetition; and that it was false, needs no other testimony than the
+public punishment of his accusers, and their open confession of
+his innocency. It was said, that the accusation was contrived by a
+dissenting brother, one that endured not Church-ceremonies, hating
+him for his book's sake, which he was not able to answer; and his name
+hath been told me; but I have not so much confidence in the relation,
+as to make my pen fix a scandal on him to posterity; I shall rather
+leave it doubtful till the great day of revelation. But this is
+certain, that he lay under the great charge, and the anxiety of this
+accusation, and kept it secret to himself for many months; and, being
+a helpless man, had lain longer under this heavy burthen, but that the
+Protector of the innocent gave such an accidental occasion, as forced
+him to make it known to his two dearest friends, Edwin Sandys and
+George Cranmer, who were so sensible of their tutor's sufferings,
+that they gave themselves no rest, till by their disquisitions and
+diligence they had found out the fraud, and brought him the welcome
+news, that his accusers did confess they had wronged him, and begged
+his pardon. To which the good man's reply was to this purpose: "The
+Lord forgive them; and the Lord bless you for this comfortable news.
+Now have I a just occasion to say with Solomon, 'Friends are born for
+the days of adversity;' and such you have proved to me. And to my
+God I say, as did the Mother of St. John Baptist, 'Thus hath the Lord
+dealt with me, in the day wherein he looked upon me, to take away
+my reproach among men. 'And, O my God! neither my life, nor my
+reputation, are safe in my own keeping; but in thine, who didst take
+care of me when I yet hanged upon my mother's breast. Blessed are they
+that put their trust in thee, O Lord! for when false witnesses were
+risen up against me; when shame was ready to cover my face; when my
+flights were restless; when my soul thirsted for a deliverance, as the
+hart panteth after the rivers of water; then thou, Lord, didst hear my
+complaints, pity my condition, and art now become my deliverer; and as
+long as I live I will hold up my hands in this manner, and magnify thy
+mercies, who didst not give me over as a prey to mine enemies: the
+net is broken, and they are taken in it. Oh! blessed are they that put
+their trust in thee! and no prosperity shall make me forget those days
+of sorrow, or to perform those vows that I have made to thee in the
+days of my affliction; for with such sacrifices, thou, O God, art well
+pleased; and I will pay them."[32]
+
+[Sidenote: His charity]
+
+Thus did the joy and gratitude of this good man's heart break forth;
+and it is observable, that as the invitation to this slander was his
+meek behaviour and dove-like simplicity, for which he was remarkable;
+so his Christian charity ought to be imitated. For though the spirit
+of revenge is so pleasing to mankind, that it is never conquered but
+by a supernatural grace, revenge being indeed so deeply rooted in
+human nature, that, to prevent the excesses of it,--for men would not
+know moderation,--Almighty God allows not any degree of it to any man,
+but says "vengeance is mine:" and though this be said positively
+by God himself, yet this revenge is so pleasing, that man is hardly
+persuaded to submit the manage of it to the time, and justice, and
+wisdom of his Creator, but would hasten to be his own executioner
+of it. And yet nevertheless, if any man ever did wholly decline, and
+leave this pleasing passion to the time and measure of God alone, it
+was this Richard Hooker, of whom I write: for when his slanderers
+were to suffer, he laboured to procure their pardon; and when that was
+denied him, his reply was, "That however he would fast and pray
+that God would give them repentance, and patience to undergo their
+punishment." And his prayers were so far returned into his own bosom,
+that the first was granted, if we may believe a penitent behaviour,
+and an open confession. And 'tis observable, that after this time he
+would often say to Dr. Saravia, "Oh! with what quietness did I enjoy
+my soul, after I was free from the fears of my slander! And how much
+more after a conflict and victory over my desires of revenge!"
+
+[Sidenote: A long sickness]
+
+About the year 1600, and of his age forty-six, he fell into a long
+and sharp sickness, occasioned by a cold taken in his passage by water
+betwixt London and Gravesend, from the malignity of which he was never
+recovered; for after that time, till his death, he was not free from
+thoughtful days and restless nights: but a submission to His will that
+makes the sick man's bed easy, by giving rest to his soul, made his
+very languishment comfortable: and yet all this time he was solicitous
+in his study, and said often to Dr. Saravia,--who saw him daily, and
+was the chief comfort of his life,--"That he did not beg a long life
+of God for any other reason, but to live to finish his three remaining
+books of Polity; and then, 'Lord, let thy servant depart in peace;'"
+which was his usual expression. And God heard his prayers, though he
+denied the Church the benefit of them, as completed by himself; and
+'tis thought he hastened his own death, by hastening to give life to
+his books. But this is certain, that the nearer he was to his death,
+more he grew in humility, in holy thoughts, and resolutions.
+
+[Sidenote: Approaching end]
+
+About a month before his death, this good man, that never knew, or at
+least never considered, the pleasures of the palate, became first
+to lose his appetite, and then to have an averseness to all food,
+insomuch that he seemed to live some intermitted weeks by the smell of
+meat only, and yet still studied and writ. And now his guardian angel
+seemed to foretel him that the day of his dissolution drew near; for
+which his vigorous soul appeared to thirst.
+
+In this time of his sickness and not many days before his death, his
+house was robbed; of which he having notice, his question was, "Are my
+books and written papers safe?" And being answered that they were; his
+reply was, "Then it matters not; for no other loss can trouble me."
+
+[Sidenote: Closing hours]
+
+[Sidenote: Last words]
+
+About one day before his death, Dr. Saravia, who knew the very
+secrets of his soul,--for they were supposed to be confessors to
+each other,--came to him, and, after a conference of the benefit, the
+necessity, and safety of the Church's absolution, it was resolved the
+Doctor should give him both that and the Sacrament the following
+day. To which end the Doctor came, and, after a short retirement and
+privacy, they two returned to the company; and then the Doctor
+gave him and some of those friends which were with him, the blessed
+Sacrament of the body and blood of our Jesus. Which being performed,
+the Doctor thought he saw a reverend gaiety and joy in his face; but
+it lasted not long; for his bodily infirmities did return suddenly,
+and became more visible, insomuch that the Doctor apprehended death
+ready to seize him; yet, after some amendment, left him at night, with
+a promise to return early the day following; which he did, and
+then found him better in appearance, deep in contemplation, and not
+inclinable to discourse; which gave the Doctor occasion to require
+his present thoughts. To which he replied, "That he was meditating the
+number and nature of Angels, and their blessed obedience and order,
+without which, peace could not be in Heaven: and Oh! that it might be
+so on Earth!" After which words, he said, "I have lived to see this
+world is made up of perturbations; and I have been long preparing to
+leave it, and gathering comfort for the dreadful hour of making my
+account with God, which I now apprehend to be near: and though I have
+by his grace loved him in my youth, and feared him in mine age, and
+laboured to have a conscience void of offence to him, and to all men;
+yet if thou, O Lord! be extreme to mark what I have done amiss, who
+can abide it? And therefore, where I have failed, Lord, shew mercy
+to me; for I plead not my righteousness, but the forgiveness of my
+unrighteousness, for His merits, who died to purchase pardon for
+penitent sinners. And since I owe thee a death, Lord, let it not be
+terrible, and then take thine own time: I submit to it: let not mine,
+O Lord! but let thy will be done." With which expression he fell into
+a dangerous slumber; dangerous as to his recovery, yet recover he did,
+but it was to speak only these few words: "Good Doctor, God hath heard
+my daily petitions, for I am at peace with all men, and he is at peace
+with me; and from that blessed assurance I feel that inward joy, which
+this world can neither give nor take from me: my conscience beareth me
+this witness, and this witness makes the thoughts of death joyful. I
+could wish to live to do the Church more service; but cannot hope it,
+for my days are past as a shadow that returns not." More he would
+have spoken, but his spirits failed him; and, after a short conflict
+betwixt Nature and Death, a quiet sigh put a period to his last
+breath, and so he fell asleep. And now he seems to rest like Lazarus
+in Abraham's bosom. Let me here draw his curtain, till with the most
+glorious company of the Patriarchs and Apostles, the most Noble Army
+of Martyrs and Confessors, this most learned, most humble, holy man
+shall also awake to receive an eternal tranquillity, and with it a
+greater degree of glory than common Christians shall be made partakers
+of.
+
+[Sidenote: A prayer]
+
+In the mean time, Bless, O Lord! Lord, bless his brethren, the Clergy
+of this nation, with effectual endeavours to attain, if not to his
+great learning, yet to his remarkable meekness, his godly simplicity,
+and his Christian moderation; for these will bring peace at the last.
+And, Lord, let his most excellent writings be blest with what he
+designed, when he undertook them: which was, glory to thee, O God! on
+high, peace in thy Church, and goodwill to mankind. Amen, Amen.
+
+IZAAK WALTON.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: Dr. John Jewel was born in the Parish of Berry Narber, in
+Devon, May 24th, 1522. He was educated at Merton, and Corpus Christi
+Colleges, Oxford, and in the reign of Edward VI, he publickly
+professed the Reformed Religion. During the reign of Mary he remained
+abroad; but on the accession of Elizabeth, he returned, and was
+made Bishop of Salisbury, in 1559. In his controversy with the
+Roman Catholics, he published his famous "Apology for the Church of
+England," which was translated into several languages, although it was
+greatly opposed by the Papists. His fatigues abroad, and his incessant
+study, so much impaired his constitution, that he died, Sept. 21st,
+1571.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Dr. William Cole, 1599, exchanged with Dr. Reynolds the
+Presidentship of Corpus Christi College for the Deanery of Lincoln,
+which he did not long enjoy. He fled into Germany in the time of
+Queen Mary, and Anthony Wood names him as one of the exiles of Geneva
+engaged with Miles Coverdale in a new translation of the Bible.]
+
+[Footnote 3: He was professor of Divinity in Oxford, and died May
+21st, 1607. It has been said that he was brought up in the Romish
+faith, and that he was afterwards a strong supporter of the
+Puritans; but Fuller supposes that it was only for the sake of
+giving satisfaction to some of the more tender consciences of the
+Non-conformists, since the virtue of Reynolds was almost proverbial.]
+
+[Footnote 4: One of Translators of the Bible of 1565, born at
+Hawkshead in Lancashire in 1519, and educated at St. John's College,
+Cambridge, where he embraced the Protestant faith. He was committed
+to the Tower and Marshalsea for having preached in favour of Lady Jane
+Grey; and on his release he left the kingdom, till the accession of
+Elizabeth, by whom he was made Bishop of Worcester. In 1570, he was
+translated to London, in 1576 to York, and in 1588, he died: his
+sermons are still admired, and a most virtuous character is given him
+by Fuller. His son, Sir Edward Sandys, Prebendary of York, was born
+about 1561, and is well known as the author of the tract entitled,
+"Europae Speculum," a view of the State of Religion in the Western
+parts of the World. He thus describes the various contrarieties of
+the state and church of Rome. "What pomp, what riot, to that of their
+Cardinals? What severity of life comparable to that of their Heremits
+and Capuchins? Who wealthier than their Prelates? who poorer by vow
+and profession than their Mendicants? On the one side of the street,
+a cloister of Virgins: on the other a stye of courtezans, with public
+toleration. This day all in masks, with all looseness and foolery: to
+morrow all in processions, whipping themselves till the blood follow.
+On one door an excommunication throwing to Hell all transgressours:
+on another a Jubilee, or full discharge from all transgressions. Who
+learneder in all kinds of sciences than their Jesuits? what thing
+more ignorant than their ordinary mass-priests? What prince so able
+to prefer his servants and followers as the Pope, and in so great
+multitude? Who able to take deeper or readier revenge on his enemies?
+What pride equal unto his, making Kings kiss his pantofle? What
+humility greater than his, shriving himself daily on his knees to an
+ordinary priest?"]
+
+[Footnote 5: The name of this well-known English Cardinal is omitted
+in the later editions.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Dr. Jackson was born at Wilton on the Wear, in Durham, in
+1579, and was educated at Queen's and Corpus Christi Colleges, Oxford.
+He was made Prebendary of Winchester in 1635, and Dean of Peterborough
+in 1638; he died in 1640, and his principal work is a "Commentary on
+the Creed."]
+
+[Footnote 7: Dr. Thomas Harding, educated at Winchester school, became
+Fellow of New College, Oxford, in 1536. He was the first King's Hebrew
+Professor in that University, and in the reign of King Edward VI. he
+displayed great zeal for the Reformed Religion. Under Queen Mary he
+abandoned his principles, and obtained considerable preferment;
+a Prebend in the Church of Winchester, and the Treasurership of
+Salisbury. On the accession of Queen Elizabeth he adhered to the
+religion to which he had recently conformed, and fled beyond sea to
+Louvain, where he distinguished himself by writing against Bishop
+Jewel's "Challenge." He had been Chaplain to the Duke of Suffolk,
+father of Lady Jane Grey.]
+
+[Footnote 8: John Hart, a Jesuit, was educated in the University of
+Oxford. In 1571 he was admitted to the English College at Douay, and
+in 1578 was ordained priest. Returning in 1580 to England, he was
+apprehended, tried, and condemned to death; but on the day of his
+execution he was reprieved, and sent back to the Tower, where he
+remained three years. It was during his confinement in the Tower that
+he held a disputation with Dr. Reynolds. In 1584, being banished from
+England, Hart proceeded to Verdun and joined the Society of Jesus. He
+died at Jarislau, in Poland, on 19 July, 1594.]
+
+[Footnote 9: A man of great piety of life, and such gravity, that he
+was scarcely ever seen to laugh. He was a native of Westphalia,
+in Germany: was Canon of Christ Church, Vice-Chancellor of the
+University, and in 1585-86, was consecrated Bishop of Hereford.]
+
+[Footnote 10: Sir H. Savile was born at Over Bradley, near Halifax in
+Yorkshire, Nov. 30th, 1549, and was entered of Merton College, Oxford.
+He was Greek and Mathematical Preceptor to Queen Elizabeth, and was
+one of the Translators of the Bible, under James I., who knighted him
+in 1604. He died Feb. 19th, 1621-22.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Mr. Morrison, Secretary to Lord Mountjoy, and author
+of "An Itinerary, containing his ten Years Travels through the twelve
+Dominions of Germany, Bohmerland, Switzerland, Denmark, Poland,
+England, Scotland, and Ireland; divided into three Parts. London,
+1617." Fol. Published after his death, and originally written in
+Latin.]
+
+[Footnote 12: The later editions of the Life of Hooker omit the
+account of this expulsion.]
+
+[Footnote 13: A pulpit cross formed of timber, covered with lead, and
+mounted upon stone steps, which stood in the midst of the Church-yard
+of the Cathedral; in which Sermons were preached by eminent Divines
+every Sunday in the forenoon, when the Court, the Magistrates of the
+City, and a vast concourse of people usually attended. There is notice
+of its use so early as 1259, but it was not finished in its final form
+until 1449, by Kemp, Bishop of London, and it was finally destroyed by
+order of Parliament, in 1643. The Corporation of London ordained that
+all Ministers who came from a distance to preach at this Cross, were
+to have lodgings and provision for five days; and the Bishop of London
+gave them notice of their place of residence.]
+
+[Footnote 14: The excellent Aylmer, was born at Aylmer-Hall, in
+Norfolk, in 1521, and was Tutor to Lady Jane Grey; he left England,
+during the reign of Mary, and went to Zurich. He returned on
+Elizabeth's accession, and was made Bishop of London in March,
+1576--7, strictly governing the Puritans throughout his Prelacy. He
+died in 1594.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Two wretched fanatics; the first died in prison, and
+the second was hanged in 1591. Hacket was called by his followers
+"the supreme Monarch of the world from whom all Princes of Europe hold
+their sceptres," and was held "to be a greater prophet than Moses or
+John Baptist, even Jesus Christ, who was come with his fan in his
+hand to judge the world." Fuller says that Hacket was of so "cruel and
+fierce a nature that he is reported to have bit off and eat down the
+nose of his schoolmaster."]
+
+[Footnote 16: Edward Dering, a Puritan Divine, and a native of Kent,
+educated at Christ College, Cambridge. He was suspended from his
+Lectureships on account of his nonconformity, but he is commended as
+a truly religious man, whose pure and virtuous life was followed by a
+happy death, in 1576. He wrote some Sermons, and a Defence of Bishop
+Jewel's Apology for the Church.]
+
+[Footnote 17: A mild and beneficent man burned by the Papists at
+Smithfield, July 1, 1555.]
+
+[Footnote 18: Edmund Grindal, Archbishop of Canterbury, born in 1519,
+at Hinsingham, in Cumberland, and educated at Cambridge. In 1552 he
+became Prebendary of Westminster, but on the death of King Edward he
+retired to Strasburg. Here he continued to reside till the accession
+of Elizabeth, who nominated him in 1559 to the See of London, whence,
+in 1570, he was translated to York, and in 1575, on the death of
+Parker, to Canterbury. His indulgence to the Puritans procured him the
+Queen's displeasure, and for some time he was sequestered and confined
+to his house, but in 1582 he resigned his office, and died July 6th,
+1583.]
+
+[Footnote 19: Thomas Cartwright was born in Hertfordshire in 1535,
+and was educated at Cambridge. In 1567 he graduated B.D., and was
+appointed Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity. Having vigorously
+assailed the Church Establishment in his lectures, he was deprived
+of his professorship; whereupon he went to Geneva, and made the
+acquaintance of Beza. In 1572 he revisited England, and entered into
+a long controversy with Whitgift; in 1573 he went to Heidelberg, and
+afterwards served as minister to the English congregations at Antwerp
+and Middleburg. On returning to England, in 1585, he was imprisoned by
+order of Bishop Aylmer, but was soon released at the instance of Lord
+Burghley. In 1595 he accompanied Lord Zouch to Guernsey, remaining on
+the island till 1598. He died at Warwick on 27th December, 1603 (not,
+as Walton says, 1602). Among his works are a Latin Harmony of the
+Gospels, Commentaries on the Colossians, &c.]
+
+[Footnote 20: Walter Travers, who had been Fellow of Trinity College,
+Cambridge, to which Cartwright removed, and he was also his intimate
+friend, and joint preacher with him in Antwerp. When Travers came
+to England, he was made Chaplain to Lord Burghley, whose interest
+procured him to be Lecturer at the Temple.]
+
+[Footnote 21: Dr. RICHARD ROWLAND, Master of St. John's College in
+Cambridge, and the fourth Bishop of Peterborough, died in 1600. It
+does not appear that he was the preacher on this occasion, for Gunton,
+in his "History of the Church of Peterborough," states that it was
+Wickham, Bishop of Lincoln.]
+
+[Footnote 22: In 1588, many satirical libels were published against
+the Bishops, written principally by a Society of men assuming the name
+of Martin Mar-Prelate; some of them were entitled, _Diotrephes, the
+Minerals, the Epistle to the Convocation-House, Have you any work for
+a Cooper?_ and _More work for a Cooper_, referring to the Defence
+of the Church and Bishops of England, written by Cowper, Bishop of
+Winchester. The real authors of these tracts, were John Penry, a
+Welchman, John Udall, and other ministers.]
+
+[Footnote 23: Thomas Nashe, an English Satirical writer, baptized in
+1567 at Lowestoffe, in Suffolk, and educated at St. John's College,
+Cambridge. As a master of invective he has no superior; he died in
+or before 1601.--_An Almond for a Parrot_, was probably by Lyly the
+Euphuist. _A Fig for my Godson_, and _Come, Crack me this Nut_, are
+the after-titles of _Pappe with an Hatchet_, another tract of Lyly's
+(if we may believe the testimony of Gabriel Harvey).]
+
+[Footnote 24: In some of the later editions of the Life of Hooker,
+this paragraph is thus altered--"And in this examination: I have not
+only satisfied myself, but have begun a treatise in which I intend the
+satisfaction of others, by a demonstration of the reasonableness
+of our Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity; and therein laid a hopeful
+foundation for the Church's peace; and so as not to provoke your
+adversary, Mr. Cartwright, nor Mr. Travers, whom I take to be
+mine--but not mine enemy--God knows this to be my meaning. To which
+end I have searched many books, and spent many thoughtful hours; and I
+hope not in vain, for I write to reasonable men. But, my Lord, I shall
+never be able to finish what I have begun, unless I be removed into
+some quiet country parsonage, where I may see God's blessings spring
+out of my mother earth, and eat mine own bread in peace and privacy.
+A place where I may, without disturbance, meditate my approaching
+mortality and that great account, which all flesh must at the last
+great day give to the God of all Spirits. This is my design; and as
+those are the designs of my heart, so they shall, by God's assistance,
+be the constant endeavours of the uncertain remainder of my life."]
+
+[Footnote 25: He was for some time Fellow of Oriel College, and
+principal of St. Mary Hall. He was made a Cardinal by Pope Sixtus V.
+in 1587. In 1589, he was appointed Archbishop of Mechlin in Brabant,
+and died on 6th October, 1594.]
+
+[Footnote 26: It is ascertained by Bishop King's letter to Walton,
+that it was Dr. Stapleton who introduced the works of Hooker to the
+Pope. Thomas Stapleton was a Romish Divine, born in 1536, at Henfield,
+in Sussex, and educated at Winchester, and New College, Oxford. In
+the reign of Mary he was made Prebendary of Chichester; but at the
+accession of Elizabeth he left England, and became Professor of
+Divinity at Douay. He died at Louvain, in 1598, and his works form
+four volumes in folio.]
+
+[Footnote 27: Dr. John Earle, author of the "Microcosmography, or a
+piece of the World, discovered in Essays and characters," was born
+at York, in 1601; was educated at Oxford, and was Tutor to Prince
+Charles. In the Civil Wars, he lost both his property and preferments,
+and attended the King abroad as his Chaplain. At the Restoration
+he was made Dean of Westminster, in 1662 was consecrated Bishop of
+Worcester, and in 1663 was translated to Salisbury. He died at Oxford,
+1665. His translation of Hooker's Polity was never printed.]
+
+[Footnote 28: A Protestant Divine, and Professor of Divinity at
+Leyden, born at Artois in 1531, came to England in 1587. He was the
+bosom friend of Whitgift. For some time he was master of the Free
+Grammar School of Southampton. Dr. Saravia was one of the Translators
+of King James's Bible, and died in 1613. His tracts have been printed,
+both in Latin and English.]
+
+[Footnote 29: A most learned Jesuit. He read theological lectures
+at Ingolstadt, where he died in 1625, aged 63 years. His works were
+published at Ratisbon, in 1734-1741, in 17 vols. fol.]
+
+[Footnote 30: Our biographer has lamented that it was not in his power
+to recover the name of Mr. Hooker's worthy school-master. That of
+his grateful parish-clerk was Sampson Horton. It appears from the
+parish-register of Bishop's-Bourne, that "Sampson Horton was buried
+the 9th of May 1648, an aged man who had been clarke to this parish,
+by his own relation, threescore yeares."]
+
+[Footnote 31: "Can there be any of friendship in snares, hooks and
+_trepans_?"
+
+"Nothing but gins, and snares and _trapans_ for souls."--_Dr. South_.]
+
+[Footnote 32: "A certain lewd woman came to his chamber, and solicited
+his charity under this cogent argument, 'that if he should deny her,
+she would lay base attempts to his charge;' and by this means, at
+several times, she had gotten money from him; until at last Providence
+was pleased to concern itself for the righting wronged innocence. It
+so fell out, that this woman came to him when his two dear friends Mr.
+Sandys and Mr. Cranmer were with him: wondering to see such a person
+come with so much confidence, they inquired of their tutor the
+occasion of it, who in a little time tells them the truth of the whole
+abuse. Upon which they contrive a way to be present in his chamber,
+where they might hear the whole discourse at her next coming. An
+opportunity soon offered, and the lewd woman persisting in her threats
+of laying ill things to his charge, if she was denied what she came
+for, money, his two friends stepped forth from behind the curtains to
+her confusion and the shame of those who had employed her in so
+vile an action; for his slanderers were punished for this their vile
+attempt, who at their suffering shewed a penitent behaviour, and made
+an open confession."--_Prince's Worthies of Devon_.]
+
+
+
+
+[Sidenote: Cowper's epitaph]
+
+This following Epitaph was long since presented to the world, in
+memory of Mr. HOOKER, by Sir WILLIAM COWPER, who also built him a
+fair Monument in Bourne Church, and acknowledges him to have been his
+spiritual father.
+
+  Though nothing can be spoke worthy his fame,
+  Or the remembrance of that precious name,
+  Judicious Hooker; though this cost be spent
+  On him, that hath a lasting monument[1]
+  In his own books; yet ought we to express,
+  If not his worth, yet our respectfulness.
+  Church-Ceremonies he maintain'd; then why
+  Without all ceremony should he die?
+  Was it because his life and death should be
+  Both equal patterns of humility?
+  Or that perhaps this only glorious one
+  Was above all, to ask, why had he none?
+  Yet he, that lay so long obscurely low,
+  Doth now preferr'd to greater honours go.
+  Ambitious men, learn hence to be more wise,
+  Humility is the true way to rise:
+  And God in me this lesson did inspire,
+  To bid this humble man, "Friend, sit up higher."
+
+[Footnote 1: On this monument is a bust of Hooker, representing him in
+his cap and gown.]
+
+
+
+
+AN APPENDIX
+TO THE
+LIFE OF MR. RICHARD HOOKER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Other details]
+
+And now, having by a long and laborious search satisfied myself, and I
+hope my Reader, by imparting to him the true relation of Mr. Hooker's
+life, I am desirous also to acquaint him with some observations that
+relate to it, and which could not properly fall to be spoken till
+after his death; of which my Reader may expect a brief and true
+account in the following Appendix.
+
+[Sidenote: Date of death]
+
+And first, it is not to be doubted but that he died in the
+forty-seventh, if not in the forty-sixth year of his age: which I
+mention, because many have believed him to be more aged: but I have so
+examined it, as to be confident I mistake not: and for the year of
+his death, Mr. Camden, who in his Annals of Queen Elizabeth, 1599,
+mentions him with a high commendation of his life and learning,
+declares him to die in the year 1599; and yet in that in of his
+Monument, set up at the charge of Sir William Cowper, in Bourne
+Church, where Mr. Hooker was buried, his death is there said to be
+in anno 1603; but doubtless both are mistaken; for I have it attested
+under the hand of William Somner, the Archbishop's Registrar for the
+Province of Canterbury, that Richard Hooker's Will bears date October
+26th in anno 1600, and that it was proved the third of December
+following. [And the Reader may take notice, that since I first writ
+this Appendix to the Life of Mr. Hooker, Mr. Fulman, of Corpus Christi
+College, hath shewed me a good authority for the very day and hour
+of Mr. Hooker's death, in one of his books of Polity, which had been
+Archbishop Laud's. In which book, beside many considerable marginal
+notes of some passages of his time, under the Bishop's own hand,
+there is also written in the title-page of that book--which now is
+Mr. Fulman's--this attestation: Ricardus Hooker _vir summis doctrinæ
+dotibus ornatus, de Ecclesia præcipue Anglicana optime meritus, obiit
+Novemb. 2, circiter horam secundam post-meridianum_, Anno 1600.]
+
+[Sidenote: His daughters]
+
+And that at his death he left four daughters, Alice, Cicely, Jane and
+Margaret; that he gave to each of them an hundred pounds; that he left
+Joan, his wife, his sole executrix; and that, by his inventory his
+estate--a great part of it being in books--came to £1,092 9_s_. 2_d_.,
+which was much more than he thought himself worth; and which was not
+got by his care, much less by the good housewifery of his wife, but
+saved by his trusty servant, Thomas Lane, that was wiser than his
+master in getting money for him, and more frugal than his mistress in
+keeping of it. Of which Will of Mr. Hooker's I shall say no more, but
+that his dear friend Thomas, the father of George Cranmer,--of whom
+I have spoken, and shall have occasion to say more,--was one of the
+witnesses to it.
+
+One of his elder daughters was married to one Chalinor, sometime a
+School-master in Chichester, and are both dead long since. Margaret,
+his youngest daughter, was married unto Ezekiel Charke, Bachelor in
+Divinity, and Rector of St. Nicholas in Harbledown, near Canterbury,
+who died about sixteen years past, and had a son Ezekiel, now living,
+and in Sacred Orders; being at this time Rector of Waldron, in Sussex.
+She left also a daughter, with both whom I have spoken not many months
+past, and find her to be a widow in a condition that wants not, but
+very far from abounding. And these two attested unto me, that Richard
+Hooker, their grandfather, had a sister, by name Elizabeth Harvey,
+that lived to the age of 121 years, and died in the month of
+September, 1663.
+
+For his other two daughters I can learn little certainty, but have
+heard they both died before they were marriageable. And for his wife,
+she was so unlike Jephtha's daughter, that she staid not a comely time
+to bewail her widowhood; nor lived long enough to repent her second
+marriage; for which, doubtless, she would have found cause, if there
+had been but four months betwixt Mr. Hooker's and her death. But she
+is dead, and let her other infirmities be buried with her.
+
+Thus much briefly for his age, the year of his death, his estate, his
+wife, and his children. I am next to speak of his books; concerning
+which I shall have a necessity of being longer, or shall neither
+do right to myself, or my Reader, which is chiefly intended in this
+Appendix.
+
+[Sidenote: His books]
+
+I have declared in his Life, that he proposed Eight Books, and that
+his first Four were printed anno 1594, and his Fifth book first
+printed, and alone, anno 1597; and that he lived to finish the
+remaining Three of the proposed Eight: but whether we have the
+last Three as finished by himself, is a just and material question;
+concerning which I do declare, that I have been told almost forty
+years past, by one that very well knew Mr. Hooker and the affairs of
+his family, that, about a month after the death of Mr. Hooker, Bishop
+Whitgift, then Archbishop of Canterbury, sent one of his Chaplains to
+enquire of Mrs. Hooker, for the three remaining books of Polity,
+writ by her husband: of which she would not, or could not, give
+any account: and that about three months after that time the Bishop
+procured her to be sent for to London, and then by his procurement she
+was to be examined by some of her Majesty's Council, concerning the
+disposal of those books: but, by way of preparation for the next
+day's examination, the Bishop invited her to Lambeth, and after some
+friendly questions, she confessed to him, that one Mr. Charke, and
+another Minister that dwelt near Canterbury, came to her, and desired
+that they might go into her husband's study, and look upon some of
+his writings: and that there they two burnt and tore many of them,
+assuring her, that they were writings not fit to be seen: and that she
+knew nothing more concerning them. Her lodging was then in King street
+in Westminster, where she was found next morning dead in her bed, and
+her new husband suspected and questioned for it; but he was declared
+innocent of her death.
+
+[Sidenote: Those of Polity]
+
+And I declare also, that Dr. John Spencer,--mentioned in the Life of
+Mr. Hooker,--who was of Mr. Hooker's College, and of his time there,
+and betwixt whom there was so friendly a friendship, that they
+continually advised together in all their studies, and particularly
+in what concerned these books of Polity--this Dr. Spencer, the Three
+perfect books being lost, had delivered into his hands--I think by
+Bishop Whitgift--the imperfect books, or first rough draughts of
+them, to be made as perfect as they might be by him, who both knew Mr.
+Hooker's handwriting, and was best acquainted with his intentions. And
+a fair testimony of this may appear by an Epistle, first, and usually
+printed before Mr. Hooker's Five books,--but omitted, I know not why,
+in the last impression of the Eight printed together in anno 1662, in
+which the Publishers seem to impose the three doubtful books, to be
+the undoubted books of Mr. Hooker,--with these two letters, J.S. at
+the end of the said Epistle, which was meant for this John Spencer:
+in which Epistle the Reader may find these words, which may give some
+authority to what I have here written of his last Three books.
+
+[Sidenote: "J.S.," his Epistle]
+
+"And though Mr. Hooker hastened his own death by hastening to give
+life to his books, yet he held out with his eyes to behold these
+Benjamins, these sons of his right hand, though to him they proved
+Benonies, sons of pain and sorrow. But some evil-disposed minds,
+whether of malice or covetousness, or wicked blind zeal, it is
+uncertain, as soon as they were born, and their father dead, smothered
+them, and by conveying the perfect copies, left unto us nothing but
+the old, imperfect, mangled draughts, dismembered into pieces; no
+favour, no grace, not the shadow of themselves remaining in them. Had
+the father lived to behold them thus defaced, he might rightly have
+named them Benonies, the sons of sorrow: but being the learned will
+not suffer them to die and be buried, it is intended the world shall
+see them as they are; the learned will find in them some shadows and
+resemblances of their father's face. God grant, that as they were with
+their brethren dedicated to the Church for messengers of peace: so,
+in the strength of that little breath of life that remaineth in them,
+they may prosper in their work, and, by satisfying the doubts of
+such as are willing to learn, they may help to give an end to the
+calamities of these our civil wars."--J.S.
+
+[Sidenote: The Three Books]
+
+And next the Reader may note, that this Epistle of Dr. Spencer's
+was writ and first printed within four years after the death of
+Mr. Hooker, in which time all diligent search had been made for
+the perfect copies; and then granted not recoverable, and therefore
+endeavoured to be completed out of Mr. Hooker's rough draughts, as
+is expressed by the said Dr. Spencer in the said Epistle, since whose
+death it is now fifty years.
+
+And I do profess by the faith of a Christian, that Dr. Spencer's
+wife--who was my Aunt, and Sister to George Cranmer, of whom I have
+spoken--told me forty years since, in these, or in words to this
+purpose: "That her husband had made up, or finished Mr. Hooker's last
+Three books; and that upon her husband's death-bed, or in his last
+sickness, he gave them into her hand, with a charge that they should
+not be seen by any man, but be by her delivered into the hands of the
+then Archbishop of Canterbury, which was Dr. Abbot, or unto Dr. King,
+then Bishop of London, and that she did as he enjoined her."
+
+I do conceive, that from Dr. Spencer's, and no other copy, there have
+been divers transcripts; and I know that these were to be found in
+several places; as namely, in Sir Thomas Bodley's Library; in that of
+Dr. Andrews, late Bishop of Winton; in the late Lord Conway's; in the
+Archbishop of Canterbury's; and in the Bishop of Armagh's; and in many
+others: and most of these pretended to be the Author's own hand, but
+much disagreeing, being indeed altered and diminished, as men have
+thought fittest to make Mr. Hooker's judgment suit with their fancies,
+or give authority to their corrupt designs; and for proof of a part of
+this, take these following testimonies.
+
+[Sidenote: "Clavi Trabales"]
+
+Dr. Barnard, sometime Chaplain to Dr. Usher, late Lord Archbishop of
+Armagh, hath declared in a late book, called "Clavi Trabales," printed
+by Richard Hodgkinson, anno 1661, that, in his search and examination
+of the said Bishop's manuscripts, he found the Three written books
+which were supposed the Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth of Mr. Hooker's
+books of Ecclesiastical Polity; and that in the said Three books--now
+printed as Mr. Hooker's--there are so many omissions, that they amount
+to many paragraphs, and which cause many incoherencies: the omissions
+are set down at large in the said printed book, to which I refer
+the Reader for the whole; but think fit in this place to insert this
+following short part of some of the said omissions.
+
+[Sidenote: Omissions]
+
+First, as there could be in natural bodies no motion of any thing,
+unless there were some first which moved all things, and continued
+unmoveable; even so in politic societies there must be some
+unpunishable, or else no man shall suffer punishment: for sith
+punishments proceed always from superiors, to whom the administration
+of justice belongeth; which administration must have necessarily a
+fountain, that deriveth it to all others, and receiveth not from any,
+because otherwise the course of justice should go infinitely in a
+circle, every superior having his superior without end, which cannot
+be: therefore a well-spring, it followeth, there is: a supreme head of
+justice, whereunto all are subject, but itself in subjection to none.
+Which kind of pre-eminency if some ought to have in a kingdom, who
+but a King shall have it? Kings, therefore, or no man, can have lawful
+power to judge.
+
+If private men offend, there is the Magistrate over them, which
+judgeth; if Magistrates, they have their Prince; if Princes, there is
+Heaven, a tribunal, before which they shall appear; on earth they are
+not accountable to any. Here, says the Doctor, it breaks off abruptly.
+
+And I have these words also attested under the hand of Mr. Fabian
+Philips, a man of note for his useful books. "I will make oath, if I
+shall be required, that Dr. Sanderson, the late Bishop of Lincoln,
+did a little before his death affirm to me, he had seen a manuscript
+affirmed to him to be the hand-writing of Mr. Richard Hooker, in
+which there was no mention made of the King or supreme governors being
+accountable to the people. This I will make oath, that that good man
+attested to me.
+
+              "FABIAN PHILIPS." [1]
+
+So that there appears to be both omissions and additions in the said
+last Three printed books: and this may probably be one reason why Dr.
+Sanderson, the said learned Bishop,--whose writings are so highly and
+justly valued,--gave a strict charge near the time of his death, or
+in his last Will, "That nothing of his that was not already printed,
+should be printed after his death."
+
+[Sidenote: King Charles on Hooker]
+
+It is well known how high a value our learned King James put upon
+the books writ by Mr. Hooker; and known also that our late King
+Charles--the Martyr for the Church--valued them the second of all
+books, testified by his commending them to the reading of his son
+Charles, that now is our gracious King: and you may suppose that this
+Charles the First was not a stranger to the Three pretended books,
+because, in a discourse with the Lord Say, in the time of the Long
+Parliament, when the said Lord required the King to grant the truth of
+his argument, because it was the judgment of Mr. Hooker,--quoting him
+in one of the three written books, the King replied, "They were not
+allowed to be Mr. Hooker's books: but, however, he would allow them
+to be Mr. Hooker's, and consent to what his Lordship proposed to prove
+out of those doubtful books, if he would but consent to the judgment
+of Mr. Hooker in the other five, that were the undoubted books of Mr.
+Hooker."
+
+[Sidenote: To the Reader]
+
+In this relation concerning these Three doubtful books of Mr.
+Hooker's, my purpose was to enquire, then set down what I observed and
+know; which I have done, not as an engaged person, but indifferently;
+and now leave my Reader to give sentence, for their legitimation, as
+to himself; but so as to leave others the same liberty of believing or
+disbelieving them to be Mr. Hooker's: and 'tis observable, that as
+Mr. Hooker advised with Dr. Spencer, in the design and manage of
+these books; so also, and chiefly with his dear pupil, George
+Cranmer,--whose sister was the wife of Dr. Spencer,--of which this
+following letter may be a testimony, and doth also give authority to
+some things mentioned both in this Appendix and in the Life of Mr.
+Hooker, and is therefore added. I.W.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: A Barrister of eminence, particularly noted for his
+loyalty, born at Prestbury, in Gloucestershire, in 1601. He died in
+1690; and was the Author of several excellent Law Tracts, as well as
+one asserting that Charles I. was a martyr for his people.]
+
+
+
+
+GEORGE CRANMER'S LETTER
+UNTO
+MR. RICHARD HOOKER,
+
+_February_, 1598.[1]
+
+
+[Sidenote: New Church Discipline]
+
+[Sidenote: Change in opinion]
+
+What posterity is likely to judge of these matters concerning
+Church-discipline, we may the better conjecture, if we call to mind
+what our own age, within few years, upon better experience, hath
+already judged concerning the same. It may be remembered, that at
+first, the greatest part of the learned in the land were either
+eagerly affected, or favourably inclined that way. The books then
+written for the most part savoured of the disciplinary style; it
+sounded every where in pulpits, and in common phrase of men's speech.
+The contrary part began to fear they had taken a wrong course; many
+which impugned the discipline, yet so impugned it, not as not being
+the better form of government, but as not being so convenient for our
+state, in regard of dangerous innovations thereby likely to grow: one
+man [John Whitgift, the Archbishop] alone there was to speak
+of,--whom let no suspicion of flattery deprive of his deserved
+commendation,--who, in the defiance of the one part, and courage
+of the other, stood in the gap and gave others respite to prepare
+themselves to the defence, which, by the sudden eagerness and violence
+of their adversaries, had otherwise been prevented, wherein God hath
+made good unto him his own impress, _Vincit qui patitur:_ for what
+contumelious indignities he hath at their hands sustained, the world
+is witness; and what reward of honour above his adversaries God hath
+bestowed upon him, themselves,--though nothing glad thereof,--must
+needs confess. Now of late years the heat of men towards the
+discipline is greatly decayed; their judgments begin to sway on the
+other side; the learned have weighed it, and found it light; wise
+men conceive some fear, lest it prove not only not the best kind of
+government, but the very bane and destruction of all government. The
+cause of this change in men's opinions may be drawn from the general
+nature of error, disguised and clothed with the name of truth; which
+did mightily and violently possess men at first, but afterwards, the
+weakness thereof being by time discovered, it lost that reputation,
+which before it had gained. As by the outside of an house the
+passers-by are oftentimes deceived, till they see the conveniency of
+the rooms within; so, by the very name of discipline and reformation,
+men were drawn at first to cast a fancy towards it, but now they
+have not contented themselves only to pass by and behold afar off the
+fore-front of this reformed house; they have entered it, even at the
+special request of the master-workmen and chief-builders thereof: they
+have perused the rooms, the lights, the conveniences, and they find
+them not answerable to that report which was made of them, nor to
+that opinion which upon report they had conceived: so as now the
+discipline, which at first triumphed over all, being unmasked,
+beginneth to droop, and hang down her head.
+
+[Sidenote: Causes]
+
+[Sidenote: Gregory Martin]
+
+The cause of change in opinion concerning the discipline is proper to
+the learned, or to such as by them have been instructed. Another cause
+there is more open, and more apparent to the view of all, namely,
+the course of practice, which the Reformers have had with us from the
+beginning. The first degree was only some small difference about the
+cap and surplice; but not such as either bred division in the
+Church, or tended to the ruin of the government established. This was
+peaceable; the next degree more stirring. Admonitions were directed to
+the Parliament in peremptory sort against our whole form of regiment.
+In defence of them, volumes were published in English and in Latin:
+yet this was no more than writing. Devices were set on foot to erect
+the practice of the discipline without authority; yet herein some
+regard of modesty, some moderation was used. Behold at length it brake
+forth into open outrage, first in writing by Martin;[2] in whose
+kind of dealing these things may be observed: 1. That whereas Thomas
+Cartwright and others his great masters, had always before set out the
+discipline as a Queen, and as the daughter of God; he contrariwise, to
+make her more acceptable to the people, brought her forth as a
+Vice[3] upon the stage. 2. This conceit of his was grounded--as may
+be supposed--upon this rare policy, that seeing the discipline was by
+writing refuted, in Parliament rejected, in secret corners hunted
+out and decried, it was imagined that by open railing,--which to the
+vulgar is commonly most plausible,--the State Ecclesiastical might
+have been drawn into such contempt and hatred, as the overthrow
+thereof should have been most grateful to all men, and in a manner
+desired by all the common people. 3. It may be noted--and this I know
+myself to be true--how some of them, although they could not for shame
+approve so lewd an action, yet were content to lay hold on it to
+the advancement of their cause, by acknowledging therein the secret
+judgments of God against the Bishops, and hoping that some good might
+be wrought thereby for his Church; as indeed there was, though
+not according to their construction. For 4thly, contrary to their
+expectation, that railing spirit did not only not further, but
+extremely disgrace and prejudice their cause, when it was once
+perceived from how low degrees of contradiction, at first, to what
+outrage of contumely and slander, they were at length proceeded; and
+were also likely to proceed further.
+
+[Sidenote: Hacket and Coppinger]
+
+A further degree of outrage was also in fact: certain [Hacket and
+Coppinger] prophets did arise, who deeming it not possible that God
+should suffer that to be undone, which they did so fiercely desire to
+have done, namely, that his holy saints, the favourers and fathers of
+the discipline, should be enlarged and delivered from persecution;
+and seeing no means of deliverance ordinary, were fain to persuade
+themselves that God must needs raise some extraordinary means; and
+being persuaded of none so well as of themselves, they forthwith must
+needs be the instruments of this great work. Hereupon they framed
+unto themselves an assured hope, that, upon their preaching out of a
+peascart in Cheapside, all the multitude would have presently joined
+unto them, and in amazement of mind have asked them, _Viri fratres,
+quid agimus?_ whereunto it is likely they would have returned an
+answer far unlike to that of St. Peter: "Such and such are men
+unworthy to govern; pluck them down: such and such are the dear
+children of God; let them be advanced."
+
+Of two of these men it is meet to speak with all commiseration; yet
+so, that others by their example may receive instruction, and withal
+some light may appear, what stirring affections the discipline is like
+to inspire, if it light upon apt and prepared minds.
+
+[Sidenote: Bancroft's book]
+
+Now if any man doubt of what society they were; or if the Reformers
+disclaim them, pretending that by them they were condemned; let
+these points be considered. 1. Whose associates were they before they
+entered into this frantic passion? Whose sermons did they frequent?
+Whom did they admire? 2. Even when they were entering into it, Whose
+advice did they require? and when they were in, Whose approbation?
+Whom advertised they of their purpose? Whose assistance by prayer did
+they request? But we deal injuriously with them to lay this to their
+charge; for they reproved and condemned it. How! did they disclose
+it to the Magistrate, that it might be suppressed? or were they not
+rather content to stand aloof off, and see the end of it, as being
+loath to quench that spirit? No doubt these mad practitioners were of
+their society, with whom before, and in the practice of their madness,
+they had most affinity. Hereof read Dr. Bancroft's book.[4]
+
+[Sidenote: Brownists and Barrowists]
+
+A third inducement may be to dislike of the discipline, if we consider
+not only how far the Reformers themselves have proceeded, but what
+others upon their foundations have built. Here come the Brownists[5]
+in the first rank, their lineal descendants, who have seized upon a
+number of strange opinions; whereof, although their ancestors, the
+Reformers, were never actually possessed, yet, by right and interest
+from them derived, the Brownists and Barrowists[6] have taken
+possession of them: for if the positions of the Reformers be true, I
+cannot see how the main and general conclusions of Brownism should be
+false; for upon these two points, as I conceive, they stand.
+
+[Sidenote: Their two points]
+
+1. That, because we have no Church, they are to sever themselves from
+us. 2. That without Civil authority they are to erect a Church of
+their own. And if the former of these be true, the latter, I suppose,
+will follow: for if above all things men be to regard their salvation;
+and if out of the Church there be no salvation; it followeth, that,
+if we have no Church, we have no means of salvation; and therefore
+separation from us in that respect is both lawful and necessary; as
+also, that men, so separated from the false and counterfeit Church,
+are to associate themselves unto some Church; not to ours; to the
+Popish much less; therefore to one of their own making. Now the ground
+of all these inferences being this, That in our Church there is no
+means of salvation, is out of the Reformers' principles most clearly
+to be proved. For wheresoever any matter of faith unto salvation
+necessary is denied, there can be no means of salvation; but in the
+Church of England, the discipline, by them accounted a matter of
+faith, and necessary to salvation, is not only denied, but impugned,
+and the professors thereof oppressed. _Ergo_.
+
+Again,--but this reason perhaps is weak,--every true Church of Christ
+acknowledgeth the whole Gospel of Christ: the discipline, in their
+opinion, is a part of the Gospel, and yet by our Church resisted.
+_Ergo_.
+
+[Sidenote: Essential discipline]
+
+Again, the discipline is essentially united to the Church: by which
+term essentially, they must mean either an essential part, or an
+essential property. Both which ways it must needs be, that where that
+essential discipline is not, neither is there any Church. If therefore
+between them and the Brownists there should be appointed a solemn
+disputation, whereof with us they have been oftentimes so earnest
+challengers; it doth not yet appear what other answer they could
+possibly frame to these and the like arguments, wherewith they may be
+pressed, but fairly to deny the conclusion,--for all the premises
+are their own,--or rather ingeniously to reverse their own principles
+before laid, whereon so foul absurdities have been so firmly built.
+What further proofs you can bring out of their high words, magnifying
+the discipline, I leave to your better remembrance: but, above all
+points, I am desirous this one should be strongly enforced against
+them, because it wringeth them most of all, and is of all others--for
+aught I see--the most unanswerable. You may notwithstanding say, that
+you would be heartily glad these their positions might be salved, as
+the Brownists might not appear to have issued out of their loins: but
+until that be done, they must give us leave to think that they have
+cast the seed whereout these tares are grown.
+
+[Sidenote: "Godless politics"]
+
+Another sort of men there are, which have been content to run on with
+the Reformers for a time, and to make them poor instruments of their
+own designs. These are a sort of godless politics, who, perceiving
+the plot of discipline to consist of these two parts, the overthrow
+of Episcopal, and erection of Presbyterial authority; and that this
+latter can take no place till the former be removed; are content to
+join with them in the destructive part of discipline, bearing them in
+hand, that in the other also they shall find them as ready. But when
+time shall come, it may be they would be as loath to be yoked with
+that kind of regiment, as now they are willing to be released from
+this. These men's ends in all their actions is distraction; their
+pretence and colour, reformation. Those things which under this
+colour they have effected to their own good, are, 1. By maintaining a
+contrary faction, they have kept the Clergy always in awe, and
+thereby made them more pliable, and willing to buy their peace. 2. By
+maintaining an opinion of equality among ministers, they have made way
+to their own purposes for devouring Cathedral Churches, and Bishops'
+livings. 3. By exclaiming against abuses in the Church, they have
+carried their own corrupt dealing in the Civil State more covertly.
+For such is the nature of the multitude, that they are not able to
+apprehend many things at once; so as being possessed with a dislike or
+liking of any one thing, many other in the mean time may escape them
+without being perceived. 4. They have sought to disgrace the Clergy,
+in entertaining a conceit in men's minds, and confirming it by
+continual practice, That men of learning, and especially of the
+Clergy, which are employed in the chiefest kind of learning, are not
+to be admitted to matters of State; contrary to the practice of all
+well-governed commonwealths, and of our own till these late years.
+
+[Sidenote: Atheists]
+
+[Sidenote: Causes of Atheism]
+
+A third sort of men there are, though not descended from the
+Reformers, yet in part raised and greatly strengthened by them;
+namely, the cursed crew of Atheists. This also is one of those points,
+which I am desirous you should handle most effectually, and strain
+yourself therein to all points of motion and affection; as in that of
+the Brownists, to all strength and sinews of reason. This is a sort
+most damnable, and yet by the general suspicion of the world at
+this day most common. The causes of it, which are in the parties
+themselves, although you handle in the beginning of the fifth book,
+yet here again they may be touched: but the occasions of help and
+furtherance, which by the Reformers have been yielded unto them, are,
+as I conceive, two; namely, senseless preaching, and disgracing of the
+Ministry: for how should not men dare to impugn that, which neither
+by force of reason, nor by authority of persons, is maintained? But in
+the parties themselves these two causes I conceive of Atheism: 1. More
+abundance of wit than judgment, and of witty than judicious learning;
+whereby they are more inclined to contradict any thing, than willing
+to be informed of the truth. They are not therefore men of sound
+learning for the most part, but smatterers; neither is their kind of
+dispute so much by force of argument, as by scoffing; which humour
+of scoffing, and turning matters most serious into merriment, is now
+become so common, as we are not to marvel what the Prophet means
+by the seat of scorners, nor what the Apostles, by foretelling of
+scorners to come; for our own age hath verified their speech unto
+us: which also may be an argument against these scoffers and Atheists
+themselves, seeing it hath been so many ages ago foretold, that such
+men the latter days of the world should afford: which could not
+be done by any other spirit, save that whereunto things future and
+present are alike. And even for the main question of the resurrection,
+whereat they stick so mightily, was it not plainly foretold, that men
+should in the latter times say, "Where is the promise of his coming?"
+Against the creation, the ark, and divers other points, exceptions are
+said to be taken, the ground whereof is superfluity of wit, without
+ground of learning and judgment. A second cause of Atheism is
+sensuality, which maketh men desirous to remove all stops and
+impediments of their wicked life; among which because Religion is the
+chiefest, so as neither in this life without shame they can persist
+therein, nor--if that be true--without torment in the life to come;
+they therefore whet their wits to annihilate the joys of Heaven,
+wherein they see--if any such be--they can have no part, and likewise
+the pains of Hell, wherein their portion must needs be very great.
+They labour therefore, not that they may not deserve those pains, but
+that, deserving them, there may be no such pains to seize upon them.
+But what conceit can be imagined more base, than that man should
+strive to persuade himself even against the secret instinct, no doubt,
+of his own mind, that his soul is as the soul of a beast, mortal, and
+corruptible with the body? Against which barbarous opinion their own
+Atheism is a very strong argument. For, were not the soul a nature
+separable from the body, how could it enter into discourse of things
+merely spiritual, and nothing at all pertaining to the body? Surely
+the soul were not able to conceive any thing of Heaven, no not so much
+as to dispute against Heaven, and against God, if there were not in it
+somewhat heavenly, and derived from God.
+
+[Sidenote: Papists]
+
+The last which have received strength and encouragement from the
+Reformers are Papists; against whom, although they are most bitter
+enemies, yet unwittingly they have given them great advantage. For
+what can any enemy rather desire than the breach and dissension of
+those which are confederates against him? Wherein they are to remember
+that if our communion with Papists in some few ceremonies do so much
+strengthen them, as is pretended, how much more doth this division and
+rent among ourselves, especially seeing it is maintained to be, not in
+light matters only, but even in matters of faith and salvation? Which
+over-reaching speech of theirs, because it is so open an advantage for
+the Barrowist and the Papist, we are to wish and hope for, that they
+will acknowledge it to have been spoken rather in heat of affection,
+than with soundness of judgment; and that through their exceeding love
+to that creature of discipline which themselves have bred, nourished,
+and maintained, their mouth in commendation of her did so often
+overflow.
+
+[Sidenote: Points of controversy]
+
+From hence you may proceed--but the means of connexion I leave to
+yourself--to another discourse, which I think very meet to be handled
+either here or elsewhere at large; the parts whereof may be these: 1.
+That in this cause between them and us, men are to sever the proper
+and essential points and controversy from those which are accidental.
+The most essential and proper are these two: overthrow of the
+Episcopal, and erection of Presbyterial authority. But in these two
+points whosoever joineth with them, is accounted of their number;
+whosoever in all other points agreeth with them, yet thinketh the
+authority of Bishops not unlawful, and of Elders not necessary, may
+justly be severed from their retinue. Those things, therefore, which
+either in the persons, or in the laws and orders themselves are
+faulty, may be complained on, acknowledged, and amended, yet they no
+whit the nearer their main purpose: for what if all errors by them
+supposed in our Liturgy were amended, even according to their own
+heart's desire; if non-residence, pluralities, and the like were
+utterly taken away; are their lay-elders therefore presently
+authorized? or their sovereign ecclesiastical jurisdiction
+established?
+
+[Sidenote: Faults of the complainants]
+
+But even in their complaining against the outward and accidental
+matters in Church-Government, they are many ways faulty. 1. In their
+end, which they propose to themselves. For in declaiming against
+abuses, their meaning is not to have them redressed, but, by
+disgracing the present state, to make way for their own discipline. As
+therefore in Venice, if any Senator should discourse against the
+power of their Senate, as being either too sovereign, or too weak in
+government, with purpose to draw their authority to a moderation, it
+might well be suffered; but not so, if it should appear he spake with
+purpose to induce another state by depriving the present. So in all
+causes belonging either to Church or Commonwealth, we are to have
+regard what mind the complaining part doth bear, whether of amendment
+or innovation; and accordingly either to suffer or suppress it. Their
+objection therefore is frivolous, "Why, may not men speak against
+abuses?" Yes; but with desire to cure the part affected, not
+to destroy the whole. 2. A second fault is in their manner of
+complaining, not only because it is for the most part in bitter and
+reproachful terms, but also it is to the common people, who are judges
+incompetent and insufficient, both to determine any thing amiss, and
+for want of skill and authority to amend it. Which also discovereth
+their intent and purpose to be rather destructive than corrective. 3.
+Those very exceptions which they take are frivolous and impertinent.
+Some things indeed they accuse as impious; which if they may appear to
+be such, God forbid they should be maintained.
+
+[Sidenote: "Doubly Deceived"]
+
+Against the rest it is only alleged, that they are idle ceremonies
+without use, and that better and more profitable might be devised.
+Wherein they are doubly deceived; for neither is it a sufficient plea
+to say, this must give place, because a better may be devised; because
+in our judgments of better and worse, we oftentimes conceive amiss,
+when we compare those things which are in devise with those which are
+in practice: for the imperfections of the one are hid, till by time
+and trial they be discovered: the others are already manifest and
+open to all. But last of all,--which is a point in my opinion of great
+regard, and which I am desirous to have enlarged,--they do not see
+that for the most part when they strike at the State Ecclesiastical,
+they secretly wound the Civil State, for personal faults; "What can
+be said against the Church, which may not also agree to the
+Commonwealth?" In both, Statesmen have always been, and will be
+always, men; sometimes blinded with error, most commonly perverted
+by passions; many unworthy have been and are advanced in both; many
+worthy not regarded. And as for abuses, which they pretend to be in
+the law themselves; when they inveigh against non-residence, do they
+take it a matter lawful or expedient in the Civil State, for a man
+to have a great and gainful office in the North, himself continually
+remaining in the South? "He that hath an office let him attend his
+office." When they condemn plurality of livings spiritual to the pit
+of Hell, what think they of the infinity of temporal promotions? By
+the great Philosopher, _Pol. lib. ii. cap. 9,_ it is forbidden as a
+thing most dangerous to Commonwealths, that by the same man many great
+offices should be exercised. When they deride our ceremonies as vain
+and frivolous, were it hard to apply their exceptions even to those
+civil ceremonies, which at the Coronation, in Parliament, and all
+Courts of Justice, are used? Were it hard to argue even against
+Circumcision, the ordinance of God, as being a cruel ceremony? against
+the Passover, as being ridiculous--shod, girt, a staff in their hand,
+to eat a lamb?
+
+[Sidenote: Conclusion]
+
+To conclude: you may exhort the Clergy,--or what if you direct your
+conclusion not to the Clergy in general, but only to the learned in or
+of both Universities?--you may exhort them to a due consideration of
+all things, and to a right esteem and valuing of each thing in that
+degree wherein it ought to stand. For it oftentimes falleth out, that
+what men have either devised themselves, or greatly delighted in,
+the price and the excellency thereof they do admire above desert. The
+chiefest labour of a Christian should be to know, of a Minister to
+preach Christ crucified: in regard whereof, not only worldly things,
+but things otherwise precious, even the discipline itself, is vile
+and base. Whereas now, by the heat of contention, and violence of
+affection, the zeal of men towards the one hath greatly decayed their
+love to the other. Hereunto therefore they are to be exhorted to
+preach Christ Crucified, the mortification of the flesh, the renewing
+of the Spirit; not those things which in time of strife seem precious
+but--passions being allayed--are vain and childish. G.C.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: This admirable dissertation originally appeared in 1642,
+entitled, "Concerning the New Church Discipline; an excellent Letter
+written by Mr. George Cranmer, to Mr. R.H."]
+
+[Footnote 2: Gregory Martin, born at Maxfield, near Winchelsea,
+admitted of St. John's Coll. Oxford, 1557, embraced the Roman
+Catholic Religion and was ordained priest at Douay, 1573. The Rheims
+translation of the Vulgate has been ascribed entirely to him. He died
+at Rheims in 1582.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Vice was the fool of the old moralities, with his dagger
+of lath, a long coat, and a cap with a pair of ass's ears.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Entitled "A Survey of the pretended holy Discipline,
+to which is prefixed a Sermon, preached against the Puritans, at
+St. Paul's Cross, Feb. 9, 1588-9, from the following text: 'Dearly
+beloved, believe not every Spirit, but try the Spirits whether they be
+of God, for many false Prophets have gone out into the world.' I John
+iv. 1."]
+
+[Footnote 5: Robert Brown, a native of Northampton, educated at Corpus
+Christi College in Cambridge, was the founder of a sect of Puritans,
+who took their name from him. He wrote several tracts in support
+of his opinions, and sustained various persecutions, having been
+committed at different times to thirty-two prisons, in some of which
+he could not see his hand at broad day. Before his removal with his
+followers to Middleburg in Zealand, he became disgusted with their
+divisions and disputes; and though he had gone a further distance than
+any of the Puritans did, he renounced his principles of separation,
+being promoted by his relation, Lord Burghley, to the benefice of
+Achurch in Northamptonshire. He died in Northampton Gaol in 1630, in
+the 80th year of his age, having been sent thither by a justice of the
+peace for assaulting a constable, who was executing a warrant against
+him.]
+
+[Footnote 6: So denominated from Henry Barrow, a layman, and noted
+sectary, who was executed at Tyburn on 6th April, 1593, for publishing
+seditious books against the Queen and the State.]
+
+
+
+
+THE WORKS OF MR. RICHARD HOOKER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Hooker's Works]
+
+The Works of Mr. Hooker, exclusive of the Books of Ecclesiastical
+Polity, are,
+
+I. "ANSWER to the SUPPLICATION that Mr. TRAVERS made to the COUNCIL.
+_Oxon_. 1612." 4to.
+
+II. "A learned DISCOURSE of JUSTIFICATION, WORKS, and how the
+FOUNDATION of FAITH is overthrown: on _Habak_. i. 4. _Oxon_. 1612."
+4to.
+
+III. "A learned SERMON of the NATURE of PRIDE: on _Habak_. ii. 4.
+_Oxon_. 1612." 4to.
+
+IV. "A REMEDY against SORROW and FEAR, delivered in a FUNERAL SERMON:
+on _John_ xiv. 27. _Oxon_. 1612." 4to.
+
+V. "A learned and comfortable SERMON of the CERTAINTY and PERPETUITY
+of FAITH in the ELECT: especially of the PROPHET HABAKKUK'S FAITH: on
+_Habak_. i. 4. _Oxon_. 1612." 4to.
+
+VI. "TWO SERMONS upon part of ST. JUDE'S EPISTLE. _Epist. Jude_, ver.
+17, 18, 19, 20, 21, _Oxon_. 1613." 4to.
+
+VII. In 1641, a volume was published under the following title: "A
+SUMMARIE VIEW of the GOVERNMENT both of the OLD and NEW TESTAMENT;
+whereby the EPISCOPAL GOVERNMENT of CHRIST'S CHURCH is vindicated,"
+out of the rude draughts of Launcelot Andrews, late Bishop of
+Winchester.
+
+To this volume is prefixed, as a preamble to the whole, "A DISCOVERY
+of the CAUSES of these CONTENTIONS touching CHURCH GOVERNMENT, out of
+the FRAGMENTS of RICHARD HOOKER."
+
+This volume contains certain brief treatises, written by divers
+learned men, concerning the ancient and modern Government of the
+Church. The treatises are seven in number, of which this posthumous
+work of Mr. Hooker is one, and as it stands before the rest it is
+therefore called a Preamble to the whole.
+
+VIII. THREE TREATISES inserted in the "CLAVI TRABALES," viz. 1. "On
+the KING'S POWER in Matters of RELIGION." 2. "Of his POWER in the
+ADVANCEMENT of BISHOPS to their ROOMS of PRELACY." 3. "The KING'S
+EXEMPTION from CENSURE and other JUDICIAL POWER."
+
+It will not be improper to notice a publication of great merit,
+entitled "A FAITHFUL ABRIDGMENT of the WORKS of that learned and
+judicious Divine, Mr. RICHARD HOOKER, in eight books of ECCLESIASTICAL
+POLITY, and of all the other Treatises which were written by the same
+Author. With an Account of his Life. By a Divine of the Church of
+England. _London_, 1705."
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE
+OF
+MR. GEORGE HERBERT,
+PREBENDARY OF SALISBURY CATHEDRAL.
+
+  "Where with a soul composed of harmonies,
+  Like a sweet swan, he warbles as he dies
+  His Maker's praise, and his own obsequies."
+
+    --COTTON.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+TO THE
+LIFE OF GEORGE HERBERT.
+
+
+[Sidenote: A box of ointment]
+
+In a late retreat from the business of this world, and those many
+little cares with which I have too often cumbered myself, I fell into
+a contemplation of some of those historical passages that are recorded
+in Sacred Story: and more particularly of what had passed betwixt our
+blessed Saviour and that wonder of Women, and Sinners, and Mourners,
+St. Mary Magdalen. I call her Saint, because I did not then, nor do
+now consider her, as when she was possessed with seven devils; not as
+when her wanton eyes and dishevelled hair were designed and managed
+to charm and ensnare amorous beholders. But I did then, and do now
+consider her, as after she had expressed a visible and sacred sorrow
+for her sensualities; as after those eyes had wept such a flood of
+penitential tears as did wash, and that hair had wiped, and she most
+passionately kissed the feet of her's and our blessed Jesus. And I do
+now consider, that because she loved much, not only much was forgiven
+her: but that beside that blessed blessing of having her sins
+pardoned, and the joy of knowing her happy condition, she also had
+from him a testimony, that her alabaster box of precious ointment
+poured on his head and feet, and that spikenard, and those spices
+that were by her dedicated to embalm and preserve his sacred body
+from putrefaction, should so far preserve her own memory, that these
+demonstrations of her sanctified love, and of her officious and
+generous gratitude, should be recorded and mentioned wheresoever his
+Gospel should be read; intending thereby, that as his, so her name,
+should also live to succeeding generations, even till time itself
+shall be no more.
+
+[Sidenote: Reasons for this Life]
+
+Upon occasion of which fair example, I did lately look back, and not
+without some content,--at least to myself,--that I have endeavoured to
+deserve the love, and preserve the memory, of my two deceased friends,
+Dr. Donne, and Sir Henry Wotton, by declaring the several employments
+and various accidents of their lives. And though Mr. George
+Herbert--whose Life I now intend to write--were to me a stranger as to
+his person, for I have only seen him; yet since he was, and was worthy
+to be, their friend, and very many of his have been mine, I judge it
+may not be unacceptable to those that knew any of them in their
+lives, or do now know them by mine, or their own writings, to see this
+conjunction of them after their deaths; without which, many things
+that concerned them, and some things that concerned the age in which
+they lived, would be less perfect, and lost to posterity.
+
+For these reasons I have undertaken it; and if I have prevented any
+abler person, I beg pardon of him and my Reader.
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE
+OF
+MR. GEORGE HERBERT.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Birth and family]
+
+George Herbert was born the Third day of April, in the Year of our
+Redemption 1593. The place of his birth was near to the Town of
+Montgomery, and in that Castle[1] that did then bear the name of that
+Town and County; that Castle was then a place of state and strength,
+and had been successively happy in the Family of the Herberts, who
+had long possessed it; and with it, a plentiful estate, and hearts
+as liberal to their poor neighbours. A family, that hath been blessed
+with men of remarkable wisdom, and a willingness to serve their
+country, and, indeed, to do good to all mankind; for which they
+are eminent: But alas! this family did in the late rebellion suffer
+extremely in their estates; and the heirs of that Castle saw it laid
+level with that earth, that was too good to bury those wretches that
+were the cause of it.
+
+[Sidenote: Father and mother]
+
+The Father of our George was Richard Herbert, the son of Edward
+Herbert, Knight, the son of Richard Herbert, Knight, the son of the
+famous Sir Richard Herbert of Colebrook, in the County of Monmouth,
+Banneret, who was the youngest brother of that memorable William
+Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, that lived in the reign of our King Edward
+the Fourth.
+
+His Mother was Magdalen Newport, the youngest daughter of Sir Richard,
+and sister to Sir Francis Newport of High-Arkall, in the County of
+Salop, Knight, and grandfather of Francis Lord Newport, now Controller
+of his Majesty's Household. A family that for their loyalty have
+suffered much in their estates, and seen the ruin of that excellent
+structure, where their ancestors have long lived, and been memorable
+for their hospitality.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Herbert of Cherbury]
+
+This Mother of George Herbert--of whose person, and wisdom, and virtue
+I intend to give a true account in a seasonable place--was the happy
+Mother of seven sons and three daughters, which she would often say
+was Job's number, and Job's distribution; and as often bless God, that
+they were neither defective in their shapes, or in their reason;
+and very often reprove them that did not praise God for so great a
+blessing. I shall give the Reader a short account of their names, and
+not say much of their fortunes. Edward, the eldest, was first made
+Knight of the Bath, at that glorious time of our late Prince Henry's
+being installed Knight of the Garter; after many years' useful travel,
+and the attainment of many languages, he was by King James sent
+Ambassador resident to the then French King, Lewis the thirteenth.
+There he continued about two years; but he could not subject himself
+to a compliance with the humours of the Duke de Luisnes, who was then
+the great and powerful favourite at Court: so that upon a complaint to
+our King, he was called back into England in some displeasure; but at
+his return he gave such an honourable account of his employment, and
+so justified his comportment to the Duke and all the Court, that he
+was suddenly sent back upon the same Embassy, from which he returned
+in the beginning of the reign of our good King Charles the First, who
+made him first Baron of Castle-Island, and not long after of Cherbury,
+in the County of Salop. He was a man of great learning and reason, as
+appears by his printed book "De Veritate," and by his "History of the
+reign of King Henry the Eighth," and by several other tracts.[2]
+
+[Sidenote: Other Herberts]
+
+The second and third brothers were Richard and William, who ventured
+their lives to purchase honour in the wars of the Low Countries, and
+died officers in that employment. Charles was the fourth, and died
+fellow of New College in Oxford. Henry was the sixth, who became
+a menial servant to the Crown in the days of King James, and hath
+continued to be so for fifty years; during all which time he hath been
+Master of the Revels; a place that requires a diligent wisdom, with
+which God hath blessed him. The seventh son was Thomas, who, being
+made captain of a ship in that fleet with which Sir Robert Mansell
+was sent against Algiers, did there shew a fortunate and true English
+valour. Of the three sisters I need not say more, than that they were
+all married to persons of worth, and plentiful fortunes; and lived to
+be examples of virtue, and to do good in their generations.
+
+[Sidenote: George Herbert]
+
+I now come to give my intended account of George, who was the fifth of
+those seven brothers.
+
+George Herbert spent much of his childhood in a sweet content under
+the eye and care of his prudent Mother, and the tuition of a Chaplain,
+or tutor to him and two of his brothers, in her own family,--for she
+was then a widow,--where he continued till about the age of twelve
+years; and being at that time well instructed in the rules of Grammar,
+he was not long after commended to the care of Dr. Neale,[3] who was
+then Dean of Westminster; and by him to the care of Mr. Ireland,[4]
+who was then Chief Master of that School; where the beauties of his
+pretty behaviour and wit shined, and became so eminent and lovely in
+this his innocent age, that he seemed to be marked out for piety, and
+to become the care of Heaven, and of a particular good angel to guard
+and guide him. And thus he continued in that School, till he came
+to be perfect in the learned languages, and especially in the Greek
+tongue, in which he after proved an excellent critic.
+
+[Sidenote: At Cambridge]
+
+About the age of fifteen--he being then a King's Scholar--he was
+elected out of that School for Trinity College in Cambridge, to which
+place he was transplanted about the year 1608; and his prudent Mother,
+well knowing that he might easily lose or lessen that virtue and
+innocence, which her advice and example had planted in his mind, did
+therefore procure the generous and liberal Dr. Nevil,[5] who was then
+Dean of Canterbury, and Master of that College, to take him into his
+particular care, and provide him a tutor; which he did most gladly
+undertake, for he knew the excellencies of his mother, and how to
+value such a friendship.
+
+This was the method of his education, till he was settled in
+Cambridge; where we will leave him in his study, till I have paid my
+promised account of his excellent mother; and I will endeavour to make
+it short.
+
+[Sidenote: Lady Magdalen Herbert]
+
+I have told her birth, her marriage, and the number of her children,
+and have given some short account of them. I shall next tell the
+Reader, that her husband died when our George was about the age of
+four years: I am next to tell, that she continued twelve years a
+widow; that she then married happily to a noble gentleman, the brother
+and heir of the Lord Danvers,[6] Earl of Danby, who did highly value
+both her person and the most excellent endowments of her mind.
+
+[Sidenote: Her character]
+
+[Sidenote: Dr. Donne]
+
+In this time of her widowhood, she being desirous to give Edward, her
+eldest son, such advantages of learning, and other education, as might
+suit his birth and fortune, and thereby make him the more fit for the
+service of his country, did, at his being of a fit age, remove from
+Montgomery Castle with him, and some of her younger sons, to Oxford;
+and having entered Edward into Queen's College, and provided him a
+fit tutor, she commended him to his care, yet she continued there
+with him, and still kept him in a moderate awe of herself, and so
+much under her own eye, as to see and converse with him daily: but she
+managed this power over him without any such rigid sourness as might
+make her company a torment to her child; but with such a sweetness and
+compliance with the recreations and pleasures of youth, as did incline
+him willingly to spend much of his time in the company of his dear and
+careful mother; which was to her great content: for she would often
+say, "That as our bodies take a nourishment suitable to the meat
+on which we feed; so our souls do as insensibly take in vice by the
+example or conversation with wicked company:" and would therefore
+as often say, "That ignorance of vice was the best preservation of
+virtue; and that the very knowledge of wickedness was as tinder to
+inflame and kindle sin and keep it burning." For these reasons she
+endeared him to her own company, and continued with him in Oxford four
+years; in which time her great and harmless wit, her cheerful gravity,
+and her obliging behaviour, gained her an acquaintance and friendship
+with most of any eminent worth or learning, that were at that time
+in or near that University; and particularly with Mr. John Donne, who
+then came accidentally to that place, in this time of her being
+there. It was that John Donne who was after Dr. Donne, and Dean of St.
+Paul's, London: and he, at his leaving Oxford, writ and left there, in
+verse, a character of the beauties of her body and mind: of the first
+he says,
+
+  No Spring nor Summer-beauty hath such grace
+  As I have seen in an Autumnal face.
+
+Of the latter he says,
+
+  In all her words to every hearer fit,
+  You may at revels, or at council sit.
+
+The rest of her character may be read in his printed poems, in that
+Elegy which bears the name of "The Autumnal Beauty." For both he and
+she were then past the meridian of man's life.
+
+This amity, begun at this time and place, was not an amity that
+polluted their souls; but an amity made up of a chain of suitable
+inclinations and virtues; an amity like that of St. Chrysostom's to
+his dear and virtuous Olympias; whom, in his letters, he calls his
+Saint: or an amity, indeed, more like that of St. Hierome to his
+Paula; whose affection to her was such, that he turned poet in his old
+age, and then made her epitaph: wishing all his body were turned into
+tongues, that he might declare her just praises to posterity. And this
+amity betwixt her and Mr. Donne was begun in a happy time for him, he
+being then near to the fortieth year of his age,--which was some years
+before he entered into Sacred Orders;--a time when his necessities
+needed a daily supply for the support of his wife, seven children,
+and a family. And in this time she proved one of his most bountiful
+benefactors; and he as grateful an acknowledger of it. You may take
+one testimony for what I have said of these two worthy persons, from
+this following Letter and Sonnet.
+
+[Sidenote: Letter and Sonnet]
+
+"MADAM,
+
+"Your favours to me are every where: I use them and have them. I enjoy
+them at London, and leave them there; and yet find them at Mitcham.
+Such riddles as these become things inexpressible; and such is your
+goodness. I was almost sorry to find your servant here this day;
+because I was loath to have any witness of my not coming home last
+night, and indeed of my coming this morning. But my not coming was
+excusable, because earnest business detained me; and my coming this
+day is by the example of your St. Mary Magdalen, who rose early upon
+Sunday to seek that which she loved most; and so did I. And, from her
+and myself, I return such thanks as are due to one, to whom we owe all
+the good opinion, that they, whom we need most, have of us. By this
+messenger, and on this good day, I commit the inclosed Holy Hymns and
+Sonnets--which for the matter, not the workmanship, have yet escaped
+the fire--to your judgment, and to your protection too, if you think
+them worthy of it; and I have appointed this inclosed Sonnet to usher
+them to your happy hand.
+
+             "Your unworthiest servant,
+  Unless your accepting him to be so have mended him,
+                    Jo. DONNE.
+
+"Mitcham, July 11, 1607."
+
+TO THE LADY MAGDALEN HERBERT: OF ST. MARY MAGDALEN.
+
+  Her of your name, whose fair inheritance
+    Bethina was, and jointure Magdalo,
+  An active faith so highly did advance,
+    That she once knew more than the Church did know,
+  The Resurrection! so much good there is
+    Delivered of her, that some Fathers be
+  Loth to believe one woman could do this:
+    But think these Magdalens were two or three.
+  Increase their number, Lady, and their fame:
+    To their devotion add your innocence:
+  Take so much of th' example, as of the name;
+    The latter half; and in some recompense
+  That they did harbour Christ himself, a guest,
+    Harbour these Hymns, to his dear name addrest.
+  J.D.
+
+These Hymns are now lost to us; but doubtless they were such as they
+two now sing in Heaven.
+
+[Sidenote: Her Funeral Sermon]
+
+There might be more demonstrations of the friendship, and the many
+sacred endearments betwixt these two excellent persons,--for I have
+many of their letters in my hand,--and much more might be said of her
+great prudence and piety: but my design was not to write her's, but
+the life of her son; and therefore I shall only tell my Reader, that
+about that very day twenty years that this letter was dated, and sent
+her, I saw and heard this Mr. John Donne--who was then Dean of St.
+Paul's--weep, and preach her Funeral Sermon, in the Parish Church
+of Chelsea, near London, where she now rests in her quiet grave: and
+where we must now leave her, and return to her son George, whom we
+left in his study in Cambridge. And in Cambridge we may find our
+George Herbert's behaviour to be such, that we may conclude he
+consecrated the first-fruits of his early age to virtue, and a serious
+study of learning. And that he did so, this following Letter and
+Sonnet, which were, in the first year of his going to Cambridge,
+sent his dear Mother for a New-year's gift, may appear to be some
+testimony.
+
+[Sidenote: A Letter]
+
+--"But I fear the heat of my late ague hath dried up those springs,
+by which scholars say the Muses use to take up their habitations.
+However, I need not their help to reprove the vanity of those many
+love-poems, that are daily writ, and consecrated to Venus; nor to
+bewail that so few are writ, that look towards God and Heaven. For my
+own part, my meaning--dear Mother--is, in these Sonnets, to declare my
+resolution to be, that my poor abilities in Poetry, shall be all and
+ever consecrated to God's glory: and I beg you to receive this as one
+testimony."
+
+[Sidenote: and Sonnets]
+
+  My God, where is that ancient heat towards thee,
+    Wherewith whole shoals of Martyrs once did burn,
+    Besides their other flames? Doth Poetry
+  Wear Venus' livery? only serve her turn?
+  Why are not Sonnets made of thee? and lays
+    Upon thine altar burnt? Cannot thy love
+    Heighten a spirit to sound out thy praise
+  As well as any she? Cannot thy Dove
+  Outstrip their Cupid easily in flight?
+    Or, since thy ways are deep, and still the same,
+    Will not a verse run smooth that bears thy name?
+  Why doth that fire, which by thy power and might
+    Each breast does feel, no braver fuel choose
+    Than that, which one day, worms may chance refuse?
+  Sure, Lord, there is enough in thee to dry
+    Oceans of ink; for as the Deluge did
+    Cover the Earth, so doth thy Majesty;
+  Each cloud distils thy praise, and doth forbid
+  Poets to turn it to another use.
+    Roses and lilies speak Thee; and to make
+    A pair of cheeks of them, is thy abuse.
+  Why should I women's eyes for crystal take?
+  Such poor invention burns in their low mind
+    Whose fire is wild, and doth not upward go
+    To praise, and on thee, Lord, some ink bestow.
+  Open the bones, and you shall nothing find
+   In the best face but filth; when, Lord, in Thee
+   The beauty lies in the discovery.
+  G.H.
+
+This was his resolution at the sending this letter to his dear Mother,
+about which time he was in the seventeenth year of his age: and as he
+grew older, so he grew in learning, and more and more in favour both
+with God and man: insomuch that, in this morning of that short day
+of his life, he seemed to be marked out for virtue, and to become the
+care of Heaven; for God still kept his soul in so holy a frame, that
+he may, and ought to be a pattern of virtue to all posterity, and
+especially to his brethren of the Clergy, of which the Reader may
+expect a more exact account in what will follow.
+
+[Sidenote: College honours]
+
+I need not declare that he was a strict student, because, that he was
+so, there will be many testimonies in the future part of his life. I
+shall therefore only tell, that he was made Minor Fellow in the year
+1609, Bachelor of Arts in the year 1611; Major Fellow of the College,
+March 15th, 1615: and that in that year he was also made Master of
+Arts, he being then in the 22nd year of his age; during all which
+time, all, or the greatest diversion from his study, was the practice
+of Music, in which he became a great master; and of which he would
+say, "That it did relieve his drooping spirits, compose his distracted
+thoughts, and raised his weary soul so far above earth, that it gave
+him an earnest of the joys of Heaven, before he possessed them." And
+it may be noticed, that from his first entrance into the College, the
+generous Dr. Nevil was a cherisher of his studies, and such a lover of
+his person, his behaviour, and the excellent endowments of his mind,
+that he took him often into his own company; by which he confirmed his
+native gentleness: and if during his time he expressed any error,
+it was, that he kept himself too much retired, and at too great a
+distance with all his inferiors; and his clothes seemed to prove, that
+he put too great a value on his parts and parentage.
+
+[Sidenote: Orator]
+
+This may be some account of his disposition, and of the employment of
+his time till he was Master of Arts, which was anno 1615, and in the
+year 1619 he was chosen Orator for the University. His two precedent
+Orators were Sir Robert Naunton,[7] and Sir Francis Nethersole.[8] The
+first was not long after made Secretary of State, and Sir Francis,
+not very long after his being Orator, was made Secretary to the
+Lady Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia. In this place of Orator our George
+Herbert continued eight years; and managed it with as becoming and
+grave a gaiety, as any had ever before or since his time. For "he had
+acquired great learning, and was blessed with a high fancy, a civil
+and sharp wit; and with a natural elegance, both in his behaviour, his
+tongue, and his pen." Of all which there might be very many particular
+evidences; but I will limit myself to the mention of but three.
+
+[Sidenote: Letter to King James]
+
+And the first notable occasion of shewing his fitness for this
+employment of Orator was manifested in a letter to King James, upon
+the occasion of his sending that University his book called "Basilicon
+Doron;"[9] and their Orator was to acknowledge this great honour, and
+return their gratitude to his Majesty for such a condescension; at the
+close of which letter he writ,
+
+  Quid Vaticanam Bodleianamque objicis, hospes!
+    Unicus est nobis Bibliotheca Liber.
+
+This letter was writ in such excellent Latin, was so full of conceits,
+and all the expressions so suited to the genius of the King, that he
+enquired the Orator's name, and then asked William Earl of Pembroke,
+if he knew him? whose answer was, "That he knew him very well, and
+that he was his kinsman; but he loved him more for his learning and
+virtue, than for that he was of his name and family." At which answer
+the King smiled, and asked the Earl leave that he might love him too,
+for he took him to be the jewel of that University.
+
+[Sidenote: Andrew Melville]
+
+[Sidenote: Herbert's answers]
+
+[Sidenote: Lady Arabella Stuart]
+
+The next occasion he had and took to shew his great abilities, was,
+with them, to shew also his great affection to that Church in which he
+received his baptism, and of which he professed himself a member; and
+the occasion was this: There was one Andrew Melvin,[10] a Minister
+of the Scotch Church, and Rector of St. Andrew's; who, by a long
+and constant converse with a discontented part of that Clergy which
+opposed Episcopacy, became at last to be a chief leader of that
+faction; and had proudly appeared to be so to King James, when he was
+but King of that nation, who, the second year after his Coronation in
+England, convened a part of the Bishops, and other learned Divines
+of his Church, to attend him at Hampton-Court, in order to a friendly
+conference with some dissenting brethren, both of this and the Church
+of Scotland: of which Scotch party Andrew Melvin was one; and he being
+a man of learning, and inclined to satirical poetry, had scattered
+many malicious, bitter verses against our Liturgy, our ceremonies, and
+our Church-government; which were by some of that party so magnified
+for the wit, that they were therefore brought into Westminster School,
+where Mr. George Herbert, then, and often after, made such answers to
+them, and such reflections on him and his Kirk, as might unbeguile
+any man that was not too deeply pre-engaged in such a quarrel.--But
+to return to Mr. Melvin at Hampton-Court Conference;[11] he there
+appeared to be a man of an unruly wit, of a strange confidence, of so
+furious a zeal, and of so ungoverned passions, that his insolence to
+the King, and others at this Conference, lost him both his Rectorship
+of St. Andrew's and his liberty too; for his former verses, and his
+present reproaches there used against the Church and State, caused
+him to be committed prisoner to the Tower of London; where he remained
+very angry for three years. At which time of his commitment, he found
+the Lady Arabella[12] an innocent prisoner there; and he pleased
+himself much in sending, the next day after his commitment, these two
+verses to the good lady; which I will underwrite, because they may
+give the Reader a taste of his others, which were like these.
+
+  Causa tibi mecum est communis, carceris, Ara-
+    Bella, tibi causa est, Araque sacra mihi.
+
+I shall not trouble my Reader with an account of his enlargement from
+that prison, or his death; but tell him Mr. Herbert's verses were
+thought so worthy to be preserved, that Dr. Duport,[13] the learned
+Dean of Peterborough, hath lately collected and caused many of them
+to be printed, as an honourable memorial of his friend Mr. George
+Herbert, and the cause he undertook.
+
+[Sidenote: In favour with James]
+
+And in order to my third and last observation of his great abilities,
+it will be needful to declare, that about this time King James came
+very often to hunt at Newmarket and Royston, and was almost as often
+invited to Cambridge, where his entertainment was comedies,[14] suited
+to his pleasant humour; and where Mr. George Herbert was to welcome
+him with gratulations, and the applauses of an Orator; which he always
+performed so well, that he still grew more into the King's favour,
+insomuch that he had a particular appointment to attend his Majesty
+at Royston; where, after a discourse with him, his Majesty declared to
+his kinsman, the Earl of Pembroke, that he found the Orator's learning
+and wisdom much above his age or wit. The year following, the King
+appointed to end his progress at Cambridge, and to stay there certain
+days; at which time he was attended by the great Secretary of
+Nature and all learning, Sir Francis Bacon, Lord Verulam, and by the
+ever-memorable and learned Dr. Andrews, Bishop of Winchester, both
+which did at that time begin a desired friendship with our Orator.
+Upon whom, the first put such a value on his judgment, that he usually
+desired his approbation before he would expose any of his books to
+be printed; and thought him so worthy of his friendship, that having
+translated many of the Prophet David's Psalms into English verse, he
+made George Herbert his patron, by a public dedication of them to him,
+as the best judge of Divine Poetry. And for the learned Bishop, it is
+observable, that at that time there fell to be a modest debate betwixt
+them two about Predestination, and Sanctity of life; of both of which
+the Orator did, not long after, send the Bishop some safe and useful
+aphorisms, in a long letter, written in Greek; which letter was so
+remarkable for the language and reason of it, that, after the reading
+of it, the Bishop put it into his bosom, and did often shew it to many
+Scholars, both of this and foreign nations; but did always return it
+back to the place where he first lodged it, and continued it so near
+his heart till the last day of his life.
+
+[Sidenote: His friends]
+
+To this I might add the long and entire friendship betwixt him and Sir
+Henry Wotton, and Dr. Donne; but I have promised to contract myself,
+and shall therefore only add one testimony to what is also mentioned
+in the Life of Dr. Donne; namely, that a little before his death he
+caused many Seals to be made, and in them to be engraven the figure of
+Christ, crucified on an Anchor,--the emblem of Hope,--and of which Dr.
+Donne would often say, "_Crux mihi anchora_."--These Seals he gave
+or sent to most of those friends on which he put a value: and, at
+Mr. Herbert's death, these verses were found wrapt up with that seal,
+which was by the Doctor given to him;
+
+  When my dear friend could write no more,
+  He gave this _Seal_ and so gave o'er.
+
+  When winds and waves rise highest I am sure,
+  This _Anchor_ keeps my faith, that, me secure.
+
+[Sidenote: His attainments]
+
+At this time of being Orator, he had learned to understand the
+Italian, Spanish, and French tongues very perfectly: hoping, that as
+his predecessors, so he might in time attain the place of a Secretary
+of State, he being at that time very high in the King's favour, and
+not meanly valued and loved by the most eminent and most powerful of
+the Court Nobility. This, and the love of a Court-conversation, mixed
+with a laudable ambition to be something more than he then was, drew
+him often from Cambridge, to attend the King wheresoever the Court
+was, who then gave him a sinecure, which fell into his Majesty's
+disposal, I think, by the death of the Bishop of St. Asaph.[15] It was
+the same that Queen Elizabeth had formerly given to her favourite Sir
+Philip Sidney, and valued to be worth an hundred and twenty pounds per
+annum. With this, and his annuity, and the advantage of his College,
+and of his Oratorship, he enjoyed his genteel humour for clothes, and
+Court-like company, and seldom looked towards Cambridge, unless the
+King were there, but then he never failed; and, at other times, left
+the manage of his Orator's place to his learned friend, Mr. Herbert
+Thorndike, who is now Prebend of Westminster.[16]
+
+[Sidenote: His health]
+
+I may not omit to tell, that he had often designed to leave the
+University, and decline all study, which he thought did impair his
+health; for he had a body apt to a consumption, and to fevers, and
+other infirmities, which he judged were increased by his studies;
+for he would often say, "He had too thoughtful a wit; a wit like a
+penknife in too narrow a sheath, too sharp for his body." But his
+Mother would by no means allow him to leave the University, or to
+travel; and though he inclined very much to both, yet he would by
+no means satisfy his own desires at so dear a rate, as to prove an
+undutiful son to so affectionate a Mother; but did always submit to
+her wisdom. And what I have now said may partly appear in a copy of
+verses in his printed poems; 'tis one of those that bear the title
+of Affliction; and it appears to be a pious reflection on God's
+providence, and some passages of his life, in which he says,
+
+[Sidenote: "Affliction"]
+
+  Whereas my birth and spirit rather took
+    The way that takes the town:
+  Thou didst betray me to a lingering book,
+    And wrapt me in a gown:
+  I was entangled in a world of strife,
+  Before I had the power to change my life.
+
+  Yet, for I threaten'd oft the siege to raise,
+    Not simpering all mine age;
+  Thou often didst with academic praise
+    Melt and dissolve my rage:
+  I took the sweeten'd pill, till I came where
+  I could not go away, nor persevere.
+
+  Yet, lest perchance I should too happy be
+    In my unhappiness,
+  Turning my purge to food, thou throwest me
+    Into more sicknesses.
+  Thus dost thy power cross-bias me, not making
+  Thine own gifts good, yet me from my ways taking.
+
+  Now I am here, what thou wilt do with me
+    None of my books will show.
+  I read, and sigh, and wish I were a tree,
+    For then sure I should grow
+  To fruit or shade, at least some bird would trust
+  Her household with me, and I would be just.
+
+  Yet, though thou troublest me, I must be meek,
+    In weakness must be stout,
+  Well, I will change my service, and go seek
+    Some other master out;
+  Ah, my dear God! though I am clean forgot,
+  Let me not love thee, if I love thee not.
+
+  G.H.
+
+[Sidenote: Retires into Kent]
+
+In this time of Mr. Herbert's attendance and expectation of some good
+occasion to remove from Cambridge to Court, God, in whom there is an
+unseen chain of causes, did in a short time put an end to the lives of
+two of his most obliging and most powerful friends, Lodowick Duke of
+Richmond, and James Marquis of Hamilton; and not long after him King
+James died also, and with them, all Mr. Herbert's Court-hopes: so that
+he presently betook himself to a retreat from London, to a friend
+in Kent, where he lived very privately, and was such a lover of
+solitariness, as was judged to impair his health, more than his study
+had done. In this time of retirement, he had many conflicts with
+himself, whether he should return to the painted pleasures of a
+Court-life, or betake himself to a study of Divinity, and enter into
+Sacred Orders, to which his dear mother had often persuaded him. These
+were such conflicts, as they only can know, that have endured them;
+for ambitious desires, and the outward glory of this world, are not
+easily laid aside; but at last God inclined him to put on a resolution
+to serve at his altar.
+
+[Sidenote: Holy Orders]
+
+He did, at his return to London, acquaint a Court-friend with his
+resolution to enter into Sacred Orders, who persuaded him to alter
+it, as too mean an employment, and too much below his birth, and the
+excellent abilities and endowments of his mind. To whom he replied,
+"It hath been formerly judged that the domestic servants of the King
+of Heaven should be of the noblest families on earth. And though the
+iniquity of the late times have made clergymen meanly valued, and
+the sacred name of priest contemptible; yet I will labour to make it
+honourable, by consecrating all my learning, and all my poor abilities
+to advance the glory of that God that gave them; knowing that I can
+never do too much for him, that hath done so much for me, as to make
+me a Christian. And I will labour to be like my Saviour, by making
+humility lovely in the eyes of all men, and by following the merciful
+and meek example of my dear Jesus."
+
+[Sidenote: Layton Ecclesia]
+
+This was then his resolution; and the God of constancy, who intended
+him for a great example of virtue, continued him in it, for within
+that year he was made Deacon, but the day when, or by whom, I cannot
+learn; but that he was about that time made Deacon, is most certain;
+for I find by the Records of Lincoln, that he was made Prebend of
+Layton Ecclesia, in the Diocese of Lincoln, July 15th, 1626, and that
+this Prebend was given him by John,[17] then Lord Bishop of that See.
+And now he had a fit occasion to shew that piety and bounty that was
+derived from his generous mother, and his other memorable ancestors,
+and the occasion was this.
+
+[Sidenote: Church-building]
+
+This Layton Ecclesia is a village near to Spalden, in the County of
+Huntingdon, and the greatest part of the Parish Church was fallen
+down, and that of it which stood was so decayed, so little, and so
+useless, that the parishioners could not meet to perform their duty
+to God in public prayer and praises; and thus it had been for almost
+twenty years, in which time there had been some faint endeavours for
+a public collection to enable the parishioners to rebuild it; but with
+no success, till Mr. Herbert undertook it; and he, by his own, and
+the contribution of many of his kindred, and other noble friends,
+undertook the re-edification of it; and made it so much his whole
+business, that he became restless till he saw it finished as it now
+stands; being for the workmanship, a costly Mossaic; for the form, an
+exact cross; and for the decency and beauty, I am assured, it is the
+most remarkable Parish Church that this nation affords. He lived to
+see it so wainscotted, as to be exceeded by none; and, by his order,
+the Reading pew and Pulpit were a little distant from each other, and
+both of an equal height; for he would often say, "They should neither
+have a precedency or priority of the other; but that prayer and
+preaching, being equally useful, might agree like brethren, and have
+an equal honour and estimation."
+
+Before I proceed farther, I must look back to the time of Mr.
+Herbert's being made Prebend, and tell the Reader, that not long
+after, his Mother being informed of his intentions to rebuild that
+Church, and apprehending the great trouble and charge that he was like
+to draw upon himself, his relations and friends, before it could
+be finished, sent for him from London to Chelsea,--where she then
+dwelt,--and at his coming, said, "George, I sent for you, to persuade
+you to commit Simony, by giving your patron as good a gift as he has
+given to you; namely, that you give him back his prebend; for, George,
+it is not for your weak body, and empty purse, to undertake to
+build Churches." Of which, he desired he might have a day's time to
+consider, and then make her an answer. And at his return to her the
+next day, when he had first desired her blessing, and she given it
+him, his next request was, "That she would at the age of thirty-three
+years, allow him to become an undutiful son: for he had made a vow to
+God, that, if he were able, he would rebuild that Church." And
+then shewed her such reasons for his resolution, that she presently
+subscribed to be one of his benefactors; and undertook to solicit
+William Earl of Pembroke to become another, who subscribed for fifty
+pounds; and not long after, by a witty and persuasive letter from Mr.
+Herbert, made it fifty pounds more. And in this nomination of some
+of his benefactors, James Duke of Lenox, and his brother, Sir Henry
+Herbert, ought to be remembered; as also the bounty of Mr. Nicholas
+Farrer,[18] and Mr. Arthur Woodnot: the one a gentleman in the
+neighbourhood of Layton, and the other a Goldsmith in Foster Lane,
+London, ought not to be forgotten: for the memory of such men ought to
+outlive their lives. Of Mr. Farrer, I shall hereafter give an account
+in a more seasonable place; but before I proceed farther, I will give
+this short account of Mr. Arthur Woodnot.
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Arthur Woodnot]
+
+He was a man that had considered overgrown estates do often require
+more care and watchfulness to preserve than get them, and considered
+that there be many discontents, that riches cure not; and did
+therefore set limits to himself, as to desire of wealth. And having
+attained so much as to be able to shew some mercy to the poor, and
+preserve a competence for himself, he dedicated the remaining part of
+his life to the service of God, and to be useful to his friends; and
+he proved to be so to Mr. Herbert; for besides his own bounty,
+he collected and returned most of the money that was paid for the
+rebuilding of that Church; he kept all the account of the charges, and
+would often go down to state them, and see all the workmen paid. When
+I have said, that this good man was a useful friend to Mr. Herbert's
+father, and to his mother, and continued to be so to him, till he
+closed his eyes on his death-bed; I will forbear to say more, till I
+have the next fair occasion to mention the holy friendship that was
+betwixt him and Mr. Herbert. From whom Mr. Woodnot carried to his
+mother this following letter, and delivered it to her in a sickness,
+which was not long before that which proved to be her last.
+
+[Sidenote: A Letter]
+
+A Letter of Mr. GEORGE HERBERT to his Mother, In her Sickness."
+
+"MADAM,
+
+"At my last parting from you, I was the better content, because I was
+in hope I should myself carry all sickness out of your family: but
+since I know I did not and that your share continues, or rather
+increaseth, I wish earnestly that I were again with you; and would
+quickly make good my wish, but that my employment does fix me here, it
+being now but a month to our commencement: wherein my absence, by how
+much it naturally augmenteth suspicion, by so much shall it make my
+prayers the more constant and the more earnest for you to the God of
+all consolation.--In the mean time, I beseech you to be cheerful,
+and comfort yourself in the God of all comfort, who is not willing to
+behold any sorrow but for sin.--What hath affliction grievous in it
+more than for a moment? or why should our afflictions here, have
+so much power or boldness as to oppose the hope of our joys
+hereafter?--Madam, as the earth is but a point in respect of the
+heavens, so are earthly troubles compared to heavenly joys; therefore,
+if either age or sickness lead you to those joys, consider what
+advantage you have over youth and health, who are now so near those
+true comforts. Your last letter gave me earthly preferment, and I hope
+kept heavenly for yourself: but would you divide and choose too?
+Our College customs allow not that: and I should account myself most
+happy, if I might change with you; for I have always observed the
+thread of life to be like other threads or skeins of silk, full of
+snarles and incumbrances. Happy is he, whose bottom is wound up, and
+laid ready for work in the New Jerusalem.--For myself, dear Mother, I
+always feared sickness more than death, because sickness hath made me
+unable to perform those offices for which I came into the world, and
+must yet be kept in it; but you are freed from that fear, who have
+already abundantly discharged that part, having both ordered your
+family and so brought up your children, that they have attained to the
+years of discretion, and competent maintenance. So that now, if they
+do not well, the fault cannot be charged on you, whose example
+and care of them will justify you both to the world and your own
+conscience; insomuch that, whether you turn your thoughts on the life
+past, or on the joys that are to come, you have strong preservatives
+against all disquiet. And for temporal afflictions, I beseech you
+consider, all that can happen to you are either afflictions of estate,
+or body, or mind. For those of estate, of what poor regard ought they
+to be? since, if we had riches, we are commanded to give them away: so
+that the best use of them is, having, not to have them. But perhaps,
+being above the common people, our credit and estimation calls on us
+to live in a more splendid fashion: but, O God! how easily is that
+answered, when we consider that the blessings in the holy Scripture
+are never given to the rich, but to the poor. I never find 'Blessed be
+the rich,' or 'Blessed be the noble;' but, 'Blessed be the meek,' and,
+'Blessed be the poor,' and, 'Blessed be the mourners, for they shall
+be comforted.'--And yet, O God! most carry themselves so, as if
+they not only not desired, but even feared to be blessed.--And for
+afflictions of the body, dear Madam, remember the holy Martyrs of God,
+how they have been burned by thousands, and have endured such other
+tortures, as the very mention of them might beget amazement: but their
+fiery trials have had an end; and your's--which, praised be God, are
+less,--are not like to continue long. I beseech you, let such thoughts
+as these moderate your present fear and sorrow; and know that if any
+of yours should prove a Goliah-like trouble, yet you may say with
+David, 'That God, who hath delivered me out of the paws of the lion
+and bear, will also deliver me out of the hands of this uncircumcised
+Philistine.'--Lastly, for those afflictions of the soul; consider that
+God intends that to be as a Sacred Temple for himself to dwell in, and
+will not allow any room there for such an inmate as grief; or allow
+that any sadness shall be his competitor. And, above all, if any care
+of future things molest you, remember those admirable words of the
+Psalmist: 'Cast thy care on the Lord, and he shall nourish thee.'
+[Psal. lv. 22.] To which join that of St. Peter, 'Casting all your
+care on the Lord, for he careth for you.' [1 Pet. v. 7.] What an
+admirable thing is this, that God puts his shoulder to our burden, and
+entertains our care for us, that we may the more quietly intend his
+service! To conclude, let me commend only one place more to you:
+Philipp. iv. 4. St. Paul saith there, 'Rejoice in the Lord always: and
+again I say, rejoice.' He doubles it to take away the scruple of those
+that might say, What, shall we rejoice in afflictions? Yes, I say
+again, rejoice; so that it is not left to us to rejoice, or not
+rejoice; but, whatsoever befalls us, we must always, at all times,
+rejoice in the Lord, who taketh care for us. And it follows in the
+next verses: 'Let your moderation appear to all men: The Lord is at
+hand: Be careful for nothing.' What can be said more comfortably?
+Trouble not yourselves; God is at hand, to deliver us from all, or in
+all.--Dear Madam, pardon my boldness, and accept the good meaning of
+
+     "Your most obedient son,
+
+                 "GEORGE HERBERT.
+
+"_Trin. Coll. May 25th,_ 1622."
+
+[Sidenote: Sickness]
+
+About the year 1629, and the thirty-fourth of his age, Mr. Herbert was
+seized with a sharp quotidian ague, and thought to remove it by the
+change of air; to which end, he went to Woodford in Essex, but thither
+more chiefly to enjoy the company of his beloved brother, Sir Henry
+Herbert, and other friends then of that family. In his house he
+remained about twelve months, and there became his own physician, and
+cured himself of his ague, by forbearing to drink, and not eating any
+meat, no not mutton, nor a hen, or pigeon, unless they were
+salted; and by such a constant diet he removed his ague, but with
+inconveniences that were worse; for he brought upon himself
+a disposition to rheums, and other weaknesses, and a supposed
+consumption. And it is to be noted, that in the sharpest of his
+extreme fits he would often say, "Lord, abate my great affliction, or
+increase my patience: but Lord, I repine not; I am dumb, Lord, before
+thee, because thou doest it." By which, and a sanctified submission to
+the will of God, he shewed he was inclinable to bear the sweet yoke of
+Christian discipline, both then and in the latter part of his life, of
+which there will be many true testimonies.
+
+[Sidenote: At Dauntsey]
+
+And now his care was to recover from his consumption, by a change
+from Woodford into such an air as was most proper to that end. And his
+remove was to Dauntsey in Wiltshire, a noble house, which stands in a
+choice air; the owner of it then was the Lord Danvers, Earl of Danby,
+who loved Mr. Herbert so very much, that he allowed him such an
+apartment in it as might best suit with his accommodation and liking.
+And in this place, by a spare diet, declining all perplexing studies,
+moderate exercise, and a cheerful conversation, his health was
+apparently improved to a good degree of strength and cheerfulness. And
+then he declared his resolution both to marry, and to enter into the
+Sacred Orders of Priesthood. These had long been the desires of his
+Mother, and his other relations; but she lived not to see either, for
+she died in the year 1627. And though he was disobedient to her about
+Layton Church, yet, in conformity to her will, he kept his Orator's
+place till after her death, and then presently declined it; and
+the more willingly, that he might be succeeded by his friend Robert
+Creighton,[19] who now is Dr. Creighton, and the worthy Bishop of
+Wells.
+
+I shall now proceed to his marriage; in order to which, it will be
+convenient that I first give the Reader a short view of his person,
+and then an account of his wife, and of some circumstances concerning
+both.--He was for his person of a stature inclining towards tallness;
+his body was very straight, and so far from being cumbered with too
+much flesh, that he was lean to an extremity. His aspect was cheerful,
+and his speech and motion did both declare him a gentleman; for they
+were all so meek and obliging, that they purchased love and respect
+from all that knew him.
+
+[Sidenote: Jane Danvers]
+
+These, and his other visible virtues, begot him much love from a
+gentleman of a noble fortune, and a near kinsman to his friend the
+Earl of Danby; namely, from Mr. Charles Danvers of Bainton, in the
+County of Wilts, Esq. This Mr. Danvers, having known him long,
+and familiarly, did so much affect him, that he often and publicly
+declared a desire, that Mr. Herbert would marry any of his nine
+daughters,--for he had so many,--but rather his daughter Jane than any
+other, because Jane was his beloved daughter. And he had often said
+the same to Mr. Herbert himself; and that if he could like her for a
+wife, and she him for a husband, Jane should have a double blessing:
+and Mr. Danvers had so often said the like to Jane, and so much
+commended Mr. Herbert to her, that Jane became so much a platonic, as
+to fall in love with Mr. Herbert unseen.
+
+[Sidenote: His marriage]
+
+This was a fair preparation for a marriage; but, alas! her father died
+before Mr. Herbert's retirement to Dauntsey: yet some friends to
+both parties procured their meeting; at which time a mutual affection
+entered into both their hearts, as a conqueror enters into a surprised
+city; and love having got such possession, governed, and made there
+such laws and resolutions, as neither party was able to resist;
+insomuch, that she changed her name into Herbert the third day after
+this first interview.
+
+This haste might in others be thought a love-frenzy, or worse; but
+it was not, for they had wooed so like princes, as to have select
+proxies; such as were true friends to both parties, such as well
+understood Mr. Herbert's and her temper of mind, and also their
+estates, so well before this interview, that the suddenness was
+justifiable by the strictest rules of prudence; and the more, because
+it proved so happy to both parties; for the eternal lover of mankind
+made them happy in each other's mutual and equal affections, and
+compliance; indeed, so happy, that there never was any opposition
+betwixt them, unless it were a contest which should most incline to
+a compliance with the other's desires. And though this begot, and
+continued in them, such a mutual love, and joy, and content, as was no
+way defective; yet this mutual content, and love, and joy, did receive
+a daily augmentation, by such daily obligingness to each other, as
+still added such new affluences to the former fulness of these divine
+souls, as was only improvable in Heaven, where they now enjoy it.
+
+[Sidenote: A presentation]
+
+About three months after this marriage, Dr. Curle, who was then Rector
+of Bemerton, in Wiltshire, was made Bishop of Bath and Wells, and
+not long after translated to Winchester, and by that means the
+presentation of a Clerk to Bemerton did not fall to the Earl of
+Pembroke,--who was the undoubted Patron of it,--but to the King,
+by reason of Dr. Curie's advancement: but Philip, then Earl of
+Pembroke,--for William was lately dead,--requested the King to bestow
+it upon his kinsman George Herbert; and the King said, "Most willingly
+to Mr. Herbert, if it be worth his acceptance;" and the Earl as
+willingly and suddenly sent it him, without seeking. But though Mr.
+Herbert had formerly put on a resolution for the Clergy; yet, at
+receiving this presentation, the apprehension of the last great
+account, that he was to make for the cure of so many souls, made him
+fast and pray often, and consider for not less than a month: in which
+time he had some resolutions to decline both the Priesthood, and that
+living. And in this time of considering, "he endured," as he would
+often say, "such spiritual conflicts, as none can think, but only
+those that have endured them."
+
+[Sidenote: Rector of Bemerton]
+
+In the midst of these conflicts, his old and dear friend, Mr. Arthur
+Woodnot, took a journey to salute him at Bainton,--where he then
+was, with his wife's friends and relations,--and was joyful to be
+an eye-witness of his health and happy marriage. And after they had
+rejoiced together some few days, they took a journey to Wilton, the
+famous seat of the Earls of Pembroke; at which time the King, the
+Earl, and the whole Court were there, or at Salisbury, which is near
+to it. And at this time Mr. Herbert presented his thanks to the Earl,
+for his presentation to Bemerton, but had not yet resolved to accept
+it, and told him the reason why: but that night, the Earl acquainted
+Dr. Laud, then Bishop of London, and after Archbishop of Canterbury,
+with his kinsman's irresolution. And the Bishop did the next day so
+convince Mr. Herbert, that the refusal of it was a sin, that a tailor
+was sent for to come speedily from Salisbury to Wilton, to take
+measure, and make him canonical clothes against next day; which
+the tailor did: and Mr. Herbert being so habited, went with his
+presentation to the learned Dr. Davenant,[20] who was then Bishop of
+Salisbury, and he gave him institution immediately,--for Mr. Herbert
+had been made Deacon some years before,--and he was also the same
+day--which was April 26th, 1630--inducted into the good, and more
+pleasant than healthful, Parsonage of Bemerton; which is a mile from
+Salisbury.
+
+[Sidenote: Preparation]
+
+I have now brought him to the Parsonage of Bemerton,[21] and to the
+thirty-sixth year of his age, and must stop here, and bespeak the
+Reader to prepare for an almost incredible story, of the great
+sanctity of the short remainder of his holy life; a life so full of
+charity, humility, and all Christian virtues, that it deserves the
+eloquence of St. Chrysostom to commend and declare it: a life, that
+if it were related by a pen like his, there would then be no need for
+this age to look back into times past for the examples of primitive
+piety; for they might be all found in the life of George Herbert. But
+now, alas! who is fit to undertake it? I confess I am not; and am not
+pleased with myself that I must; and profess myself amazed, when I
+consider how few of the Clergy lived like him then, and how many live
+so unlike him now. But it becomes not me to censure: my design is
+rather to assure the Reader, that I have used very great diligence to
+inform myself, that I might inform him of the truth of what follows;
+and though I cannot adorn it with eloquence, yet I will do it with
+sincerity.
+
+When at his induction he was shut into Bemerton Church, being left
+there alone to toll the bell,--as the Law requires him,--he staid so
+much longer than an ordinary time, before he returned to those friends
+that staid expecting him at the Church-door, that his friend Mr.
+Woodnot looked in at the Church-window, and saw him lie prostrate on
+the ground before the Altar; at which time and place--as he after told
+Mr. Woodnot--he set some rules to himself, for the future manage of
+his life; and then and there made a vow to labour to keep them.
+
+[Sidenote: and resolutions]
+
+And the same night that he had his induction, he said to Mr. Woodnot,
+"I now look back upon my aspiring thoughts, and think myself more
+happy than if I had attained what then I so ambitiously thirsted for.
+And I now can behold the Court with an impartial eye, and see plainly
+that it is made up of fraud and titles, and flattery, and many other
+such empty, imaginary, painted pleasures; pleasures, that are so
+empty, as not to satisfy when they are enjoyed. But in God, and his
+service, is a fulness of all joy and pleasure, and no satiety. And I
+will now use all my endeavours to bring my relations and dependents to
+a love and reliance on Him, who never fails those that trust him. But
+above all, I will be sure to live well, because the virtuous life of
+a Clergyman is the most powerful eloquence to persuade all that see
+it to reverence and love, and at least to desire to live like him. And
+this I will do, because I know we live in an age that hath more need
+of good examples than precepts. And I beseech that God, who hath
+honoured me so much as to call me to serve him at his altar, that as
+by his special grace he hath put into my heart these good desires
+and resolutions; so he will, by his assisting grace, give me ghostly
+strength to bring the same to good effect. And I beseech him, that my
+humble and charitable life may so win upon others, as to bring glory
+to my Jesus, whom I have this day taken to be my Master and Governor;
+and I am so proud of his service, that I will always observe, and
+obey, and do his will; and always call him, Jesus my Master; and I
+will always contemn my birth, or any title or dignity that can be
+conferred upon me, when I shall compare them with my title of being a
+Priest, and serving at the Altar of Jesus my Master."
+
+[Sidenote: "The Odour"]
+
+And that he did so, may appear in many parts of his book of Sacred
+Poems: especially in that which he calls "The Odour." In which he
+seems to rejoice in the thoughts of that word Jesus, and say, that
+the adding these words, my Master, to it, and the often repetition of
+them, seemed to perfume his mind, and leave an oriental fragrancy in
+his very breath. And for his unforced choice to serve at God's altar,
+he seems in another place of his poems, "The Pearl," (Matt. xiii. 45,
+46,) to rejoice and say--"He knew the ways of learning; knew what
+nature does willingly, and what, when it is forced by fire; knew the
+ways of honour, and when glory inclines the soul to noble expressions;
+knew the Court; knew the ways of pleasure, of love, of wit, of music,
+and upon what terms he declined all these for the service of his
+Master Jesus;" and then concludes, saying,
+
+  That, through these labyrinths, not my grovelling wit,
+  But thy silk twist, let down from Heaven to me,
+  Did both conduct, and teach me, how by it To climb to thee.
+
+[Sidenote: A Priest's Wife]
+
+The third day after he was made Rector of Bemerton, and had changed
+his sword and silk clothes into a canonical coat, he returned so
+habited with his friend Mr. Woodnot to Bainton; and immediately after
+he had seen and saluted his wife, he said to her--"You are now a
+Minister's wife, and must now so far forget your father's house, as
+not to claim a precedence of any of your parishioners; for you are to
+know, that a Priest's wife can challenge no precedence or place, but
+that which she purchases by her obliging humility; and I am sure,
+places so purchased do best become them. And let me tell you, that I
+am so good a Herald, as to assure you that this is truth." And she was
+so meek a wife, as to assure him, "it was no vexing news to her, and
+that he should see her observe it with a cheerful willingness."
+And, indeed, her unforced humility, that humility that was in her so
+original, as to be born with her, made her so happy as to do so; and
+her doing so begot her an unfeigned love, and a serviceable respect
+from all that conversed with her; and this love followed her in all
+places, as inseparably as shadows follow substances in sunshine.
+
+[Sidenote: A parishioner]
+
+It was not many days before he returned back to Bemerton, to view the
+Church, and repair the Chancel: and indeed to rebuild almost three
+parts of his house, which was fallen down, or decayed by reason of his
+predecessor's living at a better Parsonage-house; namely, at Minal,
+sixteen or twenty miles from this place. At which time of Mr.
+Herbert's coming alone to Bemerton, there came to him a poor old
+woman, with an intent to acquaint him with her necessitous condition,
+as also with some troubles of her mind: but after she had spoke some
+few words to him, she was surprised with a fear, and that begot a
+shortness of breath, so that her spirits and speech failed her; which
+he perceiving, did so compassionate her, and was so humble, that he
+took her by the hand, and said, "Speak, good mother; be not afraid to
+speak to me; for I am a man that will hear you with patience; and
+will relieve your necessities too, if I be able: and this I will do
+willingly; and therefore, mother, be not afraid to acquaint me with
+what you desire." After which comfortable speech, he again took her by
+the hand, made her sit down by him, and understanding she was of his
+parish, he told her "He would be acquainted with her, and take her
+into his care." And having with patience heard and understood her
+wants,--and it is some relief for a poor body to be but heard with
+patience,--he, like a Christian Clergyman, comforted her by his meek
+behaviour and counsel: but because that cost him nothing, he relieved
+her with money too, and so sent her home with a cheerful heart,
+praising God, and praying for him. Thus worthy, and--like David's
+blessed man--thus lowly, was Mr. George Herbert in his own eyes, and
+thus lovely in the eyes of others.
+
+At his return that night to his wife at Bainton, he gave her an
+account of the passages betwixt him and the poor woman; with which she
+was affected, that she went next day to Salisbury, and there bought
+a pair of blankets, and sent them as a token of her love to the poor
+woman; and with them a message, "That she would see and be acquainted
+with her, when her house was built at Bemerton."
+
+[Sidenote: Bemerton Parsonage]
+
+There be many such passages both of him and his wife, of which some
+few will be related: but I shall first tell, that he hasted to get
+the Parish-Church repaired; then to beautify the Chapel,--which stands
+near his house,--and that at his own great charge. He then proceeded
+to rebuild the greatest part of the Parsonage-house, which he did
+also very completely, and at his own charge; and having done this
+good work, he caused these verses to be writ upon, or engraven in, the
+mantle of the chimney in his hall.
+
+  TO MY SUCCESSOR.
+
+  If thou chance for to find
+  A new house to thy mind,
+  And built without thy cost;
+    Be good to the poor,
+    As God gives thee store,
+  And then my labour's not lost.
+
+We will now, by the Reader's favour, suppose him fixed at Bemerton,
+and grant him to have seen the Church repaired, and the Chapel
+belonging to it very decently adorned at his own great charge,--which
+is a real truth;--and having now fixed him there, I shall proceed
+to give an account of the rest of his behaviour, both to his
+parishioners, and those many others that knew and conversed with him.
+
+[Sidenote: Ordained Priest]
+
+Doubtless Mr. Herbert had considered, and given rules to himself for
+his Christian carriage both to God and man, before he entered
+into Holy Orders. And 'tis not unlike, but that he renewed those
+resolutions at his prostration before the holy altar, at his induction
+into the Church of Bemerton: but as yet he was but a Deacon, and
+therefore longed for the next Ember-week, that he might be ordained
+Priest, and made capable of administering both the Sacraments. At
+which time the reverend Dr. Humphrey Henchman,[22] now Lord Bishop
+of London,--who does not mention him but with some veneration for
+his life and excellent learning,--tells me, "He laid his hand on Mr.
+Herbert's head, and, alas! within less than three years, lent his
+shoulder to carry his dear friend to his grave."
+
+[Sidenote: "The Country Parson"]
+
+And that Mr. Herbert might the better preserve those holy rules which
+such a Priest as he intended to be, ought to observe; and that time
+might not insensibly blot them out of his memory, but that the next
+year might shew him his variations from this year's resolutions; he
+therefore did set down his rules, then resolved upon, in that order as
+the world now sees them printed in a little book, called "The Country
+Parson;" in which some of his rules are:
+
+  The Parson's knowledge.
+  The Parson on Sundays.
+  The Parson praying.
+  The Parson preaching.
+  The Parson's charity.
+  The Parson comforting the sick.
+  The Parson arguing.
+  The Parson condescending.
+  The Parson in his journey.
+  The Parson in his mirth.
+  The Parson with his Churchwardens.
+  The Parson blessing the people.
+
+And his behaviour towards God and man may be said to be a practical
+comment on these, and the other holy rules set down in that useful
+book: a book so full of plain, prudent, and useful rules, that that
+Country Parson, that can spare twelve pence, and yet wants it, is
+scarce excusable; because it will both direct him what he ought to do,
+and convince him for not having done it.
+
+[Sidenote: First sermon]
+
+At the death of Mr. Herbert, this book fell into the hands of his
+friend Mr. Woodnot; and he commended it into the trusty hands of Mr.
+sermon Barnabas Oley,[23] who published it with a most conscientious
+and excellent preface; from which I have had some of those truths,
+that are related in this life of Mr. Herbert. The text of his first
+Sermon was taken out of Solomon's Proverbs, chap. iv. 23, and the
+words were, "Keep thy heart with all diligence." In which first Sermon
+he gave his Parishioners many necessary, holy, safe rules for the
+discharge of a good conscience, both to God and man; and delivered
+his Sermon after a most florid manner, both with great learning and
+eloquence; but, at the close of this Sermon, told them, "That should
+not be his constant way of preaching; for since Almighty God does not
+intend to lead men to Heaven by hard questions, he would not therefore
+fill their heads with unnecessary notions; but that, for their sakes,
+his language and his expressions should be more plain and practical
+in his future sermons." And he then made it his humble request, "That
+they would be constant to the Afternoon's Service, and Catechising:"
+and shewed them convincing reasons why he desired it; and his obliging
+example and persuasions brought them to a willing conformity to his
+desires.
+
+[Sidenote: Other sermons]
+
+The texts for all his future sermons--which, God knows, were not
+many--were constantly taken out of the Gospel for the day; and he
+did as constantly declare why the Church did appoint that portion
+of Scripture to be that day read; and in what manner the Collect for
+every Sunday does refer to the Gospel, or to the Epistle then read
+to them; and, that they might pray with understanding, he did usually
+take occasion to explain, not only the Collect for every particular
+Sunday, but the reasons of all the other Collects and Responses in our
+Church-service; and made it appear to them, that the whole service of
+the Church was a reasonable, and therefore an acceptable sacrifice
+to God: as namely, that we begin with "Confession of ourselves to be
+vile, miserable sinners;" and that we begin so, because, till we have
+confessed ourselves to be such, we are not capable of that mercy which
+we acknowledge we need, and pray for: but having, in the prayer of
+our Lord, begged pardon for those sins which we have confessed; and
+hoping, that as the Priest hath declared our absolution, so by our
+public confession, and real repentance, we have obtained that pardon;
+then we dare and do proceed to beg of the Lord, "to open our lips,
+that our mouth may shew forth his praise;" for till then we are
+neither able nor worthy to praise him. But this being supposed, we are
+then fit to say, "Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the
+Holy Ghost;" and fit to proceed to a further service of our God, in
+the Collects, and Psalms, and Lauds, that follow in the service.
+
+[Sidenote: Psalms and Lauds]
+
+And as to the Psalms and Lauds, he proceeded to inform them why they
+were so often, and some of them daily, repeated in our Church-service;
+namely, the Psalms every month, because they be an historical and
+thankful repetition of mercies past, and such a composition of prayers
+and praises, as ought to be repeated often, and publicly; for with
+such sacrifice God is honoured and well-pleased. This for the Psalms.
+
+[Sidenote: His teaching]
+
+And for the Hymns and Lauds appointed to be daily repeated or sung
+after the first and second Lessons are read to the congregation; he
+proceeded to inform them, that it was most reasonable, after they have
+heard the will and goodness of God declared or preached by the Priest
+in his reading the two chapters, that it was then a seasonable duty
+to rise up, and express their gratitude to Almighty God, for those his
+mercies to them, and to all mankind; and then to say with the Blessed
+Virgin, "that their souls do magnify the Lord, and that their spirits
+do also rejoice in God their Saviour:" and that it was their duty also
+to rejoice with Simeon in his song, and say with him, "That their eyes
+have" also "seen their salvation;" for they have seen that salvation
+which was but prophesied till his time: and he then broke out into
+these expressions of joy that he did see it; but they live to see it
+daily in the history of it, and therefore ought daily to rejoice, and
+daily to offer up their sacrifices of praise to their God, for that
+particular mercy. A service, which is now the constant employment of
+that Blessed Virgin and Simeon, and all those blessed Saints that are
+possessed of Heaven: and where they are at this time interchangeably
+and constantly singing, "Holy, holy, holy, Lord God; glory be to God
+on high, and on earth peace." And he taught them, that to do this was
+an acceptable service to God, because the Prophet David says in his
+Psalms, "He that praiseth the Lord honoureth him."
+
+He made them to understand how happy they be that are freed from the
+incumbrances of that law which our forefathers groaned under: namely,
+from the legal sacrifices, and from the many ceremonies of the
+Levitical law; freed from Circumcision, and from the strict
+observation of the Jewish Sabbath, and the like. And he made them
+know, that having received so many and so great blessings, by being
+born since the days of our Saviour, it must be an acceptable sacrifice
+to Almighty God, for them to acknowledge those blessings daily, and
+stand up and worship, and say as Zacharias did, "Blessed be the Lord
+God of Israel, for he hath--in our days--visited and redeemed his
+people; and he hath--in our days--remembered, and shewed that mercy,
+which by the mouth of the Prophets, he promised to our forefathers;
+and this he has done according to his holy covenant made with them."
+And he made them to understand that we live to see and enjoy
+the benefit of it, in his Birth, in his Life, his Passion, his
+Resurrection, and Ascension into Heaven, where he now sits sensible of
+all our temptations and infirmities; and where he is at this present
+time making intercession for us, to his and our Father: and therefore
+they ought daily to express their public gratulations, and say daily
+with Zacharias, "Blessed be the Lord God of Israel, that hath thus
+visited and thus redeemed his people."--These were some of the
+reasons, by which Mr. Herbert instructed his congregation for the
+use of the Psalms and Hymns appointed to be daily sung or said in the
+Church-service.
+
+[Sidenote: Prayers]
+
+He informed them also, when the Priest did pray only for the
+congregation, and not for himself; and when they did only pray for
+him; as namely, after the repetition of the Creed before he proceeds
+to pray the Lord's Prayer, or any of the appointed Collects, the
+Priest is directed to kneel down, and pray for them, saying, "The
+Lord be with you;" and when they pray for him, saying, "And with thy
+spirit;" and then they join together in the following Collects: and
+he assured them, that when there is such mutual love, and such joint
+prayers offered for each other, then the holy Angels look down
+from Heaven, and are ready to carry such charitable desires to God
+Almighty, and he as ready to receive them; and that a Christian
+congregation calling thus upon God with one heart, and one voice, and
+in one reverent and humble posture, looks as beautifully as Jerusalem,
+that is at peace with itself.
+
+[Sidenote: Mode of worship]
+
+He instructed them also why the prayer of our Lord was prayed often
+in every full service of the Church; namely, at the conclusion of the
+several parts of that service; and prayed then, not only because it
+was composed and commanded by our Jesus that made it, but as a perfect
+pattern for our less perfect forms of prayer, and therefore fittest to
+sum up and conclude all our imperfect petitions.
+
+He instructed them also, that as by the second Commandment we are
+required not to bow down to, or worship an idol, or false god; so,
+by the contrary rule, we are to bow down and kneel, or stand up and
+worship the true God. And he instructed them why the Church required
+the congregation to stand up at the repetition of the Creeds; namely,
+because they thereby declare both their obedience to the Church, and
+an assent to that faith into which they had been baptized. And he
+taught them, that in that shorter Creed or Doxology, so often repeated
+daily, they also stood up to testify their belief to be, that "the God
+that they trusted in was one God, and three persons; the Father, the
+Son, and the Holy Ghost; to whom they and the Priest gave glory." And
+because there had been heretics that had denied some of those three
+persons to be God, therefore the congregation stood up and honoured
+him, by confessing and saying, "It was so in the beginning, is now so,
+and shall ever be so world without end." And all gave their assent to
+this belief, by standing up and saying, Amen.
+
+[Sidenote: Commemorations]
+
+He instructed them also what benefit they had by the Church's
+appointing the celebration of holidays and the excellent use of them,
+namely, that they were set apart for particular commemorations of
+particular mercies received from Almighty God; and--as Reverend Mr.
+Hooker says--to be the landmarks to distinguish times; for by them we
+are taught to take notice how time passes by us, and that we ought
+not to let the years pass without a celebration of praise for those
+mercies which those days give us occasion to remember, and therefore
+they were to note that the year is appointed to begin the 25th day
+of March; a day in which we commemorate the Angel's appearing to the
+Blessed Virgin, with the joyful tidings that "she should conceive and
+bear a son, that should be the Redeemer of mankind." And she did so
+forty weeks after this joyful salutation; namely, at our Christmas:
+a day in which we commemorate his Birth with joy and praise: and
+that eight days after this happy birth we celebrate his Circumcision;
+namely, in that which we call New-year's day. And that, upon that day
+which we call Twelfth-day, we commemorate the manifestation of the
+unsearchable riches of Jesus to the Gentiles: and that that day we
+also celebrate the memory of his goodness in sending a star to guide
+the three Wise Men from the East to Bethlehem, that they might there
+worship, and present him with their oblations of gold, frankincense,
+and myrrh. And he--Mr. Herbert--instructed them, that Jesus was forty
+days after his birth presented by his blessed Mother in the Temple;
+namely, on that day which we call, "The Purification of the Blessed
+Virgin, Saint Mary."
+
+[Sidenote: Other instructions]
+
+And he instructed them, that by the Lent-fast we imitate and
+commemorate our Saviour's humiliation in fasting forty days; and
+that we ought to endeavour to be like him in purity: and that on
+Good Friday we commemorate and condole his Crucifixion; and at Easter
+commemorate his glorious Resurrection. And he taught them, that after
+Jesus had manifested himself to his Disciples to be "that Christ that
+was crucified, dead and buried;" and by his appearing and conversing
+with his Disciples for the space of forty days after his Resurrection,
+he then, and not till then, ascended into Heaven in the sight of those
+Disciples; namely, on that day which we call the Ascension, or Holy
+Thursday. And that we then celebrate the performance of the promise
+which he made to his Disciples at or before his Ascension; namely,
+"that though he left them, yet he would send them the Holy Ghost to
+be their Comforter;" and that he did so on that day which the Church
+calls Whitsunday.--Thus the Church keeps an historical and circular
+commemoration of times, as they pass by us; of such times as ought to
+incline us to occasional praises, for the particular blessings which
+we do, or might receive, by those holy commemorations.
+
+[Sidenote: His own practice]
+
+He made them know also why the Church hath appointed Ember-weeks; and
+to know the reason why the Commandments, and the Epistles and Gospels,
+were to be read at the Altar or Communion Table: why the Priest was to
+pray the Litany kneeling; and why to pray some Collects standing: and
+he gave them many other observations, fit for his plain congregation,
+but not fit for me now to mention; for I must set limits to my pen,
+and not make that a treatise, which I intended to be a much shorter
+account than I have made it: but I have done, when I have told the
+Reader, that he was constant in catechising every Sunday in the
+afternoon, and that his catechising was after his Second Lesson,
+and in the pulpit; and that he never exceeded his half hour, and was
+always so happy as to have an obedient and a full congregation.
+
+And to this I must add, that if he were at any time too zealous in his
+Sermons, it was in reproving the indecencies of the people's behaviour
+in the time of divine service; and of those Ministers that huddle up
+the Church-prayers, without a visible reverence and affection; namely,
+such as seemed to say the Lord's prayer, or a Collect in a breath. But
+for himself, his custom was to stop betwixt every Collect, and give
+the people time to consider what they had prayed, and to force
+their desires affectionately to God, before he engaged them into new
+petitions.
+
+[Sidenote: "Mr. Herbert's Saint's-bell"]
+
+And by this account of his diligence to make his parishioners
+understand what they prayed, and why they praised and adored their
+Creator, I hope I shall the more easily obtain the Reader's belief
+to the following account of Mr. Herbert's own practice; which was to
+appear constantly with his wife and three nieces--the daughters of
+a deceased sister--and his whole family, twice every day at
+the Church-prayers in the Chapel, which does almost join to his
+Parsonage-house. And for the time of his appearing, it was strictly at
+the canonical hours of ten and four: and then and there he lifted up
+pure and charitable hands to God in the midst of the congregation. And
+he would joy to have spent that time in that place, where the honour
+of his Master Jesus dwelleth; and there, by that inward devotion which
+he testified constantly by an humble behaviour and visible adoration,
+he, like Joshua, brought not only "his own household thus to serve the
+Lord;" but brought most of his parishioners, and many gentlemen in the
+neighbourhood, constantly to make a part of his congregation twice
+a day: and some of the meaner sort of his parish did so love and
+reverence Mr. Herbert, that they would let their plough rest when Mr.
+Herbert's Saint's-bell rung to prayers, that they might also offer
+their devotions to God with him; and would then return back to their
+plough. And his most holy life was such, that it begot such reverence
+to God, and to him, that they thought themselves the happier, when
+they carried Mr. Herbert's blessing back with them to their labour.
+Thus powerful was his reason and example to persuade others to a
+practical piety and devotion.
+
+And his constant public prayers did never make him to neglect his own
+private devotions, nor those prayers that he thought himself bound to
+perform with his family, which always were a set form, and not long;
+and he did always conclude them with a Collect which the Church hath
+appointed for the day or week.--Thus he made every day's sanctity a
+step towards that kingdom, where impurity cannot enter.
+
+[Sidenote: Music]
+
+His chiefest recreation was Music, in which heavenly art he was a
+most excellent master, and did himself compose many Divine Hymns and
+Anthems, which he set and sung to his lute or viol: and though he was
+a lover of retiredness, yet his love to Music was such, that he went
+usually twice every week, on certain appointed days, to the Cathedral
+Church in Salisbury; and at his return would say, "That his time spent
+in prayer, and Cathedral-music, elevated his soul, and was his Heaven
+upon earth." But before his return thence to Bemerton, he would
+usually sing and play his part at an appointed private Music-meeting;
+and, to justify this practice, he would often say, "Religion does not
+banish mirth, but only moderates and sets rules to it."
+
+And as his desire to enjoy his Heaven upon earth drew him twice every
+week to Salisbury, so his walks thither were the occasion of many
+happy accidents to others; of which I will mention some few.
+
+In one of his walks to Salisbury he overtook a gentleman, that is
+still living in that City; and in their walk together, Mr. Herbert
+took a fair occasion to talk with him, and humbly begged to be
+excused, if he asked him some account of his faith; and said, "I
+do this the rather, because though you are not of my parish, yet I
+receive tythe from you by the hand of your tenant; and, Sir, I am the
+bolder to do it, because I know there be some sermon-hearers that be
+like those fishes, that always live in salt water, and yet are always
+fresh."
+
+After which expression, Mr. Herbert asked him some needful questions,
+and having received his answer, gave him such rules for the trial of
+his sincerity, and for a practical piety, and in so loving and meek
+a manner, that the gentleman did so fall in love with him, and his
+discourse, that he would often contrive to meet him in his walk to
+Salisbury, or to attend him back to Bemerton; and still mentions the
+name of Mr. George Herbert with veneration, and still praiseth God for
+the occasion of knowing him.
+
+[Sidenote: The cure for indifference]
+
+In another of his Salisbury walks, he met with a neighbour Minister;
+and after some friendly discourse betwixt them, and some condolement
+for the decay of piety, and too general contempt of the Clergy, Mr.
+Herbert took occasion to say,
+
+"One cure for these distempers would be, for the Clergy themselves to
+keep the Ember-weeks strictly, and beg of their parishioners to join
+with them in fasting and prayers for a more religious Clergy.
+
+"And another cure would be, for themselves to restore the great and
+neglected duty of Catechising, on which the Salvation of so many of
+the poor and ignorant lay-people does depend; but principally, that
+the Clergy themselves would be sure to live unblameably; and that
+the dignified Clergy especially which preach temperance, would avoid
+surfeiting and take all occasions to express a visible humility and
+charity in their lives; for this would force a love and an imitation,
+and an unfeigned reverence from all that knew them to be such." (And
+for proof of this, we need no other testimony than the life and death
+of Dr. Lake,[24] late Lord Bishop of Bath and Wells.) "This," said Mr.
+Herbert, "would be a cure for the wickedness and growing Atheism of
+our age. And, my dear brother, till this be done by us, and done in
+earnest, let no man expect a reformation of the manners of the Laity;
+for 'tis not learning, but this, this only that must do it; and, till
+then, the fault must lie at our doors."
+
+[Sidenote: The Good Samaritan]
+
+In another walk to Salisbury, he saw a poor man with a poorer horse,
+that was fallen under his load: they were both in distress, and needed
+present help; which Mr. Herbert perceiving, put off his canonical
+coat, and helped the poor man to unload, and after to load, his horse.
+The poor man blessed him for it, and he blessed the poor man; and was
+so like the Good Samaritan, that he gave him money to refresh both
+himself and his horse; and told him, "That if he loved himself he
+should be merciful to his beast." Thus he left the poor man: and at
+his coming to his musical friends at Salisbury, they began to wonder
+that Mr. George Herbert, which used to be so trim and clean, came into
+that company so soiled and discomposed: but he told them the occasion.
+And when one of the company told him "He had disparaged himself by so
+dirty an employment," his answer was, "That the thought of what he had
+done would prove music to him at midnight; and that the omission of it
+would have upbraided and made discord in his conscience, whensoever he
+should pass by that place: for if I be bound to pray for all that be
+in distress, I am sure that I am bound, so far as it is in my power,
+to practice what I pray for. And though I do not wish for the like
+occasion every day, yet let me tell you, I would not willingly pass
+one day of my life without comforting a sad soul, or shewing
+mercy; and I praise God for this occasion. And now let's tune our
+instruments."
+
+Thus, as our blessed Saviour, after his Resurrection, did take
+occasion to interpret the Scripture to Cleopas, and that other
+Disciple, which he met with and accompanied in their journey to
+Emmaus; so Mr. Herbert, in his path toward Heaven, did daily take any
+fair occasion to instruct the ignorant, or comfort any that were in
+affliction; and did always confirm his precepts, by shewing humility
+and mercy, and ministering grace to the hearers.
+
+[Sidenote: Mrs. Herbert]
+
+[Sidenote: His charity]
+
+And he was most happy in his wife's unforced compliance with his acts
+of Charity, whom he made his almoner, and paid constantly into her
+hand, a tenth penny of what money he received for tythe, and gave her
+power to dispose that to the poor of his parish, and with it a power
+to dispose a tenth part of the corn that came yearly into his barn:
+which trust she did most faithfully perform, and would often offer to
+him an account of her stewardship, and as often beg an enlargement of
+his bounty; for she rejoiced in the employment: and this was usually
+laid out by her in blankets and shoes for some such poor people as she
+knew to stand in most need of them. This as to her charity.--And for
+his own, he set no limits to it: nor did ever turn his face from
+any that he saw in want, but would relieve them; especially his poor
+neighbours; to the meanest of whose houses he would go, and inform
+himself of their wants, and relieve them cheerfully, if they were in
+distress; and would always praise God, as much for being willing, as
+for being able to do it. And when he was advised by a friend to be
+more frugal, because he might have children, his answer was, "He would
+not see the danger of want so far off: but being the Scripture does
+so commend Charity, as to tell us that Charity is the top of Christian
+virtues, the covering of sins, the fulfilling of the Law, the Life of
+Faith; and that Charity hath a promise of the blessings of this life,
+and of a reward in that life which is to come: being these, and more
+excellent things are in Scripture spoken of thee, O Charity! and that,
+being all my tythes and Church-dues are a deodate from thee, O my God!
+make me, O my God! so far to trust thy promise, as to return them back
+to thee; and by thy grace I will do so, in distributing them to any
+of thy poor members that are in distress, or do but bear the image
+of Jesus my Master." "Sir," said he to his friend, "my wife hath a
+competent maintenance secured after my death; and therefore, as
+this is my prayer, so this my resolution shall, by God's grace, be
+unalterable."
+
+[Sidenote: His illness]
+
+This may be some account of the excellencies of the active part of his
+life; and thus he continued, till a consumption so weakened him, as to
+confine him to his house, or to the Chapel, which does almost join to
+it; in which he continued to read prayers constantly twice every day,
+though he were very weak: in one of which times of his reading, his
+wife observed him to read in pain, and told him so, and that it wasted
+his spirits, and weakened him; and he confessed it did, but said, his
+"life could not be better spent, than in the service of his Master
+Jesus, who had done and suffered so much for him. But," said he, "I
+will not be wilful; for though my spirit be willing, yet I find my
+flesh is weak; and therefore Mr. Bostock shall be appointed to read
+prayers for me to-morrow; and I will now be only a hearer of them,
+till this mortal shall put on immortality." And Mr. Bostock did
+the next day undertake and continue this happy employment, till Mr.
+Herbert's death. This Mr. Bostock was a learned and virtuous man,
+an old friend of Mr. Herbert's, and then his Curate to the Church of
+Fulston, which is a mile from Bemerton, to which Church Bemerton is
+but a Chapel of Ease. And this Mr. Bostock did also constantly
+supply the Church-service for Mr. Herbert in that Chapel, when the
+Music-meeting at Salisbury caused his absence from it.
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Edward Duncon]
+
+About one month before his death, his friend Mr. Farrer,--for an
+account of whom I am by promise indebted to the Reader, and intend to
+make him sudden payment,--hearing of Mr. Herbert's sickness, sent
+Mr. Edmund Duncon--who is now Rector of Friar Barnet in the County of
+Middlesex--from his house of Gidden Hall, which is near to Huntingdon,
+to see Mr. Herbert, and to assure him, he wanted not his daily prayers
+for his recovery; and Mr. Duncon was to return back to Gidden, with an
+account of Mr. Herbert's condition. Mr. Duncon found him weak, and
+at that time lying on his bed, or on a pallet; but at his seeing
+Mr. Duncon he raised himself vigorously, saluted him, and with some
+earnestness enquired the health of his brother Farrer; of which Mr.
+Duncon satisfied him, and after some discourse of Mr. Farrer's holy
+life, and the manner of his constant serving God, he said to Mr.
+Duncon,--"Sir, I see by your habit that you are a Priest, and I desire
+you to pray with me:" which being granted, Mr. Duncon asked him, "What
+prayers?" To which Mr. Herbert's answer was, "O, Sir! the prayers of
+my Mother, the Church of England: no other prayers are equal to them!
+But at this time, I beg of you to pray only the Litany, for I am
+weak and faint:" and Mr. Duncon did so. After which, and some other
+discourse of Mr. Farrer, Mrs. Herbert provided Mr. Duncon a plain
+supper, and a clean lodging, and he betook himself to rest. This Mr.
+Duncon tells me; and tells me, that, at his first view of Mr. Herbert,
+he saw majesty and humility so reconciled in his looks and behaviour,
+as begot in him an awful reverence for his person; and says, "his
+discourse was so pious, and his motion so genteel and meek, that after
+almost forty years, yet they remain still fresh in his memory."
+
+The next morning Mr. Duncon left him, and betook himself to a journey
+to Bath, but with a promise to return back to him within five days;
+and he did so: but before I shall say any thing of what discourse then
+fell betwixt them two, I will pay my promised account of Mr. Farrer.
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Nicholas Ferrer]
+
+[Sidenote: Little Gidden]
+
+Mr. Nicholas Farrer--who got the reputation of being called Saint
+Nicholas at the age of six years--was born in London, and doubtless
+had good education in his youth; but certainly was, at an early age,
+made Fellow of Clare-Hall in Cambridge; where he continued to
+be eminent for his piety, temperance, and learning. About the
+twenty-sixth year of his age, he betook himself to travel: in which
+he added, to his Latin and Greek, a perfect knowledge of all the
+languages spoken in the Western parts of our Christian world; and
+understood well the principles of their Religion, and of their manner,
+and the reasons of their worship. In this his travel he met with many
+persuasions to come into a communion with that church which calls
+itself Catholic: but he returned from his travels as he went, eminent
+for his obedience to his mother, the Church of England. In his absence
+from England, Mr. Farrer's father--who was a merchant--allowed him a
+liberal maintenance; and, not long after his return into England, Mr.
+Farrer had, by the death of his father, or an elder brother, or both,
+an estate left him, that enabled him to purchase land to the value of
+four or five hundred pounds a year; the greatest part of which land
+was at Little Gidden, four or six miles from Huntingdon, and about
+eighteen from Cambridge; which place he chose for the privacy of it,
+and for the Hall, which had the Parish-Church or Chapel, belonging
+and adjoining near to it; for Mr. Farrer, having seen the manners and
+vanities of the world, and found them to be, as Mr. Herbert says, "a
+nothing between two dishes," did so contemn it, that he resolved to
+spend the remainder of his life in mortifications, and in devotion,
+and charity, and to be always prepared for death. And his life was
+spent thus:
+
+[Sidenote: Life there]
+
+He and his family, which were like a little College, and about thirty
+in number, did most of them keep Lent and all Ember-weeks strictly,
+both in fasting and using all those mortifications and prayers that
+the Church hath appointed to be then used; and he and they did the
+like constantly on Fridays, and on the Vigils or Eves appointed to
+be fasted before the Saints' days: and this frugality and abstinence
+turned to the relief of the poor: but this was but a part of his
+charity; none but God and he knew the rest.
+
+[Sidenote: The daily round]
+
+This family, which I have said to be in number about thirty, were a
+part of them his kindred, and the rest chosen to be of a temper fit
+to be moulded into a devout life; and all of them were for their
+dispositions serviceable, and quiet, and humble, and free from
+scandal. Having thus fitted himself for his family, he did, about the
+year 1630, betake himself to a constant and methodical service of God;
+and it was in this manner:--He, being accompanied with most of his
+family, did himself use to read the common prayers--for he was a
+Deacon--every day, at the appointed hours of ten and four, in the
+Parish-Church, which was very near his house, and which he had both
+repaired and adorned; for it was fallen into a great ruin, by reason
+of a depopulation of the village before Mr. Farrer bought the manor.
+And he did also constantly read the Matins every morning at the hour
+of six, either in the Church, or in an Oratory, which was within his
+own house. And many of the family did there continue with him after
+the prayers were ended, and there they spent some hours in singing
+Hymns, or Anthems, sometimes in the Church, and often to an organ in
+the Oratory. And there they sometimes betook themselves to meditate,
+or to pray privately, or to read a part of the New Testament to
+themselves, or to continue their praying or reading the Psalms; and in
+case the Psalms were not always read in the day, then Mr. Farrer,
+and others of the congregation, did at night, at the ringing of
+a watch-bell, repair to the Church or Oratory, and there betake
+themselves to prayers and lauding God, and reading the Psalms that
+had not been read in the day: and when these, or any part of the
+congregation, grew weary or faint, the watch-bell was rung, sometimes
+before, and sometimes after midnight; and then another part of the
+family rose, and maintained the watch, sometimes by praying, or
+singing lauds to God, or reading the Psalms; and when, after some
+hours, they also grew weary or faint, then they rung the watch-bell
+and were also relieved by some of the former, or by a new part of
+the society, which continued their devotions--as hath been
+mentioned--until morning. And it is to be noted, that in this
+continued serving of God, the Psalter or the whole Book of Psalms, was
+in every four and twenty hours sung or read over, from the first to
+the last verse: and this was done as constantly as the sun runs his
+circle every day about the world, and then begins again the same
+instant that it ended.
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Farrer's Death]
+
+Thus did Mr. Farrer and his happy family serve God day and night; thus
+did they always behave themselves as in his presence. And they did
+always eat and drink by the strictest rules of temperance; eat and
+drink so as to be ready to rise at midnight, or at the call of a
+watch-bell, and perform their devotions to God. And it is fit to
+tell the Reader, that many of the Clergy, that were more inclined
+to practical piety and devotion, than to doubtful and needless
+disputations, did often come to Gidden Hall, and make themselves a
+part of that happy society, and stay a week or more, and then join
+with Mr. Farrer and the family in these devotions, and assist and ease
+him or them in their watch by night. And these various devotions had
+never less than two of the domestic family in the night; and the
+watch was always kept in the Church or Oratory, unless in extreme cold
+winter nights, and then it was maintained in a parlour, which had
+a fire in it; and the parlour was fitted for that purpose. And this
+course of piety, and great liberality to his poor neighbours, Mr.
+Farrer maintained till his death, which was in the year 1639.[24]
+
+[Sidenote: "Valdesso's Considerations"]
+
+Mr. Farrer's and Mr. Herbert's devout lives were both so noted, that
+the general report of their sanctity gave them occasion to renew that
+slight acquaintance which was begun at their being contemporaries in
+Cambridge; and this new holy friendship was long maintained without
+any interview, but only by loving and endearing letters. And one
+testimony of their friendship and pious designs, may appear by Mr.
+Farrer's commending the "Considerations of John Valdesso"--a book
+which he had met with in his travels, and translated out of Spanish
+into English,--to be examined and censured by Mr. Herbert before it
+was made public: which excellent book Mr. Herbert did read, and return
+back with many marginal notes, as they be now printed with it; and
+with them, Mr. Herbert's affectionate letter to Mr. Farrer.
+
+[Sidenote: Valdesso himself]
+
+This John Valdesso was a Spaniard, and was for his learning and virtue
+much valued and loved by the great Emperor Charles the Fifth, whom
+Valdesso had followed as a Cavalier all the time of his long and
+dangerous wars: and when Valdesso grew old, and grew weary both of war
+and the world, he took his fair opportunity to declare to the Emperor,
+that his resolution was to decline his Majesty's service, and betake
+himself to a quiet and contemplative life, "because there ought to
+be a vacancy of time betwixt fighting and dying." The Emperor
+had himself, for the same, or other like reasons, put on the same
+resolution: but God and himself did, till then, only know them; and
+he did therefore desire Valdesso to consider well of what he had said,
+and to keep his purpose within his own breast, till they two might
+have a second opportunity of a friendly discourse; which Valdesso
+promised to do.
+
+In the mean time the Emperor appoints privately a day for him and
+Valdesso to meet again; and, after a pious and free discourse,
+they both agreed on a certain day to receive the blessed Sacrament
+publicly; and appointed an eloquent and devout Friar to preach a
+Sermon of contempt of the world, and of the happiness and benefit of a
+quiet and contemplative life; which the Friar did most affectionately.
+After which Sermon, the Emperor took occasion to declare openly, "That
+the Preacher had begot in him a resolution to lay down his dignities,
+and to forsake the world, and betake himself to a monastical life."
+And he pretended, he had persuaded John Valdesso to do the like: but
+this is most certain, that after the Emperor had called his son Philip
+out of England, and resigned to him all his kingdoms, that then the
+Emperor and John Valdesso did perform their resolutions.
+
+This account of John Valdesso I received from a friend, that had it
+from the mouth of Mr. Farrer. And the Reader may note, that in this
+retirement John Valdesso writ his Hundred and Ten Considerations,
+and many other treatises of worth, which want a second Mr. Farrer to
+procure and translate them.[25]
+
+[Sidenote: Failing strength]
+
+[Sidenote: "The Temple"]
+
+After this account of Mr. Farrer and John Valdesso, I proceed to my
+account of Mr. Herbert and Mr. Duncon, who according to his promise
+returned from Bath the fifth day, and then found Mr. Herbert much
+weaker than he left him; and therefore their discourse could not be
+long: but at Mr. Duncon's parting with him, Mr. Herbert spoke to this
+purpose: "Sir, I pray you give my brother Farrer an account of the
+decaying condition of my body, and tell him I beg him to continue his
+daily prayers for me; and let him know that I have considered, that
+God only is what he would be; and that I am, by his grace, become now
+so like him, as to be pleased with what pleaseth him; and tell him,
+that I do not repine, but am pleased with my want of health: and tell
+him, my heart is fixed on that place where true joy is only to be
+found; and that I long to be there, and do wait for my appointed
+change with hope and patience." Having said this, he did, with so
+sweet a humility as seemed to exalt him, bow down to Mr. Duncon, and
+with a thoughtful and contented look, say to him, "Sir, I pray deliver
+this little book to my dear brother Farrer, and tell him, he shall
+find in it a picture of the many spiritual conflicts that have passed
+betwixt God and my soul, before I could subject mine to the will of
+Jesus my Master: in whose service I have now found perfect freedom.
+Desire him to read it; and then, if he can think it may turn to the
+advantage of any dejected poor soul, let it be made public; if
+not, let him burn it; for I and it are less than the least of God's
+mercies." Thus meanly did this humble man think of this excellent
+book, which now bears the name of "The Temple; or, Sacred Poems and
+Private Ejaculations;" of which Mr. Farrer would say, "There was in
+it the picture of a divine soul in every page: and that the whole book
+was such a harmony of holy passions, as would enrich the world with
+pleasure and piety." And it appears to have done so; for there
+have been more than twenty thousand of them sold since the first
+impression.
+
+[Sidenote: Its publication]
+
+And this ought to be noted, that when Mr. Farrer sent this book to
+Cambridge to be licensed for the press, the Vice-Chancellor would by
+no means allow the two so much noted verses,
+
+  Ready to pass to the American strand,
+
+to be printed; and Mr. Farrer would by no means allow the book to be
+printed and want them. But after some time, and some arguments for and
+against their being made public, the Vice-Chancellor said, "I knew Mr.
+Herbert well, and know that he had many heavenly speculations, and
+was a divine poet: but I hope the world will not take him to be an
+inspired prophet, and therefore I license the whole book." So that it
+came to be printed without the diminution or addition of a syllable,
+since it was delivered into the hands of Mr. Duncon, save only that
+Mr. Farrer hath added that excellent Preface that is printed before
+it.
+
+[Sidenote: Retrospect]
+
+[Sidenote: Waiting for death]
+
+At the time of Mr. Duncon's leaving Mr. Herbert,--which was about
+three weeks before his death,--his old and dear friend Mr. Woodnot
+came from London to Bemerton, and never left him till he had seen him
+draw his last breath, and closed his eyes on his death-bed. In this
+time of his decay, he was often visited and prayed for by all the
+Clergy that lived near to him, especially by his friends the Bishop
+and Prebends of the Cathedral Church in Salisbury; but by none
+more devoutly than his wife, his three nieces,--then a part of his
+family,--and Mr. Woodnot, who were the sad witnesses of his daily
+decay; to whom he would often speak to this purpose: "I now look back
+upon the pleasures of my life past, and see the content I have taken
+in beauty, in wit, in music, and pleasant conversation, are now all
+past by me like a dream, or as a shadow that returns not, and are now
+all become dead to me, or I to them; and I see, that as my father and
+generation hath done before me, so I also shall now suddenly (with
+Job) make my bed also in the dark; and I praise God I am prepared for
+it; and I praise him that I am not to learn patience now I stand
+in such need of it; and that I have practised mortification, and
+endeavoured to die daily, that I might not die eternally; and my hope
+is, that I shall shortly leave this valley of tears, and be free from
+all fevers and pain; and, which will be a more happy condition, I
+shall be free from sin, and all the temptations and anxieties that
+attend it: and this being past, I shall dwell in the New Jerusalem;
+dwell there with men made perfect; dwell where these eyes shall see my
+Master and Saviour Jesus; and with him see my dear Mother, and all
+my relations and friends. But I must die, or not come to that happy
+place. And this is my content, that I am going daily towards it: and
+that every day which I have lived, hath taken a part of my appointed
+time from me; and that I shall live the less time, for having lived
+this and the day past," These, and the like expressions, which he
+uttered often, may be said to be his enjoyment of Heaven before he
+enjoyed it. The Sunday before his death, he rose suddenly from his bed
+or couch, called for one of his instruments, took it into his hand and
+said,
+
+  My God, my God,
+  My music shall find thee,
+      And every string
+  Shall have his attribute to sing.
+
+And having tuned it, he played and sung:
+
+    The Sundays of man's life,
+  Threaded together on time's string,
+  Make bracelets to adorn the wife
+  Of the eternal glorious King:
+  On Sundays Heaven's doors stand ope;
+  Blessings are plentiful and rife,
+    More plentiful than hope.
+
+Thus he sung on earth such Hymns and Anthems, as the Angels, and he,
+and Mr. Farrer, now sing in Heaven.
+
+[Sidenote: His Will]
+
+[Sidenote: Last words]
+
+Thus he continued meditating, and praying, and rejoicing, till the day
+of his death; and on that day said to Mr. Woodnot, "My dear friend,
+I am sorry I have nothing to present to my merciful God but sin and
+misery; but the first is pardoned, and a few hours will now put a
+period to the latter; for I shall suddenly go hence, and be no more
+seen." Upon which expression Mr. Woodnot took occasion to remember him
+of the re-edifying Layton Church, and his many acts of mercy. To which
+he made answer, saying, "They be good works, if they be sprinkled
+with the blood of Christ, and not otherwise." After this discourse he
+became more restless, and his soul seemed to be weary of her earthly
+tabernacle; and this uneasiness became so visible, that his wife,
+his three nieces, and Mr. Woodnot, stood constantly about his bed,
+beholding him with sorrow, and an unwillingness to lose the sight of
+him, whom they could not hope to see much longer. As they stood thus
+beholding him, his wife observed him to breathe faintly, and with
+much trouble, and observed him to fall into a sudden agony; which so
+surprised her, that she fell into a sudden passion, and required of
+him to know how he did. To which his answer was, "that he had passed
+a conflict with his last enemy, and had overcome him by the merits of
+his Master Jesus." After which answer, he looked up, and saw his wife
+and nieces weeping to an extremity, and charged them, if they loved
+him, to withdraw into the next room, and there pray every one alone
+for him; for nothing but their lamentations could make his death
+uncomfortable. To which request their sighs and tears would not suffer
+them to make any reply; but they yielded him a sad obedience, leaving
+only with him Mr. Woodnot and Mr. Bostock. Immediately after they had
+left him, he said to Mr. Bostock, "Pray, Sir, open that door, then
+look into that cabinet, in which you may easily find my last Will, and
+give it into my hand:" which being done, Mr. Herbert delivered it into
+the hand of Mr. Woodnot, and said, "My old friend, I here deliver
+you my last Will, in which you will find that I have made you my sole
+Executor for the good of my wife and nieces; and I desire you to shew
+kindness to them, as they shall need it: I do not desire you to be
+just; for I know you will be so for your own sake; but I charge you,
+by the religion of our friendship, to be careful of them." And having
+obtained Mr. Woodnot's promise to be so, he said, "I am now ready
+to die." After which words, he said, "Lord, forsake me not now my
+strength faileth me: but grant me mercy for the merits of my Jesus.
+And now, Lord--Lord, now receive my soul." And with those words he
+breathed forth his divine soul, without any apparent disturbance, Mr.
+Woodnot and Mr. Bostock attending his last breath, and closing his
+eyes.
+
+Thus he lived, and thus he died, like a Saint, unspotted of the
+world, full of alms-deeds, full of humility, and all the examples of a
+virtuous life; which I cannot conclude better, than with this borrowed
+observation:
+
+  ----All must to their cold graves:
+  But the religious actions of the just
+  Smell sweet in death, and blossom in the dust.[26]
+
+Mr. George Herbert's have done so to this, and will doubtless do so to
+succeeding generations.--I have but this to say more of him; that if
+Andrew Melvin died before him,[27] then George Herbert died without an
+enemy.[28] I wish--if God shall be so pleased--that I may be so happy
+as to die like him.
+
+IZ. WA.
+
+[Sidenote: Mrs. Herbert]
+
+There is a debt justly due to the memory of Mr. Herbert's virtuous
+Wife; a part of which I will endeavour to pay, by a very short account
+of the remainder of her life, which shall follow.
+
+She continued his disconsolate widow about six years, bemoaning
+herself, and complaining, that she had lost the delight of her eyes;
+but more that she had lost the spiritual guide for her poor soul; and
+would often say, "O that I had, like holy Mary, the Mother of Jesus,
+treasured up all his sayings in my heart! But since I have not been
+able to do that, I will labour to live like him, that where he now is
+I may be also." And she would often say,--as the Prophet David for his
+son Absalom,--"O that I had died for him!" Thus she continued mourning
+till time and conversation had so moderated her sorrows, that she
+became the happy wife of Sir Robert Cook, of Highnam, in the County
+of Gloucester, Knight. And though he put a high value on the excellent
+accomplishments of her mind and body, and was so like Mr. Herbert, as
+not to govern like a master, but as an affectionate husband; yet
+she would even to him often take occasion to mention the name of Mr.
+George Herbert, and say, that name must live in her memory till she
+put off mortality. By Sir Robert she had only one child, a daughter,
+whose parts and plentiful estate make her happy in this world, and her
+well using of them gives a fair testimony that she will be so in that
+which is to come.
+
+Mrs. Herbert was the wife of Sir Robert eight years, and lived his
+widow about fifteen; all which time she took a pleasure in mentioning
+and commending the excellencies of Mr. George Herbert. She died in the
+year 1663, and lies buried at Highnam: Mr. Herbert in his own
+Church, under the altar, and covered with a gravestone without any
+inscription.
+
+[Sidenote: Lost relics]
+
+This Lady Cook had preserved many of Mr. Herbert's private writings,
+which she intended to make public; but they and Highnam House were
+burnt together by the late rebels, and so lost to posterity.
+
+I.W.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: A fortress first erected by Roger de Montgomery, Earl of
+Shrewsbury, under William I., to secure his conquests in Wales, though
+it was twice partly destroyed by the Welsh. It stands near the Severn,
+on a gentle ascent, having a fair prospect over the plain beneath. The
+order of Parliament for its destruction was made June 11th, 1649.]
+
+[Footnote 2: That eloquent and acute biographer, Edmund Lodge, thus
+truly gives the character of Lord Herbert of Cherbury. "Of that
+anomaly of character by the abundance and variety of which foreigners
+are pleased to tell us that our country is distinguished, we meet with
+few examples more striking than in the subject of this memoir--wise
+and unsteady; prudent and careless; a philosopher, with ungovernable
+and ridiculous prejudices; a good humoured man, who even sought
+occasions to shed the blood of his fellow creatures; a deist,
+with superstition too gross for the most secluded cloister. These
+observations are not founded on the report of others, but on the
+fragment which remains of his own sketch of his life,--a piece of
+infinite curiosity." His autobiography has been edited by Horace
+Walpole and Scott. He is also the author of a volume of poems written
+in the style of Donne, frequently marred by harsh rhythm and violent
+conceits, but occasionally displaying artistic excellence of a very
+high order.]
+
+[Footnote 3: It has been said of Dr. Richard Neale, that no one
+was more thoroughly acquainted with the distresses as well as the
+conveniences of the clergy, having served the Church as Schoolmaster,
+Curate, Vicar, Rector, Master of the Savoy, Dean of Westminster,
+Clerk of the Closet to James I. and Charles I., Bishop of Rochester,
+Lichfield, Durham, Winchester, and Archbishop of York (1631). "He
+died," says Echard, "full of years as he was full of honours; a
+faithful subject to his prince, an indulgent father to his clergy,
+a bountiful patron to his chaplains, and a true friend to all that
+relied upon him."]
+
+[Footnote 4: He was made Master of Westminster School in 1599, and
+continued so to 1610.]
+
+[Footnote 5: Thomas Nevil, D.D., eminent for the splendour of his
+birth, his extraordinary piety and learning, was educated at Pembroke
+Hall in the University of Cambridge. In 1582 he was admitted Master of
+Magdalen College in the same University, and in 1593 he succeeded Dr.
+John Still in the Mastership of Trinity College, being then Dean
+of the Cathedral Church of Peterborough, over which he presided
+commendably eight years. Upon the demise of Queen Elizabeth, Dr.
+Nevil, who had been promoted to the Deanery of Canterbury in 1597, was
+sent by Archbishop Whitgift to King James in Scotland, in the names of
+the Bishops and Clergy of England, to tender their bounden duties, and
+to understand his Highness's pleasure for the ordering and guiding of
+the Clergy. The Dean brought a most gracious answer of his Highness's
+purpose, which was to uphold and maintain the government of the late
+Queen, as she left it settled.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Born on 28th June, 1573; created Baron Danvers in 1603,
+and Earl of Danby 7th February, 1625-6; died on 10th January, 1643-4.]
+
+[Footnote 7: This gentleman was born in Suffolk, in 1563, and was
+descended from a very ancient family in that County. He was educated
+at Trinity College, Cambridge, and on January 8th, 1617-18, was made
+Secretary of State: King James I. having been previously so well
+pleased with his eloquence and learning as to appoint him Master
+of the Court of Wards. Sir Robert Naunton was the Author of the
+interesting "Fragmenta Regalia, or Observations on Queen Elizabeth and
+her Favourites." He died on Good Friday, 1633-34.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Sir Francis Nethersole was a native of Kent, Ambassador
+to the Princes of the Union, and Secretary to the Queen of Bohemia,
+and was equally remarkable for his doings and sufferings in her
+behalf.]
+
+[Footnote 9: This royal work is divided into three books; the first on
+"A Christian King's duty towards God." The second on "A King's duty in
+his office." The third on "A King's behaviour in things indifferent."]
+
+[Footnote 10: Andrew Melville procured the Basilicon Doron in
+Manuscript, and circulated it in Scotland, which produced a libel
+against it and first caused its publication in 1599. This celebrated
+person was born in 1545, and was educated at the University of St.
+Andrews, which he left with an eminent character for learning, and
+travelled through France to Geneva. He was elected principal Master
+of Glasgow College in 1574, when he began to enforce the Presbyterian
+System; and after much opposition, and two years' imprisonment, he
+died Professor of Divinity to the Protestants of Sedan, in 1622.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Andrew Melville was not present at the celebrated
+conference held at Hampton-Court, in the first year of King James
+I., upon the complaint of the Puritans against the ceremonies and the
+liturgy of the Church of England. He was summoned to appear before the
+King and Council in 1604. In the first edition of "Mr. Walton's Life
+of Mr. George Herbert," Melville is described to be "Master of a great
+wit; a wit full of knots and clenches; a wit sharp and satirical;
+exceeded, I think, by none of that nation, but their Buchanan."]
+
+[Footnote 12: Daughter of Charles Stuart, Earl of Lenox, the younger
+brother of Henry, Earl of Darnley, father of King James I. She was
+born at Hampstead in 1577, and received a very liberal education;
+added to which, she possessed a large estate, and, the English
+succession being doubtful, she was supposed to be a probable heir
+to the crown. She incurred the displeasure of James, by marrying Mr.
+William Seymour, grandson of the Earl of Hertford, for which she was
+sent to the Tower; and although she had made her escape thence, she
+was overtaken, brought back, and died there in 1615.]
+
+[Footnote 13: James Duport, the learned son of a learned father, John
+Duport, Master of Jesus College, Cambridge, was Greek Professor in
+that University. On the promotion of Dr. Edward Rainbow to the See
+of Carlisle, he was appointed Dean of Peterborough, and in 1668 was
+elected Master of Magdalen College, Cambridge.]
+
+[Footnote 14: In the margin of the 1670 edition is written "Albumazar,
+Ignoramus." The author of "Albumazar," a piece presented before the
+King at Cambridge in 1614, and printed in the same year, was John
+Tomkis. "Ignoramus," a Latin comedy by James Ruggle (or Ruggles), was
+first printed in 1630.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Dr. Richard Parry, who died September 26, 1623. The
+"sinecure" here mentioned was the rectory of Whitford.]
+
+[Footnote 16: Mr. Herbert Thorndike was then Fellow of Trinity
+College. He was ejected from his Fellowship by the usurped powers, and
+admitted to the Rectory of Barley in Hertfordshire, July 2, 1642.
+On the death of Dr. Samuel Ward, he was elected to the Mastership of
+Sidney College, but was kept out of it by the oppression of the times.
+For his sufferings and great learning he was installed Prebendary
+of Westminster, Sept. 5, 1660. In the year following he resigned his
+living of Barley, and died in 1672. He assisted Dr. Walton in the
+edition of the Polyglot Bible.]
+
+[Footnote 17: Dr. John Williams, afterwards Archbishop of York, was
+then Bishop of Lincoln, the last ecclesiastic who was Lord Keeper of
+the Great Seal.]
+
+[Footnote 18: See Prof. Mayor's "Nicholas Farrer: Two Lives by his
+brother John and Dr. Jebb." (Cambridge, 1855.)]
+
+[Footnote 19: A native of Scotland, educated at Westminster School
+and Trinity College, Cambridge, afterwards Greek Professor of the
+University. During the Civil Wars, he suffered extremely for the Royal
+Cause, and was an exile with Charles II., who gave him the Deanery of
+Wells on the Restoration, and in 1670, he was made Bishop of Bath and
+Wells. He died in 1672.]
+
+[Footnote 20: He was, in 1609, Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity
+at Cambridge, and in 1611, Bishop of Salisbury. He was appointed by
+James I. to attend the Synod of Dort, and his endeavours to effect an
+union between the reformed Churches were zealous and sincere. He died
+in 1641.]
+
+[Footnote 21: The House and grounds of this Rectory were in the same
+state as in the time of Herbert, when the late Archdeacon Coxe was
+presented to the living; the principal part of the former was single,
+with small windows, and the river Neder flowed at the bottom of the
+garden. Bemerton is two miles west by north of Salisbury, and the
+Church is dedicated to St. Andrew.]
+
+[Footnote 22: At the time Dr. Henchman was Prebendary of Salisbury,
+of which See he became Bishop in 1660, and in 1663 he was removed to
+London. He was much esteemed by King Charles II., whose escape at the
+battle of Worcester, he was very instrumental in promoting: but when
+the declaration for liberty of conscience was published in 1671-72,
+this Prelate was not afraid of the King's displeasure, but enjoined
+his Clergy to preach against Popery. He died in 1675.]
+
+[Footnote 23: A private Clergyman, of Clare Hall, Cambridge, who
+suffered much for his gallant devotion to the cause of his King,
+Charles I.]
+
+[Footnote 24: The extraordinary course of life pursued at Gidding, the
+strictness of their rules, their prayers, literally without ceasing,
+their abstinence, mortifications, nightly watchings, and various
+other peculiarities, gave birth to censure in some, and inflamed the
+malevolence of others, but excited the wonder and curiosity of all. So
+that they were frequently visited with different views by persons of
+all denominations, and of opposite opinions. They received all who
+came with courteous civility; and from those who were inquisitive they
+concealed nothing, as indeed there was not any thing either in their
+opinions or their practice, in the least degree necessary to be
+concealed. Notwithstanding this, they were by some abused as Papists,
+by others as Puritans, Mr. Ferrar himself, though possessed of
+uncommon patience and resignation, yet in anguish of spirit complained
+to his friends, that the perpetual obloquy he endured was a sort
+of unceasing martyrdom. Added to all this, violent invectives and
+inflammatory pamphlets were published against them. Amongst others,
+not long after Mr. Ferrar's death, a treatise was addressed to the
+Parliament, entitled, "The Arminian Nunnery, or a brief description
+and relation of the late erected monastical place called the Arminian
+Nunnery at Little Gidding in Huntingdonshire: humbly addressed to the
+wise consideration of the present parliament. The foundation is by a
+company of Ferrars at Gidding," printed by Thomas Underbill, 1641.
+
+Soon after Mr. Ferrar's death, certain soldiers of the Parliament
+resolved to plunder the house at Gidding. The family being informed of
+their hasty approach, thought it prudent to fly; while these military
+zealots, in the rage of what they called _reformation_, ransacked both
+the church and the house; in doing which, they expressed a particular
+spite against the organ. This they broke in pieces, of which they made
+a large fire, and at it roasted several of Mr. Ferrar's sheep, which
+they had killed in his grounds. This done, they seized all the plate,
+furniture, and provision, which they could conveniently carry away.
+And in this general devastation perished the works which Mr. Ferrar
+had compiled for the use of his household, consisting chiefly of
+harmonies of the Old and New Testament.]
+
+[Footnote 25: Valdesso died at Naples in 1540.]
+
+[Footnote 26: Altered from a Dirge in Shirley's "Contention of Ajax
+and Ulysses."--The lines in Shirley are
+
+  "Your heads must come
+  To the cold tomb--
+  Only the actions of the just
+  Smell sweet and blossom in their dust."]
+
+[Footnote 27: "Mr. George Herbert, Esq., Parson of Fuggleston and
+Bemerton, was buried 3d day of March, 1632." (_Parish Register of
+Bemerton_.')--It does not appear whether he was buried in the parish
+church or in the chapel. His letter to Mr. Nicholas Ferrar, the
+translator of Valdesso, is dated from his Parsonage at Bemerton, near
+Salisbury, Sept. 29, 1632. It must be remembered, that the beginning
+of the year, at that time, was computed the 25th of March. In this
+year also, he wrote the short address to the Reader, which is prefixed
+to his "Priest to the Temple," which was not published till after his
+death.]
+
+[Footnote 28: It is not to be supposed that Andrew Melville could
+retain the least personal resentment against Mr. Herbert; whose verses
+have in them so little of the poignancy of satire, that it is scarce
+possible to consider them as capable of exciting the anger of him to
+whom they are addressed.]
+
+
+
+
+LETTER FROM
+MR. GEORGE HERBERT
+TO
+NICHOLAS FARRER,
+
+_the Translator of Valdesso_
+
+
+[Sidenote: Concerning Valdesso]
+
+My dear and deserving brother, your Valdesso I now return with many
+thanks, and some notes, in which perhaps you will discover some care
+which I forbear not in the midst of my griefs; first for your sake,
+because I would do nothing negligently that you commit unto me:
+secondly for the Author's sake, whom I conceive to have been a true
+servant of God; and to such, and all that is their's, I owe diligence:
+thirdly for the Church's sake, to whom by printing it, I would have
+you consecrate it. You owe the Church a debt, and God hath put this
+into your hands--as he sent the fish with money to St. Peter--to
+discharge it; happily also with this--as his thoughts are
+fruitful--intending the honour of his servant the Author, who, being
+obscured in his own country, he would have to flourish in this land
+of light, and region of the Gospel among his chosen. It is true, there
+are some things which I like not in him, as my fragments will express,
+when you read them: nevertheless, I wish you by all means to publish
+it, for these three eminent things observable therein: First, that God
+in the midst of Popery, should open the eyes of one to understand and
+express so clearly and excellently, the intent of the Gospel in the
+acceptation of Christ's righteousness,--as he sheweth through all
+his Considerations,--a thing strangely buried and darkened by the
+adversaries, and their great stumbling block. Secondly, the great
+honour and reverence which he every where bears towards our dear
+Master and Lord; concluding every Consideration almost with his holy
+name, and setting his merit forth so piously; for which I do so love
+him, that were there nothing else, I would print it, that with it the
+honour of my Lord might be published. Thirdly, the many pious rules
+of ordering our life about mortification, and observation of God's
+kingdom within us, and the working thereof; of which he was a very
+diligent observer. These three things are very eminent in the Author,
+and overweigh the defects--as I conceive--towards the publishing
+thereof.
+
+  From his Parsonage of
+  Bemerton, near Salisbury,
+  Sept. 29th, 1632.
+
+
+
+
+THE WORKS OF MR. GEORGE HERBERT.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Herbert's Works]
+
+I. "ORATIO quâ auspicatissimum serenissimi Principis CAROLI reditum
+ex Hispaniis celebravit GEORGIUS HERBERT, Academæ Cantabrigiensis
+Orator.--1623."
+
+II. "ORATIO ... habita coram Dominis Legatis cum Magistro in Artib.
+titulis insignirentur. 27 Febr. 1622."
+
+III. "A TRANSLATION of LEWIS CORNARO'S TREATISE on TEMPERANCE."
+Printed at Cambridge in 1634, along with Mr. Nicholas Ferrar's
+translation of "The Hygiasticon, or the right Course of preserving
+Health, by Leonard Lessius." To Mr. Herbert's Translation is annexed
+"A Paradox, translated out of Italian, That a more spare diet is
+better than a splendid or sumptuous."
+
+IV. "HERBERT'S REMAINS; or Sundry Pieces of that sweet Singer of the
+Temple, Mr. GEORGE HERBERT, some time Orator of the University of
+Cambridge, now exposed to public Light." _London, 1652._
+
+This volume consists of--1. "A Priest to the Temple, or the Country
+Parson in his Character and Rule of Holy Life; with a Prefatory View
+of the Life and Virtues of the Author and Excellencies of this Book,
+by Barnabas Oley." In the second and subsequent impressions of this
+volume is added, "A Preface to the Christian Reader," consisting
+of six paragraphs, by Mr. Oley. 2. "Jacula Prudentum; or Outlandish
+Proverbs, Sentences, &c., selected by Mr. George Herbert."
+
+V. "THE TEMPLE: SACRED POEMS and Private EJACULATIONS, by Mr. GEORGE
+HERBERT, late orator of the University of Cambridge. In his Temple
+doth every Man speak of his Honour, Psal. xxix. _Cambridge, 1633_."
+
+VI. "MUSÆ RESPONSORÆ AD ANDREÆ MELVINI ANTI-TAMI-CAMI-CATEGORIAM. Ex
+officinâ, Joh. Field, _Cantab. 1662._" 12mo.
+
+During his residence at Cambridge, he composed Latin Poems on the
+Death of Henry Prince of Wales; and of Anne, Queen to James I. See
+"Epicedium Cantabrigiense in obitum immaturum semperque deflendum
+Henrici illustrissimi Principis Walliæ, _Cantab. 1612._" And
+"Lachrymæ Cantabrigienses in obitum serenissimæ Regiæ Annæ, Conjugis
+dilectissimæ Jacobi Magnæ Britanniæ, Franciæ, et Hiberniæ Regis.
+_Cantab. 1619._"
+
+The following letters, written by Herbert, when he was Public Orator,
+are in the Orator's Book at Cambridge:
+
+1. "To Sir Robert Naunton, with thanks for some acts of kindness
+procured by him from Government to the University."
+
+2. "To Fulke Greville, on the same account."
+
+3. "To George Villiers, Marquis of Buckingham, on his being created a
+Marquis."
+
+4. "To Sir Francis Bacon, with thanks for his Novum Organum."
+
+5. "To Sir Thomas Coventry, Attorney-General."
+
+6. "To Montagu, Lord Treasurer," and
+
+7. "To Sir Robert Heath, Solicitor-General, congratulating them on
+their several promotions."
+
+8. "To King James, with thanks for a present of his Doron Basilicon."
+
+9. "To the same, with thanks for the preservation of the river."
+
+10. "To Sir Francis Bacon, on the same subject."
+
+11. "To Dr. Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury, against the London
+Printers monopolizing foreign books."
+
+12. "To Sir Francis Bacon, on the same subject."
+
+13. "To Leigh, Chief Justice, on his promotion."
+
+14. "To Cranfield, Lord Treasurer, on the same occasion."
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE
+OF
+DR. ROBERT SANDERSON,
+LATE BISHOP OF LINCOLN.
+
+"Blessed is the man in whose spirit there is no guile."--Ps. xxxii.
+2.
+
+
+
+
+TO THE RIGHT REVEREND AND HONOURABLE,
+GEORGE,
+LORD BISHOP OF WINCHESTER, PRELATE OF THE GARTER, AND ONE OF HIS
+MAJESTY'S PRIVY COUNCIL.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Dedication]
+
+MY LORD,
+
+If I should undertake to enumerate the many favours and advantages
+I have had by my very long acquaintance with your Lordship, I
+should enter upon an employment, that might prove as tedious as the
+collecting of the materials for this poor Monument, which I have
+erected, and do dedicate to the Memory of your beloved friend, Dr.
+Sanderson: But though I will not venture to do that; yet I do remember
+with pleasure, and remonstrate with gratitude, that your Lordship made
+me known to him, Mr. Chillingworth,[1] and Dr. Hammond; men, whose
+merits ought never to be forgotten.
+
+My friendship with the first was begun almost forty years past, when
+I was as far from a thought, as a desire to outlive him; and farther
+from an intention to write his Life. But the wise Disposer of all
+men's lives and actions hath prolonged the first, and now permitted
+the last; which is here dedicated to your Lordship,--and, as it ought
+to be--with all humility, and a desire that it may remain as a public
+testimony of my gratitude.
+
+        My Lord,
+  Your most affectionate old friend,
+        and most humble servant,
+               IZAAK WALTON.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: William Chillingworth, born at Oxford in 1602, and
+educated at Trinity College. He was proverbially celebrated there
+for clear and acute reasoning; but he so much involved himself in the
+Romish Controversy with John Fisher, a Jesuit, as to become a convert,
+and enter the College at Douay. His re-conversion was brought about by
+his godfather, Archbishop Laud, in 1631, when he returned to England;
+and in 1638, he wrote his famous work called "The Religion of
+Protestants a safe Way to Salvation." Fol. He was zealously attached
+to the Royal cause, and served at the Siege of Gloucester: but being
+taken prisoner, he was carried to the Bishop's Palace, at Chichester,
+on account of his illness, and, dying there Jan. 30th, 1644, was
+buried in the Cathedral, without any other ceremony than that of his
+book being cast into the grave by the hand of a fanatic.]
+
+
+
+
+THE PREFACE
+
+
+[Sidenote: Introductory]
+
+I dare neither think, nor assure the Reader, that I have committed no
+mistakes in this relation of the Life of Dr. Sanderson; but I am sure,
+there is none that are either wilful, or very material. I confess, it
+was worthy the employment of some person of more Learning and greater
+abilities than I can pretend to; and I have not a little wondered
+that none have yet been so grateful to him and to posterity, as to
+undertake it. For it may be noted, that our Saviour hath had such
+care, that, for Mary Magdalen's kindness to him, her name should never
+be forgotten: and doubtless Dr. Sanderson's meek and innocent life,
+his great and useful Learning, might therefore challenge the like
+endeavours to preserve his memory: And 'tis to me a wonder, that it
+has been already fifteen years neglected. But, in saying this, my
+meaning is not to upbraid others,--I am far from that,--but excuse
+myself, or beg pardon for daring to attempt it. This being premised, I
+desire to tell the Reader, that in this relation I have been so bold,
+as to paraphrase and say, what I think he--whom I had the happiness
+to know well--would have said upon the same occasions: and if I have
+erred in this kind, and cannot now beg pardon of him that loved me;
+yet I do of my Reader, from whom I desire the same favour.
+
+[Sidenote: Reasons for writing]
+
+And, though my age might have procured me a Writ of Ease, and that
+secured me from all further trouble in this kind; yet I met with such
+persuasions to begin, and so many willing informers since, and from
+them, and others, such helps and encouragements to proceed, that when
+I found myself faint, and weary of the burthen with which I had loaden
+myself, and ready to lay it down; yet time and new strength hath at
+last brought it to be what it now is, and presented to the Reader, and
+with it this desire; that he will take notice, that Dr. Sanderson did
+in his Will, or last sickness, advertise, that after his death nothing
+of his might be printed; because that might be said to be his, which
+indeed was not; and also for that he might have changed his opinion
+since he first writ it. And though these reasons ought to be regarded,
+yet regarded so, as he resolves in that Case of Conscience concerning
+Rash Vows; that there may appear very good second reasons why we may
+forbear to perform them. However, for his said reasons, they ought to
+be read as we do Apocryphal Scripture; to explain, but not oblige us
+to so firm a belief of what is here presented as his.
+
+[Sidenote: Tracts and a Sermon]
+
+And I have this to say more; That as in my queries for writing Dr.
+Sanderson's Life, I met with these little Tracts annexed; so, in my
+former queries for my information to write the Life of venerable Mr.
+Hooker, I met with a Sermon, which I also believe was really his, and
+here presented as his to the Reader. It is affirmed,--and I have
+met with reason to believe it,--that there be some Artists, that do
+certainly know an original picture from a copy; and in what age of the
+world, and by whom drawn. And if so, then I hope it may be as safely
+affirmed, that what is here presented for their's is so like their
+temper of mind, their other writings, the times when, and the
+occasions upon which they were writ, that all Readers may safely
+conclude, they could be writ by none but venerable Mr. Hooker, and the
+humble and learned Dr. Sanderson.
+
+And lastly, I am now glad that I have collected these memoirs, which
+lay scattered, and contracted them into a narrower compass; and if I
+have, by the pleasant toil of doing so, either pleased or profited any
+man, I have attained what I designed when I first undertook it. But I
+seriously wish, both for the Reader's and Dr. Sanderson's sake, that
+posterity had known his great Learning and Virtue by a better pen; by
+such a pen, as could have made his life as immortal, as his learning
+and merits ought to be.
+
+I.W.
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE
+OF
+DR. ROBERT SANDERSON,
+LATE LORD BISHOP OF LINCOLN.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Birth and birth-place]
+
+Doctor Robert Sanderson, the late learned Bishop of Lincoln, whose
+Life I intend to write with all truth and equal plainness, was born
+the nineteenth day of September in the year of our Redemption 1587.
+The place of his birth was Rotherham[1] in the County of York; a Town
+of good note, and the more for that Thomas Rotherham,[2] some time
+Archbishop of that see, was born in it; a man, whose great wisdom,
+and bounty, and sanctity of life, have made it the more memorable: as
+indeed it ought also to be, for being the birth-place of our Robert
+Sanderson. And the Reader will be of my belief, if this humble
+relation of his life can hold any proportion with his great Piety, his
+useful Learning, and his many other extraordinary endowments.
+
+[Sidenote: His father]
+
+He was the second and youngest Son, of Robert Sanderson, of
+Gilthwaite-Hall, in the said Parish and County, Esq., by Elizabeth,
+one of the daughters of Richard Carr, of Butterthwaite-Hall, in the
+Parish of Ecclesfield, in the said County of York, Gentleman.
+
+This Robert Sanderson, the Father, was descended from a numerous,
+ancient, and honourable family of his own name: for the search of
+which truth, I refer my Reader, that inclines to it, to Dr. Thoroton's
+"History of the Antiquities of Nottinghamshire," and other records;
+not thinking it necessary here to engage him into a search for bare
+titles, which are noted to have in them nothing of reality: for titles
+not acquired, but derived only, do but shew us who of our ancestors
+have, and how they have achieved that honour which their descendants
+claim, and may not be worthy to enjoy. For, if those titles descend to
+persons that degenerate into Vice, and break off the continued line of
+Learning, or Valour, or that Virtue that acquired them, they destroy
+the very foundation upon which that Honour was built; and all the
+rubbish of their vices ought to fall heavy on such dishonourable
+heads; ought to fall so heavy, as to degrade them of their titles, and
+blast their memories with reproach and shame.
+
+But our Robert Sanderson lived worthy of his name and family: of
+which one testimony may be, that Gilbert, called the Great Earl
+of Shrewsbury, thought him not unworthy to be joined with him as
+a Godfather to Gilbert Sheldon,[3] the late Lord Archbishop of
+Canterbury; to whose merits and memory, posterity--the Clergy
+especially--ought to pay a reverence.
+
+[Sidenote: His youth]
+
+But I return to my intended relation of Robert the Son, who began in
+his youth to make the Laws of God, and obedience to his parents, the
+rules of his life; seeming even then to dedicate himself, and all his
+studies, to Piety and Virtue.
+
+[Sidenote: His early training]
+
+And as he was inclined to this by that native goodness, with which the
+wise Disposer of all hearts had endowed his; so this calm, this
+quiet and happy temper of mind--his being mild, and averse to
+oppositions--made the whole course of his life easy and grateful both
+to himself and others: and this blessed temper was maintained and
+improved by his prudent Father's good example; and by frequent
+conversing with him, and scattering short apophthegms and little
+pleasant stories, and making useful applications of them, his son was
+in his infancy taught to abhor Vanity and Vice as monsters, and to
+discern the loveliness of Wisdom and Virtue; and by these means, and
+God's concurring grace, his knowledge was so augmented, and his native
+goodness so confirmed, that all became so habitual, as it was not easy
+to determine whether Nature or Education were his teachers.
+
+And here let me tell the Reader, that these early beginnings of
+Virtue, were by God's assisting grace, blessed with what St. Paul
+seemed to beg for his Philippians [Phil. i. 6.]; namely, "That he,
+that had begun a good work in them, would finish it." And Almighty
+God did: for his whole life was so regular and innocent, that he might
+have said at his death--and with truth and comfort--what the same St.
+Paul said after to the same Philippians, when he advised them to walk
+as they had him for an example [chap. iii. 17].
+
+[Sidenote: At Rotherham]
+
+And this goodness, of which I have spoken, seemed to increase as his
+years did; and with his goodness his Learning, the foundation of which
+was laid in the Grammar-school of Rotherham--that being one of those
+three that were founded and liberally endowed by the said great and
+good Bishop of that name.--And in this time of his being a Scholar
+there, he was observed to use an unwearied diligence to attain
+learning, and to have a seriousness beyond his age, and with it a more
+than common modesty; and to be of so calm and obliging a behaviour,
+that the Master and whole number of Scholars loved him as one man.
+
+And in this love and amity he continued at that School till about
+the thirteenth year of his age; at which time his Father designed to
+improve his Grammar learning, by removing him from Rotherham to one of
+the more noted Schools of Eton or Westminster; and after a year's stay
+there, then to remove him thence to Oxford. But, as he went with him,
+he called on an old friend, a Minister of noted learning, and told him
+his intentions; and he, after many questions with his Son, received
+such answers from him, that he assured his Father, his Son was so
+perfect a Grammarian, that he had laid a good foundation to build
+any or all the Arts upon; and therefore advised him to shorten his
+journey, and leave him at Oxford. And his Father did so.
+
+[Sidenote: At Oxford]
+
+[Sidenote: Master of Arts]
+
+His father left him there to the sole care and manage of Dr.
+Kilbie,[4] who was then Rector of Lincoln College. And he, after some
+time and trial of his manners and learning, thought fit to enter him
+of that College, and, after to matriculate him in the University,
+which he did the first of July, 1603; but he was not chosen Fellow
+till the third of May, 1606; at which time he had taken his degree of
+Bachelor of Arts: at the taking of which degree, his Tutor told the
+Rector, "That his pupil Sanderson had a metaphysical brain and a
+matchless memory; and that he thought he had improved or made the last
+so by an art of his own invention." And all the future employments of
+his life proved that his tutor was not mistaken. I must here stop
+my Reader, and tell him that this Dr. Kilbie was a man of so great
+learning and wisdom, and was so excellent a critic in the Hebrew
+Tongue, that he was made Professor of it in this university; and was
+also so perfect a Grecian, that he was by King James appointed to
+be one of the Translators of the Bible; and that this Doctor and Mr.
+Sanderson had frequent discourses, and loved as father and son. The
+Doctor was to ride a journey into Derbyshire, and took Mr. Sanderson
+to bear him company: and they going together on a Sunday with the
+Doctor's friend to that Parish Church where they then were, found the
+young Preacher to have no more discretion, than to waste a great part
+of the hour allotted for his Sermon in exceptions against the late
+Translation of several words,--not expecting such a hearer as Dr.
+Kilbie,--and shewed three reasons why a particular word should have
+been otherwise translated. When Evening Prayer was ended, the Preacher
+was invited to the Doctor's friend's house; where after some other
+conference the Doctor told him, "He might have preached more useful
+doctrine, and not have filled his auditors' ears with needless
+exceptions against the late Translation: and for that word, for which
+he offered to that poor congregation three reasons why it ought to
+have been translated as he said; he and others had considered
+all them, and found thirteen more considerable reasons why it was
+translated as now printed;" and told him, "If his friend, then
+attending him, should prove guilty of such indiscretion, he should
+forfeit his favour." To which Mr. Sanderson said, "He hoped he should
+not." And the preacher was so ingenuous as to say, "He would not
+justify himself." And so I return to Oxford. In the year 1608,--July
+the 11th,--Mr. Sanderson was completed Master of Arts. I am not
+ignorant, that for the attaining these dignities the time was shorter
+than was then or is now required; but either his birth or the well
+performance of some extraordinary exercise, or some other merit, made
+him so: and the Reader is requested to believe, that 'twas the last:
+and requested to believe also, that if I be mistaken in the time, the
+College Records have misinformed me: but I hope they have not.
+
+In that year of 1608, he was--November the 7th--by his College chosen
+Reader of Logic in the House; which he performed so well, that he was
+chosen again the sixth of November, 1609. In the year 1613, he was
+chosen Sub-Rector of the College, and the like for the year 1614, and
+chosen again to the same dignity and trust for the year 1616.
+
+In all which time and employments, his abilities and behaviour were
+such, as procured him both love and reverence from the whole Society;
+there being no exception against him for any faults, but a sorrow
+for the infirmities of his being too timorous and bashful; both which
+were, God knows, so connatural as they never left him. And I know not
+whether his lovers ought to wish they had; for they proved so like the
+radical moisture in man's body, that they preserved the life of virtue
+in his soul, which by God's assisting grace never left him till this
+life put on immortality. Of which happy infirmities--if they may be so
+called--more hereafter.
+
+[Sidenote: Standing for Proctor]
+
+In the year 1614 he stood to be elected one of the Proctors for the
+University. And 'twas not to satisfy any ambition of his own, but to
+comply with the desire of the Rector and whole Society, of which he
+was a Member; who had not had a Proctor chosen out of their College
+for the space of sixty years;--namely, not from the year 1554, unto
+his standing;--and they persuaded him, that if he would but stand for
+Proctor, his merits were so generally known, and he so well beloved,
+that 'twas but appearing, and he would infallibly carry it against any
+opposers; and told him, "That he would by that means recover a right
+or reputation that was seemingly dead to his College." By these, and
+other like persuasions, he yielded up his own reason to their's, and
+appeared to stand for Proctor. But that election was carried on by so
+sudden and secret, and by so powerful a faction, that he missed it.
+Which when he understood, he professed seriously to his friends, "That
+if he were troubled at the disappointment, it was for their's, and
+not for his own sake: for he was far from any desire of such an
+employment, as must be managed with charge and trouble, and was too
+usually rewarded with hard censures, or hatred, or both."
+
+[Sidenote: Lectures on Logic]
+
+[Sidenote: Their success]
+
+In the year following he was earnestly persuaded by Dr. Kilbie and
+others, to review the Logic Lectures which he had read some years past
+in his College; and, that done, to methodise and print them, for the
+ease and public good of posterity. But though he had an averseness to
+appear publicly in print; yet after many serious solicitations,
+and some second thoughts of his own, he laid aside his modesty, and
+promised he would; and he did so in that year of 1615. And the book
+proved as his friends seemed to prophesy, that is, of great and
+general use, whether we respect the Art or the Author. For Logic may
+be said to be an Art of right reasoning; an Art that undeceives men
+who take falsehood for truth; enables men to pass a true judgment, and
+detect those fallacies, which in some men's understandings usurp the
+place of right reason. And how great a master our Author was in this
+art, will quickly appear from that clearness of method, argument, and
+demonstration, which is so conspicuous in all his other writings. He,
+who had attained to so great a dexterity in the use of reason
+himself, was best qualified to prescribe rules and directions for the
+instructions of others. And I am the more satisfied of the excellency
+and usefulness of this, his first public undertaking, by hearing that
+most Tutors in both Universities teach Dr. Sanderson's Logic to their
+Pupils, as a foundation upon which they are to build their future
+studies in Philosophy. And, for a further confirmation of my belief,
+the Reader may note, that since his Book of Logic was first printed
+there has not been less than ten thousand sold: and that 'tis like to
+continue both to discover truth and to clear and confirm the reason of
+the unborn world.[5]
+
+[Sidenote: Senior Proctor]
+
+It will easily be believed that his former standing for a Proctor's
+place, and being disappointed, must prove much displeasing to a man of
+his great wisdom and modesty, and create in him an averseness to run a
+second hazard of his credit and content: and yet he was assured by Dr.
+Kilbie, and the Fellows of his own College, and most of those that
+had opposed him in the former Election, that his Book of Logic had
+purchased for him such a belief of his learning and prudence, and
+his behaviour at the former Election had got for him so great and so
+general a love, that all his former opposers repented what they had
+done; and therefore persuaded him to venture to stand a second time.
+And, upon these, and other like encouragements, he did again, but not
+without an inward unwillingness, yield up his own reason to their's,
+and promised to stand. And he did so; and was the tenth of April,
+1616, chosen Senior Proctor for the year following; Mr. Charles
+Crooke[6] of Christ Church being then chosen the Junior.
+
+In this year of his being Proctor, there happened many memorable
+accidents; namely, Dr. Robert Abbot,[7] Master of Balliol College, and
+Regius Professor of Divinity,--who being elected or consecrated Bishop
+of Sarum some months before,--was solemnly conducted out of Oxford
+towards his Diocese, by the Heads of all Houses, and the chief of
+all the University. And Dr. Prideaux[8] succeeded him in the
+Professorship, in which he continued till the year 1642,--being then
+elected Bishop of Worcester,--and then our now Proctor, Mr. Sanderson,
+succeeded him in the Regius Professorship.
+
+[Sidenote: Dr. Lake]
+
+And in this year Dr. Arthur Lake[9]--then Warden of New College--was
+advanced to the Bishopric of Bath and Wells: a man of whom I take
+myself bound in justice to say, that he has made the great trust
+committed to him, the chief care and whole business of his life. And
+one testimony of this proof may be, that he sate usually with his
+Chancellor in his Consistory, and at least advised, if not assisted,
+in most sentences for the punishing of such offenders as deserved
+Church-censures. And it may be noted, that, after a sentence for
+penance was pronounced, he did very rarely or never, allow of any
+commutation for the offence, but did usually see the sentence
+for penance executed; and then as usually preached a Sermon on
+mortification and repentance, and did so apply them to the offenders,
+that then stood before him, as begot in them a devout contrition, and
+at least resolutions to amend their lives: and having done that, he
+would take them--though never so poor--to dinner with him, and use
+them friendly, and dismiss them with his blessing and persuasions to
+a virtuous life, and beg them to believe him. And his humility and
+charity, and other Christian excellencies, were all like this. Of
+all which the Reader may inform himself in his Life, truly writ, and
+printed before his Sermons.
+
+And in this year also, the very prudent and very wise Lord Ellesmere,
+who was so very long Lord Chancellor of England, and then of Oxford,
+resigning up the last, the Right Honourable, and as magnificent,
+William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, was chosen to succeed him.
+
+[Sidenote: University matters]
+
+And in this year our late King Charles the First--then Prince of
+Wales--came honourably attended to Oxford; and having deliberately
+visited the University, the Schools, Colleges, and Libraries, he and
+his attendants were entertained with ceremonies and feasting suitable
+to their dignity and merits.
+
+And this year King James sent letters to the University for the
+regulating their studies; especially of the young Divines: advising
+they should not rely on modern sums and systems, but study the Fathers
+and Councils, and the more primitive learning. And this advice was
+occasioned by the indiscreet inferences made by very many Preachers
+out of Mr. Calvin's doctrine concerning Predestination, Universal
+Redemption, the Irresistibility of God's Grace, and of some other
+knotty points depending upon these; points which many think were not,
+but by interpreters forced to be, Mr. Calvin's meaning; of the truth
+or falsehood of which I pretend not to have an ability to judge; my
+meaning in this relation, being only to acquaint the Reader with the
+occasion of the King's Letter.
+
+[Sidenote: Revision of the Statutes]
+
+It may be observed, that the various accidents of this year did afford
+our Proctor large and laudable matter to dilate and discourse upon:
+and that though his office seemed, according to statute and custom,
+to require him to do so at his leaving it; yet he chose rather to
+pass them over with some very short observations, and present the
+governors, and his other hearers, with rules to keep up discipline and
+order in the University; which at that time was, either by defective
+Statutes, or want of the due execution of those that were good, grown
+to be extremely irregular. And in this year also, the magisterial part
+of the Proctor required more diligence, and was more difficult to be
+managed than formerly, by reason of a multiplicity of new Statutes,
+which begot much confusion; some of which Statutes were then, and
+others suddenly after, put into an useful execution. And though these
+Statutes were not then made so perfectly useful as they were designed,
+till Archbishop Laud's time--who assisted in the forming and promoting
+them;--yet our present Proctor made them as effectual as discretion
+and diligence could do: of which one example may seem worthy the
+noting; namely, that if in his night-walk he met with irregular
+Scholars absent from their Colleges at University hours, or disordered
+by drink, or in scandalous company, he did not use his power of
+punishing to an extremity; but did usually take their names, and a
+promise to appear before him unsent for next morning; and when they
+did, convinced them, with such obligingness, and reason added to it,
+that they parted from him with such resolutions, as the man after
+God's own heart was possessed with, when he said, "There is mercy with
+thee, and therefore thou shall be feared:" Psal. cxxx. 4. And by this
+and a like behaviour to all men, he was so happy as to lay down this
+dangerous employment, as but very few, if any, have done, even without
+an enemy.
+
+[Sidenote: Looking back]
+
+After his speech was ended, and he retired with a friend into a
+convenient privacy, he looked upon his friend with a more than common
+cheerfulness, and spake to him to this purpose: "I look back upon my
+late employment with some content to myself, and a great thankfulness
+to Almighty God, that he hath made me of a temper not apt to provoke
+the meanest of mankind, but rather to pass by infirmities, if noted;
+and in this employment I have had--God knows--many occasions to do
+both. And when I consider, how many of a contrary temper are by sudden
+and small occasions transported and hurried by anger to commit such
+errors, as they in that passion could not foresee, and will in their
+more calm and deliberate thoughts upbraid, and require repentance: and
+consider, that though repentance secures us from the punishment of
+any sin, yet how much more comfortable it is to be innocent than need
+pardon: and consider, that errors against men, though pardoned both by
+God and them, do yet leave such anxious and upbraiding impressions in
+the memory, as abates of the offender's content:--when I consider all
+this, and that God hath of his goodness given me a temper that hath
+prevented me from running into such enormities, I remember my temper
+with joy and thankfulness. And though I cannot say with David--I wish
+I could,--that therefore 'his praise shall always be in my mouth;'
+Psal. xxxiv. 1; yet I hope, that by his grace, and that grace seconded
+by my endeavours, it shall never be blotted out of my memory; and I
+now beseech Almighty God that it never may."
+
+[Sidenote: Gilbert Sheldon]
+
+And here I must look back, and mention one passage more in his
+Proctorship, which is, that Gilbert Sheldon, the late Lord Archbishop
+of Canterbury, was this year sent to Trinity College in that
+University; and not long after his entrance there, a letter was sent
+after him from his godfather--the father of our Proctor--to let his
+son know it, and commend his godson to his acquaintance, and to
+more than a common care of his behaviour; which proved a pleasing
+injunction to our Proctor, who was so gladly obedient to his father's
+desire, that he some few days after sent his servitor to intreat
+Mr. Sheldon to his chamber next morning. But it seems Mr. Sheldon
+having--like a young man as he was--run into some such irregularity
+as made him conscious he had transgressed his statutes, did therefore
+apprehend the Proctor's invitation as an introduction to punishment;
+the fear of which made his bed restless that night: but, at their
+meeting the next morning, that fear vanished immediately by the
+Proctor's cheerful countenance, and the freedom of their discourse of
+friends. And let me tell my Reader, that this first meeting proved the
+beginning of as spiritual a friendship as human nature is capable of;
+of a friendship free from all self ends: and it continued to be so,
+till death forced a separation of it on earth; but it is now reunited
+in Heaven.
+
+[Sidenote: Ordination]
+
+And now, having given this account of his behaviour, and the
+considerable accidents in his Proctorship, I proceed to tell my
+Reader, that, this busy employment being ended, he preached his sermon
+for his Degree of Bachelor in Divinity in as elegant Latin, and as
+remarkable for the matter, as hath been preached in that University
+since that day. And having well performed his other exercises for that
+Degree, he took it the nine and twentieth of May following, having
+been ordained Deacon and Priest in the year 1611, by John King, then
+Bishop of London, who had not long before been Dean of Christ Church,
+and then knew him so well, that he became his most affectionate
+friend. And in this year, being then about the twenty-ninth of his
+age, he took from the University a license to preach.
+
+[Sidenote: Wibberton and Boothby Pagnell]
+
+In the year 1618, he was by Sir Nicholas Sanderson, Lord Viscount
+Castleton, presented to the Rectory of Wibberton, not far from Boston,
+in the County of Lincoln, a living of very good value; but it lay in
+so low and wet a part of that country as was inconsistent with his
+health. And health being--next to a good conscience--the greatest of
+God's blessings in this life, and requiring therefore of every man a
+care and diligence to preserve it, he, apprehending a danger of losing
+it, if he continued at Wibberton a second Winter, did therefore resign
+it back into the hands of his worthy kinsman and patron, about one
+year after his donation of it to him.
+
+And about this time of his resignation he was presented to the Rectory
+of Boothby Pannell, in the same County of Lincoln; a town which
+has been made famous, and must continue to be famous, because Dr.
+Sanderson, the humble and learned Dr. Sanderson, was more than forty
+years Parson of Boothby Pannell, and from thence dated all or most of
+his matchless writings.
+
+To this living--which was of no less value, but a purer air than
+Wibberton--he was presented by Thomas Harrington, of the same County,
+and Parish, Esq., who was a gentleman of a very ancient family, and of
+great use and esteem in his country during his whole life. And in this
+Boothby Pannell the meek and charitable Dr. Sanderson and his patron
+lived with an endearing, mutual, and comfortable friendship, till the
+death of the last put a period to it.
+
+[Sidenote: Resigns his Fellowship]
+
+About the time that he was made Parson of Boothby Pannell, he resigned
+his Fellowship of Lincoln College unto the then Rector and Fellows;
+and his resignation is recorded in these words:
+
+Ego Robertus Sanderson perpetuus, &c.
+
+I Robert Sanderson, Fellow of the College of St. Mary's and
+All-Saints, commonly called Lincoln College, in the University of
+Oxford, do freely and willingly resign into the hands of the Rector
+and Fellows, all the right and title that I have in the said College,
+wishing to them and their successors all peace, and piety, and
+happiness, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy
+Ghost. Amen.
+
+       ROBERT SANDERSON.
+
+May 6, 1619.
+
+And not long after this resignation, he was by the then Bishop of
+York,[10] or the King _sede vacante_, made Prebend of the Collegiate
+Church of Southwell in that Diocese; and shortly after of Lincoln by
+the Bishop of that See.
+
+[Sidenote: Marriage]
+
+And being now resolved to set down his rest in a quiet privacy at
+Boothby Pannell, and looking back with some sadness upon his removal
+from his general acquaintance left in Oxford, and the peculiar
+pleasures of a University life; he could not but think the want of
+society would render this of a country Parson the more uncomfortable,
+by reason of that want of conversation; and therefore he did put
+on some faint purposes to marry. For he had considered, that though
+marriage be cumbered with more worldly care than a single life; yet a
+complying and a prudent wife changes those very cares into so mutual a
+content, as makes them become like the sufferings of St. Paul, Colos.
+i. 24, which he would not have wanted because they occasioned his
+rejoicing in them. And he, having well considered this, and observed
+the secret unutterable joys that children beget in parents, and
+the mutual pleasures and contented trouble of their daily care and
+constant endeavours to bring up those little images of themselves, so
+as to make them as happy as all those cares and endeavours can make
+them: he, having considered all this, the hopes of such happiness
+turned his faint purposes into a positive resolution to marry. And he
+was so happy as to obtain Anne, the daughter of Henry Nelson, Bachelor
+in Divinity, then Rector of Haugham, in the County of Lincoln, a man
+of noted worth and learning. And the Giver of all good things was so
+good to him, as to give him such a wife as was suitable to his own
+desires; a wife, that made his life happy by being always content when
+he was cheerful; that divided her joys with him, and abated of his
+sorrow, by bearing a part of that burden; a wife that demonstrated her
+affection by a cheerful obedience to all his desires, during the whole
+course of his life; and at his death too, for she outlived him.
+
+[Sidenote: A country parson]
+
+And in this Boothby Pannell, he either found or made his parishioners
+peaceable, and complying with him in the decent and regular service
+of God. And thus his Parish, his patron, and he lived together in
+a religious love and a contented quietness; he not troubling their
+thoughts by preaching high and useless notions, but such plain truths
+as were necessary to be known, believed and practised, in order to
+their salvation. And their assent to what he taught was testified by
+such a conformity to his doctrine, as declared they believed and loved
+him. For he would often say, "That, without the last, the most evident
+truths--heard as from an enemy, or an evil liver--either are not, or
+are at least the less effectual; and do usually rather harden than
+convince the hearer."
+
+And this excellent man did not think his duty discharged by only
+reading the Church prayers, catechising, preaching, and administering
+the Sacraments seasonably; but thought--if the Law or the Canons may
+seem to enjoin no more,--yet that God would require more, than the
+defective laws of man's making can or do enjoin; the performance of
+that inward law, which Almighty God hath imprinted in the conscience
+of all good Christians, and inclines those whom he loves to perform.
+He, considering this, did therefore become a law to himself,
+practising what his conscience told him was his duty, in reconciling
+differences, and preventing lawsuits, both in his Parish and in the
+neighbourhood. To which may be added his often visiting sick and
+disconsolate families, persuading them to patience, and raising them
+from dejection by his advice and cheerful discourse, and by adding
+his own alms, if there were any so poor as to need it: considering how
+acceptable it is to Almighty God, when we do as we are advised by
+St. Paul, Gal. vi. 2, "Help to bear one another's burden," either of
+sorrow or want: and what a comfort it will be, when the Searcher of
+all hearts shall call us to a strict account for that evil we have
+done, and the good we have omitted, to remember we have comforted and
+been helpful to a dejected or distressed family.
+
+[Sidenote: The poor tenant]
+
+And that his practice was to do good, one example may be, that he met
+with a poor dejected neighbour, that complained he had taken a meadow,
+the rent of which was 9_l_. a year; and when the hay was made ready
+to be carried into his barn, several days' constant rain had so raised
+the water, that a sudden flood carried all away, and his rich Landlord
+would bate him no rent; and that unless he had half abated, he and
+seven children were utterly undone. It may be noted, that in this age
+there are a sort of people so unlike the God of Mercy, so void of the
+bowels of pity, that they love only themselves and children: love them
+so, as not to be concerned, whether the rest of mankind waste their
+days in sorrow or shame; people that are cursed with riches, and a
+mistake that nothing but riches can make them and their's happy. But
+it was not so with Dr. Sanderson; for he was concerned, and spoke
+comfortably to the poor dejected man; bade him go home and pray, and
+not load himself with sorrow, for he would go to his Landlord next
+morning; and if his Landlord would not abate what he desired, he and a
+friend would pay it for him.
+
+[Sidenote: The rich landlord]
+
+[Sidenote: A successful mediator]
+
+To the Landlord he went the next day, and, in a conference, the
+Doctor presented to him the sad condition of his poor dejected Tenant;
+telling him how much God is pleased when men compassionate the poor:
+and told him, that though God loves sacrifice, yet he loves mercy so
+much better, that he is pleased when called the God of Mercy. And
+told him, the riches he was possessed of were given him by that God of
+Mercy, who would not be pleased, if he, that had so much given,
+yea, and forgiven him too, should prove like the rich steward in the
+Gospel, "that took his fellow servant by the throat to make him pay
+the utmost farthing." This he told him: and told him, that the law of
+this nation--by which law he claims his rent--does not undertake to
+make men honest or merciful; but does what it can to restrain men from
+being dishonest or unmerciful, and yet was defective in both: and that
+taking any rent from his poor Tenant, for what God suffered him not to
+enjoy, though the law allowed him to do so, yet if he did so, he was
+too like that rich Steward which he had mentioned to him; and told him
+that riches so gotten, and added to his great estate, would, as Job
+says, "prove like gravel in his teeth:" would in time so corrode his
+conscience, or become so nauseous when he lay upon his deathbed, that
+he would then labour to vomit it up, and not be able: and therefore
+advised him, being very rich, to make friends of his unrighteous
+Mammon, before that evil day come upon him: but however, neither
+for his own sake, nor for God's sake, to take any rent of his poor,
+dejected, sad Tenant; for that were to gain a temporal, and lose his
+eternal happiness. These and other such reasons were urged with so
+grave and compassionate an earnestness, that the Landlord forgave his
+Tenant the whole rent.
+
+The Reader will easily believe that Dr. Sanderson, who was so meek and
+merciful, did suddenly and gladly carry this comfortable news to the
+dejected Tenant; and we believe, that at the telling of it there was
+mutual rejoicing. It was one of Job's boasts, that "he had seen none
+perish for want of clothing: and that he had often made the heart of
+the widow to rejoice." Job xxxi. 19. And doubtless Dr. Sanderson
+might have made the same religious boast of this and very many like
+occasions. But, since he did not, I rejoice that I have this just
+occasion to do it for him; and that I can tell the Reader, I might
+tire myself and him, in telling how like the whole course of Dr.
+Sanderson's life was to this which I have now related.
+
+[Sidenote: Contented obscurity]
+
+Thus he went on in an obscure and quiet privacy, doing good daily both
+by word and by deed, as often as any occasion offered itself; yet not
+so obscurely, but that his very great learning, prudence, and piety
+were much noted and valued by the Bishop of his Diocese, and by most
+of the nobility and gentry of that county. By the first of which
+he was often summoned to preach many Visitation Sermons, and by the
+latter at many Assizes. Which Sermons, though they were much esteemed
+by them that procured, and were fit to judge them; yet they were the
+less valued, because he read them, which he was forced to do; for
+though he had an extraordinary memory,--even the art of it,--yet he
+had such an innate invincible fear and bashfulness, that his memory
+was wholly useless, as to the repetition of his sermons as he had writ
+them; which gave occasion to say, when they were first printed and
+exposed to censure, which was in the year 1632,--"that the best
+Sermons that were ever read, were never preached."
+
+[Sidenote: Chaplain to Charles I.]
+
+In this contented obscurity he continued, till the learned and good
+Archbishop Laud,[11] who knew him well in Oxford,--for he was
+his contemporary there,--told the King,--'twas the knowing and
+conscientious King Charles the First,--that there was one Mr.
+Sanderson, an obscure country Minister, that was of such sincerity,
+and so excellent in all casuistical learning, that he desired
+his Majesty would make him his Chaplain. The King granted it most
+willingly, and gave the Bishop charge to hasten it, for he longed to
+discourse with a man that had dedicated his studies to that useful
+part of learning. The Bishop forgot not the King's desire, and Mr.
+Sanderson was made his Chaplain in Ordinary in November following,
+1631. And when they became known to each other, the King did put many
+Cases of Conscience to him, and received from him such deliberate,
+safe, and clear solutions, as gave him great content in conversing
+with him; so that, at the end of his month's attendance, the King told
+him, "he should long for the next November; for he resolved to have a
+more inward acquaintance with him, when that month and he returned."
+And when the month and he did return, the good King was never absent
+from his Sermons, and would usually say, "I carry my ears to hear
+other preachers; but I carry my conscience to hear Mr. Sanderson,
+and to act accordingly." And this ought not to be concealed from
+posterity, that the King thought what he spake; for he took him to be
+his adviser, in that quiet part of his life, and he proved to be his
+comforter in those days of his affliction, when he apprehended himself
+to be in danger of death or deposing. Of which more hereafter.
+
+[Sidenote: Clerk of the Convocation]
+
+In the first Parliament of this good King,--which was 1625,--he was
+chosen to be a Clerk of the Convocation for the Diocese of Lincoln;
+which I here mention, because about that time did arise many disputes
+about Predestination, and the many critical points that depend upon,
+or are interwoven in it; occasioned, as was said, by a disquisition of
+new principles of Mr. Calvin's, though others say they were before
+his time. But of these Dr. Sanderson then drew up, for his own
+satisfaction, such a scheme--he called it _Pax Ecclesiæ_--as then gave
+himself, and hath since given others, such satisfaction, that it still
+remains to be of great estimation among the most learned. He was also
+chosen Clerk of all the Convocations during that good King's reign.
+Which I here tell my Reader, because I shall hereafter have occasion
+to mention that Convocation in 1640, the unhappy Long Parliament,
+and some debates of the Predestination points as they have been since
+charitably handled betwixt him, the learned Dr. Hammond,[12] and Dr.
+Pierce,[13] the now Reverend Dean of Salisbury.
+
+[Sidenote: "D.D."]
+
+In the year 1636, his Majesty, then in his progress, took a fair
+occasion to visit Oxford, and to take an entertainment for two days
+for himself and honourable attendants; which the Reader ought to
+believe was suitable to their dignities. But this is mentioned,
+because at the King's coming thither, Dr. Sanderson did attend him,
+and was then--the 31st of August--created Doctor of Divinity; which
+honour had an addition to it, by having many of the Nobility of this
+nation then made Doctors and Masters of Arts with him; some of whose
+names shall be recorded and live with his, and none shall outlive it.
+First, Dr. Curle and Dr. Wren,[14] who were then Bishops of Winton and
+of Norwich,--and had formerly taken their degrees in Cambridge,
+were with him created Doctors of Divinity in his University. So was
+Meric,[15] the son of the learned Isaac Casaubon; and Prince Rupert,
+who still lives, the then Duke of Lenox, Earl of Hereford, Earl of
+Essex, of Berkshire, and very many others of noble birth--too many to
+be named--were then created Masters of Arts.
+
+[Sidenote: The New Covenant]
+
+[Sidenote: What followed]
+
+Some years before the unhappy Long Parliament, this nation being then
+happy and in peace,--though inwardly sick of being well,--namely, in
+the year 1639, a discontented party of the Scots Church were zealously
+restless for another reformation of their Kirk-government; and to
+that end created a new Covenant, for the general taking of which
+they pretended to petition the King for his assent, and that he would
+enjoin the taking of it by all of that nation. But this petition was
+not to be presented to him by a committee of eight or ten men of their
+fraternity; but by so many thousands, and they so armed as seemed
+to force an assent to what they seemed to request; so that though
+forbidden by the King, yet they entered England, and in the heat of
+zeal took and plundered Newcastle, where the King was forced to meet
+them with an army: but upon a treaty and some concessions, he sent
+them back,--though not so rich as they intended, yet,--for that time,
+without bloodshed. But, Oh! this peace, and this Covenant, were but
+the fore-runners of war, and the many miseries that followed: for in
+the year following there were so many chosen into the Long Parliament,
+that were of a conjunct council with these very zealous and as
+factious reformers, as begot such a confusion by the several desires
+and designs in many of the members of that Parliament, and at last
+in the very common people of this nation, that they were so lost by
+contrary designs, fears, and confusions, as to believe the Scots and
+their Covenant would restore them to their former tranquillity. And to
+that end the Presbyterian party of this nation did again, in the year
+1643, invite the Scotch Covenanters back into England: and hither they
+came marching with it gloriously upon their pikes and in their hats,
+with this motto: "For the Crown and Covenant of both Kingdoms." This
+I saw, and suffered by it. But when I look back upon the ruin of
+families, the bloodshed, the decay of common honesty, and how the
+former piety and plain dealing of this now sinful nation is turned
+into cruelty and cunning, I praise God that he prevented me from being
+of that party which helped to bring in this Covenant, and those sad
+confusions that have followed it. And I have been the bolder to say
+this to myself, because in a sad discourse with Dr. Sanderson, I heard
+him make the like grateful acknowledgment.
+
+[Sidenote: Changes in the Service Book]
+
+This digression is intended for the better information of the reader
+in what will follow concerning Dr. Sanderson. And first, that the
+Covenanters of this nation, and their party in Parliament, made many
+exceptions against the Common Prayer and ceremonies of the Church, and
+seemed restless for a Reformation: and though their desires seemed not
+reasonable to the King, and the learned Dr. Laud, then Archbishop
+of Canterbury; yet, to quiet their consciences, and prevent future
+confusion, they did, in the year 1641, desire Dr. Sanderson to call
+two more of the Convocation to advise with him, and that he would
+then draw up some such safe alterations as he thought fit in the
+Service-book, and abate some of the ceremonies that were least
+material for satisfying their consciences:--and to this end they did
+meet together privately twice a week at the Dean of Westminster's[16]
+house, for the space of three months or more. But not long after that
+time, when Dr. Sanderson had made the reformation ready for a view,
+the Church and State were both fallen into such a confusion, that Dr.
+Sanderson's model for reformation became then useless. Nevertheless,
+his reputation was such, that he was, in the year 1642, proposed by
+both Houses of Parliament to the King, then in Oxford, to be one of
+their trustees for the settling of Church-affairs, and was allowed of
+by the King to be so: but that treaty came to nothing.
+
+[Sidenote: Regius Professor of Divinity]
+
+In the year 1643, the two Houses of Parliament took upon them to make
+an ordinance, and call an Assembly of Divines, to debate and settle
+some Church-controversies, of which many were very unfit to judge; in
+which Dr. Sanderson was also named, but did not appear; I suppose for
+the same reason that many other worthy and learned men did forbear,
+the summons wanting the King's authority. And here I must look back,
+and tell the Reader, that in the year 1642, he was, July 21st, named
+by a more undoubted authority to a more noble employment, which was
+to be Professor Regius of Divinity in Oxford: but, though knowledge be
+said to puff up, yet his modesty and too mean an opinion of his great
+abilities, and some other real or pretended reasons,--expressed in his
+speech, when he first appeared in the chair, and since printed,--kept
+him from entering into it till October, 1646.
+
+[Sidenote: His lectures]
+
+He did, for about a year's time, continue to read his matchless
+Lectures, which were first _de Juramento_, a point very difficult, and
+at that time very dangerous to be handled as it ought to be. But this
+learned man, as he was eminently furnished with abilities to satisfy
+the consciences of men upon that important subject; so he wanted not
+courage to assert the true obligation of Oaths in a degenerate age,
+when men had made perjury a main part of their religion. How much
+the learned world stands obliged to him for these, and his following
+Lectures _de Conscientiâ_, I shall not attempt to declare, as
+being very sensible that the best pens must needs fall short in the
+commendation of them: so that I shall only add, that they continued
+to this day, and will do for ever, as a complete standard for the
+resolution of the most material doubts in Casuistical Divinity. And
+therefore I proceed to tell the Reader, that about the time of his
+reading those Lectures,--the King being then prisoner in the Isle of
+Wight,--the Parliament had sent the Covenant, the Negative Oath, and
+I know not what more, to be taken by the Doctor of the Chair, and
+all Heads of Houses; and all other inferior Scholars, of what degree
+soever, were all to take these Oaths by a fixed day; and those that
+did not, to abandon their College, and the University too, within
+twenty-four hours after the beating of a drum; for if they remained
+longer, they were to be proceeded against as spies.
+
+Dr. Laud, then Archbishop of Canterbury, the Earl of Strafford, and
+many others, had been formerly murdered by this wicked Parliament; but
+the King yet was not: and the University had yet some faint hopes that
+in a Treaty then in being, or pretended to be suddenly, there might
+be such an agreement made between King and Parliament, that the
+Dissenters in the University might both preserve their consciences and
+subsistence which they then enjoyed by their Colleges.
+
+[Sidenote: A mistaken hope]
+
+[Sidenote: Manifesto to Parliament.]
+
+And being possessed of this mistaken hope, that the Parliament were
+not yet grown so merciless as not to allow manifest reason for their
+not submitting to the enjoined Oaths, the University appointed
+twenty delegates to meet, consider, and draw up a Manifesto to the
+Parliament, why they could not take those oaths but by violation
+of their consciences: and of these delegates Dr. Sheldon,--late
+Archbishop of Canterbury,--Dr. Hammond,--Dr. Sanderson, Dr.
+Morley,--now Bishop of Winchester,--and that most honest and as
+judicious Civil Lawyer, Dr. Zouch,[17] were a part; the rest I cannot
+now name: but the whole number of the delegates requested Dr. Zouch
+to draw up the Law part, and give it to Dr. Sanderson: and he was
+requested to methodise and add what referred to reason and conscience,
+and put it into form. He yielded to their desires and did so. And
+then, after they had been read in a full Convocation, and allowed of,
+they were printed in Latin, that the Parliament's proceedings and the
+University's sufferings might be manifested to all nations: and the
+imposers of these oaths might repent, or answer them: but they were
+past the first; and for the latter, I might swear they neither can,
+nor ever will. And these Reasons were also suddenly turned into
+English by Dr. Sanderson, that those of these three kingdoms might the
+better judge of the loyal party's sufferings.
+
+[Sidenote: "Cases of Conscience"]
+
+[Sidenote: The King's errors]
+
+[Sidenote: Translation of "De Juramento"]
+
+About this time the Independents--who were then grown to be the most
+powerful part of the army--had taken the King from a close to a
+more large imprisonment; and, by their own pretences to liberty of
+conscience, were obliged to allow somewhat of that to the King,
+who had, in the year 1646, sent for Dr. Sanderson, Dr. Hammond, Dr.
+Sheldon,--the late Archbishop of Canterbury,--and Dr. Morley,--the now
+Bishop of Winchester,--to attend him, in order to advise with them,
+how far he might with a good conscience comply with the proposals of
+the Parliament for a peace in Church and State: but these, having been
+then denied him by the Presbyterian Parliament, were now allowed
+him by those in present power. And as those other Divines, so Dr.
+Sanderson gave his attendance on his Majesty also in the Isle of
+Wight, preached there before him, and had in that attendance many,
+both public and private, conferences with him, to his Majesty's great
+satisfaction. At which time he desired Dr. Sanderson, that, being the
+Parliament had proposed to him the abolishing of Episcopal Government
+in the Church, as inconsistent with Monarchy, that he would consider
+of it; and declare his judgment. He undertook to do so, and did it;
+but it might not be printed till our King's happy Restoration, and
+then it was. And at Dr. Sanderson's taking his leave of his Majesty in
+his last attendance on him, the King requested him to betake himself
+to the writing Cases of Conscience for the good of posterity. To which
+his answer was, "That he was now grown old, and unfit to write Cases
+of Conscience." But the King was so bold with him as to say, "It was
+the simplest answer he ever heard from Dr. Sanderson; for no young man
+was fit to be a judge, or write Cases of Conscience." And let me here
+take occasion to tell the Reader this truth, not commonly known;
+that in one of these conferences this conscientious King told Dr.
+Sanderson, or one of them that then waited with him, "that the
+remembrance of two errors did much afflict him; which were, his assent
+to the Earl of Strafford's death, and the abolishing Episcopacy in
+Scotland; and that if God ever restored him to be in a peaceable
+possession of his Crown, he would demonstrate his repentance by a
+public confession, and a voluntary penance,"--I think barefoot--from
+the Tower of London, or Whitehall, to St. Paul's Church, and desire
+the people to intercede with God for his pardon. I am sure one of them
+that told it me lives still, and will witness it. And it ought to
+be observed, that Dr. Sanderson's Lectures _de Juramento_ were so
+approved and valued by the King, that in this time of his imprisonment
+and solitude he translated them into exact English; desiring Dr.
+Juxon,[18]--then Bishop of London,--Dr. Hammond, and Sir Thomas
+Herbert,[19] who then attended him,--to compare them with the
+original. The last still lives, and has declared it, with some other
+of that King's excellencies, in a letter under his own hand, which was
+lately shewed me by Sir William Dugdale, King at Arms. The book was
+designed to be put into the King's Library at St. James's; but, I
+doubt, not now to be found there. I thought the honour of the Author
+and the Translator to be both so much concerned in this relation, that
+it ought not to be concealed from the Reader, and 'tis therefore here
+inserted.
+
+[Sidenote: Expelled from Oxford]
+
+I now return to Dr. Sanderson in the Chair in Oxford; where they that
+complied not in taking the Covenant, Negative Oath, and Parliament
+Ordinance for Church-discipline and worship, were under a sad and
+daily apprehension of expulsion: for the Visitors were daily expected,
+and both City and University full of soldiers, and a party of
+Presbyterian Divines, that were as greedy and ready to possess, as the
+ignorant and ill-natured Visitors were to eject the Dissenters out of
+their Colleges and livelihoods: but, notwithstanding, Dr. Sanderson
+did still continue to read his Lecture, and did, to the very faces of
+those Presbyterian Divines and soldiers, read with so much reason, and
+with a calm fortitude make such applications, as, if they were not,
+they ought to have been ashamed, and begged pardon of God and him,
+and forborne to do what followed. But these thriving sinners were
+hardened; and, as the Visitors expelled the Orthodox, they, without
+scruple or shame, possessed themselves of their Colleges; so that,
+with the rest, Dr. Sanderson was in June, 1648, forced to pack up and
+be gone, and thank God he was not imprisoned, as Dr. Sheldon, and Dr.
+Hammond, and others then were.
+
+[Sidenote: Dr. Morley]
+
+[Sidenote: His fortitude]
+
+I must now again look back to Oxford, and tell my Reader, that the
+year before this expulsion, when the University had denied this
+subscription, and apprehended the danger of that visitation which
+followed, they sent Dr. Morley, then Canon of Christ Church,--now
+Lord Bishop of Winchester,--and others, to petition the Parliament for
+recalling the injunction, or a mitigation of it, or accept of their
+reasons why they could not take the Oaths enjoined them; and the
+petition was by Parliament referred to a committee to hear and report
+the reasons to the House, and a day set for hearing them. This done,
+Dr. Morley and the rest went to inform and fee Counsel, to plead their
+cause on the day appointed; but there had been so many committed
+for pleading, that none durst undertake it; for at this time the
+privileges of that Parliament were become a _Noli me tangere_, as
+sacred and useful to them, as traditions ever were, or are now, to the
+Church of Rome; their number must never be known, and therefore not
+without danger to be meddled with. For which reason Dr. Morley was
+forced, for want of Counsel, to plead the University's Reasons for
+non-compliance with the Parliament's injunctions: and though this was
+done with great reason, and a boldness equal to the justice of his
+cause; yet the effect of it was, but that he and the rest appearing
+with him were so fortunate as to return to Oxford without commitment.
+This was some few days before the Visitors and more soldiers were sent
+down to drive the Dissenters out of the University. And one that
+was, at this time of Dr. Morley's pleading, a powerful man in
+the Parliament,[20] and of that committee, observing Dr. Morley's
+behaviour and reason, and inquiring of him and hearing a good report
+of his morals, was therefore willing to afford him a peculiar favour;
+and, that he might express it, sent for me that relate this story, and
+knew Dr. Morley well, and told me, "he had such a love for Dr. Morley,
+that knowing he would not take the Oaths, and must therefore be
+ejected his College, and leave Oxford; he desired I would therefore
+write to him to ride out of Oxford, when the Visitors came into it,
+and not return till they left it, and he should be sure then to
+return in safety; and that he should, without taking any Oath or other
+molestation, enjoy his Canon's place in his College." I did receive
+this intended kindness with a sudden gladness, because I was sure
+the party had a power, and as sure he meant to perform it, and did
+therefore write the Doctor word: and his answer was, that I must
+not fail to return my friend,--who still lives,--his humble and
+undissembled thanks, though he could not accept of his intended
+kindness; for when the Dean, Dr. Gardner, Dr. Paine, Dr. Hammond, Dr.
+Sanderson and all the rest of the College were turned out, except Dr.
+Wall,[21] he should take it to be, if not a sin, yet a shame, to be
+left behind with him only. Dr. Wall I knew, and will speak nothing of
+him, for he is dead.
+
+[Sidenote: Matters in London]
+
+It may easily be imagined, with what a joyful willingness these
+self-loving reformers took possession of all vacant preferments, and
+with what reluctance others parted with their beloved Colleges and
+subsistence; but their consciences were dearer than their subsistence,
+and out they went; the reformers possessing them without shame or
+scruple: where I leave these scruple-mongers, and make an account of
+the then present affairs of London, to be the next employment of my
+Reader's patience.
+
+And in London all the Bishops' houses were turned to be prisons, and
+they filled with Divines, that would not take the Covenant, or forbear
+reading Common Prayer, or that were accused for some faults like
+these. For it may be noted, that about this time the Parliament set
+out a proclamation, to encourage all laymen that had occasion to
+complain of their Ministers for being troublesome or scandalous, or
+that conformed not to Orders of Parliament, to make their complaint to
+a committee for that purpose; and the Minister, though a hundred
+miles from London, should appear there, and give satisfaction, or be
+sequestered;--and you may be sure no Parish could want a covetous, or
+malicious, or cross-grained complaint;--by which means all prisons
+in London, and in some other places, became the sad habitations of
+conforming Divines.
+
+And about this time the Bishop of Canterbury having been by an unknown
+law condemned to die, and the execution suspended for some days, many
+of the malicious citizens, fearing his pardon, shut up their shops,
+professing not to open them till justice was executed. This malice and
+madness is scarce credible; but I saw it.
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Thomas Brightman]
+
+The Bishops had been voted out of the House of Parliament, and some
+upon that occasion sent to the Tower; which made many Covenanters
+rejoice, and believe Mr. Brightman[22]--who probably was a good and
+well-meaning man--to be inspired in his "Comment on the Apocalypse,"
+an abridgment of which was now printed, and called Mr. Brightman's
+"Revelation of the Revelation." And though he was grossly mistaken
+in other things, yet, because he had made the Churches of Geneva and
+Scotland, which had no Bishops, to be Philadelphia in the Apocalypse,
+the Angel that God loved; Rev. iii. 7-13, and the power of Prelacy to
+be Antichrist, the evil Angel, which the House of Commons had now
+so spewed up, as never to recover their dignity; therefore did those
+Covenanters approve and applaud Mr. Brightman for discovering and
+foretelling the Bishops' downfall; so that they both railed at them,
+and rejoiced to buy good pennyworths of their land, which their
+friends of the House of Commons did afford them, as a reward of their
+diligent assistance to pull them down.
+
+[Sidenote: Contentions]
+
+And the Bishops' power being now vacated, the common people were made
+so happy, as every Parish might choose their own Minister, and tell
+him when he did, and when he did not, preach true doctrine: and by
+this and like means, several Churches had several teachers, that
+prayed and preached for and against one another: and engaged their
+hearers to contend furiously for truths which they understood not;
+some of which I shall mention in the discourse that follows.
+
+[Sidenote: and contradictions]
+
+I have heard of two men, that in their discourse undertook to give a
+character of a third person: and one concluded he was a very honest
+man, "for he was beholden to him;" and the other, that he was not,
+"for he was not beholden to him." And something like this was in the
+designs both of the Covenanters and Independents, the last of which
+were now grown both as numerous and as powerful as the former: for
+though they differed much in many principles, and preached against
+each other, one making it a sign of being in the state of grace, if we
+were but zealous for the Covenant; and the other, that we ought to buy
+and sell by a measure, and to allow the same liberty of conscience to
+others, which we by Scripture claim to ourselves; and therefore not
+to force any to swear the Covenant contrary to their consciences, and
+lose both their livings and liberties too. Though these differed thus
+in their conclusions, yet they both agreed in their practice to preach
+down Common Prayer, and get into the best sequestered livings; and
+whatever became of the true owners, their wives and children, yet to
+continue in them without the least scruple of conscience.
+
+They also made other strange observations of Election, Reprobation,
+and Free Will, and the other points dependent upon these; such as the
+wisest of the common people were not fit to judge of; I am sure I am
+not: though I must mention some of them historically in a more proper
+place, when I have brought my Reader with me to Dr. Sanderson at
+Boothby Pannell.
+
+And in the way thither I must tell him, that a very Covenanter, and a
+Scot too, that came into England with this unhappy Covenant, was got
+into a good sequestered living by the help of a Presbyterian Parish,
+which had got the true owner out. And this Scotch Presbyterian, being
+well settled in this good living, began to reform the Churchyard,
+by cutting down a large yew-tree, and some other trees that were an
+ornament to the place, and very often a shelter to the parishioners;
+who, excepting against him for so doing, were answered, "That the
+trees were his, and 'twas lawful for every man to use his own, as he,
+and not as they thought fit." I have heard, but do not affirm it,
+that no action lies against him that is so wicked as to steal the
+winding-sheet of a dead body after it is buried; and have heard the
+reason to be, because none were supposed to be so void of humanity;
+and that such a law would vilify that nation that would but suppose so
+vile a man to be born in it: nor would one suppose any man to do what
+this Covenanter did. And whether there were any law against him, I
+know not; but pity the Parish the less for turning out their legal
+Minister.
+
+[Sidenote: Boothby again]
+
+We have now overtaken Dr. Sanderson at Boothby Parish, where he hoped
+to enjoy himself though in a poor, yet in a quiet and desired privacy;
+but it proved otherwise: for all corners of the nation were filled
+with Covenanters, confusion, Committee-men, and soldiers, serving
+each other to their several ends, of revenge, or power, or profit: and
+these Committee-men and soldiers were most of them so possessed with
+this Covenant, that they became like those that were infected with
+that dreadful Plague of Athens; the plague of which Plague was, that
+they by it became maliciously restless to get into company, and to
+joy,--so the Historian saith,--when they had infected others, even
+those of their most beloved or nearest friends or relations:[23] and
+though there might be some of these Covenanters that were beguiled and
+meant well; yet such were the generality of them, and temper of
+the times, that you may be sure Dr. Sanderson, who though quiet
+and harmless, yet an eminent dissenter from them, could not live
+peaceably; nor did he: for the soldiers would appear, and visibly
+disturb him in the Church when he read prayers, pretending to advise
+him how God was to be served most acceptably: which he not approving,
+but continuing to observe order and decent behaviour in reading the
+Church-service, they forced his book from him, and tore it, expecting
+extemporary prayers.
+
+At this time he was advised by a Parliament man of power and note,
+that valued and loved him much, not to be strict in reading all the
+Common Prayer, but make some little variation, especially if the
+soldiers came to watch him; for then it might not be in the power of
+him and his other friends to secure him from taking the Covenant, or
+Sequestration: for which reasons he did vary somewhat from the strict
+rules of the Rubric. I will set down the very words of confession
+which he used, as I have it under his own hand; and tell the Reader,
+that all his other variations were as little, and much like to this.
+
+[Sidenote: A Confession]
+
+HIS CONFESSION.
+
+"O Almighty God and merciful Father, we, thy unworthy servants, do
+with shame and sorrow confess, that we have all our life long gone
+astray out of thy ways like lost sheep; and that, by following
+too much the vain devices and desires of our own hearts, we have
+grievously offended against thy holy laws, both in thought, word, and
+deed; we have many times left undone those good duties which we might
+and ought to have done; and we have many times done those evils,
+when we might have avoided them, which we ought not to have done.
+We confess, O Lord! that there is no health at all, nor help in
+any creature to relieve us; but all our hope is in thy mercy, whose
+justice we have by our sins so far provoked. Have mercy therefore upon
+us, O Lord! have mercy upon us miserable offenders: spare us, good
+God, who confess our faults, that we perish not; but, according to
+thy gracious promises declared unto mankind in Christ Jesus our Lord,
+restore us upon our true repentance into thy grace and favour. And
+grant, O most merciful Father! for his sake, that we henceforth study
+to serve and please thee by leading a godly, righteous, and a sober
+life, to the glory of thy holy name, and the eternal comfort of our
+own souls, through Jesus Christ our Lord."
+
+Amen.
+
+[Sidenote: Wise submission]
+
+In these disturbances of tearing his servicebook, a neighbour came on
+a Sunday, after the Evening service was ended, to visit and condole
+with him for the affront offered by the soldiers. To whom he spake
+with a composed patience, and said; "God hath restored me to my
+desired privacy, with my wife and children; where I hoped to have met
+with quietness, and it proves not so: but I will labour to be pleased,
+because God, on whom I depend, sees it is not fit for me to be quiet.
+I praise him, that he hath by his grace prevented me from making
+shipwreck of a good conscience to maintain me in a place of great
+reputation and profit: and though my condition be such, that I need
+the last, yet I submit; for God did not send me into this world to do
+my own, but suffer his will, and I will obey it." Thus by a sublime
+depending on his wise, and powerful, and pitiful Creator, he did
+cheerfully submit to what God had appointed, justifying the truth of
+that doctrine which he had preached.
+
+About this time that excellent book of "The King's Meditations in his
+Solitude" was printed, and made public; and Dr. Sanderson was such a
+lover of the Author, and so desirous that the whole world should see
+the character of him in that book, and something of the cause for
+which they suffered, that he designed to turn it into Latin: but
+when he had done half of it most excellently, his friend Dr. Earle
+prevented him, by appearing to have done the whole very well before
+him.
+
+[Sidenote: Preaching without book]
+
+About this time his dear and most intimate friend, the learned Dr.
+Hammond, came to enjoy a conversation and rest with him for some days;
+and did so. And having formerly persuaded him to trust his excellent
+memory, and not read, but try to speak a sermon as he had writ it, Dr.
+Sanderson became so compliant, as to promise he would. And to that end
+they two went early the Sunday following to a neighbour Minister,
+and requested to exchange a sermon; and they did so. And at Dr.
+Sanderson's going into the pulpit, he gave his sermon--which was a
+very short one--into the hand of Dr. Hammond, intending to preach
+it as it was writ: but before he had preached a third part, Dr.
+Hammond,--looking on his sermon as written,--observed him to be out,
+and so lost as to the matter, that he also became afraid for him: for
+'twas discernible to many of the plain auditory. But when he had ended
+this short sermon, as they two walked homeward, Dr. Sanderson said
+with much earnestness, "Good Doctor, give me my sermon; and know, that
+neither you nor any man living, shall ever persuade me to preach again
+without my books." To which the reply was, "Good Doctor, be not angry:
+for if I ever persuade you to preach again without book, I will give
+you leave to burn all those that I am master of."
+
+Part of the occasion of Dr. Hammond's visit, was at this time to
+discourse with Dr. Sanderson about some opinions, in which, if they
+did not then, they had doubtless differed formerly; it was about those
+knotty points, which are by the learned called the Quinquarticular
+Controversy; of which I shall proceed, not to give any judgment,--I
+pretend not to that,--but some short historical account which shall
+follow.
+
+[Sidenote: Liberties of doctrine]
+
+There had been, since the unhappy Covenant was brought and so
+generally taken in England, a liberty given or taken by many
+Preachers--those those of London especially--to preach and be too
+positive in the points of Universal Redemption, Predestination, and
+those other depending upon these. Some of which preached, "That
+all men were, before they came into this world, so predestinated to
+salvation or damnation, that it was not in their power to sin so, as
+to lose the first, nor by their most diligent endeavour to avoid the
+latter. Others, that it was not so: because then God could not be said
+to grieve for the death of a sinner, when he himself had made him
+so by an inevitable decree, before he had so much as a being in this
+world;" affirming therefore, "that man had some power left him to do
+the will of God, because he was advised to work out his salvation with
+fear and trembling;" maintaining, "that it is most certain every man
+can do what he can to be saved;" and that "he that does what he can
+to be saved, shall never be damned." And yet many that affirmed this
+would confess, "That that grace, which is but a persuasive offer, and
+left to us to receive, or refuse, is not that grace which shall bring
+men to Heaven." Which truths, or untruths, or both, be they which they
+will, did upon these, or the like occasions, come to be searched into,
+and charitably debated betwixt Dr. Sanderson, Dr. Hammond, and Dr.
+Pierce,--the now Reverend Dean of Salisbury,--of which I shall proceed
+to give some account, but briefly.
+
+[Sidenote: A charitable disquisition]
+
+In the year 1648, the fifty-two London Ministers--then a fraternity of
+Sion College in that City--had in a printed Declaration aspersed Dr.
+Hammond most heinously, for that he had in his Practical Catechism
+affirmed, that our Saviour died for the sins of all mankind. To
+justify which truth, he presently makes a charitable reply--as 'tis
+now printed in his works.--After which there were many letters passed
+betwixt the said Dr. Hammond, Dr. Sanderson and Dr. Pierce, concerning
+God's grace and decrees. Dr. Sanderson was with much unwillingness
+drawn into this debate; for he declared it would prove uneasy to him,
+who in his judgment of God's decrees differed with Dr. Hammond,--whom
+he reverenced and loved dearly,--and would not therefore engage him
+into a controversy, of which he could never hope to see an end: but
+they did all enter into a charitable disquisition of these said points
+in several letters, to the full satisfaction of the learned; those
+betwixt Dr. Sanderson and Dr. Hammond being printed in his works; and
+for what passed betwixt him and the learned Dr. Pierce, I refer my
+Reader to a Letter annexed to the end of this relation.
+
+[Sidenote: Changes of judgment]
+
+I think the judgment of Dr. Sanderson, was, by these debates, altered
+from what it was at his entrance into them; for in the year 1632, when
+his excellent Sermons were first printed in quarto, the Reader may on
+the margin find some accusation of Arminius for false doctrine; and
+find that, upon a review and reprinting those Sermons in folio, in the
+year 1657, that accusation of Arminius is omitted. And the change
+of his judgment seems more fully to appear in his said letter to Dr.
+Pierce. And let me now tell the Reader, which may seem to be perplexed
+with these several affirmations of God's decrees before mentioned,
+that Dr. Hammond, in a postscript to the last letter of Dr.
+Sanderson's, says, "God can reconcile his own contradictions,
+and therefore advises all men, as the Apostle does, to study
+mortification, and be wise to sobriety." And let me add farther, that
+if these fifty-two Ministers of Sion College were the occasion of the
+debates in these letters, they have, I think, been the occasion of
+giving an end to the Quinquarticular Controversy: for none have since
+undertaken to say more; but seem to be so wise, as to be content to be
+ignorant of the rest, till they come to that place, where the secrets
+of all hearts shall be laid open. And let me here tell the Reader
+also, that if the rest of mankind would, as Dr. Sanderson, not conceal
+their alteration of judgment, but confess it to the honour of God
+and themselves, then our nation would become freer from pertinacious
+disputes, and fuller of recantations.
+
+[Sidenote: Dr. Laud]
+
+I cannot lead my Reader to Dr. Hammond and Dr. Sanderson, where we
+left them at Boothby Pannell, till I have looked back to the Long
+Parliament, the Society of Covenanters in Sion College, and those
+others scattered up and down in London, and given some account
+of their proceedings and usage of the late learned Dr. Laud, then
+Archbishop of Canterbury. And though I will forbear to mention the
+injustice of his death, and the barbarous usage of him, both then and
+before it; yet my desire is that what follows may be noted, because it
+does now, or may hereafter, concern us; namely, that in his last sad
+sermon on the scaffold at his death, he having freely pardoned all his
+enemies, and humbly begged of God to pardon them, and besought those
+present to pardon and pray for him; yet he seemed to accuse the
+magistrates of the City, for suffering a sort of wretched people,
+that could not know why he was condemned, to go visibly up and down
+to gather hands to a petition, that the Parliament would hasten his
+execution. And having declared how unjustly he thought himself to be
+condemned, and accused for endeavouring to bring in Popery,--for
+that was one of the accusations for which he died,--he declared with
+sadness, "That the several sects and divisions then in England,--which
+he had laboured to prevent,--were like to bring the Pope a far greater
+harvest, than he could ever have expected without them." And said,
+"These sects and divisions introduce profaneness under the cloak of an
+imaginary Religion; and that we have lost the substance of Religion by
+changing it into opinion: and that by these means this Church, which
+all the Jesuits' machinations could not ruin, was fallen into apparent
+danger by those which were his accusers." To this purpose he spoke at
+his death: for this, and more of which, the Reader may view his last
+sad sermon on the scaffold. And it is here mentioned, because his dear
+friend, Dr. Sanderson, seems to demonstrate the same in his two large
+and remarkable Prefaces before his two volumes of Sermons; and he
+seems also with much sorrow to say the same again in his last Will,
+made when he apprehended himself to be very near his death. And these
+Covenanters ought to take notice of it, and to remember, that, by the
+late wicked war begun by them, Dr. Sanderson was ejected out of the
+Professor's Chair in Oxford; and that if he had continued in it,--for
+he lived fourteen years after,--both the learned of this, and other
+nations, had been made happy by many remarkable Cases of Conscience,
+so rationally stated, and so briefly, so clearly, and so convincingly
+determined, that posterity might have joyed and boasted, that Dr.
+Sanderson was born in this nation, for the ease and benefit of all the
+learned that shall be born after him: but this benefit is so like time
+past, that they are both irrecoverably lost.
+
+[Sidenote: Prisoner at Lincoln]
+
+I should now return to Boothby Pannell, where we left Dr. Hammond and
+Dr. Sanderson together; but neither can be found there: for the first
+was in his journey to London, and the second seized upon the day
+after his friend's departure, and carried prisoner to Lincoln, then
+a garrison of the Parliament's. For the pretended reason of which
+commitment, I shall give this following account.
+
+[Sidenote: Exchanged for Dr. Clarke]
+
+There was one Mr. Clarke, the Minister of Alington, a town not many
+miles from Boothby Pannell, who was an active man for the Parliament
+and Covenant; one that, when Belvoir Castle--then a garrison for the
+Parliament--was taken by a party of the King's soldiers, was taken
+in it, and made a prisoner of war in Newark, then a garrison of the
+King's; a man so active and useful for his party, that they became so
+much concerned for his enlargement, that the Committee of Lincoln sent
+a troop of horse to seize and bring Dr. Sanderson a prisoner to that
+garrison: and they did so. And there he had the happiness to meet with
+many, that knew him so well as to treat him kindly; but told him,
+"He must continue their prisoner, till he should purchase his own
+enlargement by procuring an exchange for Mr. Clarke, then prisoner in
+the King's garrison of Newark." There were many reasons given by the
+Doctor of the injustice of his imprisonment, and the inequality of
+the exchange: but all were ineffectual; for done it must be, or he
+continue a prisoner. And in time done it was, upon the following
+conditions.
+
+[Sidenote: Mode of life]
+
+First, that Dr. Sanderson and Mr. Clarke being exchanged, should live
+undisturbed at their own Parishes; and if either were injured by the
+soldiers of the contrary party, the other, having notice of it, should
+procure him a redress, by having satisfaction made for his loss, or
+for any other injury; or if not, he to be used in the same kind by the
+other party. Nevertheless, Dr. Sanderson could neither live safe nor
+quietly, being several times plundered, and once wounded in three
+places: but he, apprehending the remedy might turn to a more
+intolerable burden by impatience or complaining, forbore both;
+and possessed his soul in a contented quietness, without the least
+repining. But though he could not enjoy the safety he expected by this
+exchange, yet, by His providence that can bring good out of evil, it
+turned so much to his advantage, that whereas as his living had been
+sequestered from the year 1644, and continued to be so till this time
+of his imprisonment, he, by the Articles of War in this exchange for
+Mr. Clarke, procured his sequestration to be recalled, and by that
+means enjoyed a poor, but contented subsistence for himself, wife, and
+children, till the happy restoration of our King and Church.
+
+In this time of his poor, but contented privacy of life, his
+casuistical learning, peaceful moderation, and sincerity, became so
+remarkable, that there were many that applied themselves to him for
+resolution in cases of conscience; some known to him, many not; some
+requiring satisfaction by conference, others by letters; so many, that
+his life became almost as restless as their minds; yet he denied
+no man: and if it be a truth which holy Mr. Herbert says, "That all
+worldly joys seem less, when compared with shewing mercy or doing
+kindnesses;" then doubtless Dr. Sanderson might have boasted for
+relieving so many restless and wounded consciences; which, as Solomon
+says, "are a burden that none can bear, though their fortitude may
+sustain their other infirmities;" and if words cannot express the
+joy of a conscience relieved from such restless agonies; then Dr.
+Sanderson might rejoice that so many were by him so clearly and
+conscientiously satisfied, for he denied none, and would often praise
+God for that ability, and as often for the occasion, and that God had
+inclined his heart to do it to the meanest of any of those poor, but
+precious souls, for which his Saviour vouchsafed to be crucified.
+
+[Sidenote: Cases of conscience]
+
+Some of these very many cases that were resolved by letters, have been
+preserved and printed for the benefit of posterity; as namely,
+
+  1. Of the Sabbath.
+  2. Marrying with a Recusant.
+  3. Of unlawful love.
+  4. Of a military life.
+  5. Of Scandal.
+  6. Of a bond taken in the King's name.
+  7. Of the Engagement.
+  8. Of a rash vow.
+
+But many more remain in private hands, of which one is of Simony; and
+I wish the world might see it, that it might undeceive some Patrons,
+who think they have discharged that great and dangerous trust, both
+to God and man, if they take no money for a living, though it may be
+parted with for other ends less justifiable.
+
+[Sidenote: Preface to last sermons]
+
+And in this time of his retirement, when the common people were amazed
+and grown giddy by the many falsehoods, and misapplications of truths
+frequently vented in sermons; when they wrested the Scripture by
+challenging God to be of their party, and called upon him in their
+prayers to patronise their sacrilege and zealous frenzies; in this
+time he did so compassionate the generality of this misled nation,
+that though the times threatened danger, yet he then hazarded his
+safety by writing the large and bold Preface now extant before his
+last twenty Sermons;--first printed in the year 1655;--in which there
+was such strength of reason, with so powerful and clear convincing
+applications made to the Non-conformists, as being read by one of
+those dissenting brethren, who was possessed with such a spirit of
+contradiction, as being neither able to defend his error, nor yield
+to truth manifest,--his conscience having slept long and quietly in
+a good sequestered living,--was yet at the reading of it so awakened,
+that after a conflict with the reason he had met, and the damage he
+was to sustain if he consented to it,--and being still unwilling to be
+so convinced, as to lose by being over-reasoned,--he went in haste to
+the bookseller of whom it was bought, threatened him, and told him in
+anger, "he had sold a book in which there was false Divinity; and that
+the Preface had upbraided the Parliament, and many godly Ministers of
+that party, for unjust dealing." To which his reply was,--'twas Tim.
+Garthwaite,--"That 'twas not his trade to judge of true or false
+Divinity, but to print and sell books: and yet if he, or any friend
+of his, would write an answer to it, and own it by setting his name to
+it, he would print the Answer, and promote the selling of it."
+
+[Sidenote: A meeting in Little Britain]
+
+About the time of his printing this excellent Preface, I met him
+accidentally in London, in sad-coloured clothes, and, God knows,
+far from being costly. The place of our meeting was near to Little
+Britain, where he had been to buy a book, which he then had in his
+hand. We had no inclination to part presently, and therefore turned
+to stand in a corner under a penthouse,--for it began to rain,--and
+immediately the wind rose, and the rain increased so much, that both
+became so inconvenient, as to force us into a cleanly house, where we
+had bread, cheese, ale, and a fire for our money. This rain and wind
+were so obliging to me, as to force our stay there for at least an
+hour, to my great content and advantage; for in that time he made to
+me many useful observations, with much clearness and conscientious
+freedom. I shall relate a part of them, in hope they may also turn to
+the advantage of my Reader. He seemed to lament, that the Parliament
+had taken upon them to abolish our Liturgy, to the scandal of so many
+devout and learned men, and the disgrace of those many martyrs, who
+had sealed the truth and use of it with their blood: and that no
+Minister was now thought godly that did not decry it, and at least
+pretend to make better prayers _ex tempore_: and that they, and only
+they, that could do so, prayed by the Spirit, and were godly; though
+in their sermons they disputed, and evidently contradicted each other
+in their prayers. And as he did dislike this, so he did most highly
+commend the Common Prayer of the Church, saying, "the Collects were
+the most passionate, proper, and most elegant expressions that any
+language ever afforded; and that there was in them such piety, and so
+interwoven with instructions, that they taught us to the power, the
+wisdom, the majesty, and mercy of God, and much of our duty both to
+him and our neighbour: and that a congregation, behaving themselves
+reverently, and putting up to God these joint and known desires for
+pardon of sins, and praises for mercies received, could not but be
+more pleasing to God, than those raw, unpremeditated expressions, to
+which many of the hearers could not say, Amen."
+
+[Sidenote: "The Treasury of Christian comfort"]
+
+And he then commended to me the frequent use of the Psalter, or Psalms
+of David; speaking to this purpose: "That they were the Treasury of
+Christian comfort, fitted for all persons and necessities; able to
+raise the soul from dejection by the frequent mention of God's mercies
+to repentant sinners; to stir up holy desires: to increase joy; to
+moderate sorrow; to nourish hope, and teach us patience, by waiting
+God's leisure: to beget a trust in the mercy, power, and providence of
+our Creator; and to cause a resignation of ourselves to his will; and
+then, and not till then, to believe ourselves happy." This, he said,
+the Liturgy and Psalms taught us; and that by the frequent use of the
+last, they would not only prove to be our soul's comfort, but would
+become so habitual, as to transform them into the Image of his soul
+that composed them. After this manner he expressed himself concerning
+the Liturgy and Psalms; and seemed to lament that this, which was
+the devotion of the more primitive times, should in common pulpits
+be turned into needless debates about Freewill, Election, and
+Reprobation, of which, and many like questions, we may be safely
+ignorant, because Almighty God intends not to lead us to Heaven by
+hard questions, but by meekness and charity, and a frequent practice
+of devotion.
+
+[Sidenote: Dangerous mistakes]
+
+[Sidenote: A year of Homilies]
+
+And he seemed to lament very much, that, by the means of irregular and
+indiscreet preaching, the generality of the nation were possessed with
+such dangerous mistakes, as to think, "they might be religious first,
+and then just and merciful; that they might sell their consciences,
+and yet have something left that was worth keeping; that they might
+be sure they were elected, though their lives were visibly scandalous;
+that to be cunning was to be wise; that to be rich was to be happy,
+though their wealth was got without justice or mercy; that to be
+busy in things they understood not, was no sin." These and the like
+mistakes he lamented much, and besought God to remove them, and
+restore us to that humility, sincerity, and singleheartedness, with
+which this nation was blessed before the unhappy Covenant was brought
+into the nation, and every man preached and prayed what seemed best
+in his own eyes. And he then said to me, "That the way to restore this
+nation to a more meek and Christian temper, was to have the body of
+Divinity--or so much of it as was needful to be known--to be put into
+fifty-two Homilies or Sermons, of such a length as not to exceed a
+third, or fourth part of an hour's reading: and these needful points
+to be made so clear and plain, that those of a mean capacity might
+know what was necessary to be believed, and what God requires to be
+done; and then some applications of trial and conviction: and these
+to be read every Sunday of the year, as infallibly as the blood
+circulates the body; and then as certainly begun again, and continued
+the year following: and that this being done, it might probably abate
+the inordinate desires of knowing what we need not, and practising
+what we know and ought to do." This was the earnest desire of this
+prudent man. And Oh that Dr. Sanderson had undertaken it! for then in
+all probability it would have proved effectual.
+
+[Sidenote: Another conference]
+
+At this happy time of enjoying his company and his discourse, he
+expressed a sorrow by saying to me, "Oh that I had gone Chaplain
+to that excellently accomplished gentleman, your friend, Sir Henry
+Wotton! which was once intended, when he first went Ambassador to
+the State of Venice: for by that employment I had been forced into a
+necessity of conversing, not with him only, but with several men of
+several nations; and might thereby have kept myself from my unmanly
+bashfulness, which has proved very troublesome, and not less
+inconvenient to me; and which I now fear is become so habitual as
+never to leave me: and by that means I might also have known, or at
+least have had the satisfaction of seeing, one of the late miracles
+of general learning, prudence, and modesty, Sir Henry Wotton's dear
+friend, Padre Paulo, who, the author of his life says, was born with
+a bashfulness as invincible as I have found my own to be: a man whose
+fame must never die, till virtue and learning shall become so useless
+as not to be regarded."
+
+This was a part of the benefit I then had by that hour's conversation:
+and I gladly remember and mention it, as an argument of my happiness,
+and his great humility and condescension. I had also a like advantage
+by another happy conference with him, which I am desirous to impart
+in this place to the Reader. He lamented much, that in many Parishes,
+where the maintenance was not great, there was no Minister to
+officiate; and that many of the best sequestered livings were
+possessed with such rigid Covenanters as denied the Sacrament to their
+Parishioners, unless upon such conditions, and in such a manner, as
+they could not take it. This he mentioned with much sorrow, saying,
+"The blessed Sacrament did, by way of preparation for it, give
+occasion to all conscientious receivers to examine the performance
+of their vows, since they received their last seal for the pardon of
+their sins past; and to examine and re-search their hearts, and make
+penitent reflections on their failings; and, that done, to bewail
+them, and then make new vows or resolutions to obey all God's
+commands, and beg his grace to perform them. And this done,
+the Sacrament repairs the decays of grace, helps us to conquer
+infirmities, gives us grace to beg God's grace, and then gives us
+what we beg; makes us still hunger and thirst after his righteousness,
+which we then receive, and being assisted with our endeavours, will
+still so dwell in us, as to become our satisfaction in this life, and
+our comfort on our last sick beds." The want of this blessed benefit
+he lamented much, and pitied their condition that desired, but could
+not obtain it.
+
+[Sidenote: His character]
+
+I hope I shall not disoblige my Reader, if I here enlarge into a
+further character of his person and temper. As first, that he was
+moderately tall: his behaviour had in it much of a plain comeliness,
+and very little, yet enough, of ceremony or courtship; his looks and
+motion manifested affability and mildness, and yet he had with these a
+calm, but so matchless a fortitude, as secured him from complying
+with any of those many Parliament injunctions, that interfered with a
+doubtful conscience. His learning was methodical and exact, his wisdom
+useful, his integrity visible, and his whole life so unspotted, that
+all ought to be preserved as copies for posterity to write after; the
+Clergy especially, who with impure hands ought not to offer sacrifice
+to that God, whose pure eyes abhor iniquity.
+
+There was in his Sermons no improper rhetoric, nor such perplexed
+divisions, as may be said to be like too much light, that so dazzles
+the eyes, that the sight becomes less perfect: but there was therein
+no want of useful matter, nor waste of words; and yet such clear
+distinctions as dispelled all confused notions, and made his hearers
+depart both wiser, and more confirmed in virtuous resolutions.
+
+[Sidenote: His memory]
+
+[Sidenote: His even temper]
+
+His memory was so matchless and firm, as 'twas only overcome by his
+bashfulness; for he alone, or to a friend, could repeat all the Odes
+of Horace, all Tully's Offices, and much of Juvenal and Persius,
+without book: and would say, "the repetition of one of the Odes of
+Horace to himself, was to him such music, as a lesson on the viol was
+to others, when they played it to themselves or friends." And though
+he was blest with a clearer judgment than other men, yet he was so
+distrustful of it, that he did over-consider of consequences, and
+would so delay and re-consider what to determine, that though none
+ever determined better, yet, when the bell tolled for him to appear
+and read his Divinity Lectures in Oxford, and all the Scholars
+attended to hear him, he had not then, or not till then, resolved and
+writ what he meant to determine; so that that appeared to be a truth,
+which his old dear friend Dr. Sheldon would often say, namely, "That
+his judgment was so much superior to his fancy, that whatsoever
+this suggested, that disliked and controlled; still considering, and
+re-considering, till his time was so wasted, that he was forced to
+write, not, probably, what was best, but what he thought last." And
+yet what he did then read, appeared to all hearers to be so useful,
+clear, and satisfactory, as none ever determined with greater
+applause. These tiring and perplexing thoughts begot in him an
+averseness to enter into the toil of considering and determining all
+casuistical points; because during that time, they neither gave rest
+to his body or mind. But though he would not be always loaden with
+these knotty points and distinctions; yet the study of old records,
+genealogies, and Heraldry, were a recreation and so pleasing, that he
+would say they gave rest to his mind. Of the last of which I have seen
+two remarkable volumes; and the Reader needs neither to doubt their
+truth or exactness.
+
+And this humble man had so conquered all repining and ambitious
+thoughts, and with them all other unruly passions, that, if the
+accidents of the day proved to his danger or damage, yet he both began
+and ended it with an even and undisturbed quietness; always praising
+God that he had not withdrawn food and raiment from him and his poor
+family; nor suffered him to violate his conscience for his safety, or
+to support himself or them in a more splendid or plentiful condition;
+and that he therefore resolved with David, "That his praise should be
+always in his mouth."
+
+[Sidenote: "De Conscientiâ"]
+
+I have taken a content in giving my Reader this character of his
+person, his temper, and some of the accidents of his life past; and
+more might be added of all; but I will with sorrow look forward to the
+sad days, in which so many good men suffered, about the year 1658, at
+which time Dr. Sanderson was in a very low condition as to his estate;
+and in that time Mr. Robert Boyle[24]--a gentleman of a very noble
+birth, and more eminent for his liberality, learning, and virtue,
+and of whom I would say much more, but that he still lives--having
+casually met with and read his Lectures _de Juramento_, to his great
+satisfaction, and being informed of Dr. Sanderson's great innocence
+and sincerity, and that he and his family were brought into a low
+condition by his not complying with the Parliament's injunctions,
+sent him by his dear friend Dr. Barlow[25]--the now learned Bishop of
+Lincoln--50_l._ and with it a request and promise. The request was,
+that he would review the Lectures _de Conscientiâ_, which he had read
+when he was Doctor of the Chair in Oxford, and print them for the good
+of posterity:--and this Dr. Sanderson did in the year 1659.--And the
+promise was, that he would pay him that, or a greater sum if desired,
+during his life, to enable him to pay an amanuensis, to ease him from
+the trouble of writing what he should conceive or dictate. For the
+more particular account of which, I refer my Reader to a letter
+writ by the said Dr. Barlow, which I have annexed to the end of this
+relation.
+
+[Sidenote: The Restoration]
+
+Towards the end of this year, 1659, when the many mixed sects, and
+their creators and merciless protectors, had led or driven each other
+into a whirlpool of confusion: when amazement and fear had seized
+them, and their accusing consciences gave them an inward and fearful
+intelligence, that the god which they had long served was now ready to
+pay them such wages, as he does always reward witches with for their
+obeying him: when these wretches were come to foresee an end of
+their cruel reign, by our King's return; and such sufferers as Dr.
+Sanderson--and with him many of the oppressed Clergy and others--could
+foresee the cloud of their afflictions would be dispersed by it; then,
+in the beginning of the year following, the King was by God restored
+to us, and we to our known laws and liberties, and a general joy
+and peace seemed to breathe through the three nations. Then were the
+suffering Clergy freed from their sequestration, restored to their
+revenues, and to a liberty to adore, praise, and pray to God in such
+order as their consciences and oaths had formerly obliged them. And
+the Reader will easily believe, that Dr. Sanderson and his dejected
+family rejoiced to see this day, and be of this number.
+
+[Sidenote: Commended to Charles II.]
+
+It ought to be considered--which I have often heard or read--that in
+the primitive times men of learning and virtue were usually sought
+for, and solicited to accept of Episcopal government, and often
+refused it. For they conscientiously considered, that the office of
+a Bishop was made up of labour and care; that they were trusted to be
+God's almoners of the Church's revenue, and double their care for the
+poor; to live strictly themselves, and use all diligence to see that
+their family, officers, and Clergy did so; and that the account of
+that stewardship, must, at the last dreadful day, be made to the
+Searcher of all Hearts: and that in the primitive times they were
+therefore timorous to undertake it. It may not be said, that Dr.
+Sanderson was accomplished with these, and all the other requisites
+required in a Bishop, so as to be able to answer them exactly: but
+it may be affirmed, as a good preparation, that he had at the age of
+seventy-three years--for he was so old at the King's Return--fewer
+faults to be pardoned by God or man, than are apparent in others in
+these days, in which, God knows, we fall so short of that visible
+sanctity and zeal to God's glory, which was apparent in the days of
+primitive Christianity. This is mentioned by way of preparation to
+what I shall say more of Dr. Sanderson; and namely, that, at
+the King's return, Dr. Sheldon, the late prudent Bishop of
+Canterbury,--than whom none knew, valued, or loved Dr. Sanderson more
+or better,--was by his Majesty made a chief trustee to commend to him
+fit men to supply the then vacant Bishoprics. And Dr. Sheldon knew
+none fitter than Dr. Sanderson, and therefore humbly desired the King
+that he would nominate him: and, that done, he did as humbly desire
+Dr. Sanderson that he would, for God's and the Church's sake,
+take that charge and care upon him. Dr. Sanderson had, if not an
+unwillingness, certainly no forwardness to undertake it; and would
+often say, he had not led himself, but his friend would now lead him
+into a temptation, which he had daily prayed against; and besought
+God, if he did undertake it, so as to assist him with his grace, that
+the example of his life, his cares and endeavours, might promote his
+glory, and help forward the salvation of others.
+
+[Sidenote: Bishop of Lincoln]
+
+This I have mentioned as a happy preparation to his Bishopric; and
+am next to tell, that he was consecrated Bishop of Lincoln at
+Westminster, the 28th of October, 1660.
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Richard Baxter]
+
+There was about this time a Christian care taken, that those whose
+consciences were, as they said, tender, and could not comply with the
+service and ceremonies of the Church, might have satisfaction given
+by a friendly debate betwixt a select number of them, and some like
+number of those that had been sufferers for the Church-service and
+ceremonies, and now restored to liberty; of which last some were then
+preferred to power and dignity in the Church. And of these Bishop
+Sanderson was one, and then chose to be a moderator in that debate:
+and he performed his trust with much mildness, patience, and reason;
+but all proved ineffectual: for there be some prepossessions like
+jealousies, which, though causeless, yet cannot be removed by reasons
+as apparent as demonstration can make any truth. The place appointed
+for this debate was the Savoy in the Strand: and the points debated
+were, I think, many; some affirmed to be truth and reason, some denied
+to be either; and these debates being then in words, proved to be so
+loose and perplexed as satisfied neither party. For some time that
+which had been affirmed was immediately forgot or denied, and so no
+satisfaction given to either party. But that the debate might become
+more useful, it was therefore resolved that the day following the
+desires and reasons of the Non-conformists should be given in writing,
+and they in writing receive answers from the conforming party. And
+though I neither now can, nor need to mention all the points debated,
+nor the names of the dissenting brethren; yet I am sure Mr. Baxter was
+one, and am sure what shall now follow was one of the points debated.
+
+Concerning a command of lawful superiors, what was sufficient to its
+being a lawful command; this proposition was brought by the conforming
+party.
+
+"That command which commands an act in itself lawful, and no other act
+or circumstance unlawful, is not sinful."
+
+Mr. Baxter[26] denied it for two reasons, which he gave in with his
+own hand in writing, thus:
+
+One was, "Because that may be a sin _per accidens_, which is not so in
+itself, and may be unlawfully commanded, though that accident be
+not in the command." Another was, "That it may be commanded under an
+unjust penalty."
+
+Again this proposition being brought by the Conformists, "That command
+which commandeth an act in itself lawful, and no other act whereby
+any unjust penalty is enjoined, nor any circumstance whence, _per
+accidens_, any sin is consequent which the commander ought to provide
+against, is not sinful."
+
+[Sidenote: His contentions or denials]
+
+Mr. Baxter denied it for this reason, then given in with his own
+hand in writing thus: "Because the first act commanded may be _per
+accidens_ unlawful, and be commanded by an unjust penalty, though no
+other act or circumstance commanded be such."
+
+Again, this proposition being brought by the Conformists, "That
+command which commandeth an act in itself lawful, and no other act
+whereby any unjust penalty is enjoined, nor any circumstance,
+whence directly, or _per accidens_, any sin is consequent, which the
+commander ought to provide against, hath in it all things requisite
+to the lawfulness of a command, and particularly cannot be guilty of
+commanding an act _per accidens_ unlawful, nor of commanding an act
+under an unjust penalty."
+
+Mr. Baxter denied it upon the same reasons.
+
+                 PETER GUNNING.[27]
+
+                 JOHN PEARSON.[28]
+
+These were then two of the disputants, still alive, and will attest
+this; one being now Lord Bishop of Ely, and the other of Chester.
+And the last of them told me very lately, that one of the
+Dissenters--which I could, but forbear to name--appeared to Dr.
+Sanderson to be so bold, so troublesome, and so illogical in the
+dispute, as forced patient Dr. Sanderson--who was then Bishop of
+Lincoln, and a moderator with other Bishops--to say, with an unusual
+earnestness, "That he had never met with a man of more pertinacious
+confidence, and less abilities, in all his conversation."
+
+[Sidenote: Results of the debate]
+
+But though this debate at the Savoy was ended without any great
+satisfaction to either party, yet both parties knew the desires, and
+understood the abilities, of the other, much better than before it:
+and the late distressed Clergy, that were now restored to their former
+rights and power, did, at the next meeting in Convocation, contrive to
+give the dissenting party satisfaction by alteration, explanation, and
+addition to some part both of the Rubric and Common Prayer, as also
+by adding some new necessary Collects, and a particular Collect
+of Thanksgiving. How many of those new Collects were worded by Dr.
+Sanderson, I cannot say; but am sure the whole Convocation valued him
+so much that he never undertook to speak to any point in question, but
+he was heard with great willingness and attention; and when any point
+in question was determined, the Convocation did usually desire him to
+word their intentions, and as usually approve and thank him.
+
+[Sidenote: New Offices]
+
+At this Convocation the Common Prayer was made more complete, by
+adding three new necessary Offices; which were, "A Form of Humiliation
+for the Murder of King Charles the Martyr; A Thanksgiving for the
+Restoration of his Son our King; and For the Baptising of Persons of
+riper Age." I cannot say Dr. Sanderson did form, or word them all,
+but doubtless more than any single man of the Convocation; and he
+did also, by desire of the Convocation, alter and add to the forms of
+Prayers to be used at Sea--now taken into the Service-Book.--And
+it may be noted, that William, the now Right Reverend Bishop of
+Canterbury,[29] was in these employments diligently useful; especially
+in helping to rectify the Calendar and Rubric. And lastly, it may
+be noted, that, for the satisfying all the dissenting brethren and
+others, the Convocation's reasons for the alterations and additions
+to the Liturgy were by them desired to be drawn up by Dr. Sanderson;
+which being done by him, and approved by them, was appointed to be
+printed before the Liturgy, and may be known by this title--"The
+Preface;" and begins thus--"It hath been the Wisdom of the Church."--
+
+I shall now follow him to his Bishopric, and declare a part of his
+behaviour in that busy and weighty employment. And first, that it was
+with such condescension and obligingness to the meanest of his Clergy,
+as to know and be known to them. And indeed he practised the like to
+all men of what degree soever, especially to his old neighbours or
+parishioners of Boothby Pannell; for there was all joy at his table,
+when they came to visit him: then they prayed for him, and he for
+them, with an unfeigned affection.
+
+I think it will not be denied, but that the care and toil required of
+a Bishop, may justly challenge the riches and revenue with which their
+predecessors had lawfully endowed them: and yet he sought not that so
+much, as doing good both to the present age and posterity; and he made
+this appear by what follows.
+
+[Sidenote: The Bishop at Buckden]
+
+[Sidenote: Repairs and restorations]
+
+The Bishop's chief house at Buckden, in the County of Huntingdon, the
+usual residence of his predecessors,--for it stands about the midst
+of his Diocese,--having been at his consecration a great part of it
+demolished, and what was left standing under a visible decay, was by
+him undertaken to be erected and repaired: and it was performed with
+great speed, care, and charge. And to this may be added, that the King
+having by an Injunction commended to the care of the Bishops, Deans,
+and Prebends of all Cathedral Churches, "the repair of them, their
+houses, and augmentation of small Vicarages;" he, when he was
+repairing Buckden, did also augment the last, as fast as fines were
+paid for renewing leases so fast, that a friend, taking notice of his
+bounty, was so bold as to advise him to remember, "he was under his
+first-fruits, and that he was old, and had a wife and children yet but
+meanly provided for, especially if his dignity were considered." To
+whom he made a mild and thankful answer, saying, "It would not become
+a Christian Bishop to suffer those houses built by his predecessors
+to be ruined for want of repair; and less justifiable to suffer any of
+those, that were called to so high a calling as to sacrifice at God's
+altar, to eat the bread of sorrow constantly, when he had a power by
+a small augmentation, to turn it into the bread of cheerfulness: and
+wished, that as this was, so it were also in his power to make all
+mankind happy, for he desired nothing more. And for his wife and
+children, he hoped to leave them a competence, and in the hands of a
+God that would provide for all that kept innocence, and trusted his
+providence and protection, which he had always found enough to make
+and keep him happy."
+
+[Sidenote: His favourite books]
+
+There was in his Diocese a Minister of almost his age, that had been
+of Lincoln College when he left it, who visited him often, and always
+welcome, because he was a man of innocence and openheartedness. This
+Minister asked the Bishop what books he studied most, when he laid the
+foundation of his great and clear learning. To which his answer was,
+"that he declined reading many; but what he did read were well chosen,
+and read so often, that he became Very familiar with them;" and said,
+"they were chiefly three, Aristotle's Rhetoric, Aquinas's _Secunda
+Secundit_, and Tully, but chiefly his offices, which he had not read
+over less than twenty times, and could at this age say without book."
+And told him also, "the learned Civilian Doctor Zouch--who died
+lately--had writ _Elementa Jurisprudentiae_, which was a book that he
+could also say without book; and that no wise man could read it too
+often, or love or commend too much;" and told him, "these had been his
+toil: but for himself he always had a natural love to genealogies and
+Heraldry; and that when his thoughts were harassed with any perplexed
+studies, he left off, and turned to them as a recreation; and that his
+very recreation had made him so perfect in them, that he could, in a
+very short time, give an account of the descent, arms, and antiquity
+of any family of the Nobility or gentry of this nation."
+
+[Sidenote: His Will]
+
+Before I give an account of Dr. Sanderson's last sickness, I desire to
+tell the Reader that he was of a healthful constitution, cheerful and
+mild, of an even temper, very moderate in his diet, and had had little
+sickness, till some few years before his death; but was then every
+winter punished with a diarrhoea, which left not till warm weather
+returned and removed it: and this distemper did, as he grew older,
+seize him oftener, and continue longer with him. But though it
+weakened him, yet it made him rather indisposed than sick, and did no
+way disable him from studying--indeed too much.--In this decay of his
+strength, but not of his memory or reason,--for this distemper works
+not upon the understanding,--he made his last Will, of which I shall
+give some account for confirmation of what hath been said, and what I
+think convenient to be known, before I declare his death and burial.
+
+He did in his last Will,[30] give an account of his faith and
+persuasion in point of religion, and Church-government, in these very
+words:
+
+"I, Robert Sanderson, Doctor of Divinity, an unworthy Minister of
+Jesus Christ, and, by the providence of God, Bishop of Lincoln, being
+by the long continuance of an habitual distemper brought to a great
+bodily weakness and faintness of spirits, but--by the great mercy of
+God--without any bodily pain otherwise, or decay of understanding,
+do make this my Will and Testament,--written all with my own
+hand,--revoking all former Wills by me heretofore made, if any such
+shall be found. First, I commend my soul into the hands of Almighty
+God, as of a faithful Creator, which I humbly beseech him mercifully
+to accept, looking upon it, not as it is in itself,--infinitely
+polluted with sin,--but as it is redeemed and purged with the precious
+blood of his only beloved Son, and my most sweet Saviour Jesus Christ;
+in confidence of whose merits and mediation alone it is, that I cast
+myself upon the mercy of God for the pardon of my sins, and the hopes
+of eternal life. And here I do profess, that as I have lived, so I
+desire, and--by the grace of God--resolve, to die in the communion
+of the Catholic Church of Christ, and a true son of the Church
+of England: which, as it stands by law established, to be both in
+doctrine and worship agreeable to the word of God, and in the most,
+and most material points of both conformable to the faith and practice
+of the godly Churches of Christ in the primitive and purer times, I do
+firmly believe: led so to do, not so much from the force of custom and
+education,--to which the greatest part of mankind owe their particular
+different persuasions in point of Religion,--as upon the clear
+evidence of truth and reason, after a serious and impartial
+examination of the grounds, as well of Popery as Puritanism, according
+to that measure of understanding, and those opportunities which God
+hath afforded me: and herein I am abundantly satisfied, that the
+schism which the Papists on the one hand, and the superstition which
+the Puritan on the other hand, lay to our charge, are very justly
+chargeable upon themselves respectively. Wherefore I humbly beseech
+Almighty God, the Father of mercies, to preserve the Church by his
+power and providence, in peace, truth, and godliness, evermore to
+the world's end: which doubtless he will do, if the wickedness and
+security of a sinful people--and particularly those sins that are so
+rife, and seem daily to increase among us, of unthankfulness, riot,
+and sacrilege--do not tempt his patience to the contrary. And I also
+further humbly beseech him, that it would please him to give unto our
+gracious Sovereign, the reverend Bishops, and the Parliament, timely
+to consider the great danger that visibly threatens this Church in
+point of Religion by the late great increase of Popery, and in point
+of revenue by sacrilegious inclosures; and to provide such wholesome
+and effectual remedies, as may prevent the same before it be too
+late."
+
+And for a further manifestation of his humble thoughts and desires,
+they may appear to the Reader by another part of his Will which
+follows.
+
+"As for my corruptible body, I bequeath it to the earth whence it was
+taken, to be decently buried in the Parish Church of Buckden,
+towards the upper end of the Chancel, upon the second, or--at the
+furthest--the third day after my decease; and that with as little
+noise, pomp, and charge as may be, without the invitation of any
+person how near soever related unto me, other than the inhabitants
+of Buckden; without the unnecessary expense of escutcheons, gloves,
+ribbons, &c., and without any blacks to be hung any where in or about
+the house or Church, other than a pulpit cloth, a hearse-cloth, and
+a mourning gown for the Preacher; whereof the former--after my body
+shall be interred--to be given to the Preacher of the Funeral Sermon,
+and the latter to the Curate of the Parish for the time being. And
+my will further is that the Funeral Sermon be preached by my own
+household Chaplain, containing some wholesome discourse concerning
+Mortality, the Resurrection of the Dead and the Last Judgment; and
+that he shall have for his pains 5_l._ upon condition that he speak
+nothing at all concerning my person, either good or ill, other than
+I myself shall direct; only signifying to the auditory that it was my
+express will to have it so. And it is my will, that no costly monument
+be erected for my memory, but only a fair flat marble stone to be laid
+over me, with this inscription in legible Roman characters, DEPOSITUM
+ROBERTI SANDERSON NUPER LINCOLNIENSIS EPISCOPI, QUI OBIIT ANNO DOMINI
+MDCLXII. ET ÆTATIS SUÆ SEPTUAGESIMO SEXTO, HIC REQUIESCIT IN SPE BEATE
+RESURRECTIONIS. This manner of burial, although I cannot but foresee
+it will prove unsatisfactory to sundry my nearest friends and
+relations, and be apt to be censured by others, as an evidence of
+my too much parsimony and narrowness of mind, as being altogether
+unusual, and not according to the mode of these times: yet it is
+agreeable to the sense of my heart, and I do very much desire my Will
+may be carefully observed herein, hoping it may become exemplary to
+some or other: at least however testifying at my death--what I have so
+often and earnestly professed in my life time--my utter dislike of the
+flatteries commonly used in Funeral Sermons, and of the vast expenses
+otherwise laid out in Funeral solemnities and entertainments, with
+very little benefit to any; which if bestowed in pious and charitable
+works, might redound to the public or private benefit of many
+persons."
+
+[Sidenote: His death]
+
+I am next to tell, that he died the 29th of January, 1662; and that
+his body was buried in Buckden, the third day after his death; and for
+the manner, that it was as far from ostentation as he desired it;
+and all the rest of his Will was as punctually performed. And when
+I have--to his just praise--told this truth, "that he died far from
+being rich," I shall return back to visit, and give a further account
+of him on his last sick bed.
+
+His last Will--of which I have mentioned a part--was made about three
+weeks before his death, about which time, finding his strength to
+decay by reason of his constant infirmity, and a consumptive cough
+added to it, he retired to his chamber, expressing a desire to enjoy
+his last thoughts to himself in private, without disturbance or care,
+especially of what might concern this world. And that none of his
+Clergy--which are more numerous than any other Bishop's--might suffer
+by his retirement, he did by commission impower his Chaplain, Mr.
+Pullin,[31] with Episcopal power to give institutions to all livings
+or Church-preferments, during this his disability to do it himself.
+In this time of his retirement he longed for his dissolution; and when
+some that loved him prayed for his recovery, if he at any time found
+any amendment, he seemed to be displeased, by saying, "His friends
+said their prayers backward for him: and that it was not his desire to
+live a useless life, and by filling up a place keep another out of it,
+that might do God and his Church service." He would often with
+much joy and thankfulness mention, "That during his being a
+housekeeper--which was more than forty years--there had not been one
+buried out of his family, and that he was now like to be the first."
+He would also often mention with thankfulness, "That till he was
+three score years of age, he had never spent five shillings in law,
+nor--upon himself--so much in wine: and rejoiced much that he had
+so lived, as never to cause an hour's sorrow to his good father; and
+hoped he should die without an enemy."
+
+[Sidenote: Rules and habits]
+
+He, in this retirement, had the Church prayers read in his chamber
+twice every day; and at nine at night, some prayers read to him and
+a part of his family out of "The Whole Duty of Man." As he was
+remarkably punctual and regular in all his studies and actions, so he
+used himself to be for his meals. And his dinner being appointed to
+be constantly ready at the ending of prayers, and he expecting and
+calling for it, was answered, "It would be ready in a quarter of an
+hour." To which his reply was, "A quarter of an hour! Is a quarter
+of an hour nothing to a man that probably has days not many hours to
+live?" And though he did live many hours after this, yet he lived
+not many days; for the day after--which was three days before his
+death--he was become so weak and weary of either motion or sitting,
+that he was content, or forced, to keep his bed: in which I desire he
+may rest, till I have given some account of his behaviour there, and
+immediately before it.
+
+[Sidenote: His last days]
+
+The day before he took his bed,--which was three days before his
+death,--he, that he might receive a new assurance for the pardon of
+his sins past, and be strengthened in his way to the New Jerusalem,
+took the blessed Sacrament of the Body and Blood of his and our
+blessed Jesus, from the hands of his Chaplain, Mr. Pullin, accompanied
+with his wife, children, and a friend, in as awful, humble, and ardent
+a manner, as outward reverence could express. After the praise and
+thanksgiving for it was ended, he spake to this purpose: "Thou, O
+God! tookest me out of my mother's womb, and hast been the powerful
+protector of me to this present moment of my life: Thou hast neither
+forsaken me now I am become greyheaded, nor suffered me to forsake
+thee in the late days of temptation, and sacrifice my conscience for
+the preservation of my liberty or estate. It was by grace that I have
+stood, when others have fallen under my trials: and these mercies I
+now remember with joy and thankfulness; and my hope and desire is,
+that I may die praising thee."
+
+[Sidenote: Use of the Psalms]
+
+The frequent repetition of the Psalms of David, hath been noted to be
+a great part of the devotion of the primitive Christians; the Psalms
+having in them not only prayers and holy instructions, but such
+commemorations of God's mercies, as may preserve, comfort, and confirm
+our dependence on the power, and providence, and mercy of our Creator.
+And this is mentioned in order to telling, that as the holy Psalmist
+said, that his eyes should prevent both the dawning of the day and
+night watches, by meditating on God's word (Psal. cxix. 147), so it
+was Dr. Sanderson's constant practice every morning to entertain his
+first waking thoughts with a repetition of those very Psalms that
+the Church hath appointed to be constantly read in the daily Morning
+service: and having at night laid him in his bed, he as constantly
+closed his eyes with a repetition of those appointed for the service
+of the evening, remembering and repeating the very Psalms appointed
+for every day; and as the month had formerly ended and began again,
+so did this exercise of his devotion. And if his first waking thoughts
+were of the world, or what concerned it, he would arraign and condemn
+himself for it. Thus he began that work on earth, which is now his
+employment in Heaven.
+
+[Sidenote: Death]
+
+After his taking his bed, and about a day before his death, he
+desired his Chaplain, Mr. Pullin, to give him absolution: and at his
+performing that office, he pulled off his cap, that Mr. Pullin
+might lay his hand upon his bare head. After this desire of his was
+satisfied, his body seemed to be at more ease, and his mind more
+cheerful; and he said, "Lord, forsake me not now my strength faileth
+me; but continue thy mercy, and let my mouth be filled with thy
+praise." He continued the remaining night and day very patient, and
+thankful for any of the little offices that were performed for his
+ease and refreshment: and during that time did often say the 103rd
+Psalm to himself, and very often these words, "My heart is fixed, O
+God! my heart is fixed where true joy is to be found." His thoughts
+seemed now to be wholly of death, for which he was so prepared, that
+the King of Terrors could not surprise him as a thief in the night:
+for he had often said, he was prepared, and longed for it. And as this
+desire seemed to come from Heaven, so it left him not till his soul
+ascended to that region of blessed spirits, whose employments are to
+join in concert with him, and sing praise and glory to that God, who
+hath brought them to that place, into which sin and sorrow cannot
+enter.
+
+Thus this pattern of meekness and primitive innocence changed this for
+a better life. 'Tis now too late to wish that my life may be like
+his; for I am in the eighty-fifth year of my age: but I humbly beseech
+Almighty God, that my death may: and do as earnestly beg of every
+Reader, to say--Amen.
+
+Blessed is the man in whose spirit there is no guile, Psal. xxxii. 2.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: This is a mistake; Bishop Sanderson was born at Sheffield
+on the 19th of September.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Thomas Scot, or Rotheram, so called after his
+birth-place, Fellow of King's College, in Cambridge, was afterward
+Master of Pembroke Hall, and 1483 and 1484, Chancellor of the
+University. He obtained great ecclesiastical preferment, being
+successively Provost of Beverley, Bishop of Rochester and of Lincoln,
+and lastly Archbishop of York. Nor was he less adorned with civil
+honours, having been appointed, first, Keeper of the Privy Seal, and
+then Lord Chancellor of England. The two Universities and his native
+town still enjoy the fruits of his bounty. He died 29th May, 1500.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Dr. Gilbert Sheldon was born July 19, 1598.--His father,
+Roger Sheldon, though of no obscure parentage, was a menial servant
+to Gilbert Earl of Shrewsbury.--He was of Trinity College, Oxford, and
+took his Master's degree in May, 1620. He was introduced to Charles I.
+by Lord Coventry, and became one of His Majesty's Chaplains. Upon the
+Restoration, he was made Dean of the Chapel Royal, succeeded Dr. Juxon
+as Bishop of London, and after as Archbishop of Canterbury; in 1667
+he was elected Chancellor of the University of Oxford. He died at
+Lambeth, Nov. 9, 1677.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Dr. Richard Kilbie, born at Ratcliffe, in Leicestershire,
+and a great benefactor to his College, since he restored the neglected
+library, added eight new repositories for books, and gave to it
+many excellent volumes. He became Rector in 1590, and in 1610 he was
+appointed the King's Hebrew Professor. He died in 1620.]
+
+[Footnote 5: An edition of this work was published in Oxford so
+recently as 1841.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Mr. Charles Crooke, a younger son of Sir John Crooke, of
+Chilton, in Bucks, one of the Justices of the King's Bench. In 1615,
+he proceeded D.D., being then Rector of Amersham and a Fellow of Eton
+College.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Brother of George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury, born
+at Guildford in 1560, and promoted to the See of Salisbury in 1615, as
+a reward for his Lectures against Suarez and Bellarmine, in defence of
+the King's supreme power. On his way to Sarum, he made an oration to
+the University, and his friends parted from him with tears. He died
+March 2nd, 1617-8.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Dr. John Prideaux, born at Harford, in Devon in 1578, and
+Rector of Exeter College in 1612, when he acquired so much fame in the
+government of it, that several eminent foreigners placed themselves
+under his care. He was made King's Professor in Divinity in 1615, and
+Bishop of Worcester in 1641; but was reduced to great poverty in the
+Civil Wars, and died July 20th, 1650.]
+
+[Footnote 9: Dr. Arthur Lake, born at Southampton about 1550, and
+educated at Winchester School, whence he proceeded to New College,
+Oxford. He was created Dean of Worcester in 1608, and Bishop of Bath
+and Wells in 1616. He died on 4th May, 1626.]
+
+[Footnote 10: Dr. Tobias Matthew--died March 29, 1628, aged 83.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Dr. William Laud, born at Reading, Oct. 7, 1573, and
+educated there, and at St. John's College, Oxford. In 1616, he was
+made Dean of Gloucester, in 1621 Bishop of St. David's, and in 1622 he
+had a conference with Fisher the Jesuit, of which the printed account
+evinces how opposed he was to Popery; but his Arminian tenets gave
+offence to the Calvinists. In 1626 he was translated to the See of
+Bath and Wells, in 1628 to London, and in 1633 to Canterbury. His zeal
+for the establishment of the Liturgy in Scotland produced him numerous
+enemies, by whose means he was imprisoned in the Tower for three
+years, and beheaded Jan. 10th, 1644-45. His works were published at
+Oxford, 6 vols. 8vo., 1847-9.]
+
+[Footnote 12: Dr. Henry Hammond was born at Chertsey, in Surrey, Aug.
+18th, 1605, and was educated at Eton, and Magdalen College, Oxford.
+His loyalty caused him to be deprived of his preferments during the
+Civil Wars, and at the Restoration he was designed for Bishop of
+Worcester, but died before consecration, April 25th, 1660. His
+principal works are, his "Practical Catechism," and "A Paraphrase and
+Annotations on the New Testament."]
+
+[Footnote 13: Dr. Thomas Pierce, for some years President of Magdalen
+College, Oxford. In his epitaph composed by himself he says, "Here
+lies all that was mortal, the outside, dust, and ashes of Thomas
+Pierce, D.D., once the President of a College in Oxford, at first the
+Rector of _Brington-cum-Membris,_ Canon of Lincoln, and at last Dean
+of Sarum; who fell asleep in the Lord Jesus [Mar. 28, an. 1691], but
+in hope of an awake at the resurrection."]
+
+[Footnote 14: Dr. Matthew Wren, successively Bishop of Hereford,
+Norwich, and Ely, died April 14, 1667, aged eighty-one years and
+upwards. He was distinguished for his extraordinary attachment to the
+royal cause, having suffered an imprisonment for eighteen years with
+singular patience and magnanimity.
+
+It should not be forgotten, that when Cromwell had repeatedly offered
+to release the Bishop, he refused to accept of the proffered boon,
+saying, "that he scorned to receive his liberty from a tyrant and
+usurper." His life was kindly prolonged by Providence, that as he had
+seen the destruction, so he might also see the happy restoration of
+his order.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Born at Geneva on August 14, 1599, and educated at
+Christ Church, Oxford. Archbishop Laud gave him the living of Minster,
+Kent, and a Prebend in the Cathedral of Canterbury. He suffered
+much in the civil wars, but at the Restoration he recovered his
+preferments. Among his works are "A Treatise of Use and Custom,"
+1638, "De Quatuor Linguis Commentatio," 1650, "Of Credulity and
+Incredulity," 1668. He died on July 14, 1671.]
+
+[Footnote 16: Dr. John Williams was then Dean of Westminster. He held
+this Deanery _in Commendam_ during the whole time of his being Bishop
+of Lincoln, and likewise three years after his translation to York.]
+
+[Footnote 17: Was born at Anstley, in Wiltshire, in 1590; he received
+his education in William of Wykeham's school, near Winchester; was
+matriculated in the University of Oxford in 1608, and admitted Fellow
+of New College in 1609. He took the degree of LL.B. June 30, 1614,
+and that of LL.D. April 8, 1619. He no sooner had obtained his first
+degree than he became an Advocate in Doctors' Commons. Through the
+influence of his noble kinsman, who was then Lord of the Cinque Ports,
+he was elected, in 1620, a Burgess to serve in Parliament for Hythe
+in Kent. In the same year he succeeded Dr. John Budden as Professor
+of Civil law; and in 1625, he was appointed Principal of Alban's Hall.
+Though a layman, he held the Prebend of Shipston, in the Church of
+Salisbury, which was then first annexed to the Law Professorship by
+James I.
+
+After the Restoration, Dr. Zouch, whose loyalty always remained
+unimpeached, had the honour of being named by the King, along with
+several other Commissioners, to restore the splendours and regulate
+the disorders of the University. He was re-instated in the Court of
+Admiralty; and if he had lived he would doubtless have attained those
+higher dignities in his profession, to which his integrity and great
+abilities entitled him. He died at his apartments in Doctors' Commons,
+London, March 1, 1660.]
+
+[Footnote 18: Let it ever be remembered to the honour of this Prelate,
+whom Charles I. was wont to call "the good man," and whom he declared
+to be his greatest comfort in his most afflictive situation, that he
+delivered his sentiments without disguise to the King, on the subject
+of Lord Strafford's fate, telling him plainly, that "he ought to do
+nothing with an unsatisfied conscience, upon any consideration in
+the world." His character is thus beautifully pourtrayed by Sir Henry
+Wotton, in a letter to the Queen of Bohemia. "There is in him no
+tumour, no sourness, no distraction of thoughts; but a quiet mind, a
+patient care, free access, mild and moderate answers. To this I must
+add, a solid judgment, a sober plainness, and a most indubitable
+character of fidelity in his very face; so as there needs not much
+study to think him both a good man and a wise man."]
+
+[Footnote 19: This learned person went abroad in 1626, and spent
+four years in visiting Asia and Africa. He again left England, and
+travelled over several parts of Europe. He afterwards joined the
+Parliament against Charles I., whom he was appointed to attend from
+the very beginning of his imprisonment to the time of his death.
+He shewed himself a most faithful servant to the King, whose real
+character he soon discovered to be totally different from that which
+had been represented to him. In 1660, Charles II. advanced him to the
+Dignity of a Baronet, by the name of Thomas Herbert of Tinterne, in
+Monmouth "for faithfully serving his royal father during the two
+last years of his life."--In 1678 he published "Threnodia Carolina;
+containing Memoirs of the two last Years of the reign of King Charles
+I." This little work was reprinted in 1813, upon the opening the tomb
+of the royal martyr, by Mr. G. Nicoll of Pall Mall, with a "sensible
+and seasonable Preface." Sir T. Herbert assisted Sir William Dugdale
+in compiling the third volume of his "Monasticon Anglicanum;" and died
+at York, his native place, 1682, leaving several MSS. to the public
+library at Oxford, and others to that of the Cathedral at York.]
+
+[Footnote 20: This is supposed to have been Mr. Swinfen, an ancestor
+(on the female side) of the late Earl St. Vincent.]
+
+[Footnote 21: They were all, except Dr. Wall, ejected in 1647. Dr.
+Samuel Fell died of grief, the day he was made acquainted with the
+murder of Charles I., viz. on Feb. 1, 1648-9. Dr. Gardner, Canon of
+the third stall, lived to be restored, and died in 1670. Dr. Paine,
+Canon of the fourth stall, died during the rebellion. Dr. Hammond,
+Sub-dean and Canon of the second stall, died in 1660. As for Dr. Wall,
+Canon of the seventh stall, he conformed no doubt to the measures of
+the Visitors. He died possessed of it in 1666.]
+
+[Footnote 22: Mr. Thomas Brightman, born at Nottingham, and educated
+at Queen's College in Cambridge, was Rector of Hawnes in Bedfordshire.
+He died suddenly Aug. 24, 1607.
+
+Mr. Thomas Cartwright, the noted Puritan, in allusion to the name of
+Mr. Brightman, considers him as full of illumination as "a bright star
+in the Church of God." Though no favourable opinion can be entertained
+of his writings, yet the acknowledged innocence of his life and
+conversation entitles him to every encomium.]
+
+[Footnote 23: Honest Walton rather overstates the case. Thucydides
+simply says that attendance on the sick promoted the spread of the
+pestilence. (Lib. II. c. 51.)]
+
+[Footnote 24: This amiable philosopher was born Jan. 25th, 1626-17, at
+Lismore, in the province of Munster, in Ireland. He was a scholar, a
+gentleman, a Christian of the most exalted piety and charity, and a
+very eminent Natural philosopher. He died Dec. 30th, 1691.]
+
+[Footnote 25: Dr. Thomas Barlow was born in 1607, at Orton, in
+Westmoreland, was made Bishop of Lincoln, in 1675, and died at
+Buckden, in 1691. His character appears to have been vacillating; he
+was not among the venerable Prelates who stood forth the Protectors
+of the Protestant Religion in 1688. His theological learning was
+considerable.]
+
+[Footnote 26: Richard Baxter was born at Rowton, in Shropshire, 1615,
+and was a Chaplain in the Parliamentary Army, though he was a defender
+of Monarchy. He refused the Bishopric of Hereford, and died in 1691.
+His "Saint's Everlasting Rest" and "Call to the Unconverted" are his
+most famous books.]
+
+[Footnote 27: Dr. Peter Gunning was a loyalist Divine, who suffered
+considerably for the Royal cause, and died Bishop of Ely, in 1684.]
+
+[Footnote 28: Dr. John Pearson was the author of the famous
+"Exposition of the Creed;" in 1661, he was made Lady Margaret's
+Professor of Divinity, at Cambridge, and died Bishop of Chester, in
+1686, aged 74.]
+
+[Footnote 29: Dr. William Bancroft, born at Freshingfield, in Suffolk,
+in 1616, and educated at Emanuel College, Cambridge, where he
+was deprived of his Fellowship in 1649, for refusing to take the
+engagement. He was made Archbishop in 1677, and in 1688, he was one of
+the seven Prelates sent to the Tower by James II. At the Revolution
+he refused taking the Oaths to the new government, for which he was
+suspended and deprived. He died in retirement Nov. 14th, 1693.]
+
+[Footnote 30: Bishop Sanderson's Will is recorded in the Prerogative
+Court of Canterbury, in the volume called Juxon, Article 37. After his
+death, it was industriously reported that he repented of his writing
+against the Presbyterians, and would not suffer a Church Minister to
+pray by him, which is refuted by the narrative of Mr. Pullin's giving
+him the Sacrament.]
+
+[Footnote 31: Mr. John Pullin, B.D., and formerly Fellow of Magdalen
+College, Cambridge. His name is subscribed to a copy of commendatory
+Latin verses prefixed to "Duport's Greek Version of Job." He was a
+Prebendary, and also Chancellor of Lincoln.]
+
+
+
+
+DR. PIERCE'S LETTER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Letters from Sanderson]
+
+GOOD MR. WALTON,
+
+At my return to this place, I made a yet stricter search after the
+letters long ago sent me from our most excellent Dr. Sanderson, before
+the happy restoration of the King and Church of England to their
+several rights: in one of which letters more especially, he was
+pleased to give me a narrative both of the rise and the progress,
+and reasons also, as well of his younger, as of his last and riper
+judgment, touching the famous points controverted between the
+Calvinians and the Armenians, as they are commonly (though unjustly
+and unskilfully) miscalled on either side.
+
+[Sidenote: Dr. Hammond's book]
+
+The whole letter I allude to does consist of several sheets, whereof
+a good part had been made public long ago, by the most learned, most
+judicious, most pious Dr. Hammond, (to whom I sent it both for his
+private, and for the public satisfaction, if he thought fit,) in his
+excellent book, entitled, "A Pacific Discourse of God's Grace and
+Decrees, in full accordance with Dr. Sanderson:" to which discourse
+I refer you for an account of Dr. Sanderson and the history of his
+thoughts in his own hand-writing, wherein I sent it to Westwood, as I
+received it from Boothby Pannel. And although the whole book, (printed
+in the year 1660, and reprinted since with his other tracts in folio,)
+is very worthy of your perusal; yet, for the work you are about, you
+shall not have need to read more at present than from the 8th to the
+23rd page, and as far as the end of section 33. There you will find in
+what year the excellent man, whose life you write, became a Master of
+Arts: how his first reading of learned Hooker had been occasioned by
+certain puritanical pamphlets; and how good a preparative he found it
+for his reading of Calvin's Institutions, the honour of whose name
+(at that time especially) gave such credit to his errors: how he erred
+with Mr. Calvin, whilst he took things upon trust in the sublapsarian
+way: how, being chosen to be a Clerk of the Convocation for the
+Diocese of Lincoln, 1625, he reduced the Quinquarticular Controversy
+into five schemes or tables; and thereupon discerned a necessity of
+quitting the sublapsarian way, of which he had before a better liking,
+as well as the supralapsarian, which he could never fancy. There you
+will meet with his two weighty reasons against them both, and find his
+happy change of judgment to have been ever since the year 1625, even
+thirty-four years before the world either knew, or, at least, took
+notice of it; and more particularly his reasons for rejecting Dr.
+Twiss, (or the way he walks in,) although his acute and very learned
+and ancient friend.
+
+[Sidenote: Arriba discussed]
+
+I now proceed to let you know from Dr. Sanderson's own hand,[1] which
+was never printed, (and which you can hardly know from any, unless
+from his son, or from myself,) that, when that Parliament was broken
+up, and the convocation therewith dissolved, a gentleman of his
+acquaintance, by occasion of some discourse about these points, told
+him of a book not long before published at Paris, (A.D. 1623,) by a
+Spanish Bishop,[2] who had undertaken to clear the differences in
+the great controversy _De Concordia Gratiæ et Liberi Arbitrii_. And
+because his friend perceived he was greedily desirous to see the book,
+he sent him one of them, containing the four first books of twelve
+which he intended then to publish. "When I had read," says Dr.
+Sanderson, in the following words of the same letter, "his Epistle
+Dedicatory to the Pope (Gregory XV.), he spake so highly of his own
+invention, that I then began rather to suspect him for a mountebank,
+than to hope I should find satisfaction from his performances. I found
+much confidence and great pomp of words, but little matter as to the
+main knot of the business, other than had been said an hundred times
+before, to wit, of the co-existence of all things past, present, and
+future [Latin] _in mente divina realiter ab aeterno_, which is
+the subject of his whole third book: only he interpreteth the word
+_realiter_ so as to import not only _præsentialitatem objectivam,_ (as
+others held before him,) but _propriam et actualem existentiam_; yet
+confesseth it is hard to make this intelligible. In his fourth book
+he endeavours to declare a twofold manner of God's working _ad extra_;
+the one _sub ordine prædestinationis_, of which eternity is the proper
+measure: the other _sub ordine gratia_, whereof time is the
+measure; and that God worketh _fortiter_ in the one (though not
+_irresistibiliter_) as well _suamter_ in the other, wherein the
+free will hath his proper working also. From the result of his whole
+performance I was confirmed in this opinion; that we must acknowledge
+the work of both grace and free will in the conversion of a
+sinner; and so likewise in all other events, the consistency of the
+infallibility of God's foreknowledge at least (though not with any
+absolute, but conditional predestination) with the liberty of man's
+will, and the contingency of inferior causes and effects. These, I
+say, we must acknowledge for the [Greek: hoti] but for the [Greek: to
+pos], I thought it bootless for me to think of comprehending it. And
+so came the two _Acta Synodalia Dordrechtana_ to stand in my study,
+only to fill up a room to this day."
+
+[Sidenote: "Vindiciæ Gratiæ" discussed]
+
+And yet see the restless curiosity of man. Not many years after, to
+wit, A.D. 1632, out cometh Dr. Twiss's[3] _Vindiciæ Gratiæ_, a large
+volume, purposely writ against Arminius: and then, notwithstanding my
+former resolution, I must need be meddling again. The respect I bore
+to his person and great learning, and the acquaintance I had had with
+him in Oxford, drew me to the reading of that whole book. But from the
+reading of it (for I read it through to a syllable) I went away with
+many and great dissatisfactions. Sundry things in that book I took
+notice of, which brought me into a greater dislike of his opinion than
+I had before: but especially these three: First, that he bottometh
+very much of his discourse upon a very erroneous principle, which yet
+he seemeth to be so deeply in love with, that he hath repeated it, I
+verily believe, some hundreds of times in that work: to wit this;
+That whatsoever is first in the intention is last in execution, and
+_e converso._ Which is an error of that magnitude, that I cannot
+but wonder how a person of such acuteness and subtilty of wit could
+possibly be deceived with it. All logicians know there is no such
+universal maxim as he buildeth upon. The true maxim is but this:
+_Finis qui primus est in intentione, est ultimus in executione_. In
+the order of final causes, and the means used for that end, the rule
+holdeth perpetually: but in other things it holdeth not at all, or
+but by chance; or not as a rule, and necessarily. Secondly, that,
+foreseeing such consequences would naturally and necessarily follow
+from his opinion, as would offend the ear of a sober Christian at the
+very first sound, he would yet rather choose not only to admit the
+said harsh consequences, but professedly endeavour also to maintain
+them, and plead hard for them in large digressions, than to recede
+in the least from that opinion which he had undertaken to defend.
+Thirdly, that seeing (out of the sharpness of his wit) a necessity of
+forsaking the ordinary sublapsarian way, and the supralapsarian too,
+as it had diversely been declared by all that had gone before him,
+(for the shunning of those rocks, which either of those ways must
+unavoidably cast him upon,) he was forced to seek out an untrodden
+path, and to frame out of his own brain a new way, (like a spider's
+web wrought out of her own bowels,) hoping by that device to salve all
+absurdities, that could be objected; to wit, by making the glory of
+God (as it is indeed the chiefest, so) the only end of all other his
+decrees, and then making all those other decrees to be but one
+entire co-ordinate medium conducing to that one end, and so the whole
+subordinate to it, but not any one part thereof subordinate to any
+other of the same. Dr. Twiss should have done well to have been more
+sparing in imputing the _studium partlum_ to others, wherewith his own
+eyes, though of eminent perspicacity, were so strangely blindfolded,
+that he could not discern how this his new device, and his old dearly
+beloved principle, (like the _Cadmean Sparti_,) do mutually destroy
+the one the other.
+
+This relation of my past thoughts having spun out to a far greater
+length than I intended, I shall give a shorter account of what they
+now are concerning these points.
+
+[Sidenote: Hammond and Sanderson]
+
+For which account I refer you to the following parts of Dr. Hammond's
+book aforesaid, where you may find them already printed: and
+for another account at large of Bishop Sanderson's last judgment
+concerning _God's concurrence_ or _non-concurrence_ with the _actions
+of men_, and the _positive entity of sins of commission_, I refer you
+to his letters already printed by his consent, in my large Appendix to
+my Impartial Enquiry into the Nature of Sin, § 68, p. 193, as far as
+p. 200.
+
+"Sir, I have rather made it my choice to transcribe all above out of
+the letters of Dr. Sanderson, which lie before me, than venture the
+loss of my originals by post or carrier, which, though not often, yet
+sometimes fail. Make use of as much or as little as you please, of
+what I send you from himself (because from his own letters to me) in
+the penning of his life, as your own prudence shall direct you: using
+my name for your warranty in the account given of him, as much or as
+little as you please too. You have a performance of my promise, and an
+obedience to your desires from
+
+"Your affectionate
+
+"Humble Servant,
+
+"THO. PIERCE.
+
+"North Tidworth,
+
+"March 5, 1677-8."
+
+
+[Footnote 1: Sir, I pray note, that all that follows between inverted
+commas are Dr. Sanderson's own words, excellently worthy, but no where
+else extant; and commend him as much as any thing you can say of him.
+T.P.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Arriba.]
+
+[Footnote 3: This learned nonconformist was born at Reading about
+1575, and educated at Winchester School, and New College, Oxford. He
+had been Chaplain to the Princess Elizabeth. He died at Newbury, July
+20, 1646. Wood says, "his plain preaching was esteemed good; his solid
+disputations were accounted better; but his pious life was reckoned
+best of all."]
+
+
+
+
+THE BISHOP OF LINCOLN'S LETTER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Sanderson's Life]
+
+[Sidenote: Erroneous doctrines]
+
+MY WORTHY FRIEND, MR. WALTON,
+
+I am heartily glad, that you have undertaken to write the Life of that
+excellent person, and, both for learning and Piety, eminent Prelate,
+Dr. Sanderson, late Bishop of Lincoln; because I know your ability to
+know, and integrity to write truth: And sure I am, that the life
+and actions of that pious and learned Prelate will afford you matter
+enough for his commendation, and the imitation of posterity. In order
+to the carrying on your intended good work, you desire my assistance,
+that I would communicate to you such particular passages of his life,
+as were certainly known to me. I confess I had the happiness to be
+particularly known to him for about the space of twenty years; and,
+in Oxon, to enjoy his conversation, and his learned and pious
+instructions while he was Regius Professor of Divinity there.
+Afterwards, when (in the time of our late unhappy confusions) he
+left Oxon, and was retired into the country, I had the benefit of his
+letters; wherein, with great candour and kindness, he answered those
+doubts I proposed, and gave me that satisfaction, which I neither had
+nor expected from some others of greater confidence, but less judgment
+and humility. Having, in a letter, named two or three books writ (_ex
+professo_) against the being of any original sin; and that Adam,
+by his fall, transmitted some calamity only, but no crime to his
+posterity; the good old man was exceedingly troubled, and bewailed the
+misery of those licentious times, and seemed to wonder (save that the
+times were such) that any should write, or be permitted to publish
+any error so contradictory to truth, and the doctrine of the Church
+of England, established (as he truly said) by clear evidence of
+Scripture, and the just and supreme power of this nation, both sacred
+and civil. I name not the books, nor their authors, which are not
+unknown to learned men (and I wish they had never been known) because
+both the doctrine and the unadvised abettors of it are, and shall be,
+to me apocryphal.
+
+[Sidenote: "De Conscientiâ"]
+
+Another little story I must not pass in silence, being an argument
+of Dr. Sanderson's piety, great ability, and judgment, as a casuist.
+Discoursing with an honourable person[1] (whose piety I value more
+than his nobility and learning, though both be great) about a case of
+conscience concerning oath and vows, their nature and obligation; in
+which, for some particular reasons, he then desired more fully to
+be informed; I commended to him Dr. Sanderson's book "De Juramento;"
+which having read, with great satisfaction, he asked me,--"If I
+thought the Doctor could be induced to write Cases of Conscience,
+if he might have an honorary pension allowed him to furnish him with
+books for that purpose?" I told him I believed he would: And, in a
+letter to the Doctor, told him what great satisfaction that honourable
+person, and many more, had reaped by reading his book "De Juramento;"
+and asked him "whether he would be pleased, for the benefit of the
+Church, to write some tract of Cases of Conscience;" He replied, "That
+he was glad that any had received any benefit by his books:" and added
+further, "That if any future tract of his could bring such benefit
+to any, as we seemed to say his former had done, he would willingly,
+though without any Pension, set about that work." Having received this
+answer, that honourable person, before mentioned, did, by my hands,
+return 50_l_. to the good Doctor, whose condition then (as most
+good men's at that time were) was but low; and he presently revised,
+finished, and published that excellent book, "De Conscientiâ:" a book
+little in bulk, but not so if we consider the benefit an intelligent
+reader may receive by it. For there are so many general propositions
+concerning conscience, the nature and obligation of it, explained and
+proved, with such firm consequence and evidence of reason, that he who
+reads, remembers, and can with prudence pertinently apply them _hic
+et nunc_ to particular cases, may, by their light and help, rationally
+resolve a thousand particular doubts and scruples of conscience. Here
+you may see the charity of that honourable person in promoting,
+and the piety and industry of the good Doctor, in performing that
+excellent work.
+
+[Sidenote: A good casuist:]
+
+[Sidenote: his equipment]
+
+And here I shall add the judgment of that learned and pious Prelate
+concerning a passage very pertinent to our present purpose. When he
+was in Oxon, and read his public lectures in the school as Regius
+Professor of Divinity, and by the truth of his positions, and
+evidences of his proofs, gave great content and satisfaction to all
+his hearers, especially in his clear resolutions of all difficult
+cases which occurred in the explication of the subject-matter of his
+lectures; a person of quality (yet alive) privately asked him, "What
+course a young Divine should take in his studies to enable him to be a
+good casuist?" His answer was, "That a convenient under of the learned
+languages, at least of Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, and a sufficient
+knowledge of arts and sciences presupposed; I there were two things in
+human literature, a comprehension of which would be of very great use,
+to enable a man to be a rational and able casuist, which otherwise was
+very difficult, if not impossible: I. A convenient knowledge of moral
+philosophy; especially that part of it which treats of the nature of
+human actions: To know, _'quid sit actus humanus (spontaneus, invitus,
+mixtus), unde habet bonitatem et malitiam moralem? an ex genere et
+objecto, vel ex circumstantiis?'_ How the variety of circumstances
+varies the goodness or evil of human actions? How far knowledge and
+ignorance may aggravate or excuse, increase or diminish the goodness
+or evil of our actions? For every case of conscience being only
+this--'Is this action good or bad? May I do it, or may I not?'--He
+who, in these, knows not how and whence human actions become morally
+good and evil, never can (_in hypothesi_) rationally and certainly
+determine, whether this or that particular action be so.--2. The
+second thing, which," he said, "would be a great help and advantage to
+a casuist, was a convenient knowledge of the nature and obligation of
+laws in general: to know what a law is; what a natural and a positive
+law; what's required to the _'latio, dispensato, derogatio, vel
+abrogalio legis;'_ what promulgation is antecedently required to
+the obligation of any positive law; what ignorance takes off the
+obligation of a law, or does excuse, diminish, or aggravate the
+transgression: For every case of conscience being only this--'Is this
+lawful for me, or is it not?' and the law the only rule and measure by
+which I must judge of the lawfulness or unlawfulness of any action;
+it evidently follows, that he who, in these, knows not the nature and
+obligation of laws, never can be a good casuist, or rationally assure
+himself or others, of the lawfulness or unlawfulness of actions in
+particular."
+
+[Sidenote: Conclusion]
+
+This was the judgment and good counsel of that learned and pious
+Prelate: And having, by long experience, found the truth and benefit
+of it, I conceive, I could not without ingratitude to him, and want
+of charity to others, conceal it.--Pray pardon this rude, and, I fear
+impertinent scribble, which, if nothing else, may signify thus much,
+that I am willing to obey your desires, and am indeed,
+
+Your affectionate friend,
+
+THOMAS LINCOLN.
+
+London, May 10, 1678.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: Robert Boyle, Esq.]
+
+
+
+
+THE WORKS OF DR. ROBERT SANDERSON.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Sanderson's Works]
+
+I. "LOGICÆ ARTIS COMPENDIUM. _Oxon._ 1615." 8vo.
+
+II. "PHYSICÆ SCIENTIÆ COMPENDIUM, à ROBERTO SANDERSON, Coll. Lincoln,
+in almâ Oxoniensi olim socio, &c. _Oxoniæ_, 1671."
+
+III. SERMONS. "Dr. Sanderson's XII. Sermons, 1632." 4to.--"Dr.
+Sanderson's Sermons (including the twelve before printed), 1664."
+Folio.--"Ditto, with his Life by Isaac Walton, 1689." Folio.
+
+IV. "NINE CASES OF CONSCIENCE DETERMINED, 1678. 1685." 8vo.
+
+V. "DE JURAMENTI PROMISSORII OBLIGATIONE PRÆLECTIONES SEPTEM: HABITÆ
+in SCHOLA THEOLOGICA OXONII, Termino Michaëlis anno Dom. MDCXLVI.
+à ROBERTO SANDERSON. Præmissâ Oratione ab eodem habitâ cùm Publicam
+Professionem auspicaretur, 26 Octobris, 1646. _Lona_. 1647."
+
+These Lectures were translated into the English language by Charles I.
+during his confinement in the Isle of Wight, and printed at London, in
+1655--8vo.
+
+VI. "DE OBLIGATIONE CONSCIENTIÆ PRÆLECTIONES DECEM OXONII in SCHOLA
+THEOLOGICA HABITÆ, anno Dom. MDCXLVII." An English translation of the
+"Prelections on the Nature and Obligation of Promissory Oaths and of
+Conscience," was published in 3 vols. 8vo. _London_, 1722.
+
+VII. "CENSURE OF MR. ANTON. ASCHAM his BOOK of the CONFUSIONS and
+REVOLUTIONS of GOVERNMENT, _London_, 1649." 8vo.
+
+VIII. "EPISCOPACY (as established by Law in England) NOT PREJUDICIAL
+to REGAL POWER. Written in the Time of the Long Parliament, by the
+special Command of the late King. _London_, 1673."
+
+IX. "DISCOURSE CONCERNING the CHURCH, in THESE PARTICULARS: First,
+concerning the Visibility of the true Church: Secondly, concerning the
+Church of Rome. _London_, 1688."
+
+X. 1. "BISHOP SANDERSON'S JUDGMENT concerning SUBMISSION to USURPERS."
+2. "PAX ECCLESIÆ." 3. "BISHOP SANDERSON'S JUDGMENT in ONE VIEW for the
+SETTLEMENT of the CHURCH." 4. "REASONS of the present JUDGMENT of the
+UNIVERSITY of OXFORD, concerning the SOLEMN LEAGUE and COVENANT,
+the NEGATIVE OATH, the ORDINANCES concerning DISCIPLINE and WORSHIP.
+_London_, 1678."
+
+XI. A large "PREFACE" to a book written at the command of Charles I.
+by Archbishop Usher, and published by Dr. Sanderson, entitled "The
+POWER communicated by GOD to the PRINCE, and the OBEDIENCE required of
+the SUBJECT. _London_, 1661."--4to. Second corrected edition of this
+work was published in 8vo. 1683.
+
+XII. "A PREFATORY DISCOURSE," in defence of Usher and his Writings,
+prefixed to a collection of Treatises, entitled 'CLAVI TRABALES, or
+NAILES fastened by some great MASTERS of ASSEMBLYES, concerning the
+KING'S SUPREMACY and CHURCH GOVERNMENT under BISHOPS.'
+
+The Preface is dated "London, Aug. 10, 1661," and subscribed "The
+unworthy servant of Jesus Christ, Ro. LINCOLN."
+
+XIII. "PROPHECIES concerning the RETURN of POPERY," inserted in a book
+entitled 'Fair Warning: The Second Part. _London_, 1663.'
+
+XIV. "The PREFACE to the BOOK of COMMON PRAYER," beginning with these
+words; "It hath been the wisdom of the Church"----.
+
+XV. "[Greek: EPINOMIS], seu EXPLANATIO JURAMENTI," &c., inserted in
+the 'Excerpta è Corpore Statutorum Univ. Oxoniensis,' p. 194.
+
+XVI. "ARTICLES of VISITATION and ENQUIRY concerning MATTERS
+ECCLESIASTICAL, exhibited to the Ministers, Churchwardens, and Sidemen
+of every Parish within the Diocese of Lincoln, in the first episcopal
+Visitation of the Right Rev. Father in God, ROBERT, by Divine
+Providence, Lord Bishop of Lincoln; with the oath to be administered
+to the Churchwardens, and the Bishop's Admonition to them. _London_,
+1662." 4to.
+
+XVII. Peck, in the 'Desiderata Curiosa,' Vol. II., has inserted "The
+HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES of the CATHEDRAL CHURCH of the Blessed Virgin
+St. MARY at LINCOLN; containing an exact Copy of all the Monumental
+Inscriptions there, in Number 163, as they stood in 1641; most of
+which was soon after torn up, or otherwise defaced. Collected by
+ROBERT SANDERSON, S.T.P., afterwards Lord Bishop of that Church, and
+compared with and corrected by Sir WILLIAM DUGDALE'S MS. Survey."
+
+Dr. White Kennet, Bishop of Peterborough, had in his possession the
+copies of two letters transcribed from the originals that were in the
+hands of Bishop Barlow. 1. Superscribed "For Mr. Thomas Barlow, at the
+Library in Oxon," and subscribed "Your very loving friend and
+servant, ROBERT SANDERSON," dated "Botheby Pagnell, Sept. 28, 1656,"
+importuning Dr. Barlow, "to undertake the managing that dispute in the
+question of great importance upon the ancient landmarks, by Dr. Jeremy
+Taylor; so unhappily (and so unseasonably too) endeavoured to be
+removed in the doctrine of original sin." 2. Another letter of Dr.
+Sanderson to Dr. Barlow, at Queen's College, dated "Botheby Pagnell,
+Sept. 17, 1657," expressing himself, "That Dr. Taylor is so peremptory
+and pertinacious of his errors as not to hearken to the sober advices
+of his grave, reverend, and learned friends, amidst the distractions
+of these times," &c.
+
+Dr. Sanderson and Dr. Hammond were jointly concerned in a work
+entitled "A PACIFIC DISCOURSE of GOD'S GRACE and DECREES," published
+by the latter in 1660.
+
+It would be improper not to observe, that in the Preface to the
+Polyglott Bible, printed at London in 1657, Dr. Bryan Walton has
+classed Dr. Sanderson among those of his much honoured friends who
+assisted him in that noble work.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTES
+
+_The numbers at the beginning of paragraphs refer to the pages_
+
+
+LIFE OF HOOKER
+
+_Frontispiece._--The portrait here given is from Hooker's monument in
+Bishopsbourne Church.
+
+_Text, etc._--_The Life of Mr. Richard Hooker_ was first published
+in small _octavo_ in 1665. The second edition was prefixed to the
+_Ecclesiastical Polity_ of 1666, _folio_, and again in 1676 and 1682.
+It was also included in Walton's collection of 1670. A valuable essay
+on Hooker by Dean Church is prefixed to the Clarendon Press edition of
+the first book of _Ecclesiastical Polity_, 1876.
+
+_Page_
+
+3. _at this time of my age._ He says at p. 4 that he was "past the
+seventy of his age."
+
+5. _John Hales._ See vol. i. p. 193, note.
+
+7. _He was born, etc._ "Probably in March, 1553-54," says the _Dict.
+of Nat. Biography_.
+
+8. _a school-boy._ He was educated at Exeter grammar school.
+
+14. _the Bishop said to him. Cf._ chap. iii. of the _Vicar of
+Wakefield_, where this anecdote is referred to. Indeed Hooker is there
+alleged to have been the "great ancestor" of George Primrose.
+
+23. _elemented._ See note to vol. i. p. 53.
+
+26. _I cannot learn the pretended cause._ It seems probable that
+the views of Hooker and his friends had offended Barfoot, who was a
+zealous Puritan.
+
+17. _he entered into Sacred Orders._ About 1581.
+
+30. _her conditions_, personal qualities, manners. Recent
+investigations tend to show that honest Izaak's account is prejudiced,
+as Hooker in his will makes his "wel-beloved wife" sole executrix and
+residuary legatee, and his father-in-law was one of the overseers.
+Nevertheless Wood calls her "a clownish, silly woman, and withal a
+mere Xanthippe."
+
+58. _The forenoon ... Geneva._ The speaker was Fuller, but the
+quotation is not quite textual.
+
+70. _and behold God's blessings. Cf._ p. 33.
+
+71. _corps_, endowment. "When the _corps_ of the profit or benefice
+is but one the title can be but one man's" (Hooker, _Ecclesiastical
+Polity_, v. lxxx, § 11).
+
+94. _Judicious Hooker._ This is the first application to Hooker of
+this time-honoured epithet. Sir W. Cowper was the grandfather of
+William, first Earl Cowper. The monument was erected in 1635.
+
+97. _one of his elder daughters. I.e._ Cicely.
+
+97. _both died before they were marriageable._ Alice died unmarried in
+1649; but Jane (or Jone) married Edward Nethersole at Bishopsbourne,
+23rd March 1600.
+
+99. _dead in her bed._ In March 1601.
+
+108, _regiment_, regimen, regulation, management. _Cf_. Bacon's essay
+"Of Regiment of Health."
+
+121. _in devise_, in contemplation.
+
+
+LIFE OF HERBERT
+
+_Text, etc.--The Life of Mr. George Herbert_ was first published in
+1670, 12mo, with his letters to his mother, etc. It was also included
+in the collected _Lives_ of 1670. All his known writings have been
+edited by Dr. Grosart for the _Fuller Worthies Library_, 1874, and the
+_Aldine Poets_, 1876.
+
+134. _he was elected ... Cambridge._ He was admitted scholar 5th May
+1609, and matriculated pensioner at Trinity 18th December 1609.
+
+135. _her husband died._ Sir Richard Herbert died in 1597.
+
+136. _in Oxford four years._ From 1598 to 1603-4.
+
+142. _Bachelor of Arts in 1611._ The correct date is 1612-13.
+
+142. _Matter of Arts, 1616._ See also p. 143. These data were
+furnished to Dr. Grosart by the University authorities.
+
+143. _chosen Orator._ 18th January 1620.
+
+149. _many Seals._ See vol. i. p. 72.
+
+150. _a sinecure._ Whitford is in Flintshire.
+
+152. _cross-bias me._ A bowling-green image.
+
+154. _Prebend of Layton Ecclesia._ Grosart points out that Walton was
+wrong here. Herbert was not a Deacon. He held the prebendary of Layton
+(Leighton Bromswold) as a laic, as he did the sinecure rectorship of
+Whitford.
+
+163. _she died in the year_ 1627. In June. On July 1 Donne preached
+her Funeral Sermon. See _ante_, p. 139. When it was published (London,
+1627, 12mo) Herbert appended to it the Greek and Latin poems to
+her memory, entitled _Parentalia_; these were the chief verses he
+published in his lifetime.
+
+165. _three months after this marriage._ It took place at Edington on
+5th March 1629.
+
+167. _canonical clothes._ This, as Dr. Grosart says, shows that he
+"was still a layman."
+
+167. _Parsonage of Bemerton._ In the presentation in the Record
+Office, which is dated 16th April 1630, ten days before his induction,
+it is styled "Rectory of the parish church of Fulston (Fuggleston) St.
+Peter's and Bemerton."
+
+175. "_The Country Parson._" For further particulars see p. 212. Of
+the simplicity of this beautiful little book Canon Ainger has well
+said, "Not for the first or last time in our literature was it to be
+shown that the euphuistic tendency is killed when the writer begins
+to think more of his topic than himself" (Craik's _English Prose_, ii.
+(1894), 204).
+
+190. _being_, seeing. _Cf._ also p. 258.
+
+193. _genteel_, refined, well-bred.
+
+201. "_The Temple._" See full title on p. 213.
+
+205. _passion_, violent commotion of the mind, perturbation.
+
+206. _my last Will._ This, which Walton had not seen, is printed by
+Dr. Grosart (_Herbert's Poetical Works_, 1876, p. lxi).
+
+207. _buried 3rd day of March, 1632._ I.e. in 1633, as the rest of the
+note seems to imply. He lies under the altar in the church.
+
+
+LIFE OF SANDERSON
+
+_Text, etc_ The first separate edition of the _Life of Dr. Robert
+Sanderson_ was printed in 1678, 8vo. It is corrected and supplemented
+in Jacobson's edition of Sanderson's works, 1854, 6 vols.
+
+223. _the place of his birth was Rotherham._ As stated in the note, it
+was Sheffield, in a house called the Lane Head Stane. He was baptized
+on the 10th September.
+
+240. _about this time._ He was presented to the Rectory of Boothby
+Pagnell in 1619. There is a print of Boothby Parsonage in the
+_Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1801, i. 105.
+
+241. _resigned his Fellowship._ In May 1619.
+
+241. _pennyworths_, bargains.
+
+271. _prevented him_, anticipated him.
+
+282. _Little Britain_. Like Duck Lane, Little Britain was (in Strype's
+words) "much inhabited by booksellers."
+
+296. _conversation_, intercourse with the world.
+
+303. _blacks_, mourning. _Cf_. Bacon "Of Death" (Essay 2).
+
+305. _29th of January 1662._ Should be 1663. He was buried in the
+chancel of Buckden Church.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF JOHN DONNE, HENRY WOTTON,
+RICH'D HOOKER, GEORGE HERBERT, &C, VOLUME TWO***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 13139-8.txt or 13139-8.zip *******
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Lives of John Donne, Henry Wotton, Rich'd
+Hooker, George Herbert, &C, Volume Two, by Izaak Walton
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Lives of John Donne, Henry Wotton, Rich'd Hooker, George Herbert,
+&C, Volume Two
+
+Author: Izaak Walton
+
+Release Date: August 8, 2004  [eBook #13139]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF JOHN DONNE, HENRY WOTTON,
+RICH'D HOOKER, GEORGE HERBERT, &C, VOLUME TWO***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Leah Moser and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+LIVES OF JOHN DONNE, HENRY WOTTON, RICH'D HOOKER, GEORGE HERBERT, &c,
+VOLUME TWO
+
+by
+
+IZAAK WALTON
+
+
+
+
+
+
+This issue of "Walton's Lives" is based upon John Major's edition
+of 1825, which was printed from a copy of the edition of 1675,
+"corrected by Walton's own pen," Major's "illustrative notes" have
+been preserved, with some modifications by later hands. Mr. AUSTIN
+DOBSON has read the text, added the marginalia, and contributed the
+supplementary notes.
+
+I.G.
+
+August 9,
+
+Walton's birthday,
+
+1898.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+The Life of Mr. Richard Hooker
+
+The Life of Mr. George Herbert, Prebendary of Salisbury Cathedral
+
+The Life of Dr. Robert Sanderson, Late Lord Bishop of Lincoln
+
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE OF MR. RICHARD HOOKER:
+
+THE AUTHOR OF THOSE LEARNED BOOKS OF THE LAWS OF ECCLESIASTICAL
+POLITY.
+
+
+  "Judicious Hooker, though the cost be spent
+  On him, that hath a lasting monument
+  In his own books; yet ought we to express
+  If not the worth, yet our respectfulness."
+
+SIR WIL. COWPER
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+[Sidenote: Introduction]
+
+I have been persuaded, by a friend whom I reverence, and ought
+to obey, to write the Life of RICHARD HOOKER, the happy Author
+of Five--if not more--of the eight learned books of "The Laws of
+Ecclesiastical Polity." And though I have undertaken it, yet it hath
+been with some unwillingness: because I foresee that it must prove to
+me, and especially at this time of my age, a work of much labour to
+enquire, consider, research, and determine what is needful to be known
+concerning him. For I knew him not in his life, and must therefore not
+only look back to his death,--now sixty-four years past,--but almost
+fifty years beyond, that, even to his childhood and youth; and gather
+thence such observations and prognostics as may at least adorn, if not
+prove necessary for the completing of what I have undertaken.
+
+[Sidenote: Reasons for this Life]
+
+This trouble I foresee, and foresee also that it is impossible to
+escape censures; against which I will not hope my well-meaning and
+diligence can protect me,--for I consider the age in which I live--and
+shall therefore but intreat of my Reader a suspension of his censures,
+till I have made known unto him some reasons, which I myself would now
+gladly believe do make me in some measure fit for this undertaking;
+and if these reasons shall not acquit me from all censures, they may
+at least abate of their severity, and this is all I can probably hope
+for. My reasons follow.
+
+About forty years past--for I am now past the seventy of my
+age--I began a happy affinity with William Cranmer,--now with
+God,--grand-nephew unto the great Archbishop of that name;--a family
+of noted prudence and resolution; with him and two of his sisters I
+had an entire and free friendship: one of them was the wife of Dr.
+Spencer,[1] a bosom friend and sometime com-pupil with Mr. Hooker in
+Corpus Christi College in Oxford, and after President of the same. I
+name them here, for that I shall have occasion to mention them in the
+following discourse, as also George Cranmer, their brother, of whose
+useful abilities my Reader may have a more authentic testimony than my
+pen can purchase for him, by that of our learned Camden and others.
+
+[Sidenote: Hooker's friends]
+
+This William Cranmer and his two fore-named sisters had some affinity,
+and a most familiar friendship, with Mr. Hooker, and had had some
+part of their education with him in his house, when he was parson of
+Bishop's-Bourne near Canterbury; in which City their good father then
+lived. They had, I say, a part of their education with him as myself,
+since that time, a happy cohabitation with them; and having some
+years before read part of Mr. Hooker's works with great liking and
+satisfaction, my affection to them made me a diligent inquisitor into
+many things that concerned him; as namely, of his persons, his nature,
+the management of his time, his wife, his family, and the fortune
+of him and his. Which enquiry hath given me much advantage in the
+knowledge of what is now under my consideration, and intended for the
+satisfaction of my Reader.
+
+[Sidenote: Conclusion]
+
+I had also a friendship with the Reverend Dr. Usher,[2] the late
+learned Archbishop of Armagh; and with Dr. Morton, the late learned
+and charitable Bishop of Durham; as also the learned John Hales,
+of Eton College; and with them also--who loved the very name of Mr.
+Hooker--I have had many discourses concerning him; and from them, and
+many others that have now put off mortality, I might have had more
+informations, if I could then have admitted a thought of any fitness
+for what by persuasion I have now undertaken. But though that full
+harvest be irrecoverably lost, yet my memory hath preserved some
+gleanings, and my diligence made such additions to them, as I hope
+will prove useful to the completing of what I intend: in the discovery
+of which I shall be faithful, and with this assurance put a period to
+my Introduction.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: A native of Suffolk, one of the Clerks of Corpus Christi
+College, Oxford, and Greek Reader. He entered Orders, became a noted
+Preacher, Chaplain to James I., and a great admirer of Richard Hooker
+and the famous Dr. John Reynolds, the latter of whom he succeeded
+as Master of his College. About four years after Hooker's death, he
+published the Five Books of Ecclesiastical Polity, with a Preface; and
+dying on April 3rd, 1614, was buried at Oxford.]
+
+[Footnote 2: The illustrious Primate of Ireland, born in Dublin, Jan.
+4th, 1580. He was the first Student of Trinity College, in 1593,
+and in 1610 he was made Bishop of Meath, whence he was translated to
+Armagh, in 1625. In the Irish Rebellion, he lost every thing but his
+library, which he conveyed to England, where he died in retirement,
+March 21st, 1655-56.]
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE
+OF
+MR. RICHARD HOOKER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Birth and parentage]
+
+It is not to be doubted, but that Richard Hooker was born at
+Heavy-tree, near, or within the precincts, or in the City of Exeter;
+a City which may justly boast, that it was the birth-place of him and
+Sir Thomas Bodley; as indeed the County may, in which it stands, that
+it hath furnished this nation with Bishop Jewel, Sir Francis Drake,
+Sir Walter Raleigh, and many others, memorable for their valour and
+learning. He was born about the year of our Redemption 1553, and of
+parents that were not so remarkable for their extraction or riches, as
+for their virtue and industry, and God's blessing upon both; by
+which they were enabled to educate their children in some degree
+of learning, of which our Richard Hooker may appear to be one fair
+testimony, and that nature is not so partial as always to give the
+great blessings of wisdom and learning, and with them the greater
+blessings of virtue and government, to those only that are of a more
+high and honourable birth.
+
+[Sidenote: "His complexion"]
+
+His complexion--if we may guess by him at the age of forty--was
+sanguine, with a mixture of choler; and yet his motion was slow even
+in his youth, and so was his speech, never expressing an earnestness
+in either of them, but an humble gravity suitable to the aged. And it
+is observed,--so far as enquiry is able to look back at this distance
+of time,--that at his being a school-boy he was an early questionist,
+quietly inquisitive "why this was, and that was not, to be remembered?
+why this was granted, and that denied?" This being mixed with a
+remarkable modesty, and a sweet serene quietness of nature, and with
+them a quick apprehension of many perplexed parts of learning, imposed
+then upon him as a scholar, made his Master and others to believe him
+to have an inward blessed divine light, and therefore to consider him
+to be a little wonder. For in that, children were less pregnant, less
+confident and more malleable, than in this wiser, but not better, age.
+
+[Sidenote: Early training]
+
+This meekness and conjuncture of knowledge, with modesty in his
+conversation, being observed by his Schoolmaster, caused him to
+persuade his parents--who intended him for an apprentice--to continue
+him at school till he could find out some means, by persuading his
+rich Uncle, or some other charitable person, to ease them of a part
+of their care and charge; assuring them that their son was so enriched
+with the blessings of nature and grace, that God seemed to single him
+out as a special instrument of his glory. And the good man told them
+also, that he would double his diligence in instructing him, and would
+neither expect nor receive any other reward, than the content of so
+hopeful and happy an employment.
+
+This was not unwelcome news, and especially to his Mother, to whom
+he was a dutiful and dear child, and all parties were so pleased with
+this proposal, that it was resolved so it should be. And in the
+mean time his Parents and Master laid a foundation for his future
+happiness, by instilling into his soul the seeds of piety, those
+conscientious principles of loving and fearing God, of an early belief
+that he knows the very secrets of our souls; that he punisheth
+our vices, and rewards our innocence; that we should be free from
+hypocrisy, and appear to man what we are to God, because first or last
+the crafty man is catched in his own snare. These seeds of piety were
+so seasonably planted, and so continually watered with the daily dew
+of God's blessed Spirit, that his infant virtues grew into such holy
+habits, as did make him grow daily into more and more favour both with
+God and man; which, with the great learning that he did after attain
+to, hath made Richard Hooker honoured in this, and will continue him
+to be so to succeeding generations.
+
+[Sidenote: John Hooker]
+
+This good School-master, whose name I am not able to recover,--and
+am sorry, for that I would have given him a better memorial in this
+humble monument, dedicated to the memory of his scholar,--was very
+solicitous with John Hooker, then Chamberlain of Exeter, and uncle to
+our Richard, to take his Nephew into his care, and to maintain him for
+one year in the University, and in the mean time to use his endeavours
+to procure an admission for him into some College, though it were but
+in a mean degree; still urging and assuring him, that his charge would
+not continue long; for the lad's learning and manners were both so
+remarkable, that they must of necessity be taken notice of; and that
+doubtless God would provide him some second patron, that would free
+him and his Parents from their future care and charge.
+
+[Sidenote: Bishop Jewel]
+
+These reasons, with the affectionate rhetoric of his good Master, and
+God's blessing upon both, procured from his Uncle a faithful promise,
+that he would take him into his care and charge before the expiration
+of the year following, which was performed by him, and with the
+assistance of the learned Mr. John Jewel;[1] of whom this may be
+noted, that he left, or was about the first of Queen Mary's reign
+expelled out of Corpus Christi College in Oxford,--of which he was a
+Fellow,--for adhering to the truth of those principles of Religion to
+which he had assented and given testimony in the days of her brother
+and predecessor, Edward the Sixth; and this John Jewel, having within
+a short time after, a just cause to fear a more heavy punishment than
+expulsion, was forced, by forsaking this, to seek safety in another
+nation; and, with that safety, the enjoyment of that doctrine and
+worship for which he suffered.
+
+But the cloud of that persecution and fear ending with the life of
+Queen Mary, the affairs of the Church and State did then look more
+clear and comfortable; so that he, and with him many others of the
+same judgment, made a happy return into England about the first of
+Queen Elizabeth; in which year this John Jewel was sent a Commissioner
+or Visitor, of the Churches of the Western parts of this kingdom, and
+especially of those in Devonshire, in which County he was born; and
+then and there he contracted a friendship with John Hooker, the Uncle
+of our Richard.
+
+[Sidenote: At Oxford]
+
+About the second or third year of her reign, this John Jewel was
+made Bishop of Salisbury; and there being always observed in him a
+willingness to do good, and to oblige his friends, and now a power
+added to his willingness; this John Hooker gave him a visit in
+Salisbury, and besought him for charity's sake to look favourably upon
+a poor nephew of his, whom Nature had fitted for a scholar; but the
+estate of his parents was so narrow, that they were unable to give him
+the advantage of learning; and that the Bishop would therefore become
+his patron, and prevent him from being a tradesman, for he was a boy
+of remarkable hopes. And though the Bishop knew men do not usually
+look with an indifferent eye upon their own children and relations,
+yet he assented so far to John Hooker, that he appointed the boy and
+his School-master should attend him, about Easter next following, at
+that place: which was done accordingly; and then, after some questions
+and observations of the boy's learning, and gravity, and behaviour,
+the Bishop gave his School-master a reward, and took order for an
+annual pension for the boy's parents; promising also to take him into
+his care for a future preferment, which he performed: for about the
+fifteenth year of his age, which was anno 1567, he was by the Bishop
+appointed to remove to Oxford, and there to attend Dr. Cole,[2]
+then President of Corpus Christi College. Which he did; and Dr. Cole
+had--according to a promise made to the Bishop--provided for him both
+a Tutor--which was said to be the learned Dr. John Reynolds,[3]--and a
+Clerk's place in that College: which place, though it were not a
+full maintenance, yet, with the contribution of his Uncle, and
+the continued pension of his patron, the good Bishop, gave him a
+comfortable subsistence. And in this condition he continued until the
+eighteenth year of his age, still increasing in learning and prudence,
+and so much in humility and piety, that he seemed to be filled with
+the Holy Ghost; and even like St. John Baptist, to be sanctified from
+his mother's womb, who did often bless the day in which she bare him.
+
+[Sidenote: "A dangerous sickness"]
+
+About this time of his age, he fell into a dangerous sickness, which
+lasted two months; all which time his Mother, having notice of it, did
+in her hourly prayers as earnestly beg his life of God, as Monica the
+mother of St. Augustine did, that he might become a true Christian;
+and their prayers were both so heard as to be granted. Which Mr.
+Hooker would often mention with much joy, and as often pray that "he
+might never live to occasion any sorrow to so good a mother; of whom
+he would often say, he loved her so dearly, that he would endeavour to
+be good, even as much for her's as for his own sake."
+
+[Sidenote: The Bishop's horse]
+
+As soon as he was perfectly recovered from this sickness, he took a
+journey from Oxford to Exeter, to satisfy and see his good Mother,
+being accompanied with a countryman and companion of his own College,
+and both on foot; which was then either more in fashion, or want of
+money, or their humility made it so: but on foot they went, and took
+Salisbury in their way, purposely to see the good Bishop, who made
+Mr. Hooker and his companion dine with him at his own table: which Mr.
+Hooker boasted of with much joy and gratitude when he saw his mother
+and friends: and at the Bishop's parting with him, the Bishop gave
+him good counsel, and his benediction, but forgot to give him money;
+which, when the Bishop had considered, he sent a servant in all haste
+to call Richard back to him: and at Richard's return, the Bishop said
+to him, "Richard, I sent for you back to lend you a horse, which
+hath carried me many a mile, and, I thank God, with much ease;" and
+presently delivered into his hand a walking-staff, with which he
+professed he had travelled through many parts of Germany. And he said,
+"Richard, I do not give, but lend you my horse: be sure you be honest,
+and bring my horse back to me at your return this way to Oxford. And
+I do now give you ten groats, to bear your charges to Exeter; and here
+is ten groats more, which I charge you to deliver to your Mother
+and tell her I send her a Bishop's benediction with it, and beg the
+continuance of her prayers for me. And if you bring my horse back
+to me, I will give you ten groats more, to carry you on foot to the
+College: and so God bless you, good Richard."
+
+[Sidenote: Jewel's death]
+
+And this, you may believe, was performed by both parties. But, alas!
+the next news that followed Mr. Hooker to Oxford was, that his learned
+and charitable patron had changed this for a better life. Which happy
+change may be believed, for that as he lived, so he died, in devout
+meditation and prayer: and in both so zealously, that it became a
+religious question, "Whether his last ejaculations or his soul did
+first enter into Heaven?"
+
+And now Mr. Hooker became a man of sorrow and fear: of sorrow, for the
+loss of so dear and comfortable a patron; and of fear for his future
+subsistence. But Dr. Cole raised his spirits from this dejection, by
+bidding him go cheerfully to his studies, and assuring him, he
+should neither want food nor raiment,--which was the utmost of his
+hopes,--for he would become his patron.
+
+And so he was for about nine months, and not longer; for about that
+time this following accident did befall Mr. Hooker.
+
+[Sidenote: Bishop Sandys]
+
+[Sidenote: Hooker's pupil]
+
+Edwin Sandys[4]--sometime Bishop of London, and after Archbishop of
+York--had also been in the days of Queen Mary, forced, by forsaking
+this, to seek safety in another nation; where, for some years, Bishop
+Jewel and he were companions at bed and board in Germany; and where,
+in this their exile, they did often eat the bread of sorrow, and by
+that means they there began such a friendship, as lasted till the
+death of Bishop Jewel, which was in September, 1571. A little before
+which time the two Bishops meeting, Jewel had an occasion to begin a
+story of his Richard Hooker, and in it gave such a character of
+his learning and manners, that though Bishop Sandys was educated
+in Cambridge, where he had obliged, and had many friends; yet his
+resolution was, that his son Edwin should be sent to Corpus Christi
+College in Oxford, and by all means be pupil to Mr. Hooker, though
+his son Edwin was not much younger than Mr. Hooker then was: for the
+Bishop said, "I will have a Tutor for my son, that shall teach him
+learning by instruction, and virtue by example: and my greatest care
+shall be of the last; and, God willing, this Richard Hooker shall be
+the man into whose hands I will commit my Edwin." And the Bishop did
+so about twelve months, or not much longer, after this resolution.
+
+[Sidenote: Hooker's behaviour]
+
+And doubtless, as to these two, a better choice could not be made; for
+Mr. Hooker was now in the nineteenth year of his age; had spent
+five in the University; and had, by a constant unwearied diligence,
+attained unto a perfection in all the learned languages; by the help
+of which, an excellent tutor, and his unintermitted studies, he had
+made the subtilty of all the arts easy and familiar to him, and useful
+for the discovery of such learning as lay hid from common searchers.
+So that by these, added to his great reason, and his restless industry
+added to both, he did not only know more of causes and effects; but
+what he knew, he knew better than other men. And with this knowledge
+he had a most blessed and clear method of demonstrating what he
+knew, to the great advantage of all his pupils,--which in time were
+many,--but especially to his two first, his dear Edwin Sandys, and his
+as dear George Cranmer; of which there will be a fair testimony in the
+ensuing relation.
+
+This for Mr. Hooker's learning. And for his behaviour, amongst other
+testimonies, this still remains of him, that in four years he was but
+twice absent from the Chapel prayers; and that his behaviour there
+was such, as shewed an awful reverence of that God which he then
+worshipped and prayed to; giving all outward testimonies that his
+affections were set on heavenly things. This was his behaviour towards
+God; and for that to man, it is observable that he was never known to
+be angry, or passionate, or extreme in any of his desires; never
+heard to repine or dispute with Providence, but, by a quiet gentle
+submission and resignation of his will to the wisdom of his Creator,
+bore the burthen of the day with patience; never heard to utter an
+uncomely word: and by this, and a grave behaviour, which is a divine
+charm, he begot an early reverence unto his person, even from those
+that at other times and in other companies, took a liberty to cast
+off that strictness of behaviour and discourse that is required in a
+Collegiate life. And when he took any liberty to be pleasant, his wit
+was never blemished with scoffing, or the utterance of any conceit
+that bordered upon, or might beget a thought of looseness in his
+hearers. Thus mild, thus innocent and exemplary was his behaviour in
+his College; and thus this good man continued till his death, still
+increasing in learning, in patience, and piety.
+
+[Sidenote: Scholar of his College]
+
+In this nineteenth year of his age, he was, December 24, 1573,
+admitted to be one of the twenty Scholars of the Foundation; being
+elected and so admitted as born in Devon or Hantshire; out of which
+Counties a certain number are to be elected in vacancies by the
+Founder's Statutes. And now as he was much encouraged, so now he was
+perfectly incorporated into this beloved College, which was then noted
+for an eminent Library, strict Students, and remarkable Scholars. And
+indeed it may glory, that it had Cardinal Poole,[5] but more that it
+had Bishop Jewel, Dr. John Reynolds, and Dr. Thomas Jackson,[6] of
+that foundation. The first famous for his learned Apology for the
+Church of England, and his Defence of it against Harding.[7] The
+second, for the learned and wise manage of a public dispute with John
+Hart,[8] of the Romish persuasion, about the Head and Faith of the
+Church, and after printed by consent of both parties. And the third,
+for his most excellent "Exposition of the Creed," and other treatises;
+all such as have given greatest satisfaction to men of the greatest
+learning. Nor was Dr. Jackson more note-worthy for his learning, than
+for his strict and pious life, testified by his abundant love, and
+meekness, and charity to all men.
+
+[Sidenote: Inceptor of Arts]
+
+[Sidenote: Sir Henry Savile]
+
+And in the year 1576, February 23, Mr. Hooker's Grace was given him
+for Inceptor of Arts; Dr. Herbert Westphaling,[9] a man of note for
+learning, being then Vice-Chancellor: and the Act following he was
+completed Master, which was anno 1577, his patron, Dr. Cole, being
+Vice-Chancellor that year, and his dear friend, Henry Savile[10]
+of Merton College, being then one of the Proctors. 'Twas that Henry
+Savile that was after Sir Henry Savile, Warden of Merton College, and
+Provost of Eton; he which founded in Oxford two famous Lectures; and
+endowed them with liberal maintenance.
+
+It was that Sir Henry Savile that translated and enlightened the
+History of Cornelius Tacitus, with a most excellent Comment; and
+enriched the world by his laborious and chargeable collecting the
+scattered pieces of St. Chrysostom, and the publication of them in
+one entire body in Greek; in which language he was a most judicious
+critic. It was this Sir Henry Savile that had the happiness to be a
+contemporary and familiar friend to Mr. Hooker; and let posterity know
+it.
+
+And in this year of 1577, he was so happy as to be admitted Fellow of
+the College; happy also in being the contemporary and friend of that
+Dr. John Reynolds, of whom I have lately spoken, and of Dr. Spencer;
+both which were after and successively made Presidents of Corpus
+Christi College: men of great learning and merit, and famous in their
+generations.
+
+[Sidenote: Sandys and Cranmer]
+
+Nor was Mr. Hooker more happy in his contemporaries of his time and
+College, than in the pupilage and friendship of his Edwin Sandys and
+George Cranmer; of whom my Reader may note, that this Edwin Sandys was
+after Sir Edwin Sandys, and as famous for his "Speculum Europae,"
+as his brother George for making posterity beholden to his pen by a
+learned relation and comment on his dangerous and remarkable Travels;
+and for his harmonious translation of the Psalms of David, the Book of
+Job, and other poetical parts of Holy Writ, into most high and elegant
+verse. And for Cranmer, his other pupil, I shall refer my Reader
+to the printed testimonies of our learned Mr. Camden, of Fynes
+Moryson[11] and others.
+
+"This Cranmer," says Mr. Camden in his Annals of Queen
+Elizabeth,--"whose Christian name was George, was a gentleman of
+singular hopes, the eldest son of Thomas Cranmer, son of Edmund
+Cranmer, the Archbishop's brother: he spent much of his youth in
+Corpus Christi College in Oxford, where he continued Master of Arts
+for some time before he removed, and then betook himself to travel,
+accompanying that worthy gentleman Sir Edwin Sandys into France,
+Germany, and Italy, for the space of three years; and after their
+happy return, he betook himself to an employment under Secretary
+Davison, a Privy Councillor of note, who, for an unhappy undertaking,
+became clouded and pitied: after whose fall, he went in place of
+Secretary with Sir Henry Killegrew in his Embassage into France: and
+after his death he was sought after by the most noble Lord Mountjoy,
+with whom he went into Ireland, where he remained, until in a battle
+against the rebels near Carlingford, an unfortunate wound put an end
+both to his life, and the great hopes that were conceived of him, he
+being then but in the thirty-sixth year of his age."
+
+[Sidenote: "A sacred friendship"]
+
+Betwixt Mr. Hooker and these his two Pupils, there was a sacred
+friendship; a friendship made up of religious principles, which
+increased daily by a similitude of inclinations to the same
+recreations and studies; a friendship elemented in youth, and in an
+university, free from self-ends, which the friendships of age usually
+are not. And in this sweet, this blessed, this spiritual amity, they
+went on for many years: and as the holy Prophet saith, "so they took
+sweet counsel together, and walked in the house of God as friends."
+By which means they improved this friendship to such a degree of holy
+amity, as bordered upon heaven: a friendship so sacred, that when it
+ended in this world, it began in that next, where it shall have no
+end.
+
+[Sidenote: Hooker's studies]
+
+And, though this world cannot give any degree of pleasure equal to
+such a friendship; yet obedience to parents, and a desire to know the
+affairs, manners, laws, and learning of other nations, that they might
+thereby become the more serviceable unto their own, made them put off
+their gowns, and leave the College and Mr. Hooker to his studies,
+in which he was daily more assiduous, still enriching his quiet
+and capacious soul with the precious learning of the Philosophers,
+Casuists, and Schoolmen; and with them the foundation and reason of
+all Laws, both Sacred and Civil; and indeed with such other learning
+as lay most remote from the track of common studies. And, as he was
+diligent in these, so he seemed restless in searching the scope and
+intention of God's Spirit revealed to mankind in the Sacred Scripture:
+for the understanding of which, he seemed to be assisted by the same
+Spirit with which they were written; He that regardeth truth in the
+inward parts, making him to understand wisdom secretly. And the good
+man would often say, that "God abhors confusion as contrary to his
+nature;" and as often say, "That the Scripture was not writ to beget
+disputations and pride, and opposition to government; but charity and
+humility, moderation, obedience to authority, and peace to mankind;"
+of which virtues, he would as often say, "no man did ever repent
+himself on his death-bed." And that this was really his judgment, did
+appear in his future writings, and in all the actions of his life. Nor
+was this excellent man a stranger to the more light and airy parts
+of learning, as Music and Poetry; all which he had digested and made
+useful; and of all which the Reader will have a fair testimony in what
+will follow.
+
+[Sidenote: Hebrew Lecturer]
+
+In the year 1579, the Chancellor of the University was given to
+understand, that the public Hebrew Lecture was not read according to
+the Statutes; nor could be, by reason of a distemper, that had then
+seized the brain of Mr. Kingsmill, who was to read it; so that it lay
+long unread, to the great detriment of those that were studious of
+that language. Therefore the Chancellor writ to his Vice-Chancellor,
+and the University, that he had heard such commendations of the
+excellent knowledge of Mr. Richard Hooker in that tongue, that he
+desired he might be procured to read it: and he did, and continued to
+do so till he left Oxford.
+
+Within three months after his undertaking this Lecture,--namely in
+October 1579,--he was, with Dr. Reynolds and others, expelled his
+College; and this Letter, transcribed from Dr. Reynolds his own hand,
+may give some account of it.
+
+[Sidenote: Expulsion from College]
+
+     To SIR FRANCIS KNOLLES.
+
+"I am sorry, Right Honourable, that I am enforced to make unto
+you such a suit, which I cannot move; but I must complain of the
+unrighteous dealing of one of our College, who hath taken upon him,
+against all law and reason, to expel out of our house both me and Mr.
+Hooker, and three other of our fellows, for doing that which by oath
+we were bound to do. Our matter must be heard before the Bishop
+of Winchester, with whom I do not doubt but we shall find equity.
+Howbeit, forasmuch as some of our adversaries have said that the
+Bishop is already forestalled, and will not give us such audience as
+we look for; therefore I am humbly to beseech your Honour, that you
+will desire the Bishop, by your letters, to let us have justice;
+though it be with rigour, so it be justice: our cause is so good, that
+I am sure we shall prevail by it. Thus much I am bold to request of
+your honour for Corpus Christi College sake, or rather for Christ's
+sake; whom I beseech to bless you with daily increase of his manifold
+gifts, and the blessed graces of his Holy Spirit.
+
+    "Your Honour's in Christ to command,
+
+       "JOHN REYNOLDS.
+
+"LONDON, _October_ 9, 1579."
+
+[Sidenote: At Paul's Cross]
+
+This expulsion was by Dr. John Barfoote, then Vice-President of the
+College, and Chaplain to Ambrose Earl of Warwick. I cannot learn the
+pretended cause; but that they were restored the same month is most
+certain.[12] I return to Mr. Hooker in his College, where he continued
+his studies with all quietness, for the space of three years; about
+which time he entered into Sacred Orders, being then made Deacon and
+Priest, and, not long after, was appointed to preach at St. Paul's
+Cross.[13]
+
+[Sidenote: His sermon]
+
+In order to which Sermon, to London he came, and immediately to the
+Shunamite's House; which is a House so called, for that, besides
+the stipend paid the Preacher, there is provision made also for his
+lodging and diet for two days before, and one day after his Sermon.
+This house was then kept by John Churchman, sometime a Draper of good
+note in Watling-street, upon whom poverty had at last come like an
+armed man, and brought him into a necessitous condition; which, though
+it be a punishment, is not always an argument of God's disfavour; for
+he was a virtuous man. I shall not yet give the like testimony of his
+wife, but leave the Reader to judge by what follows. But to this house
+Mr. Hooker came so wet, so weary, and weather-beaten, that he was
+never known to express more passion, than against a friend that
+dissuaded him from footing it to London, and for finding him no easier
+an horse,--supposing the horse trotted when he did not;--and at this
+time also, such a faintness and fear possessed him, that he would not
+be persuaded two days' rest and quietness, or any other means could be
+used to make him able to preach his Sunday's Sermon; but a warm bed,
+and rest, and drink proper for a cold, given him by Mrs. Churchman,
+and her diligent attendance added unto it, enabled him to perform the
+office of the day, which was in or about the year 1581.
+
+And in this first public appearance to the world, he was not so happy
+as to be free from exceptions against a point of doctrine delivered
+in his Sermon; which was, "That in God there were two wills; an
+antecedent and a consequent will: his first will, That all mankind
+should be saved; but his second will was, That those only should be
+saved, that did live answerable to that degree of grace which he had
+offered or afforded them." This seemed to cross a late opinion of Mr.
+Calvin's, and then taken for granted by many that had not a capacity
+to examine it, as it had been by him before, and hath been since by
+Master Henry Mason, Dr. Jackson, Dr. Hammond, and others of great
+learning, who believe that a contrary opinion intrenches upon the
+honour and justice of our merciful God. How he justified this, I will
+not undertake to declare; but it was not excepted against--as Mr.
+Hooker declares in his rational Answer to Mr. Travers--by John
+Elmer[14], then Bishop of London, at this time one of his auditors,
+and at last one of his advocates too, when Mr. Hooker was accused for
+it.
+
+[Sidenote: Wanted a nurse!]
+
+[Sidenote: His marriage]
+
+But the justifying of this doctrine did not prove of so bad
+consequence, as the kindness of Mrs. Churchman's curing him of his
+late distemper and cold; for that was so gratefully apprehended by
+Mr. Hooker, that he thought himself bound in conscience to believe all
+that she said: so that the good man came to be persuaded by her, "that
+he was a man of a tender constitution; and that it was best for him to
+have a wife, that might prove a nurse to him; such a one as might both
+prolong his life, and make it more comfortable; and such a one she
+could and would provide for him, if he thought fit to marry." And he,
+not considering that "the children of this world are wiser in their
+generation than the children of light;" but, like a true Nathaniel,
+fearing no guile, because he meant none, did give her such a power
+as Eleazar was trusted with,--you may read it in the book of
+Genesis,--when he was sent to choose a wife for Isaac; for even so he
+trusted her to choose for him, promising upon a fair summons to return
+to London, and accept of her choice; and he did so in that, or about
+the year following. Now, the wife provided for him was her daughter
+Joan, who brought him neither beauty nor portion: and for her
+conditions, they were too like that wife's, which is by Solomon
+compared to a dripping house: so that the good man had no reason to
+"rejoice in the wife of his youth;" but too just cause to say with the
+holy Prophet, "Wo is me, that I am constrained to have my habitation
+in the tents of Kedar!"
+
+This choice of Mr. Hooker's--if it were his choice--may be wondered
+at: but let us consider that the Prophet Ezekiel says, "There is a
+wheel within a wheel;" a secret sacred wheel of Providence,--most
+visible in marriages,--guided by his hand, that "allows not the race
+to the swift," nor "bread to the wise," nor good wives to good men:
+and He that can bring good out of evil--for mortals are blind to this
+reason--only knows why this blessing was denied to patient Job, to
+meek Moses, and to our as meek and patient Mr. Hooker. But so it was;
+and let the Reader cease to wonder, for affliction is a divine diet;
+which though it be not pleasing to mankind, yet Almighty God hath
+often, very often, imposed it as good, though bitter physic to those
+children whose souls are dearest to him.
+
+[Sidenote: At Drayton-Beauchamp]
+
+And by this marriage the good man was drawn from the tranquillity of
+his College; from that garden of piety, of pleasure, of peace, and a
+sweet conversation, into the thorny wilderness of a busy world; into
+those corroding cares that attend a married Priest, and a country
+Parsonage; which was Drayton-Beauchamp in Buckinghamshire, not
+far from Aylesbury, and in the Diocese of Lincoln; to which he
+was presented by John Cheney, Esq.--then Patron of it--the 9th of
+December, 1584, where he behaved himself so as to give no occasion of
+evil, but as St. Paul adviseth a minister of God--"in much patience,
+in afflictions, in anguishes, in necessities, in poverty and no doubt
+in long-suffering;" yet troubling no man with his discontents and
+wants.
+
+[Sidenote: Res augusta domi]
+
+And in this condition he continued about a year; in which time his two
+pupils, Edwin Sandys and George Cranmer, took a journey to see their
+tutor; where they found him with a book in his hand,--it was the Odes
+of Horace,--he being then like humble and innocent Abel, tending his
+small allotment of sheep in a common field; which he told his pupils
+he was forced to do then, for that his servant was gone home to dine,
+and assist his wife to do some necessary household business. But when
+his servant returned and released him, then his two pupils attended
+him unto his house, where their best entertainment was his quiet
+company, which was presently denied them: for Richard was called to
+rock the cradle; and the rest of their welcome was so like this, that
+they staid but till next morning, which was time enough to discover
+and pity their tutor's condition; and they having in that time
+rejoiced in the remembrance, and then paraphrased on many of the
+innocent recreations of their younger days, and other like diversions,
+and thereby given him as much present comfort as they were able, they
+were forced to leave him to the company of his wife Joan, and seek
+themselves a quieter lodging for next night. But at their parting from
+him, Mr. Cranmer said, "Good tutor, I am sorry your lot is fallen in
+no better ground, as to your parsonage; and more sorry that your
+wife proves not a more comfortable companion, after you have wearied
+yourself in your restless studies." To whom the good man replied, "My
+dear George, if Saints have usually a double share in the miseries
+of this life, I, that am none, ought not to repine at what my wise
+Creator hath appointed for me: but labour--as indeed I do daily--to
+submit mine to his will, and possess my soul in patience and peace."
+
+[Sidenote: Master of the Temple]
+
+At their return to London, Edwin Sandys acquaints his father, who was
+then Archbishop of York, with his Tutor's sad condition, and solicits
+for his removal to some benefice that might give him a more quiet and
+a more comfortable subsistence; which his father did most willingly
+grant him when it should next fall into his power. And not long after
+this time, which was in the year 1585, Mr. Alvey,--Master of the
+Temple,--died, who was a man of a strict life, of great learning, and
+of so venerable behaviour, as to gain so high a degree of love and
+reverence from all men, that he was generally known by the name of
+Father Alvey. And at the Temple-reading, next after the death of this
+Father Alvey, he, the said Archbishop of York being then at dinner
+with the Judges, the Reader, and the Benchers of that Society, met
+with a general condolement for the death of Father Alvey, and with a
+high commendation of his saint-like life, and of his great merit both
+towards God and man; and as they bewailed his death, so they wished
+for a like pattern of virtue and learning to succeed him. And here
+came in a fair occasion for the Bishop to commend Mr. Hooker to Father
+Alvey's place, which he did with so effectual an earnestness, and that
+seconded with so many other testimonies of his worth, that Mr.
+Hooker was sent for from Drayton-Beauchamp to London, and there the
+Mastership of the Temple proposed unto him by the Bishop, as a greater
+freedom from his country cares, the advantages of a better society,
+and a more liberal pension than his country parsonage did afford him.
+But these reasons were not powerful enough to incline him to a willing
+acceptance of it: his wish was rather to gain a better country living,
+where he might see God's blessings spring out of the earth, and be
+free from noise,--so he expressed the desire of his heart,--and eat
+that bread which he might more properly call his own, in privacy
+and quietness. But, notwithstanding this averseness, he was at last
+persuaded to accept of the Bishop's proposal; and was by Patent for
+life, made Master of the Temple the 17th of March, 1585, he being then
+in the 34th year of his age. [This you may find in the Temple Records.
+William Ermstead was master of the Temple at the Dissolution of the
+Priory, and died 2 Eliz. (1559). Richard Alvey, Bat. Divinity, Pat.
+13 Febr. 2 Eliz. _Magister, sive Custos Domus et Ecchsiae Novi Templi_,
+died 27 Eliz. (1585). Richard Hooker succeeded that year by Patent, in
+terminis, as Alvey had it, and he left it 33 Eliz. (1591). That year
+Dr. Balgey succeeded Richard Hooker.]
+
+And here I shall make a stop; and, that the Reader may the better
+judge of what follows, give him a character of the times and temper of
+the people of this nation, when Mr. Hooker had his admission into this
+place; a place which he accepted, rather than desired: and yet here he
+promised himself a virtuous quietness, that blessed tranquillity which
+he always prayed and laboured for, that so he might in peace bring
+forth the fruits of peace, and glorify God by uninterrupted prayers
+and praises. For this he always thirsted and prayed: but Almighty
+God did not grant it; for his admission into this place was the very
+beginning of those oppositions and anxieties, which till then this
+good man was a stranger to; and of which the Reader may guess by what
+follows.
+
+[Sidenote: Character of the times]
+
+[Sidenote: Hopes under Elizabeth]
+
+In this character of the times, I shall by the Reader's favour, and
+for his information, look so far back as to the beginning of the reign
+of Queen Elizabeth; a time, in which the many under pretended titles
+to the Crown, the frequent treasons, the doubts of her successor, the
+late Civil War, and the sharp persecution for Religion that raged to
+the effusion of so much blood in the reign of Queen Mary, were fresh
+in the memory of all men; and begot fears in the most pious and wisest
+of this nation, lest the like days should return again to them, or
+their present posterity. And the apprehension of these dangers, begot
+a hearty desire of a settlement in the Church and State; believing
+there was no other probable way left to make them sit quietly under
+their own vines and fig-trees, and enjoy the desired fruit of their
+labours. But time, and peace, and plenty begot self-ends: and these
+begot animosities, envy, opposition, and unthankfulness for those very
+blessings for which they lately thirsted, being then the very utmost
+of their desires, and even beyond their hopes.
+
+[Sidenote: Three parties]
+
+This was the temper of the times in the beginning of her reign; and
+thus it continued too long; for those very people that had enjoyed
+the desires of their hearts in a Reformation from the Church of Rome,
+became at last so like the grave, as never to be satisfied, but were
+still thirsting for more and more; neglecting to pay that obedience,
+and perform those vows, which they made in their days of adversities
+and fear: so that in short time there appeared three several
+interests, each of them fearless and restless in the prosecution
+of their designs: they may for distinction be called, the active
+Romanists, the restless Non-conformists,--of which there were many
+sorts,--and the passive peaceable Protestants. The counsels of the
+first considered and resolved on in Rome; the second both in Scotland,
+in Geneva, and in divers selected, secret, dangerous Conventicles,
+both there, and within the bosom of our own nation: the third pleaded
+and defended their cause by established laws, both Ecclesiastical and
+Civil: and if they were active, it was to prevent the other two from
+destroying what was by those known Laws happily established to them
+and their posterity.
+
+I shall forbear to mention the very many and dangerous plots of the
+Romanists against the Church and State; because what is principally
+intended in this digression, is an account of the opinions and
+activity of the Non-conformists: against whose judgment and practice
+Mr. Hooker became at last, but most unwillingly, to be engaged in a
+book-war; a war which he maintained not as against an enemy, but with
+the spirit of meekness and reason.
+
+[Sidenote: The Non-conformists]
+
+In which number of Non-conformists, though some might be sincere,
+well-meaning men, whose indiscreet zeal might be so like charity, as
+thereby to cover a multitude of their errors; yet of this party
+there were many that were possessed with a high degree of spiritual
+wickedness; I mean with an innate restless pride and malice; I do
+not mean the visible carnal sins of gluttony and drunkenness, and
+the like,--from which, good Lord, deliver us!--but sins of a higher
+nature, because they are more unlike God, who is the God of love, and
+mercy, and order, and peace: and more like the Devil, who is not
+a glutton, nor can be drunk, and yet is a Devil: but I mean those
+spiritual wickednesses of malice and revenge, and an opposition to
+government: men that joyed to be the authors of misery, which is
+properly his work that is the enemy and disturber of mankind; and
+thereby greater sinners than the glutton or drunkard, though some will
+not believe it. And of this party there were also many, whom prejudice
+and a furious zeal had so blinded, as to make them neither to hear
+reason, nor adhere to the ways of peace: men that were the very dregs
+and pest of mankind; men whom pride and self-conceit had made to
+over-value their own pitiful crooked wisdom so much as not to be
+ashamed to hold foolish and unmannerly disputes against those men whom
+they ought to reverence, and those laws which they ought to obey; men
+that laboured and joyed first to find out the faults, and then speak
+evil of Government, and to be the authors of confusion; men whom
+company, and conversation, and custom had at last so blinded, and made
+so insensible that these were sins, that like those that perished
+in the gainsaying of Korah, so these died without repenting of these
+spiritual wickednesses; of which the practices of Coppinger and
+Hacket[15] in their lives, and the death of them and their adherents,
+are, God knows, too sad examples, and ought to be cautions to those
+men that are inclined to the like spiritual wickednesses.
+
+[Sidenote: Growth of sedition]
+
+And in these times, which tended thus to confusion, there were
+also many of these scruple-mongers, that pretended a tenderness of
+conscience, refusing to take an oath before a lawful Magistrate: and
+yet these very men in their secret Conventicles did covenant and
+swear to each other, to be assiduous and faithful in using their best
+endeavours to set up the Presbyterian doctrine and discipline; and
+both in such a manner as they themselves had not yet agreed on; but
+up that government must. To which end there were many that wandered
+up and down and were active in sowing discontents and seditions,
+by venomous and secret murmurings, and a dispersion of scurrilous
+pamphlets and libels against the Church and State; but especially
+against the Bishops; by which means, together with venomous and
+indiscreet sermons, the common people became so fanatic, as to believe
+the Bishops to be Antichrist, and the only obstructers of God's
+discipline! and at last some of them were given over to so bloody a
+zeal, and such other desperate delusions, as to find out a text in
+the Revelation of St. John, that Antichrist was to be overcome by
+the sword. So that those very men, that began with tender and meek
+petitions, proceeded to admonitions: then to satirical remonstrances:
+and at last--having, like Absalom, numbered who was not, and who was,
+for their cause--they got a supposed certainty of so great a party,
+that they durst threaten first the Bishops, and then the Queen and
+Parliament, to all which they were secretly encouraged by the Earl
+of Leicester, then in great favour with her Majesty, and the reputed
+cherisher and patron-general of these pretenders to tenderness of
+conscience; his design being, by their means, to bring such an odium
+upon the Bishops, as to procure an alienation of their lands, and a
+large proportion of them for himself: which avaricious desire had at
+last so blinded his reason, that his ambitious and greedy hopes seemed
+to put him into a present possession of Lambeth-House.
+
+[Sidenote: Scottish Non-conformists]
+
+And to these undertakings the Non-conformists of this nation were much
+encouraged and heightened by a correspondence and confederacy with
+that brotherhood in Scotland; so that here they become so bold, that
+one [Mr. Dering][16] told the Queen openly in a sermon, "She was
+like an untamed heifer, that would not be ruled by God's people, but
+obstructed his discipline." And in Scotland they were more confident;
+for there [Vide Bishop Spotswood's History of the Church of Scotland]
+they declared her an Atheist, and grew to such an height, as not to be
+accountable for any thing spoken against her, nor for treason against
+their own King, if it were but spoken in the pulpit; shewing at last
+such a disobedience to him, that his mother being in England, and then
+in distress, and in prison, and in danger of death, the Church denied
+the King their prayers for her; and at another time, when he had
+appointed a day of Feasting, the Church declared for a general Fast,
+in opposition to his authority.
+
+[Sidenote: Remedial measures.]
+
+To this height they were grown in both nations, and by these means
+there was distilled into the minds of the common people such other
+venomous and turbulent principles as were inconsistent with the safety
+of the Church and State: and these opinions vented so daringly, that,
+beside the loss of life and limbs, the governors of the Church and
+State were forced to use such other severities as will not admit of an
+excuse, if it had not been to prevent the gangrene of confusion, and
+the perilous consequences of it; which, without such prevention, would
+have been first confusion, and then ruin and misery to this numerous
+nation.
+
+[Sidenote: Spectator ab extra]
+
+These errors and animosities were so remarkable, that they begot
+wonder in an ingenious Italian, who being about this time come newly
+into this nation, and considering them, writ scoffingly to a friend in
+his own country, to this purpose; "That the common people of England
+were wiser than the wisest of his nation; for here the very women and
+shop-keepers were able to judge of Predestination, and to determine
+what laws were fit to be made concerning Church-government; and then,
+what were fit to be obeyed or abolished. That they were more able--or
+at least thought so--to raise and determine perplexed Cases of
+Conscience, than the wisest of the most learned Colleges in Italy!
+That men of the slightest learning, and the most ignorant of the
+common people, were mad for a new, or super, or re-reformation of
+Religion; and that in this they appeared like that man, who would
+never cease to whet and whet his knife, till there was no steel left
+to make it useful." And he concluded his letter with this observation,
+"That those very men that were most busy in oppositions, and
+disputations, and controversies, and finding out the faults of their
+governors, had usually the least of humility and mortification, or of
+the power of godliness."
+
+[Sidenote: Growth of Atheism]
+
+And to heighten all these discontents and dangers, there was also
+sprung up a generation of godless men; men that had so long given way
+to their own lusts and delusions, and so highly opposed the blessed
+motions of His Spirit, and the inward light of their own consciences,
+that they became the very slaves of vice, and had thereby sinned
+themselves into a belief of that which they would, but could not
+believe, into a belief, which is repugnant even to human nature;--for
+the Heathens believe that there are many Gods;--but these had sinned
+themselves into a belief that there was no God! and so, finding
+nothing in themselves but what was worse than nothing, began to wish
+what they were not able to hope for, namely, "That they might be like
+the beasts that perish!" and in wicked company--which is the Atheist's
+sanctuary--were so bold as to say so: though the worst of mankind,
+when he is left alone at midnight, may wish, but is not then able to
+think it: even into a belief that there is no God. Into this wretched,
+this reprobate condition, many had then sinned themselves.
+
+[Sidenote: John Whitgift]
+
+And now, when the Church was pestered with them, and with all those
+other fore-named irregularities; when her lands were in danger of
+alienation, her power at least neglected, and her peace torn to
+pieces by several schisms, and such heresies as do usually attend that
+sin:--for heresies do usually out-live their first authors;--when the
+common people seemed ambitious of doing those very things that were
+forbidden and attended with most dangers, that thereby they might be
+punished, and then applauded and pitied: when they called the spirit
+of opposition a tender conscience, and complained of persecution,
+because they wanted power to persecute others: when the giddy
+multitude raged, and became restless to find out misery for themselves
+and others; and the rabble would herd themselves together, and
+endeavour to govern and act in spite of authority:--in this extremity
+of fear, and danger of the Church and State, when, to suppress the
+growing evils of both, they needed a man of prudence and piety, and
+of an high and fearless fortitude, they were blest in all by John
+Whitgift, his being made Archbishop of Canterbury; of whom Sir Henry
+Wotton--that knew him well in his youth, and had studied him in his
+age--gives this true character; "That he was a man of reverend and
+sacred memory, and of the primitive temper; such a temper, as when
+the Church by lowliness of spirit did flourish in highest examples of
+virtue." And indeed this man proved so.
+
+And though I dare not undertake to add to this excellent and true
+character of Sir Henry Wotton; yet I shall neither do right to this
+discourse, nor to my Reader, if I forbear to give him a further and
+short account of the life and manners of this excellent man; and it
+shall be short, for I long to end this digression, that I may lead my
+reader back to Mr. Hooker where we left him at the Temple.
+
+[Sidenote: Archbishop of Canterbury]
+
+John Whitgift was born in the County of Lincoln, of a family that
+was ancient; and noted to be both prudent and affable, and gentle
+by nature. He was educated in Cambridge; much of his learning was
+acquired in Pembroke Hall,--where Mr. Bradford[17] the Martyr was his
+tutor;--from thence he was removed to Peter House; from thence to be
+Master of Pembroke Hall; and from thence to the Mastership of Trinity
+College. About which time the Queen made him her Chaplain; and not
+long after Prebend of Ely, and then Dean of Lincoln; and having for
+many years past looked upon him with much reverence and favour,
+gave him a fair testimony of both, by giving him the Bishoprick of
+Worcester, and--which was not with her a usual favour--forgiving
+him his first fruits; then by constituting him Vice-President of
+the Principality of Wales. And having experimented his wisdom, his
+justice, and moderation in the manage of her affairs in both these
+places, she, in the twenty-sixth of her reign, 1583, made him
+Archbishop of Canterbury, and, not long after, of her Privy Council;
+and trusted him to manage all her Ecclesiastical affairs and
+preferments. In all which removes, he was like the Ark, which left a
+blessing on the place where it rested; and in all his employments was
+like Jehoiada, that did good unto Israel.
+
+These were the steps of this Bishop's ascension to this place of
+dignity and cares: in which place--to speak Mr. Camden's very words in
+his Annals of Queen Elizabeth--"he devoutly consecrated both his whole
+life to God, and his painful labours to the good of his Church."
+
+And yet in this place he met with many oppositions in the regulation
+of Church affairs, which were much disordered at his entrance, by
+reason of the age and remissness of Bishop Grindal,[18] his immediate
+predecessor, the activity of the Non-conformists, and their chief
+assistant the Earl of Leicester; and indeed by too many others of
+the like sacrilegious principles. With these he was to encounter; and
+though he wanted neither courage, nor a good cause, yet he foresaw,
+that without a great measure of the Queen's favour, it was impossible
+to stand in the breach that had been lately made into the lands and
+immunities of the Church, or indeed to maintain the remaining lands
+and rights of it. And therefore by justifiable sacred insinuations,
+such as St. Paul to Agrippa,--"Agrippa, believest thou? I know thou
+believest," he wrought himself into so great a degree of favour with
+her, as, by his pious use of it, hath got both of them a great degree
+of fame in this world, and of glory in that into which they are now
+both entered.
+
+[Sidenote: The "little black husband"]
+
+His merits to the Queen, and her favours to him were such, that she
+called him, "her little black husband," and called "his servants her
+servants:" and she saw so visible and blessed a sincerity shine in all
+his cares and endeavours for the Church's and for her good, that she
+was supposed to trust him with the very secrets of her soul, and to
+make him her confessor; of which she gave many fair testimonies; and
+of which one was, that "she would never eat flesh in Lent, without
+obtaining a licence from her little black husband:" and would often
+say "she pitied him because she trusted him, and had thereby eased
+herself by laying the burthen of all her Clergy-cares upon his
+shoulders, which he managed with prudence and piety."
+
+[Sidenote: Church-lands Acts]
+
+I shall not keep myself within the promised rules of brevity in this
+account of his interest with her Majesty, and his care of the Church's
+rights, if in this digression I should enlarge to particulars; and
+therefore my desire is, that one example may serve for a testimony of
+both. And, that the Reader may the better understand it, he may take
+notice, that not many years before his being made Archbishop,
+there passed an Act, or Acts of Parliament, intending the better
+preservation of the Church-lands, by recalling a power which was
+vested in others to sell or lease them, by lodging and trusting the
+future care and protection of them only in the Crown: and amongst many
+that made a bad use of this power or trust of the Queen's, the Earl
+of Leicester was one; and the Bishop having, by his interest with her
+Majesty, put a stop to the Earl's sacrilegious designs, they two fell
+to an open opposition before her; after which they both quitted the
+room, not friends in appearance. But the Bishop made a sudden and
+seasonable return to her Majesty,--for he found her alone--and spake
+to her with great humility and reverence, to this purpose.
+
+[Sidenote: An address]
+
+"I beseech your Majesty to hear me with patience, and to believe that
+your's and the Church's safety are dearer to me than my life, but
+my conscience dearer than both: and therefore give me leave to do my
+duty, and tell you, that Princes are deputed nursing Fathers of the
+Church, and owe it a protection; and therefore God forbid that you
+should be so much as passive in her ruin, when you may prevent it;
+or that I should behold it without horror and detestation; or should
+forbear to tell your Majesty of the sin and danger of Sacrilege.
+And though you and myself were born in an age of frailties, when the
+primitive piety and care of the Church's lands and immunities are much
+decayed; yet, Madam, let me beg that you would first consider that
+there are such sins as Profaneness and Sacrilege: and that, if there
+were not, they could not have names in Holy Writ, and particularly
+in the New Testament. And I beseech you to consider, that though our
+Saviour said, 'He judged no man;' and, to testify it, would not judge
+nor divide the inheritance betwixt the two brethren, nor would judge
+the woman taken in adultery; yet in this point of the Church's rights
+he was so zealous, that he made himself both the accuser, and the
+judge, and the executioner too, to punish these sins; witnessed,
+in that he himself made the whip to drive the profaners out of the
+Temple, overthrew the tables of the money-changers, and drove them out
+of it. And I beseech you to consider, that it was St. Paul that said
+to those Christians of his time that were offended with Idolatry, and
+yet committed Sacrilege; 'Thou that abhorrest Idols, dost thou commit
+Sacrilege?' supposing, I think, Sacrilege the greater sin. This
+may occasion your Majesty to consider, that there is such a sin as
+Sacrilege; and to incline you to prevent the Curse that will follow
+it, I beseech you also to consider, that Constantine, the first
+Christian Emperor, and Helena his Mother; that King Edgar, and Edward
+the Confessor; and indeed many others of your predecessors, and many
+private Christians, have also given to God, and to his Church, much
+land, and many immunities, which they might have given to those of
+their own families, and did not; but gave them for ever as an absolute
+right and sacrifice to God: and with these immunities and lands they
+have entailed a curse upon the alienators of them: God prevent your
+Majesty and your successors from being liable to that Curse, which
+will cleave unto Church-lands as the leprosy to the Jews.
+
+"And to make you, that are trusted with their preservation, the better
+to understand the danger of it, I beseech you forget not, that, to
+prevent these Curses, the Church's land and power have been also
+endeavoured to be preserved, as far as human reason and the law of
+this nation have been able to preserve them, by an immediate and most
+sacred obligation on the consciences of the Princes of this realm.
+For they that consult Magna Charta shall find, that as all your
+predecessors were at their Coronation, so you also were sworn before
+all the Nobility and Bishops then present, and in the presence of
+God, and in his stead to him that anointed you, to maintain the
+Church-lands, and the rights belonging to it: and this you yourself
+have testified openly to God at the holy Altar, by laying your hands
+on the Bible then lying upon it. And not only Magna Charta, but many
+modern Statutes have denounced a Curse upon those that break Magna
+Charta; a Curse like the leprosy, that was entailed on the Jews: for
+as that, so these Curses have, and will cleave to the very stones of
+those buildings that have been consecrated to God; and the father's
+sin of Sacrilege hath, and will prove to be entailed on his son and
+family. And now, Madam, what account can be given for the breach of
+this Oath at the Last Great Day, either by your Majesty, or by me, if
+it be wilfully, or but negligently violated, I know not.
+
+"And therefore, good Madam, let not the late Lord's exceptions
+against the failings of some few Clergymen prevail with you to punish
+posterity for the errors of the present age; let particular men suffer
+for their particular errors; but let God and his Church have their
+inheritance: and though I pretend not to prophecy, yet I beg posterity
+to take notice of what is already become visible in many families;
+that Church-land added to an ancient and just inheritance, hath proved
+like a moth fretting a garment, and secretly consumed both: or like
+the Eagle that stole a coal from the altar, and thereby set her nest
+on fire, which consumed both her young eagles and herself that stole
+it. And though I shall forbear to speak reproachfully of your Father,
+yet I beg you to take notice, that a part of the Church's rights added
+to the vast treasures left him by his Father, hath been conceived to
+bring an unavoidable consumption upon both, notwithstanding all his
+diligency to preserve them.
+
+"And consider, that after the violation of those laws, to which he had
+sworn in Magna Charta, God did so far deny him his restraining grace,
+that as King Saul, after he was forsaken of God, fell from one sin
+to another; so he, till at last he fell into greater sins than I am
+willing to mention. Madam, Religion is the foundation and cement of
+human societies; and when they that serve at God's Altar shall be
+exposed to poverty, then Religion itself will be exposed to scorn, and
+become contemptible; as you may already observe it to be in too many
+poor Vicarages in this nation. And therefore, as you are by a late
+Act or Acts of Parliament, entrusted with a great power to preserve or
+waste the Church-lands; yet dispose of them, for Jesus' sake, as
+you have promised to men, and vowed to God, that is, as the donors
+intended: let neither falsehood nor flattery beguile you to do
+otherwise; but put a stop to God's and the Levites' portion, I beseech
+you, and to the approaching ruins of His Church, as you expect
+comfort at the Last Great Day; for Kings must be judged. Pardon this
+affectionate plainness, my most dear Sovereign, and let me beg to be
+still continued in your favour; and the Lord still continue you in
+His."
+
+[Sidenote: Its reception]
+
+The Queen's patient hearing this affectionate speech, and her future
+care to preserve the Church's rights, which till then had been
+neglected, may appear a fair testimony, that he made her's and the
+Church's good the chiefest of his cares, and that she also thought so.
+And of this there were such daily testimonies given, as begot betwixt
+them so mutual a joy and confidence, that they seemed born to believe
+and do good to each other; she not doubting his piety to be more than
+all his opposers, which were many; nor doubting his prudence to be
+equal to the chiefest of her Council, who were then as remarkable for
+active wisdom, as those dangerous times did require, or this nation
+did ever enjoy. And in this condition he continued twenty years; in
+which time he saw some flowings, but many more ebbings of her
+favour towards all men that had opposed him, especially the Earl of
+Leicester: so that God seemed still to keep him in her favour, that
+he might preserve the remaining Church-lands and immunities from
+Sacrilegious alienations. And this good man deserved all the honour
+and power with which she gratified and trusted him; for he was a pious
+man, and naturally of noble and grateful principles: he eased her of
+all her Church-cares by his wise manage of them; he gave her faithful
+and prudent counsels in all the extremities and dangers of her
+temporal affairs, which were very many; he lived to be the chief
+comfort of her life in her declining age, and to be then most
+frequently with her, and her assistant at her private devotions; he
+lived to be the greatest comfort of her soul upon her death-bed, to
+be present at the expiration of her last breath, and to behold the
+closing of those eyes that had long looked upon him with reverence and
+affection. And let this also be added, that he was the Chief Mourner
+at her sad funeral; nor let this be forgotten, that, within a
+few hours after her death, he was the happy proclaimer, that King
+James--her peaceful successor--was heir to the Crown.
+
+[Sidenote: The Bishop's works]
+
+[Sidenote: His Free-school]
+
+Let me beg of my Reader to allow me to say a little, and but a little,
+more of this good Bishop, and I shall then presently lead him back to
+Mr. Hooker; and because I would hasten, I will mention but one part of
+the Bishop's charity and humility; but this of both. He built a large
+Alms-house near to his own Palace at Croydon in Surrey, and endowed
+it with maintenance for a Master and twenty-eight poor men and women;
+which he visited so often, that he knew their names and dispositions;
+and was so truly humble, that he called them Brothers and Sisters; and
+whensoever the Queen descended to that lowliness to dine with him at
+his Palace in Lambeth,--which was very often,--he would usually the
+next day shew the like lowliness to his poor Brothers and Sisters at
+Croydon, and dine with them at his Hospital; at which time, you may
+believe there was joy at the table. And at this place he built also
+a fair Free-school, with a good accommodation and maintenance for the
+Master and Scholars. Which gave just occasion for Boyse Sisi, then
+Ambassador for the French King, and resident here, at the Bishop's
+death, to say, "the Bishop had published many learned books; but a
+Free-school to train up youth, and an Hospital to lodge and maintain
+aged and poor people, were the best evidences of Christian learning
+that a Bishop could leave to posterity." This good Bishop lived to see
+King James settled in peace, and then fell into an extreme sickness
+at his Palace in Lambeth; of which when the King had notice, he
+went presently to visit him, and found him in his bed in a declining
+condition and very weak; and after some short discourse betwixt them,
+the King at his departure assured him, "He had a great affection for
+him, and a very high value for his prudence and virtues, and would
+endeavour to beg his life of God for the good of his Church." To which
+the good Bishop replied, "_Pro Ecclesia Dei! Pro Ecclesia Dei_!" which
+were the last words he ever spake; therein testifying, that as in his
+life, so at his death, his chiefest care was of God's Church.
+
+This John Whitgift was made Archbishop in the year 1583. In which busy
+place he continued twenty years and some months; and in which time you
+may believe he had many trials of his courage and patience: but his
+motto was "_Vincit qui patitur_;" and he made it good.
+
+[Sidenote: His trials]
+
+Many of his trials were occasioned by the then powerful Earl of
+Leicester, who did still--but secretly--raise and cherish a faction of
+Non-conformists to oppose him; especially one Thomas Cartwright,[19]
+a man of noted learning, sometime contemporary with the Bishop in
+Cambridge, and of the same College, of which the Bishop had been
+Master; in which place there began some emulations,--the particulars
+I forbear,--and at last open and high oppositions betwixt them; and in
+which you may believe Mr. Cartwright was most faulty, if his expulsion
+out of the University can incline you to it.
+
+And in this discontent after the Earl's death,--which was 1588,--Mr.
+Cartwright appeared a chief cherisher of a party that were for the
+Geneva Church-government; and, to effect it, he ran himself into many
+dangers both of liberty and life, appearing at the last to justify
+himself and his party in many remonstrances, which he caused to be
+printed: and to which the Bishop made a first answer, and Cartwright
+replied upon him; and then the Bishop having rejoined to his first
+reply, Mr. Cartwright either was, or was persuaded to be, satisfied,
+for he wrote no more, but left the Reader to be judge which had
+maintained their cause with most charity and reason. After some
+silence, Mr. Cartwright received from the Bishop many personal favours
+and betook himself to a more private living, which was at Warwick,
+where he was made Master of an Hospital, and lived quietly, and grew
+rich; and where the Bishop gave him a licence to preach, upon promises
+not to meddle with controversies, but incline his hearers to piety
+and moderation: and this promise he kept during his life, which ended
+1602, the Bishop surviving him but some few months; each ending his
+days in perfect charity with the other.
+
+And now after this long digression, made for the information of my
+Reader concerning what follows, I bring him back to venerable Mr.
+Hooker, where we left him in the Temple, and where we shall find him
+as deeply engaged in a controversy with Walter Travers,[20]--a friend
+and favourite of Mr. Cartwright's--as the Bishop had ever been with
+Mr. Cartwright himself, and of which I shall proceed to give this
+following account.
+
+[Sidenote: The new generation]
+
+[Sidenote: Thomas Nashe]
+
+And first this; that though the pens of Mr. Cartwright and the Bishop
+were now at rest, yet there was sprung up a new generation of restless
+men, that by company and clamours became possessed of a faith, which
+they ought to have kept to themselves, but could not: men that
+were become positive in asserting, "That a papist cannot be saved:"
+insomuch, that about this time, at the execution of the Queen of
+Scots, the Bishop that preached her Funeral Sermon--which was Dr.
+Howland,[21] then Bishop of Peterborough--was reviled for not being
+positive for her damnation. And besides this boldness of their
+becoming Gods, so far as to set limits to His mercies, there was
+not only one Martin Mar-Prelate,[22] but other venomous books daily
+printed and dispersed; books that were so absurd and scurrilous, that
+the graver Divines disdained them an answer. And yet these were grown
+into high esteem with the common people, till Tom Nash[23] appeared
+against them all, who was a man of a sharp wit, and the master of
+a scoffing, satirical, merry pen, which he employed to discover
+the absurdities of those blind, malicious, senseless pamphlets, and
+sermons as senseless as they; Nash's answers being like his books,
+which bore these, or like titles: "An Almond for a Parrot;" "A Fig for
+my Godson;" "Come crack me this nut," and the like; so that this
+merry wit made some sport, and such a discovery of their absurdities,
+as--which is strange--he put a greater stop to these malicious
+pamphlets, than a much wiser man had been able.
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Travers]
+
+And now the Reader is to take notice, that at the death of Father
+Alvey, who was Master of the Temple, this Walter Travers was
+Lecturer there for the Evening Sermons, which he preached with great
+approbation, especially of some citizens, and the younger gentlemen of
+that Society; and for the most part approved by Mr. Hooker himself,
+in the midst of their oppositions. For he continued Lecturer a part of
+his time; Mr. Travers being indeed a man of competent learning, of a
+winning behaviour, and of a blameless life. But he had taken Orders
+by the Presbytery in Antwerp,--and with them some opinions, that could
+never be eradicated,--and if in anything he was transported, it was
+in an extreme desire to set up that government in this nation; for
+the promoting of which he had a correspondence with Theodore Beza at
+Geneva, and others in Scotland; and was one of the chiefest assistants
+to Mr. Cartwright in that design.
+
+Mr. Travers had also a particular hope to set up this government in
+the Temple, and to that end used his most zealous endeavours to be
+Master of it; and his being disappointed by Mr. Hooker's admittance,
+proved the occasion of a public opposition betwixt them in their
+Sermons: many of which were concerning the doctrine and ceremonies
+of this Church: insomuch that, as St. Paul withstood St. Peter to his
+face, so did they withstand each other in their Sermons: for, as one
+hath pleasantly expressed it, "The forenoon Sermon spake Canterbury;
+and the afternoon Geneva."
+
+[Sidenote: His petition]
+
+In these Sermons there was little of bitterness, but each party
+brought all the reasons he was able to prove his adversary's opinion
+erroneous. And thus it continued a long time, till the oppositions
+became so visible, and the consequences so dangerous, especially in
+that place, that the prudent Archbishop put a stop to Mr. Travers
+his preaching, by a positive prohibition. Against which Mr. Travers
+appealed, and petitioned her Majesty's Privy Council to have it
+recalled; where, besides his patron, the Earl of Leicester, he met
+also with many assisting friends: but they were not able to prevail
+with, or against the Archbishop, whom the Queen had intrusted with all
+Church-power; and he had received so fair a testimony of Mr. Hooker's
+principles, and of his learning and moderation, that he withstood
+all solicitations. But the denying this petition of Mr. Travers, was
+unpleasant to divers of his party; and the reasonableness of it became
+at last to be so publicly magnified by them, and many others of that
+party, as never to be answered: so that, intending the Bishop's and
+Mr. Hooker's disgrace, they procured it to be privately printed and
+scattered abroad; and then Mr. Hooker was forced to appear, and make
+as public an Answer; which he did, and dedicated it to the Archbishop;
+and it proved so full an answer, an answer that had in it so much of
+clear reason, and writ with so much meekness and majesty of style,
+that the Bishop began to have him in admiration, and to rejoice that
+he had appeared in his cause, and disdained not earnestly to beg his
+friendship; even a familiar friendship with a man of so much quiet
+learning and humility.
+
+[Sidenote: Points at issue]
+
+To enumerate the many particular points in issue which Mr. Hooker
+and Mr. Travers dissented,--all, or most of which I have seen
+written,--would prove at least tedious: and therefore I shall impose
+upon my Reader no more than two, which shall immediately follow, and
+by which he may judge of the rest.
+
+Mr. Travers excepted against Mr. Hooker, for that in one of his
+Sermons he declared, "That the assurance of what we believe by the
+Word of God is not to us so certain as that which we perceive by
+sense." And Mr. Hooker confesseth he said so, and endeavours to
+justify it by the reasons following.
+
+"First; I taught that the things which God promises in his Word are
+surer than what we touch, handle, or see: but are we so sure and
+certain of them? If we be, why doth God so often prove his promises to
+us as he doth, by arguments drawn from our sensible experience? For we
+must be surer of the proof than of the things proved; otherwise it is
+no proof. For example; how is it that many men looking on the moon, at
+the same time, every one knoweth it to be the moon as certainly as the
+other doth? but many believing one and the same promise, have not all
+one and the same fulness of persuasion. For how falleth it out, that
+men being assured of any thing by sense, can be no surer of it than
+they are; when as the strongest in faith that liveth upon the earth
+hath always need to labour, strive, and pray, that his assurance
+concerning heavenly and spiritual things may grow, increase, and be
+augmented?"
+
+[Sidenote: Hooker's sermon]
+
+The Sermon, that gave him the cause of this his justification,
+makes the case more plain, by declaring "That there is, besides this
+certainty of evidence, a certainty of adherence." In which having most
+excellently demonstrated what the certainty of adherence is, he
+makes this comfortable use of it, "Comfortable," he says, "as to weak
+believers, who suppose themselves to be faithless, not to believe,
+when notwithstanding they have their adherence; the Holy Spirit hath
+his private operations, and worketh secretly in them, and effectually
+too, though they want the inward testimony of it."
+
+Tell this, saith he, to a man that hath a mind too much dejected by a
+sad sense of his sin; to one that, by a too severe judging of himself,
+concludes that he wants faith, because he wants the comfortable
+assurance of it; and his answer will be, do not persuade me against my
+knowledge, against what I find and feel in myself: I do not, I know, I
+do not believe.--Mr. Hooker's own words follow.--"Well then, to favour
+such men a little in their weakness, let that be granted which they
+do imagine; be it, that they adhere not to God's promises, but are
+faithless, and without belief: but are they not grieved for their
+unbelief? They confess they are; do they not wish it might, and also
+strive that it may be otherwise? We know they do. Whence cometh this,
+but from a secret love and liking, that they have of those things
+believed? For no man can love those things which in his own opinion
+are not; and if they think those things to be, which they show they
+love, when they desire to believe them; then must it be, that, by
+desiring to believe, they prove themselves true believers: for without
+faith no man thinketh that things believed are: which argument all the
+subtilties of infernal powers will never be able to dissolve." This
+is an abridgement of part of the reasons Mr. Hooker gives for his
+justification of this his opinion, for which he was excepted against
+by Mr. Travers.
+
+[Sidenote: Answers to Travers]
+
+Mr. Hooker was also accused by Mr. Travers, for that he in one of his
+Sermons had declared, "That he doubted not but that God was merciful
+to many of our forefathers living in Popish superstition, for as much
+as they sinned ignorantly;" and Mr. Hooker in his Answer professeth
+it to be his judgment, and declares his reasons for this charitable
+opinion to be as followeth.
+
+But first, he states the question about Justification and Works, and
+how the foundation of Faith without works is overthrown; and then he
+proceeds to discover that way which natural men and some others
+have mistaken to be the way, by which they hope to attain true and
+everlasting happiness: and having discovered the mistaken, he proceeds
+to direct to that true way, by which, and no other, everlasting life
+and blessedness is attainable. And these two ways he demonstrates
+thus;--they be his own words that follow:--"That, the way of Nature;
+this, the way of Grace; the end of that way, Salvation merited,
+pre-supposing the righteousness of men's works; their righteousness,
+a natural ability to do them; that ability, the goodness of God, which
+created them in such perfection. But the end of this way, Salvation
+bestowed upon men as a gift: pre-supposing not their righteousness,
+but the forgiveness of their unrighteousness, Justification; their
+justification, not their natural ability to do good, but their hearty
+sorrow for not doing, and unfeigned belief in Him, for whose sake
+not-doers are accepted, which is their Vocation; their vocation, the
+election of God, taking them out of the number of lost children:
+their Election, a Mediator in whom to be elected; this mediation,
+inexplicable mercy: this mercy, supposing their misery for whom He
+vouchsafed to die, and make Himself a Mediator."
+
+And he also declareth, "There is no meritorious cause for our
+Justification, but Christ: no effectual, but his mercy;" and says
+also, "We deny the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, we abuse, disannul
+and annihilate the benefit of his passion, if by a proud imagination
+we believe we can merit everlasting life, or can be worthy of it."
+This belief, he declareth, is to destroy the very essence of our
+Justification; and he makes all opinions that border upon this to
+be very dangerous. "Yet nevertheless,"--and for this he was
+accused,--"considering how many virtuous and just men, how many Saints
+and Martyrs have had their dangerous opinions amongst which this was
+one, that they hoped to make God some part of amends, by voluntary
+punishments which they laid upon themselves: because by this, or the
+like erroneous opinions, which do by consequence overthrow the merits
+of Christ, shall man be so bold as to write on their graves, 'Such men
+are damned; there is for them no Salvation?' St. Austin says, _Errare
+possum, Haereticus esse nolo_. And except we put a difference betwixt
+them that err ignorantly, and them that obstinately persist in it, how
+is it possible that any man should hope to be saved? Give me a Pope
+or Cardinal, whom great afflictions have made to know himself, whose
+heart God hath touched with true sorrow for all his sins, and filled
+with a love of Christ and his Gospel; whose eyes are willingly open
+to see the truth, and his mouth ready to renounce all error,--this one
+opinion of merit excepted, which he thinketh God will require at his
+hands;--and because he wanteth, trembleth, and is discouraged, and
+yet can say, Lord, cleanse me from all my secret sins! shall I think,
+because of this, or a like error, such men touch not so much as the
+hem of Christ's garment? If they do, wherefore should I doubt, but
+that virtue may proceed from Christ to save them? No, I will not be
+afraid to say to such a one, You err in your opinion; but be of good
+comfort; you have to do with a merciful God, who will make the best
+of that little which you hold well; and not with a captious sophister,
+who gathereth the worst out of every thing in which you are mistaken."
+
+But it will be said, says Mr. Hooker, the admittance of merit in any
+degree overthroweth the foundation, excludeth from the hope of mercy,
+from all possibility of salvation. (And now Mr. Hooker's own words
+follow.)
+
+"What, though they hold the truth sincerely in all other parts of
+Christian faith; although they have in some measure all the virtues
+and graces of the Spirit, although they have all other tokens of God's
+children in them? although they be far from having any proud opinion,
+that they shall be saved by the worthiness of their deeds? although
+the only thing, that troubleth and molesteth them, be a little too
+much dejection, somewhat too great a fear arising from an erroneous
+conceit, that God will require a worthiness in them, which they are
+grieved to find wanting in themselves? although they be not obstinate
+in this opinion? although they be willing, and would be glad to
+forsake it, if any one reason were brought sufficient to disprove it?
+although the only cause why they do not forsake it ere they die, be
+their ignorance of that means by which it might be disproved? although
+the cause why the ignorance in this point is not removed, be the want
+of knowledge in such as should be able, and are not, to remove it? Let
+me die," says Mr. Hooker, "if it be ever proved, that simply an error
+doth exclude a Pope or Cardinal in such a case utterly from hope of
+life. Surely, I must confess, that if it be an error to think that God
+may be merciful to save men, even when they err, my greatest comfort
+is my error: were it not for the love I bear to this error, I would
+never wish to speak or to live."
+
+I was willing to take notice of these two points, as supposing them
+to be very material; and that, as they are thus contracted, they may
+prove useful to my Reader; as also for that the answers be arguments
+of Mr. Hooker's great and clear reason, and equal charity. Other
+exceptions were also made against him by Mr. Travers, as "That he
+prayed before, and not after, his Sermons; that in his prayers he
+named Bishops; that he kneeled, both when he prayed, and when he
+received the Sacrament;" and--says Mr. Hooker in his Defence--"other
+exceptions so like these, as but to name, I should have thought a
+greater fault than to commit them."
+
+[Sidenote: His "dove-like temper"]
+
+And it is not unworthy the noting, that, in the manage of so great a
+controversy, a sharper reproof than this, and one like it, did never
+fall from the happy pen of this humble man. That like it was upon
+a like occasion of exceptions, to which his answer was, "your next
+argument consists of railing and of reasons: to your railing I say
+nothing; to your reasons I say what follows." And I am glad of this
+fair occasion to testify the dove-like temper of this meek, this
+matchless man. And doubtless, if Almighty God had blest the Dissenters
+from the ceremonies and discipline of this Church, with a like measure
+of wisdom and humility, instead of their pertinacious zeal, then
+obedience and truth had kissed each other; then peace and piety had
+flourished in our nation, and this Church and State had been blessed
+like Jerusalem, that is at unity with itself: but this can never be
+expected, till God shall bless the common people of this nation with
+a belief, that Schism is a sin, and they not fit to judge what is
+Schism: and bless them also with a belief, that there may be offences
+taken which are not given, and, that laws are not made for private men
+to dispute, but to obey.
+
+[Sidenote: His writings]
+
+And this also may be worthy of noting, that these exceptions of Mr.
+Travers against Mr. Hooker proved to be _felix error_, for they were
+the cause of his transcribing those few of his Sermons, which we now
+see printed with his books; and of his "Answer to Mr. Travers his
+Supplication;" and of his most learned and useful "Discourse of
+Justification, of Faith, and Works:" and by their transcription they
+fell into such hands as have preserved them from being lost, as too
+many of his other matchless writings were: and from these I have
+gathered many observations in this discourse of his life.
+
+[Sidenote: "Ecclesiastical Polity"]
+
+After the publication of his "Answer to the Petition of Mr. Travers,"
+Mr. Hooker grew daily into greater repute with the most learned and
+wise of the nation; but it had a contrary effect in very many of
+the Temple, that were zealous for Mr. Travers, and for his
+Church-discipline; insomuch, that though Mr. Travers left the place,
+yet the seeds of discontent could not be rooted out of that Society,
+by the great reason, and as great meekness, of this humble man: for
+though the chief Benchers gave him much reverence and encouragement,
+yet he there met with many neglects and oppositions by those of Master
+Travers' judgment; insomuch that it turned to his extreme grief:
+and, that he might unbeguile and win them, he designed to write a
+deliberate, sober treatise of the Church's power to make Canons for
+the use of ceremonies, and by law to impose an obedience to them, as
+upon her children; and this he proposed to do in "Eight Books of
+the Law of Ecclesiastical Polity;" intending therein to shew such
+arguments as should force an assent from all men, if reason, delivered
+in sweet language, and void of any provocation, were able to do it:
+and, that he might prevent all prejudice, he wrote before it a large
+Preface, or Epistle to the Dissenting Brethren, wherein there were
+such bowels of love, and such a commixture of that love with reason,
+as was never exceeded but in Holy Writ; and particularly by that of
+St. Paul to his dear brother and fellow-labourer Philemon: than which
+none ever was more like this epistle of Mr. Hooker's. So that his dear
+friend and companion in his studies, Dr. Spencer, might, after his
+death, justly say, "What admirable height of learning, and depth of
+judgment, dwelt in the lowly mind of this truly humble man--great in
+all wise men's eyes, except his own; with what gravity and majesty of
+speech his tongue and pen uttered heavenly mysteries; whose eyes, in
+the humility of his heart, were always cast down to the ground; how
+all things that proceeded from him were breathed as from the Spirit of
+Love; as if he, like the bird of the Holy Ghost, the Dove, had wanted
+gall:--let those that knew him not in his person, judge these living
+images of his soul, his writings."
+
+[Sidenote: Desire for quietness]
+
+The foundation of these books was laid in the Temple; but he found
+it no fit place to finish what he had there designed; he therefore
+earnestly solicited the Archbishop for a remove from that place; to
+whom he spake to this purpose: "My Lord, when I lost the freedom of my
+cell, which was my College, yet I found some degree of it in my quiet
+country parsonage: but I am weary of the noise and oppositions of this
+place; and indeed God and Nature did not intend me for contentions,
+but for study and quietness. My Lord, my particular contests with Mr.
+Travers here have proved the more unpleasant to me, because I believe
+him to be a good man; and that belief hath occasioned me to examine
+mine own conscience concerning his opinions; and, to satisfy that, I
+have consulted the Scripture, and other laws, both human and divine,
+whether the conscience of him, and others of his judgment, ought to be
+so far complied with, as to alter our frame of Church-government,
+our manner of God's worship, our praising and praying to him, and our
+established ceremonies, as often as his, and other tender consciences
+shall require us. And in this examination, I have not only satisfied
+myself, but have begun a Treatise, in which I intend a justification
+of the Laws of our Ecclesiastical Polity; in which design God and his
+holy angels shall at the last great Day bear me that witness which my
+conscience now does; that my meaning is not to provoke any, but rather
+to satisfy all tender consciences: and I shall never be able to do
+this, but where I may study, and pray for God's blessing upon my
+endeavours, and keep myself in peace and privacy, and behold God's
+blessings spring out of my mother earth, and eat my own bread without
+oppositions;[24] and therefore, if your Grace can judge me worthy of
+such a favour, let me beg it, that I may perfect what I have begun."
+
+[Sidenote: Rector of Boscombe]
+
+[Sidenote: Prebend of Salisbury]
+
+About this time the Parsonage or Rectory of Boscum, in the Diocese of
+Sarum, and six miles from that City, became void. The Bishop of Sarum
+is patron of it; but in the vacancy of that See,--which was three
+years betwixt the translation of Bishop Pierce to the See of York, and
+Bishop Caldwell's admission into it,--the disposal of that, and all
+benefices belonging to that See, during this said vacancy, came to be
+disposed of by the Archbishop of Canterbury: and he presented Richard
+Hooker to it in the year 1591. And Richard Hooker was also in the
+said year instituted, July 17, to be a Minor Prebend of Salisbury, the
+corps to it being Nether-Haven, about ten miles from that City;
+which prebend was of no great value, but intended chiefly to make
+him capable of a better preferment in that church. In this Boscum he
+continued till he had finished four of his eight proposed books of
+"The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity," and these were entered into the
+Register-Book in Stationers' Hall, the 9th of March, 1592, but not
+published till the year 1594, and then were with the before-mentioned
+large and affectionate Preface, which he directs to them that seek--as
+they term it--the reformation of the Laws and Orders Ecclesiastical
+in the Church of England; of which books I shall yet say nothing more,
+but that he continued his laborious diligence to finish the remaining
+four during his life;--of all which more properly hereafter;--but at
+Boscum he finished and published but only the first four, being then
+in the 39th year of his age.
+
+He left Boscum in the year 1595, by a surrender of it into the
+hands of Bishop Caldwell: and he presented Benjamin Russell, who was
+instituted into it the 23rd of June in the same year.
+
+[Sidenote: Rector of Bishops-bourne]
+
+The Parsonage of Bishop's Bourne in Kent, three miles from Canterbury,
+is in that Archbishop's gift; but, in that latter end of the year
+1594, Dr. William Redman, the Rector of it, was made Bishop of
+Norwich; by which means the power of presenting to it was _pro ea
+vice_ in the Queen; and she presented Richard Hooker, whom she loved
+well, to this good living of Bourne, the 7th July, 1595; in which
+living he continued till his death, without any addition of dignity or
+profit.
+
+And now having brought our Richard Hooker from his birth-place, to
+this where he found a grave, I shall only give some account of his
+books and of his behaviour in this Parsonage of Bourne, and then give
+a rest both to myself and my Reader.
+
+His first four books and large epistle have been declared to be
+printed at his being at Boscum, anno 1594. Next I am to tell, that
+at the end of these four books there was, when he first printed them,
+this Advertisement to the Reader. "I have for some causes, thought it
+at this time more fit to let go these first four books by themselves,
+than to stay both them and the rest, till the whole might together
+be published. Such generalities of the cause in question as are here
+handled, it will be perhaps not amiss to consider apart, by way of
+introduction unto the books that are to follow concerning particulars;
+in the mean time the Reader is requested to mend the Printer's errors,
+as noted underneath."
+
+[Sidenote: "Ecclesiastical Polity"]
+
+[Sidenote: The Pope his reader]
+
+And I am next to declare, that his Fifth Book--which is larger than
+his first four--was first also printed by itself, anno 1597,
+and dedicated to his patron--for till then he chose none--the
+Archbishop.--These books were read with an admiration of their
+excellency in this, and their just fame spread itself also into
+foreign nations. And I have been told, more than forty years past,
+that either Cardinal Allen,[25] or learned Dr. Stapleton,[26]--both
+Englishmen, and in Italy about the time when Mr. Hooker's four books
+were first printed,--meeting with this general fame of them, were
+desirous to read an author, that both the reformed and the learned of
+their own Romish Church did so much magnify; and therefore caused
+them to be sent for to Rome: and after reading them, boasted to the
+Pope,--which then was Clement the Eighth,--"That though he had lately
+said, he never met with an English book, whose writer deserved the
+name of author; yet there now appeared a wonder to them, and it would
+be so to his Holiness, if it were in Latin: for a poor obscure English
+Priest had writ four such books of Laws, and Church-polity, and in a
+style that expressed such a grave and so humble a majesty, with such
+clear demonstration of reason, that in all their readings they had not
+met with any that exceeded him:" and this begot in the Pope an earnest
+desire that Dr. Stapleton should bring the said four books, and,
+looking on the English, read a part of them to him in Latin; which
+Dr. Stapleton did, to the end of the first book; at the conclusion of
+which, the Pope spake to this purpose: "There is no learning that this
+man hath not searched into, nothing too hard for his understanding:
+this man indeed deserves the name of an author: his books will get
+reverence by age; for there is in them such seeds of eternity, that
+if the rest be like this, they shall last till the last fire shall
+consume all learning."
+
+[Sidenote: King James on Hooker]
+
+Nor was this high, the only testimony and commendation given to his
+books; for at the first coming of King James into this kingdom, he
+enquired of the Archbishop Whitgift for his friend Mr. Hooker, that
+writ the books of Church-polity; to which the answer was, that he died
+a year before Queen Elizabeth, who received the sad news of his death
+with very much sorrow; to which the King replied, "And I receive it
+with no less, that I shall want the desired happiness of seeing and
+discoursing with that man, from whose books I have received such
+satisfaction: indeed, my Lord, I have received more satisfaction in
+reading a leaf or paragraph, in Mr. Hooker, though it were but about
+the fashion of Churches, or Church-Music, or the like, but especially
+of the Sacraments, than I have had in the reading particular large
+treatises written but of one of those subjects by others, though
+very learned men: and I observe there is in Mr. Hooker no affected
+language: but a grave, comprehensive, clear manifestation of reason,
+and that backed with the authority of the Scripture, the Fathers, and
+Schoolmen, and with all Law both sacred and civil. And, though many
+others write well, yet in the next age they will be forgotten; but
+doubtless there is in every page of Mr. Hooker's book, the picture
+of a divine soul, such pictures of truth and reason, and drawn in
+so sacred colours, that they shall never fade, but give an immortal
+memory to the author." And it is so truly true, that the King thought
+what he spake, that, as the most learned of the nation have, and still
+do mention Mr. Hooker with reverence; so he also did never mention
+him but with the epithet of learned, or judicious, or reverend, or
+venerable Mr. Hooker.
+
+[Sidenote: A Latin version]
+
+Nor did his son, our late King Charles the First, ever mention him but
+with the same reverence, enjoining his son, our now gracious King,
+to be studious in Mr. Hooker's books. And our learned antiquary, Mr.
+Camden [in his Annals, 5299], mentioning the death, the modesty, and
+other virtues of Mr. Hooker, and magnifying his books, wished, "that,
+for the honour of this, and benefit of other nations, they were turned
+into the Universal Language." Which work, though undertaken by many,
+yet they have been weary, and forsaken it: but the Reader may now
+expect it, having been long since begun and lately finished, by the
+happy pen of Dr. Earle,[27] now Lord Bishop of Salisbury, of whom I
+may justly say,--and let it not offend him, because it is such a truth
+as ought not to be concealed from posterity, or those that now live,
+and yet know him not,--that since Mr. Hooker died, none have lived
+whom God hath blessed with more innocent wisdom, more sanctified
+learning, or a more pious, peaceable, primitive temper: so that this
+excellent person seems to be only like himself, and our venerable
+Richard Hooker, and only fit to make the learned of all nations happy,
+in knowing what hath been too long confined to the language of our
+little island.
+
+[Sidenote: Life at Bishops-bourne]
+
+There might be many more and just occasions taken to speak of his
+books, which none ever did or can commend too much; but I decline
+them, and hasten to an account of his Christian behaviour and death
+at Bourne; in which place he continued his customary rules of
+mortification and self-denial; was much in fasting, frequent in
+meditation and prayers, enjoying those blessed returns, which only men
+of strict lives feel and know, and of which men of loose and godless
+lives cannot be made sensible; for spiritual things are spiritually
+discerned.
+
+[Sidenote: Saravia's tracts]
+
+At his entrance into this place, his friendship was much sought for
+by Dr. Hadrian Saravia,[28] then, or about that time, made one of the
+Prebends of Canterbury; a German by birth, and sometime a pastor both
+in Flanders and Holland, where he had studied, and well considered
+the controverted points concerning Episcopacy and sacrilege; and in
+England had a just occasion to declare his judgment concerning both,
+unto his brethren ministers of the Low Countries; which was excepted
+against by Theodore Beza and others; against whose exceptions he
+rejoined, and thereby became the happy author of many learned
+tracts writ in Latin, especially of three; one, of the "Degrees of
+Ministers," and of the "Bishops' superiority above the Presbytery;"
+a second, "against Sacrilege;" and a third of "Christian Obedience to
+Princes;" the last being occasioned by Gretzerus the Jesuit.[29] And
+it is observable, that when, in a time of Church tumults, Beza gave
+his reasons to the Chancellor of Scotland for the abrogation of
+Episcopacy in that nation, partly by letters, and more fully in a
+Treatise of a threefold Episcopacy,--which he calls divine, human, and
+satanical,--this Dr. Saravia had, by the help of Bishop Whitgift, made
+such an early discovery of their intentions, that he had almost
+as soon answered that Treatise as it became public; and he therein
+discovered how Beza's opinion did contradict that of Calvin's and
+his adherents; leaving them to interfere with themselves in point of
+Episcopacy. But of these tracts it will not concern me to say more,
+than that they were most of them dedicated to his, and the Church of
+England's watchful patron, John Whitgift, the Archbishop; and printed
+about the time in which Mr. Hooker also appeared first to the world,
+in the publication of his first four books of "Ecclesiastical Polity."
+
+This friendship being sought for by this learned Doctor, you may
+believe was not denied by Mr. Hooker, who was by fortune so like him,
+as to be engaged against Mr. Travers, Mr. Cartwright, and others of
+their judgment, in a controversy too like Dr. Saravia's; so that in
+this year of 1595, and in this place of Bourne, these two excellent
+persons began a holy friendship, increasing daily to so high and
+mutual affections, that their two wills seemed to be but one and the
+same; and their designs both for the glory of God, and peace of the
+Church, still assisting and improving each other's virtues, and
+the desired comforts of a peaceable piety; which I have willingly
+mentioned, because it gives a foundation to some things that follow.
+
+[Sidenote: "What went they out to see?"]
+
+[Sidenote: His bashfulnes]
+
+This Parsonage of Bourne is from Canterbury three miles, and near to
+the common road that leads from that City to Dover; in which Parsonage
+Mr. Hooker had not been twelve months, but his books, and the
+innocency and sanctity of his life became so remarkable, that
+many turned out of the road, and others--scholars especially--went
+purposely to see the man, whose life and learning were so much
+admired: and alas! as our Saviour said of St. John Baptist, "What went
+they out to see? a man clothed in purple and fine linen?" No, indeed:
+but an obscure, harmless man; a man in poor clothes, his loins usually
+girt in a coarse gown, or canonical coat; of a mean stature, and
+stooping, and yet more lowly in the thoughts of his soul; his body
+worn out, not with age, but study and holy mortifications; his face
+full of heat-pimples, begot by his unactivity and sedentary life.
+And to this true character of his person, let me add this of his
+disposition and behaviour: God and Nature blessed him with so blessed
+a bashfulness, that as in his younger days his pupils might easily
+look him out of countenance; so neither then, nor in his age, did he
+ever willingly look any man in the face: and was of so mild and humble
+a nature, that his poor Parish-Clerk and he did never talk but with
+both their hats on, or both off, at the same time: and to this may
+be added, that though he was not purblind, yet he was short or
+weaksighted; and where he fixed his eyes at the beginning of his
+sermon, there they continued till it was ended: and the Reader has a
+liberty to believe, that his modesty and dim sight were some of the
+reasons why he trusted Mrs. Churchman to choose his wife.
+
+[Sidenote: His Parish Clerk]
+
+This Parish-Clerk lived till the third or fourth year of the late Long
+Parliament; betwixt which time and Mr. Hooker's death there had come
+many to see the place of his burial, and the Monument dedicated to his
+memory by Sir William Cowper, who still lives; and the poor Clerk
+had many rewards for shewing Mr. Hooker's grave place, and his said
+Monument, and did always hear Mr. Hooker mentioned with commendations
+and reverence; to all which he added his own knowledge and
+observations of his humility and holiness; and in all which discourses
+the poor man was still more confirmed in his opinion of Mr. Hooker's
+virtues and learning. But it so fell out, that about the said third or
+fourth year of the Long Parliament, the then present Parson of Bourne
+was sequestered,--you may guess why,--and a Genevan Minister put into
+his good living. This, and other like sequestrations, made the Clerk
+express himself in a wonder, and say, "They had sequestered so many
+good men, that he doubted, if his good master Mr. Hooker had lived
+till now, they would have sequestered him too!"
+
+It was not long before this intruding Minister had made a party in and
+about the said Parish, that were desirous to receive the Sacrament as
+in Geneva; to which end, the day was appointed for a select company,
+and forms and stools set about the altar, or communion-table, for them
+to sit and eat and drink: but when they went about this work, there
+was a want of some joint-stools, which the Minister sent the Clerk to
+fetch, and then to fetch cushions,--but not to kneel upon.--When the
+Clerk saw them begin to sit down, he began to wonder; but the Minister
+bade him "cease wondering, and lock the Church-door:" to whom he
+replied, "Pray take you the keys, and lock me out: I will never come
+more into this Church; for all men will say, my master Hooker was a
+good man, and a good scholar; and I am sure it was not used to be
+thus in his days:" and report says the old man went presently home and
+died; I do not say died immediately, but within a few Christian days
+after.[30]
+
+[Sidenote: His Christian behavior]
+
+But let us leave this grateful Clerk in his quiet grave, and return
+to Mr. Hooker himself, continuing our observations of his Christian
+behaviour in this place, where he gave a holy valediction to all the
+pleasures and allurements of earth; possessing his soul in a virtuous
+quietness, which he maintained by constant study, prayers, and
+meditations. His use was to preach once every Sunday, and he, or his
+Curate, to catechise after the second Lesson in the Evening Prayer.
+His Sermons were neither long nor earnest, but uttered with a grave
+zeal and an humble voice: his eyes always fixed on one place, to
+prevent imagination from wandering; insomuch that he seemed to
+study as he spake. The design of his Sermons--as indeed of all his
+discourses--was to shew reasons for what he spake; and with these
+reasons such a kind of rhetoric, as did rather convince and persuade,
+than frighten men into piety; studying not so much for matter,--which
+he never wanted,--as for apt illustrations, to inform and teach his
+unlearned hearers by familiar examples, and then make them better by
+convincing applications; never labouring by hard words, and then by
+heedless distinctions and sub-distinctions, to amuse his hearers, and
+get glory to himself; but glory only to God. Which intention, he would
+often say, was as discernible in a Preacher, "as a natural from an
+artificial beauty."
+
+[Sidenote: Fasting and prayer]
+
+He never failed the Sunday before every Ember-week to give notice
+of it to his parishioners, persuading them both to fast, and then
+to double their devotions for a learned and a pious Clergy, but
+especially the last; saying often, "That the life of a pious Clergyman
+was visible rhetoric; and so convincing, that the most godless
+men--though they would not deny themselves the enjoyment of their
+present lusts--did yet secretly wish themselves like those of the
+strictest lives." And to what he persuaded others, he added his own
+example of fasting and prayer; and did usually every Ember-week take
+from the Parish-Clerk the key of the Church-door, into which place he
+retired every day, and locked himself up for many hours; and did the
+like most Fridays and other days of fasting.
+
+He would by no means omit the customary time of Procession, persuading
+all, both rich and poor, if they desired the preservation of love,
+and their Parish-rights and liberties, to accompany him in his
+perambulation; and most did so: in which perambulation he would
+usually express more pleasant discourse than at other times, and
+would then always drop some loving and facetious observations to be
+remembered against the next year, especially by the boys and young
+people; still inclining them, and all his present parishioners, to
+meekness, and mutual kindness and love; because "Love thinks not evil,
+but covers a multitude of infirmities."
+
+[Sidenote: Parish work]
+
+He was diligent to enquire who of his Parish were sick, or any ways
+distressed, and would often visit them, unsent for; supposing that
+the fittest time to discover to them those errors, to which health and
+prosperity had blinded them. And having by pious reasons and prayers
+moulded them into holy resolutions for the time to come, he would
+incline them to confession and bewailing their sins, with purpose
+to forsake them, and then to receive the Communion, both as a
+strengthening of those holy resolutions, and as a seal betwixt God and
+them of his mercies to their souls, in case that present sickness did
+put a period to their lives.
+
+And as he was thus watchful and charitable to the sick, so he was
+as diligent to prevent lawsuits; still urging his parishioners and
+neighbours to bear with each other's infirmities, and live in love,
+because, as St. John says, "He that lives in love, lives in God:
+for God is love." And to maintain this holy fire of love constantly
+burning on the altar of a pure heart, his advice was to watch and
+pray, and always keep themselves fit to receive the Communion,
+and then to receive it often; for it was both a confirming and
+strengthening of their graces. This was his advice; and at his
+entrance or departure out of any house, he would usually speak to the
+whole family, and bless them by name; insomuch, that as he seemed his
+youth to be taught of God, so he seemed in this place to teach
+his precepts as Enoch did, by walking with him in all holiness and
+humility, making each day a step towards a blessed eternity. And
+though, in this weak and declining age of the world, such examples are
+become barren, and almost incredible; yet let his memory be blessed by
+this true recordation, because he that praises Richard Hooker,
+praises God who hath given such gifts to men; and let this humble
+and affectionate relation of him become such a pattern, as may invite
+posterity to imitate these his virtues.
+
+[Sidenote: Slanderous tongues]
+
+[Sidenote: False accusations]
+
+[Sidenote: A prayer]
+
+This was his constant behaviour both at Bourne, and in all the places
+in which he lived: thus did he walk with God, and tread the footsteps
+of primitive piety; and yet, as that great example of meekness and
+purity, even our blessed Jesus, was not free from false accusations,
+no more was this disciple of his, this most humble, most innocent,
+holy man. His was a slander parallel to that of chaste Susannah's by
+the wicked Elders; or that against St. Athanasius, as it is recorded
+in his life,--for this holy man had heretical enemies,--a slander
+which this age calls _trepanning_.[31] The particulars need not a
+repetition; and that it was false, needs no other testimony than the
+public punishment of his accusers, and their open confession of
+his innocency. It was said, that the accusation was contrived by a
+dissenting brother, one that endured not Church-ceremonies, hating
+him for his book's sake, which he was not able to answer; and his name
+hath been told me; but I have not so much confidence in the relation,
+as to make my pen fix a scandal on him to posterity; I shall rather
+leave it doubtful till the great day of revelation. But this is
+certain, that he lay under the great charge, and the anxiety of this
+accusation, and kept it secret to himself for many months; and, being
+a helpless man, had lain longer under this heavy burthen, but that the
+Protector of the innocent gave such an accidental occasion, as forced
+him to make it known to his two dearest friends, Edwin Sandys and
+George Cranmer, who were so sensible of their tutor's sufferings,
+that they gave themselves no rest, till by their disquisitions and
+diligence they had found out the fraud, and brought him the welcome
+news, that his accusers did confess they had wronged him, and begged
+his pardon. To which the good man's reply was to this purpose: "The
+Lord forgive them; and the Lord bless you for this comfortable news.
+Now have I a just occasion to say with Solomon, 'Friends are born for
+the days of adversity;' and such you have proved to me. And to my
+God I say, as did the Mother of St. John Baptist, 'Thus hath the Lord
+dealt with me, in the day wherein he looked upon me, to take away
+my reproach among men. 'And, O my God! neither my life, nor my
+reputation, are safe in my own keeping; but in thine, who didst take
+care of me when I yet hanged upon my mother's breast. Blessed are they
+that put their trust in thee, O Lord! for when false witnesses were
+risen up against me; when shame was ready to cover my face; when my
+flights were restless; when my soul thirsted for a deliverance, as the
+hart panteth after the rivers of water; then thou, Lord, didst hear my
+complaints, pity my condition, and art now become my deliverer; and as
+long as I live I will hold up my hands in this manner, and magnify thy
+mercies, who didst not give me over as a prey to mine enemies: the
+net is broken, and they are taken in it. Oh! blessed are they that put
+their trust in thee! and no prosperity shall make me forget those days
+of sorrow, or to perform those vows that I have made to thee in the
+days of my affliction; for with such sacrifices, thou, O God, art well
+pleased; and I will pay them."[32]
+
+[Sidenote: His charity]
+
+Thus did the joy and gratitude of this good man's heart break forth;
+and it is observable, that as the invitation to this slander was his
+meek behaviour and dove-like simplicity, for which he was remarkable;
+so his Christian charity ought to be imitated. For though the spirit
+of revenge is so pleasing to mankind, that it is never conquered but
+by a supernatural grace, revenge being indeed so deeply rooted in
+human nature, that, to prevent the excesses of it,--for men would not
+know moderation,--Almighty God allows not any degree of it to any man,
+but says "vengeance is mine:" and though this be said positively
+by God himself, yet this revenge is so pleasing, that man is hardly
+persuaded to submit the manage of it to the time, and justice, and
+wisdom of his Creator, but would hasten to be his own executioner
+of it. And yet nevertheless, if any man ever did wholly decline, and
+leave this pleasing passion to the time and measure of God alone, it
+was this Richard Hooker, of whom I write: for when his slanderers
+were to suffer, he laboured to procure their pardon; and when that was
+denied him, his reply was, "That however he would fast and pray
+that God would give them repentance, and patience to undergo their
+punishment." And his prayers were so far returned into his own bosom,
+that the first was granted, if we may believe a penitent behaviour,
+and an open confession. And 'tis observable, that after this time he
+would often say to Dr. Saravia, "Oh! with what quietness did I enjoy
+my soul, after I was free from the fears of my slander! And how much
+more after a conflict and victory over my desires of revenge!"
+
+[Sidenote: A long sickness]
+
+About the year 1600, and of his age forty-six, he fell into a long
+and sharp sickness, occasioned by a cold taken in his passage by water
+betwixt London and Gravesend, from the malignity of which he was never
+recovered; for after that time, till his death, he was not free from
+thoughtful days and restless nights: but a submission to His will that
+makes the sick man's bed easy, by giving rest to his soul, made his
+very languishment comfortable: and yet all this time he was solicitous
+in his study, and said often to Dr. Saravia,--who saw him daily, and
+was the chief comfort of his life,--"That he did not beg a long life
+of God for any other reason, but to live to finish his three remaining
+books of Polity; and then, 'Lord, let thy servant depart in peace;'"
+which was his usual expression. And God heard his prayers, though he
+denied the Church the benefit of them, as completed by himself; and
+'tis thought he hastened his own death, by hastening to give life to
+his books. But this is certain, that the nearer he was to his death,
+more he grew in humility, in holy thoughts, and resolutions.
+
+[Sidenote: Approaching end]
+
+About a month before his death, this good man, that never knew, or at
+least never considered, the pleasures of the palate, became first
+to lose his appetite, and then to have an averseness to all food,
+insomuch that he seemed to live some intermitted weeks by the smell of
+meat only, and yet still studied and writ. And now his guardian angel
+seemed to foretel him that the day of his dissolution drew near; for
+which his vigorous soul appeared to thirst.
+
+In this time of his sickness and not many days before his death, his
+house was robbed; of which he having notice, his question was, "Are my
+books and written papers safe?" And being answered that they were; his
+reply was, "Then it matters not; for no other loss can trouble me."
+
+[Sidenote: Closing hours]
+
+[Sidenote: Last words]
+
+About one day before his death, Dr. Saravia, who knew the very
+secrets of his soul,--for they were supposed to be confessors to
+each other,--came to him, and, after a conference of the benefit, the
+necessity, and safety of the Church's absolution, it was resolved the
+Doctor should give him both that and the Sacrament the following
+day. To which end the Doctor came, and, after a short retirement and
+privacy, they two returned to the company; and then the Doctor
+gave him and some of those friends which were with him, the blessed
+Sacrament of the body and blood of our Jesus. Which being performed,
+the Doctor thought he saw a reverend gaiety and joy in his face; but
+it lasted not long; for his bodily infirmities did return suddenly,
+and became more visible, insomuch that the Doctor apprehended death
+ready to seize him; yet, after some amendment, left him at night, with
+a promise to return early the day following; which he did, and
+then found him better in appearance, deep in contemplation, and not
+inclinable to discourse; which gave the Doctor occasion to require
+his present thoughts. To which he replied, "That he was meditating the
+number and nature of Angels, and their blessed obedience and order,
+without which, peace could not be in Heaven: and Oh! that it might be
+so on Earth!" After which words, he said, "I have lived to see this
+world is made up of perturbations; and I have been long preparing to
+leave it, and gathering comfort for the dreadful hour of making my
+account with God, which I now apprehend to be near: and though I have
+by his grace loved him in my youth, and feared him in mine age, and
+laboured to have a conscience void of offence to him, and to all men;
+yet if thou, O Lord! be extreme to mark what I have done amiss, who
+can abide it? And therefore, where I have failed, Lord, shew mercy
+to me; for I plead not my righteousness, but the forgiveness of my
+unrighteousness, for His merits, who died to purchase pardon for
+penitent sinners. And since I owe thee a death, Lord, let it not be
+terrible, and then take thine own time: I submit to it: let not mine,
+O Lord! but let thy will be done." With which expression he fell into
+a dangerous slumber; dangerous as to his recovery, yet recover he did,
+but it was to speak only these few words: "Good Doctor, God hath heard
+my daily petitions, for I am at peace with all men, and he is at peace
+with me; and from that blessed assurance I feel that inward joy, which
+this world can neither give nor take from me: my conscience beareth me
+this witness, and this witness makes the thoughts of death joyful. I
+could wish to live to do the Church more service; but cannot hope it,
+for my days are past as a shadow that returns not." More he would
+have spoken, but his spirits failed him; and, after a short conflict
+betwixt Nature and Death, a quiet sigh put a period to his last
+breath, and so he fell asleep. And now he seems to rest like Lazarus
+in Abraham's bosom. Let me here draw his curtain, till with the most
+glorious company of the Patriarchs and Apostles, the most Noble Army
+of Martyrs and Confessors, this most learned, most humble, holy man
+shall also awake to receive an eternal tranquillity, and with it a
+greater degree of glory than common Christians shall be made partakers
+of.
+
+[Sidenote: A prayer]
+
+In the mean time, Bless, O Lord! Lord, bless his brethren, the Clergy
+of this nation, with effectual endeavours to attain, if not to his
+great learning, yet to his remarkable meekness, his godly simplicity,
+and his Christian moderation; for these will bring peace at the last.
+And, Lord, let his most excellent writings be blest with what he
+designed, when he undertook them: which was, glory to thee, O God! on
+high, peace in thy Church, and goodwill to mankind. Amen, Amen.
+
+IZAAK WALTON.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: Dr. John Jewel was born in the Parish of Berry Narber, in
+Devon, May 24th, 1522. He was educated at Merton, and Corpus Christi
+Colleges, Oxford, and in the reign of Edward VI, he publickly
+professed the Reformed Religion. During the reign of Mary he remained
+abroad; but on the accession of Elizabeth, he returned, and was
+made Bishop of Salisbury, in 1559. In his controversy with the
+Roman Catholics, he published his famous "Apology for the Church of
+England," which was translated into several languages, although it was
+greatly opposed by the Papists. His fatigues abroad, and his incessant
+study, so much impaired his constitution, that he died, Sept. 21st,
+1571.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Dr. William Cole, 1599, exchanged with Dr. Reynolds the
+Presidentship of Corpus Christi College for the Deanery of Lincoln,
+which he did not long enjoy. He fled into Germany in the time of
+Queen Mary, and Anthony Wood names him as one of the exiles of Geneva
+engaged with Miles Coverdale in a new translation of the Bible.]
+
+[Footnote 3: He was professor of Divinity in Oxford, and died May
+21st, 1607. It has been said that he was brought up in the Romish
+faith, and that he was afterwards a strong supporter of the
+Puritans; but Fuller supposes that it was only for the sake of
+giving satisfaction to some of the more tender consciences of the
+Non-conformists, since the virtue of Reynolds was almost proverbial.]
+
+[Footnote 4: One of Translators of the Bible of 1565, born at
+Hawkshead in Lancashire in 1519, and educated at St. John's College,
+Cambridge, where he embraced the Protestant faith. He was committed
+to the Tower and Marshalsea for having preached in favour of Lady Jane
+Grey; and on his release he left the kingdom, till the accession of
+Elizabeth, by whom he was made Bishop of Worcester. In 1570, he was
+translated to London, in 1576 to York, and in 1588, he died: his
+sermons are still admired, and a most virtuous character is given him
+by Fuller. His son, Sir Edward Sandys, Prebendary of York, was born
+about 1561, and is well known as the author of the tract entitled,
+"Europae Speculum," a view of the State of Religion in the Western
+parts of the World. He thus describes the various contrarieties of
+the state and church of Rome. "What pomp, what riot, to that of their
+Cardinals? What severity of life comparable to that of their Heremits
+and Capuchins? Who wealthier than their Prelates? who poorer by vow
+and profession than their Mendicants? On the one side of the street,
+a cloister of Virgins: on the other a stye of courtezans, with public
+toleration. This day all in masks, with all looseness and foolery: to
+morrow all in processions, whipping themselves till the blood follow.
+On one door an excommunication throwing to Hell all transgressours:
+on another a Jubilee, or full discharge from all transgressions. Who
+learneder in all kinds of sciences than their Jesuits? what thing
+more ignorant than their ordinary mass-priests? What prince so able
+to prefer his servants and followers as the Pope, and in so great
+multitude? Who able to take deeper or readier revenge on his enemies?
+What pride equal unto his, making Kings kiss his pantofle? What
+humility greater than his, shriving himself daily on his knees to an
+ordinary priest?"]
+
+[Footnote 5: The name of this well-known English Cardinal is omitted
+in the later editions.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Dr. Jackson was born at Wilton on the Wear, in Durham, in
+1579, and was educated at Queen's and Corpus Christi Colleges, Oxford.
+He was made Prebendary of Winchester in 1635, and Dean of Peterborough
+in 1638; he died in 1640, and his principal work is a "Commentary on
+the Creed."]
+
+[Footnote 7: Dr. Thomas Harding, educated at Winchester school, became
+Fellow of New College, Oxford, in 1536. He was the first King's Hebrew
+Professor in that University, and in the reign of King Edward VI. he
+displayed great zeal for the Reformed Religion. Under Queen Mary he
+abandoned his principles, and obtained considerable preferment;
+a Prebend in the Church of Winchester, and the Treasurership of
+Salisbury. On the accession of Queen Elizabeth he adhered to the
+religion to which he had recently conformed, and fled beyond sea to
+Louvain, where he distinguished himself by writing against Bishop
+Jewel's "Challenge." He had been Chaplain to the Duke of Suffolk,
+father of Lady Jane Grey.]
+
+[Footnote 8: John Hart, a Jesuit, was educated in the University of
+Oxford. In 1571 he was admitted to the English College at Douay, and
+in 1578 was ordained priest. Returning in 1580 to England, he was
+apprehended, tried, and condemned to death; but on the day of his
+execution he was reprieved, and sent back to the Tower, where he
+remained three years. It was during his confinement in the Tower that
+he held a disputation with Dr. Reynolds. In 1584, being banished from
+England, Hart proceeded to Verdun and joined the Society of Jesus. He
+died at Jarislau, in Poland, on 19 July, 1594.]
+
+[Footnote 9: A man of great piety of life, and such gravity, that he
+was scarcely ever seen to laugh. He was a native of Westphalia,
+in Germany: was Canon of Christ Church, Vice-Chancellor of the
+University, and in 1585-86, was consecrated Bishop of Hereford.]
+
+[Footnote 10: Sir H. Savile was born at Over Bradley, near Halifax in
+Yorkshire, Nov. 30th, 1549, and was entered of Merton College, Oxford.
+He was Greek and Mathematical Preceptor to Queen Elizabeth, and was
+one of the Translators of the Bible, under James I., who knighted him
+in 1604. He died Feb. 19th, 1621-22.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Mr. Morrison, Secretary to Lord Mountjoy, and author
+of "An Itinerary, containing his ten Years Travels through the twelve
+Dominions of Germany, Bohmerland, Switzerland, Denmark, Poland,
+England, Scotland, and Ireland; divided into three Parts. London,
+1617." Fol. Published after his death, and originally written in
+Latin.]
+
+[Footnote 12: The later editions of the Life of Hooker omit the
+account of this expulsion.]
+
+[Footnote 13: A pulpit cross formed of timber, covered with lead, and
+mounted upon stone steps, which stood in the midst of the Church-yard
+of the Cathedral; in which Sermons were preached by eminent Divines
+every Sunday in the forenoon, when the Court, the Magistrates of the
+City, and a vast concourse of people usually attended. There is notice
+of its use so early as 1259, but it was not finished in its final form
+until 1449, by Kemp, Bishop of London, and it was finally destroyed by
+order of Parliament, in 1643. The Corporation of London ordained that
+all Ministers who came from a distance to preach at this Cross, were
+to have lodgings and provision for five days; and the Bishop of London
+gave them notice of their place of residence.]
+
+[Footnote 14: The excellent Aylmer, was born at Aylmer-Hall, in
+Norfolk, in 1521, and was Tutor to Lady Jane Grey; he left England,
+during the reign of Mary, and went to Zurich. He returned on
+Elizabeth's accession, and was made Bishop of London in March,
+1576--7, strictly governing the Puritans throughout his Prelacy. He
+died in 1594.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Two wretched fanatics; the first died in prison, and
+the second was hanged in 1591. Hacket was called by his followers
+"the supreme Monarch of the world from whom all Princes of Europe hold
+their sceptres," and was held "to be a greater prophet than Moses or
+John Baptist, even Jesus Christ, who was come with his fan in his
+hand to judge the world." Fuller says that Hacket was of so "cruel and
+fierce a nature that he is reported to have bit off and eat down the
+nose of his schoolmaster."]
+
+[Footnote 16: Edward Dering, a Puritan Divine, and a native of Kent,
+educated at Christ College, Cambridge. He was suspended from his
+Lectureships on account of his nonconformity, but he is commended as
+a truly religious man, whose pure and virtuous life was followed by a
+happy death, in 1576. He wrote some Sermons, and a Defence of Bishop
+Jewel's Apology for the Church.]
+
+[Footnote 17: A mild and beneficent man burned by the Papists at
+Smithfield, July 1, 1555.]
+
+[Footnote 18: Edmund Grindal, Archbishop of Canterbury, born in 1519,
+at Hinsingham, in Cumberland, and educated at Cambridge. In 1552 he
+became Prebendary of Westminster, but on the death of King Edward he
+retired to Strasburg. Here he continued to reside till the accession
+of Elizabeth, who nominated him in 1559 to the See of London, whence,
+in 1570, he was translated to York, and in 1575, on the death of
+Parker, to Canterbury. His indulgence to the Puritans procured him the
+Queen's displeasure, and for some time he was sequestered and confined
+to his house, but in 1582 he resigned his office, and died July 6th,
+1583.]
+
+[Footnote 19: Thomas Cartwright was born in Hertfordshire in 1535,
+and was educated at Cambridge. In 1567 he graduated B.D., and was
+appointed Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity. Having vigorously
+assailed the Church Establishment in his lectures, he was deprived
+of his professorship; whereupon he went to Geneva, and made the
+acquaintance of Beza. In 1572 he revisited England, and entered into
+a long controversy with Whitgift; in 1573 he went to Heidelberg, and
+afterwards served as minister to the English congregations at Antwerp
+and Middleburg. On returning to England, in 1585, he was imprisoned by
+order of Bishop Aylmer, but was soon released at the instance of Lord
+Burghley. In 1595 he accompanied Lord Zouch to Guernsey, remaining on
+the island till 1598. He died at Warwick on 27th December, 1603 (not,
+as Walton says, 1602). Among his works are a Latin Harmony of the
+Gospels, Commentaries on the Colossians, &c.]
+
+[Footnote 20: Walter Travers, who had been Fellow of Trinity College,
+Cambridge, to which Cartwright removed, and he was also his intimate
+friend, and joint preacher with him in Antwerp. When Travers came
+to England, he was made Chaplain to Lord Burghley, whose interest
+procured him to be Lecturer at the Temple.]
+
+[Footnote 21: Dr. RICHARD ROWLAND, Master of St. John's College in
+Cambridge, and the fourth Bishop of Peterborough, died in 1600. It
+does not appear that he was the preacher on this occasion, for Gunton,
+in his "History of the Church of Peterborough," states that it was
+Wickham, Bishop of Lincoln.]
+
+[Footnote 22: In 1588, many satirical libels were published against
+the Bishops, written principally by a Society of men assuming the name
+of Martin Mar-Prelate; some of them were entitled, _Diotrephes, the
+Minerals, the Epistle to the Convocation-House, Have you any work for
+a Cooper?_ and _More work for a Cooper_, referring to the Defence
+of the Church and Bishops of England, written by Cowper, Bishop of
+Winchester. The real authors of these tracts, were John Penry, a
+Welchman, John Udall, and other ministers.]
+
+[Footnote 23: Thomas Nashe, an English Satirical writer, baptized in
+1567 at Lowestoffe, in Suffolk, and educated at St. John's College,
+Cambridge. As a master of invective he has no superior; he died in
+or before 1601.--_An Almond for a Parrot_, was probably by Lyly the
+Euphuist. _A Fig for my Godson_, and _Come, Crack me this Nut_, are
+the after-titles of _Pappe with an Hatchet_, another tract of Lyly's
+(if we may believe the testimony of Gabriel Harvey).]
+
+[Footnote 24: In some of the later editions of the Life of Hooker,
+this paragraph is thus altered--"And in this examination: I have not
+only satisfied myself, but have begun a treatise in which I intend the
+satisfaction of others, by a demonstration of the reasonableness
+of our Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity; and therein laid a hopeful
+foundation for the Church's peace; and so as not to provoke your
+adversary, Mr. Cartwright, nor Mr. Travers, whom I take to be
+mine--but not mine enemy--God knows this to be my meaning. To which
+end I have searched many books, and spent many thoughtful hours; and I
+hope not in vain, for I write to reasonable men. But, my Lord, I shall
+never be able to finish what I have begun, unless I be removed into
+some quiet country parsonage, where I may see God's blessings spring
+out of my mother earth, and eat mine own bread in peace and privacy.
+A place where I may, without disturbance, meditate my approaching
+mortality and that great account, which all flesh must at the last
+great day give to the God of all Spirits. This is my design; and as
+those are the designs of my heart, so they shall, by God's assistance,
+be the constant endeavours of the uncertain remainder of my life."]
+
+[Footnote 25: He was for some time Fellow of Oriel College, and
+principal of St. Mary Hall. He was made a Cardinal by Pope Sixtus V.
+in 1587. In 1589, he was appointed Archbishop of Mechlin in Brabant,
+and died on 6th October, 1594.]
+
+[Footnote 26: It is ascertained by Bishop King's letter to Walton,
+that it was Dr. Stapleton who introduced the works of Hooker to the
+Pope. Thomas Stapleton was a Romish Divine, born in 1536, at Henfield,
+in Sussex, and educated at Winchester, and New College, Oxford. In
+the reign of Mary he was made Prebendary of Chichester; but at the
+accession of Elizabeth he left England, and became Professor of
+Divinity at Douay. He died at Louvain, in 1598, and his works form
+four volumes in folio.]
+
+[Footnote 27: Dr. John Earle, author of the "Microcosmography, or a
+piece of the World, discovered in Essays and characters," was born
+at York, in 1601; was educated at Oxford, and was Tutor to Prince
+Charles. In the Civil Wars, he lost both his property and preferments,
+and attended the King abroad as his Chaplain. At the Restoration
+he was made Dean of Westminster, in 1662 was consecrated Bishop of
+Worcester, and in 1663 was translated to Salisbury. He died at Oxford,
+1665. His translation of Hooker's Polity was never printed.]
+
+[Footnote 28: A Protestant Divine, and Professor of Divinity at
+Leyden, born at Artois in 1531, came to England in 1587. He was the
+bosom friend of Whitgift. For some time he was master of the Free
+Grammar School of Southampton. Dr. Saravia was one of the Translators
+of King James's Bible, and died in 1613. His tracts have been printed,
+both in Latin and English.]
+
+[Footnote 29: A most learned Jesuit. He read theological lectures
+at Ingolstadt, where he died in 1625, aged 63 years. His works were
+published at Ratisbon, in 1734-1741, in 17 vols. fol.]
+
+[Footnote 30: Our biographer has lamented that it was not in his power
+to recover the name of Mr. Hooker's worthy school-master. That of
+his grateful parish-clerk was Sampson Horton. It appears from the
+parish-register of Bishop's-Bourne, that "Sampson Horton was buried
+the 9th of May 1648, an aged man who had been clarke to this parish,
+by his own relation, threescore yeares."]
+
+[Footnote 31: "Can there be any of friendship in snares, hooks and
+_trepans_?"
+
+"Nothing but gins, and snares and _trapans_ for souls."--_Dr. South_.]
+
+[Footnote 32: "A certain lewd woman came to his chamber, and solicited
+his charity under this cogent argument, 'that if he should deny her,
+she would lay base attempts to his charge;' and by this means, at
+several times, she had gotten money from him; until at last Providence
+was pleased to concern itself for the righting wronged innocence. It
+so fell out, that this woman came to him when his two dear friends Mr.
+Sandys and Mr. Cranmer were with him: wondering to see such a person
+come with so much confidence, they inquired of their tutor the
+occasion of it, who in a little time tells them the truth of the whole
+abuse. Upon which they contrive a way to be present in his chamber,
+where they might hear the whole discourse at her next coming. An
+opportunity soon offered, and the lewd woman persisting in her threats
+of laying ill things to his charge, if she was denied what she came
+for, money, his two friends stepped forth from behind the curtains to
+her confusion and the shame of those who had employed her in so
+vile an action; for his slanderers were punished for this their vile
+attempt, who at their suffering shewed a penitent behaviour, and made
+an open confession."--_Prince's Worthies of Devon_.]
+
+
+
+
+[Sidenote: Cowper's epitaph]
+
+This following Epitaph was long since presented to the world, in
+memory of Mr. HOOKER, by Sir WILLIAM COWPER, who also built him a
+fair Monument in Bourne Church, and acknowledges him to have been his
+spiritual father.
+
+  Though nothing can be spoke worthy his fame,
+  Or the remembrance of that precious name,
+  Judicious Hooker; though this cost be spent
+  On him, that hath a lasting monument[1]
+  In his own books; yet ought we to express,
+  If not his worth, yet our respectfulness.
+  Church-Ceremonies he maintain'd; then why
+  Without all ceremony should he die?
+  Was it because his life and death should be
+  Both equal patterns of humility?
+  Or that perhaps this only glorious one
+  Was above all, to ask, why had he none?
+  Yet he, that lay so long obscurely low,
+  Doth now preferr'd to greater honours go.
+  Ambitious men, learn hence to be more wise,
+  Humility is the true way to rise:
+  And God in me this lesson did inspire,
+  To bid this humble man, "Friend, sit up higher."
+
+[Footnote 1: On this monument is a bust of Hooker, representing him in
+his cap and gown.]
+
+
+
+
+AN APPENDIX
+TO THE
+LIFE OF MR. RICHARD HOOKER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Other details]
+
+And now, having by a long and laborious search satisfied myself, and I
+hope my Reader, by imparting to him the true relation of Mr. Hooker's
+life, I am desirous also to acquaint him with some observations that
+relate to it, and which could not properly fall to be spoken till
+after his death; of which my Reader may expect a brief and true
+account in the following Appendix.
+
+[Sidenote: Date of death]
+
+And first, it is not to be doubted but that he died in the
+forty-seventh, if not in the forty-sixth year of his age: which I
+mention, because many have believed him to be more aged: but I have so
+examined it, as to be confident I mistake not: and for the year of
+his death, Mr. Camden, who in his Annals of Queen Elizabeth, 1599,
+mentions him with a high commendation of his life and learning,
+declares him to die in the year 1599; and yet in that in of his
+Monument, set up at the charge of Sir William Cowper, in Bourne
+Church, where Mr. Hooker was buried, his death is there said to be
+in anno 1603; but doubtless both are mistaken; for I have it attested
+under the hand of William Somner, the Archbishop's Registrar for the
+Province of Canterbury, that Richard Hooker's Will bears date October
+26th in anno 1600, and that it was proved the third of December
+following. [And the Reader may take notice, that since I first writ
+this Appendix to the Life of Mr. Hooker, Mr. Fulman, of Corpus Christi
+College, hath shewed me a good authority for the very day and hour
+of Mr. Hooker's death, in one of his books of Polity, which had been
+Archbishop Laud's. In which book, beside many considerable marginal
+notes of some passages of his time, under the Bishop's own hand,
+there is also written in the title-page of that book--which now is
+Mr. Fulman's--this attestation: Ricardus Hooker _vir summis doctrinae
+dotibus ornatus, de Ecclesia praecipue Anglicana optime meritus, obiit
+Novemb. 2, circiter horam secundam post-meridianum_, Anno 1600.]
+
+[Sidenote: His daughters]
+
+And that at his death he left four daughters, Alice, Cicely, Jane and
+Margaret; that he gave to each of them an hundred pounds; that he left
+Joan, his wife, his sole executrix; and that, by his inventory his
+estate--a great part of it being in books--came to L1,092 9_s_. 2_d_.,
+which was much more than he thought himself worth; and which was not
+got by his care, much less by the good housewifery of his wife, but
+saved by his trusty servant, Thomas Lane, that was wiser than his
+master in getting money for him, and more frugal than his mistress in
+keeping of it. Of which Will of Mr. Hooker's I shall say no more, but
+that his dear friend Thomas, the father of George Cranmer,--of whom
+I have spoken, and shall have occasion to say more,--was one of the
+witnesses to it.
+
+One of his elder daughters was married to one Chalinor, sometime a
+School-master in Chichester, and are both dead long since. Margaret,
+his youngest daughter, was married unto Ezekiel Charke, Bachelor in
+Divinity, and Rector of St. Nicholas in Harbledown, near Canterbury,
+who died about sixteen years past, and had a son Ezekiel, now living,
+and in Sacred Orders; being at this time Rector of Waldron, in Sussex.
+She left also a daughter, with both whom I have spoken not many months
+past, and find her to be a widow in a condition that wants not, but
+very far from abounding. And these two attested unto me, that Richard
+Hooker, their grandfather, had a sister, by name Elizabeth Harvey,
+that lived to the age of 121 years, and died in the month of
+September, 1663.
+
+For his other two daughters I can learn little certainty, but have
+heard they both died before they were marriageable. And for his wife,
+she was so unlike Jephtha's daughter, that she staid not a comely time
+to bewail her widowhood; nor lived long enough to repent her second
+marriage; for which, doubtless, she would have found cause, if there
+had been but four months betwixt Mr. Hooker's and her death. But she
+is dead, and let her other infirmities be buried with her.
+
+Thus much briefly for his age, the year of his death, his estate, his
+wife, and his children. I am next to speak of his books; concerning
+which I shall have a necessity of being longer, or shall neither
+do right to myself, or my Reader, which is chiefly intended in this
+Appendix.
+
+[Sidenote: His books]
+
+I have declared in his Life, that he proposed Eight Books, and that
+his first Four were printed anno 1594, and his Fifth book first
+printed, and alone, anno 1597; and that he lived to finish the
+remaining Three of the proposed Eight: but whether we have the
+last Three as finished by himself, is a just and material question;
+concerning which I do declare, that I have been told almost forty
+years past, by one that very well knew Mr. Hooker and the affairs of
+his family, that, about a month after the death of Mr. Hooker, Bishop
+Whitgift, then Archbishop of Canterbury, sent one of his Chaplains to
+enquire of Mrs. Hooker, for the three remaining books of Polity,
+writ by her husband: of which she would not, or could not, give
+any account: and that about three months after that time the Bishop
+procured her to be sent for to London, and then by his procurement she
+was to be examined by some of her Majesty's Council, concerning the
+disposal of those books: but, by way of preparation for the next
+day's examination, the Bishop invited her to Lambeth, and after some
+friendly questions, she confessed to him, that one Mr. Charke, and
+another Minister that dwelt near Canterbury, came to her, and desired
+that they might go into her husband's study, and look upon some of
+his writings: and that there they two burnt and tore many of them,
+assuring her, that they were writings not fit to be seen: and that she
+knew nothing more concerning them. Her lodging was then in King street
+in Westminster, where she was found next morning dead in her bed, and
+her new husband suspected and questioned for it; but he was declared
+innocent of her death.
+
+[Sidenote: Those of Polity]
+
+And I declare also, that Dr. John Spencer,--mentioned in the Life of
+Mr. Hooker,--who was of Mr. Hooker's College, and of his time there,
+and betwixt whom there was so friendly a friendship, that they
+continually advised together in all their studies, and particularly
+in what concerned these books of Polity--this Dr. Spencer, the Three
+perfect books being lost, had delivered into his hands--I think by
+Bishop Whitgift--the imperfect books, or first rough draughts of
+them, to be made as perfect as they might be by him, who both knew Mr.
+Hooker's handwriting, and was best acquainted with his intentions. And
+a fair testimony of this may appear by an Epistle, first, and usually
+printed before Mr. Hooker's Five books,--but omitted, I know not why,
+in the last impression of the Eight printed together in anno 1662, in
+which the Publishers seem to impose the three doubtful books, to be
+the undoubted books of Mr. Hooker,--with these two letters, J.S. at
+the end of the said Epistle, which was meant for this John Spencer:
+in which Epistle the Reader may find these words, which may give some
+authority to what I have here written of his last Three books.
+
+[Sidenote: "J.S.," his Epistle]
+
+"And though Mr. Hooker hastened his own death by hastening to give
+life to his books, yet he held out with his eyes to behold these
+Benjamins, these sons of his right hand, though to him they proved
+Benonies, sons of pain and sorrow. But some evil-disposed minds,
+whether of malice or covetousness, or wicked blind zeal, it is
+uncertain, as soon as they were born, and their father dead, smothered
+them, and by conveying the perfect copies, left unto us nothing but
+the old, imperfect, mangled draughts, dismembered into pieces; no
+favour, no grace, not the shadow of themselves remaining in them. Had
+the father lived to behold them thus defaced, he might rightly have
+named them Benonies, the sons of sorrow: but being the learned will
+not suffer them to die and be buried, it is intended the world shall
+see them as they are; the learned will find in them some shadows and
+resemblances of their father's face. God grant, that as they were with
+their brethren dedicated to the Church for messengers of peace: so,
+in the strength of that little breath of life that remaineth in them,
+they may prosper in their work, and, by satisfying the doubts of
+such as are willing to learn, they may help to give an end to the
+calamities of these our civil wars."--J.S.
+
+[Sidenote: The Three Books]
+
+And next the Reader may note, that this Epistle of Dr. Spencer's
+was writ and first printed within four years after the death of
+Mr. Hooker, in which time all diligent search had been made for
+the perfect copies; and then granted not recoverable, and therefore
+endeavoured to be completed out of Mr. Hooker's rough draughts, as
+is expressed by the said Dr. Spencer in the said Epistle, since whose
+death it is now fifty years.
+
+And I do profess by the faith of a Christian, that Dr. Spencer's
+wife--who was my Aunt, and Sister to George Cranmer, of whom I have
+spoken--told me forty years since, in these, or in words to this
+purpose: "That her husband had made up, or finished Mr. Hooker's last
+Three books; and that upon her husband's death-bed, or in his last
+sickness, he gave them into her hand, with a charge that they should
+not be seen by any man, but be by her delivered into the hands of the
+then Archbishop of Canterbury, which was Dr. Abbot, or unto Dr. King,
+then Bishop of London, and that she did as he enjoined her."
+
+I do conceive, that from Dr. Spencer's, and no other copy, there have
+been divers transcripts; and I know that these were to be found in
+several places; as namely, in Sir Thomas Bodley's Library; in that of
+Dr. Andrews, late Bishop of Winton; in the late Lord Conway's; in the
+Archbishop of Canterbury's; and in the Bishop of Armagh's; and in many
+others: and most of these pretended to be the Author's own hand, but
+much disagreeing, being indeed altered and diminished, as men have
+thought fittest to make Mr. Hooker's judgment suit with their fancies,
+or give authority to their corrupt designs; and for proof of a part of
+this, take these following testimonies.
+
+[Sidenote: "Clavi Trabales"]
+
+Dr. Barnard, sometime Chaplain to Dr. Usher, late Lord Archbishop of
+Armagh, hath declared in a late book, called "Clavi Trabales," printed
+by Richard Hodgkinson, anno 1661, that, in his search and examination
+of the said Bishop's manuscripts, he found the Three written books
+which were supposed the Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth of Mr. Hooker's
+books of Ecclesiastical Polity; and that in the said Three books--now
+printed as Mr. Hooker's--there are so many omissions, that they amount
+to many paragraphs, and which cause many incoherencies: the omissions
+are set down at large in the said printed book, to which I refer
+the Reader for the whole; but think fit in this place to insert this
+following short part of some of the said omissions.
+
+[Sidenote: Omissions]
+
+First, as there could be in natural bodies no motion of any thing,
+unless there were some first which moved all things, and continued
+unmoveable; even so in politic societies there must be some
+unpunishable, or else no man shall suffer punishment: for sith
+punishments proceed always from superiors, to whom the administration
+of justice belongeth; which administration must have necessarily a
+fountain, that deriveth it to all others, and receiveth not from any,
+because otherwise the course of justice should go infinitely in a
+circle, every superior having his superior without end, which cannot
+be: therefore a well-spring, it followeth, there is: a supreme head of
+justice, whereunto all are subject, but itself in subjection to none.
+Which kind of pre-eminency if some ought to have in a kingdom, who
+but a King shall have it? Kings, therefore, or no man, can have lawful
+power to judge.
+
+If private men offend, there is the Magistrate over them, which
+judgeth; if Magistrates, they have their Prince; if Princes, there is
+Heaven, a tribunal, before which they shall appear; on earth they are
+not accountable to any. Here, says the Doctor, it breaks off abruptly.
+
+And I have these words also attested under the hand of Mr. Fabian
+Philips, a man of note for his useful books. "I will make oath, if I
+shall be required, that Dr. Sanderson, the late Bishop of Lincoln,
+did a little before his death affirm to me, he had seen a manuscript
+affirmed to him to be the hand-writing of Mr. Richard Hooker, in
+which there was no mention made of the King or supreme governors being
+accountable to the people. This I will make oath, that that good man
+attested to me.
+
+              "FABIAN PHILIPS." [1]
+
+So that there appears to be both omissions and additions in the said
+last Three printed books: and this may probably be one reason why Dr.
+Sanderson, the said learned Bishop,--whose writings are so highly and
+justly valued,--gave a strict charge near the time of his death, or
+in his last Will, "That nothing of his that was not already printed,
+should be printed after his death."
+
+[Sidenote: King Charles on Hooker]
+
+It is well known how high a value our learned King James put upon
+the books writ by Mr. Hooker; and known also that our late King
+Charles--the Martyr for the Church--valued them the second of all
+books, testified by his commending them to the reading of his son
+Charles, that now is our gracious King: and you may suppose that this
+Charles the First was not a stranger to the Three pretended books,
+because, in a discourse with the Lord Say, in the time of the Long
+Parliament, when the said Lord required the King to grant the truth of
+his argument, because it was the judgment of Mr. Hooker,--quoting him
+in one of the three written books, the King replied, "They were not
+allowed to be Mr. Hooker's books: but, however, he would allow them
+to be Mr. Hooker's, and consent to what his Lordship proposed to prove
+out of those doubtful books, if he would but consent to the judgment
+of Mr. Hooker in the other five, that were the undoubted books of Mr.
+Hooker."
+
+[Sidenote: To the Reader]
+
+In this relation concerning these Three doubtful books of Mr.
+Hooker's, my purpose was to enquire, then set down what I observed and
+know; which I have done, not as an engaged person, but indifferently;
+and now leave my Reader to give sentence, for their legitimation, as
+to himself; but so as to leave others the same liberty of believing or
+disbelieving them to be Mr. Hooker's: and 'tis observable, that as
+Mr. Hooker advised with Dr. Spencer, in the design and manage of
+these books; so also, and chiefly with his dear pupil, George
+Cranmer,--whose sister was the wife of Dr. Spencer,--of which this
+following letter may be a testimony, and doth also give authority to
+some things mentioned both in this Appendix and in the Life of Mr.
+Hooker, and is therefore added. I.W.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: A Barrister of eminence, particularly noted for his
+loyalty, born at Prestbury, in Gloucestershire, in 1601. He died in
+1690; and was the Author of several excellent Law Tracts, as well as
+one asserting that Charles I. was a martyr for his people.]
+
+
+
+
+GEORGE CRANMER'S LETTER
+UNTO
+MR. RICHARD HOOKER,
+
+_February_, 1598.[1]
+
+
+[Sidenote: New Church Discipline]
+
+[Sidenote: Change in opinion]
+
+What posterity is likely to judge of these matters concerning
+Church-discipline, we may the better conjecture, if we call to mind
+what our own age, within few years, upon better experience, hath
+already judged concerning the same. It may be remembered, that at
+first, the greatest part of the learned in the land were either
+eagerly affected, or favourably inclined that way. The books then
+written for the most part savoured of the disciplinary style; it
+sounded every where in pulpits, and in common phrase of men's speech.
+The contrary part began to fear they had taken a wrong course; many
+which impugned the discipline, yet so impugned it, not as not being
+the better form of government, but as not being so convenient for our
+state, in regard of dangerous innovations thereby likely to grow: one
+man [John Whitgift, the Archbishop] alone there was to speak
+of,--whom let no suspicion of flattery deprive of his deserved
+commendation,--who, in the defiance of the one part, and courage
+of the other, stood in the gap and gave others respite to prepare
+themselves to the defence, which, by the sudden eagerness and violence
+of their adversaries, had otherwise been prevented, wherein God hath
+made good unto him his own impress, _Vincit qui patitur:_ for what
+contumelious indignities he hath at their hands sustained, the world
+is witness; and what reward of honour above his adversaries God hath
+bestowed upon him, themselves,--though nothing glad thereof,--must
+needs confess. Now of late years the heat of men towards the
+discipline is greatly decayed; their judgments begin to sway on the
+other side; the learned have weighed it, and found it light; wise
+men conceive some fear, lest it prove not only not the best kind of
+government, but the very bane and destruction of all government. The
+cause of this change in men's opinions may be drawn from the general
+nature of error, disguised and clothed with the name of truth; which
+did mightily and violently possess men at first, but afterwards, the
+weakness thereof being by time discovered, it lost that reputation,
+which before it had gained. As by the outside of an house the
+passers-by are oftentimes deceived, till they see the conveniency of
+the rooms within; so, by the very name of discipline and reformation,
+men were drawn at first to cast a fancy towards it, but now they
+have not contented themselves only to pass by and behold afar off the
+fore-front of this reformed house; they have entered it, even at the
+special request of the master-workmen and chief-builders thereof: they
+have perused the rooms, the lights, the conveniences, and they find
+them not answerable to that report which was made of them, nor to
+that opinion which upon report they had conceived: so as now the
+discipline, which at first triumphed over all, being unmasked,
+beginneth to droop, and hang down her head.
+
+[Sidenote: Causes]
+
+[Sidenote: Gregory Martin]
+
+The cause of change in opinion concerning the discipline is proper to
+the learned, or to such as by them have been instructed. Another cause
+there is more open, and more apparent to the view of all, namely,
+the course of practice, which the Reformers have had with us from the
+beginning. The first degree was only some small difference about the
+cap and surplice; but not such as either bred division in the
+Church, or tended to the ruin of the government established. This was
+peaceable; the next degree more stirring. Admonitions were directed to
+the Parliament in peremptory sort against our whole form of regiment.
+In defence of them, volumes were published in English and in Latin:
+yet this was no more than writing. Devices were set on foot to erect
+the practice of the discipline without authority; yet herein some
+regard of modesty, some moderation was used. Behold at length it brake
+forth into open outrage, first in writing by Martin;[2] in whose
+kind of dealing these things may be observed: 1. That whereas Thomas
+Cartwright and others his great masters, had always before set out the
+discipline as a Queen, and as the daughter of God; he contrariwise, to
+make her more acceptable to the people, brought her forth as a
+Vice[3] upon the stage. 2. This conceit of his was grounded--as may
+be supposed--upon this rare policy, that seeing the discipline was by
+writing refuted, in Parliament rejected, in secret corners hunted
+out and decried, it was imagined that by open railing,--which to the
+vulgar is commonly most plausible,--the State Ecclesiastical might
+have been drawn into such contempt and hatred, as the overthrow
+thereof should have been most grateful to all men, and in a manner
+desired by all the common people. 3. It may be noted--and this I know
+myself to be true--how some of them, although they could not for shame
+approve so lewd an action, yet were content to lay hold on it to
+the advancement of their cause, by acknowledging therein the secret
+judgments of God against the Bishops, and hoping that some good might
+be wrought thereby for his Church; as indeed there was, though
+not according to their construction. For 4thly, contrary to their
+expectation, that railing spirit did not only not further, but
+extremely disgrace and prejudice their cause, when it was once
+perceived from how low degrees of contradiction, at first, to what
+outrage of contumely and slander, they were at length proceeded; and
+were also likely to proceed further.
+
+[Sidenote: Hacket and Coppinger]
+
+A further degree of outrage was also in fact: certain [Hacket and
+Coppinger] prophets did arise, who deeming it not possible that God
+should suffer that to be undone, which they did so fiercely desire to
+have done, namely, that his holy saints, the favourers and fathers of
+the discipline, should be enlarged and delivered from persecution;
+and seeing no means of deliverance ordinary, were fain to persuade
+themselves that God must needs raise some extraordinary means; and
+being persuaded of none so well as of themselves, they forthwith must
+needs be the instruments of this great work. Hereupon they framed
+unto themselves an assured hope, that, upon their preaching out of a
+peascart in Cheapside, all the multitude would have presently joined
+unto them, and in amazement of mind have asked them, _Viri fratres,
+quid agimus?_ whereunto it is likely they would have returned an
+answer far unlike to that of St. Peter: "Such and such are men
+unworthy to govern; pluck them down: such and such are the dear
+children of God; let them be advanced."
+
+Of two of these men it is meet to speak with all commiseration; yet
+so, that others by their example may receive instruction, and withal
+some light may appear, what stirring affections the discipline is like
+to inspire, if it light upon apt and prepared minds.
+
+[Sidenote: Bancroft's book]
+
+Now if any man doubt of what society they were; or if the Reformers
+disclaim them, pretending that by them they were condemned; let
+these points be considered. 1. Whose associates were they before they
+entered into this frantic passion? Whose sermons did they frequent?
+Whom did they admire? 2. Even when they were entering into it, Whose
+advice did they require? and when they were in, Whose approbation?
+Whom advertised they of their purpose? Whose assistance by prayer did
+they request? But we deal injuriously with them to lay this to their
+charge; for they reproved and condemned it. How! did they disclose
+it to the Magistrate, that it might be suppressed? or were they not
+rather content to stand aloof off, and see the end of it, as being
+loath to quench that spirit? No doubt these mad practitioners were of
+their society, with whom before, and in the practice of their madness,
+they had most affinity. Hereof read Dr. Bancroft's book.[4]
+
+[Sidenote: Brownists and Barrowists]
+
+A third inducement may be to dislike of the discipline, if we consider
+not only how far the Reformers themselves have proceeded, but what
+others upon their foundations have built. Here come the Brownists[5]
+in the first rank, their lineal descendants, who have seized upon a
+number of strange opinions; whereof, although their ancestors, the
+Reformers, were never actually possessed, yet, by right and interest
+from them derived, the Brownists and Barrowists[6] have taken
+possession of them: for if the positions of the Reformers be true, I
+cannot see how the main and general conclusions of Brownism should be
+false; for upon these two points, as I conceive, they stand.
+
+[Sidenote: Their two points]
+
+1. That, because we have no Church, they are to sever themselves from
+us. 2. That without Civil authority they are to erect a Church of
+their own. And if the former of these be true, the latter, I suppose,
+will follow: for if above all things men be to regard their salvation;
+and if out of the Church there be no salvation; it followeth, that,
+if we have no Church, we have no means of salvation; and therefore
+separation from us in that respect is both lawful and necessary; as
+also, that men, so separated from the false and counterfeit Church,
+are to associate themselves unto some Church; not to ours; to the
+Popish much less; therefore to one of their own making. Now the ground
+of all these inferences being this, That in our Church there is no
+means of salvation, is out of the Reformers' principles most clearly
+to be proved. For wheresoever any matter of faith unto salvation
+necessary is denied, there can be no means of salvation; but in the
+Church of England, the discipline, by them accounted a matter of
+faith, and necessary to salvation, is not only denied, but impugned,
+and the professors thereof oppressed. _Ergo_.
+
+Again,--but this reason perhaps is weak,--every true Church of Christ
+acknowledgeth the whole Gospel of Christ: the discipline, in their
+opinion, is a part of the Gospel, and yet by our Church resisted.
+_Ergo_.
+
+[Sidenote: Essential discipline]
+
+Again, the discipline is essentially united to the Church: by which
+term essentially, they must mean either an essential part, or an
+essential property. Both which ways it must needs be, that where that
+essential discipline is not, neither is there any Church. If therefore
+between them and the Brownists there should be appointed a solemn
+disputation, whereof with us they have been oftentimes so earnest
+challengers; it doth not yet appear what other answer they could
+possibly frame to these and the like arguments, wherewith they may be
+pressed, but fairly to deny the conclusion,--for all the premises
+are their own,--or rather ingeniously to reverse their own principles
+before laid, whereon so foul absurdities have been so firmly built.
+What further proofs you can bring out of their high words, magnifying
+the discipline, I leave to your better remembrance: but, above all
+points, I am desirous this one should be strongly enforced against
+them, because it wringeth them most of all, and is of all others--for
+aught I see--the most unanswerable. You may notwithstanding say, that
+you would be heartily glad these their positions might be salved, as
+the Brownists might not appear to have issued out of their loins: but
+until that be done, they must give us leave to think that they have
+cast the seed whereout these tares are grown.
+
+[Sidenote: "Godless politics"]
+
+Another sort of men there are, which have been content to run on with
+the Reformers for a time, and to make them poor instruments of their
+own designs. These are a sort of godless politics, who, perceiving
+the plot of discipline to consist of these two parts, the overthrow
+of Episcopal, and erection of Presbyterial authority; and that this
+latter can take no place till the former be removed; are content to
+join with them in the destructive part of discipline, bearing them in
+hand, that in the other also they shall find them as ready. But when
+time shall come, it may be they would be as loath to be yoked with
+that kind of regiment, as now they are willing to be released from
+this. These men's ends in all their actions is distraction; their
+pretence and colour, reformation. Those things which under this
+colour they have effected to their own good, are, 1. By maintaining a
+contrary faction, they have kept the Clergy always in awe, and
+thereby made them more pliable, and willing to buy their peace. 2. By
+maintaining an opinion of equality among ministers, they have made way
+to their own purposes for devouring Cathedral Churches, and Bishops'
+livings. 3. By exclaiming against abuses in the Church, they have
+carried their own corrupt dealing in the Civil State more covertly.
+For such is the nature of the multitude, that they are not able to
+apprehend many things at once; so as being possessed with a dislike or
+liking of any one thing, many other in the mean time may escape them
+without being perceived. 4. They have sought to disgrace the Clergy,
+in entertaining a conceit in men's minds, and confirming it by
+continual practice, That men of learning, and especially of the
+Clergy, which are employed in the chiefest kind of learning, are not
+to be admitted to matters of State; contrary to the practice of all
+well-governed commonwealths, and of our own till these late years.
+
+[Sidenote: Atheists]
+
+[Sidenote: Causes of Atheism]
+
+A third sort of men there are, though not descended from the
+Reformers, yet in part raised and greatly strengthened by them;
+namely, the cursed crew of Atheists. This also is one of those points,
+which I am desirous you should handle most effectually, and strain
+yourself therein to all points of motion and affection; as in that of
+the Brownists, to all strength and sinews of reason. This is a sort
+most damnable, and yet by the general suspicion of the world at
+this day most common. The causes of it, which are in the parties
+themselves, although you handle in the beginning of the fifth book,
+yet here again they may be touched: but the occasions of help and
+furtherance, which by the Reformers have been yielded unto them, are,
+as I conceive, two; namely, senseless preaching, and disgracing of the
+Ministry: for how should not men dare to impugn that, which neither
+by force of reason, nor by authority of persons, is maintained? But in
+the parties themselves these two causes I conceive of Atheism: 1. More
+abundance of wit than judgment, and of witty than judicious learning;
+whereby they are more inclined to contradict any thing, than willing
+to be informed of the truth. They are not therefore men of sound
+learning for the most part, but smatterers; neither is their kind of
+dispute so much by force of argument, as by scoffing; which humour
+of scoffing, and turning matters most serious into merriment, is now
+become so common, as we are not to marvel what the Prophet means
+by the seat of scorners, nor what the Apostles, by foretelling of
+scorners to come; for our own age hath verified their speech unto
+us: which also may be an argument against these scoffers and Atheists
+themselves, seeing it hath been so many ages ago foretold, that such
+men the latter days of the world should afford: which could not
+be done by any other spirit, save that whereunto things future and
+present are alike. And even for the main question of the resurrection,
+whereat they stick so mightily, was it not plainly foretold, that men
+should in the latter times say, "Where is the promise of his coming?"
+Against the creation, the ark, and divers other points, exceptions are
+said to be taken, the ground whereof is superfluity of wit, without
+ground of learning and judgment. A second cause of Atheism is
+sensuality, which maketh men desirous to remove all stops and
+impediments of their wicked life; among which because Religion is the
+chiefest, so as neither in this life without shame they can persist
+therein, nor--if that be true--without torment in the life to come;
+they therefore whet their wits to annihilate the joys of Heaven,
+wherein they see--if any such be--they can have no part, and likewise
+the pains of Hell, wherein their portion must needs be very great.
+They labour therefore, not that they may not deserve those pains, but
+that, deserving them, there may be no such pains to seize upon them.
+But what conceit can be imagined more base, than that man should
+strive to persuade himself even against the secret instinct, no doubt,
+of his own mind, that his soul is as the soul of a beast, mortal, and
+corruptible with the body? Against which barbarous opinion their own
+Atheism is a very strong argument. For, were not the soul a nature
+separable from the body, how could it enter into discourse of things
+merely spiritual, and nothing at all pertaining to the body? Surely
+the soul were not able to conceive any thing of Heaven, no not so much
+as to dispute against Heaven, and against God, if there were not in it
+somewhat heavenly, and derived from God.
+
+[Sidenote: Papists]
+
+The last which have received strength and encouragement from the
+Reformers are Papists; against whom, although they are most bitter
+enemies, yet unwittingly they have given them great advantage. For
+what can any enemy rather desire than the breach and dissension of
+those which are confederates against him? Wherein they are to remember
+that if our communion with Papists in some few ceremonies do so much
+strengthen them, as is pretended, how much more doth this division and
+rent among ourselves, especially seeing it is maintained to be, not in
+light matters only, but even in matters of faith and salvation? Which
+over-reaching speech of theirs, because it is so open an advantage for
+the Barrowist and the Papist, we are to wish and hope for, that they
+will acknowledge it to have been spoken rather in heat of affection,
+than with soundness of judgment; and that through their exceeding love
+to that creature of discipline which themselves have bred, nourished,
+and maintained, their mouth in commendation of her did so often
+overflow.
+
+[Sidenote: Points of controversy]
+
+From hence you may proceed--but the means of connexion I leave to
+yourself--to another discourse, which I think very meet to be handled
+either here or elsewhere at large; the parts whereof may be these: 1.
+That in this cause between them and us, men are to sever the proper
+and essential points and controversy from those which are accidental.
+The most essential and proper are these two: overthrow of the
+Episcopal, and erection of Presbyterial authority. But in these two
+points whosoever joineth with them, is accounted of their number;
+whosoever in all other points agreeth with them, yet thinketh the
+authority of Bishops not unlawful, and of Elders not necessary, may
+justly be severed from their retinue. Those things, therefore, which
+either in the persons, or in the laws and orders themselves are
+faulty, may be complained on, acknowledged, and amended, yet they no
+whit the nearer their main purpose: for what if all errors by them
+supposed in our Liturgy were amended, even according to their own
+heart's desire; if non-residence, pluralities, and the like were
+utterly taken away; are their lay-elders therefore presently
+authorized? or their sovereign ecclesiastical jurisdiction
+established?
+
+[Sidenote: Faults of the complainants]
+
+But even in their complaining against the outward and accidental
+matters in Church-Government, they are many ways faulty. 1. In their
+end, which they propose to themselves. For in declaiming against
+abuses, their meaning is not to have them redressed, but, by
+disgracing the present state, to make way for their own discipline. As
+therefore in Venice, if any Senator should discourse against the
+power of their Senate, as being either too sovereign, or too weak in
+government, with purpose to draw their authority to a moderation, it
+might well be suffered; but not so, if it should appear he spake with
+purpose to induce another state by depriving the present. So in all
+causes belonging either to Church or Commonwealth, we are to have
+regard what mind the complaining part doth bear, whether of amendment
+or innovation; and accordingly either to suffer or suppress it. Their
+objection therefore is frivolous, "Why, may not men speak against
+abuses?" Yes; but with desire to cure the part affected, not
+to destroy the whole. 2. A second fault is in their manner of
+complaining, not only because it is for the most part in bitter and
+reproachful terms, but also it is to the common people, who are judges
+incompetent and insufficient, both to determine any thing amiss, and
+for want of skill and authority to amend it. Which also discovereth
+their intent and purpose to be rather destructive than corrective. 3.
+Those very exceptions which they take are frivolous and impertinent.
+Some things indeed they accuse as impious; which if they may appear to
+be such, God forbid they should be maintained.
+
+[Sidenote: "Doubly Deceived"]
+
+Against the rest it is only alleged, that they are idle ceremonies
+without use, and that better and more profitable might be devised.
+Wherein they are doubly deceived; for neither is it a sufficient plea
+to say, this must give place, because a better may be devised; because
+in our judgments of better and worse, we oftentimes conceive amiss,
+when we compare those things which are in devise with those which are
+in practice: for the imperfections of the one are hid, till by time
+and trial they be discovered: the others are already manifest and
+open to all. But last of all,--which is a point in my opinion of great
+regard, and which I am desirous to have enlarged,--they do not see
+that for the most part when they strike at the State Ecclesiastical,
+they secretly wound the Civil State, for personal faults; "What can
+be said against the Church, which may not also agree to the
+Commonwealth?" In both, Statesmen have always been, and will be
+always, men; sometimes blinded with error, most commonly perverted
+by passions; many unworthy have been and are advanced in both; many
+worthy not regarded. And as for abuses, which they pretend to be in
+the law themselves; when they inveigh against non-residence, do they
+take it a matter lawful or expedient in the Civil State, for a man
+to have a great and gainful office in the North, himself continually
+remaining in the South? "He that hath an office let him attend his
+office." When they condemn plurality of livings spiritual to the pit
+of Hell, what think they of the infinity of temporal promotions? By
+the great Philosopher, _Pol. lib. ii. cap. 9,_ it is forbidden as a
+thing most dangerous to Commonwealths, that by the same man many great
+offices should be exercised. When they deride our ceremonies as vain
+and frivolous, were it hard to apply their exceptions even to those
+civil ceremonies, which at the Coronation, in Parliament, and all
+Courts of Justice, are used? Were it hard to argue even against
+Circumcision, the ordinance of God, as being a cruel ceremony? against
+the Passover, as being ridiculous--shod, girt, a staff in their hand,
+to eat a lamb?
+
+[Sidenote: Conclusion]
+
+To conclude: you may exhort the Clergy,--or what if you direct your
+conclusion not to the Clergy in general, but only to the learned in or
+of both Universities?--you may exhort them to a due consideration of
+all things, and to a right esteem and valuing of each thing in that
+degree wherein it ought to stand. For it oftentimes falleth out, that
+what men have either devised themselves, or greatly delighted in,
+the price and the excellency thereof they do admire above desert. The
+chiefest labour of a Christian should be to know, of a Minister to
+preach Christ crucified: in regard whereof, not only worldly things,
+but things otherwise precious, even the discipline itself, is vile
+and base. Whereas now, by the heat of contention, and violence of
+affection, the zeal of men towards the one hath greatly decayed their
+love to the other. Hereunto therefore they are to be exhorted to
+preach Christ Crucified, the mortification of the flesh, the renewing
+of the Spirit; not those things which in time of strife seem precious
+but--passions being allayed--are vain and childish. G.C.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: This admirable dissertation originally appeared in 1642,
+entitled, "Concerning the New Church Discipline; an excellent Letter
+written by Mr. George Cranmer, to Mr. R.H."]
+
+[Footnote 2: Gregory Martin, born at Maxfield, near Winchelsea,
+admitted of St. John's Coll. Oxford, 1557, embraced the Roman
+Catholic Religion and was ordained priest at Douay, 1573. The Rheims
+translation of the Vulgate has been ascribed entirely to him. He died
+at Rheims in 1582.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Vice was the fool of the old moralities, with his dagger
+of lath, a long coat, and a cap with a pair of ass's ears.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Entitled "A Survey of the pretended holy Discipline,
+to which is prefixed a Sermon, preached against the Puritans, at
+St. Paul's Cross, Feb. 9, 1588-9, from the following text: 'Dearly
+beloved, believe not every Spirit, but try the Spirits whether they be
+of God, for many false Prophets have gone out into the world.' I John
+iv. 1."]
+
+[Footnote 5: Robert Brown, a native of Northampton, educated at Corpus
+Christi College in Cambridge, was the founder of a sect of Puritans,
+who took their name from him. He wrote several tracts in support
+of his opinions, and sustained various persecutions, having been
+committed at different times to thirty-two prisons, in some of which
+he could not see his hand at broad day. Before his removal with his
+followers to Middleburg in Zealand, he became disgusted with their
+divisions and disputes; and though he had gone a further distance than
+any of the Puritans did, he renounced his principles of separation,
+being promoted by his relation, Lord Burghley, to the benefice of
+Achurch in Northamptonshire. He died in Northampton Gaol in 1630, in
+the 80th year of his age, having been sent thither by a justice of the
+peace for assaulting a constable, who was executing a warrant against
+him.]
+
+[Footnote 6: So denominated from Henry Barrow, a layman, and noted
+sectary, who was executed at Tyburn on 6th April, 1593, for publishing
+seditious books against the Queen and the State.]
+
+
+
+
+THE WORKS OF MR. RICHARD HOOKER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Hooker's Works]
+
+The Works of Mr. Hooker, exclusive of the Books of Ecclesiastical
+Polity, are,
+
+I. "ANSWER to the SUPPLICATION that Mr. TRAVERS made to the COUNCIL.
+_Oxon_. 1612." 4to.
+
+II. "A learned DISCOURSE of JUSTIFICATION, WORKS, and how the
+FOUNDATION of FAITH is overthrown: on _Habak_. i. 4. _Oxon_. 1612."
+4to.
+
+III. "A learned SERMON of the NATURE of PRIDE: on _Habak_. ii. 4.
+_Oxon_. 1612." 4to.
+
+IV. "A REMEDY against SORROW and FEAR, delivered in a FUNERAL SERMON:
+on _John_ xiv. 27. _Oxon_. 1612." 4to.
+
+V. "A learned and comfortable SERMON of the CERTAINTY and PERPETUITY
+of FAITH in the ELECT: especially of the PROPHET HABAKKUK'S FAITH: on
+_Habak_. i. 4. _Oxon_. 1612." 4to.
+
+VI. "TWO SERMONS upon part of ST. JUDE'S EPISTLE. _Epist. Jude_, ver.
+17, 18, 19, 20, 21, _Oxon_. 1613." 4to.
+
+VII. In 1641, a volume was published under the following title: "A
+SUMMARIE VIEW of the GOVERNMENT both of the OLD and NEW TESTAMENT;
+whereby the EPISCOPAL GOVERNMENT of CHRIST'S CHURCH is vindicated,"
+out of the rude draughts of Launcelot Andrews, late Bishop of
+Winchester.
+
+To this volume is prefixed, as a preamble to the whole, "A DISCOVERY
+of the CAUSES of these CONTENTIONS touching CHURCH GOVERNMENT, out of
+the FRAGMENTS of RICHARD HOOKER."
+
+This volume contains certain brief treatises, written by divers
+learned men, concerning the ancient and modern Government of the
+Church. The treatises are seven in number, of which this posthumous
+work of Mr. Hooker is one, and as it stands before the rest it is
+therefore called a Preamble to the whole.
+
+VIII. THREE TREATISES inserted in the "CLAVI TRABALES," viz. 1. "On
+the KING'S POWER in Matters of RELIGION." 2. "Of his POWER in the
+ADVANCEMENT of BISHOPS to their ROOMS of PRELACY." 3. "The KING'S
+EXEMPTION from CENSURE and other JUDICIAL POWER."
+
+It will not be improper to notice a publication of great merit,
+entitled "A FAITHFUL ABRIDGMENT of the WORKS of that learned and
+judicious Divine, Mr. RICHARD HOOKER, in eight books of ECCLESIASTICAL
+POLITY, and of all the other Treatises which were written by the same
+Author. With an Account of his Life. By a Divine of the Church of
+England. _London_, 1705."
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE
+OF
+MR. GEORGE HERBERT,
+PREBENDARY OF SALISBURY CATHEDRAL.
+
+  "Where with a soul composed of harmonies,
+  Like a sweet swan, he warbles as he dies
+  His Maker's praise, and his own obsequies."
+
+    --COTTON.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+TO THE
+LIFE OF GEORGE HERBERT.
+
+
+[Sidenote: A box of ointment]
+
+In a late retreat from the business of this world, and those many
+little cares with which I have too often cumbered myself, I fell into
+a contemplation of some of those historical passages that are recorded
+in Sacred Story: and more particularly of what had passed betwixt our
+blessed Saviour and that wonder of Women, and Sinners, and Mourners,
+St. Mary Magdalen. I call her Saint, because I did not then, nor do
+now consider her, as when she was possessed with seven devils; not as
+when her wanton eyes and dishevelled hair were designed and managed
+to charm and ensnare amorous beholders. But I did then, and do now
+consider her, as after she had expressed a visible and sacred sorrow
+for her sensualities; as after those eyes had wept such a flood of
+penitential tears as did wash, and that hair had wiped, and she most
+passionately kissed the feet of her's and our blessed Jesus. And I do
+now consider, that because she loved much, not only much was forgiven
+her: but that beside that blessed blessing of having her sins
+pardoned, and the joy of knowing her happy condition, she also had
+from him a testimony, that her alabaster box of precious ointment
+poured on his head and feet, and that spikenard, and those spices
+that were by her dedicated to embalm and preserve his sacred body
+from putrefaction, should so far preserve her own memory, that these
+demonstrations of her sanctified love, and of her officious and
+generous gratitude, should be recorded and mentioned wheresoever his
+Gospel should be read; intending thereby, that as his, so her name,
+should also live to succeeding generations, even till time itself
+shall be no more.
+
+[Sidenote: Reasons for this Life]
+
+Upon occasion of which fair example, I did lately look back, and not
+without some content,--at least to myself,--that I have endeavoured to
+deserve the love, and preserve the memory, of my two deceased friends,
+Dr. Donne, and Sir Henry Wotton, by declaring the several employments
+and various accidents of their lives. And though Mr. George
+Herbert--whose Life I now intend to write--were to me a stranger as to
+his person, for I have only seen him; yet since he was, and was worthy
+to be, their friend, and very many of his have been mine, I judge it
+may not be unacceptable to those that knew any of them in their
+lives, or do now know them by mine, or their own writings, to see this
+conjunction of them after their deaths; without which, many things
+that concerned them, and some things that concerned the age in which
+they lived, would be less perfect, and lost to posterity.
+
+For these reasons I have undertaken it; and if I have prevented any
+abler person, I beg pardon of him and my Reader.
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE
+OF
+MR. GEORGE HERBERT.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Birth and family]
+
+George Herbert was born the Third day of April, in the Year of our
+Redemption 1593. The place of his birth was near to the Town of
+Montgomery, and in that Castle[1] that did then bear the name of that
+Town and County; that Castle was then a place of state and strength,
+and had been successively happy in the Family of the Herberts, who
+had long possessed it; and with it, a plentiful estate, and hearts
+as liberal to their poor neighbours. A family, that hath been blessed
+with men of remarkable wisdom, and a willingness to serve their
+country, and, indeed, to do good to all mankind; for which they
+are eminent: But alas! this family did in the late rebellion suffer
+extremely in their estates; and the heirs of that Castle saw it laid
+level with that earth, that was too good to bury those wretches that
+were the cause of it.
+
+[Sidenote: Father and mother]
+
+The Father of our George was Richard Herbert, the son of Edward
+Herbert, Knight, the son of Richard Herbert, Knight, the son of the
+famous Sir Richard Herbert of Colebrook, in the County of Monmouth,
+Banneret, who was the youngest brother of that memorable William
+Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, that lived in the reign of our King Edward
+the Fourth.
+
+His Mother was Magdalen Newport, the youngest daughter of Sir Richard,
+and sister to Sir Francis Newport of High-Arkall, in the County of
+Salop, Knight, and grandfather of Francis Lord Newport, now Controller
+of his Majesty's Household. A family that for their loyalty have
+suffered much in their estates, and seen the ruin of that excellent
+structure, where their ancestors have long lived, and been memorable
+for their hospitality.
+
+[Sidenote: Lord Herbert of Cherbury]
+
+This Mother of George Herbert--of whose person, and wisdom, and virtue
+I intend to give a true account in a seasonable place--was the happy
+Mother of seven sons and three daughters, which she would often say
+was Job's number, and Job's distribution; and as often bless God, that
+they were neither defective in their shapes, or in their reason;
+and very often reprove them that did not praise God for so great a
+blessing. I shall give the Reader a short account of their names, and
+not say much of their fortunes. Edward, the eldest, was first made
+Knight of the Bath, at that glorious time of our late Prince Henry's
+being installed Knight of the Garter; after many years' useful travel,
+and the attainment of many languages, he was by King James sent
+Ambassador resident to the then French King, Lewis the thirteenth.
+There he continued about two years; but he could not subject himself
+to a compliance with the humours of the Duke de Luisnes, who was then
+the great and powerful favourite at Court: so that upon a complaint to
+our King, he was called back into England in some displeasure; but at
+his return he gave such an honourable account of his employment, and
+so justified his comportment to the Duke and all the Court, that he
+was suddenly sent back upon the same Embassy, from which he returned
+in the beginning of the reign of our good King Charles the First, who
+made him first Baron of Castle-Island, and not long after of Cherbury,
+in the County of Salop. He was a man of great learning and reason, as
+appears by his printed book "De Veritate," and by his "History of the
+reign of King Henry the Eighth," and by several other tracts.[2]
+
+[Sidenote: Other Herberts]
+
+The second and third brothers were Richard and William, who ventured
+their lives to purchase honour in the wars of the Low Countries, and
+died officers in that employment. Charles was the fourth, and died
+fellow of New College in Oxford. Henry was the sixth, who became
+a menial servant to the Crown in the days of King James, and hath
+continued to be so for fifty years; during all which time he hath been
+Master of the Revels; a place that requires a diligent wisdom, with
+which God hath blessed him. The seventh son was Thomas, who, being
+made captain of a ship in that fleet with which Sir Robert Mansell
+was sent against Algiers, did there shew a fortunate and true English
+valour. Of the three sisters I need not say more, than that they were
+all married to persons of worth, and plentiful fortunes; and lived to
+be examples of virtue, and to do good in their generations.
+
+[Sidenote: George Herbert]
+
+I now come to give my intended account of George, who was the fifth of
+those seven brothers.
+
+George Herbert spent much of his childhood in a sweet content under
+the eye and care of his prudent Mother, and the tuition of a Chaplain,
+or tutor to him and two of his brothers, in her own family,--for she
+was then a widow,--where he continued till about the age of twelve
+years; and being at that time well instructed in the rules of Grammar,
+he was not long after commended to the care of Dr. Neale,[3] who was
+then Dean of Westminster; and by him to the care of Mr. Ireland,[4]
+who was then Chief Master of that School; where the beauties of his
+pretty behaviour and wit shined, and became so eminent and lovely in
+this his innocent age, that he seemed to be marked out for piety, and
+to become the care of Heaven, and of a particular good angel to guard
+and guide him. And thus he continued in that School, till he came
+to be perfect in the learned languages, and especially in the Greek
+tongue, in which he after proved an excellent critic.
+
+[Sidenote: At Cambridge]
+
+About the age of fifteen--he being then a King's Scholar--he was
+elected out of that School for Trinity College in Cambridge, to which
+place he was transplanted about the year 1608; and his prudent Mother,
+well knowing that he might easily lose or lessen that virtue and
+innocence, which her advice and example had planted in his mind, did
+therefore procure the generous and liberal Dr. Nevil,[5] who was then
+Dean of Canterbury, and Master of that College, to take him into his
+particular care, and provide him a tutor; which he did most gladly
+undertake, for he knew the excellencies of his mother, and how to
+value such a friendship.
+
+This was the method of his education, till he was settled in
+Cambridge; where we will leave him in his study, till I have paid my
+promised account of his excellent mother; and I will endeavour to make
+it short.
+
+[Sidenote: Lady Magdalen Herbert]
+
+I have told her birth, her marriage, and the number of her children,
+and have given some short account of them. I shall next tell the
+Reader, that her husband died when our George was about the age of
+four years: I am next to tell, that she continued twelve years a
+widow; that she then married happily to a noble gentleman, the brother
+and heir of the Lord Danvers,[6] Earl of Danby, who did highly value
+both her person and the most excellent endowments of her mind.
+
+[Sidenote: Her character]
+
+[Sidenote: Dr. Donne]
+
+In this time of her widowhood, she being desirous to give Edward, her
+eldest son, such advantages of learning, and other education, as might
+suit his birth and fortune, and thereby make him the more fit for the
+service of his country, did, at his being of a fit age, remove from
+Montgomery Castle with him, and some of her younger sons, to Oxford;
+and having entered Edward into Queen's College, and provided him a
+fit tutor, she commended him to his care, yet she continued there
+with him, and still kept him in a moderate awe of herself, and so
+much under her own eye, as to see and converse with him daily: but she
+managed this power over him without any such rigid sourness as might
+make her company a torment to her child; but with such a sweetness and
+compliance with the recreations and pleasures of youth, as did incline
+him willingly to spend much of his time in the company of his dear and
+careful mother; which was to her great content: for she would often
+say, "That as our bodies take a nourishment suitable to the meat
+on which we feed; so our souls do as insensibly take in vice by the
+example or conversation with wicked company:" and would therefore
+as often say, "That ignorance of vice was the best preservation of
+virtue; and that the very knowledge of wickedness was as tinder to
+inflame and kindle sin and keep it burning." For these reasons she
+endeared him to her own company, and continued with him in Oxford four
+years; in which time her great and harmless wit, her cheerful gravity,
+and her obliging behaviour, gained her an acquaintance and friendship
+with most of any eminent worth or learning, that were at that time
+in or near that University; and particularly with Mr. John Donne, who
+then came accidentally to that place, in this time of her being
+there. It was that John Donne who was after Dr. Donne, and Dean of St.
+Paul's, London: and he, at his leaving Oxford, writ and left there, in
+verse, a character of the beauties of her body and mind: of the first
+he says,
+
+  No Spring nor Summer-beauty hath such grace
+  As I have seen in an Autumnal face.
+
+Of the latter he says,
+
+  In all her words to every hearer fit,
+  You may at revels, or at council sit.
+
+The rest of her character may be read in his printed poems, in that
+Elegy which bears the name of "The Autumnal Beauty." For both he and
+she were then past the meridian of man's life.
+
+This amity, begun at this time and place, was not an amity that
+polluted their souls; but an amity made up of a chain of suitable
+inclinations and virtues; an amity like that of St. Chrysostom's to
+his dear and virtuous Olympias; whom, in his letters, he calls his
+Saint: or an amity, indeed, more like that of St. Hierome to his
+Paula; whose affection to her was such, that he turned poet in his old
+age, and then made her epitaph: wishing all his body were turned into
+tongues, that he might declare her just praises to posterity. And this
+amity betwixt her and Mr. Donne was begun in a happy time for him, he
+being then near to the fortieth year of his age,--which was some years
+before he entered into Sacred Orders;--a time when his necessities
+needed a daily supply for the support of his wife, seven children,
+and a family. And in this time she proved one of his most bountiful
+benefactors; and he as grateful an acknowledger of it. You may take
+one testimony for what I have said of these two worthy persons, from
+this following Letter and Sonnet.
+
+[Sidenote: Letter and Sonnet]
+
+"MADAM,
+
+"Your favours to me are every where: I use them and have them. I enjoy
+them at London, and leave them there; and yet find them at Mitcham.
+Such riddles as these become things inexpressible; and such is your
+goodness. I was almost sorry to find your servant here this day;
+because I was loath to have any witness of my not coming home last
+night, and indeed of my coming this morning. But my not coming was
+excusable, because earnest business detained me; and my coming this
+day is by the example of your St. Mary Magdalen, who rose early upon
+Sunday to seek that which she loved most; and so did I. And, from her
+and myself, I return such thanks as are due to one, to whom we owe all
+the good opinion, that they, whom we need most, have of us. By this
+messenger, and on this good day, I commit the inclosed Holy Hymns and
+Sonnets--which for the matter, not the workmanship, have yet escaped
+the fire--to your judgment, and to your protection too, if you think
+them worthy of it; and I have appointed this inclosed Sonnet to usher
+them to your happy hand.
+
+             "Your unworthiest servant,
+  Unless your accepting him to be so have mended him,
+                    Jo. DONNE.
+
+"Mitcham, July 11, 1607."
+
+TO THE LADY MAGDALEN HERBERT: OF ST. MARY MAGDALEN.
+
+  Her of your name, whose fair inheritance
+    Bethina was, and jointure Magdalo,
+  An active faith so highly did advance,
+    That she once knew more than the Church did know,
+  The Resurrection! so much good there is
+    Delivered of her, that some Fathers be
+  Loth to believe one woman could do this:
+    But think these Magdalens were two or three.
+  Increase their number, Lady, and their fame:
+    To their devotion add your innocence:
+  Take so much of th' example, as of the name;
+    The latter half; and in some recompense
+  That they did harbour Christ himself, a guest,
+    Harbour these Hymns, to his dear name addrest.
+  J.D.
+
+These Hymns are now lost to us; but doubtless they were such as they
+two now sing in Heaven.
+
+[Sidenote: Her Funeral Sermon]
+
+There might be more demonstrations of the friendship, and the many
+sacred endearments betwixt these two excellent persons,--for I have
+many of their letters in my hand,--and much more might be said of her
+great prudence and piety: but my design was not to write her's, but
+the life of her son; and therefore I shall only tell my Reader, that
+about that very day twenty years that this letter was dated, and sent
+her, I saw and heard this Mr. John Donne--who was then Dean of St.
+Paul's--weep, and preach her Funeral Sermon, in the Parish Church
+of Chelsea, near London, where she now rests in her quiet grave: and
+where we must now leave her, and return to her son George, whom we
+left in his study in Cambridge. And in Cambridge we may find our
+George Herbert's behaviour to be such, that we may conclude he
+consecrated the first-fruits of his early age to virtue, and a serious
+study of learning. And that he did so, this following Letter and
+Sonnet, which were, in the first year of his going to Cambridge,
+sent his dear Mother for a New-year's gift, may appear to be some
+testimony.
+
+[Sidenote: A Letter]
+
+--"But I fear the heat of my late ague hath dried up those springs,
+by which scholars say the Muses use to take up their habitations.
+However, I need not their help to reprove the vanity of those many
+love-poems, that are daily writ, and consecrated to Venus; nor to
+bewail that so few are writ, that look towards God and Heaven. For my
+own part, my meaning--dear Mother--is, in these Sonnets, to declare my
+resolution to be, that my poor abilities in Poetry, shall be all and
+ever consecrated to God's glory: and I beg you to receive this as one
+testimony."
+
+[Sidenote: and Sonnets]
+
+  My God, where is that ancient heat towards thee,
+    Wherewith whole shoals of Martyrs once did burn,
+    Besides their other flames? Doth Poetry
+  Wear Venus' livery? only serve her turn?
+  Why are not Sonnets made of thee? and lays
+    Upon thine altar burnt? Cannot thy love
+    Heighten a spirit to sound out thy praise
+  As well as any she? Cannot thy Dove
+  Outstrip their Cupid easily in flight?
+    Or, since thy ways are deep, and still the same,
+    Will not a verse run smooth that bears thy name?
+  Why doth that fire, which by thy power and might
+    Each breast does feel, no braver fuel choose
+    Than that, which one day, worms may chance refuse?
+  Sure, Lord, there is enough in thee to dry
+    Oceans of ink; for as the Deluge did
+    Cover the Earth, so doth thy Majesty;
+  Each cloud distils thy praise, and doth forbid
+  Poets to turn it to another use.
+    Roses and lilies speak Thee; and to make
+    A pair of cheeks of them, is thy abuse.
+  Why should I women's eyes for crystal take?
+  Such poor invention burns in their low mind
+    Whose fire is wild, and doth not upward go
+    To praise, and on thee, Lord, some ink bestow.
+  Open the bones, and you shall nothing find
+   In the best face but filth; when, Lord, in Thee
+   The beauty lies in the discovery.
+  G.H.
+
+This was his resolution at the sending this letter to his dear Mother,
+about which time he was in the seventeenth year of his age: and as he
+grew older, so he grew in learning, and more and more in favour both
+with God and man: insomuch that, in this morning of that short day
+of his life, he seemed to be marked out for virtue, and to become the
+care of Heaven; for God still kept his soul in so holy a frame, that
+he may, and ought to be a pattern of virtue to all posterity, and
+especially to his brethren of the Clergy, of which the Reader may
+expect a more exact account in what will follow.
+
+[Sidenote: College honours]
+
+I need not declare that he was a strict student, because, that he was
+so, there will be many testimonies in the future part of his life. I
+shall therefore only tell, that he was made Minor Fellow in the year
+1609, Bachelor of Arts in the year 1611; Major Fellow of the College,
+March 15th, 1615: and that in that year he was also made Master of
+Arts, he being then in the 22nd year of his age; during all which
+time, all, or the greatest diversion from his study, was the practice
+of Music, in which he became a great master; and of which he would
+say, "That it did relieve his drooping spirits, compose his distracted
+thoughts, and raised his weary soul so far above earth, that it gave
+him an earnest of the joys of Heaven, before he possessed them." And
+it may be noticed, that from his first entrance into the College, the
+generous Dr. Nevil was a cherisher of his studies, and such a lover of
+his person, his behaviour, and the excellent endowments of his mind,
+that he took him often into his own company; by which he confirmed his
+native gentleness: and if during his time he expressed any error,
+it was, that he kept himself too much retired, and at too great a
+distance with all his inferiors; and his clothes seemed to prove, that
+he put too great a value on his parts and parentage.
+
+[Sidenote: Orator]
+
+This may be some account of his disposition, and of the employment of
+his time till he was Master of Arts, which was anno 1615, and in the
+year 1619 he was chosen Orator for the University. His two precedent
+Orators were Sir Robert Naunton,[7] and Sir Francis Nethersole.[8] The
+first was not long after made Secretary of State, and Sir Francis,
+not very long after his being Orator, was made Secretary to the
+Lady Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia. In this place of Orator our George
+Herbert continued eight years; and managed it with as becoming and
+grave a gaiety, as any had ever before or since his time. For "he had
+acquired great learning, and was blessed with a high fancy, a civil
+and sharp wit; and with a natural elegance, both in his behaviour, his
+tongue, and his pen." Of all which there might be very many particular
+evidences; but I will limit myself to the mention of but three.
+
+[Sidenote: Letter to King James]
+
+And the first notable occasion of shewing his fitness for this
+employment of Orator was manifested in a letter to King James, upon
+the occasion of his sending that University his book called "Basilicon
+Doron;"[9] and their Orator was to acknowledge this great honour, and
+return their gratitude to his Majesty for such a condescension; at the
+close of which letter he writ,
+
+  Quid Vaticanam Bodleianamque objicis, hospes!
+    Unicus est nobis Bibliotheca Liber.
+
+This letter was writ in such excellent Latin, was so full of conceits,
+and all the expressions so suited to the genius of the King, that he
+enquired the Orator's name, and then asked William Earl of Pembroke,
+if he knew him? whose answer was, "That he knew him very well, and
+that he was his kinsman; but he loved him more for his learning and
+virtue, than for that he was of his name and family." At which answer
+the King smiled, and asked the Earl leave that he might love him too,
+for he took him to be the jewel of that University.
+
+[Sidenote: Andrew Melville]
+
+[Sidenote: Herbert's answers]
+
+[Sidenote: Lady Arabella Stuart]
+
+The next occasion he had and took to shew his great abilities, was,
+with them, to shew also his great affection to that Church in which he
+received his baptism, and of which he professed himself a member; and
+the occasion was this: There was one Andrew Melvin,[10] a Minister
+of the Scotch Church, and Rector of St. Andrew's; who, by a long
+and constant converse with a discontented part of that Clergy which
+opposed Episcopacy, became at last to be a chief leader of that
+faction; and had proudly appeared to be so to King James, when he was
+but King of that nation, who, the second year after his Coronation in
+England, convened a part of the Bishops, and other learned Divines
+of his Church, to attend him at Hampton-Court, in order to a friendly
+conference with some dissenting brethren, both of this and the Church
+of Scotland: of which Scotch party Andrew Melvin was one; and he being
+a man of learning, and inclined to satirical poetry, had scattered
+many malicious, bitter verses against our Liturgy, our ceremonies, and
+our Church-government; which were by some of that party so magnified
+for the wit, that they were therefore brought into Westminster School,
+where Mr. George Herbert, then, and often after, made such answers to
+them, and such reflections on him and his Kirk, as might unbeguile
+any man that was not too deeply pre-engaged in such a quarrel.--But
+to return to Mr. Melvin at Hampton-Court Conference;[11] he there
+appeared to be a man of an unruly wit, of a strange confidence, of so
+furious a zeal, and of so ungoverned passions, that his insolence to
+the King, and others at this Conference, lost him both his Rectorship
+of St. Andrew's and his liberty too; for his former verses, and his
+present reproaches there used against the Church and State, caused
+him to be committed prisoner to the Tower of London; where he remained
+very angry for three years. At which time of his commitment, he found
+the Lady Arabella[12] an innocent prisoner there; and he pleased
+himself much in sending, the next day after his commitment, these two
+verses to the good lady; which I will underwrite, because they may
+give the Reader a taste of his others, which were like these.
+
+  Causa tibi mecum est communis, carceris, Ara-
+    Bella, tibi causa est, Araque sacra mihi.
+
+I shall not trouble my Reader with an account of his enlargement from
+that prison, or his death; but tell him Mr. Herbert's verses were
+thought so worthy to be preserved, that Dr. Duport,[13] the learned
+Dean of Peterborough, hath lately collected and caused many of them
+to be printed, as an honourable memorial of his friend Mr. George
+Herbert, and the cause he undertook.
+
+[Sidenote: In favour with James]
+
+And in order to my third and last observation of his great abilities,
+it will be needful to declare, that about this time King James came
+very often to hunt at Newmarket and Royston, and was almost as often
+invited to Cambridge, where his entertainment was comedies,[14] suited
+to his pleasant humour; and where Mr. George Herbert was to welcome
+him with gratulations, and the applauses of an Orator; which he always
+performed so well, that he still grew more into the King's favour,
+insomuch that he had a particular appointment to attend his Majesty
+at Royston; where, after a discourse with him, his Majesty declared to
+his kinsman, the Earl of Pembroke, that he found the Orator's learning
+and wisdom much above his age or wit. The year following, the King
+appointed to end his progress at Cambridge, and to stay there certain
+days; at which time he was attended by the great Secretary of
+Nature and all learning, Sir Francis Bacon, Lord Verulam, and by the
+ever-memorable and learned Dr. Andrews, Bishop of Winchester, both
+which did at that time begin a desired friendship with our Orator.
+Upon whom, the first put such a value on his judgment, that he usually
+desired his approbation before he would expose any of his books to
+be printed; and thought him so worthy of his friendship, that having
+translated many of the Prophet David's Psalms into English verse, he
+made George Herbert his patron, by a public dedication of them to him,
+as the best judge of Divine Poetry. And for the learned Bishop, it is
+observable, that at that time there fell to be a modest debate betwixt
+them two about Predestination, and Sanctity of life; of both of which
+the Orator did, not long after, send the Bishop some safe and useful
+aphorisms, in a long letter, written in Greek; which letter was so
+remarkable for the language and reason of it, that, after the reading
+of it, the Bishop put it into his bosom, and did often shew it to many
+Scholars, both of this and foreign nations; but did always return it
+back to the place where he first lodged it, and continued it so near
+his heart till the last day of his life.
+
+[Sidenote: His friends]
+
+To this I might add the long and entire friendship betwixt him and Sir
+Henry Wotton, and Dr. Donne; but I have promised to contract myself,
+and shall therefore only add one testimony to what is also mentioned
+in the Life of Dr. Donne; namely, that a little before his death he
+caused many Seals to be made, and in them to be engraven the figure of
+Christ, crucified on an Anchor,--the emblem of Hope,--and of which Dr.
+Donne would often say, "_Crux mihi anchora_."--These Seals he gave
+or sent to most of those friends on which he put a value: and, at
+Mr. Herbert's death, these verses were found wrapt up with that seal,
+which was by the Doctor given to him;
+
+  When my dear friend could write no more,
+  He gave this _Seal_ and so gave o'er.
+
+  When winds and waves rise highest I am sure,
+  This _Anchor_ keeps my faith, that, me secure.
+
+[Sidenote: His attainments]
+
+At this time of being Orator, he had learned to understand the
+Italian, Spanish, and French tongues very perfectly: hoping, that as
+his predecessors, so he might in time attain the place of a Secretary
+of State, he being at that time very high in the King's favour, and
+not meanly valued and loved by the most eminent and most powerful of
+the Court Nobility. This, and the love of a Court-conversation, mixed
+with a laudable ambition to be something more than he then was, drew
+him often from Cambridge, to attend the King wheresoever the Court
+was, who then gave him a sinecure, which fell into his Majesty's
+disposal, I think, by the death of the Bishop of St. Asaph.[15] It was
+the same that Queen Elizabeth had formerly given to her favourite Sir
+Philip Sidney, and valued to be worth an hundred and twenty pounds per
+annum. With this, and his annuity, and the advantage of his College,
+and of his Oratorship, he enjoyed his genteel humour for clothes, and
+Court-like company, and seldom looked towards Cambridge, unless the
+King were there, but then he never failed; and, at other times, left
+the manage of his Orator's place to his learned friend, Mr. Herbert
+Thorndike, who is now Prebend of Westminster.[16]
+
+[Sidenote: His health]
+
+I may not omit to tell, that he had often designed to leave the
+University, and decline all study, which he thought did impair his
+health; for he had a body apt to a consumption, and to fevers, and
+other infirmities, which he judged were increased by his studies;
+for he would often say, "He had too thoughtful a wit; a wit like a
+penknife in too narrow a sheath, too sharp for his body." But his
+Mother would by no means allow him to leave the University, or to
+travel; and though he inclined very much to both, yet he would by
+no means satisfy his own desires at so dear a rate, as to prove an
+undutiful son to so affectionate a Mother; but did always submit to
+her wisdom. And what I have now said may partly appear in a copy of
+verses in his printed poems; 'tis one of those that bear the title
+of Affliction; and it appears to be a pious reflection on God's
+providence, and some passages of his life, in which he says,
+
+[Sidenote: "Affliction"]
+
+  Whereas my birth and spirit rather took
+    The way that takes the town:
+  Thou didst betray me to a lingering book,
+    And wrapt me in a gown:
+  I was entangled in a world of strife,
+  Before I had the power to change my life.
+
+  Yet, for I threaten'd oft the siege to raise,
+    Not simpering all mine age;
+  Thou often didst with academic praise
+    Melt and dissolve my rage:
+  I took the sweeten'd pill, till I came where
+  I could not go away, nor persevere.
+
+  Yet, lest perchance I should too happy be
+    In my unhappiness,
+  Turning my purge to food, thou throwest me
+    Into more sicknesses.
+  Thus dost thy power cross-bias me, not making
+  Thine own gifts good, yet me from my ways taking.
+
+  Now I am here, what thou wilt do with me
+    None of my books will show.
+  I read, and sigh, and wish I were a tree,
+    For then sure I should grow
+  To fruit or shade, at least some bird would trust
+  Her household with me, and I would be just.
+
+  Yet, though thou troublest me, I must be meek,
+    In weakness must be stout,
+  Well, I will change my service, and go seek
+    Some other master out;
+  Ah, my dear God! though I am clean forgot,
+  Let me not love thee, if I love thee not.
+
+  G.H.
+
+[Sidenote: Retires into Kent]
+
+In this time of Mr. Herbert's attendance and expectation of some good
+occasion to remove from Cambridge to Court, God, in whom there is an
+unseen chain of causes, did in a short time put an end to the lives of
+two of his most obliging and most powerful friends, Lodowick Duke of
+Richmond, and James Marquis of Hamilton; and not long after him King
+James died also, and with them, all Mr. Herbert's Court-hopes: so that
+he presently betook himself to a retreat from London, to a friend
+in Kent, where he lived very privately, and was such a lover of
+solitariness, as was judged to impair his health, more than his study
+had done. In this time of retirement, he had many conflicts with
+himself, whether he should return to the painted pleasures of a
+Court-life, or betake himself to a study of Divinity, and enter into
+Sacred Orders, to which his dear mother had often persuaded him. These
+were such conflicts, as they only can know, that have endured them;
+for ambitious desires, and the outward glory of this world, are not
+easily laid aside; but at last God inclined him to put on a resolution
+to serve at his altar.
+
+[Sidenote: Holy Orders]
+
+He did, at his return to London, acquaint a Court-friend with his
+resolution to enter into Sacred Orders, who persuaded him to alter
+it, as too mean an employment, and too much below his birth, and the
+excellent abilities and endowments of his mind. To whom he replied,
+"It hath been formerly judged that the domestic servants of the King
+of Heaven should be of the noblest families on earth. And though the
+iniquity of the late times have made clergymen meanly valued, and
+the sacred name of priest contemptible; yet I will labour to make it
+honourable, by consecrating all my learning, and all my poor abilities
+to advance the glory of that God that gave them; knowing that I can
+never do too much for him, that hath done so much for me, as to make
+me a Christian. And I will labour to be like my Saviour, by making
+humility lovely in the eyes of all men, and by following the merciful
+and meek example of my dear Jesus."
+
+[Sidenote: Layton Ecclesia]
+
+This was then his resolution; and the God of constancy, who intended
+him for a great example of virtue, continued him in it, for within
+that year he was made Deacon, but the day when, or by whom, I cannot
+learn; but that he was about that time made Deacon, is most certain;
+for I find by the Records of Lincoln, that he was made Prebend of
+Layton Ecclesia, in the Diocese of Lincoln, July 15th, 1626, and that
+this Prebend was given him by John,[17] then Lord Bishop of that See.
+And now he had a fit occasion to shew that piety and bounty that was
+derived from his generous mother, and his other memorable ancestors,
+and the occasion was this.
+
+[Sidenote: Church-building]
+
+This Layton Ecclesia is a village near to Spalden, in the County of
+Huntingdon, and the greatest part of the Parish Church was fallen
+down, and that of it which stood was so decayed, so little, and so
+useless, that the parishioners could not meet to perform their duty
+to God in public prayer and praises; and thus it had been for almost
+twenty years, in which time there had been some faint endeavours for
+a public collection to enable the parishioners to rebuild it; but with
+no success, till Mr. Herbert undertook it; and he, by his own, and
+the contribution of many of his kindred, and other noble friends,
+undertook the re-edification of it; and made it so much his whole
+business, that he became restless till he saw it finished as it now
+stands; being for the workmanship, a costly Mossaic; for the form, an
+exact cross; and for the decency and beauty, I am assured, it is the
+most remarkable Parish Church that this nation affords. He lived to
+see it so wainscotted, as to be exceeded by none; and, by his order,
+the Reading pew and Pulpit were a little distant from each other, and
+both of an equal height; for he would often say, "They should neither
+have a precedency or priority of the other; but that prayer and
+preaching, being equally useful, might agree like brethren, and have
+an equal honour and estimation."
+
+Before I proceed farther, I must look back to the time of Mr.
+Herbert's being made Prebend, and tell the Reader, that not long
+after, his Mother being informed of his intentions to rebuild that
+Church, and apprehending the great trouble and charge that he was like
+to draw upon himself, his relations and friends, before it could
+be finished, sent for him from London to Chelsea,--where she then
+dwelt,--and at his coming, said, "George, I sent for you, to persuade
+you to commit Simony, by giving your patron as good a gift as he has
+given to you; namely, that you give him back his prebend; for, George,
+it is not for your weak body, and empty purse, to undertake to
+build Churches." Of which, he desired he might have a day's time to
+consider, and then make her an answer. And at his return to her the
+next day, when he had first desired her blessing, and she given it
+him, his next request was, "That she would at the age of thirty-three
+years, allow him to become an undutiful son: for he had made a vow to
+God, that, if he were able, he would rebuild that Church." And
+then shewed her such reasons for his resolution, that she presently
+subscribed to be one of his benefactors; and undertook to solicit
+William Earl of Pembroke to become another, who subscribed for fifty
+pounds; and not long after, by a witty and persuasive letter from Mr.
+Herbert, made it fifty pounds more. And in this nomination of some
+of his benefactors, James Duke of Lenox, and his brother, Sir Henry
+Herbert, ought to be remembered; as also the bounty of Mr. Nicholas
+Farrer,[18] and Mr. Arthur Woodnot: the one a gentleman in the
+neighbourhood of Layton, and the other a Goldsmith in Foster Lane,
+London, ought not to be forgotten: for the memory of such men ought to
+outlive their lives. Of Mr. Farrer, I shall hereafter give an account
+in a more seasonable place; but before I proceed farther, I will give
+this short account of Mr. Arthur Woodnot.
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Arthur Woodnot]
+
+He was a man that had considered overgrown estates do often require
+more care and watchfulness to preserve than get them, and considered
+that there be many discontents, that riches cure not; and did
+therefore set limits to himself, as to desire of wealth. And having
+attained so much as to be able to shew some mercy to the poor, and
+preserve a competence for himself, he dedicated the remaining part of
+his life to the service of God, and to be useful to his friends; and
+he proved to be so to Mr. Herbert; for besides his own bounty,
+he collected and returned most of the money that was paid for the
+rebuilding of that Church; he kept all the account of the charges, and
+would often go down to state them, and see all the workmen paid. When
+I have said, that this good man was a useful friend to Mr. Herbert's
+father, and to his mother, and continued to be so to him, till he
+closed his eyes on his death-bed; I will forbear to say more, till I
+have the next fair occasion to mention the holy friendship that was
+betwixt him and Mr. Herbert. From whom Mr. Woodnot carried to his
+mother this following letter, and delivered it to her in a sickness,
+which was not long before that which proved to be her last.
+
+[Sidenote: A Letter]
+
+A Letter of Mr. GEORGE HERBERT to his Mother, In her Sickness."
+
+"MADAM,
+
+"At my last parting from you, I was the better content, because I was
+in hope I should myself carry all sickness out of your family: but
+since I know I did not and that your share continues, or rather
+increaseth, I wish earnestly that I were again with you; and would
+quickly make good my wish, but that my employment does fix me here, it
+being now but a month to our commencement: wherein my absence, by how
+much it naturally augmenteth suspicion, by so much shall it make my
+prayers the more constant and the more earnest for you to the God of
+all consolation.--In the mean time, I beseech you to be cheerful,
+and comfort yourself in the God of all comfort, who is not willing to
+behold any sorrow but for sin.--What hath affliction grievous in it
+more than for a moment? or why should our afflictions here, have
+so much power or boldness as to oppose the hope of our joys
+hereafter?--Madam, as the earth is but a point in respect of the
+heavens, so are earthly troubles compared to heavenly joys; therefore,
+if either age or sickness lead you to those joys, consider what
+advantage you have over youth and health, who are now so near those
+true comforts. Your last letter gave me earthly preferment, and I hope
+kept heavenly for yourself: but would you divide and choose too?
+Our College customs allow not that: and I should account myself most
+happy, if I might change with you; for I have always observed the
+thread of life to be like other threads or skeins of silk, full of
+snarles and incumbrances. Happy is he, whose bottom is wound up, and
+laid ready for work in the New Jerusalem.--For myself, dear Mother, I
+always feared sickness more than death, because sickness hath made me
+unable to perform those offices for which I came into the world, and
+must yet be kept in it; but you are freed from that fear, who have
+already abundantly discharged that part, having both ordered your
+family and so brought up your children, that they have attained to the
+years of discretion, and competent maintenance. So that now, if they
+do not well, the fault cannot be charged on you, whose example
+and care of them will justify you both to the world and your own
+conscience; insomuch that, whether you turn your thoughts on the life
+past, or on the joys that are to come, you have strong preservatives
+against all disquiet. And for temporal afflictions, I beseech you
+consider, all that can happen to you are either afflictions of estate,
+or body, or mind. For those of estate, of what poor regard ought they
+to be? since, if we had riches, we are commanded to give them away: so
+that the best use of them is, having, not to have them. But perhaps,
+being above the common people, our credit and estimation calls on us
+to live in a more splendid fashion: but, O God! how easily is that
+answered, when we consider that the blessings in the holy Scripture
+are never given to the rich, but to the poor. I never find 'Blessed be
+the rich,' or 'Blessed be the noble;' but, 'Blessed be the meek,' and,
+'Blessed be the poor,' and, 'Blessed be the mourners, for they shall
+be comforted.'--And yet, O God! most carry themselves so, as if
+they not only not desired, but even feared to be blessed.--And for
+afflictions of the body, dear Madam, remember the holy Martyrs of God,
+how they have been burned by thousands, and have endured such other
+tortures, as the very mention of them might beget amazement: but their
+fiery trials have had an end; and your's--which, praised be God, are
+less,--are not like to continue long. I beseech you, let such thoughts
+as these moderate your present fear and sorrow; and know that if any
+of yours should prove a Goliah-like trouble, yet you may say with
+David, 'That God, who hath delivered me out of the paws of the lion
+and bear, will also deliver me out of the hands of this uncircumcised
+Philistine.'--Lastly, for those afflictions of the soul; consider that
+God intends that to be as a Sacred Temple for himself to dwell in, and
+will not allow any room there for such an inmate as grief; or allow
+that any sadness shall be his competitor. And, above all, if any care
+of future things molest you, remember those admirable words of the
+Psalmist: 'Cast thy care on the Lord, and he shall nourish thee.'
+[Psal. lv. 22.] To which join that of St. Peter, 'Casting all your
+care on the Lord, for he careth for you.' [1 Pet. v. 7.] What an
+admirable thing is this, that God puts his shoulder to our burden, and
+entertains our care for us, that we may the more quietly intend his
+service! To conclude, let me commend only one place more to you:
+Philipp. iv. 4. St. Paul saith there, 'Rejoice in the Lord always: and
+again I say, rejoice.' He doubles it to take away the scruple of those
+that might say, What, shall we rejoice in afflictions? Yes, I say
+again, rejoice; so that it is not left to us to rejoice, or not
+rejoice; but, whatsoever befalls us, we must always, at all times,
+rejoice in the Lord, who taketh care for us. And it follows in the
+next verses: 'Let your moderation appear to all men: The Lord is at
+hand: Be careful for nothing.' What can be said more comfortably?
+Trouble not yourselves; God is at hand, to deliver us from all, or in
+all.--Dear Madam, pardon my boldness, and accept the good meaning of
+
+     "Your most obedient son,
+
+                 "GEORGE HERBERT.
+
+"_Trin. Coll. May 25th,_ 1622."
+
+[Sidenote: Sickness]
+
+About the year 1629, and the thirty-fourth of his age, Mr. Herbert was
+seized with a sharp quotidian ague, and thought to remove it by the
+change of air; to which end, he went to Woodford in Essex, but thither
+more chiefly to enjoy the company of his beloved brother, Sir Henry
+Herbert, and other friends then of that family. In his house he
+remained about twelve months, and there became his own physician, and
+cured himself of his ague, by forbearing to drink, and not eating any
+meat, no not mutton, nor a hen, or pigeon, unless they were
+salted; and by such a constant diet he removed his ague, but with
+inconveniences that were worse; for he brought upon himself
+a disposition to rheums, and other weaknesses, and a supposed
+consumption. And it is to be noted, that in the sharpest of his
+extreme fits he would often say, "Lord, abate my great affliction, or
+increase my patience: but Lord, I repine not; I am dumb, Lord, before
+thee, because thou doest it." By which, and a sanctified submission to
+the will of God, he shewed he was inclinable to bear the sweet yoke of
+Christian discipline, both then and in the latter part of his life, of
+which there will be many true testimonies.
+
+[Sidenote: At Dauntsey]
+
+And now his care was to recover from his consumption, by a change
+from Woodford into such an air as was most proper to that end. And his
+remove was to Dauntsey in Wiltshire, a noble house, which stands in a
+choice air; the owner of it then was the Lord Danvers, Earl of Danby,
+who loved Mr. Herbert so very much, that he allowed him such an
+apartment in it as might best suit with his accommodation and liking.
+And in this place, by a spare diet, declining all perplexing studies,
+moderate exercise, and a cheerful conversation, his health was
+apparently improved to a good degree of strength and cheerfulness. And
+then he declared his resolution both to marry, and to enter into the
+Sacred Orders of Priesthood. These had long been the desires of his
+Mother, and his other relations; but she lived not to see either, for
+she died in the year 1627. And though he was disobedient to her about
+Layton Church, yet, in conformity to her will, he kept his Orator's
+place till after her death, and then presently declined it; and
+the more willingly, that he might be succeeded by his friend Robert
+Creighton,[19] who now is Dr. Creighton, and the worthy Bishop of
+Wells.
+
+I shall now proceed to his marriage; in order to which, it will be
+convenient that I first give the Reader a short view of his person,
+and then an account of his wife, and of some circumstances concerning
+both.--He was for his person of a stature inclining towards tallness;
+his body was very straight, and so far from being cumbered with too
+much flesh, that he was lean to an extremity. His aspect was cheerful,
+and his speech and motion did both declare him a gentleman; for they
+were all so meek and obliging, that they purchased love and respect
+from all that knew him.
+
+[Sidenote: Jane Danvers]
+
+These, and his other visible virtues, begot him much love from a
+gentleman of a noble fortune, and a near kinsman to his friend the
+Earl of Danby; namely, from Mr. Charles Danvers of Bainton, in the
+County of Wilts, Esq. This Mr. Danvers, having known him long,
+and familiarly, did so much affect him, that he often and publicly
+declared a desire, that Mr. Herbert would marry any of his nine
+daughters,--for he had so many,--but rather his daughter Jane than any
+other, because Jane was his beloved daughter. And he had often said
+the same to Mr. Herbert himself; and that if he could like her for a
+wife, and she him for a husband, Jane should have a double blessing:
+and Mr. Danvers had so often said the like to Jane, and so much
+commended Mr. Herbert to her, that Jane became so much a platonic, as
+to fall in love with Mr. Herbert unseen.
+
+[Sidenote: His marriage]
+
+This was a fair preparation for a marriage; but, alas! her father died
+before Mr. Herbert's retirement to Dauntsey: yet some friends to
+both parties procured their meeting; at which time a mutual affection
+entered into both their hearts, as a conqueror enters into a surprised
+city; and love having got such possession, governed, and made there
+such laws and resolutions, as neither party was able to resist;
+insomuch, that she changed her name into Herbert the third day after
+this first interview.
+
+This haste might in others be thought a love-frenzy, or worse; but
+it was not, for they had wooed so like princes, as to have select
+proxies; such as were true friends to both parties, such as well
+understood Mr. Herbert's and her temper of mind, and also their
+estates, so well before this interview, that the suddenness was
+justifiable by the strictest rules of prudence; and the more, because
+it proved so happy to both parties; for the eternal lover of mankind
+made them happy in each other's mutual and equal affections, and
+compliance; indeed, so happy, that there never was any opposition
+betwixt them, unless it were a contest which should most incline to
+a compliance with the other's desires. And though this begot, and
+continued in them, such a mutual love, and joy, and content, as was no
+way defective; yet this mutual content, and love, and joy, did receive
+a daily augmentation, by such daily obligingness to each other, as
+still added such new affluences to the former fulness of these divine
+souls, as was only improvable in Heaven, where they now enjoy it.
+
+[Sidenote: A presentation]
+
+About three months after this marriage, Dr. Curle, who was then Rector
+of Bemerton, in Wiltshire, was made Bishop of Bath and Wells, and
+not long after translated to Winchester, and by that means the
+presentation of a Clerk to Bemerton did not fall to the Earl of
+Pembroke,--who was the undoubted Patron of it,--but to the King,
+by reason of Dr. Curie's advancement: but Philip, then Earl of
+Pembroke,--for William was lately dead,--requested the King to bestow
+it upon his kinsman George Herbert; and the King said, "Most willingly
+to Mr. Herbert, if it be worth his acceptance;" and the Earl as
+willingly and suddenly sent it him, without seeking. But though Mr.
+Herbert had formerly put on a resolution for the Clergy; yet, at
+receiving this presentation, the apprehension of the last great
+account, that he was to make for the cure of so many souls, made him
+fast and pray often, and consider for not less than a month: in which
+time he had some resolutions to decline both the Priesthood, and that
+living. And in this time of considering, "he endured," as he would
+often say, "such spiritual conflicts, as none can think, but only
+those that have endured them."
+
+[Sidenote: Rector of Bemerton]
+
+In the midst of these conflicts, his old and dear friend, Mr. Arthur
+Woodnot, took a journey to salute him at Bainton,--where he then
+was, with his wife's friends and relations,--and was joyful to be
+an eye-witness of his health and happy marriage. And after they had
+rejoiced together some few days, they took a journey to Wilton, the
+famous seat of the Earls of Pembroke; at which time the King, the
+Earl, and the whole Court were there, or at Salisbury, which is near
+to it. And at this time Mr. Herbert presented his thanks to the Earl,
+for his presentation to Bemerton, but had not yet resolved to accept
+it, and told him the reason why: but that night, the Earl acquainted
+Dr. Laud, then Bishop of London, and after Archbishop of Canterbury,
+with his kinsman's irresolution. And the Bishop did the next day so
+convince Mr. Herbert, that the refusal of it was a sin, that a tailor
+was sent for to come speedily from Salisbury to Wilton, to take
+measure, and make him canonical clothes against next day; which
+the tailor did: and Mr. Herbert being so habited, went with his
+presentation to the learned Dr. Davenant,[20] who was then Bishop of
+Salisbury, and he gave him institution immediately,--for Mr. Herbert
+had been made Deacon some years before,--and he was also the same
+day--which was April 26th, 1630--inducted into the good, and more
+pleasant than healthful, Parsonage of Bemerton; which is a mile from
+Salisbury.
+
+[Sidenote: Preparation]
+
+I have now brought him to the Parsonage of Bemerton,[21] and to the
+thirty-sixth year of his age, and must stop here, and bespeak the
+Reader to prepare for an almost incredible story, of the great
+sanctity of the short remainder of his holy life; a life so full of
+charity, humility, and all Christian virtues, that it deserves the
+eloquence of St. Chrysostom to commend and declare it: a life, that
+if it were related by a pen like his, there would then be no need for
+this age to look back into times past for the examples of primitive
+piety; for they might be all found in the life of George Herbert. But
+now, alas! who is fit to undertake it? I confess I am not; and am not
+pleased with myself that I must; and profess myself amazed, when I
+consider how few of the Clergy lived like him then, and how many live
+so unlike him now. But it becomes not me to censure: my design is
+rather to assure the Reader, that I have used very great diligence to
+inform myself, that I might inform him of the truth of what follows;
+and though I cannot adorn it with eloquence, yet I will do it with
+sincerity.
+
+When at his induction he was shut into Bemerton Church, being left
+there alone to toll the bell,--as the Law requires him,--he staid so
+much longer than an ordinary time, before he returned to those friends
+that staid expecting him at the Church-door, that his friend Mr.
+Woodnot looked in at the Church-window, and saw him lie prostrate on
+the ground before the Altar; at which time and place--as he after told
+Mr. Woodnot--he set some rules to himself, for the future manage of
+his life; and then and there made a vow to labour to keep them.
+
+[Sidenote: and resolutions]
+
+And the same night that he had his induction, he said to Mr. Woodnot,
+"I now look back upon my aspiring thoughts, and think myself more
+happy than if I had attained what then I so ambitiously thirsted for.
+And I now can behold the Court with an impartial eye, and see plainly
+that it is made up of fraud and titles, and flattery, and many other
+such empty, imaginary, painted pleasures; pleasures, that are so
+empty, as not to satisfy when they are enjoyed. But in God, and his
+service, is a fulness of all joy and pleasure, and no satiety. And I
+will now use all my endeavours to bring my relations and dependents to
+a love and reliance on Him, who never fails those that trust him. But
+above all, I will be sure to live well, because the virtuous life of
+a Clergyman is the most powerful eloquence to persuade all that see
+it to reverence and love, and at least to desire to live like him. And
+this I will do, because I know we live in an age that hath more need
+of good examples than precepts. And I beseech that God, who hath
+honoured me so much as to call me to serve him at his altar, that as
+by his special grace he hath put into my heart these good desires
+and resolutions; so he will, by his assisting grace, give me ghostly
+strength to bring the same to good effect. And I beseech him, that my
+humble and charitable life may so win upon others, as to bring glory
+to my Jesus, whom I have this day taken to be my Master and Governor;
+and I am so proud of his service, that I will always observe, and
+obey, and do his will; and always call him, Jesus my Master; and I
+will always contemn my birth, or any title or dignity that can be
+conferred upon me, when I shall compare them with my title of being a
+Priest, and serving at the Altar of Jesus my Master."
+
+[Sidenote: "The Odour"]
+
+And that he did so, may appear in many parts of his book of Sacred
+Poems: especially in that which he calls "The Odour." In which he
+seems to rejoice in the thoughts of that word Jesus, and say, that
+the adding these words, my Master, to it, and the often repetition of
+them, seemed to perfume his mind, and leave an oriental fragrancy in
+his very breath. And for his unforced choice to serve at God's altar,
+he seems in another place of his poems, "The Pearl," (Matt. xiii. 45,
+46,) to rejoice and say--"He knew the ways of learning; knew what
+nature does willingly, and what, when it is forced by fire; knew the
+ways of honour, and when glory inclines the soul to noble expressions;
+knew the Court; knew the ways of pleasure, of love, of wit, of music,
+and upon what terms he declined all these for the service of his
+Master Jesus;" and then concludes, saying,
+
+  That, through these labyrinths, not my grovelling wit,
+  But thy silk twist, let down from Heaven to me,
+  Did both conduct, and teach me, how by it To climb to thee.
+
+[Sidenote: A Priest's Wife]
+
+The third day after he was made Rector of Bemerton, and had changed
+his sword and silk clothes into a canonical coat, he returned so
+habited with his friend Mr. Woodnot to Bainton; and immediately after
+he had seen and saluted his wife, he said to her--"You are now a
+Minister's wife, and must now so far forget your father's house, as
+not to claim a precedence of any of your parishioners; for you are to
+know, that a Priest's wife can challenge no precedence or place, but
+that which she purchases by her obliging humility; and I am sure,
+places so purchased do best become them. And let me tell you, that I
+am so good a Herald, as to assure you that this is truth." And she was
+so meek a wife, as to assure him, "it was no vexing news to her, and
+that he should see her observe it with a cheerful willingness."
+And, indeed, her unforced humility, that humility that was in her so
+original, as to be born with her, made her so happy as to do so; and
+her doing so begot her an unfeigned love, and a serviceable respect
+from all that conversed with her; and this love followed her in all
+places, as inseparably as shadows follow substances in sunshine.
+
+[Sidenote: A parishioner]
+
+It was not many days before he returned back to Bemerton, to view the
+Church, and repair the Chancel: and indeed to rebuild almost three
+parts of his house, which was fallen down, or decayed by reason of his
+predecessor's living at a better Parsonage-house; namely, at Minal,
+sixteen or twenty miles from this place. At which time of Mr.
+Herbert's coming alone to Bemerton, there came to him a poor old
+woman, with an intent to acquaint him with her necessitous condition,
+as also with some troubles of her mind: but after she had spoke some
+few words to him, she was surprised with a fear, and that begot a
+shortness of breath, so that her spirits and speech failed her; which
+he perceiving, did so compassionate her, and was so humble, that he
+took her by the hand, and said, "Speak, good mother; be not afraid to
+speak to me; for I am a man that will hear you with patience; and
+will relieve your necessities too, if I be able: and this I will do
+willingly; and therefore, mother, be not afraid to acquaint me with
+what you desire." After which comfortable speech, he again took her by
+the hand, made her sit down by him, and understanding she was of his
+parish, he told her "He would be acquainted with her, and take her
+into his care." And having with patience heard and understood her
+wants,--and it is some relief for a poor body to be but heard with
+patience,--he, like a Christian Clergyman, comforted her by his meek
+behaviour and counsel: but because that cost him nothing, he relieved
+her with money too, and so sent her home with a cheerful heart,
+praising God, and praying for him. Thus worthy, and--like David's
+blessed man--thus lowly, was Mr. George Herbert in his own eyes, and
+thus lovely in the eyes of others.
+
+At his return that night to his wife at Bainton, he gave her an
+account of the passages betwixt him and the poor woman; with which she
+was affected, that she went next day to Salisbury, and there bought
+a pair of blankets, and sent them as a token of her love to the poor
+woman; and with them a message, "That she would see and be acquainted
+with her, when her house was built at Bemerton."
+
+[Sidenote: Bemerton Parsonage]
+
+There be many such passages both of him and his wife, of which some
+few will be related: but I shall first tell, that he hasted to get
+the Parish-Church repaired; then to beautify the Chapel,--which stands
+near his house,--and that at his own great charge. He then proceeded
+to rebuild the greatest part of the Parsonage-house, which he did
+also very completely, and at his own charge; and having done this
+good work, he caused these verses to be writ upon, or engraven in, the
+mantle of the chimney in his hall.
+
+  TO MY SUCCESSOR.
+
+  If thou chance for to find
+  A new house to thy mind,
+  And built without thy cost;
+    Be good to the poor,
+    As God gives thee store,
+  And then my labour's not lost.
+
+We will now, by the Reader's favour, suppose him fixed at Bemerton,
+and grant him to have seen the Church repaired, and the Chapel
+belonging to it very decently adorned at his own great charge,--which
+is a real truth;--and having now fixed him there, I shall proceed
+to give an account of the rest of his behaviour, both to his
+parishioners, and those many others that knew and conversed with him.
+
+[Sidenote: Ordained Priest]
+
+Doubtless Mr. Herbert had considered, and given rules to himself for
+his Christian carriage both to God and man, before he entered
+into Holy Orders. And 'tis not unlike, but that he renewed those
+resolutions at his prostration before the holy altar, at his induction
+into the Church of Bemerton: but as yet he was but a Deacon, and
+therefore longed for the next Ember-week, that he might be ordained
+Priest, and made capable of administering both the Sacraments. At
+which time the reverend Dr. Humphrey Henchman,[22] now Lord Bishop
+of London,--who does not mention him but with some veneration for
+his life and excellent learning,--tells me, "He laid his hand on Mr.
+Herbert's head, and, alas! within less than three years, lent his
+shoulder to carry his dear friend to his grave."
+
+[Sidenote: "The Country Parson"]
+
+And that Mr. Herbert might the better preserve those holy rules which
+such a Priest as he intended to be, ought to observe; and that time
+might not insensibly blot them out of his memory, but that the next
+year might shew him his variations from this year's resolutions; he
+therefore did set down his rules, then resolved upon, in that order as
+the world now sees them printed in a little book, called "The Country
+Parson;" in which some of his rules are:
+
+  The Parson's knowledge.
+  The Parson on Sundays.
+  The Parson praying.
+  The Parson preaching.
+  The Parson's charity.
+  The Parson comforting the sick.
+  The Parson arguing.
+  The Parson condescending.
+  The Parson in his journey.
+  The Parson in his mirth.
+  The Parson with his Churchwardens.
+  The Parson blessing the people.
+
+And his behaviour towards God and man may be said to be a practical
+comment on these, and the other holy rules set down in that useful
+book: a book so full of plain, prudent, and useful rules, that that
+Country Parson, that can spare twelve pence, and yet wants it, is
+scarce excusable; because it will both direct him what he ought to do,
+and convince him for not having done it.
+
+[Sidenote: First sermon]
+
+At the death of Mr. Herbert, this book fell into the hands of his
+friend Mr. Woodnot; and he commended it into the trusty hands of Mr.
+sermon Barnabas Oley,[23] who published it with a most conscientious
+and excellent preface; from which I have had some of those truths,
+that are related in this life of Mr. Herbert. The text of his first
+Sermon was taken out of Solomon's Proverbs, chap. iv. 23, and the
+words were, "Keep thy heart with all diligence." In which first Sermon
+he gave his Parishioners many necessary, holy, safe rules for the
+discharge of a good conscience, both to God and man; and delivered
+his Sermon after a most florid manner, both with great learning and
+eloquence; but, at the close of this Sermon, told them, "That should
+not be his constant way of preaching; for since Almighty God does not
+intend to lead men to Heaven by hard questions, he would not therefore
+fill their heads with unnecessary notions; but that, for their sakes,
+his language and his expressions should be more plain and practical
+in his future sermons." And he then made it his humble request, "That
+they would be constant to the Afternoon's Service, and Catechising:"
+and shewed them convincing reasons why he desired it; and his obliging
+example and persuasions brought them to a willing conformity to his
+desires.
+
+[Sidenote: Other sermons]
+
+The texts for all his future sermons--which, God knows, were not
+many--were constantly taken out of the Gospel for the day; and he
+did as constantly declare why the Church did appoint that portion
+of Scripture to be that day read; and in what manner the Collect for
+every Sunday does refer to the Gospel, or to the Epistle then read
+to them; and, that they might pray with understanding, he did usually
+take occasion to explain, not only the Collect for every particular
+Sunday, but the reasons of all the other Collects and Responses in our
+Church-service; and made it appear to them, that the whole service of
+the Church was a reasonable, and therefore an acceptable sacrifice
+to God: as namely, that we begin with "Confession of ourselves to be
+vile, miserable sinners;" and that we begin so, because, till we have
+confessed ourselves to be such, we are not capable of that mercy which
+we acknowledge we need, and pray for: but having, in the prayer of
+our Lord, begged pardon for those sins which we have confessed; and
+hoping, that as the Priest hath declared our absolution, so by our
+public confession, and real repentance, we have obtained that pardon;
+then we dare and do proceed to beg of the Lord, "to open our lips,
+that our mouth may shew forth his praise;" for till then we are
+neither able nor worthy to praise him. But this being supposed, we are
+then fit to say, "Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the
+Holy Ghost;" and fit to proceed to a further service of our God, in
+the Collects, and Psalms, and Lauds, that follow in the service.
+
+[Sidenote: Psalms and Lauds]
+
+And as to the Psalms and Lauds, he proceeded to inform them why they
+were so often, and some of them daily, repeated in our Church-service;
+namely, the Psalms every month, because they be an historical and
+thankful repetition of mercies past, and such a composition of prayers
+and praises, as ought to be repeated often, and publicly; for with
+such sacrifice God is honoured and well-pleased. This for the Psalms.
+
+[Sidenote: His teaching]
+
+And for the Hymns and Lauds appointed to be daily repeated or sung
+after the first and second Lessons are read to the congregation; he
+proceeded to inform them, that it was most reasonable, after they have
+heard the will and goodness of God declared or preached by the Priest
+in his reading the two chapters, that it was then a seasonable duty
+to rise up, and express their gratitude to Almighty God, for those his
+mercies to them, and to all mankind; and then to say with the Blessed
+Virgin, "that their souls do magnify the Lord, and that their spirits
+do also rejoice in God their Saviour:" and that it was their duty also
+to rejoice with Simeon in his song, and say with him, "That their eyes
+have" also "seen their salvation;" for they have seen that salvation
+which was but prophesied till his time: and he then broke out into
+these expressions of joy that he did see it; but they live to see it
+daily in the history of it, and therefore ought daily to rejoice, and
+daily to offer up their sacrifices of praise to their God, for that
+particular mercy. A service, which is now the constant employment of
+that Blessed Virgin and Simeon, and all those blessed Saints that are
+possessed of Heaven: and where they are at this time interchangeably
+and constantly singing, "Holy, holy, holy, Lord God; glory be to God
+on high, and on earth peace." And he taught them, that to do this was
+an acceptable service to God, because the Prophet David says in his
+Psalms, "He that praiseth the Lord honoureth him."
+
+He made them to understand how happy they be that are freed from the
+incumbrances of that law which our forefathers groaned under: namely,
+from the legal sacrifices, and from the many ceremonies of the
+Levitical law; freed from Circumcision, and from the strict
+observation of the Jewish Sabbath, and the like. And he made them
+know, that having received so many and so great blessings, by being
+born since the days of our Saviour, it must be an acceptable sacrifice
+to Almighty God, for them to acknowledge those blessings daily, and
+stand up and worship, and say as Zacharias did, "Blessed be the Lord
+God of Israel, for he hath--in our days--visited and redeemed his
+people; and he hath--in our days--remembered, and shewed that mercy,
+which by the mouth of the Prophets, he promised to our forefathers;
+and this he has done according to his holy covenant made with them."
+And he made them to understand that we live to see and enjoy
+the benefit of it, in his Birth, in his Life, his Passion, his
+Resurrection, and Ascension into Heaven, where he now sits sensible of
+all our temptations and infirmities; and where he is at this present
+time making intercession for us, to his and our Father: and therefore
+they ought daily to express their public gratulations, and say daily
+with Zacharias, "Blessed be the Lord God of Israel, that hath thus
+visited and thus redeemed his people."--These were some of the
+reasons, by which Mr. Herbert instructed his congregation for the
+use of the Psalms and Hymns appointed to be daily sung or said in the
+Church-service.
+
+[Sidenote: Prayers]
+
+He informed them also, when the Priest did pray only for the
+congregation, and not for himself; and when they did only pray for
+him; as namely, after the repetition of the Creed before he proceeds
+to pray the Lord's Prayer, or any of the appointed Collects, the
+Priest is directed to kneel down, and pray for them, saying, "The
+Lord be with you;" and when they pray for him, saying, "And with thy
+spirit;" and then they join together in the following Collects: and
+he assured them, that when there is such mutual love, and such joint
+prayers offered for each other, then the holy Angels look down
+from Heaven, and are ready to carry such charitable desires to God
+Almighty, and he as ready to receive them; and that a Christian
+congregation calling thus upon God with one heart, and one voice, and
+in one reverent and humble posture, looks as beautifully as Jerusalem,
+that is at peace with itself.
+
+[Sidenote: Mode of worship]
+
+He instructed them also why the prayer of our Lord was prayed often
+in every full service of the Church; namely, at the conclusion of the
+several parts of that service; and prayed then, not only because it
+was composed and commanded by our Jesus that made it, but as a perfect
+pattern for our less perfect forms of prayer, and therefore fittest to
+sum up and conclude all our imperfect petitions.
+
+He instructed them also, that as by the second Commandment we are
+required not to bow down to, or worship an idol, or false god; so,
+by the contrary rule, we are to bow down and kneel, or stand up and
+worship the true God. And he instructed them why the Church required
+the congregation to stand up at the repetition of the Creeds; namely,
+because they thereby declare both their obedience to the Church, and
+an assent to that faith into which they had been baptized. And he
+taught them, that in that shorter Creed or Doxology, so often repeated
+daily, they also stood up to testify their belief to be, that "the God
+that they trusted in was one God, and three persons; the Father, the
+Son, and the Holy Ghost; to whom they and the Priest gave glory." And
+because there had been heretics that had denied some of those three
+persons to be God, therefore the congregation stood up and honoured
+him, by confessing and saying, "It was so in the beginning, is now so,
+and shall ever be so world without end." And all gave their assent to
+this belief, by standing up and saying, Amen.
+
+[Sidenote: Commemorations]
+
+He instructed them also what benefit they had by the Church's
+appointing the celebration of holidays and the excellent use of them,
+namely, that they were set apart for particular commemorations of
+particular mercies received from Almighty God; and--as Reverend Mr.
+Hooker says--to be the landmarks to distinguish times; for by them we
+are taught to take notice how time passes by us, and that we ought
+not to let the years pass without a celebration of praise for those
+mercies which those days give us occasion to remember, and therefore
+they were to note that the year is appointed to begin the 25th day
+of March; a day in which we commemorate the Angel's appearing to the
+Blessed Virgin, with the joyful tidings that "she should conceive and
+bear a son, that should be the Redeemer of mankind." And she did so
+forty weeks after this joyful salutation; namely, at our Christmas:
+a day in which we commemorate his Birth with joy and praise: and
+that eight days after this happy birth we celebrate his Circumcision;
+namely, in that which we call New-year's day. And that, upon that day
+which we call Twelfth-day, we commemorate the manifestation of the
+unsearchable riches of Jesus to the Gentiles: and that that day we
+also celebrate the memory of his goodness in sending a star to guide
+the three Wise Men from the East to Bethlehem, that they might there
+worship, and present him with their oblations of gold, frankincense,
+and myrrh. And he--Mr. Herbert--instructed them, that Jesus was forty
+days after his birth presented by his blessed Mother in the Temple;
+namely, on that day which we call, "The Purification of the Blessed
+Virgin, Saint Mary."
+
+[Sidenote: Other instructions]
+
+And he instructed them, that by the Lent-fast we imitate and
+commemorate our Saviour's humiliation in fasting forty days; and
+that we ought to endeavour to be like him in purity: and that on
+Good Friday we commemorate and condole his Crucifixion; and at Easter
+commemorate his glorious Resurrection. And he taught them, that after
+Jesus had manifested himself to his Disciples to be "that Christ that
+was crucified, dead and buried;" and by his appearing and conversing
+with his Disciples for the space of forty days after his Resurrection,
+he then, and not till then, ascended into Heaven in the sight of those
+Disciples; namely, on that day which we call the Ascension, or Holy
+Thursday. And that we then celebrate the performance of the promise
+which he made to his Disciples at or before his Ascension; namely,
+"that though he left them, yet he would send them the Holy Ghost to
+be their Comforter;" and that he did so on that day which the Church
+calls Whitsunday.--Thus the Church keeps an historical and circular
+commemoration of times, as they pass by us; of such times as ought to
+incline us to occasional praises, for the particular blessings which
+we do, or might receive, by those holy commemorations.
+
+[Sidenote: His own practice]
+
+He made them know also why the Church hath appointed Ember-weeks; and
+to know the reason why the Commandments, and the Epistles and Gospels,
+were to be read at the Altar or Communion Table: why the Priest was to
+pray the Litany kneeling; and why to pray some Collects standing: and
+he gave them many other observations, fit for his plain congregation,
+but not fit for me now to mention; for I must set limits to my pen,
+and not make that a treatise, which I intended to be a much shorter
+account than I have made it: but I have done, when I have told the
+Reader, that he was constant in catechising every Sunday in the
+afternoon, and that his catechising was after his Second Lesson,
+and in the pulpit; and that he never exceeded his half hour, and was
+always so happy as to have an obedient and a full congregation.
+
+And to this I must add, that if he were at any time too zealous in his
+Sermons, it was in reproving the indecencies of the people's behaviour
+in the time of divine service; and of those Ministers that huddle up
+the Church-prayers, without a visible reverence and affection; namely,
+such as seemed to say the Lord's prayer, or a Collect in a breath. But
+for himself, his custom was to stop betwixt every Collect, and give
+the people time to consider what they had prayed, and to force
+their desires affectionately to God, before he engaged them into new
+petitions.
+
+[Sidenote: "Mr. Herbert's Saint's-bell"]
+
+And by this account of his diligence to make his parishioners
+understand what they prayed, and why they praised and adored their
+Creator, I hope I shall the more easily obtain the Reader's belief
+to the following account of Mr. Herbert's own practice; which was to
+appear constantly with his wife and three nieces--the daughters of
+a deceased sister--and his whole family, twice every day at
+the Church-prayers in the Chapel, which does almost join to his
+Parsonage-house. And for the time of his appearing, it was strictly at
+the canonical hours of ten and four: and then and there he lifted up
+pure and charitable hands to God in the midst of the congregation. And
+he would joy to have spent that time in that place, where the honour
+of his Master Jesus dwelleth; and there, by that inward devotion which
+he testified constantly by an humble behaviour and visible adoration,
+he, like Joshua, brought not only "his own household thus to serve the
+Lord;" but brought most of his parishioners, and many gentlemen in the
+neighbourhood, constantly to make a part of his congregation twice
+a day: and some of the meaner sort of his parish did so love and
+reverence Mr. Herbert, that they would let their plough rest when Mr.
+Herbert's Saint's-bell rung to prayers, that they might also offer
+their devotions to God with him; and would then return back to their
+plough. And his most holy life was such, that it begot such reverence
+to God, and to him, that they thought themselves the happier, when
+they carried Mr. Herbert's blessing back with them to their labour.
+Thus powerful was his reason and example to persuade others to a
+practical piety and devotion.
+
+And his constant public prayers did never make him to neglect his own
+private devotions, nor those prayers that he thought himself bound to
+perform with his family, which always were a set form, and not long;
+and he did always conclude them with a Collect which the Church hath
+appointed for the day or week.--Thus he made every day's sanctity a
+step towards that kingdom, where impurity cannot enter.
+
+[Sidenote: Music]
+
+His chiefest recreation was Music, in which heavenly art he was a
+most excellent master, and did himself compose many Divine Hymns and
+Anthems, which he set and sung to his lute or viol: and though he was
+a lover of retiredness, yet his love to Music was such, that he went
+usually twice every week, on certain appointed days, to the Cathedral
+Church in Salisbury; and at his return would say, "That his time spent
+in prayer, and Cathedral-music, elevated his soul, and was his Heaven
+upon earth." But before his return thence to Bemerton, he would
+usually sing and play his part at an appointed private Music-meeting;
+and, to justify this practice, he would often say, "Religion does not
+banish mirth, but only moderates and sets rules to it."
+
+And as his desire to enjoy his Heaven upon earth drew him twice every
+week to Salisbury, so his walks thither were the occasion of many
+happy accidents to others; of which I will mention some few.
+
+In one of his walks to Salisbury he overtook a gentleman, that is
+still living in that City; and in their walk together, Mr. Herbert
+took a fair occasion to talk with him, and humbly begged to be
+excused, if he asked him some account of his faith; and said, "I
+do this the rather, because though you are not of my parish, yet I
+receive tythe from you by the hand of your tenant; and, Sir, I am the
+bolder to do it, because I know there be some sermon-hearers that be
+like those fishes, that always live in salt water, and yet are always
+fresh."
+
+After which expression, Mr. Herbert asked him some needful questions,
+and having received his answer, gave him such rules for the trial of
+his sincerity, and for a practical piety, and in so loving and meek
+a manner, that the gentleman did so fall in love with him, and his
+discourse, that he would often contrive to meet him in his walk to
+Salisbury, or to attend him back to Bemerton; and still mentions the
+name of Mr. George Herbert with veneration, and still praiseth God for
+the occasion of knowing him.
+
+[Sidenote: The cure for indifference]
+
+In another of his Salisbury walks, he met with a neighbour Minister;
+and after some friendly discourse betwixt them, and some condolement
+for the decay of piety, and too general contempt of the Clergy, Mr.
+Herbert took occasion to say,
+
+"One cure for these distempers would be, for the Clergy themselves to
+keep the Ember-weeks strictly, and beg of their parishioners to join
+with them in fasting and prayers for a more religious Clergy.
+
+"And another cure would be, for themselves to restore the great and
+neglected duty of Catechising, on which the Salvation of so many of
+the poor and ignorant lay-people does depend; but principally, that
+the Clergy themselves would be sure to live unblameably; and that
+the dignified Clergy especially which preach temperance, would avoid
+surfeiting and take all occasions to express a visible humility and
+charity in their lives; for this would force a love and an imitation,
+and an unfeigned reverence from all that knew them to be such." (And
+for proof of this, we need no other testimony than the life and death
+of Dr. Lake,[24] late Lord Bishop of Bath and Wells.) "This," said Mr.
+Herbert, "would be a cure for the wickedness and growing Atheism of
+our age. And, my dear brother, till this be done by us, and done in
+earnest, let no man expect a reformation of the manners of the Laity;
+for 'tis not learning, but this, this only that must do it; and, till
+then, the fault must lie at our doors."
+
+[Sidenote: The Good Samaritan]
+
+In another walk to Salisbury, he saw a poor man with a poorer horse,
+that was fallen under his load: they were both in distress, and needed
+present help; which Mr. Herbert perceiving, put off his canonical
+coat, and helped the poor man to unload, and after to load, his horse.
+The poor man blessed him for it, and he blessed the poor man; and was
+so like the Good Samaritan, that he gave him money to refresh both
+himself and his horse; and told him, "That if he loved himself he
+should be merciful to his beast." Thus he left the poor man: and at
+his coming to his musical friends at Salisbury, they began to wonder
+that Mr. George Herbert, which used to be so trim and clean, came into
+that company so soiled and discomposed: but he told them the occasion.
+And when one of the company told him "He had disparaged himself by so
+dirty an employment," his answer was, "That the thought of what he had
+done would prove music to him at midnight; and that the omission of it
+would have upbraided and made discord in his conscience, whensoever he
+should pass by that place: for if I be bound to pray for all that be
+in distress, I am sure that I am bound, so far as it is in my power,
+to practice what I pray for. And though I do not wish for the like
+occasion every day, yet let me tell you, I would not willingly pass
+one day of my life without comforting a sad soul, or shewing
+mercy; and I praise God for this occasion. And now let's tune our
+instruments."
+
+Thus, as our blessed Saviour, after his Resurrection, did take
+occasion to interpret the Scripture to Cleopas, and that other
+Disciple, which he met with and accompanied in their journey to
+Emmaus; so Mr. Herbert, in his path toward Heaven, did daily take any
+fair occasion to instruct the ignorant, or comfort any that were in
+affliction; and did always confirm his precepts, by shewing humility
+and mercy, and ministering grace to the hearers.
+
+[Sidenote: Mrs. Herbert]
+
+[Sidenote: His charity]
+
+And he was most happy in his wife's unforced compliance with his acts
+of Charity, whom he made his almoner, and paid constantly into her
+hand, a tenth penny of what money he received for tythe, and gave her
+power to dispose that to the poor of his parish, and with it a power
+to dispose a tenth part of the corn that came yearly into his barn:
+which trust she did most faithfully perform, and would often offer to
+him an account of her stewardship, and as often beg an enlargement of
+his bounty; for she rejoiced in the employment: and this was usually
+laid out by her in blankets and shoes for some such poor people as she
+knew to stand in most need of them. This as to her charity.--And for
+his own, he set no limits to it: nor did ever turn his face from
+any that he saw in want, but would relieve them; especially his poor
+neighbours; to the meanest of whose houses he would go, and inform
+himself of their wants, and relieve them cheerfully, if they were in
+distress; and would always praise God, as much for being willing, as
+for being able to do it. And when he was advised by a friend to be
+more frugal, because he might have children, his answer was, "He would
+not see the danger of want so far off: but being the Scripture does
+so commend Charity, as to tell us that Charity is the top of Christian
+virtues, the covering of sins, the fulfilling of the Law, the Life of
+Faith; and that Charity hath a promise of the blessings of this life,
+and of a reward in that life which is to come: being these, and more
+excellent things are in Scripture spoken of thee, O Charity! and that,
+being all my tythes and Church-dues are a deodate from thee, O my God!
+make me, O my God! so far to trust thy promise, as to return them back
+to thee; and by thy grace I will do so, in distributing them to any
+of thy poor members that are in distress, or do but bear the image
+of Jesus my Master." "Sir," said he to his friend, "my wife hath a
+competent maintenance secured after my death; and therefore, as
+this is my prayer, so this my resolution shall, by God's grace, be
+unalterable."
+
+[Sidenote: His illness]
+
+This may be some account of the excellencies of the active part of his
+life; and thus he continued, till a consumption so weakened him, as to
+confine him to his house, or to the Chapel, which does almost join to
+it; in which he continued to read prayers constantly twice every day,
+though he were very weak: in one of which times of his reading, his
+wife observed him to read in pain, and told him so, and that it wasted
+his spirits, and weakened him; and he confessed it did, but said, his
+"life could not be better spent, than in the service of his Master
+Jesus, who had done and suffered so much for him. But," said he, "I
+will not be wilful; for though my spirit be willing, yet I find my
+flesh is weak; and therefore Mr. Bostock shall be appointed to read
+prayers for me to-morrow; and I will now be only a hearer of them,
+till this mortal shall put on immortality." And Mr. Bostock did
+the next day undertake and continue this happy employment, till Mr.
+Herbert's death. This Mr. Bostock was a learned and virtuous man,
+an old friend of Mr. Herbert's, and then his Curate to the Church of
+Fulston, which is a mile from Bemerton, to which Church Bemerton is
+but a Chapel of Ease. And this Mr. Bostock did also constantly
+supply the Church-service for Mr. Herbert in that Chapel, when the
+Music-meeting at Salisbury caused his absence from it.
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Edward Duncon]
+
+About one month before his death, his friend Mr. Farrer,--for an
+account of whom I am by promise indebted to the Reader, and intend to
+make him sudden payment,--hearing of Mr. Herbert's sickness, sent
+Mr. Edmund Duncon--who is now Rector of Friar Barnet in the County of
+Middlesex--from his house of Gidden Hall, which is near to Huntingdon,
+to see Mr. Herbert, and to assure him, he wanted not his daily prayers
+for his recovery; and Mr. Duncon was to return back to Gidden, with an
+account of Mr. Herbert's condition. Mr. Duncon found him weak, and
+at that time lying on his bed, or on a pallet; but at his seeing
+Mr. Duncon he raised himself vigorously, saluted him, and with some
+earnestness enquired the health of his brother Farrer; of which Mr.
+Duncon satisfied him, and after some discourse of Mr. Farrer's holy
+life, and the manner of his constant serving God, he said to Mr.
+Duncon,--"Sir, I see by your habit that you are a Priest, and I desire
+you to pray with me:" which being granted, Mr. Duncon asked him, "What
+prayers?" To which Mr. Herbert's answer was, "O, Sir! the prayers of
+my Mother, the Church of England: no other prayers are equal to them!
+But at this time, I beg of you to pray only the Litany, for I am
+weak and faint:" and Mr. Duncon did so. After which, and some other
+discourse of Mr. Farrer, Mrs. Herbert provided Mr. Duncon a plain
+supper, and a clean lodging, and he betook himself to rest. This Mr.
+Duncon tells me; and tells me, that, at his first view of Mr. Herbert,
+he saw majesty and humility so reconciled in his looks and behaviour,
+as begot in him an awful reverence for his person; and says, "his
+discourse was so pious, and his motion so genteel and meek, that after
+almost forty years, yet they remain still fresh in his memory."
+
+The next morning Mr. Duncon left him, and betook himself to a journey
+to Bath, but with a promise to return back to him within five days;
+and he did so: but before I shall say any thing of what discourse then
+fell betwixt them two, I will pay my promised account of Mr. Farrer.
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Nicholas Ferrer]
+
+[Sidenote: Little Gidden]
+
+Mr. Nicholas Farrer--who got the reputation of being called Saint
+Nicholas at the age of six years--was born in London, and doubtless
+had good education in his youth; but certainly was, at an early age,
+made Fellow of Clare-Hall in Cambridge; where he continued to
+be eminent for his piety, temperance, and learning. About the
+twenty-sixth year of his age, he betook himself to travel: in which
+he added, to his Latin and Greek, a perfect knowledge of all the
+languages spoken in the Western parts of our Christian world; and
+understood well the principles of their Religion, and of their manner,
+and the reasons of their worship. In this his travel he met with many
+persuasions to come into a communion with that church which calls
+itself Catholic: but he returned from his travels as he went, eminent
+for his obedience to his mother, the Church of England. In his absence
+from England, Mr. Farrer's father--who was a merchant--allowed him a
+liberal maintenance; and, not long after his return into England, Mr.
+Farrer had, by the death of his father, or an elder brother, or both,
+an estate left him, that enabled him to purchase land to the value of
+four or five hundred pounds a year; the greatest part of which land
+was at Little Gidden, four or six miles from Huntingdon, and about
+eighteen from Cambridge; which place he chose for the privacy of it,
+and for the Hall, which had the Parish-Church or Chapel, belonging
+and adjoining near to it; for Mr. Farrer, having seen the manners and
+vanities of the world, and found them to be, as Mr. Herbert says, "a
+nothing between two dishes," did so contemn it, that he resolved to
+spend the remainder of his life in mortifications, and in devotion,
+and charity, and to be always prepared for death. And his life was
+spent thus:
+
+[Sidenote: Life there]
+
+He and his family, which were like a little College, and about thirty
+in number, did most of them keep Lent and all Ember-weeks strictly,
+both in fasting and using all those mortifications and prayers that
+the Church hath appointed to be then used; and he and they did the
+like constantly on Fridays, and on the Vigils or Eves appointed to
+be fasted before the Saints' days: and this frugality and abstinence
+turned to the relief of the poor: but this was but a part of his
+charity; none but God and he knew the rest.
+
+[Sidenote: The daily round]
+
+This family, which I have said to be in number about thirty, were a
+part of them his kindred, and the rest chosen to be of a temper fit
+to be moulded into a devout life; and all of them were for their
+dispositions serviceable, and quiet, and humble, and free from
+scandal. Having thus fitted himself for his family, he did, about the
+year 1630, betake himself to a constant and methodical service of God;
+and it was in this manner:--He, being accompanied with most of his
+family, did himself use to read the common prayers--for he was a
+Deacon--every day, at the appointed hours of ten and four, in the
+Parish-Church, which was very near his house, and which he had both
+repaired and adorned; for it was fallen into a great ruin, by reason
+of a depopulation of the village before Mr. Farrer bought the manor.
+And he did also constantly read the Matins every morning at the hour
+of six, either in the Church, or in an Oratory, which was within his
+own house. And many of the family did there continue with him after
+the prayers were ended, and there they spent some hours in singing
+Hymns, or Anthems, sometimes in the Church, and often to an organ in
+the Oratory. And there they sometimes betook themselves to meditate,
+or to pray privately, or to read a part of the New Testament to
+themselves, or to continue their praying or reading the Psalms; and in
+case the Psalms were not always read in the day, then Mr. Farrer,
+and others of the congregation, did at night, at the ringing of
+a watch-bell, repair to the Church or Oratory, and there betake
+themselves to prayers and lauding God, and reading the Psalms that
+had not been read in the day: and when these, or any part of the
+congregation, grew weary or faint, the watch-bell was rung, sometimes
+before, and sometimes after midnight; and then another part of the
+family rose, and maintained the watch, sometimes by praying, or
+singing lauds to God, or reading the Psalms; and when, after some
+hours, they also grew weary or faint, then they rung the watch-bell
+and were also relieved by some of the former, or by a new part of
+the society, which continued their devotions--as hath been
+mentioned--until morning. And it is to be noted, that in this
+continued serving of God, the Psalter or the whole Book of Psalms, was
+in every four and twenty hours sung or read over, from the first to
+the last verse: and this was done as constantly as the sun runs his
+circle every day about the world, and then begins again the same
+instant that it ended.
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Farrer's Death]
+
+Thus did Mr. Farrer and his happy family serve God day and night; thus
+did they always behave themselves as in his presence. And they did
+always eat and drink by the strictest rules of temperance; eat and
+drink so as to be ready to rise at midnight, or at the call of a
+watch-bell, and perform their devotions to God. And it is fit to
+tell the Reader, that many of the Clergy, that were more inclined
+to practical piety and devotion, than to doubtful and needless
+disputations, did often come to Gidden Hall, and make themselves a
+part of that happy society, and stay a week or more, and then join
+with Mr. Farrer and the family in these devotions, and assist and ease
+him or them in their watch by night. And these various devotions had
+never less than two of the domestic family in the night; and the
+watch was always kept in the Church or Oratory, unless in extreme cold
+winter nights, and then it was maintained in a parlour, which had
+a fire in it; and the parlour was fitted for that purpose. And this
+course of piety, and great liberality to his poor neighbours, Mr.
+Farrer maintained till his death, which was in the year 1639.[24]
+
+[Sidenote: "Valdesso's Considerations"]
+
+Mr. Farrer's and Mr. Herbert's devout lives were both so noted, that
+the general report of their sanctity gave them occasion to renew that
+slight acquaintance which was begun at their being contemporaries in
+Cambridge; and this new holy friendship was long maintained without
+any interview, but only by loving and endearing letters. And one
+testimony of their friendship and pious designs, may appear by Mr.
+Farrer's commending the "Considerations of John Valdesso"--a book
+which he had met with in his travels, and translated out of Spanish
+into English,--to be examined and censured by Mr. Herbert before it
+was made public: which excellent book Mr. Herbert did read, and return
+back with many marginal notes, as they be now printed with it; and
+with them, Mr. Herbert's affectionate letter to Mr. Farrer.
+
+[Sidenote: Valdesso himself]
+
+This John Valdesso was a Spaniard, and was for his learning and virtue
+much valued and loved by the great Emperor Charles the Fifth, whom
+Valdesso had followed as a Cavalier all the time of his long and
+dangerous wars: and when Valdesso grew old, and grew weary both of war
+and the world, he took his fair opportunity to declare to the Emperor,
+that his resolution was to decline his Majesty's service, and betake
+himself to a quiet and contemplative life, "because there ought to
+be a vacancy of time betwixt fighting and dying." The Emperor
+had himself, for the same, or other like reasons, put on the same
+resolution: but God and himself did, till then, only know them; and
+he did therefore desire Valdesso to consider well of what he had said,
+and to keep his purpose within his own breast, till they two might
+have a second opportunity of a friendly discourse; which Valdesso
+promised to do.
+
+In the mean time the Emperor appoints privately a day for him and
+Valdesso to meet again; and, after a pious and free discourse,
+they both agreed on a certain day to receive the blessed Sacrament
+publicly; and appointed an eloquent and devout Friar to preach a
+Sermon of contempt of the world, and of the happiness and benefit of a
+quiet and contemplative life; which the Friar did most affectionately.
+After which Sermon, the Emperor took occasion to declare openly, "That
+the Preacher had begot in him a resolution to lay down his dignities,
+and to forsake the world, and betake himself to a monastical life."
+And he pretended, he had persuaded John Valdesso to do the like: but
+this is most certain, that after the Emperor had called his son Philip
+out of England, and resigned to him all his kingdoms, that then the
+Emperor and John Valdesso did perform their resolutions.
+
+This account of John Valdesso I received from a friend, that had it
+from the mouth of Mr. Farrer. And the Reader may note, that in this
+retirement John Valdesso writ his Hundred and Ten Considerations,
+and many other treatises of worth, which want a second Mr. Farrer to
+procure and translate them.[25]
+
+[Sidenote: Failing strength]
+
+[Sidenote: "The Temple"]
+
+After this account of Mr. Farrer and John Valdesso, I proceed to my
+account of Mr. Herbert and Mr. Duncon, who according to his promise
+returned from Bath the fifth day, and then found Mr. Herbert much
+weaker than he left him; and therefore their discourse could not be
+long: but at Mr. Duncon's parting with him, Mr. Herbert spoke to this
+purpose: "Sir, I pray you give my brother Farrer an account of the
+decaying condition of my body, and tell him I beg him to continue his
+daily prayers for me; and let him know that I have considered, that
+God only is what he would be; and that I am, by his grace, become now
+so like him, as to be pleased with what pleaseth him; and tell him,
+that I do not repine, but am pleased with my want of health: and tell
+him, my heart is fixed on that place where true joy is only to be
+found; and that I long to be there, and do wait for my appointed
+change with hope and patience." Having said this, he did, with so
+sweet a humility as seemed to exalt him, bow down to Mr. Duncon, and
+with a thoughtful and contented look, say to him, "Sir, I pray deliver
+this little book to my dear brother Farrer, and tell him, he shall
+find in it a picture of the many spiritual conflicts that have passed
+betwixt God and my soul, before I could subject mine to the will of
+Jesus my Master: in whose service I have now found perfect freedom.
+Desire him to read it; and then, if he can think it may turn to the
+advantage of any dejected poor soul, let it be made public; if
+not, let him burn it; for I and it are less than the least of God's
+mercies." Thus meanly did this humble man think of this excellent
+book, which now bears the name of "The Temple; or, Sacred Poems and
+Private Ejaculations;" of which Mr. Farrer would say, "There was in
+it the picture of a divine soul in every page: and that the whole book
+was such a harmony of holy passions, as would enrich the world with
+pleasure and piety." And it appears to have done so; for there
+have been more than twenty thousand of them sold since the first
+impression.
+
+[Sidenote: Its publication]
+
+And this ought to be noted, that when Mr. Farrer sent this book to
+Cambridge to be licensed for the press, the Vice-Chancellor would by
+no means allow the two so much noted verses,
+
+  Ready to pass to the American strand,
+
+to be printed; and Mr. Farrer would by no means allow the book to be
+printed and want them. But after some time, and some arguments for and
+against their being made public, the Vice-Chancellor said, "I knew Mr.
+Herbert well, and know that he had many heavenly speculations, and
+was a divine poet: but I hope the world will not take him to be an
+inspired prophet, and therefore I license the whole book." So that it
+came to be printed without the diminution or addition of a syllable,
+since it was delivered into the hands of Mr. Duncon, save only that
+Mr. Farrer hath added that excellent Preface that is printed before
+it.
+
+[Sidenote: Retrospect]
+
+[Sidenote: Waiting for death]
+
+At the time of Mr. Duncon's leaving Mr. Herbert,--which was about
+three weeks before his death,--his old and dear friend Mr. Woodnot
+came from London to Bemerton, and never left him till he had seen him
+draw his last breath, and closed his eyes on his death-bed. In this
+time of his decay, he was often visited and prayed for by all the
+Clergy that lived near to him, especially by his friends the Bishop
+and Prebends of the Cathedral Church in Salisbury; but by none
+more devoutly than his wife, his three nieces,--then a part of his
+family,--and Mr. Woodnot, who were the sad witnesses of his daily
+decay; to whom he would often speak to this purpose: "I now look back
+upon the pleasures of my life past, and see the content I have taken
+in beauty, in wit, in music, and pleasant conversation, are now all
+past by me like a dream, or as a shadow that returns not, and are now
+all become dead to me, or I to them; and I see, that as my father and
+generation hath done before me, so I also shall now suddenly (with
+Job) make my bed also in the dark; and I praise God I am prepared for
+it; and I praise him that I am not to learn patience now I stand
+in such need of it; and that I have practised mortification, and
+endeavoured to die daily, that I might not die eternally; and my hope
+is, that I shall shortly leave this valley of tears, and be free from
+all fevers and pain; and, which will be a more happy condition, I
+shall be free from sin, and all the temptations and anxieties that
+attend it: and this being past, I shall dwell in the New Jerusalem;
+dwell there with men made perfect; dwell where these eyes shall see my
+Master and Saviour Jesus; and with him see my dear Mother, and all
+my relations and friends. But I must die, or not come to that happy
+place. And this is my content, that I am going daily towards it: and
+that every day which I have lived, hath taken a part of my appointed
+time from me; and that I shall live the less time, for having lived
+this and the day past," These, and the like expressions, which he
+uttered often, may be said to be his enjoyment of Heaven before he
+enjoyed it. The Sunday before his death, he rose suddenly from his bed
+or couch, called for one of his instruments, took it into his hand and
+said,
+
+  My God, my God,
+  My music shall find thee,
+      And every string
+  Shall have his attribute to sing.
+
+And having tuned it, he played and sung:
+
+    The Sundays of man's life,
+  Threaded together on time's string,
+  Make bracelets to adorn the wife
+  Of the eternal glorious King:
+  On Sundays Heaven's doors stand ope;
+  Blessings are plentiful and rife,
+    More plentiful than hope.
+
+Thus he sung on earth such Hymns and Anthems, as the Angels, and he,
+and Mr. Farrer, now sing in Heaven.
+
+[Sidenote: His Will]
+
+[Sidenote: Last words]
+
+Thus he continued meditating, and praying, and rejoicing, till the day
+of his death; and on that day said to Mr. Woodnot, "My dear friend,
+I am sorry I have nothing to present to my merciful God but sin and
+misery; but the first is pardoned, and a few hours will now put a
+period to the latter; for I shall suddenly go hence, and be no more
+seen." Upon which expression Mr. Woodnot took occasion to remember him
+of the re-edifying Layton Church, and his many acts of mercy. To which
+he made answer, saying, "They be good works, if they be sprinkled
+with the blood of Christ, and not otherwise." After this discourse he
+became more restless, and his soul seemed to be weary of her earthly
+tabernacle; and this uneasiness became so visible, that his wife,
+his three nieces, and Mr. Woodnot, stood constantly about his bed,
+beholding him with sorrow, and an unwillingness to lose the sight of
+him, whom they could not hope to see much longer. As they stood thus
+beholding him, his wife observed him to breathe faintly, and with
+much trouble, and observed him to fall into a sudden agony; which so
+surprised her, that she fell into a sudden passion, and required of
+him to know how he did. To which his answer was, "that he had passed
+a conflict with his last enemy, and had overcome him by the merits of
+his Master Jesus." After which answer, he looked up, and saw his wife
+and nieces weeping to an extremity, and charged them, if they loved
+him, to withdraw into the next room, and there pray every one alone
+for him; for nothing but their lamentations could make his death
+uncomfortable. To which request their sighs and tears would not suffer
+them to make any reply; but they yielded him a sad obedience, leaving
+only with him Mr. Woodnot and Mr. Bostock. Immediately after they had
+left him, he said to Mr. Bostock, "Pray, Sir, open that door, then
+look into that cabinet, in which you may easily find my last Will, and
+give it into my hand:" which being done, Mr. Herbert delivered it into
+the hand of Mr. Woodnot, and said, "My old friend, I here deliver
+you my last Will, in which you will find that I have made you my sole
+Executor for the good of my wife and nieces; and I desire you to shew
+kindness to them, as they shall need it: I do not desire you to be
+just; for I know you will be so for your own sake; but I charge you,
+by the religion of our friendship, to be careful of them." And having
+obtained Mr. Woodnot's promise to be so, he said, "I am now ready
+to die." After which words, he said, "Lord, forsake me not now my
+strength faileth me: but grant me mercy for the merits of my Jesus.
+And now, Lord--Lord, now receive my soul." And with those words he
+breathed forth his divine soul, without any apparent disturbance, Mr.
+Woodnot and Mr. Bostock attending his last breath, and closing his
+eyes.
+
+Thus he lived, and thus he died, like a Saint, unspotted of the
+world, full of alms-deeds, full of humility, and all the examples of a
+virtuous life; which I cannot conclude better, than with this borrowed
+observation:
+
+  ----All must to their cold graves:
+  But the religious actions of the just
+  Smell sweet in death, and blossom in the dust.[26]
+
+Mr. George Herbert's have done so to this, and will doubtless do so to
+succeeding generations.--I have but this to say more of him; that if
+Andrew Melvin died before him,[27] then George Herbert died without an
+enemy.[28] I wish--if God shall be so pleased--that I may be so happy
+as to die like him.
+
+IZ. WA.
+
+[Sidenote: Mrs. Herbert]
+
+There is a debt justly due to the memory of Mr. Herbert's virtuous
+Wife; a part of which I will endeavour to pay, by a very short account
+of the remainder of her life, which shall follow.
+
+She continued his disconsolate widow about six years, bemoaning
+herself, and complaining, that she had lost the delight of her eyes;
+but more that she had lost the spiritual guide for her poor soul; and
+would often say, "O that I had, like holy Mary, the Mother of Jesus,
+treasured up all his sayings in my heart! But since I have not been
+able to do that, I will labour to live like him, that where he now is
+I may be also." And she would often say,--as the Prophet David for his
+son Absalom,--"O that I had died for him!" Thus she continued mourning
+till time and conversation had so moderated her sorrows, that she
+became the happy wife of Sir Robert Cook, of Highnam, in the County
+of Gloucester, Knight. And though he put a high value on the excellent
+accomplishments of her mind and body, and was so like Mr. Herbert, as
+not to govern like a master, but as an affectionate husband; yet
+she would even to him often take occasion to mention the name of Mr.
+George Herbert, and say, that name must live in her memory till she
+put off mortality. By Sir Robert she had only one child, a daughter,
+whose parts and plentiful estate make her happy in this world, and her
+well using of them gives a fair testimony that she will be so in that
+which is to come.
+
+Mrs. Herbert was the wife of Sir Robert eight years, and lived his
+widow about fifteen; all which time she took a pleasure in mentioning
+and commending the excellencies of Mr. George Herbert. She died in the
+year 1663, and lies buried at Highnam: Mr. Herbert in his own
+Church, under the altar, and covered with a gravestone without any
+inscription.
+
+[Sidenote: Lost relics]
+
+This Lady Cook had preserved many of Mr. Herbert's private writings,
+which she intended to make public; but they and Highnam House were
+burnt together by the late rebels, and so lost to posterity.
+
+I.W.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: A fortress first erected by Roger de Montgomery, Earl of
+Shrewsbury, under William I., to secure his conquests in Wales, though
+it was twice partly destroyed by the Welsh. It stands near the Severn,
+on a gentle ascent, having a fair prospect over the plain beneath. The
+order of Parliament for its destruction was made June 11th, 1649.]
+
+[Footnote 2: That eloquent and acute biographer, Edmund Lodge, thus
+truly gives the character of Lord Herbert of Cherbury. "Of that
+anomaly of character by the abundance and variety of which foreigners
+are pleased to tell us that our country is distinguished, we meet with
+few examples more striking than in the subject of this memoir--wise
+and unsteady; prudent and careless; a philosopher, with ungovernable
+and ridiculous prejudices; a good humoured man, who even sought
+occasions to shed the blood of his fellow creatures; a deist,
+with superstition too gross for the most secluded cloister. These
+observations are not founded on the report of others, but on the
+fragment which remains of his own sketch of his life,--a piece of
+infinite curiosity." His autobiography has been edited by Horace
+Walpole and Scott. He is also the author of a volume of poems written
+in the style of Donne, frequently marred by harsh rhythm and violent
+conceits, but occasionally displaying artistic excellence of a very
+high order.]
+
+[Footnote 3: It has been said of Dr. Richard Neale, that no one
+was more thoroughly acquainted with the distresses as well as the
+conveniences of the clergy, having served the Church as Schoolmaster,
+Curate, Vicar, Rector, Master of the Savoy, Dean of Westminster,
+Clerk of the Closet to James I. and Charles I., Bishop of Rochester,
+Lichfield, Durham, Winchester, and Archbishop of York (1631). "He
+died," says Echard, "full of years as he was full of honours; a
+faithful subject to his prince, an indulgent father to his clergy,
+a bountiful patron to his chaplains, and a true friend to all that
+relied upon him."]
+
+[Footnote 4: He was made Master of Westminster School in 1599, and
+continued so to 1610.]
+
+[Footnote 5: Thomas Nevil, D.D., eminent for the splendour of his
+birth, his extraordinary piety and learning, was educated at Pembroke
+Hall in the University of Cambridge. In 1582 he was admitted Master of
+Magdalen College in the same University, and in 1593 he succeeded Dr.
+John Still in the Mastership of Trinity College, being then Dean
+of the Cathedral Church of Peterborough, over which he presided
+commendably eight years. Upon the demise of Queen Elizabeth, Dr.
+Nevil, who had been promoted to the Deanery of Canterbury in 1597, was
+sent by Archbishop Whitgift to King James in Scotland, in the names of
+the Bishops and Clergy of England, to tender their bounden duties, and
+to understand his Highness's pleasure for the ordering and guiding of
+the Clergy. The Dean brought a most gracious answer of his Highness's
+purpose, which was to uphold and maintain the government of the late
+Queen, as she left it settled.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Born on 28th June, 1573; created Baron Danvers in 1603,
+and Earl of Danby 7th February, 1625-6; died on 10th January, 1643-4.]
+
+[Footnote 7: This gentleman was born in Suffolk, in 1563, and was
+descended from a very ancient family in that County. He was educated
+at Trinity College, Cambridge, and on January 8th, 1617-18, was made
+Secretary of State: King James I. having been previously so well
+pleased with his eloquence and learning as to appoint him Master
+of the Court of Wards. Sir Robert Naunton was the Author of the
+interesting "Fragmenta Regalia, or Observations on Queen Elizabeth and
+her Favourites." He died on Good Friday, 1633-34.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Sir Francis Nethersole was a native of Kent, Ambassador
+to the Princes of the Union, and Secretary to the Queen of Bohemia,
+and was equally remarkable for his doings and sufferings in her
+behalf.]
+
+[Footnote 9: This royal work is divided into three books; the first on
+"A Christian King's duty towards God." The second on "A King's duty in
+his office." The third on "A King's behaviour in things indifferent."]
+
+[Footnote 10: Andrew Melville procured the Basilicon Doron in
+Manuscript, and circulated it in Scotland, which produced a libel
+against it and first caused its publication in 1599. This celebrated
+person was born in 1545, and was educated at the University of St.
+Andrews, which he left with an eminent character for learning, and
+travelled through France to Geneva. He was elected principal Master
+of Glasgow College in 1574, when he began to enforce the Presbyterian
+System; and after much opposition, and two years' imprisonment, he
+died Professor of Divinity to the Protestants of Sedan, in 1622.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Andrew Melville was not present at the celebrated
+conference held at Hampton-Court, in the first year of King James
+I., upon the complaint of the Puritans against the ceremonies and the
+liturgy of the Church of England. He was summoned to appear before the
+King and Council in 1604. In the first edition of "Mr. Walton's Life
+of Mr. George Herbert," Melville is described to be "Master of a great
+wit; a wit full of knots and clenches; a wit sharp and satirical;
+exceeded, I think, by none of that nation, but their Buchanan."]
+
+[Footnote 12: Daughter of Charles Stuart, Earl of Lenox, the younger
+brother of Henry, Earl of Darnley, father of King James I. She was
+born at Hampstead in 1577, and received a very liberal education;
+added to which, she possessed a large estate, and, the English
+succession being doubtful, she was supposed to be a probable heir
+to the crown. She incurred the displeasure of James, by marrying Mr.
+William Seymour, grandson of the Earl of Hertford, for which she was
+sent to the Tower; and although she had made her escape thence, she
+was overtaken, brought back, and died there in 1615.]
+
+[Footnote 13: James Duport, the learned son of a learned father, John
+Duport, Master of Jesus College, Cambridge, was Greek Professor in
+that University. On the promotion of Dr. Edward Rainbow to the See
+of Carlisle, he was appointed Dean of Peterborough, and in 1668 was
+elected Master of Magdalen College, Cambridge.]
+
+[Footnote 14: In the margin of the 1670 edition is written "Albumazar,
+Ignoramus." The author of "Albumazar," a piece presented before the
+King at Cambridge in 1614, and printed in the same year, was John
+Tomkis. "Ignoramus," a Latin comedy by James Ruggle (or Ruggles), was
+first printed in 1630.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Dr. Richard Parry, who died September 26, 1623. The
+"sinecure" here mentioned was the rectory of Whitford.]
+
+[Footnote 16: Mr. Herbert Thorndike was then Fellow of Trinity
+College. He was ejected from his Fellowship by the usurped powers, and
+admitted to the Rectory of Barley in Hertfordshire, July 2, 1642.
+On the death of Dr. Samuel Ward, he was elected to the Mastership of
+Sidney College, but was kept out of it by the oppression of the times.
+For his sufferings and great learning he was installed Prebendary
+of Westminster, Sept. 5, 1660. In the year following he resigned his
+living of Barley, and died in 1672. He assisted Dr. Walton in the
+edition of the Polyglot Bible.]
+
+[Footnote 17: Dr. John Williams, afterwards Archbishop of York, was
+then Bishop of Lincoln, the last ecclesiastic who was Lord Keeper of
+the Great Seal.]
+
+[Footnote 18: See Prof. Mayor's "Nicholas Farrer: Two Lives by his
+brother John and Dr. Jebb." (Cambridge, 1855.)]
+
+[Footnote 19: A native of Scotland, educated at Westminster School
+and Trinity College, Cambridge, afterwards Greek Professor of the
+University. During the Civil Wars, he suffered extremely for the Royal
+Cause, and was an exile with Charles II., who gave him the Deanery of
+Wells on the Restoration, and in 1670, he was made Bishop of Bath and
+Wells. He died in 1672.]
+
+[Footnote 20: He was, in 1609, Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity
+at Cambridge, and in 1611, Bishop of Salisbury. He was appointed by
+James I. to attend the Synod of Dort, and his endeavours to effect an
+union between the reformed Churches were zealous and sincere. He died
+in 1641.]
+
+[Footnote 21: The House and grounds of this Rectory were in the same
+state as in the time of Herbert, when the late Archdeacon Coxe was
+presented to the living; the principal part of the former was single,
+with small windows, and the river Neder flowed at the bottom of the
+garden. Bemerton is two miles west by north of Salisbury, and the
+Church is dedicated to St. Andrew.]
+
+[Footnote 22: At the time Dr. Henchman was Prebendary of Salisbury,
+of which See he became Bishop in 1660, and in 1663 he was removed to
+London. He was much esteemed by King Charles II., whose escape at the
+battle of Worcester, he was very instrumental in promoting: but when
+the declaration for liberty of conscience was published in 1671-72,
+this Prelate was not afraid of the King's displeasure, but enjoined
+his Clergy to preach against Popery. He died in 1675.]
+
+[Footnote 23: A private Clergyman, of Clare Hall, Cambridge, who
+suffered much for his gallant devotion to the cause of his King,
+Charles I.]
+
+[Footnote 24: The extraordinary course of life pursued at Gidding, the
+strictness of their rules, their prayers, literally without ceasing,
+their abstinence, mortifications, nightly watchings, and various
+other peculiarities, gave birth to censure in some, and inflamed the
+malevolence of others, but excited the wonder and curiosity of all. So
+that they were frequently visited with different views by persons of
+all denominations, and of opposite opinions. They received all who
+came with courteous civility; and from those who were inquisitive they
+concealed nothing, as indeed there was not any thing either in their
+opinions or their practice, in the least degree necessary to be
+concealed. Notwithstanding this, they were by some abused as Papists,
+by others as Puritans, Mr. Ferrar himself, though possessed of
+uncommon patience and resignation, yet in anguish of spirit complained
+to his friends, that the perpetual obloquy he endured was a sort
+of unceasing martyrdom. Added to all this, violent invectives and
+inflammatory pamphlets were published against them. Amongst others,
+not long after Mr. Ferrar's death, a treatise was addressed to the
+Parliament, entitled, "The Arminian Nunnery, or a brief description
+and relation of the late erected monastical place called the Arminian
+Nunnery at Little Gidding in Huntingdonshire: humbly addressed to the
+wise consideration of the present parliament. The foundation is by a
+company of Ferrars at Gidding," printed by Thomas Underbill, 1641.
+
+Soon after Mr. Ferrar's death, certain soldiers of the Parliament
+resolved to plunder the house at Gidding. The family being informed of
+their hasty approach, thought it prudent to fly; while these military
+zealots, in the rage of what they called _reformation_, ransacked both
+the church and the house; in doing which, they expressed a particular
+spite against the organ. This they broke in pieces, of which they made
+a large fire, and at it roasted several of Mr. Ferrar's sheep, which
+they had killed in his grounds. This done, they seized all the plate,
+furniture, and provision, which they could conveniently carry away.
+And in this general devastation perished the works which Mr. Ferrar
+had compiled for the use of his household, consisting chiefly of
+harmonies of the Old and New Testament.]
+
+[Footnote 25: Valdesso died at Naples in 1540.]
+
+[Footnote 26: Altered from a Dirge in Shirley's "Contention of Ajax
+and Ulysses."--The lines in Shirley are
+
+  "Your heads must come
+  To the cold tomb--
+  Only the actions of the just
+  Smell sweet and blossom in their dust."]
+
+[Footnote 27: "Mr. George Herbert, Esq., Parson of Fuggleston and
+Bemerton, was buried 3d day of March, 1632." (_Parish Register of
+Bemerton_.')--It does not appear whether he was buried in the parish
+church or in the chapel. His letter to Mr. Nicholas Ferrar, the
+translator of Valdesso, is dated from his Parsonage at Bemerton, near
+Salisbury, Sept. 29, 1632. It must be remembered, that the beginning
+of the year, at that time, was computed the 25th of March. In this
+year also, he wrote the short address to the Reader, which is prefixed
+to his "Priest to the Temple," which was not published till after his
+death.]
+
+[Footnote 28: It is not to be supposed that Andrew Melville could
+retain the least personal resentment against Mr. Herbert; whose verses
+have in them so little of the poignancy of satire, that it is scarce
+possible to consider them as capable of exciting the anger of him to
+whom they are addressed.]
+
+
+
+
+LETTER FROM
+MR. GEORGE HERBERT
+TO
+NICHOLAS FARRER,
+
+_the Translator of Valdesso_
+
+
+[Sidenote: Concerning Valdesso]
+
+My dear and deserving brother, your Valdesso I now return with many
+thanks, and some notes, in which perhaps you will discover some care
+which I forbear not in the midst of my griefs; first for your sake,
+because I would do nothing negligently that you commit unto me:
+secondly for the Author's sake, whom I conceive to have been a true
+servant of God; and to such, and all that is their's, I owe diligence:
+thirdly for the Church's sake, to whom by printing it, I would have
+you consecrate it. You owe the Church a debt, and God hath put this
+into your hands--as he sent the fish with money to St. Peter--to
+discharge it; happily also with this--as his thoughts are
+fruitful--intending the honour of his servant the Author, who, being
+obscured in his own country, he would have to flourish in this land
+of light, and region of the Gospel among his chosen. It is true, there
+are some things which I like not in him, as my fragments will express,
+when you read them: nevertheless, I wish you by all means to publish
+it, for these three eminent things observable therein: First, that God
+in the midst of Popery, should open the eyes of one to understand and
+express so clearly and excellently, the intent of the Gospel in the
+acceptation of Christ's righteousness,--as he sheweth through all
+his Considerations,--a thing strangely buried and darkened by the
+adversaries, and their great stumbling block. Secondly, the great
+honour and reverence which he every where bears towards our dear
+Master and Lord; concluding every Consideration almost with his holy
+name, and setting his merit forth so piously; for which I do so love
+him, that were there nothing else, I would print it, that with it the
+honour of my Lord might be published. Thirdly, the many pious rules
+of ordering our life about mortification, and observation of God's
+kingdom within us, and the working thereof; of which he was a very
+diligent observer. These three things are very eminent in the Author,
+and overweigh the defects--as I conceive--towards the publishing
+thereof.
+
+  From his Parsonage of
+  Bemerton, near Salisbury,
+  Sept. 29th, 1632.
+
+
+
+
+THE WORKS OF MR. GEORGE HERBERT.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Herbert's Works]
+
+I. "ORATIO qua auspicatissimum serenissimi Principis CAROLI reditum
+ex Hispaniis celebravit GEORGIUS HERBERT, Academae Cantabrigiensis
+Orator.--1623."
+
+II. "ORATIO ... habita coram Dominis Legatis cum Magistro in Artib.
+titulis insignirentur. 27 Febr. 1622."
+
+III. "A TRANSLATION of LEWIS CORNARO'S TREATISE on TEMPERANCE."
+Printed at Cambridge in 1634, along with Mr. Nicholas Ferrar's
+translation of "The Hygiasticon, or the right Course of preserving
+Health, by Leonard Lessius." To Mr. Herbert's Translation is annexed
+"A Paradox, translated out of Italian, That a more spare diet is
+better than a splendid or sumptuous."
+
+IV. "HERBERT'S REMAINS; or Sundry Pieces of that sweet Singer of the
+Temple, Mr. GEORGE HERBERT, some time Orator of the University of
+Cambridge, now exposed to public Light." _London, 1652._
+
+This volume consists of--1. "A Priest to the Temple, or the Country
+Parson in his Character and Rule of Holy Life; with a Prefatory View
+of the Life and Virtues of the Author and Excellencies of this Book,
+by Barnabas Oley." In the second and subsequent impressions of this
+volume is added, "A Preface to the Christian Reader," consisting
+of six paragraphs, by Mr. Oley. 2. "Jacula Prudentum; or Outlandish
+Proverbs, Sentences, &c., selected by Mr. George Herbert."
+
+V. "THE TEMPLE: SACRED POEMS and Private EJACULATIONS, by Mr. GEORGE
+HERBERT, late orator of the University of Cambridge. In his Temple
+doth every Man speak of his Honour, Psal. xxix. _Cambridge, 1633_."
+
+VI. "MUSAE RESPONSORAE AD ANDREAE MELVINI ANTI-TAMI-CAMI-CATEGORIAM. Ex
+officina, Joh. Field, _Cantab. 1662._" 12mo.
+
+During his residence at Cambridge, he composed Latin Poems on the
+Death of Henry Prince of Wales; and of Anne, Queen to James I. See
+"Epicedium Cantabrigiense in obitum immaturum semperque deflendum
+Henrici illustrissimi Principis Walliae, _Cantab. 1612._" And
+"Lachrymae Cantabrigienses in obitum serenissimae Regiae Annae, Conjugis
+dilectissimae Jacobi Magnae Britanniae, Franciae, et Hiberniae Regis.
+_Cantab. 1619._"
+
+The following letters, written by Herbert, when he was Public Orator,
+are in the Orator's Book at Cambridge:
+
+1. "To Sir Robert Naunton, with thanks for some acts of kindness
+procured by him from Government to the University."
+
+2. "To Fulke Greville, on the same account."
+
+3. "To George Villiers, Marquis of Buckingham, on his being created a
+Marquis."
+
+4. "To Sir Francis Bacon, with thanks for his Novum Organum."
+
+5. "To Sir Thomas Coventry, Attorney-General."
+
+6. "To Montagu, Lord Treasurer," and
+
+7. "To Sir Robert Heath, Solicitor-General, congratulating them on
+their several promotions."
+
+8. "To King James, with thanks for a present of his Doron Basilicon."
+
+9. "To the same, with thanks for the preservation of the river."
+
+10. "To Sir Francis Bacon, on the same subject."
+
+11. "To Dr. Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury, against the London
+Printers monopolizing foreign books."
+
+12. "To Sir Francis Bacon, on the same subject."
+
+13. "To Leigh, Chief Justice, on his promotion."
+
+14. "To Cranfield, Lord Treasurer, on the same occasion."
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE
+OF
+DR. ROBERT SANDERSON,
+LATE BISHOP OF LINCOLN.
+
+"Blessed is the man in whose spirit there is no guile."--Ps. xxxii.
+2.
+
+
+
+
+TO THE RIGHT REVEREND AND HONOURABLE,
+GEORGE,
+LORD BISHOP OF WINCHESTER, PRELATE OF THE GARTER, AND ONE OF HIS
+MAJESTY'S PRIVY COUNCIL.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Dedication]
+
+MY LORD,
+
+If I should undertake to enumerate the many favours and advantages
+I have had by my very long acquaintance with your Lordship, I
+should enter upon an employment, that might prove as tedious as the
+collecting of the materials for this poor Monument, which I have
+erected, and do dedicate to the Memory of your beloved friend, Dr.
+Sanderson: But though I will not venture to do that; yet I do remember
+with pleasure, and remonstrate with gratitude, that your Lordship made
+me known to him, Mr. Chillingworth,[1] and Dr. Hammond; men, whose
+merits ought never to be forgotten.
+
+My friendship with the first was begun almost forty years past, when
+I was as far from a thought, as a desire to outlive him; and farther
+from an intention to write his Life. But the wise Disposer of all
+men's lives and actions hath prolonged the first, and now permitted
+the last; which is here dedicated to your Lordship,--and, as it ought
+to be--with all humility, and a desire that it may remain as a public
+testimony of my gratitude.
+
+        My Lord,
+  Your most affectionate old friend,
+        and most humble servant,
+               IZAAK WALTON.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: William Chillingworth, born at Oxford in 1602, and
+educated at Trinity College. He was proverbially celebrated there
+for clear and acute reasoning; but he so much involved himself in the
+Romish Controversy with John Fisher, a Jesuit, as to become a convert,
+and enter the College at Douay. His re-conversion was brought about by
+his godfather, Archbishop Laud, in 1631, when he returned to England;
+and in 1638, he wrote his famous work called "The Religion of
+Protestants a safe Way to Salvation." Fol. He was zealously attached
+to the Royal cause, and served at the Siege of Gloucester: but being
+taken prisoner, he was carried to the Bishop's Palace, at Chichester,
+on account of his illness, and, dying there Jan. 30th, 1644, was
+buried in the Cathedral, without any other ceremony than that of his
+book being cast into the grave by the hand of a fanatic.]
+
+
+
+
+THE PREFACE
+
+
+[Sidenote: Introductory]
+
+I dare neither think, nor assure the Reader, that I have committed no
+mistakes in this relation of the Life of Dr. Sanderson; but I am sure,
+there is none that are either wilful, or very material. I confess, it
+was worthy the employment of some person of more Learning and greater
+abilities than I can pretend to; and I have not a little wondered
+that none have yet been so grateful to him and to posterity, as to
+undertake it. For it may be noted, that our Saviour hath had such
+care, that, for Mary Magdalen's kindness to him, her name should never
+be forgotten: and doubtless Dr. Sanderson's meek and innocent life,
+his great and useful Learning, might therefore challenge the like
+endeavours to preserve his memory: And 'tis to me a wonder, that it
+has been already fifteen years neglected. But, in saying this, my
+meaning is not to upbraid others,--I am far from that,--but excuse
+myself, or beg pardon for daring to attempt it. This being premised, I
+desire to tell the Reader, that in this relation I have been so bold,
+as to paraphrase and say, what I think he--whom I had the happiness
+to know well--would have said upon the same occasions: and if I have
+erred in this kind, and cannot now beg pardon of him that loved me;
+yet I do of my Reader, from whom I desire the same favour.
+
+[Sidenote: Reasons for writing]
+
+And, though my age might have procured me a Writ of Ease, and that
+secured me from all further trouble in this kind; yet I met with such
+persuasions to begin, and so many willing informers since, and from
+them, and others, such helps and encouragements to proceed, that when
+I found myself faint, and weary of the burthen with which I had loaden
+myself, and ready to lay it down; yet time and new strength hath at
+last brought it to be what it now is, and presented to the Reader, and
+with it this desire; that he will take notice, that Dr. Sanderson did
+in his Will, or last sickness, advertise, that after his death nothing
+of his might be printed; because that might be said to be his, which
+indeed was not; and also for that he might have changed his opinion
+since he first writ it. And though these reasons ought to be regarded,
+yet regarded so, as he resolves in that Case of Conscience concerning
+Rash Vows; that there may appear very good second reasons why we may
+forbear to perform them. However, for his said reasons, they ought to
+be read as we do Apocryphal Scripture; to explain, but not oblige us
+to so firm a belief of what is here presented as his.
+
+[Sidenote: Tracts and a Sermon]
+
+And I have this to say more; That as in my queries for writing Dr.
+Sanderson's Life, I met with these little Tracts annexed; so, in my
+former queries for my information to write the Life of venerable Mr.
+Hooker, I met with a Sermon, which I also believe was really his, and
+here presented as his to the Reader. It is affirmed,--and I have
+met with reason to believe it,--that there be some Artists, that do
+certainly know an original picture from a copy; and in what age of the
+world, and by whom drawn. And if so, then I hope it may be as safely
+affirmed, that what is here presented for their's is so like their
+temper of mind, their other writings, the times when, and the
+occasions upon which they were writ, that all Readers may safely
+conclude, they could be writ by none but venerable Mr. Hooker, and the
+humble and learned Dr. Sanderson.
+
+And lastly, I am now glad that I have collected these memoirs, which
+lay scattered, and contracted them into a narrower compass; and if I
+have, by the pleasant toil of doing so, either pleased or profited any
+man, I have attained what I designed when I first undertook it. But I
+seriously wish, both for the Reader's and Dr. Sanderson's sake, that
+posterity had known his great Learning and Virtue by a better pen; by
+such a pen, as could have made his life as immortal, as his learning
+and merits ought to be.
+
+I.W.
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE
+OF
+DR. ROBERT SANDERSON,
+LATE LORD BISHOP OF LINCOLN.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Birth and birth-place]
+
+Doctor Robert Sanderson, the late learned Bishop of Lincoln, whose
+Life I intend to write with all truth and equal plainness, was born
+the nineteenth day of September in the year of our Redemption 1587.
+The place of his birth was Rotherham[1] in the County of York; a Town
+of good note, and the more for that Thomas Rotherham,[2] some time
+Archbishop of that see, was born in it; a man, whose great wisdom,
+and bounty, and sanctity of life, have made it the more memorable: as
+indeed it ought also to be, for being the birth-place of our Robert
+Sanderson. And the Reader will be of my belief, if this humble
+relation of his life can hold any proportion with his great Piety, his
+useful Learning, and his many other extraordinary endowments.
+
+[Sidenote: His father]
+
+He was the second and youngest Son, of Robert Sanderson, of
+Gilthwaite-Hall, in the said Parish and County, Esq., by Elizabeth,
+one of the daughters of Richard Carr, of Butterthwaite-Hall, in the
+Parish of Ecclesfield, in the said County of York, Gentleman.
+
+This Robert Sanderson, the Father, was descended from a numerous,
+ancient, and honourable family of his own name: for the search of
+which truth, I refer my Reader, that inclines to it, to Dr. Thoroton's
+"History of the Antiquities of Nottinghamshire," and other records;
+not thinking it necessary here to engage him into a search for bare
+titles, which are noted to have in them nothing of reality: for titles
+not acquired, but derived only, do but shew us who of our ancestors
+have, and how they have achieved that honour which their descendants
+claim, and may not be worthy to enjoy. For, if those titles descend to
+persons that degenerate into Vice, and break off the continued line of
+Learning, or Valour, or that Virtue that acquired them, they destroy
+the very foundation upon which that Honour was built; and all the
+rubbish of their vices ought to fall heavy on such dishonourable
+heads; ought to fall so heavy, as to degrade them of their titles, and
+blast their memories with reproach and shame.
+
+But our Robert Sanderson lived worthy of his name and family: of
+which one testimony may be, that Gilbert, called the Great Earl
+of Shrewsbury, thought him not unworthy to be joined with him as
+a Godfather to Gilbert Sheldon,[3] the late Lord Archbishop of
+Canterbury; to whose merits and memory, posterity--the Clergy
+especially--ought to pay a reverence.
+
+[Sidenote: His youth]
+
+But I return to my intended relation of Robert the Son, who began in
+his youth to make the Laws of God, and obedience to his parents, the
+rules of his life; seeming even then to dedicate himself, and all his
+studies, to Piety and Virtue.
+
+[Sidenote: His early training]
+
+And as he was inclined to this by that native goodness, with which the
+wise Disposer of all hearts had endowed his; so this calm, this
+quiet and happy temper of mind--his being mild, and averse to
+oppositions--made the whole course of his life easy and grateful both
+to himself and others: and this blessed temper was maintained and
+improved by his prudent Father's good example; and by frequent
+conversing with him, and scattering short apophthegms and little
+pleasant stories, and making useful applications of them, his son was
+in his infancy taught to abhor Vanity and Vice as monsters, and to
+discern the loveliness of Wisdom and Virtue; and by these means, and
+God's concurring grace, his knowledge was so augmented, and his native
+goodness so confirmed, that all became so habitual, as it was not easy
+to determine whether Nature or Education were his teachers.
+
+And here let me tell the Reader, that these early beginnings of
+Virtue, were by God's assisting grace, blessed with what St. Paul
+seemed to beg for his Philippians [Phil. i. 6.]; namely, "That he,
+that had begun a good work in them, would finish it." And Almighty
+God did: for his whole life was so regular and innocent, that he might
+have said at his death--and with truth and comfort--what the same St.
+Paul said after to the same Philippians, when he advised them to walk
+as they had him for an example [chap. iii. 17].
+
+[Sidenote: At Rotherham]
+
+And this goodness, of which I have spoken, seemed to increase as his
+years did; and with his goodness his Learning, the foundation of which
+was laid in the Grammar-school of Rotherham--that being one of those
+three that were founded and liberally endowed by the said great and
+good Bishop of that name.--And in this time of his being a Scholar
+there, he was observed to use an unwearied diligence to attain
+learning, and to have a seriousness beyond his age, and with it a more
+than common modesty; and to be of so calm and obliging a behaviour,
+that the Master and whole number of Scholars loved him as one man.
+
+And in this love and amity he continued at that School till about
+the thirteenth year of his age; at which time his Father designed to
+improve his Grammar learning, by removing him from Rotherham to one of
+the more noted Schools of Eton or Westminster; and after a year's stay
+there, then to remove him thence to Oxford. But, as he went with him,
+he called on an old friend, a Minister of noted learning, and told him
+his intentions; and he, after many questions with his Son, received
+such answers from him, that he assured his Father, his Son was so
+perfect a Grammarian, that he had laid a good foundation to build
+any or all the Arts upon; and therefore advised him to shorten his
+journey, and leave him at Oxford. And his Father did so.
+
+[Sidenote: At Oxford]
+
+[Sidenote: Master of Arts]
+
+His father left him there to the sole care and manage of Dr.
+Kilbie,[4] who was then Rector of Lincoln College. And he, after some
+time and trial of his manners and learning, thought fit to enter him
+of that College, and, after to matriculate him in the University,
+which he did the first of July, 1603; but he was not chosen Fellow
+till the third of May, 1606; at which time he had taken his degree of
+Bachelor of Arts: at the taking of which degree, his Tutor told the
+Rector, "That his pupil Sanderson had a metaphysical brain and a
+matchless memory; and that he thought he had improved or made the last
+so by an art of his own invention." And all the future employments of
+his life proved that his tutor was not mistaken. I must here stop
+my Reader, and tell him that this Dr. Kilbie was a man of so great
+learning and wisdom, and was so excellent a critic in the Hebrew
+Tongue, that he was made Professor of it in this university; and was
+also so perfect a Grecian, that he was by King James appointed to
+be one of the Translators of the Bible; and that this Doctor and Mr.
+Sanderson had frequent discourses, and loved as father and son. The
+Doctor was to ride a journey into Derbyshire, and took Mr. Sanderson
+to bear him company: and they going together on a Sunday with the
+Doctor's friend to that Parish Church where they then were, found the
+young Preacher to have no more discretion, than to waste a great part
+of the hour allotted for his Sermon in exceptions against the late
+Translation of several words,--not expecting such a hearer as Dr.
+Kilbie,--and shewed three reasons why a particular word should have
+been otherwise translated. When Evening Prayer was ended, the Preacher
+was invited to the Doctor's friend's house; where after some other
+conference the Doctor told him, "He might have preached more useful
+doctrine, and not have filled his auditors' ears with needless
+exceptions against the late Translation: and for that word, for which
+he offered to that poor congregation three reasons why it ought to
+have been translated as he said; he and others had considered
+all them, and found thirteen more considerable reasons why it was
+translated as now printed;" and told him, "If his friend, then
+attending him, should prove guilty of such indiscretion, he should
+forfeit his favour." To which Mr. Sanderson said, "He hoped he should
+not." And the preacher was so ingenuous as to say, "He would not
+justify himself." And so I return to Oxford. In the year 1608,--July
+the 11th,--Mr. Sanderson was completed Master of Arts. I am not
+ignorant, that for the attaining these dignities the time was shorter
+than was then or is now required; but either his birth or the well
+performance of some extraordinary exercise, or some other merit, made
+him so: and the Reader is requested to believe, that 'twas the last:
+and requested to believe also, that if I be mistaken in the time, the
+College Records have misinformed me: but I hope they have not.
+
+In that year of 1608, he was--November the 7th--by his College chosen
+Reader of Logic in the House; which he performed so well, that he was
+chosen again the sixth of November, 1609. In the year 1613, he was
+chosen Sub-Rector of the College, and the like for the year 1614, and
+chosen again to the same dignity and trust for the year 1616.
+
+In all which time and employments, his abilities and behaviour were
+such, as procured him both love and reverence from the whole Society;
+there being no exception against him for any faults, but a sorrow
+for the infirmities of his being too timorous and bashful; both which
+were, God knows, so connatural as they never left him. And I know not
+whether his lovers ought to wish they had; for they proved so like the
+radical moisture in man's body, that they preserved the life of virtue
+in his soul, which by God's assisting grace never left him till this
+life put on immortality. Of which happy infirmities--if they may be so
+called--more hereafter.
+
+[Sidenote: Standing for Proctor]
+
+In the year 1614 he stood to be elected one of the Proctors for the
+University. And 'twas not to satisfy any ambition of his own, but to
+comply with the desire of the Rector and whole Society, of which he
+was a Member; who had not had a Proctor chosen out of their College
+for the space of sixty years;--namely, not from the year 1554, unto
+his standing;--and they persuaded him, that if he would but stand for
+Proctor, his merits were so generally known, and he so well beloved,
+that 'twas but appearing, and he would infallibly carry it against any
+opposers; and told him, "That he would by that means recover a right
+or reputation that was seemingly dead to his College." By these, and
+other like persuasions, he yielded up his own reason to their's, and
+appeared to stand for Proctor. But that election was carried on by so
+sudden and secret, and by so powerful a faction, that he missed it.
+Which when he understood, he professed seriously to his friends, "That
+if he were troubled at the disappointment, it was for their's, and
+not for his own sake: for he was far from any desire of such an
+employment, as must be managed with charge and trouble, and was too
+usually rewarded with hard censures, or hatred, or both."
+
+[Sidenote: Lectures on Logic]
+
+[Sidenote: Their success]
+
+In the year following he was earnestly persuaded by Dr. Kilbie and
+others, to review the Logic Lectures which he had read some years past
+in his College; and, that done, to methodise and print them, for the
+ease and public good of posterity. But though he had an averseness to
+appear publicly in print; yet after many serious solicitations,
+and some second thoughts of his own, he laid aside his modesty, and
+promised he would; and he did so in that year of 1615. And the book
+proved as his friends seemed to prophesy, that is, of great and
+general use, whether we respect the Art or the Author. For Logic may
+be said to be an Art of right reasoning; an Art that undeceives men
+who take falsehood for truth; enables men to pass a true judgment, and
+detect those fallacies, which in some men's understandings usurp the
+place of right reason. And how great a master our Author was in this
+art, will quickly appear from that clearness of method, argument, and
+demonstration, which is so conspicuous in all his other writings. He,
+who had attained to so great a dexterity in the use of reason
+himself, was best qualified to prescribe rules and directions for the
+instructions of others. And I am the more satisfied of the excellency
+and usefulness of this, his first public undertaking, by hearing that
+most Tutors in both Universities teach Dr. Sanderson's Logic to their
+Pupils, as a foundation upon which they are to build their future
+studies in Philosophy. And, for a further confirmation of my belief,
+the Reader may note, that since his Book of Logic was first printed
+there has not been less than ten thousand sold: and that 'tis like to
+continue both to discover truth and to clear and confirm the reason of
+the unborn world.[5]
+
+[Sidenote: Senior Proctor]
+
+It will easily be believed that his former standing for a Proctor's
+place, and being disappointed, must prove much displeasing to a man of
+his great wisdom and modesty, and create in him an averseness to run a
+second hazard of his credit and content: and yet he was assured by Dr.
+Kilbie, and the Fellows of his own College, and most of those that
+had opposed him in the former Election, that his Book of Logic had
+purchased for him such a belief of his learning and prudence, and
+his behaviour at the former Election had got for him so great and so
+general a love, that all his former opposers repented what they had
+done; and therefore persuaded him to venture to stand a second time.
+And, upon these, and other like encouragements, he did again, but not
+without an inward unwillingness, yield up his own reason to their's,
+and promised to stand. And he did so; and was the tenth of April,
+1616, chosen Senior Proctor for the year following; Mr. Charles
+Crooke[6] of Christ Church being then chosen the Junior.
+
+In this year of his being Proctor, there happened many memorable
+accidents; namely, Dr. Robert Abbot,[7] Master of Balliol College, and
+Regius Professor of Divinity,--who being elected or consecrated Bishop
+of Sarum some months before,--was solemnly conducted out of Oxford
+towards his Diocese, by the Heads of all Houses, and the chief of
+all the University. And Dr. Prideaux[8] succeeded him in the
+Professorship, in which he continued till the year 1642,--being then
+elected Bishop of Worcester,--and then our now Proctor, Mr. Sanderson,
+succeeded him in the Regius Professorship.
+
+[Sidenote: Dr. Lake]
+
+And in this year Dr. Arthur Lake[9]--then Warden of New College--was
+advanced to the Bishopric of Bath and Wells: a man of whom I take
+myself bound in justice to say, that he has made the great trust
+committed to him, the chief care and whole business of his life. And
+one testimony of this proof may be, that he sate usually with his
+Chancellor in his Consistory, and at least advised, if not assisted,
+in most sentences for the punishing of such offenders as deserved
+Church-censures. And it may be noted, that, after a sentence for
+penance was pronounced, he did very rarely or never, allow of any
+commutation for the offence, but did usually see the sentence
+for penance executed; and then as usually preached a Sermon on
+mortification and repentance, and did so apply them to the offenders,
+that then stood before him, as begot in them a devout contrition, and
+at least resolutions to amend their lives: and having done that, he
+would take them--though never so poor--to dinner with him, and use
+them friendly, and dismiss them with his blessing and persuasions to
+a virtuous life, and beg them to believe him. And his humility and
+charity, and other Christian excellencies, were all like this. Of
+all which the Reader may inform himself in his Life, truly writ, and
+printed before his Sermons.
+
+And in this year also, the very prudent and very wise Lord Ellesmere,
+who was so very long Lord Chancellor of England, and then of Oxford,
+resigning up the last, the Right Honourable, and as magnificent,
+William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, was chosen to succeed him.
+
+[Sidenote: University matters]
+
+And in this year our late King Charles the First--then Prince of
+Wales--came honourably attended to Oxford; and having deliberately
+visited the University, the Schools, Colleges, and Libraries, he and
+his attendants were entertained with ceremonies and feasting suitable
+to their dignity and merits.
+
+And this year King James sent letters to the University for the
+regulating their studies; especially of the young Divines: advising
+they should not rely on modern sums and systems, but study the Fathers
+and Councils, and the more primitive learning. And this advice was
+occasioned by the indiscreet inferences made by very many Preachers
+out of Mr. Calvin's doctrine concerning Predestination, Universal
+Redemption, the Irresistibility of God's Grace, and of some other
+knotty points depending upon these; points which many think were not,
+but by interpreters forced to be, Mr. Calvin's meaning; of the truth
+or falsehood of which I pretend not to have an ability to judge; my
+meaning in this relation, being only to acquaint the Reader with the
+occasion of the King's Letter.
+
+[Sidenote: Revision of the Statutes]
+
+It may be observed, that the various accidents of this year did afford
+our Proctor large and laudable matter to dilate and discourse upon:
+and that though his office seemed, according to statute and custom,
+to require him to do so at his leaving it; yet he chose rather to
+pass them over with some very short observations, and present the
+governors, and his other hearers, with rules to keep up discipline and
+order in the University; which at that time was, either by defective
+Statutes, or want of the due execution of those that were good, grown
+to be extremely irregular. And in this year also, the magisterial part
+of the Proctor required more diligence, and was more difficult to be
+managed than formerly, by reason of a multiplicity of new Statutes,
+which begot much confusion; some of which Statutes were then, and
+others suddenly after, put into an useful execution. And though these
+Statutes were not then made so perfectly useful as they were designed,
+till Archbishop Laud's time--who assisted in the forming and promoting
+them;--yet our present Proctor made them as effectual as discretion
+and diligence could do: of which one example may seem worthy the
+noting; namely, that if in his night-walk he met with irregular
+Scholars absent from their Colleges at University hours, or disordered
+by drink, or in scandalous company, he did not use his power of
+punishing to an extremity; but did usually take their names, and a
+promise to appear before him unsent for next morning; and when they
+did, convinced them, with such obligingness, and reason added to it,
+that they parted from him with such resolutions, as the man after
+God's own heart was possessed with, when he said, "There is mercy with
+thee, and therefore thou shall be feared:" Psal. cxxx. 4. And by this
+and a like behaviour to all men, he was so happy as to lay down this
+dangerous employment, as but very few, if any, have done, even without
+an enemy.
+
+[Sidenote: Looking back]
+
+After his speech was ended, and he retired with a friend into a
+convenient privacy, he looked upon his friend with a more than common
+cheerfulness, and spake to him to this purpose: "I look back upon my
+late employment with some content to myself, and a great thankfulness
+to Almighty God, that he hath made me of a temper not apt to provoke
+the meanest of mankind, but rather to pass by infirmities, if noted;
+and in this employment I have had--God knows--many occasions to do
+both. And when I consider, how many of a contrary temper are by sudden
+and small occasions transported and hurried by anger to commit such
+errors, as they in that passion could not foresee, and will in their
+more calm and deliberate thoughts upbraid, and require repentance: and
+consider, that though repentance secures us from the punishment of
+any sin, yet how much more comfortable it is to be innocent than need
+pardon: and consider, that errors against men, though pardoned both by
+God and them, do yet leave such anxious and upbraiding impressions in
+the memory, as abates of the offender's content:--when I consider all
+this, and that God hath of his goodness given me a temper that hath
+prevented me from running into such enormities, I remember my temper
+with joy and thankfulness. And though I cannot say with David--I wish
+I could,--that therefore 'his praise shall always be in my mouth;'
+Psal. xxxiv. 1; yet I hope, that by his grace, and that grace seconded
+by my endeavours, it shall never be blotted out of my memory; and I
+now beseech Almighty God that it never may."
+
+[Sidenote: Gilbert Sheldon]
+
+And here I must look back, and mention one passage more in his
+Proctorship, which is, that Gilbert Sheldon, the late Lord Archbishop
+of Canterbury, was this year sent to Trinity College in that
+University; and not long after his entrance there, a letter was sent
+after him from his godfather--the father of our Proctor--to let his
+son know it, and commend his godson to his acquaintance, and to
+more than a common care of his behaviour; which proved a pleasing
+injunction to our Proctor, who was so gladly obedient to his father's
+desire, that he some few days after sent his servitor to intreat
+Mr. Sheldon to his chamber next morning. But it seems Mr. Sheldon
+having--like a young man as he was--run into some such irregularity
+as made him conscious he had transgressed his statutes, did therefore
+apprehend the Proctor's invitation as an introduction to punishment;
+the fear of which made his bed restless that night: but, at their
+meeting the next morning, that fear vanished immediately by the
+Proctor's cheerful countenance, and the freedom of their discourse of
+friends. And let me tell my Reader, that this first meeting proved the
+beginning of as spiritual a friendship as human nature is capable of;
+of a friendship free from all self ends: and it continued to be so,
+till death forced a separation of it on earth; but it is now reunited
+in Heaven.
+
+[Sidenote: Ordination]
+
+And now, having given this account of his behaviour, and the
+considerable accidents in his Proctorship, I proceed to tell my
+Reader, that, this busy employment being ended, he preached his sermon
+for his Degree of Bachelor in Divinity in as elegant Latin, and as
+remarkable for the matter, as hath been preached in that University
+since that day. And having well performed his other exercises for that
+Degree, he took it the nine and twentieth of May following, having
+been ordained Deacon and Priest in the year 1611, by John King, then
+Bishop of London, who had not long before been Dean of Christ Church,
+and then knew him so well, that he became his most affectionate
+friend. And in this year, being then about the twenty-ninth of his
+age, he took from the University a license to preach.
+
+[Sidenote: Wibberton and Boothby Pagnell]
+
+In the year 1618, he was by Sir Nicholas Sanderson, Lord Viscount
+Castleton, presented to the Rectory of Wibberton, not far from Boston,
+in the County of Lincoln, a living of very good value; but it lay in
+so low and wet a part of that country as was inconsistent with his
+health. And health being--next to a good conscience--the greatest of
+God's blessings in this life, and requiring therefore of every man a
+care and diligence to preserve it, he, apprehending a danger of losing
+it, if he continued at Wibberton a second Winter, did therefore resign
+it back into the hands of his worthy kinsman and patron, about one
+year after his donation of it to him.
+
+And about this time of his resignation he was presented to the Rectory
+of Boothby Pannell, in the same County of Lincoln; a town which
+has been made famous, and must continue to be famous, because Dr.
+Sanderson, the humble and learned Dr. Sanderson, was more than forty
+years Parson of Boothby Pannell, and from thence dated all or most of
+his matchless writings.
+
+To this living--which was of no less value, but a purer air than
+Wibberton--he was presented by Thomas Harrington, of the same County,
+and Parish, Esq., who was a gentleman of a very ancient family, and of
+great use and esteem in his country during his whole life. And in this
+Boothby Pannell the meek and charitable Dr. Sanderson and his patron
+lived with an endearing, mutual, and comfortable friendship, till the
+death of the last put a period to it.
+
+[Sidenote: Resigns his Fellowship]
+
+About the time that he was made Parson of Boothby Pannell, he resigned
+his Fellowship of Lincoln College unto the then Rector and Fellows;
+and his resignation is recorded in these words:
+
+Ego Robertus Sanderson perpetuus, &c.
+
+I Robert Sanderson, Fellow of the College of St. Mary's and
+All-Saints, commonly called Lincoln College, in the University of
+Oxford, do freely and willingly resign into the hands of the Rector
+and Fellows, all the right and title that I have in the said College,
+wishing to them and their successors all peace, and piety, and
+happiness, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy
+Ghost. Amen.
+
+       ROBERT SANDERSON.
+
+May 6, 1619.
+
+And not long after this resignation, he was by the then Bishop of
+York,[10] or the King _sede vacante_, made Prebend of the Collegiate
+Church of Southwell in that Diocese; and shortly after of Lincoln by
+the Bishop of that See.
+
+[Sidenote: Marriage]
+
+And being now resolved to set down his rest in a quiet privacy at
+Boothby Pannell, and looking back with some sadness upon his removal
+from his general acquaintance left in Oxford, and the peculiar
+pleasures of a University life; he could not but think the want of
+society would render this of a country Parson the more uncomfortable,
+by reason of that want of conversation; and therefore he did put
+on some faint purposes to marry. For he had considered, that though
+marriage be cumbered with more worldly care than a single life; yet a
+complying and a prudent wife changes those very cares into so mutual a
+content, as makes them become like the sufferings of St. Paul, Colos.
+i. 24, which he would not have wanted because they occasioned his
+rejoicing in them. And he, having well considered this, and observed
+the secret unutterable joys that children beget in parents, and
+the mutual pleasures and contented trouble of their daily care and
+constant endeavours to bring up those little images of themselves, so
+as to make them as happy as all those cares and endeavours can make
+them: he, having considered all this, the hopes of such happiness
+turned his faint purposes into a positive resolution to marry. And he
+was so happy as to obtain Anne, the daughter of Henry Nelson, Bachelor
+in Divinity, then Rector of Haugham, in the County of Lincoln, a man
+of noted worth and learning. And the Giver of all good things was so
+good to him, as to give him such a wife as was suitable to his own
+desires; a wife, that made his life happy by being always content when
+he was cheerful; that divided her joys with him, and abated of his
+sorrow, by bearing a part of that burden; a wife that demonstrated her
+affection by a cheerful obedience to all his desires, during the whole
+course of his life; and at his death too, for she outlived him.
+
+[Sidenote: A country parson]
+
+And in this Boothby Pannell, he either found or made his parishioners
+peaceable, and complying with him in the decent and regular service
+of God. And thus his Parish, his patron, and he lived together in
+a religious love and a contented quietness; he not troubling their
+thoughts by preaching high and useless notions, but such plain truths
+as were necessary to be known, believed and practised, in order to
+their salvation. And their assent to what he taught was testified by
+such a conformity to his doctrine, as declared they believed and loved
+him. For he would often say, "That, without the last, the most evident
+truths--heard as from an enemy, or an evil liver--either are not, or
+are at least the less effectual; and do usually rather harden than
+convince the hearer."
+
+And this excellent man did not think his duty discharged by only
+reading the Church prayers, catechising, preaching, and administering
+the Sacraments seasonably; but thought--if the Law or the Canons may
+seem to enjoin no more,--yet that God would require more, than the
+defective laws of man's making can or do enjoin; the performance of
+that inward law, which Almighty God hath imprinted in the conscience
+of all good Christians, and inclines those whom he loves to perform.
+He, considering this, did therefore become a law to himself,
+practising what his conscience told him was his duty, in reconciling
+differences, and preventing lawsuits, both in his Parish and in the
+neighbourhood. To which may be added his often visiting sick and
+disconsolate families, persuading them to patience, and raising them
+from dejection by his advice and cheerful discourse, and by adding
+his own alms, if there were any so poor as to need it: considering how
+acceptable it is to Almighty God, when we do as we are advised by
+St. Paul, Gal. vi. 2, "Help to bear one another's burden," either of
+sorrow or want: and what a comfort it will be, when the Searcher of
+all hearts shall call us to a strict account for that evil we have
+done, and the good we have omitted, to remember we have comforted and
+been helpful to a dejected or distressed family.
+
+[Sidenote: The poor tenant]
+
+And that his practice was to do good, one example may be, that he met
+with a poor dejected neighbour, that complained he had taken a meadow,
+the rent of which was 9_l_. a year; and when the hay was made ready
+to be carried into his barn, several days' constant rain had so raised
+the water, that a sudden flood carried all away, and his rich Landlord
+would bate him no rent; and that unless he had half abated, he and
+seven children were utterly undone. It may be noted, that in this age
+there are a sort of people so unlike the God of Mercy, so void of the
+bowels of pity, that they love only themselves and children: love them
+so, as not to be concerned, whether the rest of mankind waste their
+days in sorrow or shame; people that are cursed with riches, and a
+mistake that nothing but riches can make them and their's happy. But
+it was not so with Dr. Sanderson; for he was concerned, and spoke
+comfortably to the poor dejected man; bade him go home and pray, and
+not load himself with sorrow, for he would go to his Landlord next
+morning; and if his Landlord would not abate what he desired, he and a
+friend would pay it for him.
+
+[Sidenote: The rich landlord]
+
+[Sidenote: A successful mediator]
+
+To the Landlord he went the next day, and, in a conference, the
+Doctor presented to him the sad condition of his poor dejected Tenant;
+telling him how much God is pleased when men compassionate the poor:
+and told him, that though God loves sacrifice, yet he loves mercy so
+much better, that he is pleased when called the God of Mercy. And
+told him, the riches he was possessed of were given him by that God of
+Mercy, who would not be pleased, if he, that had so much given,
+yea, and forgiven him too, should prove like the rich steward in the
+Gospel, "that took his fellow servant by the throat to make him pay
+the utmost farthing." This he told him: and told him, that the law of
+this nation--by which law he claims his rent--does not undertake to
+make men honest or merciful; but does what it can to restrain men from
+being dishonest or unmerciful, and yet was defective in both: and that
+taking any rent from his poor Tenant, for what God suffered him not to
+enjoy, though the law allowed him to do so, yet if he did so, he was
+too like that rich Steward which he had mentioned to him; and told him
+that riches so gotten, and added to his great estate, would, as Job
+says, "prove like gravel in his teeth:" would in time so corrode his
+conscience, or become so nauseous when he lay upon his deathbed, that
+he would then labour to vomit it up, and not be able: and therefore
+advised him, being very rich, to make friends of his unrighteous
+Mammon, before that evil day come upon him: but however, neither
+for his own sake, nor for God's sake, to take any rent of his poor,
+dejected, sad Tenant; for that were to gain a temporal, and lose his
+eternal happiness. These and other such reasons were urged with so
+grave and compassionate an earnestness, that the Landlord forgave his
+Tenant the whole rent.
+
+The Reader will easily believe that Dr. Sanderson, who was so meek and
+merciful, did suddenly and gladly carry this comfortable news to the
+dejected Tenant; and we believe, that at the telling of it there was
+mutual rejoicing. It was one of Job's boasts, that "he had seen none
+perish for want of clothing: and that he had often made the heart of
+the widow to rejoice." Job xxxi. 19. And doubtless Dr. Sanderson
+might have made the same religious boast of this and very many like
+occasions. But, since he did not, I rejoice that I have this just
+occasion to do it for him; and that I can tell the Reader, I might
+tire myself and him, in telling how like the whole course of Dr.
+Sanderson's life was to this which I have now related.
+
+[Sidenote: Contented obscurity]
+
+Thus he went on in an obscure and quiet privacy, doing good daily both
+by word and by deed, as often as any occasion offered itself; yet not
+so obscurely, but that his very great learning, prudence, and piety
+were much noted and valued by the Bishop of his Diocese, and by most
+of the nobility and gentry of that county. By the first of which
+he was often summoned to preach many Visitation Sermons, and by the
+latter at many Assizes. Which Sermons, though they were much esteemed
+by them that procured, and were fit to judge them; yet they were the
+less valued, because he read them, which he was forced to do; for
+though he had an extraordinary memory,--even the art of it,--yet he
+had such an innate invincible fear and bashfulness, that his memory
+was wholly useless, as to the repetition of his sermons as he had writ
+them; which gave occasion to say, when they were first printed and
+exposed to censure, which was in the year 1632,--"that the best
+Sermons that were ever read, were never preached."
+
+[Sidenote: Chaplain to Charles I.]
+
+In this contented obscurity he continued, till the learned and good
+Archbishop Laud,[11] who knew him well in Oxford,--for he was
+his contemporary there,--told the King,--'twas the knowing and
+conscientious King Charles the First,--that there was one Mr.
+Sanderson, an obscure country Minister, that was of such sincerity,
+and so excellent in all casuistical learning, that he desired
+his Majesty would make him his Chaplain. The King granted it most
+willingly, and gave the Bishop charge to hasten it, for he longed to
+discourse with a man that had dedicated his studies to that useful
+part of learning. The Bishop forgot not the King's desire, and Mr.
+Sanderson was made his Chaplain in Ordinary in November following,
+1631. And when they became known to each other, the King did put many
+Cases of Conscience to him, and received from him such deliberate,
+safe, and clear solutions, as gave him great content in conversing
+with him; so that, at the end of his month's attendance, the King told
+him, "he should long for the next November; for he resolved to have a
+more inward acquaintance with him, when that month and he returned."
+And when the month and he did return, the good King was never absent
+from his Sermons, and would usually say, "I carry my ears to hear
+other preachers; but I carry my conscience to hear Mr. Sanderson,
+and to act accordingly." And this ought not to be concealed from
+posterity, that the King thought what he spake; for he took him to be
+his adviser, in that quiet part of his life, and he proved to be his
+comforter in those days of his affliction, when he apprehended himself
+to be in danger of death or deposing. Of which more hereafter.
+
+[Sidenote: Clerk of the Convocation]
+
+In the first Parliament of this good King,--which was 1625,--he was
+chosen to be a Clerk of the Convocation for the Diocese of Lincoln;
+which I here mention, because about that time did arise many disputes
+about Predestination, and the many critical points that depend upon,
+or are interwoven in it; occasioned, as was said, by a disquisition of
+new principles of Mr. Calvin's, though others say they were before
+his time. But of these Dr. Sanderson then drew up, for his own
+satisfaction, such a scheme--he called it _Pax Ecclesiae_--as then gave
+himself, and hath since given others, such satisfaction, that it still
+remains to be of great estimation among the most learned. He was also
+chosen Clerk of all the Convocations during that good King's reign.
+Which I here tell my Reader, because I shall hereafter have occasion
+to mention that Convocation in 1640, the unhappy Long Parliament,
+and some debates of the Predestination points as they have been since
+charitably handled betwixt him, the learned Dr. Hammond,[12] and Dr.
+Pierce,[13] the now Reverend Dean of Salisbury.
+
+[Sidenote: "D.D."]
+
+In the year 1636, his Majesty, then in his progress, took a fair
+occasion to visit Oxford, and to take an entertainment for two days
+for himself and honourable attendants; which the Reader ought to
+believe was suitable to their dignities. But this is mentioned,
+because at the King's coming thither, Dr. Sanderson did attend him,
+and was then--the 31st of August--created Doctor of Divinity; which
+honour had an addition to it, by having many of the Nobility of this
+nation then made Doctors and Masters of Arts with him; some of whose
+names shall be recorded and live with his, and none shall outlive it.
+First, Dr. Curle and Dr. Wren,[14] who were then Bishops of Winton and
+of Norwich,--and had formerly taken their degrees in Cambridge,
+were with him created Doctors of Divinity in his University. So was
+Meric,[15] the son of the learned Isaac Casaubon; and Prince Rupert,
+who still lives, the then Duke of Lenox, Earl of Hereford, Earl of
+Essex, of Berkshire, and very many others of noble birth--too many to
+be named--were then created Masters of Arts.
+
+[Sidenote: The New Covenant]
+
+[Sidenote: What followed]
+
+Some years before the unhappy Long Parliament, this nation being then
+happy and in peace,--though inwardly sick of being well,--namely, in
+the year 1639, a discontented party of the Scots Church were zealously
+restless for another reformation of their Kirk-government; and to
+that end created a new Covenant, for the general taking of which
+they pretended to petition the King for his assent, and that he would
+enjoin the taking of it by all of that nation. But this petition was
+not to be presented to him by a committee of eight or ten men of their
+fraternity; but by so many thousands, and they so armed as seemed
+to force an assent to what they seemed to request; so that though
+forbidden by the King, yet they entered England, and in the heat of
+zeal took and plundered Newcastle, where the King was forced to meet
+them with an army: but upon a treaty and some concessions, he sent
+them back,--though not so rich as they intended, yet,--for that time,
+without bloodshed. But, Oh! this peace, and this Covenant, were but
+the fore-runners of war, and the many miseries that followed: for in
+the year following there were so many chosen into the Long Parliament,
+that were of a conjunct council with these very zealous and as
+factious reformers, as begot such a confusion by the several desires
+and designs in many of the members of that Parliament, and at last
+in the very common people of this nation, that they were so lost by
+contrary designs, fears, and confusions, as to believe the Scots and
+their Covenant would restore them to their former tranquillity. And to
+that end the Presbyterian party of this nation did again, in the year
+1643, invite the Scotch Covenanters back into England: and hither they
+came marching with it gloriously upon their pikes and in their hats,
+with this motto: "For the Crown and Covenant of both Kingdoms." This
+I saw, and suffered by it. But when I look back upon the ruin of
+families, the bloodshed, the decay of common honesty, and how the
+former piety and plain dealing of this now sinful nation is turned
+into cruelty and cunning, I praise God that he prevented me from being
+of that party which helped to bring in this Covenant, and those sad
+confusions that have followed it. And I have been the bolder to say
+this to myself, because in a sad discourse with Dr. Sanderson, I heard
+him make the like grateful acknowledgment.
+
+[Sidenote: Changes in the Service Book]
+
+This digression is intended for the better information of the reader
+in what will follow concerning Dr. Sanderson. And first, that the
+Covenanters of this nation, and their party in Parliament, made many
+exceptions against the Common Prayer and ceremonies of the Church, and
+seemed restless for a Reformation: and though their desires seemed not
+reasonable to the King, and the learned Dr. Laud, then Archbishop
+of Canterbury; yet, to quiet their consciences, and prevent future
+confusion, they did, in the year 1641, desire Dr. Sanderson to call
+two more of the Convocation to advise with him, and that he would
+then draw up some such safe alterations as he thought fit in the
+Service-book, and abate some of the ceremonies that were least
+material for satisfying their consciences:--and to this end they did
+meet together privately twice a week at the Dean of Westminster's[16]
+house, for the space of three months or more. But not long after that
+time, when Dr. Sanderson had made the reformation ready for a view,
+the Church and State were both fallen into such a confusion, that Dr.
+Sanderson's model for reformation became then useless. Nevertheless,
+his reputation was such, that he was, in the year 1642, proposed by
+both Houses of Parliament to the King, then in Oxford, to be one of
+their trustees for the settling of Church-affairs, and was allowed of
+by the King to be so: but that treaty came to nothing.
+
+[Sidenote: Regius Professor of Divinity]
+
+In the year 1643, the two Houses of Parliament took upon them to make
+an ordinance, and call an Assembly of Divines, to debate and settle
+some Church-controversies, of which many were very unfit to judge; in
+which Dr. Sanderson was also named, but did not appear; I suppose for
+the same reason that many other worthy and learned men did forbear,
+the summons wanting the King's authority. And here I must look back,
+and tell the Reader, that in the year 1642, he was, July 21st, named
+by a more undoubted authority to a more noble employment, which was
+to be Professor Regius of Divinity in Oxford: but, though knowledge be
+said to puff up, yet his modesty and too mean an opinion of his great
+abilities, and some other real or pretended reasons,--expressed in his
+speech, when he first appeared in the chair, and since printed,--kept
+him from entering into it till October, 1646.
+
+[Sidenote: His lectures]
+
+He did, for about a year's time, continue to read his matchless
+Lectures, which were first _de Juramento_, a point very difficult, and
+at that time very dangerous to be handled as it ought to be. But this
+learned man, as he was eminently furnished with abilities to satisfy
+the consciences of men upon that important subject; so he wanted not
+courage to assert the true obligation of Oaths in a degenerate age,
+when men had made perjury a main part of their religion. How much
+the learned world stands obliged to him for these, and his following
+Lectures _de Conscientia_, I shall not attempt to declare, as
+being very sensible that the best pens must needs fall short in the
+commendation of them: so that I shall only add, that they continued
+to this day, and will do for ever, as a complete standard for the
+resolution of the most material doubts in Casuistical Divinity. And
+therefore I proceed to tell the Reader, that about the time of his
+reading those Lectures,--the King being then prisoner in the Isle of
+Wight,--the Parliament had sent the Covenant, the Negative Oath, and
+I know not what more, to be taken by the Doctor of the Chair, and
+all Heads of Houses; and all other inferior Scholars, of what degree
+soever, were all to take these Oaths by a fixed day; and those that
+did not, to abandon their College, and the University too, within
+twenty-four hours after the beating of a drum; for if they remained
+longer, they were to be proceeded against as spies.
+
+Dr. Laud, then Archbishop of Canterbury, the Earl of Strafford, and
+many others, had been formerly murdered by this wicked Parliament; but
+the King yet was not: and the University had yet some faint hopes that
+in a Treaty then in being, or pretended to be suddenly, there might
+be such an agreement made between King and Parliament, that the
+Dissenters in the University might both preserve their consciences and
+subsistence which they then enjoyed by their Colleges.
+
+[Sidenote: A mistaken hope]
+
+[Sidenote: Manifesto to Parliament.]
+
+And being possessed of this mistaken hope, that the Parliament were
+not yet grown so merciless as not to allow manifest reason for their
+not submitting to the enjoined Oaths, the University appointed
+twenty delegates to meet, consider, and draw up a Manifesto to the
+Parliament, why they could not take those oaths but by violation
+of their consciences: and of these delegates Dr. Sheldon,--late
+Archbishop of Canterbury,--Dr. Hammond,--Dr. Sanderson, Dr.
+Morley,--now Bishop of Winchester,--and that most honest and as
+judicious Civil Lawyer, Dr. Zouch,[17] were a part; the rest I cannot
+now name: but the whole number of the delegates requested Dr. Zouch
+to draw up the Law part, and give it to Dr. Sanderson: and he was
+requested to methodise and add what referred to reason and conscience,
+and put it into form. He yielded to their desires and did so. And
+then, after they had been read in a full Convocation, and allowed of,
+they were printed in Latin, that the Parliament's proceedings and the
+University's sufferings might be manifested to all nations: and the
+imposers of these oaths might repent, or answer them: but they were
+past the first; and for the latter, I might swear they neither can,
+nor ever will. And these Reasons were also suddenly turned into
+English by Dr. Sanderson, that those of these three kingdoms might the
+better judge of the loyal party's sufferings.
+
+[Sidenote: "Cases of Conscience"]
+
+[Sidenote: The King's errors]
+
+[Sidenote: Translation of "De Juramento"]
+
+About this time the Independents--who were then grown to be the most
+powerful part of the army--had taken the King from a close to a
+more large imprisonment; and, by their own pretences to liberty of
+conscience, were obliged to allow somewhat of that to the King,
+who had, in the year 1646, sent for Dr. Sanderson, Dr. Hammond, Dr.
+Sheldon,--the late Archbishop of Canterbury,--and Dr. Morley,--the now
+Bishop of Winchester,--to attend him, in order to advise with them,
+how far he might with a good conscience comply with the proposals of
+the Parliament for a peace in Church and State: but these, having been
+then denied him by the Presbyterian Parliament, were now allowed
+him by those in present power. And as those other Divines, so Dr.
+Sanderson gave his attendance on his Majesty also in the Isle of
+Wight, preached there before him, and had in that attendance many,
+both public and private, conferences with him, to his Majesty's great
+satisfaction. At which time he desired Dr. Sanderson, that, being the
+Parliament had proposed to him the abolishing of Episcopal Government
+in the Church, as inconsistent with Monarchy, that he would consider
+of it; and declare his judgment. He undertook to do so, and did it;
+but it might not be printed till our King's happy Restoration, and
+then it was. And at Dr. Sanderson's taking his leave of his Majesty in
+his last attendance on him, the King requested him to betake himself
+to the writing Cases of Conscience for the good of posterity. To which
+his answer was, "That he was now grown old, and unfit to write Cases
+of Conscience." But the King was so bold with him as to say, "It was
+the simplest answer he ever heard from Dr. Sanderson; for no young man
+was fit to be a judge, or write Cases of Conscience." And let me here
+take occasion to tell the Reader this truth, not commonly known;
+that in one of these conferences this conscientious King told Dr.
+Sanderson, or one of them that then waited with him, "that the
+remembrance of two errors did much afflict him; which were, his assent
+to the Earl of Strafford's death, and the abolishing Episcopacy in
+Scotland; and that if God ever restored him to be in a peaceable
+possession of his Crown, he would demonstrate his repentance by a
+public confession, and a voluntary penance,"--I think barefoot--from
+the Tower of London, or Whitehall, to St. Paul's Church, and desire
+the people to intercede with God for his pardon. I am sure one of them
+that told it me lives still, and will witness it. And it ought to
+be observed, that Dr. Sanderson's Lectures _de Juramento_ were so
+approved and valued by the King, that in this time of his imprisonment
+and solitude he translated them into exact English; desiring Dr.
+Juxon,[18]--then Bishop of London,--Dr. Hammond, and Sir Thomas
+Herbert,[19] who then attended him,--to compare them with the
+original. The last still lives, and has declared it, with some other
+of that King's excellencies, in a letter under his own hand, which was
+lately shewed me by Sir William Dugdale, King at Arms. The book was
+designed to be put into the King's Library at St. James's; but, I
+doubt, not now to be found there. I thought the honour of the Author
+and the Translator to be both so much concerned in this relation, that
+it ought not to be concealed from the Reader, and 'tis therefore here
+inserted.
+
+[Sidenote: Expelled from Oxford]
+
+I now return to Dr. Sanderson in the Chair in Oxford; where they that
+complied not in taking the Covenant, Negative Oath, and Parliament
+Ordinance for Church-discipline and worship, were under a sad and
+daily apprehension of expulsion: for the Visitors were daily expected,
+and both City and University full of soldiers, and a party of
+Presbyterian Divines, that were as greedy and ready to possess, as the
+ignorant and ill-natured Visitors were to eject the Dissenters out of
+their Colleges and livelihoods: but, notwithstanding, Dr. Sanderson
+did still continue to read his Lecture, and did, to the very faces of
+those Presbyterian Divines and soldiers, read with so much reason, and
+with a calm fortitude make such applications, as, if they were not,
+they ought to have been ashamed, and begged pardon of God and him,
+and forborne to do what followed. But these thriving sinners were
+hardened; and, as the Visitors expelled the Orthodox, they, without
+scruple or shame, possessed themselves of their Colleges; so that,
+with the rest, Dr. Sanderson was in June, 1648, forced to pack up and
+be gone, and thank God he was not imprisoned, as Dr. Sheldon, and Dr.
+Hammond, and others then were.
+
+[Sidenote: Dr. Morley]
+
+[Sidenote: His fortitude]
+
+I must now again look back to Oxford, and tell my Reader, that the
+year before this expulsion, when the University had denied this
+subscription, and apprehended the danger of that visitation which
+followed, they sent Dr. Morley, then Canon of Christ Church,--now
+Lord Bishop of Winchester,--and others, to petition the Parliament for
+recalling the injunction, or a mitigation of it, or accept of their
+reasons why they could not take the Oaths enjoined them; and the
+petition was by Parliament referred to a committee to hear and report
+the reasons to the House, and a day set for hearing them. This done,
+Dr. Morley and the rest went to inform and fee Counsel, to plead their
+cause on the day appointed; but there had been so many committed
+for pleading, that none durst undertake it; for at this time the
+privileges of that Parliament were become a _Noli me tangere_, as
+sacred and useful to them, as traditions ever were, or are now, to the
+Church of Rome; their number must never be known, and therefore not
+without danger to be meddled with. For which reason Dr. Morley was
+forced, for want of Counsel, to plead the University's Reasons for
+non-compliance with the Parliament's injunctions: and though this was
+done with great reason, and a boldness equal to the justice of his
+cause; yet the effect of it was, but that he and the rest appearing
+with him were so fortunate as to return to Oxford without commitment.
+This was some few days before the Visitors and more soldiers were sent
+down to drive the Dissenters out of the University. And one that
+was, at this time of Dr. Morley's pleading, a powerful man in
+the Parliament,[20] and of that committee, observing Dr. Morley's
+behaviour and reason, and inquiring of him and hearing a good report
+of his morals, was therefore willing to afford him a peculiar favour;
+and, that he might express it, sent for me that relate this story, and
+knew Dr. Morley well, and told me, "he had such a love for Dr. Morley,
+that knowing he would not take the Oaths, and must therefore be
+ejected his College, and leave Oxford; he desired I would therefore
+write to him to ride out of Oxford, when the Visitors came into it,
+and not return till they left it, and he should be sure then to
+return in safety; and that he should, without taking any Oath or other
+molestation, enjoy his Canon's place in his College." I did receive
+this intended kindness with a sudden gladness, because I was sure
+the party had a power, and as sure he meant to perform it, and did
+therefore write the Doctor word: and his answer was, that I must
+not fail to return my friend,--who still lives,--his humble and
+undissembled thanks, though he could not accept of his intended
+kindness; for when the Dean, Dr. Gardner, Dr. Paine, Dr. Hammond, Dr.
+Sanderson and all the rest of the College were turned out, except Dr.
+Wall,[21] he should take it to be, if not a sin, yet a shame, to be
+left behind with him only. Dr. Wall I knew, and will speak nothing of
+him, for he is dead.
+
+[Sidenote: Matters in London]
+
+It may easily be imagined, with what a joyful willingness these
+self-loving reformers took possession of all vacant preferments, and
+with what reluctance others parted with their beloved Colleges and
+subsistence; but their consciences were dearer than their subsistence,
+and out they went; the reformers possessing them without shame or
+scruple: where I leave these scruple-mongers, and make an account of
+the then present affairs of London, to be the next employment of my
+Reader's patience.
+
+And in London all the Bishops' houses were turned to be prisons, and
+they filled with Divines, that would not take the Covenant, or forbear
+reading Common Prayer, or that were accused for some faults like
+these. For it may be noted, that about this time the Parliament set
+out a proclamation, to encourage all laymen that had occasion to
+complain of their Ministers for being troublesome or scandalous, or
+that conformed not to Orders of Parliament, to make their complaint to
+a committee for that purpose; and the Minister, though a hundred
+miles from London, should appear there, and give satisfaction, or be
+sequestered;--and you may be sure no Parish could want a covetous, or
+malicious, or cross-grained complaint;--by which means all prisons
+in London, and in some other places, became the sad habitations of
+conforming Divines.
+
+And about this time the Bishop of Canterbury having been by an unknown
+law condemned to die, and the execution suspended for some days, many
+of the malicious citizens, fearing his pardon, shut up their shops,
+professing not to open them till justice was executed. This malice and
+madness is scarce credible; but I saw it.
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Thomas Brightman]
+
+The Bishops had been voted out of the House of Parliament, and some
+upon that occasion sent to the Tower; which made many Covenanters
+rejoice, and believe Mr. Brightman[22]--who probably was a good and
+well-meaning man--to be inspired in his "Comment on the Apocalypse,"
+an abridgment of which was now printed, and called Mr. Brightman's
+"Revelation of the Revelation." And though he was grossly mistaken
+in other things, yet, because he had made the Churches of Geneva and
+Scotland, which had no Bishops, to be Philadelphia in the Apocalypse,
+the Angel that God loved; Rev. iii. 7-13, and the power of Prelacy to
+be Antichrist, the evil Angel, which the House of Commons had now
+so spewed up, as never to recover their dignity; therefore did those
+Covenanters approve and applaud Mr. Brightman for discovering and
+foretelling the Bishops' downfall; so that they both railed at them,
+and rejoiced to buy good pennyworths of their land, which their
+friends of the House of Commons did afford them, as a reward of their
+diligent assistance to pull them down.
+
+[Sidenote: Contentions]
+
+And the Bishops' power being now vacated, the common people were made
+so happy, as every Parish might choose their own Minister, and tell
+him when he did, and when he did not, preach true doctrine: and by
+this and like means, several Churches had several teachers, that
+prayed and preached for and against one another: and engaged their
+hearers to contend furiously for truths which they understood not;
+some of which I shall mention in the discourse that follows.
+
+[Sidenote: and contradictions]
+
+I have heard of two men, that in their discourse undertook to give a
+character of a third person: and one concluded he was a very honest
+man, "for he was beholden to him;" and the other, that he was not,
+"for he was not beholden to him." And something like this was in the
+designs both of the Covenanters and Independents, the last of which
+were now grown both as numerous and as powerful as the former: for
+though they differed much in many principles, and preached against
+each other, one making it a sign of being in the state of grace, if we
+were but zealous for the Covenant; and the other, that we ought to buy
+and sell by a measure, and to allow the same liberty of conscience to
+others, which we by Scripture claim to ourselves; and therefore not
+to force any to swear the Covenant contrary to their consciences, and
+lose both their livings and liberties too. Though these differed thus
+in their conclusions, yet they both agreed in their practice to preach
+down Common Prayer, and get into the best sequestered livings; and
+whatever became of the true owners, their wives and children, yet to
+continue in them without the least scruple of conscience.
+
+They also made other strange observations of Election, Reprobation,
+and Free Will, and the other points dependent upon these; such as the
+wisest of the common people were not fit to judge of; I am sure I am
+not: though I must mention some of them historically in a more proper
+place, when I have brought my Reader with me to Dr. Sanderson at
+Boothby Pannell.
+
+And in the way thither I must tell him, that a very Covenanter, and a
+Scot too, that came into England with this unhappy Covenant, was got
+into a good sequestered living by the help of a Presbyterian Parish,
+which had got the true owner out. And this Scotch Presbyterian, being
+well settled in this good living, began to reform the Churchyard,
+by cutting down a large yew-tree, and some other trees that were an
+ornament to the place, and very often a shelter to the parishioners;
+who, excepting against him for so doing, were answered, "That the
+trees were his, and 'twas lawful for every man to use his own, as he,
+and not as they thought fit." I have heard, but do not affirm it,
+that no action lies against him that is so wicked as to steal the
+winding-sheet of a dead body after it is buried; and have heard the
+reason to be, because none were supposed to be so void of humanity;
+and that such a law would vilify that nation that would but suppose so
+vile a man to be born in it: nor would one suppose any man to do what
+this Covenanter did. And whether there were any law against him, I
+know not; but pity the Parish the less for turning out their legal
+Minister.
+
+[Sidenote: Boothby again]
+
+We have now overtaken Dr. Sanderson at Boothby Parish, where he hoped
+to enjoy himself though in a poor, yet in a quiet and desired privacy;
+but it proved otherwise: for all corners of the nation were filled
+with Covenanters, confusion, Committee-men, and soldiers, serving
+each other to their several ends, of revenge, or power, or profit: and
+these Committee-men and soldiers were most of them so possessed with
+this Covenant, that they became like those that were infected with
+that dreadful Plague of Athens; the plague of which Plague was, that
+they by it became maliciously restless to get into company, and to
+joy,--so the Historian saith,--when they had infected others, even
+those of their most beloved or nearest friends or relations:[23] and
+though there might be some of these Covenanters that were beguiled and
+meant well; yet such were the generality of them, and temper of
+the times, that you may be sure Dr. Sanderson, who though quiet
+and harmless, yet an eminent dissenter from them, could not live
+peaceably; nor did he: for the soldiers would appear, and visibly
+disturb him in the Church when he read prayers, pretending to advise
+him how God was to be served most acceptably: which he not approving,
+but continuing to observe order and decent behaviour in reading the
+Church-service, they forced his book from him, and tore it, expecting
+extemporary prayers.
+
+At this time he was advised by a Parliament man of power and note,
+that valued and loved him much, not to be strict in reading all the
+Common Prayer, but make some little variation, especially if the
+soldiers came to watch him; for then it might not be in the power of
+him and his other friends to secure him from taking the Covenant, or
+Sequestration: for which reasons he did vary somewhat from the strict
+rules of the Rubric. I will set down the very words of confession
+which he used, as I have it under his own hand; and tell the Reader,
+that all his other variations were as little, and much like to this.
+
+[Sidenote: A Confession]
+
+HIS CONFESSION.
+
+"O Almighty God and merciful Father, we, thy unworthy servants, do
+with shame and sorrow confess, that we have all our life long gone
+astray out of thy ways like lost sheep; and that, by following
+too much the vain devices and desires of our own hearts, we have
+grievously offended against thy holy laws, both in thought, word, and
+deed; we have many times left undone those good duties which we might
+and ought to have done; and we have many times done those evils,
+when we might have avoided them, which we ought not to have done.
+We confess, O Lord! that there is no health at all, nor help in
+any creature to relieve us; but all our hope is in thy mercy, whose
+justice we have by our sins so far provoked. Have mercy therefore upon
+us, O Lord! have mercy upon us miserable offenders: spare us, good
+God, who confess our faults, that we perish not; but, according to
+thy gracious promises declared unto mankind in Christ Jesus our Lord,
+restore us upon our true repentance into thy grace and favour. And
+grant, O most merciful Father! for his sake, that we henceforth study
+to serve and please thee by leading a godly, righteous, and a sober
+life, to the glory of thy holy name, and the eternal comfort of our
+own souls, through Jesus Christ our Lord."
+
+Amen.
+
+[Sidenote: Wise submission]
+
+In these disturbances of tearing his servicebook, a neighbour came on
+a Sunday, after the Evening service was ended, to visit and condole
+with him for the affront offered by the soldiers. To whom he spake
+with a composed patience, and said; "God hath restored me to my
+desired privacy, with my wife and children; where I hoped to have met
+with quietness, and it proves not so: but I will labour to be pleased,
+because God, on whom I depend, sees it is not fit for me to be quiet.
+I praise him, that he hath by his grace prevented me from making
+shipwreck of a good conscience to maintain me in a place of great
+reputation and profit: and though my condition be such, that I need
+the last, yet I submit; for God did not send me into this world to do
+my own, but suffer his will, and I will obey it." Thus by a sublime
+depending on his wise, and powerful, and pitiful Creator, he did
+cheerfully submit to what God had appointed, justifying the truth of
+that doctrine which he had preached.
+
+About this time that excellent book of "The King's Meditations in his
+Solitude" was printed, and made public; and Dr. Sanderson was such a
+lover of the Author, and so desirous that the whole world should see
+the character of him in that book, and something of the cause for
+which they suffered, that he designed to turn it into Latin: but
+when he had done half of it most excellently, his friend Dr. Earle
+prevented him, by appearing to have done the whole very well before
+him.
+
+[Sidenote: Preaching without book]
+
+About this time his dear and most intimate friend, the learned Dr.
+Hammond, came to enjoy a conversation and rest with him for some days;
+and did so. And having formerly persuaded him to trust his excellent
+memory, and not read, but try to speak a sermon as he had writ it, Dr.
+Sanderson became so compliant, as to promise he would. And to that end
+they two went early the Sunday following to a neighbour Minister,
+and requested to exchange a sermon; and they did so. And at Dr.
+Sanderson's going into the pulpit, he gave his sermon--which was a
+very short one--into the hand of Dr. Hammond, intending to preach
+it as it was writ: but before he had preached a third part, Dr.
+Hammond,--looking on his sermon as written,--observed him to be out,
+and so lost as to the matter, that he also became afraid for him: for
+'twas discernible to many of the plain auditory. But when he had ended
+this short sermon, as they two walked homeward, Dr. Sanderson said
+with much earnestness, "Good Doctor, give me my sermon; and know, that
+neither you nor any man living, shall ever persuade me to preach again
+without my books." To which the reply was, "Good Doctor, be not angry:
+for if I ever persuade you to preach again without book, I will give
+you leave to burn all those that I am master of."
+
+Part of the occasion of Dr. Hammond's visit, was at this time to
+discourse with Dr. Sanderson about some opinions, in which, if they
+did not then, they had doubtless differed formerly; it was about those
+knotty points, which are by the learned called the Quinquarticular
+Controversy; of which I shall proceed, not to give any judgment,--I
+pretend not to that,--but some short historical account which shall
+follow.
+
+[Sidenote: Liberties of doctrine]
+
+There had been, since the unhappy Covenant was brought and so
+generally taken in England, a liberty given or taken by many
+Preachers--those those of London especially--to preach and be too
+positive in the points of Universal Redemption, Predestination, and
+those other depending upon these. Some of which preached, "That
+all men were, before they came into this world, so predestinated to
+salvation or damnation, that it was not in their power to sin so, as
+to lose the first, nor by their most diligent endeavour to avoid the
+latter. Others, that it was not so: because then God could not be said
+to grieve for the death of a sinner, when he himself had made him
+so by an inevitable decree, before he had so much as a being in this
+world;" affirming therefore, "that man had some power left him to do
+the will of God, because he was advised to work out his salvation with
+fear and trembling;" maintaining, "that it is most certain every man
+can do what he can to be saved;" and that "he that does what he can
+to be saved, shall never be damned." And yet many that affirmed this
+would confess, "That that grace, which is but a persuasive offer, and
+left to us to receive, or refuse, is not that grace which shall bring
+men to Heaven." Which truths, or untruths, or both, be they which they
+will, did upon these, or the like occasions, come to be searched into,
+and charitably debated betwixt Dr. Sanderson, Dr. Hammond, and Dr.
+Pierce,--the now Reverend Dean of Salisbury,--of which I shall proceed
+to give some account, but briefly.
+
+[Sidenote: A charitable disquisition]
+
+In the year 1648, the fifty-two London Ministers--then a fraternity of
+Sion College in that City--had in a printed Declaration aspersed Dr.
+Hammond most heinously, for that he had in his Practical Catechism
+affirmed, that our Saviour died for the sins of all mankind. To
+justify which truth, he presently makes a charitable reply--as 'tis
+now printed in his works.--After which there were many letters passed
+betwixt the said Dr. Hammond, Dr. Sanderson and Dr. Pierce, concerning
+God's grace and decrees. Dr. Sanderson was with much unwillingness
+drawn into this debate; for he declared it would prove uneasy to him,
+who in his judgment of God's decrees differed with Dr. Hammond,--whom
+he reverenced and loved dearly,--and would not therefore engage him
+into a controversy, of which he could never hope to see an end: but
+they did all enter into a charitable disquisition of these said points
+in several letters, to the full satisfaction of the learned; those
+betwixt Dr. Sanderson and Dr. Hammond being printed in his works; and
+for what passed betwixt him and the learned Dr. Pierce, I refer my
+Reader to a Letter annexed to the end of this relation.
+
+[Sidenote: Changes of judgment]
+
+I think the judgment of Dr. Sanderson, was, by these debates, altered
+from what it was at his entrance into them; for in the year 1632, when
+his excellent Sermons were first printed in quarto, the Reader may on
+the margin find some accusation of Arminius for false doctrine; and
+find that, upon a review and reprinting those Sermons in folio, in the
+year 1657, that accusation of Arminius is omitted. And the change
+of his judgment seems more fully to appear in his said letter to Dr.
+Pierce. And let me now tell the Reader, which may seem to be perplexed
+with these several affirmations of God's decrees before mentioned,
+that Dr. Hammond, in a postscript to the last letter of Dr.
+Sanderson's, says, "God can reconcile his own contradictions,
+and therefore advises all men, as the Apostle does, to study
+mortification, and be wise to sobriety." And let me add farther, that
+if these fifty-two Ministers of Sion College were the occasion of the
+debates in these letters, they have, I think, been the occasion of
+giving an end to the Quinquarticular Controversy: for none have since
+undertaken to say more; but seem to be so wise, as to be content to be
+ignorant of the rest, till they come to that place, where the secrets
+of all hearts shall be laid open. And let me here tell the Reader
+also, that if the rest of mankind would, as Dr. Sanderson, not conceal
+their alteration of judgment, but confess it to the honour of God
+and themselves, then our nation would become freer from pertinacious
+disputes, and fuller of recantations.
+
+[Sidenote: Dr. Laud]
+
+I cannot lead my Reader to Dr. Hammond and Dr. Sanderson, where we
+left them at Boothby Pannell, till I have looked back to the Long
+Parliament, the Society of Covenanters in Sion College, and those
+others scattered up and down in London, and given some account
+of their proceedings and usage of the late learned Dr. Laud, then
+Archbishop of Canterbury. And though I will forbear to mention the
+injustice of his death, and the barbarous usage of him, both then and
+before it; yet my desire is that what follows may be noted, because it
+does now, or may hereafter, concern us; namely, that in his last sad
+sermon on the scaffold at his death, he having freely pardoned all his
+enemies, and humbly begged of God to pardon them, and besought those
+present to pardon and pray for him; yet he seemed to accuse the
+magistrates of the City, for suffering a sort of wretched people,
+that could not know why he was condemned, to go visibly up and down
+to gather hands to a petition, that the Parliament would hasten his
+execution. And having declared how unjustly he thought himself to be
+condemned, and accused for endeavouring to bring in Popery,--for
+that was one of the accusations for which he died,--he declared with
+sadness, "That the several sects and divisions then in England,--which
+he had laboured to prevent,--were like to bring the Pope a far greater
+harvest, than he could ever have expected without them." And said,
+"These sects and divisions introduce profaneness under the cloak of an
+imaginary Religion; and that we have lost the substance of Religion by
+changing it into opinion: and that by these means this Church, which
+all the Jesuits' machinations could not ruin, was fallen into apparent
+danger by those which were his accusers." To this purpose he spoke at
+his death: for this, and more of which, the Reader may view his last
+sad sermon on the scaffold. And it is here mentioned, because his dear
+friend, Dr. Sanderson, seems to demonstrate the same in his two large
+and remarkable Prefaces before his two volumes of Sermons; and he
+seems also with much sorrow to say the same again in his last Will,
+made when he apprehended himself to be very near his death. And these
+Covenanters ought to take notice of it, and to remember, that, by the
+late wicked war begun by them, Dr. Sanderson was ejected out of the
+Professor's Chair in Oxford; and that if he had continued in it,--for
+he lived fourteen years after,--both the learned of this, and other
+nations, had been made happy by many remarkable Cases of Conscience,
+so rationally stated, and so briefly, so clearly, and so convincingly
+determined, that posterity might have joyed and boasted, that Dr.
+Sanderson was born in this nation, for the ease and benefit of all the
+learned that shall be born after him: but this benefit is so like time
+past, that they are both irrecoverably lost.
+
+[Sidenote: Prisoner at Lincoln]
+
+I should now return to Boothby Pannell, where we left Dr. Hammond and
+Dr. Sanderson together; but neither can be found there: for the first
+was in his journey to London, and the second seized upon the day
+after his friend's departure, and carried prisoner to Lincoln, then
+a garrison of the Parliament's. For the pretended reason of which
+commitment, I shall give this following account.
+
+[Sidenote: Exchanged for Dr. Clarke]
+
+There was one Mr. Clarke, the Minister of Alington, a town not many
+miles from Boothby Pannell, who was an active man for the Parliament
+and Covenant; one that, when Belvoir Castle--then a garrison for the
+Parliament--was taken by a party of the King's soldiers, was taken
+in it, and made a prisoner of war in Newark, then a garrison of the
+King's; a man so active and useful for his party, that they became so
+much concerned for his enlargement, that the Committee of Lincoln sent
+a troop of horse to seize and bring Dr. Sanderson a prisoner to that
+garrison: and they did so. And there he had the happiness to meet with
+many, that knew him so well as to treat him kindly; but told him,
+"He must continue their prisoner, till he should purchase his own
+enlargement by procuring an exchange for Mr. Clarke, then prisoner in
+the King's garrison of Newark." There were many reasons given by the
+Doctor of the injustice of his imprisonment, and the inequality of
+the exchange: but all were ineffectual; for done it must be, or he
+continue a prisoner. And in time done it was, upon the following
+conditions.
+
+[Sidenote: Mode of life]
+
+First, that Dr. Sanderson and Mr. Clarke being exchanged, should live
+undisturbed at their own Parishes; and if either were injured by the
+soldiers of the contrary party, the other, having notice of it, should
+procure him a redress, by having satisfaction made for his loss, or
+for any other injury; or if not, he to be used in the same kind by the
+other party. Nevertheless, Dr. Sanderson could neither live safe nor
+quietly, being several times plundered, and once wounded in three
+places: but he, apprehending the remedy might turn to a more
+intolerable burden by impatience or complaining, forbore both;
+and possessed his soul in a contented quietness, without the least
+repining. But though he could not enjoy the safety he expected by this
+exchange, yet, by His providence that can bring good out of evil, it
+turned so much to his advantage, that whereas as his living had been
+sequestered from the year 1644, and continued to be so till this time
+of his imprisonment, he, by the Articles of War in this exchange for
+Mr. Clarke, procured his sequestration to be recalled, and by that
+means enjoyed a poor, but contented subsistence for himself, wife, and
+children, till the happy restoration of our King and Church.
+
+In this time of his poor, but contented privacy of life, his
+casuistical learning, peaceful moderation, and sincerity, became so
+remarkable, that there were many that applied themselves to him for
+resolution in cases of conscience; some known to him, many not; some
+requiring satisfaction by conference, others by letters; so many, that
+his life became almost as restless as their minds; yet he denied
+no man: and if it be a truth which holy Mr. Herbert says, "That all
+worldly joys seem less, when compared with shewing mercy or doing
+kindnesses;" then doubtless Dr. Sanderson might have boasted for
+relieving so many restless and wounded consciences; which, as Solomon
+says, "are a burden that none can bear, though their fortitude may
+sustain their other infirmities;" and if words cannot express the
+joy of a conscience relieved from such restless agonies; then Dr.
+Sanderson might rejoice that so many were by him so clearly and
+conscientiously satisfied, for he denied none, and would often praise
+God for that ability, and as often for the occasion, and that God had
+inclined his heart to do it to the meanest of any of those poor, but
+precious souls, for which his Saviour vouchsafed to be crucified.
+
+[Sidenote: Cases of conscience]
+
+Some of these very many cases that were resolved by letters, have been
+preserved and printed for the benefit of posterity; as namely,
+
+  1. Of the Sabbath.
+  2. Marrying with a Recusant.
+  3. Of unlawful love.
+  4. Of a military life.
+  5. Of Scandal.
+  6. Of a bond taken in the King's name.
+  7. Of the Engagement.
+  8. Of a rash vow.
+
+But many more remain in private hands, of which one is of Simony; and
+I wish the world might see it, that it might undeceive some Patrons,
+who think they have discharged that great and dangerous trust, both
+to God and man, if they take no money for a living, though it may be
+parted with for other ends less justifiable.
+
+[Sidenote: Preface to last sermons]
+
+And in this time of his retirement, when the common people were amazed
+and grown giddy by the many falsehoods, and misapplications of truths
+frequently vented in sermons; when they wrested the Scripture by
+challenging God to be of their party, and called upon him in their
+prayers to patronise their sacrilege and zealous frenzies; in this
+time he did so compassionate the generality of this misled nation,
+that though the times threatened danger, yet he then hazarded his
+safety by writing the large and bold Preface now extant before his
+last twenty Sermons;--first printed in the year 1655;--in which there
+was such strength of reason, with so powerful and clear convincing
+applications made to the Non-conformists, as being read by one of
+those dissenting brethren, who was possessed with such a spirit of
+contradiction, as being neither able to defend his error, nor yield
+to truth manifest,--his conscience having slept long and quietly in
+a good sequestered living,--was yet at the reading of it so awakened,
+that after a conflict with the reason he had met, and the damage he
+was to sustain if he consented to it,--and being still unwilling to be
+so convinced, as to lose by being over-reasoned,--he went in haste to
+the bookseller of whom it was bought, threatened him, and told him in
+anger, "he had sold a book in which there was false Divinity; and that
+the Preface had upbraided the Parliament, and many godly Ministers of
+that party, for unjust dealing." To which his reply was,--'twas Tim.
+Garthwaite,--"That 'twas not his trade to judge of true or false
+Divinity, but to print and sell books: and yet if he, or any friend
+of his, would write an answer to it, and own it by setting his name to
+it, he would print the Answer, and promote the selling of it."
+
+[Sidenote: A meeting in Little Britain]
+
+About the time of his printing this excellent Preface, I met him
+accidentally in London, in sad-coloured clothes, and, God knows,
+far from being costly. The place of our meeting was near to Little
+Britain, where he had been to buy a book, which he then had in his
+hand. We had no inclination to part presently, and therefore turned
+to stand in a corner under a penthouse,--for it began to rain,--and
+immediately the wind rose, and the rain increased so much, that both
+became so inconvenient, as to force us into a cleanly house, where we
+had bread, cheese, ale, and a fire for our money. This rain and wind
+were so obliging to me, as to force our stay there for at least an
+hour, to my great content and advantage; for in that time he made to
+me many useful observations, with much clearness and conscientious
+freedom. I shall relate a part of them, in hope they may also turn to
+the advantage of my Reader. He seemed to lament, that the Parliament
+had taken upon them to abolish our Liturgy, to the scandal of so many
+devout and learned men, and the disgrace of those many martyrs, who
+had sealed the truth and use of it with their blood: and that no
+Minister was now thought godly that did not decry it, and at least
+pretend to make better prayers _ex tempore_: and that they, and only
+they, that could do so, prayed by the Spirit, and were godly; though
+in their sermons they disputed, and evidently contradicted each other
+in their prayers. And as he did dislike this, so he did most highly
+commend the Common Prayer of the Church, saying, "the Collects were
+the most passionate, proper, and most elegant expressions that any
+language ever afforded; and that there was in them such piety, and so
+interwoven with instructions, that they taught us to the power, the
+wisdom, the majesty, and mercy of God, and much of our duty both to
+him and our neighbour: and that a congregation, behaving themselves
+reverently, and putting up to God these joint and known desires for
+pardon of sins, and praises for mercies received, could not but be
+more pleasing to God, than those raw, unpremeditated expressions, to
+which many of the hearers could not say, Amen."
+
+[Sidenote: "The Treasury of Christian comfort"]
+
+And he then commended to me the frequent use of the Psalter, or Psalms
+of David; speaking to this purpose: "That they were the Treasury of
+Christian comfort, fitted for all persons and necessities; able to
+raise the soul from dejection by the frequent mention of God's mercies
+to repentant sinners; to stir up holy desires: to increase joy; to
+moderate sorrow; to nourish hope, and teach us patience, by waiting
+God's leisure: to beget a trust in the mercy, power, and providence of
+our Creator; and to cause a resignation of ourselves to his will; and
+then, and not till then, to believe ourselves happy." This, he said,
+the Liturgy and Psalms taught us; and that by the frequent use of the
+last, they would not only prove to be our soul's comfort, but would
+become so habitual, as to transform them into the Image of his soul
+that composed them. After this manner he expressed himself concerning
+the Liturgy and Psalms; and seemed to lament that this, which was
+the devotion of the more primitive times, should in common pulpits
+be turned into needless debates about Freewill, Election, and
+Reprobation, of which, and many like questions, we may be safely
+ignorant, because Almighty God intends not to lead us to Heaven by
+hard questions, but by meekness and charity, and a frequent practice
+of devotion.
+
+[Sidenote: Dangerous mistakes]
+
+[Sidenote: A year of Homilies]
+
+And he seemed to lament very much, that, by the means of irregular and
+indiscreet preaching, the generality of the nation were possessed with
+such dangerous mistakes, as to think, "they might be religious first,
+and then just and merciful; that they might sell their consciences,
+and yet have something left that was worth keeping; that they might
+be sure they were elected, though their lives were visibly scandalous;
+that to be cunning was to be wise; that to be rich was to be happy,
+though their wealth was got without justice or mercy; that to be
+busy in things they understood not, was no sin." These and the like
+mistakes he lamented much, and besought God to remove them, and
+restore us to that humility, sincerity, and singleheartedness, with
+which this nation was blessed before the unhappy Covenant was brought
+into the nation, and every man preached and prayed what seemed best
+in his own eyes. And he then said to me, "That the way to restore this
+nation to a more meek and Christian temper, was to have the body of
+Divinity--or so much of it as was needful to be known--to be put into
+fifty-two Homilies or Sermons, of such a length as not to exceed a
+third, or fourth part of an hour's reading: and these needful points
+to be made so clear and plain, that those of a mean capacity might
+know what was necessary to be believed, and what God requires to be
+done; and then some applications of trial and conviction: and these
+to be read every Sunday of the year, as infallibly as the blood
+circulates the body; and then as certainly begun again, and continued
+the year following: and that this being done, it might probably abate
+the inordinate desires of knowing what we need not, and practising
+what we know and ought to do." This was the earnest desire of this
+prudent man. And Oh that Dr. Sanderson had undertaken it! for then in
+all probability it would have proved effectual.
+
+[Sidenote: Another conference]
+
+At this happy time of enjoying his company and his discourse, he
+expressed a sorrow by saying to me, "Oh that I had gone Chaplain
+to that excellently accomplished gentleman, your friend, Sir Henry
+Wotton! which was once intended, when he first went Ambassador to
+the State of Venice: for by that employment I had been forced into a
+necessity of conversing, not with him only, but with several men of
+several nations; and might thereby have kept myself from my unmanly
+bashfulness, which has proved very troublesome, and not less
+inconvenient to me; and which I now fear is become so habitual as
+never to leave me: and by that means I might also have known, or at
+least have had the satisfaction of seeing, one of the late miracles
+of general learning, prudence, and modesty, Sir Henry Wotton's dear
+friend, Padre Paulo, who, the author of his life says, was born with
+a bashfulness as invincible as I have found my own to be: a man whose
+fame must never die, till virtue and learning shall become so useless
+as not to be regarded."
+
+This was a part of the benefit I then had by that hour's conversation:
+and I gladly remember and mention it, as an argument of my happiness,
+and his great humility and condescension. I had also a like advantage
+by another happy conference with him, which I am desirous to impart
+in this place to the Reader. He lamented much, that in many Parishes,
+where the maintenance was not great, there was no Minister to
+officiate; and that many of the best sequestered livings were
+possessed with such rigid Covenanters as denied the Sacrament to their
+Parishioners, unless upon such conditions, and in such a manner, as
+they could not take it. This he mentioned with much sorrow, saying,
+"The blessed Sacrament did, by way of preparation for it, give
+occasion to all conscientious receivers to examine the performance
+of their vows, since they received their last seal for the pardon of
+their sins past; and to examine and re-search their hearts, and make
+penitent reflections on their failings; and, that done, to bewail
+them, and then make new vows or resolutions to obey all God's
+commands, and beg his grace to perform them. And this done,
+the Sacrament repairs the decays of grace, helps us to conquer
+infirmities, gives us grace to beg God's grace, and then gives us
+what we beg; makes us still hunger and thirst after his righteousness,
+which we then receive, and being assisted with our endeavours, will
+still so dwell in us, as to become our satisfaction in this life, and
+our comfort on our last sick beds." The want of this blessed benefit
+he lamented much, and pitied their condition that desired, but could
+not obtain it.
+
+[Sidenote: His character]
+
+I hope I shall not disoblige my Reader, if I here enlarge into a
+further character of his person and temper. As first, that he was
+moderately tall: his behaviour had in it much of a plain comeliness,
+and very little, yet enough, of ceremony or courtship; his looks and
+motion manifested affability and mildness, and yet he had with these a
+calm, but so matchless a fortitude, as secured him from complying
+with any of those many Parliament injunctions, that interfered with a
+doubtful conscience. His learning was methodical and exact, his wisdom
+useful, his integrity visible, and his whole life so unspotted, that
+all ought to be preserved as copies for posterity to write after; the
+Clergy especially, who with impure hands ought not to offer sacrifice
+to that God, whose pure eyes abhor iniquity.
+
+There was in his Sermons no improper rhetoric, nor such perplexed
+divisions, as may be said to be like too much light, that so dazzles
+the eyes, that the sight becomes less perfect: but there was therein
+no want of useful matter, nor waste of words; and yet such clear
+distinctions as dispelled all confused notions, and made his hearers
+depart both wiser, and more confirmed in virtuous resolutions.
+
+[Sidenote: His memory]
+
+[Sidenote: His even temper]
+
+His memory was so matchless and firm, as 'twas only overcome by his
+bashfulness; for he alone, or to a friend, could repeat all the Odes
+of Horace, all Tully's Offices, and much of Juvenal and Persius,
+without book: and would say, "the repetition of one of the Odes of
+Horace to himself, was to him such music, as a lesson on the viol was
+to others, when they played it to themselves or friends." And though
+he was blest with a clearer judgment than other men, yet he was so
+distrustful of it, that he did over-consider of consequences, and
+would so delay and re-consider what to determine, that though none
+ever determined better, yet, when the bell tolled for him to appear
+and read his Divinity Lectures in Oxford, and all the Scholars
+attended to hear him, he had not then, or not till then, resolved and
+writ what he meant to determine; so that that appeared to be a truth,
+which his old dear friend Dr. Sheldon would often say, namely, "That
+his judgment was so much superior to his fancy, that whatsoever
+this suggested, that disliked and controlled; still considering, and
+re-considering, till his time was so wasted, that he was forced to
+write, not, probably, what was best, but what he thought last." And
+yet what he did then read, appeared to all hearers to be so useful,
+clear, and satisfactory, as none ever determined with greater
+applause. These tiring and perplexing thoughts begot in him an
+averseness to enter into the toil of considering and determining all
+casuistical points; because during that time, they neither gave rest
+to his body or mind. But though he would not be always loaden with
+these knotty points and distinctions; yet the study of old records,
+genealogies, and Heraldry, were a recreation and so pleasing, that he
+would say they gave rest to his mind. Of the last of which I have seen
+two remarkable volumes; and the Reader needs neither to doubt their
+truth or exactness.
+
+And this humble man had so conquered all repining and ambitious
+thoughts, and with them all other unruly passions, that, if the
+accidents of the day proved to his danger or damage, yet he both began
+and ended it with an even and undisturbed quietness; always praising
+God that he had not withdrawn food and raiment from him and his poor
+family; nor suffered him to violate his conscience for his safety, or
+to support himself or them in a more splendid or plentiful condition;
+and that he therefore resolved with David, "That his praise should be
+always in his mouth."
+
+[Sidenote: "De Conscientia"]
+
+I have taken a content in giving my Reader this character of his
+person, his temper, and some of the accidents of his life past; and
+more might be added of all; but I will with sorrow look forward to the
+sad days, in which so many good men suffered, about the year 1658, at
+which time Dr. Sanderson was in a very low condition as to his estate;
+and in that time Mr. Robert Boyle[24]--a gentleman of a very noble
+birth, and more eminent for his liberality, learning, and virtue,
+and of whom I would say much more, but that he still lives--having
+casually met with and read his Lectures _de Juramento_, to his great
+satisfaction, and being informed of Dr. Sanderson's great innocence
+and sincerity, and that he and his family were brought into a low
+condition by his not complying with the Parliament's injunctions,
+sent him by his dear friend Dr. Barlow[25]--the now learned Bishop of
+Lincoln--50_l._ and with it a request and promise. The request was,
+that he would review the Lectures _de Conscientia_, which he had read
+when he was Doctor of the Chair in Oxford, and print them for the good
+of posterity:--and this Dr. Sanderson did in the year 1659.--And the
+promise was, that he would pay him that, or a greater sum if desired,
+during his life, to enable him to pay an amanuensis, to ease him from
+the trouble of writing what he should conceive or dictate. For the
+more particular account of which, I refer my Reader to a letter
+writ by the said Dr. Barlow, which I have annexed to the end of this
+relation.
+
+[Sidenote: The Restoration]
+
+Towards the end of this year, 1659, when the many mixed sects, and
+their creators and merciless protectors, had led or driven each other
+into a whirlpool of confusion: when amazement and fear had seized
+them, and their accusing consciences gave them an inward and fearful
+intelligence, that the god which they had long served was now ready to
+pay them such wages, as he does always reward witches with for their
+obeying him: when these wretches were come to foresee an end of
+their cruel reign, by our King's return; and such sufferers as Dr.
+Sanderson--and with him many of the oppressed Clergy and others--could
+foresee the cloud of their afflictions would be dispersed by it; then,
+in the beginning of the year following, the King was by God restored
+to us, and we to our known laws and liberties, and a general joy
+and peace seemed to breathe through the three nations. Then were the
+suffering Clergy freed from their sequestration, restored to their
+revenues, and to a liberty to adore, praise, and pray to God in such
+order as their consciences and oaths had formerly obliged them. And
+the Reader will easily believe, that Dr. Sanderson and his dejected
+family rejoiced to see this day, and be of this number.
+
+[Sidenote: Commended to Charles II.]
+
+It ought to be considered--which I have often heard or read--that in
+the primitive times men of learning and virtue were usually sought
+for, and solicited to accept of Episcopal government, and often
+refused it. For they conscientiously considered, that the office of
+a Bishop was made up of labour and care; that they were trusted to be
+God's almoners of the Church's revenue, and double their care for the
+poor; to live strictly themselves, and use all diligence to see that
+their family, officers, and Clergy did so; and that the account of
+that stewardship, must, at the last dreadful day, be made to the
+Searcher of all Hearts: and that in the primitive times they were
+therefore timorous to undertake it. It may not be said, that Dr.
+Sanderson was accomplished with these, and all the other requisites
+required in a Bishop, so as to be able to answer them exactly: but
+it may be affirmed, as a good preparation, that he had at the age of
+seventy-three years--for he was so old at the King's Return--fewer
+faults to be pardoned by God or man, than are apparent in others in
+these days, in which, God knows, we fall so short of that visible
+sanctity and zeal to God's glory, which was apparent in the days of
+primitive Christianity. This is mentioned by way of preparation to
+what I shall say more of Dr. Sanderson; and namely, that, at
+the King's return, Dr. Sheldon, the late prudent Bishop of
+Canterbury,--than whom none knew, valued, or loved Dr. Sanderson more
+or better,--was by his Majesty made a chief trustee to commend to him
+fit men to supply the then vacant Bishoprics. And Dr. Sheldon knew
+none fitter than Dr. Sanderson, and therefore humbly desired the King
+that he would nominate him: and, that done, he did as humbly desire
+Dr. Sanderson that he would, for God's and the Church's sake,
+take that charge and care upon him. Dr. Sanderson had, if not an
+unwillingness, certainly no forwardness to undertake it; and would
+often say, he had not led himself, but his friend would now lead him
+into a temptation, which he had daily prayed against; and besought
+God, if he did undertake it, so as to assist him with his grace, that
+the example of his life, his cares and endeavours, might promote his
+glory, and help forward the salvation of others.
+
+[Sidenote: Bishop of Lincoln]
+
+This I have mentioned as a happy preparation to his Bishopric; and
+am next to tell, that he was consecrated Bishop of Lincoln at
+Westminster, the 28th of October, 1660.
+
+[Sidenote: Mr. Richard Baxter]
+
+There was about this time a Christian care taken, that those whose
+consciences were, as they said, tender, and could not comply with the
+service and ceremonies of the Church, might have satisfaction given
+by a friendly debate betwixt a select number of them, and some like
+number of those that had been sufferers for the Church-service and
+ceremonies, and now restored to liberty; of which last some were then
+preferred to power and dignity in the Church. And of these Bishop
+Sanderson was one, and then chose to be a moderator in that debate:
+and he performed his trust with much mildness, patience, and reason;
+but all proved ineffectual: for there be some prepossessions like
+jealousies, which, though causeless, yet cannot be removed by reasons
+as apparent as demonstration can make any truth. The place appointed
+for this debate was the Savoy in the Strand: and the points debated
+were, I think, many; some affirmed to be truth and reason, some denied
+to be either; and these debates being then in words, proved to be so
+loose and perplexed as satisfied neither party. For some time that
+which had been affirmed was immediately forgot or denied, and so no
+satisfaction given to either party. But that the debate might become
+more useful, it was therefore resolved that the day following the
+desires and reasons of the Non-conformists should be given in writing,
+and they in writing receive answers from the conforming party. And
+though I neither now can, nor need to mention all the points debated,
+nor the names of the dissenting brethren; yet I am sure Mr. Baxter was
+one, and am sure what shall now follow was one of the points debated.
+
+Concerning a command of lawful superiors, what was sufficient to its
+being a lawful command; this proposition was brought by the conforming
+party.
+
+"That command which commands an act in itself lawful, and no other act
+or circumstance unlawful, is not sinful."
+
+Mr. Baxter[26] denied it for two reasons, which he gave in with his
+own hand in writing, thus:
+
+One was, "Because that may be a sin _per accidens_, which is not so in
+itself, and may be unlawfully commanded, though that accident be
+not in the command." Another was, "That it may be commanded under an
+unjust penalty."
+
+Again this proposition being brought by the Conformists, "That command
+which commandeth an act in itself lawful, and no other act whereby
+any unjust penalty is enjoined, nor any circumstance whence, _per
+accidens_, any sin is consequent which the commander ought to provide
+against, is not sinful."
+
+[Sidenote: His contentions or denials]
+
+Mr. Baxter denied it for this reason, then given in with his own
+hand in writing thus: "Because the first act commanded may be _per
+accidens_ unlawful, and be commanded by an unjust penalty, though no
+other act or circumstance commanded be such."
+
+Again, this proposition being brought by the Conformists, "That
+command which commandeth an act in itself lawful, and no other act
+whereby any unjust penalty is enjoined, nor any circumstance,
+whence directly, or _per accidens_, any sin is consequent, which the
+commander ought to provide against, hath in it all things requisite
+to the lawfulness of a command, and particularly cannot be guilty of
+commanding an act _per accidens_ unlawful, nor of commanding an act
+under an unjust penalty."
+
+Mr. Baxter denied it upon the same reasons.
+
+                 PETER GUNNING.[27]
+
+                 JOHN PEARSON.[28]
+
+These were then two of the disputants, still alive, and will attest
+this; one being now Lord Bishop of Ely, and the other of Chester.
+And the last of them told me very lately, that one of the
+Dissenters--which I could, but forbear to name--appeared to Dr.
+Sanderson to be so bold, so troublesome, and so illogical in the
+dispute, as forced patient Dr. Sanderson--who was then Bishop of
+Lincoln, and a moderator with other Bishops--to say, with an unusual
+earnestness, "That he had never met with a man of more pertinacious
+confidence, and less abilities, in all his conversation."
+
+[Sidenote: Results of the debate]
+
+But though this debate at the Savoy was ended without any great
+satisfaction to either party, yet both parties knew the desires, and
+understood the abilities, of the other, much better than before it:
+and the late distressed Clergy, that were now restored to their former
+rights and power, did, at the next meeting in Convocation, contrive to
+give the dissenting party satisfaction by alteration, explanation, and
+addition to some part both of the Rubric and Common Prayer, as also
+by adding some new necessary Collects, and a particular Collect
+of Thanksgiving. How many of those new Collects were worded by Dr.
+Sanderson, I cannot say; but am sure the whole Convocation valued him
+so much that he never undertook to speak to any point in question, but
+he was heard with great willingness and attention; and when any point
+in question was determined, the Convocation did usually desire him to
+word their intentions, and as usually approve and thank him.
+
+[Sidenote: New Offices]
+
+At this Convocation the Common Prayer was made more complete, by
+adding three new necessary Offices; which were, "A Form of Humiliation
+for the Murder of King Charles the Martyr; A Thanksgiving for the
+Restoration of his Son our King; and For the Baptising of Persons of
+riper Age." I cannot say Dr. Sanderson did form, or word them all,
+but doubtless more than any single man of the Convocation; and he
+did also, by desire of the Convocation, alter and add to the forms of
+Prayers to be used at Sea--now taken into the Service-Book.--And
+it may be noted, that William, the now Right Reverend Bishop of
+Canterbury,[29] was in these employments diligently useful; especially
+in helping to rectify the Calendar and Rubric. And lastly, it may
+be noted, that, for the satisfying all the dissenting brethren and
+others, the Convocation's reasons for the alterations and additions
+to the Liturgy were by them desired to be drawn up by Dr. Sanderson;
+which being done by him, and approved by them, was appointed to be
+printed before the Liturgy, and may be known by this title--"The
+Preface;" and begins thus--"It hath been the Wisdom of the Church."--
+
+I shall now follow him to his Bishopric, and declare a part of his
+behaviour in that busy and weighty employment. And first, that it was
+with such condescension and obligingness to the meanest of his Clergy,
+as to know and be known to them. And indeed he practised the like to
+all men of what degree soever, especially to his old neighbours or
+parishioners of Boothby Pannell; for there was all joy at his table,
+when they came to visit him: then they prayed for him, and he for
+them, with an unfeigned affection.
+
+I think it will not be denied, but that the care and toil required of
+a Bishop, may justly challenge the riches and revenue with which their
+predecessors had lawfully endowed them: and yet he sought not that so
+much, as doing good both to the present age and posterity; and he made
+this appear by what follows.
+
+[Sidenote: The Bishop at Buckden]
+
+[Sidenote: Repairs and restorations]
+
+The Bishop's chief house at Buckden, in the County of Huntingdon, the
+usual residence of his predecessors,--for it stands about the midst
+of his Diocese,--having been at his consecration a great part of it
+demolished, and what was left standing under a visible decay, was by
+him undertaken to be erected and repaired: and it was performed with
+great speed, care, and charge. And to this may be added, that the King
+having by an Injunction commended to the care of the Bishops, Deans,
+and Prebends of all Cathedral Churches, "the repair of them, their
+houses, and augmentation of small Vicarages;" he, when he was
+repairing Buckden, did also augment the last, as fast as fines were
+paid for renewing leases so fast, that a friend, taking notice of his
+bounty, was so bold as to advise him to remember, "he was under his
+first-fruits, and that he was old, and had a wife and children yet but
+meanly provided for, especially if his dignity were considered." To
+whom he made a mild and thankful answer, saying, "It would not become
+a Christian Bishop to suffer those houses built by his predecessors
+to be ruined for want of repair; and less justifiable to suffer any of
+those, that were called to so high a calling as to sacrifice at God's
+altar, to eat the bread of sorrow constantly, when he had a power by
+a small augmentation, to turn it into the bread of cheerfulness: and
+wished, that as this was, so it were also in his power to make all
+mankind happy, for he desired nothing more. And for his wife and
+children, he hoped to leave them a competence, and in the hands of a
+God that would provide for all that kept innocence, and trusted his
+providence and protection, which he had always found enough to make
+and keep him happy."
+
+[Sidenote: His favourite books]
+
+There was in his Diocese a Minister of almost his age, that had been
+of Lincoln College when he left it, who visited him often, and always
+welcome, because he was a man of innocence and openheartedness. This
+Minister asked the Bishop what books he studied most, when he laid the
+foundation of his great and clear learning. To which his answer was,
+"that he declined reading many; but what he did read were well chosen,
+and read so often, that he became Very familiar with them;" and said,
+"they were chiefly three, Aristotle's Rhetoric, Aquinas's _Secunda
+Secundit_, and Tully, but chiefly his offices, which he had not read
+over less than twenty times, and could at this age say without book."
+And told him also, "the learned Civilian Doctor Zouch--who died
+lately--had writ _Elementa Jurisprudentiae_, which was a book that he
+could also say without book; and that no wise man could read it too
+often, or love or commend too much;" and told him, "these had been his
+toil: but for himself he always had a natural love to genealogies and
+Heraldry; and that when his thoughts were harassed with any perplexed
+studies, he left off, and turned to them as a recreation; and that his
+very recreation had made him so perfect in them, that he could, in a
+very short time, give an account of the descent, arms, and antiquity
+of any family of the Nobility or gentry of this nation."
+
+[Sidenote: His Will]
+
+Before I give an account of Dr. Sanderson's last sickness, I desire to
+tell the Reader that he was of a healthful constitution, cheerful and
+mild, of an even temper, very moderate in his diet, and had had little
+sickness, till some few years before his death; but was then every
+winter punished with a diarrhoea, which left not till warm weather
+returned and removed it: and this distemper did, as he grew older,
+seize him oftener, and continue longer with him. But though it
+weakened him, yet it made him rather indisposed than sick, and did no
+way disable him from studying--indeed too much.--In this decay of his
+strength, but not of his memory or reason,--for this distemper works
+not upon the understanding,--he made his last Will, of which I shall
+give some account for confirmation of what hath been said, and what I
+think convenient to be known, before I declare his death and burial.
+
+He did in his last Will,[30] give an account of his faith and
+persuasion in point of religion, and Church-government, in these very
+words:
+
+"I, Robert Sanderson, Doctor of Divinity, an unworthy Minister of
+Jesus Christ, and, by the providence of God, Bishop of Lincoln, being
+by the long continuance of an habitual distemper brought to a great
+bodily weakness and faintness of spirits, but--by the great mercy of
+God--without any bodily pain otherwise, or decay of understanding,
+do make this my Will and Testament,--written all with my own
+hand,--revoking all former Wills by me heretofore made, if any such
+shall be found. First, I commend my soul into the hands of Almighty
+God, as of a faithful Creator, which I humbly beseech him mercifully
+to accept, looking upon it, not as it is in itself,--infinitely
+polluted with sin,--but as it is redeemed and purged with the precious
+blood of his only beloved Son, and my most sweet Saviour Jesus Christ;
+in confidence of whose merits and mediation alone it is, that I cast
+myself upon the mercy of God for the pardon of my sins, and the hopes
+of eternal life. And here I do profess, that as I have lived, so I
+desire, and--by the grace of God--resolve, to die in the communion
+of the Catholic Church of Christ, and a true son of the Church
+of England: which, as it stands by law established, to be both in
+doctrine and worship agreeable to the word of God, and in the most,
+and most material points of both conformable to the faith and practice
+of the godly Churches of Christ in the primitive and purer times, I do
+firmly believe: led so to do, not so much from the force of custom and
+education,--to which the greatest part of mankind owe their particular
+different persuasions in point of Religion,--as upon the clear
+evidence of truth and reason, after a serious and impartial
+examination of the grounds, as well of Popery as Puritanism, according
+to that measure of understanding, and those opportunities which God
+hath afforded me: and herein I am abundantly satisfied, that the
+schism which the Papists on the one hand, and the superstition which
+the Puritan on the other hand, lay to our charge, are very justly
+chargeable upon themselves respectively. Wherefore I humbly beseech
+Almighty God, the Father of mercies, to preserve the Church by his
+power and providence, in peace, truth, and godliness, evermore to
+the world's end: which doubtless he will do, if the wickedness and
+security of a sinful people--and particularly those sins that are so
+rife, and seem daily to increase among us, of unthankfulness, riot,
+and sacrilege--do not tempt his patience to the contrary. And I also
+further humbly beseech him, that it would please him to give unto our
+gracious Sovereign, the reverend Bishops, and the Parliament, timely
+to consider the great danger that visibly threatens this Church in
+point of Religion by the late great increase of Popery, and in point
+of revenue by sacrilegious inclosures; and to provide such wholesome
+and effectual remedies, as may prevent the same before it be too
+late."
+
+And for a further manifestation of his humble thoughts and desires,
+they may appear to the Reader by another part of his Will which
+follows.
+
+"As for my corruptible body, I bequeath it to the earth whence it was
+taken, to be decently buried in the Parish Church of Buckden,
+towards the upper end of the Chancel, upon the second, or--at the
+furthest--the third day after my decease; and that with as little
+noise, pomp, and charge as may be, without the invitation of any
+person how near soever related unto me, other than the inhabitants
+of Buckden; without the unnecessary expense of escutcheons, gloves,
+ribbons, &c., and without any blacks to be hung any where in or about
+the house or Church, other than a pulpit cloth, a hearse-cloth, and
+a mourning gown for the Preacher; whereof the former--after my body
+shall be interred--to be given to the Preacher of the Funeral Sermon,
+and the latter to the Curate of the Parish for the time being. And
+my will further is that the Funeral Sermon be preached by my own
+household Chaplain, containing some wholesome discourse concerning
+Mortality, the Resurrection of the Dead and the Last Judgment; and
+that he shall have for his pains 5_l._ upon condition that he speak
+nothing at all concerning my person, either good or ill, other than
+I myself shall direct; only signifying to the auditory that it was my
+express will to have it so. And it is my will, that no costly monument
+be erected for my memory, but only a fair flat marble stone to be laid
+over me, with this inscription in legible Roman characters, DEPOSITUM
+ROBERTI SANDERSON NUPER LINCOLNIENSIS EPISCOPI, QUI OBIIT ANNO DOMINI
+MDCLXII. ET AETATIS SUAE SEPTUAGESIMO SEXTO, HIC REQUIESCIT IN SPE BEATE
+RESURRECTIONIS. This manner of burial, although I cannot but foresee
+it will prove unsatisfactory to sundry my nearest friends and
+relations, and be apt to be censured by others, as an evidence of
+my too much parsimony and narrowness of mind, as being altogether
+unusual, and not according to the mode of these times: yet it is
+agreeable to the sense of my heart, and I do very much desire my Will
+may be carefully observed herein, hoping it may become exemplary to
+some or other: at least however testifying at my death--what I have so
+often and earnestly professed in my life time--my utter dislike of the
+flatteries commonly used in Funeral Sermons, and of the vast expenses
+otherwise laid out in Funeral solemnities and entertainments, with
+very little benefit to any; which if bestowed in pious and charitable
+works, might redound to the public or private benefit of many
+persons."
+
+[Sidenote: His death]
+
+I am next to tell, that he died the 29th of January, 1662; and that
+his body was buried in Buckden, the third day after his death; and for
+the manner, that it was as far from ostentation as he desired it;
+and all the rest of his Will was as punctually performed. And when
+I have--to his just praise--told this truth, "that he died far from
+being rich," I shall return back to visit, and give a further account
+of him on his last sick bed.
+
+His last Will--of which I have mentioned a part--was made about three
+weeks before his death, about which time, finding his strength to
+decay by reason of his constant infirmity, and a consumptive cough
+added to it, he retired to his chamber, expressing a desire to enjoy
+his last thoughts to himself in private, without disturbance or care,
+especially of what might concern this world. And that none of his
+Clergy--which are more numerous than any other Bishop's--might suffer
+by his retirement, he did by commission impower his Chaplain, Mr.
+Pullin,[31] with Episcopal power to give institutions to all livings
+or Church-preferments, during this his disability to do it himself.
+In this time of his retirement he longed for his dissolution; and when
+some that loved him prayed for his recovery, if he at any time found
+any amendment, he seemed to be displeased, by saying, "His friends
+said their prayers backward for him: and that it was not his desire to
+live a useless life, and by filling up a place keep another out of it,
+that might do God and his Church service." He would often with
+much joy and thankfulness mention, "That during his being a
+housekeeper--which was more than forty years--there had not been one
+buried out of his family, and that he was now like to be the first."
+He would also often mention with thankfulness, "That till he was
+three score years of age, he had never spent five shillings in law,
+nor--upon himself--so much in wine: and rejoiced much that he had
+so lived, as never to cause an hour's sorrow to his good father; and
+hoped he should die without an enemy."
+
+[Sidenote: Rules and habits]
+
+He, in this retirement, had the Church prayers read in his chamber
+twice every day; and at nine at night, some prayers read to him and
+a part of his family out of "The Whole Duty of Man." As he was
+remarkably punctual and regular in all his studies and actions, so he
+used himself to be for his meals. And his dinner being appointed to
+be constantly ready at the ending of prayers, and he expecting and
+calling for it, was answered, "It would be ready in a quarter of an
+hour." To which his reply was, "A quarter of an hour! Is a quarter
+of an hour nothing to a man that probably has days not many hours to
+live?" And though he did live many hours after this, yet he lived
+not many days; for the day after--which was three days before his
+death--he was become so weak and weary of either motion or sitting,
+that he was content, or forced, to keep his bed: in which I desire he
+may rest, till I have given some account of his behaviour there, and
+immediately before it.
+
+[Sidenote: His last days]
+
+The day before he took his bed,--which was three days before his
+death,--he, that he might receive a new assurance for the pardon of
+his sins past, and be strengthened in his way to the New Jerusalem,
+took the blessed Sacrament of the Body and Blood of his and our
+blessed Jesus, from the hands of his Chaplain, Mr. Pullin, accompanied
+with his wife, children, and a friend, in as awful, humble, and ardent
+a manner, as outward reverence could express. After the praise and
+thanksgiving for it was ended, he spake to this purpose: "Thou, O
+God! tookest me out of my mother's womb, and hast been the powerful
+protector of me to this present moment of my life: Thou hast neither
+forsaken me now I am become greyheaded, nor suffered me to forsake
+thee in the late days of temptation, and sacrifice my conscience for
+the preservation of my liberty or estate. It was by grace that I have
+stood, when others have fallen under my trials: and these mercies I
+now remember with joy and thankfulness; and my hope and desire is,
+that I may die praising thee."
+
+[Sidenote: Use of the Psalms]
+
+The frequent repetition of the Psalms of David, hath been noted to be
+a great part of the devotion of the primitive Christians; the Psalms
+having in them not only prayers and holy instructions, but such
+commemorations of God's mercies, as may preserve, comfort, and confirm
+our dependence on the power, and providence, and mercy of our Creator.
+And this is mentioned in order to telling, that as the holy Psalmist
+said, that his eyes should prevent both the dawning of the day and
+night watches, by meditating on God's word (Psal. cxix. 147), so it
+was Dr. Sanderson's constant practice every morning to entertain his
+first waking thoughts with a repetition of those very Psalms that
+the Church hath appointed to be constantly read in the daily Morning
+service: and having at night laid him in his bed, he as constantly
+closed his eyes with a repetition of those appointed for the service
+of the evening, remembering and repeating the very Psalms appointed
+for every day; and as the month had formerly ended and began again,
+so did this exercise of his devotion. And if his first waking thoughts
+were of the world, or what concerned it, he would arraign and condemn
+himself for it. Thus he began that work on earth, which is now his
+employment in Heaven.
+
+[Sidenote: Death]
+
+After his taking his bed, and about a day before his death, he
+desired his Chaplain, Mr. Pullin, to give him absolution: and at his
+performing that office, he pulled off his cap, that Mr. Pullin
+might lay his hand upon his bare head. After this desire of his was
+satisfied, his body seemed to be at more ease, and his mind more
+cheerful; and he said, "Lord, forsake me not now my strength faileth
+me; but continue thy mercy, and let my mouth be filled with thy
+praise." He continued the remaining night and day very patient, and
+thankful for any of the little offices that were performed for his
+ease and refreshment: and during that time did often say the 103rd
+Psalm to himself, and very often these words, "My heart is fixed, O
+God! my heart is fixed where true joy is to be found." His thoughts
+seemed now to be wholly of death, for which he was so prepared, that
+the King of Terrors could not surprise him as a thief in the night:
+for he had often said, he was prepared, and longed for it. And as this
+desire seemed to come from Heaven, so it left him not till his soul
+ascended to that region of blessed spirits, whose employments are to
+join in concert with him, and sing praise and glory to that God, who
+hath brought them to that place, into which sin and sorrow cannot
+enter.
+
+Thus this pattern of meekness and primitive innocence changed this for
+a better life. 'Tis now too late to wish that my life may be like
+his; for I am in the eighty-fifth year of my age: but I humbly beseech
+Almighty God, that my death may: and do as earnestly beg of every
+Reader, to say--Amen.
+
+Blessed is the man in whose spirit there is no guile, Psal. xxxii. 2.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: This is a mistake; Bishop Sanderson was born at Sheffield
+on the 19th of September.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Thomas Scot, or Rotheram, so called after his
+birth-place, Fellow of King's College, in Cambridge, was afterward
+Master of Pembroke Hall, and 1483 and 1484, Chancellor of the
+University. He obtained great ecclesiastical preferment, being
+successively Provost of Beverley, Bishop of Rochester and of Lincoln,
+and lastly Archbishop of York. Nor was he less adorned with civil
+honours, having been appointed, first, Keeper of the Privy Seal, and
+then Lord Chancellor of England. The two Universities and his native
+town still enjoy the fruits of his bounty. He died 29th May, 1500.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Dr. Gilbert Sheldon was born July 19, 1598.--His father,
+Roger Sheldon, though of no obscure parentage, was a menial servant
+to Gilbert Earl of Shrewsbury.--He was of Trinity College, Oxford, and
+took his Master's degree in May, 1620. He was introduced to Charles I.
+by Lord Coventry, and became one of His Majesty's Chaplains. Upon the
+Restoration, he was made Dean of the Chapel Royal, succeeded Dr. Juxon
+as Bishop of London, and after as Archbishop of Canterbury; in 1667
+he was elected Chancellor of the University of Oxford. He died at
+Lambeth, Nov. 9, 1677.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Dr. Richard Kilbie, born at Ratcliffe, in Leicestershire,
+and a great benefactor to his College, since he restored the neglected
+library, added eight new repositories for books, and gave to it
+many excellent volumes. He became Rector in 1590, and in 1610 he was
+appointed the King's Hebrew Professor. He died in 1620.]
+
+[Footnote 5: An edition of this work was published in Oxford so
+recently as 1841.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Mr. Charles Crooke, a younger son of Sir John Crooke, of
+Chilton, in Bucks, one of the Justices of the King's Bench. In 1615,
+he proceeded D.D., being then Rector of Amersham and a Fellow of Eton
+College.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Brother of George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury, born
+at Guildford in 1560, and promoted to the See of Salisbury in 1615, as
+a reward for his Lectures against Suarez and Bellarmine, in defence of
+the King's supreme power. On his way to Sarum, he made an oration to
+the University, and his friends parted from him with tears. He died
+March 2nd, 1617-8.]
+
+[Footnote 8: Dr. John Prideaux, born at Harford, in Devon in 1578, and
+Rector of Exeter College in 1612, when he acquired so much fame in the
+government of it, that several eminent foreigners placed themselves
+under his care. He was made King's Professor in Divinity in 1615, and
+Bishop of Worcester in 1641; but was reduced to great poverty in the
+Civil Wars, and died July 20th, 1650.]
+
+[Footnote 9: Dr. Arthur Lake, born at Southampton about 1550, and
+educated at Winchester School, whence he proceeded to New College,
+Oxford. He was created Dean of Worcester in 1608, and Bishop of Bath
+and Wells in 1616. He died on 4th May, 1626.]
+
+[Footnote 10: Dr. Tobias Matthew--died March 29, 1628, aged 83.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Dr. William Laud, born at Reading, Oct. 7, 1573, and
+educated there, and at St. John's College, Oxford. In 1616, he was
+made Dean of Gloucester, in 1621 Bishop of St. David's, and in 1622 he
+had a conference with Fisher the Jesuit, of which the printed account
+evinces how opposed he was to Popery; but his Arminian tenets gave
+offence to the Calvinists. In 1626 he was translated to the See of
+Bath and Wells, in 1628 to London, and in 1633 to Canterbury. His zeal
+for the establishment of the Liturgy in Scotland produced him numerous
+enemies, by whose means he was imprisoned in the Tower for three
+years, and beheaded Jan. 10th, 1644-45. His works were published at
+Oxford, 6 vols. 8vo., 1847-9.]
+
+[Footnote 12: Dr. Henry Hammond was born at Chertsey, in Surrey, Aug.
+18th, 1605, and was educated at Eton, and Magdalen College, Oxford.
+His loyalty caused him to be deprived of his preferments during the
+Civil Wars, and at the Restoration he was designed for Bishop of
+Worcester, but died before consecration, April 25th, 1660. His
+principal works are, his "Practical Catechism," and "A Paraphrase and
+Annotations on the New Testament."]
+
+[Footnote 13: Dr. Thomas Pierce, for some years President of Magdalen
+College, Oxford. In his epitaph composed by himself he says, "Here
+lies all that was mortal, the outside, dust, and ashes of Thomas
+Pierce, D.D., once the President of a College in Oxford, at first the
+Rector of _Brington-cum-Membris,_ Canon of Lincoln, and at last Dean
+of Sarum; who fell asleep in the Lord Jesus [Mar. 28, an. 1691], but
+in hope of an awake at the resurrection."]
+
+[Footnote 14: Dr. Matthew Wren, successively Bishop of Hereford,
+Norwich, and Ely, died April 14, 1667, aged eighty-one years and
+upwards. He was distinguished for his extraordinary attachment to the
+royal cause, having suffered an imprisonment for eighteen years with
+singular patience and magnanimity.
+
+It should not be forgotten, that when Cromwell had repeatedly offered
+to release the Bishop, he refused to accept of the proffered boon,
+saying, "that he scorned to receive his liberty from a tyrant and
+usurper." His life was kindly prolonged by Providence, that as he had
+seen the destruction, so he might also see the happy restoration of
+his order.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Born at Geneva on August 14, 1599, and educated at
+Christ Church, Oxford. Archbishop Laud gave him the living of Minster,
+Kent, and a Prebend in the Cathedral of Canterbury. He suffered
+much in the civil wars, but at the Restoration he recovered his
+preferments. Among his works are "A Treatise of Use and Custom,"
+1638, "De Quatuor Linguis Commentatio," 1650, "Of Credulity and
+Incredulity," 1668. He died on July 14, 1671.]
+
+[Footnote 16: Dr. John Williams was then Dean of Westminster. He held
+this Deanery _in Commendam_ during the whole time of his being Bishop
+of Lincoln, and likewise three years after his translation to York.]
+
+[Footnote 17: Was born at Anstley, in Wiltshire, in 1590; he received
+his education in William of Wykeham's school, near Winchester; was
+matriculated in the University of Oxford in 1608, and admitted Fellow
+of New College in 1609. He took the degree of LL.B. June 30, 1614,
+and that of LL.D. April 8, 1619. He no sooner had obtained his first
+degree than he became an Advocate in Doctors' Commons. Through the
+influence of his noble kinsman, who was then Lord of the Cinque Ports,
+he was elected, in 1620, a Burgess to serve in Parliament for Hythe
+in Kent. In the same year he succeeded Dr. John Budden as Professor
+of Civil law; and in 1625, he was appointed Principal of Alban's Hall.
+Though a layman, he held the Prebend of Shipston, in the Church of
+Salisbury, which was then first annexed to the Law Professorship by
+James I.
+
+After the Restoration, Dr. Zouch, whose loyalty always remained
+unimpeached, had the honour of being named by the King, along with
+several other Commissioners, to restore the splendours and regulate
+the disorders of the University. He was re-instated in the Court of
+Admiralty; and if he had lived he would doubtless have attained those
+higher dignities in his profession, to which his integrity and great
+abilities entitled him. He died at his apartments in Doctors' Commons,
+London, March 1, 1660.]
+
+[Footnote 18: Let it ever be remembered to the honour of this Prelate,
+whom Charles I. was wont to call "the good man," and whom he declared
+to be his greatest comfort in his most afflictive situation, that he
+delivered his sentiments without disguise to the King, on the subject
+of Lord Strafford's fate, telling him plainly, that "he ought to do
+nothing with an unsatisfied conscience, upon any consideration in
+the world." His character is thus beautifully pourtrayed by Sir Henry
+Wotton, in a letter to the Queen of Bohemia. "There is in him no
+tumour, no sourness, no distraction of thoughts; but a quiet mind, a
+patient care, free access, mild and moderate answers. To this I must
+add, a solid judgment, a sober plainness, and a most indubitable
+character of fidelity in his very face; so as there needs not much
+study to think him both a good man and a wise man."]
+
+[Footnote 19: This learned person went abroad in 1626, and spent
+four years in visiting Asia and Africa. He again left England, and
+travelled over several parts of Europe. He afterwards joined the
+Parliament against Charles I., whom he was appointed to attend from
+the very beginning of his imprisonment to the time of his death.
+He shewed himself a most faithful servant to the King, whose real
+character he soon discovered to be totally different from that which
+had been represented to him. In 1660, Charles II. advanced him to the
+Dignity of a Baronet, by the name of Thomas Herbert of Tinterne, in
+Monmouth "for faithfully serving his royal father during the two
+last years of his life."--In 1678 he published "Threnodia Carolina;
+containing Memoirs of the two last Years of the reign of King Charles
+I." This little work was reprinted in 1813, upon the opening the tomb
+of the royal martyr, by Mr. G. Nicoll of Pall Mall, with a "sensible
+and seasonable Preface." Sir T. Herbert assisted Sir William Dugdale
+in compiling the third volume of his "Monasticon Anglicanum;" and died
+at York, his native place, 1682, leaving several MSS. to the public
+library at Oxford, and others to that of the Cathedral at York.]
+
+[Footnote 20: This is supposed to have been Mr. Swinfen, an ancestor
+(on the female side) of the late Earl St. Vincent.]
+
+[Footnote 21: They were all, except Dr. Wall, ejected in 1647. Dr.
+Samuel Fell died of grief, the day he was made acquainted with the
+murder of Charles I., viz. on Feb. 1, 1648-9. Dr. Gardner, Canon of
+the third stall, lived to be restored, and died in 1670. Dr. Paine,
+Canon of the fourth stall, died during the rebellion. Dr. Hammond,
+Sub-dean and Canon of the second stall, died in 1660. As for Dr. Wall,
+Canon of the seventh stall, he conformed no doubt to the measures of
+the Visitors. He died possessed of it in 1666.]
+
+[Footnote 22: Mr. Thomas Brightman, born at Nottingham, and educated
+at Queen's College in Cambridge, was Rector of Hawnes in Bedfordshire.
+He died suddenly Aug. 24, 1607.
+
+Mr. Thomas Cartwright, the noted Puritan, in allusion to the name of
+Mr. Brightman, considers him as full of illumination as "a bright star
+in the Church of God." Though no favourable opinion can be entertained
+of his writings, yet the acknowledged innocence of his life and
+conversation entitles him to every encomium.]
+
+[Footnote 23: Honest Walton rather overstates the case. Thucydides
+simply says that attendance on the sick promoted the spread of the
+pestilence. (Lib. II. c. 51.)]
+
+[Footnote 24: This amiable philosopher was born Jan. 25th, 1626-17, at
+Lismore, in the province of Munster, in Ireland. He was a scholar, a
+gentleman, a Christian of the most exalted piety and charity, and a
+very eminent Natural philosopher. He died Dec. 30th, 1691.]
+
+[Footnote 25: Dr. Thomas Barlow was born in 1607, at Orton, in
+Westmoreland, was made Bishop of Lincoln, in 1675, and died at
+Buckden, in 1691. His character appears to have been vacillating; he
+was not among the venerable Prelates who stood forth the Protectors
+of the Protestant Religion in 1688. His theological learning was
+considerable.]
+
+[Footnote 26: Richard Baxter was born at Rowton, in Shropshire, 1615,
+and was a Chaplain in the Parliamentary Army, though he was a defender
+of Monarchy. He refused the Bishopric of Hereford, and died in 1691.
+His "Saint's Everlasting Rest" and "Call to the Unconverted" are his
+most famous books.]
+
+[Footnote 27: Dr. Peter Gunning was a loyalist Divine, who suffered
+considerably for the Royal cause, and died Bishop of Ely, in 1684.]
+
+[Footnote 28: Dr. John Pearson was the author of the famous
+"Exposition of the Creed;" in 1661, he was made Lady Margaret's
+Professor of Divinity, at Cambridge, and died Bishop of Chester, in
+1686, aged 74.]
+
+[Footnote 29: Dr. William Bancroft, born at Freshingfield, in Suffolk,
+in 1616, and educated at Emanuel College, Cambridge, where he
+was deprived of his Fellowship in 1649, for refusing to take the
+engagement. He was made Archbishop in 1677, and in 1688, he was one of
+the seven Prelates sent to the Tower by James II. At the Revolution
+he refused taking the Oaths to the new government, for which he was
+suspended and deprived. He died in retirement Nov. 14th, 1693.]
+
+[Footnote 30: Bishop Sanderson's Will is recorded in the Prerogative
+Court of Canterbury, in the volume called Juxon, Article 37. After his
+death, it was industriously reported that he repented of his writing
+against the Presbyterians, and would not suffer a Church Minister to
+pray by him, which is refuted by the narrative of Mr. Pullin's giving
+him the Sacrament.]
+
+[Footnote 31: Mr. John Pullin, B.D., and formerly Fellow of Magdalen
+College, Cambridge. His name is subscribed to a copy of commendatory
+Latin verses prefixed to "Duport's Greek Version of Job." He was a
+Prebendary, and also Chancellor of Lincoln.]
+
+
+
+
+DR. PIERCE'S LETTER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Letters from Sanderson]
+
+GOOD MR. WALTON,
+
+At my return to this place, I made a yet stricter search after the
+letters long ago sent me from our most excellent Dr. Sanderson, before
+the happy restoration of the King and Church of England to their
+several rights: in one of which letters more especially, he was
+pleased to give me a narrative both of the rise and the progress,
+and reasons also, as well of his younger, as of his last and riper
+judgment, touching the famous points controverted between the
+Calvinians and the Armenians, as they are commonly (though unjustly
+and unskilfully) miscalled on either side.
+
+[Sidenote: Dr. Hammond's book]
+
+The whole letter I allude to does consist of several sheets, whereof
+a good part had been made public long ago, by the most learned, most
+judicious, most pious Dr. Hammond, (to whom I sent it both for his
+private, and for the public satisfaction, if he thought fit,) in his
+excellent book, entitled, "A Pacific Discourse of God's Grace and
+Decrees, in full accordance with Dr. Sanderson:" to which discourse
+I refer you for an account of Dr. Sanderson and the history of his
+thoughts in his own hand-writing, wherein I sent it to Westwood, as I
+received it from Boothby Pannel. And although the whole book, (printed
+in the year 1660, and reprinted since with his other tracts in folio,)
+is very worthy of your perusal; yet, for the work you are about, you
+shall not have need to read more at present than from the 8th to the
+23rd page, and as far as the end of section 33. There you will find in
+what year the excellent man, whose life you write, became a Master of
+Arts: how his first reading of learned Hooker had been occasioned by
+certain puritanical pamphlets; and how good a preparative he found it
+for his reading of Calvin's Institutions, the honour of whose name
+(at that time especially) gave such credit to his errors: how he erred
+with Mr. Calvin, whilst he took things upon trust in the sublapsarian
+way: how, being chosen to be a Clerk of the Convocation for the
+Diocese of Lincoln, 1625, he reduced the Quinquarticular Controversy
+into five schemes or tables; and thereupon discerned a necessity of
+quitting the sublapsarian way, of which he had before a better liking,
+as well as the supralapsarian, which he could never fancy. There you
+will meet with his two weighty reasons against them both, and find his
+happy change of judgment to have been ever since the year 1625, even
+thirty-four years before the world either knew, or, at least, took
+notice of it; and more particularly his reasons for rejecting Dr.
+Twiss, (or the way he walks in,) although his acute and very learned
+and ancient friend.
+
+[Sidenote: Arriba discussed]
+
+I now proceed to let you know from Dr. Sanderson's own hand,[1] which
+was never printed, (and which you can hardly know from any, unless
+from his son, or from myself,) that, when that Parliament was broken
+up, and the convocation therewith dissolved, a gentleman of his
+acquaintance, by occasion of some discourse about these points, told
+him of a book not long before published at Paris, (A.D. 1623,) by a
+Spanish Bishop,[2] who had undertaken to clear the differences in
+the great controversy _De Concordia Gratiae et Liberi Arbitrii_. And
+because his friend perceived he was greedily desirous to see the book,
+he sent him one of them, containing the four first books of twelve
+which he intended then to publish. "When I had read," says Dr.
+Sanderson, in the following words of the same letter, "his Epistle
+Dedicatory to the Pope (Gregory XV.), he spake so highly of his own
+invention, that I then began rather to suspect him for a mountebank,
+than to hope I should find satisfaction from his performances. I found
+much confidence and great pomp of words, but little matter as to the
+main knot of the business, other than had been said an hundred times
+before, to wit, of the co-existence of all things past, present, and
+future [Latin] _in mente divina realiter ab aeterno_, which is
+the subject of his whole third book: only he interpreteth the word
+_realiter_ so as to import not only _praesentialitatem objectivam,_ (as
+others held before him,) but _propriam et actualem existentiam_; yet
+confesseth it is hard to make this intelligible. In his fourth book
+he endeavours to declare a twofold manner of God's working _ad extra_;
+the one _sub ordine praedestinationis_, of which eternity is the proper
+measure: the other _sub ordine gratia_, whereof time is the
+measure; and that God worketh _fortiter_ in the one (though not
+_irresistibiliter_) as well _suamter_ in the other, wherein the
+free will hath his proper working also. From the result of his whole
+performance I was confirmed in this opinion; that we must acknowledge
+the work of both grace and free will in the conversion of a
+sinner; and so likewise in all other events, the consistency of the
+infallibility of God's foreknowledge at least (though not with any
+absolute, but conditional predestination) with the liberty of man's
+will, and the contingency of inferior causes and effects. These, I
+say, we must acknowledge for the [Greek: hoti] but for the [Greek: to
+pos], I thought it bootless for me to think of comprehending it. And
+so came the two _Acta Synodalia Dordrechtana_ to stand in my study,
+only to fill up a room to this day."
+
+[Sidenote: "Vindiciae Gratiae" discussed]
+
+And yet see the restless curiosity of man. Not many years after, to
+wit, A.D. 1632, out cometh Dr. Twiss's[3] _Vindiciae Gratiae_, a large
+volume, purposely writ against Arminius: and then, notwithstanding my
+former resolution, I must need be meddling again. The respect I bore
+to his person and great learning, and the acquaintance I had had with
+him in Oxford, drew me to the reading of that whole book. But from the
+reading of it (for I read it through to a syllable) I went away with
+many and great dissatisfactions. Sundry things in that book I took
+notice of, which brought me into a greater dislike of his opinion than
+I had before: but especially these three: First, that he bottometh
+very much of his discourse upon a very erroneous principle, which yet
+he seemeth to be so deeply in love with, that he hath repeated it, I
+verily believe, some hundreds of times in that work: to wit this;
+That whatsoever is first in the intention is last in execution, and
+_e converso._ Which is an error of that magnitude, that I cannot
+but wonder how a person of such acuteness and subtilty of wit could
+possibly be deceived with it. All logicians know there is no such
+universal maxim as he buildeth upon. The true maxim is but this:
+_Finis qui primus est in intentione, est ultimus in executione_. In
+the order of final causes, and the means used for that end, the rule
+holdeth perpetually: but in other things it holdeth not at all, or
+but by chance; or not as a rule, and necessarily. Secondly, that,
+foreseeing such consequences would naturally and necessarily follow
+from his opinion, as would offend the ear of a sober Christian at the
+very first sound, he would yet rather choose not only to admit the
+said harsh consequences, but professedly endeavour also to maintain
+them, and plead hard for them in large digressions, than to recede
+in the least from that opinion which he had undertaken to defend.
+Thirdly, that seeing (out of the sharpness of his wit) a necessity of
+forsaking the ordinary sublapsarian way, and the supralapsarian too,
+as it had diversely been declared by all that had gone before him,
+(for the shunning of those rocks, which either of those ways must
+unavoidably cast him upon,) he was forced to seek out an untrodden
+path, and to frame out of his own brain a new way, (like a spider's
+web wrought out of her own bowels,) hoping by that device to salve all
+absurdities, that could be objected; to wit, by making the glory of
+God (as it is indeed the chiefest, so) the only end of all other his
+decrees, and then making all those other decrees to be but one
+entire co-ordinate medium conducing to that one end, and so the whole
+subordinate to it, but not any one part thereof subordinate to any
+other of the same. Dr. Twiss should have done well to have been more
+sparing in imputing the _studium partlum_ to others, wherewith his own
+eyes, though of eminent perspicacity, were so strangely blindfolded,
+that he could not discern how this his new device, and his old dearly
+beloved principle, (like the _Cadmean Sparti_,) do mutually destroy
+the one the other.
+
+This relation of my past thoughts having spun out to a far greater
+length than I intended, I shall give a shorter account of what they
+now are concerning these points.
+
+[Sidenote: Hammond and Sanderson]
+
+For which account I refer you to the following parts of Dr. Hammond's
+book aforesaid, where you may find them already printed: and
+for another account at large of Bishop Sanderson's last judgment
+concerning _God's concurrence_ or _non-concurrence_ with the _actions
+of men_, and the _positive entity of sins of commission_, I refer you
+to his letters already printed by his consent, in my large Appendix to
+my Impartial Enquiry into the Nature of Sin, sec. 68, p. 193, as far as
+p. 200.
+
+"Sir, I have rather made it my choice to transcribe all above out of
+the letters of Dr. Sanderson, which lie before me, than venture the
+loss of my originals by post or carrier, which, though not often, yet
+sometimes fail. Make use of as much or as little as you please, of
+what I send you from himself (because from his own letters to me) in
+the penning of his life, as your own prudence shall direct you: using
+my name for your warranty in the account given of him, as much or as
+little as you please too. You have a performance of my promise, and an
+obedience to your desires from
+
+"Your affectionate
+
+"Humble Servant,
+
+"THO. PIERCE.
+
+"North Tidworth,
+
+"March 5, 1677-8."
+
+
+[Footnote 1: Sir, I pray note, that all that follows between inverted
+commas are Dr. Sanderson's own words, excellently worthy, but no where
+else extant; and commend him as much as any thing you can say of him.
+T.P.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Arriba.]
+
+[Footnote 3: This learned nonconformist was born at Reading about
+1575, and educated at Winchester School, and New College, Oxford. He
+had been Chaplain to the Princess Elizabeth. He died at Newbury, July
+20, 1646. Wood says, "his plain preaching was esteemed good; his solid
+disputations were accounted better; but his pious life was reckoned
+best of all."]
+
+
+
+
+THE BISHOP OF LINCOLN'S LETTER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Sanderson's Life]
+
+[Sidenote: Erroneous doctrines]
+
+MY WORTHY FRIEND, MR. WALTON,
+
+I am heartily glad, that you have undertaken to write the Life of that
+excellent person, and, both for learning and Piety, eminent Prelate,
+Dr. Sanderson, late Bishop of Lincoln; because I know your ability to
+know, and integrity to write truth: And sure I am, that the life
+and actions of that pious and learned Prelate will afford you matter
+enough for his commendation, and the imitation of posterity. In order
+to the carrying on your intended good work, you desire my assistance,
+that I would communicate to you such particular passages of his life,
+as were certainly known to me. I confess I had the happiness to be
+particularly known to him for about the space of twenty years; and,
+in Oxon, to enjoy his conversation, and his learned and pious
+instructions while he was Regius Professor of Divinity there.
+Afterwards, when (in the time of our late unhappy confusions) he
+left Oxon, and was retired into the country, I had the benefit of his
+letters; wherein, with great candour and kindness, he answered those
+doubts I proposed, and gave me that satisfaction, which I neither had
+nor expected from some others of greater confidence, but less judgment
+and humility. Having, in a letter, named two or three books writ (_ex
+professo_) against the being of any original sin; and that Adam,
+by his fall, transmitted some calamity only, but no crime to his
+posterity; the good old man was exceedingly troubled, and bewailed the
+misery of those licentious times, and seemed to wonder (save that the
+times were such) that any should write, or be permitted to publish
+any error so contradictory to truth, and the doctrine of the Church
+of England, established (as he truly said) by clear evidence of
+Scripture, and the just and supreme power of this nation, both sacred
+and civil. I name not the books, nor their authors, which are not
+unknown to learned men (and I wish they had never been known) because
+both the doctrine and the unadvised abettors of it are, and shall be,
+to me apocryphal.
+
+[Sidenote: "De Conscientia"]
+
+Another little story I must not pass in silence, being an argument
+of Dr. Sanderson's piety, great ability, and judgment, as a casuist.
+Discoursing with an honourable person[1] (whose piety I value more
+than his nobility and learning, though both be great) about a case of
+conscience concerning oath and vows, their nature and obligation; in
+which, for some particular reasons, he then desired more fully to
+be informed; I commended to him Dr. Sanderson's book "De Juramento;"
+which having read, with great satisfaction, he asked me,--"If I
+thought the Doctor could be induced to write Cases of Conscience,
+if he might have an honorary pension allowed him to furnish him with
+books for that purpose?" I told him I believed he would: And, in a
+letter to the Doctor, told him what great satisfaction that honourable
+person, and many more, had reaped by reading his book "De Juramento;"
+and asked him "whether he would be pleased, for the benefit of the
+Church, to write some tract of Cases of Conscience;" He replied, "That
+he was glad that any had received any benefit by his books:" and added
+further, "That if any future tract of his could bring such benefit
+to any, as we seemed to say his former had done, he would willingly,
+though without any Pension, set about that work." Having received this
+answer, that honourable person, before mentioned, did, by my hands,
+return 50_l_. to the good Doctor, whose condition then (as most
+good men's at that time were) was but low; and he presently revised,
+finished, and published that excellent book, "De Conscientia:" a book
+little in bulk, but not so if we consider the benefit an intelligent
+reader may receive by it. For there are so many general propositions
+concerning conscience, the nature and obligation of it, explained and
+proved, with such firm consequence and evidence of reason, that he who
+reads, remembers, and can with prudence pertinently apply them _hic
+et nunc_ to particular cases, may, by their light and help, rationally
+resolve a thousand particular doubts and scruples of conscience. Here
+you may see the charity of that honourable person in promoting,
+and the piety and industry of the good Doctor, in performing that
+excellent work.
+
+[Sidenote: A good casuist:]
+
+[Sidenote: his equipment]
+
+And here I shall add the judgment of that learned and pious Prelate
+concerning a passage very pertinent to our present purpose. When he
+was in Oxon, and read his public lectures in the school as Regius
+Professor of Divinity, and by the truth of his positions, and
+evidences of his proofs, gave great content and satisfaction to all
+his hearers, especially in his clear resolutions of all difficult
+cases which occurred in the explication of the subject-matter of his
+lectures; a person of quality (yet alive) privately asked him, "What
+course a young Divine should take in his studies to enable him to be a
+good casuist?" His answer was, "That a convenient under of the learned
+languages, at least of Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, and a sufficient
+knowledge of arts and sciences presupposed; I there were two things in
+human literature, a comprehension of which would be of very great use,
+to enable a man to be a rational and able casuist, which otherwise was
+very difficult, if not impossible: I. A convenient knowledge of moral
+philosophy; especially that part of it which treats of the nature of
+human actions: To know, _'quid sit actus humanus (spontaneus, invitus,
+mixtus), unde habet bonitatem et malitiam moralem? an ex genere et
+objecto, vel ex circumstantiis?'_ How the variety of circumstances
+varies the goodness or evil of human actions? How far knowledge and
+ignorance may aggravate or excuse, increase or diminish the goodness
+or evil of our actions? For every case of conscience being only
+this--'Is this action good or bad? May I do it, or may I not?'--He
+who, in these, knows not how and whence human actions become morally
+good and evil, never can (_in hypothesi_) rationally and certainly
+determine, whether this or that particular action be so.--2. The
+second thing, which," he said, "would be a great help and advantage to
+a casuist, was a convenient knowledge of the nature and obligation of
+laws in general: to know what a law is; what a natural and a positive
+law; what's required to the _'latio, dispensato, derogatio, vel
+abrogalio legis;'_ what promulgation is antecedently required to
+the obligation of any positive law; what ignorance takes off the
+obligation of a law, or does excuse, diminish, or aggravate the
+transgression: For every case of conscience being only this--'Is this
+lawful for me, or is it not?' and the law the only rule and measure by
+which I must judge of the lawfulness or unlawfulness of any action;
+it evidently follows, that he who, in these, knows not the nature and
+obligation of laws, never can be a good casuist, or rationally assure
+himself or others, of the lawfulness or unlawfulness of actions in
+particular."
+
+[Sidenote: Conclusion]
+
+This was the judgment and good counsel of that learned and pious
+Prelate: And having, by long experience, found the truth and benefit
+of it, I conceive, I could not without ingratitude to him, and want
+of charity to others, conceal it.--Pray pardon this rude, and, I fear
+impertinent scribble, which, if nothing else, may signify thus much,
+that I am willing to obey your desires, and am indeed,
+
+Your affectionate friend,
+
+THOMAS LINCOLN.
+
+London, May 10, 1678.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: Robert Boyle, Esq.]
+
+
+
+
+THE WORKS OF DR. ROBERT SANDERSON.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Sanderson's Works]
+
+I. "LOGICAE ARTIS COMPENDIUM. _Oxon._ 1615." 8vo.
+
+II. "PHYSICAE SCIENTIAE COMPENDIUM, a ROBERTO SANDERSON, Coll. Lincoln,
+in alma Oxoniensi olim socio, &c. _Oxoniae_, 1671."
+
+III. SERMONS. "Dr. Sanderson's XII. Sermons, 1632." 4to.--"Dr.
+Sanderson's Sermons (including the twelve before printed), 1664."
+Folio.--"Ditto, with his Life by Isaac Walton, 1689." Folio.
+
+IV. "NINE CASES OF CONSCIENCE DETERMINED, 1678. 1685." 8vo.
+
+V. "DE JURAMENTI PROMISSORII OBLIGATIONE PRAELECTIONES SEPTEM: HABITAE
+in SCHOLA THEOLOGICA OXONII, Termino Michaelis anno Dom. MDCXLVI.
+a ROBERTO SANDERSON. Praemissa Oratione ab eodem habita cum Publicam
+Professionem auspicaretur, 26 Octobris, 1646. _Lona_. 1647."
+
+These Lectures were translated into the English language by Charles I.
+during his confinement in the Isle of Wight, and printed at London, in
+1655--8vo.
+
+VI. "DE OBLIGATIONE CONSCIENTIAE PRAELECTIONES DECEM OXONII in SCHOLA
+THEOLOGICA HABITAE, anno Dom. MDCXLVII." An English translation of the
+"Prelections on the Nature and Obligation of Promissory Oaths and of
+Conscience," was published in 3 vols. 8vo. _London_, 1722.
+
+VII. "CENSURE OF MR. ANTON. ASCHAM his BOOK of the CONFUSIONS and
+REVOLUTIONS of GOVERNMENT, _London_, 1649." 8vo.
+
+VIII. "EPISCOPACY (as established by Law in England) NOT PREJUDICIAL
+to REGAL POWER. Written in the Time of the Long Parliament, by the
+special Command of the late King. _London_, 1673."
+
+IX. "DISCOURSE CONCERNING the CHURCH, in THESE PARTICULARS: First,
+concerning the Visibility of the true Church: Secondly, concerning the
+Church of Rome. _London_, 1688."
+
+X. 1. "BISHOP SANDERSON'S JUDGMENT concerning SUBMISSION to USURPERS."
+2. "PAX ECCLESIAE." 3. "BISHOP SANDERSON'S JUDGMENT in ONE VIEW for the
+SETTLEMENT of the CHURCH." 4. "REASONS of the present JUDGMENT of the
+UNIVERSITY of OXFORD, concerning the SOLEMN LEAGUE and COVENANT,
+the NEGATIVE OATH, the ORDINANCES concerning DISCIPLINE and WORSHIP.
+_London_, 1678."
+
+XI. A large "PREFACE" to a book written at the command of Charles I.
+by Archbishop Usher, and published by Dr. Sanderson, entitled "The
+POWER communicated by GOD to the PRINCE, and the OBEDIENCE required of
+the SUBJECT. _London_, 1661."--4to. Second corrected edition of this
+work was published in 8vo. 1683.
+
+XII. "A PREFATORY DISCOURSE," in defence of Usher and his Writings,
+prefixed to a collection of Treatises, entitled 'CLAVI TRABALES, or
+NAILES fastened by some great MASTERS of ASSEMBLYES, concerning the
+KING'S SUPREMACY and CHURCH GOVERNMENT under BISHOPS.'
+
+The Preface is dated "London, Aug. 10, 1661," and subscribed "The
+unworthy servant of Jesus Christ, Ro. LINCOLN."
+
+XIII. "PROPHECIES concerning the RETURN of POPERY," inserted in a book
+entitled 'Fair Warning: The Second Part. _London_, 1663.'
+
+XIV. "The PREFACE to the BOOK of COMMON PRAYER," beginning with these
+words; "It hath been the wisdom of the Church"----.
+
+XV. "[Greek: EPINOMIS], seu EXPLANATIO JURAMENTI," &c., inserted in
+the 'Excerpta e Corpore Statutorum Univ. Oxoniensis,' p. 194.
+
+XVI. "ARTICLES of VISITATION and ENQUIRY concerning MATTERS
+ECCLESIASTICAL, exhibited to the Ministers, Churchwardens, and Sidemen
+of every Parish within the Diocese of Lincoln, in the first episcopal
+Visitation of the Right Rev. Father in God, ROBERT, by Divine
+Providence, Lord Bishop of Lincoln; with the oath to be administered
+to the Churchwardens, and the Bishop's Admonition to them. _London_,
+1662." 4to.
+
+XVII. Peck, in the 'Desiderata Curiosa,' Vol. II., has inserted "The
+HISTORY and ANTIQUITIES of the CATHEDRAL CHURCH of the Blessed Virgin
+St. MARY at LINCOLN; containing an exact Copy of all the Monumental
+Inscriptions there, in Number 163, as they stood in 1641; most of
+which was soon after torn up, or otherwise defaced. Collected by
+ROBERT SANDERSON, S.T.P., afterwards Lord Bishop of that Church, and
+compared with and corrected by Sir WILLIAM DUGDALE'S MS. Survey."
+
+Dr. White Kennet, Bishop of Peterborough, had in his possession the
+copies of two letters transcribed from the originals that were in the
+hands of Bishop Barlow. 1. Superscribed "For Mr. Thomas Barlow, at the
+Library in Oxon," and subscribed "Your very loving friend and
+servant, ROBERT SANDERSON," dated "Botheby Pagnell, Sept. 28, 1656,"
+importuning Dr. Barlow, "to undertake the managing that dispute in the
+question of great importance upon the ancient landmarks, by Dr. Jeremy
+Taylor; so unhappily (and so unseasonably too) endeavoured to be
+removed in the doctrine of original sin." 2. Another letter of Dr.
+Sanderson to Dr. Barlow, at Queen's College, dated "Botheby Pagnell,
+Sept. 17, 1657," expressing himself, "That Dr. Taylor is so peremptory
+and pertinacious of his errors as not to hearken to the sober advices
+of his grave, reverend, and learned friends, amidst the distractions
+of these times," &c.
+
+Dr. Sanderson and Dr. Hammond were jointly concerned in a work
+entitled "A PACIFIC DISCOURSE of GOD'S GRACE and DECREES," published
+by the latter in 1660.
+
+It would be improper not to observe, that in the Preface to the
+Polyglott Bible, printed at London in 1657, Dr. Bryan Walton has
+classed Dr. Sanderson among those of his much honoured friends who
+assisted him in that noble work.
+
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL NOTES
+
+_The numbers at the beginning of paragraphs refer to the pages_
+
+
+LIFE OF HOOKER
+
+_Frontispiece._--The portrait here given is from Hooker's monument in
+Bishopsbourne Church.
+
+_Text, etc._--_The Life of Mr. Richard Hooker_ was first published
+in small _octavo_ in 1665. The second edition was prefixed to the
+_Ecclesiastical Polity_ of 1666, _folio_, and again in 1676 and 1682.
+It was also included in Walton's collection of 1670. A valuable essay
+on Hooker by Dean Church is prefixed to the Clarendon Press edition of
+the first book of _Ecclesiastical Polity_, 1876.
+
+_Page_
+
+3. _at this time of my age._ He says at p. 4 that he was "past the
+seventy of his age."
+
+5. _John Hales._ See vol. i. p. 193, note.
+
+7. _He was born, etc._ "Probably in March, 1553-54," says the _Dict.
+of Nat. Biography_.
+
+8. _a school-boy._ He was educated at Exeter grammar school.
+
+14. _the Bishop said to him. Cf._ chap. iii. of the _Vicar of
+Wakefield_, where this anecdote is referred to. Indeed Hooker is there
+alleged to have been the "great ancestor" of George Primrose.
+
+23. _elemented._ See note to vol. i. p. 53.
+
+26. _I cannot learn the pretended cause._ It seems probable that
+the views of Hooker and his friends had offended Barfoot, who was a
+zealous Puritan.
+
+17. _he entered into Sacred Orders._ About 1581.
+
+30. _her conditions_, personal qualities, manners. Recent
+investigations tend to show that honest Izaak's account is prejudiced,
+as Hooker in his will makes his "wel-beloved wife" sole executrix and
+residuary legatee, and his father-in-law was one of the overseers.
+Nevertheless Wood calls her "a clownish, silly woman, and withal a
+mere Xanthippe."
+
+58. _The forenoon ... Geneva._ The speaker was Fuller, but the
+quotation is not quite textual.
+
+70. _and behold God's blessings. Cf._ p. 33.
+
+71. _corps_, endowment. "When the _corps_ of the profit or benefice
+is but one the title can be but one man's" (Hooker, _Ecclesiastical
+Polity_, v. lxxx, sec. 11).
+
+94. _Judicious Hooker._ This is the first application to Hooker of
+this time-honoured epithet. Sir W. Cowper was the grandfather of
+William, first Earl Cowper. The monument was erected in 1635.
+
+97. _one of his elder daughters. I.e._ Cicely.
+
+97. _both died before they were marriageable._ Alice died unmarried in
+1649; but Jane (or Jone) married Edward Nethersole at Bishopsbourne,
+23rd March 1600.
+
+99. _dead in her bed._ In March 1601.
+
+108, _regiment_, regimen, regulation, management. _Cf_. Bacon's essay
+"Of Regiment of Health."
+
+121. _in devise_, in contemplation.
+
+
+LIFE OF HERBERT
+
+_Text, etc.--The Life of Mr. George Herbert_ was first published in
+1670, 12mo, with his letters to his mother, etc. It was also included
+in the collected _Lives_ of 1670. All his known writings have been
+edited by Dr. Grosart for the _Fuller Worthies Library_, 1874, and the
+_Aldine Poets_, 1876.
+
+134. _he was elected ... Cambridge._ He was admitted scholar 5th May
+1609, and matriculated pensioner at Trinity 18th December 1609.
+
+135. _her husband died._ Sir Richard Herbert died in 1597.
+
+136. _in Oxford four years._ From 1598 to 1603-4.
+
+142. _Bachelor of Arts in 1611._ The correct date is 1612-13.
+
+142. _Matter of Arts, 1616._ See also p. 143. These data were
+furnished to Dr. Grosart by the University authorities.
+
+143. _chosen Orator._ 18th January 1620.
+
+149. _many Seals._ See vol. i. p. 72.
+
+150. _a sinecure._ Whitford is in Flintshire.
+
+152. _cross-bias me._ A bowling-green image.
+
+154. _Prebend of Layton Ecclesia._ Grosart points out that Walton was
+wrong here. Herbert was not a Deacon. He held the prebendary of Layton
+(Leighton Bromswold) as a laic, as he did the sinecure rectorship of
+Whitford.
+
+163. _she died in the year_ 1627. In June. On July 1 Donne preached
+her Funeral Sermon. See _ante_, p. 139. When it was published (London,
+1627, 12mo) Herbert appended to it the Greek and Latin poems to
+her memory, entitled _Parentalia_; these were the chief verses he
+published in his lifetime.
+
+165. _three months after this marriage._ It took place at Edington on
+5th March 1629.
+
+167. _canonical clothes._ This, as Dr. Grosart says, shows that he
+"was still a layman."
+
+167. _Parsonage of Bemerton._ In the presentation in the Record
+Office, which is dated 16th April 1630, ten days before his induction,
+it is styled "Rectory of the parish church of Fulston (Fuggleston) St.
+Peter's and Bemerton."
+
+175. "_The Country Parson._" For further particulars see p. 212. Of
+the simplicity of this beautiful little book Canon Ainger has well
+said, "Not for the first or last time in our literature was it to be
+shown that the euphuistic tendency is killed when the writer begins
+to think more of his topic than himself" (Craik's _English Prose_, ii.
+(1894), 204).
+
+190. _being_, seeing. _Cf._ also p. 258.
+
+193. _genteel_, refined, well-bred.
+
+201. "_The Temple._" See full title on p. 213.
+
+205. _passion_, violent commotion of the mind, perturbation.
+
+206. _my last Will._ This, which Walton had not seen, is printed by
+Dr. Grosart (_Herbert's Poetical Works_, 1876, p. lxi).
+
+207. _buried 3rd day of March, 1632._ I.e. in 1633, as the rest of the
+note seems to imply. He lies under the altar in the church.
+
+
+LIFE OF SANDERSON
+
+_Text, etc_ The first separate edition of the _Life of Dr. Robert
+Sanderson_ was printed in 1678, 8vo. It is corrected and supplemented
+in Jacobson's edition of Sanderson's works, 1854, 6 vols.
+
+223. _the place of his birth was Rotherham._ As stated in the note, it
+was Sheffield, in a house called the Lane Head Stane. He was baptized
+on the 10th September.
+
+240. _about this time._ He was presented to the Rectory of Boothby
+Pagnell in 1619. There is a print of Boothby Parsonage in the
+_Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1801, i. 105.
+
+241. _resigned his Fellowship._ In May 1619.
+
+241. _pennyworths_, bargains.
+
+271. _prevented him_, anticipated him.
+
+282. _Little Britain_. Like Duck Lane, Little Britain was (in Strype's
+words) "much inhabited by booksellers."
+
+296. _conversation_, intercourse with the world.
+
+303. _blacks_, mourning. _Cf_. Bacon "Of Death" (Essay 2).
+
+305. _29th of January 1662._ Should be 1663. He was buried in the
+chancel of Buckden Church.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF JOHN DONNE, HENRY WOTTON,
+RICH'D HOOKER, GEORGE HERBERT, &C, VOLUME TWO***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 13139.txt or 13139.zip *******
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