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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/13113-0.txt b/13113-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4b1eda0 --- /dev/null +++ b/13113-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1589 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13113 *** + +Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this + file which includes the original illustration. + See 13113-h.htm or 13113-h.zip: + (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/3/1/1/13113/13113-h/13113-h.htm) + or + (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/3/1/1/13113/13113-h.zip) + + + + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + +VOL. 17, No. 495.] SATURDAY, JUNE 25, 1831. [PRICE 2d. + + + + * * * * * + + + + +HERMITAGE AT FROGMORE. + +[Illustration] + + +Frogmore is one of the most delightful of the still retreats of +Royalty. It was formerly the seat of the Hon. Mrs. Egerton, of whom it +was purchased by Queen Charlotte, in 1792, who made considerable +additions to the house and gardens. The grounds were laid out by Uvedale +Price, Esq. a celebrated person in the annals of picturesque gardening. +The ornamental improvements were made by the direction of the Princess +Elizabeth, (now Landgravine of Hesse Homburg,) whose taste for rural +quiet we noticed in connexion with an Engraving of Her Royal Highness' +Cottage, adjoining Old Windsor churchyard. [1] + + [1]: See _Mirror_, No 475. + +Frogmore occupies part of a fertile valley, which divides the Little +Park from Windsor Forest, and comprises about thirteen acres. Mr. +Hakewill describes it as "diversified with great skill and taste, and a +piece of water winds throughout it with a pleasing variety of turn and +shape. The trees and shrubs, both native and exotic, which spread their +shade and diffuse their fragrance, are disposed with the best effect; +while buildings are so placed as to enliven and give character to the +general scene. The Ruin was designed by Mr. James Wyatt, and being +seated on the bank of the water, as well as in part in the wood, it +presents, with its creeping ivy and fractured buttresses, a most +pleasing object from various points of the garden. The _Hermitage (see +the Engraving)_ is a small circular thatched building, completely +embowered in lofty trees, and was constructed from a drawing of the +Princess Elizabeth. There is also a Gothic Temple, sacred to solitude, +and a well-imagined and picturesque barn, which heighten the appropriate +scenery. Too much cannot be said of the secluded beauty of this charming +spot, and nothing further need be said of the taste and judgment of +Major Price, to whom its arrangements have been entrusted." + +The _Hermitage_ contains a tablet spread with fruit, eggs, and bread, +and a figure of a hermit reading the Scriptures; at the entrance are +the following lines, written on the marriage of the Princess Royal:-- + + Ye whom variety delights, + Descend awhile from Windsor's heights, + And in this hovel deign to tread, + Quitting the castle for the shed; + Such were the muse's favourite haunts, + From care secluded and from wants. + What nature needs this but can give, + Could we as nature dictates live; + For see, on this plain board at noon + Are placed a platter and a spoon, + Which, though they mark no gorgeous treat, + Suggest 'tis reasonable to eat. + What though the sun's meridian light + Beams not on our hovel bright, + Though others need, we need him not, + Coolness and gloom befit a cot. + Our hours we count without the sun. + These sands proclaim them as they run, + Sands within a glass confined, + Glass which ribs of iron bind; + For Time, still partial to this glass, + Made it durable as brass, + That, placed secure upon a shelf, + None might crush it but himself. + Let us here the day prolong + With loyal and with nuptial song, + Such as, with duteous strains addrest, + May gratify each royal guest; + Thrice happy, should our rural toils + Be requited by their smiles. + +There are other affectionate testimonials in the grounds. The Gothic +ruin contains an apartment fitted up as an oratory, ornamented with a +copy of the Descent from the Cross, modelled in chalk, after the +celebrated painting by Rembrandt; busts of George III. and the Duke of +Kent; a posthumous marble figure of an infant child of his present +Majesty; and an alto-relievo representing an ascending spirit attended +by a guardian angel with the inscription-- + + Monumental Tablet + To the Memory + of + Her Royal Highness the Princess Charlotte. + + + * * * * * + + +ANCIENT WAGES TO MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT. + +(_For the Mirror._) + + +Chamberlayne, in his _Angliæ Notitia_, says, "Although the lords of +parliament are to bear their own charges, because they represent there +only themselves; yet all the commons, both lay and clergy, that is, +_Procuratores Cleri_, are to have _rationales expensus_, (as the words +of the writ are) that is, such allowance as the king considering the +prices of all things, shall judge meet to impose upon the people to pay. +In the 17th of Edward II. it was ten groats for knights, and five groats +for burgesses; but not long after it was four shillings for all others, +which in those days, as appears by the prices of all things, was a +considerable sum, above ten times more than it is now, (1688) for not +only then expenses were considered, though that was great by reason of +the suitable attendance that then every parliament-man had, but also +their pains, their loss of time, and necessary neglect of their own +private affairs for the service of their country; and when the counties, +cities, and boroughs paid so dear for their expenses, they were wont to +take care to chuse such men as were best able, and most diligent in the +speedy despatch of affairs; by which means, with some others, more +business in those times was despatched in parliament in a week, than is +now perhaps in ten; so that the protections for parliament-men and their +servants from arrests were not then grievous, when scarce any parliament +or sessions lasted so long as one of the four terms at Westminster. + +"The aforementioned expenses duly paid, did cause all the petty decayed +boroughs of England to become humble suitors to the king, that they +might not be obliged to send burgesses to parliament; whereby it came to +pass, that divers were unburgessed, as it was in particular granted to +_Chipping_, or _Market-Morriton_, upon their petition; and then the +number of the _Commons House_ being scarce half so many as at present, +then debates and bills were sooner expedited." page 156, 21st. edit. + +Halsted, in his _History of Kent_, tells us, "The pay of the burgesses +of Canterbury was fixed (anno 1411) at two shillings a-day for each, +while such burgess was absent from his family attending his duty. In +1445 the wages were no more than twelve pence a-day; two years +afterwards they were increased to sixteenpence, and in 1503 had again +been raised to two shillings. In Queen Mary's reign, the corporation +refused to continue this payment any longer, and the wages of the +members were then levied by assessment on the inhabitants at large, and +continued to be so raised till these kinds of payments were altogether +discontinued." + +P.T.W. + + + * * * * * + + +THE WORD "EI." + +(_For the Mirror._) + + +This word, which was engraven on the temple of Apollo, at Delphi, has +occasioned much controversy among the literati. The learned and +admirable Plutarch tells us that it means "thou art" as if "thou art +one." The Langhornes, in their life of this philosopher, [2] attack his +opinion as inconsistent with "the whole tenour of the Heathen +Mythology." It in to be observed, that the Greek word for priests is +"[Greek: iereis]" (iereis). But I infer nothing from this; yet at the +same time it is a remarkable circumstance. The objection of the +Langhornes is frivolous; for the sun (Apollo) in most nations, was +considered chief of the gods, and this inscription was placed to prove +his _superiority and unity_. + + [2] Langhorne's Plutarch, vol. i. p. xv.--Limbird's edition. + +It is a very remarkable circumstance, that when the Pythia refused to +enter the temple, at the application of Alexander, "Philip's godlike +son," and he attempting to force her in, she exclaimed--"[Greek: +Anikaetos ei o pai]" (My son, you are invincible.) Now, probably, she +had some other intention in using that word; but, however, that does not +affect the argument. I cannot but consider that Plutarch is right. + +B.K. + + + * * * * * + + +A FAREWELL TO SPAIN. + + FOR MUSIC. + +(_For the Mirror._) + + + Land of the myrtle and the vine, + The sunny citron-tree, + With heart upon the waves I give + My latest look to thee. + + Thy glorious scenes of vale and hill + With joy I now resign, + And seek a more congenial land, + Where Freedom will be mine. + + Farewell! thou hast the iron sway + Of bigots and of slaves, + But mine shall be a chainless heart + Upon the dark blue waves. + + For thee our sires have fought and died, + For thee their blood have given, + When tyrants o'er the trampled field + Like thunder-clouds were driven. + + And has the purple tide in vain, + From hill and vale been poured, + Or do the hopes of Freedom sleep + With mighty Mina's sword? + + Oh! no--the trumpet-voice of war, + Shall proudly sound again, + And millions shall obey its call, + And break their chartered chain! + + Till then, my native hearth and home + I'll joyfully resign; + Farewell! thou song-enchanted land + Of myrtle and of vine. + + _Deal_. G.K.C. + + + * * * * * + + +THE DEATH-BEDS OF GREAT MEN. + +(_For the Mirror._) + + +If there are any remarks which deserve to be recorded for the benefit of +mankind, they are those which have been expressed on a dying bed, when, +unfettered by prejudice or passion, Truth shines forth in her real +colours. Sir John Hawkins has recorded of Dr. Johnson, that when +suffering under that disease which ended in his dissolution, he +addressed his friends in the following words:--"You see the state I am +in, conflicting with bodily pain and mental distraction. While you are +in health and strength, labour to do good, and avoid evil, if ever you +wish to escape the distress that oppresses me." + +When Lord Lyttleton was on his death-bed, his daughter, Lady Valentia, +and her husband, came to see him. He gave them his solemn benediction, +adding--"Be good, be virtuous, my lord; you must come to this." + +The triumphant death of Addison will be remembered with feelings of +pleasure by all. Having sent for the young Earl of Warwick, he +affectionately pressed his hand, saying--"See in what peace a Christian +can die!" + +The father of William Penn was opposed to his son's religious +principles; but finding that he acted with sincerity, was at last +reconciled. When dying, he adjured him to do nothing contrary to his +conscience--"So," said he, "you will keep peace within, which will be a +comfort in the day of trouble." + +Locke, the day before his death, addressed Lady Masham, who was sitting +by his bedside, exhorting her to regard this world only as a state of +preparation for a better. He added, that he had lived long enough, and +expressed his gratitude to God for the happiness that had fallen to his +lot. + +Tillotson, when dying, thanked his Maker that he felt his conscience at +ease, and that he had nothing further to do but to await the will of +Heaven. + +Sir Walter Raleigh behaved on the scaffold with the greatest composure. +Having vindicated his conduct in an eloquent speech, he felt the edge of +the axe, observing with a smile--"It is a sharp medicine, but a sure +remedy, for all woes." Being asked which way he would lay himself on the +block, he replied--"So the heart be right, it is no matter which way the +head lies." + +Latimer, when he beheld a fagot ready kindled laid at Ridley's feet, +exclaimed--"Be of good cheer, master Ridley, and play the man; we shall +this day light such a candle in England, as I hope, by God's grace, +shall never be put out." + +The author of Hervey's Meditations, when on his sick bed, observed that +his time had been too much occupied in reading the historians, orators, +and poets of ancient and modern times; and that were he to renew his +studies, he would devote his attention to the Scriptures. + +The last words which the eminent physician Haller addressed to his +medical attendant expressed the calm serenity of his mind. "My friend," +said he, laying his hand on his pulse, "the artery no longer beats." + +M. De La Harpe, one of the first literary characters of the last +century, who for many years laboured to spread the principles of the +French philosophy, but afterwards became a most strenuous defender of +Christianity, on the evening preceding his death was visited by a +friend. He was listening to the Prayers for the Sick; as soon as they +were concluded, he stretched forth his hand and said--"I am grateful to +Divine mercy, for having left me sufficient recollection to feel how +consoling these prayers are to the dying." + +Cardinal Wolsey, when dying, by slow progress and short journeys, +reached Leicester Abbey. He was received with the greatest respect. His +only observation was, "Father Abbot, I am come to lay my bones among +you." He died three days after, with, great composure and fortitude. He +said, shortly before his death--"Had I but served my God as diligently +as I have served the king, he would not have forsaken me in my grey +hairs; but this is the just reward I must receive for my pains and +study, in not regarding my service to God, but only to my prince." + +Melancthon, a few days before his death, although extremely debilitated, +delivered his usual lecture. At the termination of it, he said, +impressively--"I am a dying man, and these are the three subjects for +intercession with God, which I leave to my children and their little +ones--that they may form part of his church, and worship him +aright--that they may be one in him, and live in harmony with each +other--and that they may be fellow-heirs of eternal life." The day +before his death, he addressed some present--"God bestows talents on our +youth, do you see that they use them aright." While dying, his friends +discerned a slight motion of the countenance, which was peculiar to him +when deeply affected by religious joy. + +W. + + + * * * * * + + + +THE NOVELIST. + + +OSMYN AND ZAMBRI. + +_A Persian Tale. From the French._ + +(_From a Correspondent._) + + +A worthy old Persian having arrived at the end of an irreproachable +life, experienced in his last moments the greatest uneasiness for the +fate of his two sons, whom he was about to leave without fortune, +without a livelihood, and without a prospect. The elder called Osmyn, +was twenty years of age, and the younger, eighteen, bore the name of +Zambri. + +As the old man drew near his last hour, he thought much less of his own +sufferings than of the fate of his children, when his ear was agreeably +struck with a soft and melodious voice, which said to him, "Fear +nothing, old man, I will watch over your children; die in peace as thou +hast lived. I bring a present for each of your sons; let them make good +use of it, and one day perhaps they may be re-united, and live in +happiness." + +At these words a balsamic odour spread itself in the cottage, and a +bright light discovered to the view of the astonished Persian, the +features of a young man, whose expressive countenance had in it +something celestial. It was a beneficent genius, who after having +deposited his presents on the bed of the old man, vanished like +lightning. The old man called his two sons, they ran eagerly towards him +with a light, and approached the bed of their father, who related to +them the visit he had been honoured with, and showed them the presents +of the genius. On one side was a small box covered with brilliant +spangles; on the other a sheet of paper carefully sealed. "Come Osmyn," +said the old man, "you are the eldest, it is for you to choose." + +Osmyn attracted by the richness of the box, chose it with eagerness, and +poor Zambri was obliged to be contented with the humble envelope. The +old man embraced them, blessed them, and died as one resigning himself +to the arms of hope. After having wept sincerely the death of so good a +father, and having rendered the last offices to his remains, the two +brothers were anxious to know what aid they should find in the presents +of the genius. Osmyn opened his little box and found it filled with +pastilles of divers forms and colours. He was almost tempted to laugh at +the meanness of such a gift, when he perceived these words written on +the lid of the box--"_Each time that thou eatest one of these pastilles, +thine imagination will bring forth a poem perfect in all its parts, +sublime and delicate in its details, such in short as will surpass the +ablest works of the best Persian poets._" + +Osmyn did not want vanity; the possession of so fine a secret failed not +to turn his young brain, and a hundred illusions of fortune and glory +presented themselves at once to his imagination. + +From the value of the present given by the genius to his brother, Zambri +doubted not that his paper contained also some marvellous secret. He +opened it and read with as much surprise as sorrow--"_A new Receipt for +preparing Sherbet._" Some lines pointed out the method of composing a +liquor, of which one drop only being infused in a bowl of Sherbet, would +give it a taste and perfume hitherto unknown to the most voluptuous +Asiatics. + +Osmyn was overjoyed, and Zambri was in despair; Osmyn wished not to quit +his brother, but the orders of the genius were imperative. The two +brothers embraced each other tenderly, shed tears, and separated. The +eldest took the road to Bagdad, where all the learned, and all the poets +of Asia were assembled to attend the court of the Caliph. As to poor +Zambri, he quitted the cottage of his father, carrying nothing with him +but _the humble receipt for preparing Sherbet_, and leaving to chance +the direction of his course. + +Before his arrival at Bagdad, Osmyn had already eaten half-a-dozen of +the pastilles, and consequently carried with him half-a-dozen poems, +beside which were to fade the productions of the greatest Eastern poets. +But he soon found that pretenders to talent often succeed better than +those who really possess it. He felt the necessity of connecting himself +with literary men, and men of the world; but he only found them occupied +with their business, their pleasures, or their own pretensions. Under +what title could he present himself? Under that of a poet? The court and +the city overflowed with them; they had already filled every avenue. To +consult his fellows would be to consult his rivals; to ask their praises +would be to ask a miser for his treasures. Besides, so many books +appeared, that people did not care to read. However, Osmyn's works were +published, but they were not even noticed in the multitude of similar +productions. + +After having vegetated four or five years at Bagdad, without obtaining +anything but weak encouragement given by wise men, (who are without +influence because they are wise,) poor Osmyn began to lose the brilliant +hopes that formerly had dazzled him. However, by dint of eating the +pastilles, he at last attracted some notice. If it requires time for +genius to emerge from obscurity, no sooner is it known than recompense +is made for slow injustice. It is sought after not for itself, but for +the sake of vanity. Envy often avails itself of it as a fit instrument +subservient to its own purposes. Soon, in fact, the works of Osmyn only +were spoken of, and after languishing a long time unnoticed, he saw +himself at once raised to the pinnacle, without having passed the steps +which lead from misery to fortune, from obscurity to glory. + +The Caliph desired to see so great a genius, and to possess him at his +court. Osmyn was overwhelmed with favours; he sung the praises of the +Caliph with a delicacy that other poets were far from being able to +imitate. The Caliph admired delicate praise the more because it is rare +at court. + +So much merit and favour besides, soon created the jealousy of other +poets, and likewise of the courtiers. Even those, who had showed +themselves the most enthusiastic admirers of Osmyn's talents, feared to +see themselves eclipsed by this new comer, and resolved to destroy the +idol they had raised so much higher than they wished. + +One of the poets, Osmyn's enemy, was employed to compose a satire +against the Caliph, and it was agreed that this should be circulated +under the favourite's name. From that time the avenger of the common +cause never quitted Osmyn, nor ceased to load him with praises and +caresses. + +One day when Osmyn delivered an extempore poem before the Caliph, his +rival, after having warmly applauded him, cast down his eyes by +accident, and saw shining on the floor one of the pastilles that Osmyn, +who was led away by the vivacity of his declamation, had let fall by +mistake. The traitor snatched it up, and put it mechanically in his +mouth. + +The pastille produced its effect; the poet felt a sudden inspiration, +left the hall and flew to compose the projected satire. He was surprised +at his own aptitude; the verses cost him no trouble, but flowed of +themselves. The bitterest expressions escaped from his pen without his +seeking for them. In short, in an instant, he brought forth a true +_chef-d'oeuvre_ of malice. + +He continued some moments in ecstacy with his work, and carried it in +triumph to his friends--or rather to his accomplices. The satire was +received with the liveliest applause: it was the pure and vigorous style +of Osmyn. The writer had imitated his handwriting; and soon the libel +was spread about in his name. + +Murmurs arose on all sides against the ingratitude of Osmyn. The satire +fell into the hands of the Caliph, who in his rage ordered the +unfortunate Osmyn to be stript of all his property, and driven from +Bagdad. Osmyn, overpowered by the blow, could not defend himself; +besides, how could he make his innocence heard amidst the cries of his +calumniators. + +After having wandered a long time, every where imploring pity--sometimes +meeting with kindness, but oftener repulsed with selfishness--he +arrived, at nightfall, before a superb country house, magnificently +illuminated. He heard the accents of joy mingled with the sounds of a +brilliant concert of music, and saw all the signs of a splendid fête. +However, the thunder began to roll, the sky was obscured by heavy +clouds, and Osmyn's miserable clothing was soon drenched by the rain. + +He approached this beautiful house, in hopes to find there, if not +hospitality for the night, at least an asylum for some minutes. The +slaves perceived him, and said to him harshly--"What do you ask, +beggar?" + +"A humble shelter from the storm, a morsel of bread to appease my +hunger, and a little straw to rest my body on, borne down by fatigue." + +"Thou shalt have none of these." + +"For pity--" + +"Begone!" + +"See how it rains!--Hear how it thunders!" + +"Go elsewhere, and come not to disturb by thy presence the pleasures of +our master." + +Osmyn was on the point of obeying this order, when the master of the +house, who had witnessed this scene from a window, came down, called his +slaves, and ordered them to receive the unfortunate man, to procure him +clothes, a bed, and all he was in need of. "Misery," said he, "misery is +for him who revels in the presence of the poor, and suffers them to +plead for assistance in vain; and misfortune for the rich who, cloyed +with luxuries, refuse a morsel of bread to a famishing stranger. Poor +traveller, go and repose thyself, and may the Prophet send thee +refreshing slumbers, that thou mayst for a time forget thy sufferings." + +"Oh Heaven!" cried Osmyn, "what voice strikes my ear? It is the +voice--the voice of Zambri!" + +"Zambri! what! do you know him?" + +"Heavens! do I know him?--Do I know my brother?" + +"You my brother!" cried Zambri in his turn. "Can it be? That voice--those +features, disfigured by poverty and misery. Ah! I recognise you, my dear +Osmyn!" + +No more need be said: he flew to embrace his brother; but Osmyn, +overcome by the excess of his joy, fell senseless at his feet. + +He was conveyed into the finest apartment of the villa, every assistance +was afforded him, and he was soon restored. Zambri ordered him +magnificent apparel, and taking him by the hand, conducted him to the +banquet, and presented him to his friends. After the repast, Osmyn +related all the vicissitudes of his fortune, his long suffering, his +rapid glory, the jealousy and perfidy of his enemies, "But thou," added +he, "my dear Zambri, by what good fortune do I find you in such an +enviable situation? What! this beautiful house, this crowd of slaves, +these sumptuous ornaments!--to what dost thou owe them?" + +"_To the receipt for preparing Sherbet,_" said Zambri, smiling. "Listen +to my story, it is very simple. Soon after we parted, I directed my +steps towards Teflis, where I sought only to gain a livelihood. On my +arrival, I went into the public places where the opulent people +assemble, to refresh themselves with ices and sherbet. I solicited +employment there, but was refused, and harshly sent away. Not knowing +what to do, and not having money to procure a subsistence, I went at +length to one of the obscure cafés, frequented by the lowest people. The +master of this wretched place, who was named Mehdad, agreed to accept my +services. I prepared a bottle of the liquor for which the good genius +had given me the receipt, but the ingredients of which, although cheap, +I had not before been able to purchase, and soon I found an immense +company crowding to Mehdad's café. The rich people also would take no +other; and Mehdad soon had before him the prospect of becoming opulent. + +"He had a daughter; she was young and beautiful; I became enamoured of +her, and ventured to ask her hand. I had preserved the secret of my +receipt. Mehdad was ignorant that he owed his good fortune to me, and +believed that it was through his own talent. He rejected my offer with +disdain, and drove me from his house. Poor fellow! he was not the first +who, without knowing it, had driven good luck from his home. + +"I had gained some money in his service; and I employed the fruit of my +economy in forming for myself an establishment in one of the public +gardens of Teflis, on the banks of the charming river Khur. Here I +erected a small, but elegant pavilion, and I sold my Sherbet to all the +promenaders of the garden. In a short time Mehdad, and all the cafés of +Teflis, were abandoned for my little pavilion. Zambri's Sherbet was +alone in demand: it was spoken of in all companies--it was taken at all +festivals. The garden of Zambri was crowded from morning till night. The +multitude was attracted towards my pavilion like swarms of flies towards +a honey-comb. I was compelled to erect a pavilion ten times larger than +the former, and I decorated it magnificently. + +"A year had scarcely elapsed before I had acquired a considerable +fortune. I quitted my new establishment, returned to the city, and +purchased merchandize of all descriptions. I prepared a great quantity +of this favourite liquor, to which I owe all my wealth. I sent it to all +the cities of Persia, and into the most distant countries. Heaven seemed +to smile on my exertions. A beautiful widow, aged twenty years, saw and +loved me; I was not insensible to her charms. We made mutual vows of +attachment, and marriage crowned my happiness. + +"We have acquired this charming retreat, and reside here during the most +beautiful season of the year, amongst our good friends, who, in +partaking our pleasures, add to them the charms of their society. + +"How many times, dear Osmyn, have my thoughts been occupied with thee! +Often have I said, in the midst of my prosperity, Where is my +brother?--where dwells Osmyn? No doubt the invaluable secret he +possesses has gained him an immense fortune, and raised him to the +pinnacle of honour. But I see that in these times happiness, +tranquillity, and perhaps riches, are more easily obtained by humble and +modest employment, than by splendid abilities. In the course of my +transactions, I have met with vexations and disappointments. Sometimes +my Sherbet has been imitated; but the fraud has always been discovered, +and the intrigues of my rivals have added to my reputation. At length I +have found that it is easier to satisfy the caprice than the judgment of +mankind, and that those who could not understand the merits of a clever +work, would readily agree upon the subject of a delicious and agreeable +beverage." + +Thus spoke the good Zambri: he strove affectionately to console Osmyn. +The two brothers separated no more; and, thanks to the _receipt for +preparing_ _Sherbet_, they lived long together amidst the pleasures +that wealth commands, and the still more true and solid happiness +procured by peace and friendship. + + + * * * * * + + + +THE NATURALIST. + + +BOTANY OF SHAKSPEARE. + + +At a recent meeting of the Medico-Botanical Society, a very interesting +dissertation on the medicinal plants which occur in the plays of +Shakspeare, from the pen of Mr. Rootsay, of Bristol, was read, and +excited considerable attention. The hebenon henbane alluded to in +_Hamlet_, the mandragora, the various plants so beautifully alluded to +in _Romeo and Juliet_, and in other dramas, were the subject of the +inquiry, and much classical information was displayed by the ingenious +author in the illustration of the subject. We hope to report more +respecting this very interesting paper to our readers. + + + * * * * * + + +THE CUTTLE-FISH. + + +The following account of the _sepia media_, a small species of +cuttle-fish, is given by Mr. Donovan, in his "Excursion through South +Wales:"--"When first caught, the eyes, which are large and prominent, +glistened with the lustre of the pearl, or rather of the emerald, whose +luminous transparency they seemed to emulate. The pupil is a fine black, +and above each eye is a semilunar mark of the richest garnet. The body, +nearly transparent, or of a pellucid green, is glossed with all the +variety of prismatic tints, and thickly dotted with brown. At almost +every effort of respiration, the little creature tossed its arms in +apparent agony, and clung more firmly to the finger; while the +dark-brown spots upon the body alternately faded and revived, +diminishing in size till they were scarcely perceptible, and then +appearing again as large as peas, crowding, and becoming confluent +nearly all over the body. At length, the animal being detained too long +from its native element, became enfeebled, the colours faded, the spots +decreased in size, and all its pristine beauty vanished with the last +gasp of life." + +W.G.C. + + * * * * * + + +THE OSTRICH. + + +The Ostriches in the Gardens of the Zoological Society would be truly a +noble pair, were it not for an unnatural curve in the neck of the male, +in consequence, it is said, of its having formerly swallowed something +more than usually bulky and hard of digestion. + + + * * * * * + + + +MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS. + +[Illustration] + + +RUSSIAN BURIAL GROUND. + + +Mr. James's popular Journal of a Tour in Russia, &c., has supplied the +above illustration of honours paid to the dead in that country. The Cut +represents one of the Cemeteries of the government of Tchernigoff. Mr. +James describes it as planted around with trees, and studded thick with +wooden crosses, oratories, and other permanent marks of reverence. The +general appearance of piety with which these grounds are kept up, their +sequestered situation apart from any town, the profound veneration with +which they are saluted by the natives, added to the dark and sepulchral +shade of the groves, lend them an interest with which the tinsel +ornaments of more gorgeous cemeteries can in no degree compare. + + + * * * * * + + +ANCESTORS. + + +Some nations pay particular attention to the memory of their ancestors. +The Quojas, a people of Africa, offer sacrifices of rice and wine to +their ancestors, before they undertake any considerable action; and the +anniversaries of their death are always kept by their families with +great solemnity; the king invokes the souls of his father and mother to +make trade flourish and the chase succeed. But the Chinese have +distinguished themselves above all other nations, by the veneration in +which they hold their ancestors. Part of the duty, according to the laws +of Confucius, which children owe their parents, consists in worshipping +them when dead. They have a solemn and an ordinary worship for this +purpose, the former of which is held twice a year with great pomp, and +is described as follows by an eye witness:--The sacrifices were made in +a chapel, well adorned, where there were six altars, furnished with +censers, tapers, and flowers. There were three ministers, and behind +them two young acolites: he that officiated was an aged man, and a new +Christian. The three former went with a profound silence, and made +frequent genuflexions towards the five altars, pouring out wine; +afterwards they drew near to the sixth, and when they came to the foot +of the altar, half bowed down, they said their prayers with a low voice. +That being finished, the three ministers went to the altar; the priest +took up a vessel full of wine, and drank; then he lifted up the head of +a deer, or goat; after which, taking fire from the altar, they lighted a +bit of paper, and the minister of ceremonies turning towards the people, +said, with a high voice, that he gave them thanks in the name of their +ancestors, for having so well honoured them; and in recompense he +promised them, on their part, a plentiful harvest, a fruitful issue, +good health and long life, and all those advantages which are most +pleasing to men. + +The Chinese have also in their houses a niche, or hollow place, in which +they put the names of their deceased fathers, to which they make prayers +and offerings of perfumes and spices at certain periods. + +A.V. + + * * * * * + + +THE SELECTOR; +AND LITERARY NOTICES OF _NEW WORKS_. + + +HISTORY OF POLAND. + + +This volume, a goodly octavo, will be peculiarly acceptable at the +present season. It presents a lucid view of Polish history, from the +earliest period to the present eventful moment; and, as a passage of +immediate interest, we quote the following character of the President of +the National Government of Poland: + + This illustrious personage, Prince Adam Czartoryski, is the + eldest son of the late prince of the same house, and is + descended from the family of Jagellon, the ancient sovereigns of + Lithuania. His father was long known, not only as a nobleman of + the first rank in Poland, but as one of the most accomplished + scholars in Europe. Such was his reputation, that at the period + of the last vacancy in the throne of Poland, Poniatowski + (afterwards king) was deputed by the diet to propitiate the + Empress Catherine, to second the election of Czartoryski; but + the deputy's handsome form found such favour in the licentious + eyes of the modern Messalina, that he ceased to urge the suit of + the diet, and returned the avowed nominee of his imperial + mistress. Prince Czartoryski's claims on the throne, popularity, + and consequent influence, rendered him odious to the court of + St. Petersburg, and when the last act of spoliation was + perpetrated, his lands were ravaged, his beautiful Castle of + Pulawy destroyed, and a sentence of extermination pronounced + against him, unless he would consent to send his two sons, one + the subject of this notice, and the other Prince Constantino + Czartoryski, as hostages to St. Petersburg. To avoid this + wretched alternative, the prince and his princess, who still + survive, consented to the separation, and the two young + noblemen, were placed under the eye of those who were deemed + worthy, by the Autocrat, of reforming their principles. The + talents displayed by both brothers soon obtained for them the + admiration of the court; and as it was of great importance to + gain them over, every mark of imperial favour was heaped upon + them by the Emperor Alexander, with whom, from infancy, they had + established terms of the utmost familiarity. The elder brother + held for a long time the portfolio of the Foreign Office, and, + in his official capacity, accompanied his imperial master to the + scenes of some of his most serious disasters. During Napoleon's + invasion, Prince Constantino was in Poland, and confiding in the + integrity of the then master of the destinies of Europe, and + breathing naught but freedom for his country, he joined the + banners of the invader, and raised a regiment at his own expense + to aid in the cause of liberation. At Smolensk he received a + severe wound, from the effects of which he has never yet + recovered. He resides at Vienna. + + The influence of Prince Adam Czartoryski proved to be singularly + useful to Poland after the downfall of Napoleon. He interposed, + and interposed successfully, between the anger of Alexander and + his suffering country; and, on the establishment of the kingdom + of Poland, was appointed the curator of all the universities, + both there and in the incorporated provinces. These duties he + sedulously discharged, until he was superseded by the notorious + Count Novozilzoff. From this period he has lived in retirement, + faithfully performing all the duties of private life. The + promotion of agriculture, science in all its branches, and + kindly offices among mankind, constituted his occupations until + recent events drew him from his privacy. The first call was made + by the Russian functionaries, as stated in the text, for the + purpose of self-protection! the second was that of his devoted + country, when a government was essential to success. He was + chosen not only one of the five members of the executive body, + but its president, a station which he still honourably fills. + Into his new office he has carried all the unostentatious and + disinterested virtues that adorned Pulawy, and there is little + doubt that if (and no one suspects that such will not be the + case) the independence of Poland be fairly won, the choice of + his country will point to him as its sovereign. Having finished + his academical career at the University of Edinburgh, he early + acquired a strong taste for English institutions and for + Englishmen, and of this he gave substantial proof by devoting + 250 l. a-year to the exclusive purchase of English books. His + revenues are enormous; but his liberality is unbounded; and, as + it is a rule in his munificent establishment to provide + liberally for the families of all his dependants, his means are + comparatively restricted, but his personal wants are few; and + that he is ready to accommodate himself to circumstances, was + well shown by his only observation on hearing of the + confiscation of his large property in Podolia by Nicholas. + "Instead of riding, I must walk, and instead of sumptuous fare, + I must dine on buck-wheat."[3] Such is a faint outline of this + illustrious man's character. Were it only for the admirable + example of such an individual guiding the reigns of the + government of a devoted people, it is most ardently to be hoped + that Poland may triumph over her enemies, and be raised to that + rank from which she was degraded only by the basest of + treasons.--_Fletcher's History of Poland._ + + [3] The common food of the poor. + +As the pronunciation of the Polish language is attended with some +difficulty, the author of this work has, in his advertisement, subjoined +the following hints, taken principally from the "Letters Literary and +Political on Poland, Edinburgh, 1823." + +All vowels are sounded as in French and Italian; and there are no +diphthongs, every vowel being pronounced distinctly. The consonants are +the same as in English, except + +_w_, which is sounded like _v_, at the beginning of a word; thus, +Warsawa--_Varsafa_; in the middle or at the end of a word it has the +sound of _f_, as in the instance already cited; and Narew--_Nareff_. + +_c_, like _tz_, and never like _k_; thus, Pac is sounded _Patz_. + +_g_, like _g_ in Gibbon; thus, _Oginski_. + +_ch_, like the Greek [Greek: ch] or _k_; thus, Lech--_Lek_. + +_cz_, like the English _tch_ in pitch;--thus, Czartoryski pronounce +_Tchartoryski_. + +_sz_, like _sh_ in _shape_; thus, Staszyc like _Stashytz_. + +_szcz_, like _shtch_; thus, Szczerbiec like _Shtcherbietz_. + +_rz_, like _j_ in _je_, with a slight sound of _r_; thus, +Rzewuski--_Rjevuski_. + + + * * * * * + + +WHITE'S BAMPTON LECTURES. + + +Dr. Dibdin has prefixed the subsequent Note to one of these Lectures +(Character of Christ compared with that of Mahomet), which he has +reprinted in vol. iii. of the _Sunday Library_:-- + + "Of all the sermons preached in this, or in any other country, + THESE are perhaps the most celebrated; or, if this observation + require qualification, the only exception may be in favour of + those of the _Petit Carême_ of MASILLON. For three successive + terms, the church of St. Mary's, at Oxford, was crowded with an + auditory breathless in admiration of the splendour of diction + and vividness of imagery manifested in these discourses. The + subject treated of--'_A Comparison of Mahometanism and + Christianity in their History, their Evidences, and their + Effects_'--was new and striking in the pulpit of the University + Church. A great deal of highly wrought expectation, from more + than a whisper spread abroad of the sources whence the chief + materials had been derived, preceded their publicity; and the + preacher, although by no means remarkable for elegance of + manner, or ductility and melody of voice, applied his whole + energies to the task of giving power and effect to his delivery. + He succeeded, greatly beyond his own expectations; and the + University rung with his praises. The fame which ensued was + merited; for the public, till then satisfied with the tame + polish and cold invective of BLAIR, became delighted by the + union of such harmony of language, skilfulness of argument, and + singularity of research, as were blended in these lectures. Yet + it may be questioned, not only whether a display of similar + talent would _now_ receive the like applause, but whether many + subsequent courses of Bampton lectures have not rendered a more + essential service to Christianity. + + "But, extraordinary as was the result of the _preaching_ of + these Bampton lectures, perhaps a more extraordinary history + belongs to their _composition_; and posterity will learn, with + wonder, and perhaps with mingled pity and contempt, that the + measures resorted to by the Laudian Professor of Arabic, in + order to impose upon his best friend and most able coadjutor, + DR. PARR, form such a tissue of petty artifice and intrigue as + scarcely to be believed. The whole plot, however, is minutely + and masterly developed in Dr. Johnstone's _Life of Dr. Parr_, + vol. i. p. 216-281, to which I refer the curious reader for some + very singular particulars. The facts, as there delineated, are + simply these:--A secret correspondence was carried on between + Professor White and Mr. Badcock, a dissenting minister of + Devonshire, who furnished the greater part of the materials of + these lectures; which materials, copied out by Professor White, + with a few emendations and additions, were sent to Dr. Parr as + the exclusive composition of the Professor. Several of the + lectures are wholly Badcock's, by the express admission of Dr. + White; and the undeniable evidence of a douceur of 500l. from + the Professor to Mr. Badcock, is a sufficiently solid proof of + the value in which the former held the labours of the latter. + There could be no violation of any great moral feeling in the + transaction thus simply considered; for the labourer was worthy + of his hire; but the evasive subtleties and shuffling + subterfuges by which the literary intercourse was stubbornly + denied, and attempted to be set aside, by Professor White, is + matter of perfect astonishment! In the mean while, Dr. Parr + steadily continued his critical labours, believing that the + Professor sought no _aid_ but his _own_. He revised, added, and + polished at his entire discretion; and while it is allowed that + _one-fifth_ at least, of these lectures are the work of his + learned hand, he undoubtedly gave to the whole its last and most + effectual polish. The history which belongs to his discovery of + the collateral aid of Badcock, is curious and amusing; but can + have no place here. It does great credit to the head and heart + of Dr. Parr. Thus the reader will observe that no small interest + is attached to the volume from which the ensuing extracts are + made: a volume, full, doubtless, of extensive and learned + research, and exhibiting a style remarkable alike for its + consummate art and harmonious copiousness." + + + * * * * * + + +WEALTH OF HENRY VII. + + +The hoard amassed by Henry, and "most of it under his own key and +keeping, in secret places at Richmond," is said to have amounted to near +1,800,000 l., which, according to our former conjectures, would be +equivalent to about 16,000,000 l.; an amount of specie so immense as to +warrant a suspicion of exaggeration, in an age when there was no control +from public documents on a matter of which the writers of history were +ignorant. Our doubts of the amount amassed by Henry are considerably +warranted by the computation of Sir W. Petty, who, a century and a half +later, calculated the whole specie of England at only 6,000,000 l.--This +hoard, whatever may have been its precise extent, was too great to be +formed by frugality, even under the penurious and niggardly Henry. A +system of extortion was employed, which "the people, into whom there is +infused for the preservation of monarchies a natural desire to discharge +their princes, though it be with the unjust charge of their counsellors, +did impute unto Cardinal Morton and Sir Reginald Bray, who, as it after +appeared, as counsellors of ancient authority with him, did so second +his humours as nevertheless they did temper them. Whereas Empson and +Dudley, that followed, being persons that had no reputation with him, +otherwise than by the servile following of his bent, did not give way +only as the first did, but shaped his way to those extremities for which +himself was touched with remorse at his death."[4] The means of exaction +chiefly consisted in the fines incurred by slumbering laws, in commuting +for money other penalties which fell on unknown offenders, and in the +sale of pardons and amnesties. Every revolt was a fruitful source of +profit. When the great confiscations had ceased, much remained to be +gleaned by true or false imputations of participation in treason. To be +a dweller in a disaffected district, was, for the purposes of the king's +treasure, to be a rebel. No man could be sure that he had not incurred +mulcts, or other grievous penalties, by some of those numerous laws +which had so fallen into disuse by their frivolous and vexatious nature +as to strike before they warned. It was often more prudent to compound +by money, even in false accusations, than to brave the rapacity and +resentment of the king and his tools. Of his chief instruments, "Dudley +was a man of good family, eloquent, and one that could put hateful +business into good language; Empson, the son of a sieve-maker, of +Towcester, triumphed in his deeds, putting off all other respects. They +were privy counsellors and lawyers, who turned law and justice into +wormwood and rapine."[5] They threw into prison every man whom they +could indict, and confined him, without any intention to prosecute, till +he ransomed himself. They prosecuted the mayors and other magistrates of +the city of London, for pretended or trivial neglects of duty, long +after the time of the alleged offences; subservient judges imposed +enormous fines, and the king imprisoned during his own life some of the +contumacious offenders. Alderman Hawes is said to have died heartbroken +by the terror and anguish of these proceedings. [6] They imprisoned and +fined juries who hesitated to lend their aid when it was deemed +convenient to seek it. To these, Lord Bacon tells us, were added "other +courses fitter to be buried than repeated."[7] Emboldened by long +success, they at last disdained to observe "_the half face of +justice_,"[8] but summoning the wealthy and timid before them in private +houses, "shuffled up" a summary examination without a jury, and levied +such exactions as were measured only by the fears and fortunes of their +victims.--_Mackintosh's England_, Vol. 2. + + [4] Bacon, iii. 409. + + [5] Ibid. iii. 380. + + [6] See examples in Bacon, iii. + + [7] Bacon, iii. 382. + + [8] E: Ibid. 381. + + + * * * * * + + + +SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY. + + +THE COURSE OF THE NIGER. + + +The discovery of the termination of the course of the Niger, will be of +the greatest importance to geography, to our political power, and to +civilization. + +With regard to geography, perhaps the contradiction which was afforded +by the various sources whence we derived our knowledge of the character +of the interior of Africa, and of the course of, next to the Nile, the +most renowned, and, as was considered from the same accounts, the +greatest river of that country, have in late times given unlimited zest +in the pursuit of further information, and has not in the least +detracted from the pleasure with which we find that we are indebted to +our countrymen for the solution of this all-absorbing problem. It +appears, that among the ancients many facts connected with the geography +of the interior of Africa were well known, which have still been an +object of discussion among the moderns; and of these, we may enumerate +the occurrence of a large lake or marsh (for it is either, at different +seasons of the year), whose real existence, beyond the speculations of +geographers, was very unsatisfactorily established, until the journey of +Denham and Clapperton; and the fact of the occurrence of a great river +in the west, emptying itself into the ocean, though many were of opinion +that it lost itself in an inland marsh, or in the desert, while others +supported the opinion of its identity with the Nile of the Egyptians. +The researches of Ptolemy and the Arabian geographers on the Nile of the +Negroes, and in later times the travels of Leo Africanus, who was a Moor +of Grenada, demonstrated the absurdity of this opinion; and how +extraordinary that, in the boasted perfection of human intellect, it +should have been broached several centuries afterwards, and that the +barometric levellings of Bruce should have been necessary to enforce +conviction! It is not at all improbable that Hanno, the Carthaginian, as +advanced by Macqueen, reached the Bight of Benin, or of Biafra; and +certainly the geographical information obtained on these countries by +Herodotus and Edrisi was more accurate than the speculations of many +modern geographers. Observation had demonstrated to the moderns that no +large river emptied itself into the ocean on the north-west coast, +though it required a more accurate acquaintance with the Senegal and the +Gambia before it was fully ascertained that they were not the outlets of +this great stream. The progress of navigation along the south-eastern +shores of Africa also showed that no large river emptied itself into the +sea along that coast; while the settlements of the Portuguese on the +coast to the south of Cape Lopez, led them, at an early period, to adopt +the opinion afterwards supported by Mungo Park and Mr. Barrow, that one +or more of the rivers in their vicinity were the outlets of the great +river of the interior of Africa. Two celebrated geographers, D'Anville +and Major Rennell, however, espoused the theory of the waters emptying +themselves into the Wangara, or great marsh; which argument underwent +various modifications in the hands of different geographers; and though +the probability of its emptying itself into the Gulf of Guinea had been +pointed out on the continent, and vigorously supported in this country, +an expedition was fitted out to explore the Congo or Zaire, which, +though unfortunate to the individuals concerned, was yet satisfactory in +a geographical point of view, and demonstrated that the rivers south of +Cape Lopez were not the outlets of the waters of the Niger, and gave +origin to a speculation which partook of all the characters of a romance +of the desert, beneath the sands of which its author buried the gigantic +stream, loaded with the waters of the Wangara or Lake Tchad, to make it +flow into the Mediterranean at the Syrtis of the ancients. + +In the history of geography there are no examples of greater +perseverance and courageous determination than in the efforts made to +triumph over the difficulties presented in the solution of this +important question. Since 1815, there has scarcely a year passed in +which a new attempt has not been made; and of these, if we recede a +little farther back, twenty-five were made by our countrymen, fourteen +by Frenchmen, two by Americans, and one by a German; of which but a +small number, since the days of Houghton, have not fallen victims to +their heroic devotion. + +Mungo Park first observed the direction of the stream which had become +as much an object of discussion as its termination; and, strange to say, +after the present discovery, it will, in some parts of its course, still +remain so. The unfortunate traveller just alluded to, previous to his +descent of the river, obtained some information from Moors and from +negroes, on its course by Timbuctoo. The Jinnie of Park is synonymous +with Jenné, Giné, Dhjenné, of other writers, as Jenné has again been +confounded with Kano or Kanno. It may be a figurative term--for the +Jinnie of Park was on an island, as was the Jenné of the Moorish +reports, while the Jenné of some travellers is at a short distance from +the river. This cannot be the case with regard to Timbuctoo, which is +visited by caravans twice a year from Morocco; nor is the name met with +any where, except the two first syllables in the town of Timbo, which +cannot be mistaken for Timbuctoo. + +Major Laing had discovered the source of the Niger to be in the +mountains of Loma, in 9 deg. 15 min. west latitude, and had ascertained +its course for a short distance from its source. We were also aware of +the existence of one or two streams joining the great river, or +branching from it near Timbuctoo. De Lisle had marked a river Gambarra, +on his maps drawn up for Louis XV., and not without good authority. This +is the river coming from Houssa; and the Joliba of modern travellers is +a river, we could prove, from the concurring testimony of a variety of +sources, coming from the north-west, and joining its waters with, that +is to say flowing into the Niger, in the immediate neighbourhood of +Timbuctoo; still at that point the Kowarra, or Quorra of the Moors, or +Quolla of the Negroes, who always change the _r_ for _l_ a name which, +according to Laing, it has at its sources--according to Clapperton, it +preserves beyond Timbuctoo, and is probably still the name of the same +stream at its embouchure in the Bight of Biafra. The Quarrama is another +tributary stream which passes by Saccatoo, and falls into the Quorra +above Youri, and above the point where Mungo Park was wrecked; and the +line of country between this river and the Shashum, comprising the hills +of Doochee, of Naroo, and of Dull, is the line of water-shed to the +rivers joining the Quorra on the one hand, and those emptying themselves +into the Wangara on the other. The course given by Sultan Bello, and the +information obtained by Major Denham, both pointed out a river coursing +to the east, which is probably the branch followed by the Landers: for +its termination in Lake Tchad had not even the air of probability; +though it is not, on the other-hand, at all improbable that other +branches empty themselves into the Bight of Benin, by the rivers +Formosa or Volta, according to information given to Captain Clapperton +and Major Laing. + +We had intended to embody some remarks upon the pretended journey of +Caillié; but we find we have already occupied too much space in details +necessary to make the geographical nature of the question well +understood; and we shall content ourselves with remarking, that the +discovery of the termination of the Quorra, or Niger, tends to throw a +degree of improbability upon the narrative of that individual, which it +will require much ingenuity to explain away. It is certain that the +latitude given to Timbuctoo by the editor of those travels, and upon +which sufficient ridicule has already been thrown in the Edinburgh +Geographical Journal, may be considered as an error entirely of the +editor's, who, by taking it upon himself, will relieve the burden of the +mistake from the traveller, and thus lighten the weighty doubts which +might in consequence bear upon the remainder of the details; for the +situation of that city, as given by Jomard, is quite inconsistent with +the situation it must be in, from the ascertained source, direction, and +termination of the river. There can be no doubt but that a portion of +the labours presented to the public as the travels of Caillié are +founded upon valid documents, wherever obtained, and probably most of +the errors are those of the editor. But though authorities can be found +in support of the division of the Quorra into two branches; one of +which, the Joliba, flows to the north-west, and the other in an almost +opposite direction,--fact which has no analogy in geography, and, what +is better, no existence in nature; yet no authority can be found for +placing Timbuctoo on a river flowing north from the Niger. + +The details which will be given to us by the results of this successful +expedition will, then, not only be of assistance in allying the existing +condition of things with the knowledge of the ancients, but it will +enable us to reduce to a few facts the many contradictory statements +which have originated in the variety of the sources of information, and +the individual and national rivalry which the interest of the question +gave birth to among the geographers of the present day. It will also be +of importance, as it was connected with a great question, as to the +possibility of a large river traversing an extensive continent, or +losing itself in a marsh or lake, or being buried in the extensive sands +of the desert. By laying open the interior of Africa to us, it will +increase our political strength and commercial advantages on those +coasts;--it will enable us to put into practice an amelioration long +contemplated by Mr. Barrow, in the choice of our settlements on those +coasts;--it will place the greatest and most important vent of the +barbarous and inhuman traffic of negroes in our possession; and it will +enable us to diffuse the benefits of superior intelligence among an +ignorant and suffering people.--Literary Gazette. + + + * * * * * + + + +SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. + + +DISAGREEABLES. + +BY THE ETTRICK SHEPHERD. + + "For four things the earth is disquieted, and five which it + cannot bear." AGUR. + + + This world is a delightful place to dwell in, + And many sweet and lovely things are in it; + Yet there are sundry, at the which I have + A natural dislike, against all reason. + I never like A TAILOR. Yet no man + Likes a new coat or inexpressibles + Better than I do--few, I think, so well: + I can't account for this. The tailor is, + A far more useful member of society + Than is a poet;--then his sprightly wit, + His glee, his humour, and his happy mind + Entitle him to fair esteem. Allowed. + But then, his self-sufficiency;--his shape + So like a frame, whereon to hang a suit + Of dandy clothes;--his small straight back and arms, + His thick bluff ankles, and his supple knees, + Plague on't!--'Tis wrong--I do not like a tailor. + + AN OLD BLUE-STOCKING MAID! Oh! that's a being, + That's hardly to be borne. Her saffron hue, + Her thinnish lips, close primmed as they were sewn + Up by a milliner, and made water-proof, + To guard the fount of wisdom that's within. + Her borrowed locks, of dry and withered hue, + Her straggling beard of ill-condition'd hairs, + And then her jaws of wise and formal cast; + Chat-chat--chat-chat! Grand shrewd remarks! + That may have meaning, may have none for me. + I like the creature so supremely ill, + I never listen, never calculate. + I know this is ungenerous and unjust: + I cannot help it; for I do dislike + An old blue-stocking maid even to extremity. + I do protest I'd rather kiss a tailor. + + A GREEDY EATER! He is worst of all. + The gourmand bolts and bolts, and smacks his chops-- + Eyes every dish that enters, with a stare + Of greed and terror, lest one thing go by him. + The glances that he casts along the board, + At every slice that's carved, have that in them + Beyond description. I would rather dine + Beside an ox--yea, share his cog of draff; + Or with a dog, if he'd keep his own side; + Than with a glutton on the rarest food. + A thousand times I've dined upon the waste, + On dry-pease bannock, by the silver spring. + O, it was sweet--was healthful--had a zest; + Which at the paste my palate ne'er enjoyed. + My bonnet laid aside, I turned mine eyes + With reverence and humility to heaven, + Craving a blessing from the bounteous Giver; + Then grateful thanks returned. There was a joy + In these lone meals, shared by my faithful dog, + Which I remind with pleasure, and has given + A verdure to my spirit's age. Then think + Of such a man, beside a guzzler set; + And how his stomach nauseates the repast. + "When he thinks of days he shall never more see. + Of his cake and his cheese, and his lair on the lea, + His laverock that hung on the heaven's ee-bree, + His prayer and his clear mountain rill." + I cannot eat one morsel. There is that, + Somewhere within, that balks each bold attempt; + A loathing--a disgust--a something worse: + I know not what it is. A strong desire + To drink, but not for thirst. 'Tis from a wish + To wash down that enormous eater's food-- + A sympathetic feeling. Not of love! + And be there ale, or wine, or potent draught + Superior to them both, to that I fly, + And glory in the certainty that mine + Is the ethereal soul of food, while his + Is but the rank corporeal--the vile husks + Best suited to his crude voracity. + And far as the bright spirit may transcend + Its mortal frame, my food transcendeth his. + + A CREDITOR! Good heaven, is there beneath + Thy glorious concave of cerulean blue, + A being formed so thoroughly for dislike, + As is a creditor? No, he's supreme, + The devil's a joke to him! Whoe'er has seen + An adder's head upraised, with gleaming eyes, + About to make a spring, may form a shade + Of mild resemblance to a creditor. + I do remember once--'tis long agone-- + Of stripping to the waist to wade the Tyne-- + The English Tyne, dark, sluggish, broad, and deep; + And just when middle-way, there caught mine eye, + A lamprey of enormous size pursuing me! + L---- what a fright! I bobb'd, I splashed, I flew. + He had a creditor's keen, ominous look, + I never saw an uglier--but a real one. + This is implanted in man's very nature, + It cannot be denied. And once I deemed it + The most degrading stain our nature bore: + Wearing a shade of every hateful vice, + Ingratitude, injustice, selfishness. + But I was wrong, for I have traced the stream + Back to its fountain in the inmost cave, + And found in postulate of purest grain, + It's first beginning.--It is not the man, + The friend who has obliged us, we would shun, + But the conviction which his presence brings, + That we have done him wrong:--a sense of grief + And shame at our own rash improvidence: + The heart bleeds for it, and we love the man + Whom we would shun. The feeling's hard to bear. + + A BLUSTERING FELLOW! There's a deadly bore, + Placed in a good man's way, who only yearns + For happiness and joy. But day by day, + This blusterer meets me, and the hope's defaced. + I cannot say a word--make one remark, + That meets not flat and absolute contradiction-- + I nothing know on earth--am misinformed + On every circumstance. The very terms, + Scope, rate, and merits of my own transactions + Are all to me unknown, or falsified, + Of which most potent proof can be adduced. + Then the important thump upon the board, + Snap with the thumb, and the disdainful 'whew!' + Sets me and all I say at less than naught. + What can a person do?--To knock him down + Suggests itself, but then it breeds a row + In a friend's house, or haply in your own, + Which is much worse; for glasses go like cinders; + The wine is spilled--the toddy. The chair-backs + Go crash! No, no, there's nothing but forbearance, + And mark'd contempt. If that won't bring him down, + There's nothing will. Ah! can the leopard change + His spots, or the grim Ethiop his hue? + Sooner they may and nature change her course, + Than can a blusterer to a modest man: + He still will stand a beacon of dislike. + A fool--I wish all blustering chaps were dead, + That's the true bathos to have done with them. + +_Fraser's Magazine._ + + + * * * * * + + + +THE GATHERER. + + A snapper up of unconsidered trifles. + SHAKSPEARE. + + +GAD'S HILL. + + +Gad's Hill, not far from Chatham, was formerly a noted place for +depredations on seamen, after they had received their pay at the latter +place. The following robbery was committed there in or verging on the +year 1676: About four o'clock one morning, a gentleman was robbed by one +Nicks, on a bay mare, just as he was on the declivity of the hill, on +the west side. Nicks rode away, and as he said, was stopped nearly an +hour by the difficulty of getting a boat, to enable him to cross the +river; but he made the best use of it as a kind of bait to his horse. +From thence he rode across the county of Essex to Chelmsford. Here he +stopped about an hour to refresh his horse, and give the animal a +ball;--from thence to Braintree, Bocking, and Withersfield; thence over +the Downs to Cambridge; and from thence, keeping still the cross roads, +he went by Fenny Stratford, [9] to Godmanchester and Huntingdon, where +he and his mare baited about an hour; and, as he said himself, he slept +about half an hour: then holding on the north road, and keeping a full +gallop most of the way, he came to York the same afternoon; put off his +boots and riding clothes, and went dressed as if he had been an +inhabitant of the place, to the bowling-green, where, among many other +gentlemen, was the Lord Mayor of the city. He, singling out his +lordship, studied to do something particular that the mayor might +remember him, and then took occasion to ask him what o'clock it was. The +mayor, pulling out his watch, told him the time, which was a quarter +before, or a quarter after eight at night. Upon a prosecution for this +robbery, the whole merit of the case turned upon this single point:--the +person robbed, swore to the man, to the place, and to the time, in which +the robbery was committed; but Nicks, proving by the Lord Mayor of +York, that he was as far off as _Yorkshire_ at that time, the jury +acquitted him on the bare supposition, that the man could not be at two +places so remote on one and the same day. + + [9] Fenny, or Fen Stanton, not Stratford, must be here meant, as + the former is in the direct road from Cambridge to Huntingdon. + +I need not remind your numerous readers that the roads in 1676 were in a +very different plight to those of 1831; at the former period it would +not have been possible for Tom Thumb to have trotted sixteen miles an +hour on any turnpike road in England. Even my friend, the respected +driver of the Old Union Cambridge Coach to London, can remember, in his +time, the coach being two days on the road, and occasionally being +indebted to farmers for the loan of horses to drag the coach wheels out +of their sloughy tracks. + +J.S.W. + + + * * * * * + + +DIGNIFIED REPROOF. + + +Catherine Parthenay, niece of the celebrated Anna Parthenay, returned +this spirited reply to the importunities of Henry IV.--"Your majesty +must know, that although I am too humble to become your wife, I am at +the same time descended from too illustrious a family ever to become +your mistress." + +P. + + * * * * * + + +L--A--W. + + +The circumlocution and diffuseness of law papers--the apparent +redundancy of terms, and multiplicity of synonymes, which may be found +on all judicial proceedings, are happily hit off in the following, which +we copy from _Jenk's New York Evening Journal_:-- + +"A LAWYER'S STORY.--Tom strikes Dick over the shoulders with a rattan as +big as your little finger. A lawyer would tell you the story something +in this way:--And that, whereas the said Thomas, at the said Providence, +in the year and day aforesaid, in and upon the body of the said Richard, +in the peace of God and the State, then and there being, did make a most +violent assault and inflicted a great many and divers blows, kicks, +cuffs, thumps, bumps, contusions, gashes, wounds, hurts, damages, and +injuries, in and upon the head, neck, breast, stomach, lips, knees, +shins, and heels of the said Richard, with divers sticks, staves, canes, +poles, clubs, logs of wood, stones, guns, dirks, swords, daggers, +pistols, cutlasses, bludgeons, blunderbusses, and boarding pikes, then +and there held in the hands, fists, claws, and clutches of him the said +Thomas." + + + * * * * * + + +WATERLOO--"FORGET ME NOT." + + "On one of these graves I observed the little wild blue flower, + known by the name of 'Forget me not'."--_Visit to the Field of + Waterloo._ + + + No marble tells, nor columns rise, + To bid the passing stranger mourn, + Where valour fought, and bled, and died, + From friends and life abruptly torn. + + Yet on the earth that veils[10] their heads, + Where bravest hearts are doom'd to rot, + This simple flower, with meek appeal, + Prefers the prayer "Forget me not." + + Forget! forbid my heart responds + While bending o'er the hero's grave-- + Forbid that e'er oblivion's gloom + Should shade the spot where rest the brave. + + Fond kindred at this awful shrine + Will oft, with footsteps faltering, + Approach and drop the pious tear-- + Sad Memory's purest offering. + + And well their country marks those deeds-- + The land that gave each bosom fire: + Deeds that her proudest triumph won, + But gaining, saw her sons expire. + + And ages hence will Britain's sons, + As trophied tributes meet their view, + Admire, exult--yet mourn the pangs + These glories cost, at Waterloo. + +D. + + + [10] The layer of earth scarce covers the bodies, so may be + called a veil. + + + * * * * * + + +SWORD PRESENTED BY THE KING TO THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON, ON THE +ANNIVERSARY OF WATERLOO. + + +On the hilt, and executed in high relief, are branches of oak +surrounding the crown. The bark of the branches are opening, which +display the words--"India, Copenhagen, Peninsula, and Waterloo." The top +part of the scabbard exhibits his majesty's arms, initials, and crown; +the middle of the scabbard exhibits the arms and orders of the Duke of +Wellington on the one side, and on the reverse his batons. The lower end +has the thunderbolt and wings, the whole surrounded with oak leaves and +laurel, with a rich foliage, in which was introduced the flower of the +Lotus. The blade exhibits, in has relief, his majesty's arms, initials, +and crown; the arms, orders, and batons, of the Duke of Wellington, +Hercules taming the tiger, the thunderbolt, the British colours bound up +with the caduceus and fasces, surrounded by laurel, and over them the +words--"India, Copenhagen, Peninsula, and Waterloo," terminating with a +sheathed sword, surrounded by laurel and palm. + + + * * * * * + + +ODDITIES. + + +Fashion-mongers make odd work with language. Thus, we read of Mrs. +Ravenshaw giving a "petit" _souper_ to about 150 of the _haut ton_. + +The _Court Journal_, too, tells us that a few days since Lord Lansdowne +met with "a severe accident," by which "he suffered no material injury." + +The Queen's dress at her last ball was "white and silver, striped with +blue." The song says-- + + To be nice about trifles + Is trifling and folly;-- + +but the _modistes_ can gather little from such a description as the +above. + +In the Zoological Gardens is a pheasant, one of whose feathers measures +5 feet 11 inches in length! + +A "_Charming Fellow_,"--The records of the Horticultural Society inform +us that _Lady_ Cochrane has been elected "a Fellow of the Society." + + +VEDI PAGANINI E MORI. + See Paganini, and then _die_! + I beg to tell a different story; + And to the _bowing_ crowd I cry, + See Paganini, and then Mori! + _Court Journal._ + +In a List of New Books and Reprints we find one by "Bishop Home; in +silk, 2s. 6d." + + _Epitaph on Spenser._ + _In Spenserum._ + + Famous alive and dead, here is the odds, + Then god of poets, now poet of the gods. + +The Philomathic Society of Warsaw have elected Mr. Campbell a +corresponding member, as "Campbell _Tomes_ Poète Anglais."--_Literary +Gazette._ + +_Anatomy._--The price for unopened subjects in Paris is 5 francs, or 4s. +2d.; and 3 francs, or 2s. 6d. for opened ones.--_Lancet_. + + + * * * * * + + +THE LORD CHANCELLOR. + +Vol. XVII. of the MIRROR, + + +With a Steel-plate Portrait of this illustrious Individual, Memoir, &c., +50 Engravings, and 450 closely printed Pages, will be published on the +30th instant, price 5s. 6d. boards. + +Part 110, price 10d., will be ready on the same day. + +The Supplementary Number will contain the above Portrait, a copious +Memoir, Title-page, Index, &c; and, from its extension beyond the usual +space, will be published at 4d. + + * * * * * + +Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset +House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; G.G. +BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen and +Booksellers. + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13113 *** diff --git a/13113-h/13113-h.htm b/13113-h/13113-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..403a265 --- /dev/null +++ b/13113-h/13113-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1812 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 17, Issue 495, June 25, 1831, by Various</title> + <style type="text/css"> + /*<![CDATA[*/ + + <!-- + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {text-align: justify;} + blockquote {text-align: justify;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center;} + pre {font-size: 0.7em;} + + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + html>body hr {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + html>body hr.full {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + hr.short {text-align: center; width: 20%;} + html>body hr.short {margin-right: 40%; margin-left: 40%; width: 20%;} + + .note, .footnote + {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + + span.pagenum + {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt;} + + .poem + {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem p.i2 {margin-left: 1em;} + .poem p.i4 {margin-left: 2em;} + .poem p.i6 {margin-left: 3em;} + .poem p.i8 {margin-left: 4em;} + .poem p.i10 {margin-left: 5em;} + + + .figure + {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em; margin: auto;} + .figure img + {border: none;} + .figure p + + .side { float:right; + font-size: 75%; + width: 25%; + padding-left:10px; + border-left: dashed thin; + margin-left: 10px; + text-align: left; + text-indent: 0; + font-weight: bold; + font-style: italic;} + .right { text-align: right;} + a:link {color:blue; + text-decoration:none} + link {color:blue; + text-decoration:none} + a:visited {color:blue; + text-decoration:none} + a:hover {color:red} + --> + /*]]>*/ + </style> +</head> +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13113 ***</div> +<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and +Instruction, Vol. 17, Issue 495, June 25, 1831, by Various</h1> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + <hr class="full" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page417" name="page417"></a>[pg 417]</span> + + <h1>THE MIRROR<br /> + OF<br /> + LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1> + <hr class="full" /> + + <table width="100%" summary="Volume, Number, and Date"> + <tr> + <td align="left"><b>Vol. XVII, No. 495</b></td> + + <td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, JUNE 25, 1831.</b></td> + + <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td> + </tr> + </table> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>HERMITAGE AT FROGMORE.</h2> + + <div class="figure" style="width:100%;"> + <a href="images/495-1.png"><img width="100%" src="images/495-1.png" + alt="Hermitage at Frogmore" /></a> + </div> + + <p>Frogmore is one of the most delightful of the still retreats of Royalty. It was + formerly the seat of the Hon. Mrs. Egerton, of whom it was purchased by Queen + Charlotte, in 1792, who made considerable additions to the house and gardens. The + grounds were laid out by Uvedale Price, Esq. a celebrated person in the annals of + picturesque gardening. The ornamental improvements were made by the direction of the + Princess Elizabeth, (now Landgravine of Hesse Homburg,) whose taste for rural quiet + we noticed in connexion with an Engraving of Her Royal Highness' Cottage, adjoining + Old Windsor churchyard. <a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a + href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a></p> + + <p>Frogmore occupies part of a fertile valley, which divides the Little Park from + Windsor Forest, and comprises about thirteen acres. Mr. Hakewill describes it as + "diversified with great skill and taste, and a piece of water winds throughout it + with a pleasing variety of turn and shape. The trees and shrubs, both native and + exotic, which spread their shade and diffuse their fragrance, are disposed with the + best effect; while buildings are so placed as to enliven and give character to the + general scene. The Ruin was designed by Mr. James Wyatt, and being seated on the bank + of the water, as well as in part in the wood, it presents, with its creeping ivy and + fractured buttresses, a most pleasing object from various points of the garden. The + <i>Hermitage (see the Engraving)</i> is a small circular thatched building, + completely embowered in lofty trees, and was constructed from a drawing of the + Princess Elizabeth. There is also a Gothic Temple, sacred to solitude, and a + well-imagined and picturesque barn, which heighten the appropriate scenery. Too much + cannot be said of the secluded beauty of this charming spot, and nothing further need + be said of the taste and judgment of Major Price, to whom its arrangements have been + entrusted."</p> + + <p>The <i>Hermitage</i> contains a tablet spread with fruit, eggs, and bread, and a + figure of a hermit reading the Scriptures; <span class="pagenum"><a name="page418" + id="page418"></a>[pg 418]</span> at the entrance are the following lines, written on + the marriage of the Princess Royal:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ye whom variety delights,</p> + + <p>Descend awhile from Windsor's heights,</p> + + <p>And in this hovel deign to tread,</p> + + <p>Quitting the castle for the shed;</p> + + <p>Such were the muse's favourite haunts,</p> + + <p>From care secluded and from wants.</p> + + <p>What nature needs this but can give,</p> + + <p>Could we as nature dictates live;</p> + + <p>For see, on this plain board at noon</p> + + <p>Are placed a platter and a spoon,</p> + + <p>Which, though they mark no gorgeous treat,</p> + + <p>Suggest 'tis reasonable to eat.</p> + + <p>What though the sun's meridian light</p> + + <p>Beams not on our hovel bright,</p> + + <p>Though others need, we need him not,</p> + + <p>Coolness and gloom befit a cot.</p> + + <p>Our hours we count without the sun.</p> + + <p>These sands proclaim them as they run,</p> + + <p>Sands within a glass confined,</p> + + <p>Glass which ribs of iron bind;</p> + + <p>For Time, still partial to this glass,</p> + + <p>Made it durable as brass,</p> + + <p>That, placed secure upon a shelf,</p> + + <p>None might crush it but himself.</p> + + <p>Let us here the day prolong</p> + + <p>With loyal and with nuptial song,</p> + + <p>Such as, with duteous strains addrest,</p> + + <p>May gratify each royal guest;</p> + + <p>Thrice happy, should our rural toils</p> + + <p>Be requited by their smiles.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>There are other affectionate testimonials in the grounds. The Gothic ruin contains + an apartment fitted up as an oratory, ornamented with a copy of the Descent from the + Cross, modelled in chalk, after the celebrated painting by Rembrandt; busts of George + III. and the Duke of Kent; a posthumous marble figure of an infant child of his + present Majesty; and an alto-relievo representing an ascending spirit attended by a + guardian angel with the inscription—</p> + + <center> + <p>Monumental Tablet<br /> + To the Memory<br /> + of<br /> + Her Royal Highness the Princess Charlotte.</p> + </center> + <hr /> + + <h3>ANCIENT WAGES TO MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT.</h3> + + <h4>(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</h4> + + <p>Chamberlayne, in his <i>Angliæ Notitia</i>, says, "Although the lords of + parliament are to bear their own charges, because they represent there only + themselves; yet all the commons, both lay and clergy, that is, <i>Procuratores + Cleri</i>, are to have <i>rationales expensus</i>, (as the words of the writ are) + that is, such allowance as the king considering the prices of all things, shall judge + meet to impose upon the people to pay. In the 17th of Edward II. it was ten groats + for knights, and five groats for burgesses; but not long after it was four shillings + for all others, which in those days, as appears by the prices of all things, was a + considerable sum, above ten times more than it is now, (1688) for not only then + expenses were considered, though that was great by reason of the suitable attendance + that then every parliament-man had, but also their pains, their loss of time, and + necessary neglect of their own private affairs for the service of their country; and + when the counties, cities, and boroughs paid so dear for their expenses, they were + wont to take care to chuse such men as were best able, and most diligent in the + speedy despatch of affairs; by which means, with some others, more business in those + times was despatched in parliament in a week, than is now perhaps in ten; so that the + protections for parliament-men and their servants from arrests were not then + grievous, when scarce any parliament or sessions lasted so long as one of the four + terms at Westminster.</p> + + <p>"The aforementioned expenses duly paid, did cause all the petty decayed boroughs + of England to become humble suitors to the king, that they might not be obliged to + send burgesses to parliament; whereby it came to pass, that divers were unburgessed, + as it was in particular granted to <i>Chipping</i>, or <i>Market-Morriton</i>, upon + their petition; and then the number of the <i>Commons House</i> being scarce half so + many as at present, then debates and bills were sooner expedited." page 156, 21st. + edit.</p> + + <p>Halsted, in his <i>History of Kent</i>, tells us, "The pay of the burgesses of + Canterbury was fixed (anno 1411) at two shillings a-day for each, while such burgess + was absent from his family attending his duty. In 1445 the wages were no more than + twelve pence a-day; two years afterwards they were increased to sixteenpence, and in + 1503 had again been raised to two shillings. In Queen Mary's reign, the corporation + refused to continue this payment any longer, and the wages of the members were then + levied by assessment on the inhabitants at large, and continued to be so raised till + these kinds of payments were altogether discontinued."</p> + + <h4>P.T.W.</h4> + <hr /> + + <h3>THE WORD "EI."</h3> + + <h4>(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</h4> + + <p>This word, which was engraven on the temple of Apollo, at Delphi, has occasioned + much controversy among the literati. The learned and admirable Plutarch tells us that + it means "thou art" as if "thou art one." The Langhornes, in their life of this + philosopher, <a id="footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a + href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> attack his opinion as inconsistent with "the whole + tenour of the Heathen Mythology." <span class="pagenum"><a name="page419" + id="page419"></a>[pg 419]</span> It in to be observed, that the Greek word for + priests is "[Greek: iereis]" (iereis). But I infer nothing from this; yet at the same + time it is a remarkable circumstance. The objection of the Langhornes is frivolous; + for the sun (Apollo) in most nations, was considered chief of the gods, and this + inscription was placed to prove his <i>superiority and unity</i>.</p> + + <p>It is a very remarkable circumstance, that when the Pythia refused to enter the + temple, at the application of Alexander, "Philip's godlike son," and he attempting to + force her in, she exclaimed—"[Greek: Anikaetos ei o pai]" (My son, you are + invincible.) Now, probably, she had some other intention in using that word; but, + however, that does not affect the argument. I cannot but consider that Plutarch is + right.</p> + + <h4>B.K.</h4> + <hr /> + + <h3>A FAREWELL TO SPAIN.</h3> + + <h4>FOR MUSIC.<br /> + <br /> + (<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</h4> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Land of the myrtle and the vine,</p> + + <p class="i2">The sunny citron-tree,</p> + + <p>With heart upon the waves I give</p> + + <p class="i2">My latest look to thee.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thy glorious scenes of vale and hill</p> + + <p class="i2">With joy I now resign,</p> + + <p>And seek a more congenial land,</p> + + <p class="i2">Where Freedom will be mine.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Farewell! thou hast the iron sway</p> + + <p class="i2">Of bigots and of slaves,</p> + + <p>But mine shall be a chainless heart</p> + + <p class="i2">Upon the dark blue waves.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>For thee our sires have fought and died,</p> + + <p class="i2">For thee their blood have given,</p> + + <p>When tyrants o'er the trampled field</p> + + <p class="i2">Like thunder-clouds were driven.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>And has the purple tide in vain,</p> + + <p class="i2">From hill and vale been poured,</p> + + <p>Or do the hopes of Freedom sleep</p> + + <p class="i2">With mighty Mina's sword?</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Oh! no—the trumpet-voice of war,</p> + + <p class="i2">Shall proudly sound again,</p> + + <p>And millions shall obey its call,</p> + + <p class="i2">And break their chartered chain!</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Till then, my native hearth and home</p> + + <p class="i2">I'll joyfully resign;</p> + + <p>Farewell! thou song-enchanted land</p> + + <p class="i2">Of myrtle and of vine.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Deal</i></p> + </div> + + <h4>G.K.C.</h4> + <hr /> + + <h3>THE DEATH-BEDS OF GREAT MEN.</h3> + + <h4>(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</h4> + + <p>If there are any remarks which deserve to be recorded for the benefit of mankind, + they are those which have been expressed on a dying bed, when, unfettered by + prejudice or passion, Truth shines forth in her real colours. Sir John Hawkins has + recorded of Dr. Johnson, that when suffering under that disease which ended in his + dissolution, he addressed his friends in the following words:—"You see the + state I am in, conflicting with bodily pain and mental distraction. While you are in + health and strength, labour to do good, and avoid evil, if ever you wish to escape + the distress that oppresses me."</p> + + <p>When Lord Lyttleton was on his death-bed, his daughter, Lady Valentia, and her + husband, came to see him. He gave them his solemn benediction, adding—"Be good, + be virtuous, my lord; you must come to this."</p> + + <p>The triumphant death of Addison will be remembered with feelings of pleasure by + all. Having sent for the young Earl of Warwick, he affectionately pressed his hand, + saying—"See in what peace a Christian can die!"</p> + + <p>The father of William Penn was opposed to his son's religious principles; but + finding that he acted with sincerity, was at last reconciled. When dying, he adjured + him to do nothing contrary to his conscience—"So," said he, "you will keep + peace within, which will be a comfort in the day of trouble."</p> + + <p>Locke, the day before his death, addressed Lady Masham, who was sitting by his + bedside, exhorting her to regard this world only as a state of preparation for a + better. He added, that he had lived long enough, and expressed his gratitude to God + for the happiness that had fallen to his lot.</p> + + <p>Tillotson, when dying, thanked his Maker that he felt his conscience at ease, and + that he had nothing further to do but to await the will of Heaven.</p> + + <p>Sir Walter Raleigh behaved on the scaffold with the greatest composure. Having + vindicated his conduct in an eloquent speech, he felt the edge of the axe, observing + with a smile—"It is a sharp medicine, but a sure remedy, for all woes." Being + asked which way he would lay himself on the block, he replied—"So the heart be + right, it is no matter which way the head lies."</p> + + <p>Latimer, when he beheld a fagot ready kindled laid at Ridley's feet, + exclaimed—"Be of good cheer, master Ridley, and play the man; we shall this day + light such a candle in England, as I hope, by God's grace, shall never be put + out."</p> + + <p>The author of Hervey's Meditations, when on his sick bed, observed that his time + had been too much occupied in reading the historians, orators, and poets of ancient + and modern times; and that were he to renew his studies, he <span class="pagenum"><a + name="page420" id="page420"></a>[pg 420]</span> would devote his attention to the + Scriptures.</p> + + <p>The last words which the eminent physician Haller addressed to his medical + attendant expressed the calm serenity of his mind. "My friend," said he, laying his + hand on his pulse, "the artery no longer beats."</p> + + <p>M. De La Harpe, one of the first literary characters of the last century, who for + many years laboured to spread the principles of the French philosophy, but afterwards + became a most strenuous defender of Christianity, on the evening preceding his death + was visited by a friend. He was listening to the Prayers for the Sick; as soon as + they were concluded, he stretched forth his hand and said—"I am grateful to + Divine mercy, for having left me sufficient recollection to feel how consoling these + prayers are to the dying."</p> + + <p>Cardinal Wolsey, when dying, by slow progress and short journeys, reached + Leicester Abbey. He was received with the greatest respect. His only observation was, + "Father Abbot, I am come to lay my bones among you." He died three days after, with, + great composure and fortitude. He said, shortly before his death—"Had I but + served my God as diligently as I have served the king, he would not have forsaken me + in my grey hairs; but this is the just reward I must receive for my pains and study, + in not regarding my service to God, but only to my prince."</p> + + <p>Melancthon, a few days before his death, although extremely debilitated, delivered + his usual lecture. At the termination of it, he said, impressively—"I am a + dying man, and these are the three subjects for intercession with God, which I leave + to my children and their little ones—that they may form part of his church, and + worship him aright—that they may be one in him, and live in harmony with each + other—and that they may be fellow-heirs of eternal life." The day before his + death, he addressed some present—"God bestows talents on our youth, do you see + that they use them aright." While dying, his friends discerned a slight motion of the + countenance, which was peculiar to him when deeply affected by religious joy.</p> + + <h4>W.</h4> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>THE NOVELIST.</h2> + + <h3>OSMYN AND ZAMBRI.<br /> + <i>A Persian Tale. From the French.</i></h3> + + <h4>(<i>From a Correspondent.</i>)</h4> + + <p>A worthy old Persian having arrived at the end of an irreproachable life, + experienced in his last moments the greatest uneasiness for the fate of his two sons, + whom he was about to leave without fortune, without a livelihood, and without a + prospect. The elder called Osmyn, was twenty years of age, and the younger, eighteen, + bore the name of Zambri.</p> + + <p>As the old man drew near his last hour, he thought much less of his own sufferings + than of the fate of his children, when his ear was agreeably struck with a soft and + melodious voice, which said to him, "Fear nothing, old man, I will watch over your + children; die in peace as thou hast lived. I bring a present for each of your sons; + let them make good use of it, and one day perhaps they may be re-united, and live in + happiness."</p> + + <p>At these words a balsamic odour spread itself in the cottage, and a bright light + discovered to the view of the astonished Persian, the features of a young man, whose + expressive countenance had in it something celestial. It was a beneficent genius, who + after having deposited his presents on the bed of the old man, vanished like + lightning. The old man called his two sons, they ran eagerly towards him with a + light, and approached the bed of their father, who related to them the visit he had + been honoured with, and showed them the presents of the genius. On one side was a + small box covered with brilliant spangles; on the other a sheet of paper carefully + sealed. "Come Osmyn," said the old man, "you are the eldest, it is for you to + choose."</p> + + <p>Osmyn attracted by the richness of the box, chose it with eagerness, and poor + Zambri was obliged to be contented with the humble envelope. The old man embraced + them, blessed them, and died as one resigning himself to the arms of hope. After + having wept sincerely the death of so good a father, and having rendered the last + offices to his remains, the two brothers were anxious to know what aid they should + find in the presents of the genius. Osmyn opened his little box and found it filled + with pastilles of divers forms and colours. He was almost tempted to laugh at the + meanness of such a gift, when he perceived these words written on the lid of the + box—"<i>Each time that thou eatest one of these pastilles, thine imagination + will bring forth a poem perfect in all its parts, sublime and delicate in its + details, such in short as will surpass the ablest works of the best Persian + poets.</i>"</p> + + <p>Osmyn did not want vanity; the possession of so fine a secret failed not to turn + his young brain, and a hundred <span class="pagenum"><a name="page421" + id="page421"></a>[pg 421]</span> illusions of fortune and glory presented themselves + at once to his imagination.</p> + + <p>From the value of the present given by the genius to his brother, Zambri doubted + not that his paper contained also some marvellous secret. He opened it and read with + as much surprise as sorrow—"<i>A new Receipt for preparing Sherbet.</i>" Some + lines pointed out the method of composing a liquor, of which one drop only being + infused in a bowl of Sherbet, would give it a taste and perfume hitherto unknown to + the most voluptuous Asiatics.</p> + + <p>Osmyn was overjoyed, and Zambri was in despair; Osmyn wished not to quit his + brother, but the orders of the genius were imperative. The two brothers embraced each + other tenderly, shed tears, and separated. The eldest took the road to Bagdad, where + all the learned, and all the poets of Asia were assembled to attend the court of the + Caliph. As to poor Zambri, he quitted the cottage of his father, carrying nothing + with him but <i>the humble receipt for preparing Sherbet</i>, and leaving to chance + the direction of his course.</p> + + <p>Before his arrival at Bagdad, Osmyn had already eaten half-a-dozen of the + pastilles, and consequently carried with him half-a-dozen poems, beside which were to + fade the productions of the greatest Eastern poets. But he soon found that pretenders + to talent often succeed better than those who really possess it. He felt the + necessity of connecting himself with literary men, and men of the world; but he only + found them occupied with their business, their pleasures, or their own pretensions. + Under what title could he present himself? Under that of a poet? The court and the + city overflowed with them; they had already filled every avenue. To consult his + fellows would be to consult his rivals; to ask their praises would be to ask a miser + for his treasures. Besides, so many books appeared, that people did not care to read. + However, Osmyn's works were published, but they were not even noticed in the + multitude of similar productions.</p> + + <p>After having vegetated four or five years at Bagdad, without obtaining anything + but weak encouragement given by wise men, (who are without influence because they are + wise,) poor Osmyn began to lose the brilliant hopes that formerly had dazzled him. + However, by dint of eating the pastilles, he at last attracted some notice. If it + requires time for genius to emerge from obscurity, no sooner is it known than + recompense is made for slow injustice. It is sought after not for itself, but for the + sake of vanity. Envy often avails itself of it as a fit instrument subservient to its + own purposes. Soon, in fact, the works of Osmyn only were spoken of, and after + languishing a long time unnoticed, he saw himself at once raised to the pinnacle, + without having passed the steps which lead from misery to fortune, from obscurity to + glory.</p> + + <p>The Caliph desired to see so great a genius, and to possess him at his court. + Osmyn was overwhelmed with favours; he sung the praises of the Caliph with a delicacy + that other poets were far from being able to imitate. The Caliph admired delicate + praise the more because it is rare at court.</p> + + <p>So much merit and favour besides, soon created the jealousy of other poets, and + likewise of the courtiers. Even those, who had showed themselves the most + enthusiastic admirers of Osmyn's talents, feared to see themselves eclipsed by this + new comer, and resolved to destroy the idol they had raised so much higher than they + wished.</p> + + <p>One of the poets, Osmyn's enemy, was employed to compose a satire against the + Caliph, and it was agreed that this should be circulated under the favourite's name. + From that time the avenger of the common cause never quitted Osmyn, nor ceased to + load him with praises and caresses.</p> + + <p>One day when Osmyn delivered an extempore poem before the Caliph, his rival, after + having warmly applauded him, cast down his eyes by accident, and saw shining on the + floor one of the pastilles that Osmyn, who was led away by the vivacity of his + declamation, had let fall by mistake. The traitor snatched it up, and put it + mechanically in his mouth.</p> + + <p>The pastille produced its effect; the poet felt a sudden inspiration, left the + hall and flew to compose the projected satire. He was surprised at his own aptitude; + the verses cost him no trouble, but flowed of themselves. The bitterest expressions + escaped from his pen without his seeking for them. In short, in an instant, he + brought forth a true <i>chef-d'oeuvre</i> of malice.</p> + + <p>He continued some moments in ecstacy with his work, and carried it in triumph to + his friends—or rather to his accomplices. The satire was received with the + liveliest applause: it was the pure and vigorous style of Osmyn. The writer had + imitated his handwriting; and soon the libel was spread about in his name.</p> + + <p>Murmurs arose on all sides against <span class="pagenum"><a name="page422" + id="page422"></a>[pg 422]</span> the ingratitude of Osmyn. The satire fell into the + hands of the Caliph, who in his rage ordered the unfortunate Osmyn to be stript of + all his property, and driven from Bagdad. Osmyn, overpowered by the blow, could not + defend himself; besides, how could he make his innocence heard amidst the cries of + his calumniators.</p> + + <p>After having wandered a long time, every where imploring pity—sometimes + meeting with kindness, but oftener repulsed with selfishness—he arrived, at + nightfall, before a superb country house, magnificently illuminated. He heard the + accents of joy mingled with the sounds of a brilliant concert of music, and saw all + the signs of a splendid fête. However, the thunder began to roll, the sky was + obscured by heavy clouds, and Osmyn's miserable clothing was soon drenched by the + rain.</p> + + <p>He approached this beautiful house, in hopes to find there, if not hospitality for + the night, at least an asylum for some minutes. The slaves perceived him, and said to + him harshly—"What do you ask, beggar?"</p> + + <p>"A humble shelter from the storm, a morsel of bread to appease my hunger, and a + little straw to rest my body on, borne down by fatigue."</p> + + <p>"Thou shalt have none of these."</p> + + <p>"For pity—"</p> + + <p>"Begone!"</p> + + <p>"See how it rains!—Hear how it thunders!"</p> + + <p>"Go elsewhere, and come not to disturb by thy presence the pleasures of our + master."</p> + + <p>Osmyn was on the point of obeying this order, when the master of the house, who + had witnessed this scene from a window, came down, called his slaves, and ordered + them to receive the unfortunate man, to procure him clothes, a bed, and all he was in + need of. "Misery," said he, "misery is for him who revels in the presence of the + poor, and suffers them to plead for assistance in vain; and misfortune for the rich + who, cloyed with luxuries, refuse a morsel of bread to a famishing stranger. Poor + traveller, go and repose thyself, and may the Prophet send thee refreshing slumbers, + that thou mayst for a time forget thy sufferings."</p> + + <p>"Oh Heaven!" cried Osmyn, "what voice strikes my ear? It is the voice—the + voice of Zambri!"</p> + + <p>"Zambri! what! do you know him?"</p> + + <p>"Heavens! do I know him?—Do I know my brother?"</p> + + <p>"You my brother!" cried Zambri in his turn. "Can it be? That voice—those + features, disfigured by poverty and misery. Ah! I recognise you, my dear Osmyn!"</p> + + <p>No more need be said: he flew to embrace his brother; but Osmyn, overcome by the + excess of his joy, fell senseless at his feet.</p> + + <p>He was conveyed into the finest apartment of the villa, every assistance was + afforded him, and he was soon restored. Zambri ordered him magnificent apparel, and + taking him by the hand, conducted him to the banquet, and presented him to his + friends. After the repast, Osmyn related all the vicissitudes of his fortune, his + long suffering, his rapid glory, the jealousy and perfidy of his enemies, "But thou," + added he, "my dear Zambri, by what good fortune do I find you in such an enviable + situation? What! this beautiful house, this crowd of slaves, these sumptuous + ornaments!—to what dost thou owe them?"</p> + + <p>"<i>To the receipt for preparing Sherbet,</i>" said Zambri, smiling. "Listen to my + story, it is very simple. Soon after we parted, I directed my steps towards Teflis, + where I sought only to gain a livelihood. On my arrival, I went into the public + places where the opulent people assemble, to refresh themselves with ices and + sherbet. I solicited employment there, but was refused, and harshly sent away. Not + knowing what to do, and not having money to procure a subsistence, I went at length + to one of the obscure cafés, frequented by the lowest people. The master of + this wretched place, who was named Mehdad, agreed to accept my services. I prepared a + bottle of the liquor for which the good genius had given me the receipt, but the + ingredients of which, although cheap, I had not before been able to purchase, and + soon I found an immense company crowding to Mehdad's café. The rich people + also would take no other; and Mehdad soon had before him the prospect of becoming + opulent.</p> + + <p>"He had a daughter; she was young and beautiful; I became enamoured of her, and + ventured to ask her hand. I had preserved the secret of my receipt. Mehdad was + ignorant that he owed his good fortune to me, and believed that it was through his + own talent. He rejected my offer with disdain, and drove me from his house. Poor + fellow! he was not the first who, without knowing it, had driven good luck from his + home.</p> + + <p>"I had gained some money in his service; and I employed the fruit of my economy in + forming for myself an establishment in one of the public gardens of Teflis, on the + banks of the charming <span class="pagenum"><a name="page423" id="page423"></a>[pg + 423]</span> river Khur. Here I erected a small, but elegant pavilion, and I sold my + Sherbet to all the promenaders of the garden. In a short time Mehdad, and all the + cafés of Teflis, were abandoned for my little pavilion. Zambri's Sherbet was + alone in demand: it was spoken of in all companies—it was taken at all + festivals. The garden of Zambri was crowded from morning till night. The multitude + was attracted towards my pavilion like swarms of flies towards a honey-comb. I was + compelled to erect a pavilion ten times larger than the former, and I decorated it + magnificently.</p> + + <p>"A year had scarcely elapsed before I had acquired a considerable fortune. I + quitted my new establishment, returned to the city, and purchased merchandize of all + descriptions. I prepared a great quantity of this favourite liquor, to which I owe + all my wealth. I sent it to all the cities of Persia, and into the most distant + countries. Heaven seemed to smile on my exertions. A beautiful widow, aged twenty + years, saw and loved me; I was not insensible to her charms. We made mutual vows of + attachment, and marriage crowned my happiness.</p> + + <p>"We have acquired this charming retreat, and reside here during the most beautiful + season of the year, amongst our good friends, who, in partaking our pleasures, add to + them the charms of their society.</p> + + <p>"How many times, dear Osmyn, have my thoughts been occupied with thee! Often have + I said, in the midst of my prosperity, Where is my brother?—where dwells Osmyn? + No doubt the invaluable secret he possesses has gained him an immense fortune, and + raised him to the pinnacle of honour. But I see that in these times happiness, + tranquillity, and perhaps riches, are more easily obtained by humble and modest + employment, than by splendid abilities. In the course of my transactions, I have met + with vexations and disappointments. Sometimes my Sherbet has been imitated; but the + fraud has always been discovered, and the intrigues of my rivals have added to my + reputation. At length I have found that it is easier to satisfy the caprice than the + judgment of mankind, and that those who could not understand the merits of a clever + work, would readily agree upon the subject of a delicious and agreeable + beverage."</p> + + <p>Thus spoke the good Zambri: he strove affectionately to console Osmyn. The two + brothers separated no more; and, thanks to the <i>receipt for preparing</i> + <i>Sherbet</i>, they lived long together amidst the pleasures that wealth commands, + and the still more true and solid happiness procured by peace and friendship.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>THE NATURALIST.</h2> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>BOTANY OF SHAKSPEARE.</h3> + + <p>At a recent meeting of the Medico-Botanical Society, a very interesting + dissertation on the medicinal plants which occur in the plays of Shakspeare, from the + pen of Mr. Rootsay, of Bristol, was read, and excited considerable attention. The + hebenon henbane alluded to in <i>Hamlet</i>, the mandragora, the various plants so + beautifully alluded to in <i>Romeo and Juliet</i>, and in other dramas, were the + subject of the inquiry, and much classical information was displayed by the ingenious + author in the illustration of the subject. We hope to report more respecting this + very interesting paper to our readers.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>THE CUTTLE-FISH.</h3> + + <p>The following account of the <i>sepia media</i>, a small species of cuttle-fish, + is given by Mr. Donovan, in his "Excursion through South Wales:"—"When first + caught, the eyes, which are large and prominent, glistened with the lustre of the + pearl, or rather of the emerald, whose luminous transparency they seemed to emulate. + The pupil is a fine black, and above each eye is a semilunar mark of the richest + garnet. The body, nearly transparent, or of a pellucid green, is glossed with all the + variety of prismatic tints, and thickly dotted with brown. At almost every effort of + respiration, the little creature tossed its arms in apparent agony, and clung more + firmly to the finger; while the dark-brown spots upon the body alternately faded and + revived, diminishing in size till they were scarcely perceptible, and then appearing + again as large as peas, crowding, and becoming confluent nearly all over the body. At + length, the animal being detained too long from its native element, became enfeebled, + the colours faded, the spots decreased in size, and all its pristine beauty vanished + with the last gasp of life."</p> + + <h4>W.G.C.</h4> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>THE OSTRICH.</h3> + + <p>The Ostriches in the Gardens of the Zoological Society would be truly a noble + pair, were it not for an unnatural curve in the neck of the male, in consequence, it + is said, of its having formerly swallowed something more than usually bulky and hard + of digestion.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page424" id="page424"></a>[pg 424]</span> + + <h2>MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS.</h2> + + <div class="figure" style="width:100%;"> + <a href="images/495-2.png"><img width="100%" src="images/495-2.png" + alt="Russian Burial Ground" /></a> + </div> + + <h3>RUSSIAN BURIAL GROUND.</h3> + + <p>Mr. James's popular Journal of a Tour in Russia, &c., has supplied the above + illustration of honours paid to the dead in that country. The Cut represents one of + the Cemeteries of the government of Tchernigoff. Mr. James describes it as planted + around with trees, and studded thick with wooden crosses, oratories, and other + permanent marks of reverence. The general appearance of piety with which these + grounds are kept up, their sequestered situation apart from any town, the profound + veneration with which they are saluted by the natives, added to the dark and + sepulchral shade of the groves, lend them an interest with which the tinsel ornaments + of more gorgeous cemeteries can in no degree compare.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>ANCESTORS.</h3> + + <p>Some nations pay particular attention to the memory of their ancestors. The + Quojas, a people of Africa, offer sacrifices of rice and wine to their ancestors, + before they undertake any considerable action; and the anniversaries of their death + are always kept by their families with great solemnity; the king invokes the souls of + his father and mother to make trade flourish and the chase succeed. But the Chinese + have distinguished themselves above all other nations, by the veneration in which + they hold their ancestors. Part of the duty, according to the laws of Confucius, + which children owe their parents, consists in worshipping them when dead. They have a + solemn and an ordinary worship for this purpose, the former of which is held twice a + year with great pomp, and is described as follows by an eye witness:—The + sacrifices were made in a chapel, well adorned, where there were six altars, + furnished with censers, tapers, and flowers. There were three ministers, and behind + them two young acolites: he that officiated was an aged man, and a new Christian. The + three former went with a profound silence, and made frequent genuflexions towards the + five altars, pouring out wine; afterwards they drew near to the sixth, and when they + came to the foot of the altar, half bowed down, they said their prayers with a low + voice. That being finished, the three ministers went to the altar; the priest took up + a vessel full of wine, and drank; then he lifted up the head of a deer, or goat; + after which, taking fire from the altar, they lighted a bit of paper, and the + minister of ceremonies turning towards the people, said, with a high voice, that he + gave them thanks in the name of their ancestors, for having so well honoured them; + and in recompense he promised them, on their part, a plentiful harvest, a fruitful + issue, good health and long life, and all those advantages which are most pleasing to + men.</p> + + <p>The Chinese have also in their houses a niche, or hollow place, in which they put + the names of their deceased fathers, to which they make prayers and offerings of + perfumes and spices at certain periods.</p> + + <h4>A.V.</h4> + <hr class="full" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page425" id="page425"></a>[pg 425]</span> + + <h2>THE SELECTOR;<br /> + AND LITERARY NOTICES OF <i>NEW WORKS</i>.</h2> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>HISTORY OF POLAND.</h3> + + <p>This volume, a goodly octavo, will be peculiarly acceptable at the present season. + It presents a lucid view of Polish history, from the earliest period to the present + eventful moment; and, as a passage of immediate interest, we quote the following + character of the President of the National Government of Poland:</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>This illustrious personage, Prince Adam Czartoryski, is the eldest son of the + late prince of the same house, and is descended from the family of Jagellon, the + ancient sovereigns of Lithuania. His father was long known, not only as a nobleman + of the first rank in Poland, but as one of the most accomplished scholars in + Europe. Such was his reputation, that at the period of the last vacancy in the + throne of Poland, Poniatowski (afterwards king) was deputed by the diet to + propitiate the Empress Catherine, to second the election of Czartoryski; but the + deputy's handsome form found such favour in the licentious eyes of the modern + Messalina, that he ceased to urge the suit of the diet, and returned the avowed + nominee of his imperial mistress. Prince Czartoryski's claims on the throne, + popularity, and consequent influence, rendered him odious to the court of St. + Petersburg, and when the last act of spoliation was perpetrated, his lands were + ravaged, his beautiful Castle of Pulawy destroyed, and a sentence of extermination + pronounced against him, unless he would consent to send his two sons, one the + subject of this notice, and the other Prince Constantino Czartoryski, as hostages + to St. Petersburg. To avoid this wretched alternative, the prince and his princess, + who still survive, consented to the separation, and the two young noblemen, were + placed under the eye of those who were deemed worthy, by the Autocrat, of reforming + their principles. The talents displayed by both brothers soon obtained for them the + admiration of the court; and as it was of great importance to gain them over, every + mark of imperial favour was heaped upon them by the Emperor Alexander, with whom, + from infancy, they had established terms of the utmost familiarity. The elder + brother held for a long time the portfolio of the Foreign Office, and, in his + official capacity, accompanied his imperial master to the scenes of some of his + most serious disasters. During Napoleon's invasion, Prince Constantino was in + Poland, and confiding in the integrity of the then master of the destinies of + Europe, and breathing naught but freedom for his country, he joined the banners of + the invader, and raised a regiment at his own expense to aid in the cause of + liberation. At Smolensk he received a severe wound, from the effects of which he + has never yet recovered. He resides at Vienna.</p> + + <p>The influence of Prince Adam Czartoryski proved to be singularly useful to + Poland after the downfall of Napoleon. He interposed, and interposed successfully, + between the anger of Alexander and his suffering country; and, on the establishment + of the kingdom of Poland, was appointed the curator of all the universities, both + there and in the incorporated provinces. These duties he sedulously discharged, + until he was superseded by the notorious Count Novozilzoff. From this period he has + lived in retirement, faithfully performing all the duties of private life. The + promotion of agriculture, science in all its branches, and kindly offices among + mankind, constituted his occupations until recent events drew him from his privacy. + The first call was made by the Russian functionaries, as stated in the text, for + the purpose of self-protection! the second was that of his devoted country, when a + government was essential to success. He was chosen not only one of the five members + of the executive body, but its president, a station which he still honourably + fills. Into his new office he has carried all the unostentatious and disinterested + virtues that adorned Pulawy, and there is little doubt that if (and no one suspects + that such will not be the case) the independence of Poland be fairly won, the + choice of his country will point to him as its sovereign. Having finished his + academical career at the University of Edinburgh, he early acquired a strong taste + for English institutions and for Englishmen, and of this he gave substantial proof + by devoting 250<i>l.</i> a-year to the exclusive purchase of English books. His + revenues are enormous; but his liberality is unbounded; and, as it is a rule in his + munificent establishment to provide liberally for the families of all his + dependants, his means are comparatively restricted, but his personal wants are few; + and that he is ready to accommodate himself to circumstances, was well shown by his + only observation on hearing of the confiscation of his large property in Podolia by + Nicholas. "Instead of riding, I must walk, and instead of sumptuous <span + class="pagenum"><a name="page426" id="page426"></a>[pg 426]</span> fare, I must + dine on buck-wheat."<a id="footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3"></a><a + href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a> Such is a faint outline of this illustrious + man's character. Were it only for the admirable example of such an individual + guiding the reigns of the government of a devoted people, it is most ardently to be + hoped that Poland may triumph over her enemies, and be raised to that rank from + which she was degraded only by the basest of treasons.—<i>Fletcher's History + of Poland.</i></p> + </blockquote> + + <p>As the pronunciation of the Polish language is attended with some difficulty, the + author of this work has, in his advertisement, subjoined the following hints, taken + principally from the "Letters Literary and Political on Poland, Edinburgh, 1823."</p> + + <p>All vowels are sounded as in French and Italian; and there are no diphthongs, + every vowel being pronounced distinctly. The consonants are the same as in English, + except</p> + + <blockquote> + <p><i>w</i>, which is sounded like <i>v</i>, at the beginning of a word; thus, + Warsawa—<i>Varsafa</i>; in the middle or at the end of a word it has the + sound of <i>f</i>, as in the instance already cited; and + Narew—<i>Nareff</i>.</p> + + <p><i>c</i>, like <i>tz</i>, and never like <i>k</i>; thus, Pac is sounded + <i>Patz</i>.</p> + + <p><i>g</i>, like <i>g</i> in Gibbon; thus, <i>Oginski</i>.</p> + + <p><i>ch</i>, like the Greek [Greek: ch] or <i>k</i>; thus, + Lech—<i>Lek</i>.</p> + + <p><i>cz</i>, like the English <i>tch</i> in pitch;—thus, Czartoryski + pronounce <i>Tchartoryski</i>.</p> + + <p><i>sz</i>, like <i>sh</i> in <i>shape</i>; thus, Staszyc like + <i>Stashytz</i>.</p> + + <p><i>szcz</i>, like <i>shtch</i>; thus, Szczerbiec like <i>Shtcherbietz</i>.</p> + + <p><i>rz</i>, like <i>j</i> in <i>je</i>, with a slight sound of <i>r</i>; thus, + Rzewuski—<i>Rjevuski</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>WHITE'S BAMPTON LECTURES.</h3> + + <p>Dr. Dibdin has prefixed the subsequent Note to one of these Lectures (Character of + Christ compared with that of Mahomet), which he has reprinted in vol. iii. of the + <i>Sunday Library</i>:—</p> + + <p>"Of all the sermons preached in this, or in any other country, THESE are perhaps + the most celebrated; or, if this observation require qualification, the only + exception may be in favour of those of the <i>Petit Carême</i> of MASILLON. For + three successive terms, the church of St. Mary's, at Oxford, was crowded with an + auditory breathless in admiration of the splendour of diction and vividness of + imagery manifested in these discourses. The subject treated of—'<i>A Comparison + of Mahometanism and Christianity in their History, their Evidences, and their + Effects</i>'—was new and striking in the pulpit of the University Church. A + great deal of highly wrought expectation, from more than a whisper spread abroad of + the sources whence the chief materials had been derived, preceded their publicity; + and the preacher, although by no means remarkable for elegance of manner, or + ductility and melody of voice, applied his whole energies to the task of giving power + and effect to his delivery. He succeeded, greatly beyond his own expectations; and + the University rung with his praises. The fame which ensued was merited; for the + public, till then satisfied with the tame polish and cold invective of BLAIR, became + delighted by the union of such harmony of language, skilfulness of argument, and + singularity of research, as were blended in these lectures. Yet it may be questioned, + not only whether a display of similar talent would <i>now</i> receive the like + applause, but whether many subsequent courses of Bampton lectures have not rendered a + more essential service to Christianity.</p> + + <p>"But, extraordinary as was the result of the <i>preaching</i> of these Bampton + lectures, perhaps a more extraordinary history belongs to their <i>composition</i>; + and posterity will learn, with wonder, and perhaps with mingled pity and contempt, + that the measures resorted to by the Laudian Professor of Arabic, in order to impose + upon his best friend and most able coadjutor, DR. PARR, form such a tissue of petty + artifice and intrigue as scarcely to be believed. The whole plot, however, is + minutely and masterly developed in Dr. Johnstone's <i>Life of Dr. Parr</i>, vol. i. + p. 216-281, to which I refer the curious reader for some very singular particulars. + The facts, as there delineated, are simply these:—A secret correspondence was + carried on between Professor White and Mr. Badcock, a dissenting minister of + Devonshire, who furnished the greater part of the materials of these lectures; which + materials, copied out by Professor White, with a few emendations and additions, were + sent to Dr. Parr as the exclusive composition of the Professor. Several of the + lectures are wholly Badcock's, by the express admission of Dr. White; and the + undeniable evidence of a douceur of 500<i>l.</i> from the Professor to Mr. Badcock, + is a sufficiently solid proof of the value in which the former held the labours of + the latter. There could be no violation of any great moral feeling in the transaction + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page427" id="page427"></a>[pg 427]</span> thus simply + considered; for the labourer was worthy of his hire; but the evasive subtleties and + shuffling subterfuges by which the literary intercourse was stubbornly denied, and + attempted to be set aside, by Professor White, is matter of perfect astonishment! In + the mean while, Dr. Parr steadily continued his critical labours, believing that the + Professor sought no <i>aid</i> but his <i>own</i>. He revised, added, and polished at + his entire discretion; and while it is allowed that <i>one-fifth</i> at least, of + these lectures are the work of his learned hand, he undoubtedly gave to the whole its + last and most effectual polish. The history which belongs to his discovery of the + collateral aid of Badcock, is curious and amusing; but can have no place here. It + does great credit to the head and heart of Dr. Parr. Thus the reader will observe + that no small interest is attached to the volume from which the ensuing extracts are + made: a volume, full, doubtless, of extensive and learned research, and exhibiting a + style remarkable alike for its consummate art and harmonious copiousness."</p> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>WEALTH OF HENRY VII.</h3> + + <p>The hoard amassed by Henry, and "most of it under his own key and keeping, in + secret places at Richmond," is said to have amounted to near 1,800,000<i>l.</i>, + which, according to our former conjectures, would be equivalent to about + 16,000,000<i>l.</i>; an amount of specie so immense as to warrant a suspicion of + exaggeration, in an age when there was no control from public documents on a matter + of which the writers of history were ignorant. Our doubts of the amount amassed by + Henry are considerably warranted by the computation of Sir W. Petty, who, a century + and a half later, calculated the whole specie of England at only + 6,000,000<i>l.</i>—This hoard, whatever may have been its precise extent, was + too great to be formed by frugality, even under the penurious and niggardly Henry. A + system of extortion was employed, which "the people, into whom there is infused for + the preservation of monarchies a natural desire to discharge their princes, though it + be with the unjust charge of their counsellors, did impute unto Cardinal Morton and + Sir Reginald Bray, who, as it after appeared, as counsellors of ancient authority + with him, did so second his humours as nevertheless they did temper them. Whereas + Empson and Dudley, that followed, being persons that had no reputation with him, + otherwise than by the servile following of his bent, did not give way only as the + first did, but shaped his way to those extremities for which himself was touched with + remorse at his death."<a id="footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a + href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a> The means of exaction chiefly consisted in the + fines incurred by slumbering laws, in commuting for money other penalties which fell + on unknown offenders, and in the sale of pardons and amnesties. Every revolt was a + fruitful source of profit. When the great confiscations had ceased, much remained to + be gleaned by true or false imputations of participation in treason. To be a dweller + in a disaffected district, was, for the purposes of the king's treasure, to be a + rebel. No man could be sure that he had not incurred mulcts, or other grievous + penalties, by some of those numerous laws which had so fallen into disuse by their + frivolous and vexatious nature as to strike before they warned. It was often more + prudent to compound by money, even in false accusations, than to brave the rapacity + and resentment of the king and his tools. Of his chief instruments, "Dudley was a man + of good family, eloquent, and one that could put hateful business into good language; + Empson, the son of a sieve-maker, of Towcester, triumphed in his deeds, putting off + all other respects. They were privy counsellors and lawyers, who turned law and + justice into wormwood and rapine."<a id="footnotetag5" name="footnotetag5"></a><a + href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a> They threw into prison every man whom they could + indict, and confined him, without any intention to prosecute, till he ransomed + himself. They prosecuted the mayors and other magistrates of the city of London, for + pretended or trivial neglects of duty, long after the time of the alleged offences; + subservient judges imposed enormous fines, and the king imprisoned during his own + life some of the contumacious offenders. Alderman Hawes is said to have died + heartbroken by the terror and anguish of these proceedings. <a id="footnotetag6" + name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a> They imprisoned and + fined juries who hesitated to lend their aid when it was deemed convenient to seek + it. To these, Lord Bacon tells us, were added "other courses fitter to be buried than + repeated."<a id="footnotetag7" name="footnotetag7"></a><a + href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a> Emboldened by long success, they at last disdained + to observe "<i>the half face of justice</i>,"<a id="footnotetag8" + name="footnotetag8"></a><a href="#footnote8"><sup>8</sup></a> but summoning the + wealthy and timid before them in private houses, "shuffled up" a summary <span + class="pagenum"><a name="page428" id="page428"></a>[pg 428]</span> examination + without a jury, and levied such exactions as were measured only by the fears and + fortunes of their victims.—<i>Mackintosh's England</i>, Vol. 2.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY.</h2> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>THE COURSE OF THE NIGER.</h3> + + <p>The discovery of the termination of the course of the Niger, will be of the + greatest importance to geography, to our political power, and to civilization.</p> + + <p>With regard to geography, perhaps the contradiction which was afforded by the + various sources whence we derived our knowledge of the character of the interior of + Africa, and of the course of, next to the Nile, the most renowned, and, as was + considered from the same accounts, the greatest river of that country, have in late + times given unlimited zest in the pursuit of further information, and has not in the + least detracted from the pleasure with which we find that we are indebted to our + countrymen for the solution of this all-absorbing problem. It appears, that among the + ancients many facts connected with the geography of the interior of Africa were well + known, which have still been an object of discussion among the moderns; and of these, + we may enumerate the occurrence of a large lake or marsh (for it is either, at + different seasons of the year), whose real existence, beyond the speculations of + geographers, was very unsatisfactorily established, until the journey of Denham and + Clapperton; and the fact of the occurrence of a great river in the west, emptying + itself into the ocean, though many were of opinion that it lost itself in an inland + marsh, or in the desert, while others supported the opinion of its identity with the + Nile of the Egyptians. The researches of Ptolemy and the Arabian geographers on the + Nile of the Negroes, and in later times the travels of Leo Africanus, who was a Moor + of Grenada, demonstrated the absurdity of this opinion; and how extraordinary that, + in the boasted perfection of human intellect, it should have been broached several + centuries afterwards, and that the barometric levellings of Bruce should have been + necessary to enforce conviction! It is not at all improbable that Hanno, the + Carthaginian, as advanced by Macqueen, reached the Bight of Benin, or of Biafra; and + certainly the geographical information obtained on these countries by Herodotus and + Edrisi was more accurate than the speculations of many modern geographers.</p> + + <p>Observation had demonstrated to the moderns that no large river emptied itself + into the ocean on the north-west coast, though it required a more accurate + acquaintance with the Senegal and the Gambia before it was fully ascertained that + they were not the outlets of this great stream. The progress of navigation along the + south-eastern shores of Africa also showed that no large river emptied itself into + the sea along that coast; while the settlements of the Portuguese on the coast to the + south of Cape Lopez, led them, at an early period, to adopt the opinion afterwards + supported by Mungo Park and Mr. Barrow, that one or more of the rivers in their + vicinity were the outlets of the great river of the interior of Africa. Two + celebrated geographers, D'Anville and Major Rennell, however, espoused the theory of + the waters emptying themselves into the Wangara, or great marsh; which argument + underwent various modifications in the hands of different geographers; and though the + probability of its emptying itself into the Gulf of Guinea had been pointed out on + the continent, and vigorously supported in this country, an expedition was fitted out + to explore the Congo or Zaire, which, though unfortunate to the individuals + concerned, was yet satisfactory in a geographical point of view, and demonstrated + that the rivers south of Cape Lopez were not the outlets of the waters of the Niger, + and gave origin to a speculation which partook of all the characters of a romance of + the desert, beneath the sands of which its author buried the gigantic stream, loaded + with the waters of the Wangara or Lake Tchad, to make it flow into the Mediterranean + at the Syrtis of the ancients.</p> + + <p>In the history of geography there are no examples of greater perseverance and + courageous determination than in the efforts made to triumph over the difficulties + presented in the solution of this important question. Since 1815, there has scarcely + a year passed in which a new attempt has not been made; and of these, if we recede a + little farther back, twenty-five were made by our countrymen, fourteen by Frenchmen, + two by Americans, and one by a German; of which but a small number, since the days of + Houghton, have not fallen victims to their heroic devotion.</p> + + <p>Mungo Park first observed the direction of the stream which had become as much an + object of discussion as its termination; and, strange to say, after the present + discovery, it will, in some parts of its course, still remain so. The <span + class="pagenum"><a name="page429" id="page429"></a>[pg 429]</span> unfortunate + traveller just alluded to, previous to his descent of the river, obtained some + information from Moors and from negroes, on its course by Timbuctoo. The Jinnie of + Park is synonymous with Jenné, Giné, Dhjenné, of other writers, + as Jenné has again been confounded with Kano or Kanno. It may be a figurative + term—for the Jinnie of Park was on an island, as was the Jenné of the + Moorish reports, while the Jenné of some travellers is at a short distance + from the river. This cannot be the case with regard to Timbuctoo, which is visited by + caravans twice a year from Morocco; nor is the name met with any where, except the + two first syllables in the town of Timbo, which cannot be mistaken for Timbuctoo.</p> + + <p>Major Laing had discovered the source of the Niger to be in the mountains of Loma, + in 9 deg. 15 min. west latitude, and had ascertained its course for a short distance + from its source. We were also aware of the existence of one or two streams joining + the great river, or branching from it near Timbuctoo. De Lisle had marked a river + Gambarra, on his maps drawn up for Louis XV., and not without good authority. This is + the river coming from Houssa; and the Joliba of modern travellers is a river, we + could prove, from the concurring testimony of a variety of sources, coming from the + north-west, and joining its waters with, that is to say flowing into the Niger, in + the immediate neighbourhood of Timbuctoo; still at that point the Kowarra, or Quorra + of the Moors, or Quolla of the Negroes, who always change the <i>r</i> for <i>l</i> a + name which, according to Laing, it has at its sources—according to Clapperton, + it preserves beyond Timbuctoo, and is probably still the name of the same stream at + its embouchure in the Bight of Biafra. The Quarrama is another tributary stream which + passes by Saccatoo, and falls into the Quorra above Youri, and above the point where + Mungo Park was wrecked; and the line of country between this river and the Shashum, + comprising the hills of Doochee, of Naroo, and of Dull, is the line of water-shed to + the rivers joining the Quorra on the one hand, and those emptying themselves into the + Wangara on the other. The course given by Sultan Bello, and the information obtained + by Major Denham, both pointed out a river coursing to the east, which is probably the + branch followed by the Landers: for its termination in Lake Tchad had not even the + air of probability; though it is not, on the other-hand, at all improbable that other + branches empty themselves into the Bight of Benin, by the rivers Formosa or Volta, + according to information given to Captain Clapperton and Major Laing.</p> + + <p>We had intended to embody some remarks upon the pretended journey of + Caillié; but we find we have already occupied too much space in details + necessary to make the geographical nature of the question well understood; and we + shall content ourselves with remarking, that the discovery of the termination of the + Quorra, or Niger, tends to throw a degree of improbability upon the narrative of that + individual, which it will require much ingenuity to explain away. It is certain that + the latitude given to Timbuctoo by the editor of those travels, and upon which + sufficient ridicule has already been thrown in the Edinburgh Geographical Journal, + may be considered as an error entirely of the editor's, who, by taking it upon + himself, will relieve the burden of the mistake from the traveller, and thus lighten + the weighty doubts which might in consequence bear upon the remainder of the details; + for the situation of that city, as given by Jomard, is quite inconsistent with the + situation it must be in, from the ascertained source, direction, and termination of + the river. There can be no doubt but that a portion of the labours presented to the + public as the travels of Caillié are founded upon valid documents, wherever + obtained, and probably most of the errors are those of the editor. But though + authorities can be found in support of the division of the Quorra into two branches; + one of which, the Joliba, flows to the north-west, and the other in an almost + opposite direction,—fact which has no analogy in geography, and, what is + better, no existence in nature; yet no authority can be found for placing Timbuctoo + on a river flowing north from the Niger.</p> + + <p>The details which will be given to us by the results of this successful expedition + will, then, not only be of assistance in allying the existing condition of things + with the knowledge of the ancients, but it will enable us to reduce to a few facts + the many contradictory statements which have originated in the variety of the sources + of information, and the individual and national rivalry which the interest of the + question gave birth to among the geographers of the present day. It will also be of + importance, as it was connected with a great question, as to the possibility of a + large river traversing an extensive continent, or losing itself in a marsh or lake, + or being buried in the extensive sands of the desert. By <span class="pagenum"><a + name="page430" id="page430"></a>[pg 430]</span> laying open the interior of Africa to + us, it will increase our political strength and commercial advantages on those + coasts;—it will enable us to put into practice an amelioration long + contemplated by Mr. Barrow, in the choice of our settlements on those + coasts;—it will place the greatest and most important vent of the barbarous and + inhuman traffic of negroes in our possession; and it will enable us to diffuse the + benefits of superior intelligence among an ignorant and suffering + people.—Literary Gazette.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.</h2> + + <h3>DISAGREEABLES.</h3> + + <h4>BY THE ETTRICK SHEPHERD.</h4> + + <blockquote> + <p>"For four things the earth is disquieted, and five which it cannot bear." + AGUR.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>This world is a delightful place to dwell in,</p> + + <p>And many sweet and lovely things are in it;</p> + + <p>Yet there are sundry, at the which I have</p> + + <p>A natural dislike, against all reason.</p> + + <p>I never like A TAILOR. Yet no man</p> + + <p>Likes a new coat or inexpressibles</p> + + <p>Better than I do—few, I think, so well:</p> + + <p>I can't account for this. The tailor is,</p> + + <p>A far more useful member of society</p> + + <p>Than is a poet;—then his sprightly wit,</p> + + <p>His glee, his humour, and his happy mind</p> + + <p>Entitle him to fair esteem. Allowed.</p> + + <p>But then, his self-sufficiency;—his shape</p> + + <p>So like a frame, whereon to hang a suit</p> + + <p>Of dandy clothes;—his small straight back and arms,</p> + + <p>His thick bluff ankles, and his supple knees,</p> + + <p>Plague on't!—'Tis wrong—I do not like a tailor.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">AN OLD BLUE-STOCKING MAID! Oh! that's a being,</p> + + <p>That's hardly to be borne. Her saffron hue,</p> + + <p>Her thinnish lips, close primmed as they were sewn</p> + + <p>Up by a milliner, and made water-proof,</p> + + <p>To guard the fount of wisdom that's within.</p> + + <p>Her borrowed locks, of dry and withered hue,</p> + + <p>Her straggling beard of ill-condition'd hairs,</p> + + <p>And then her jaws of wise and formal cast;</p> + + <p>Chat-chat—chat-chat! Grand shrewd remarks!</p> + + <p>That may have meaning, may have none for me.</p> + + <p>I like the creature so supremely ill,</p> + + <p>I never listen, never calculate.</p> + + <p>I know this is ungenerous and unjust:</p> + + <p>I cannot help it; for I do dislike</p> + + <p>An old blue-stocking maid even to extremity.</p> + + <p>I do protest I'd rather kiss a tailor.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">A GREEDY EATER! He is worst of all.</p> + + <p>The gourmand bolts and bolts, and smacks his chops—</p> + + <p>Eyes every dish that enters, with a stare</p> + + <p>Of greed and terror, lest one thing go by him.</p> + + <p>The glances that he casts along the board,</p> + + <p>At every slice that's carved, have that in them</p> + + <p>Beyond description. I would rather dine</p> + + <p>Beside an ox—yea, share his cog of draff;</p> + + <p>Or with a dog, if he'd keep his own side;</p> + + <p>Than with a glutton on the rarest food.</p> + + <p class="i2">A thousand times I've dined upon the waste,</p> + + <p>On dry-pease bannock, by the silver spring.</p> + + <p>O, it was sweet—was healthful—had a zest;</p> + + <p>Which at the paste my palate ne'er enjoyed.</p> + + <p>My bonnet laid aside, I turned mine eyes</p> + + <p>With reverence and humility to heaven,</p> + + <p>Craving a blessing from the bounteous Giver;</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Then grateful thanks returned. There was a joy</p> + + <p>In these lone meals, shared by my faithful dog,</p> + + <p>Which I remind with pleasure, and has given</p> + + <p>A verdure to my spirit's age. Then think</p> + + <p>Of such a man, beside a guzzler set;</p> + + <p>And how his stomach nauseates the repast.</p> + + <p class="i2">"When he thinks of days he shall never more see.</p> + + <p>Of his cake and his cheese, and his lair on the lea,</p> + + <p>His laverock that hung on the heaven's ee-bree,</p> + + <p class="i2">His prayer and his clear mountain rill."</p> + + <p>I cannot eat one morsel. There is that,</p> + + <p>Somewhere within, that balks each bold attempt;</p> + + <p>A loathing—a disgust—a something worse:</p> + + <p>I know not what it is. A strong desire</p> + + <p>To drink, but not for thirst. 'Tis from a wish</p> + + <p>To wash down that enormous eater's food—</p> + + <p>A sympathetic feeling. Not of love!</p> + + <p>And be there ale, or wine, or potent draught</p> + + <p>Superior to them both, to that I fly,</p> + + <p>And glory in the certainty that mine</p> + + <p>Is the ethereal soul of food, while his</p> + + <p>Is but the rank corporeal—the vile husks</p> + + <p>Best suited to his crude voracity.</p> + + <p>And far as the bright spirit may transcend</p> + + <p>Its mortal frame, my food transcendeth his.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">A CREDITOR! Good heaven, is there beneath</p> + + <p>Thy glorious concave of cerulean blue,</p> + + <p>A being formed so thoroughly for dislike,</p> + + <p>As is a creditor? No, he's supreme,</p> + + <p>The devil's a joke to him! Whoe'er has seen</p> + + <p>An adder's head upraised, with gleaming eyes,</p> + + <p>About to make a spring, may form a shade</p> + + <p>Of mild resemblance to a creditor.</p> + + <p class="i2">I do remember once—'tis long agone—</p> + + <p>Of stripping to the waist to wade the Tyne—</p> + + <p>The English Tyne, dark, sluggish, broad, and deep;</p> + + <p>And just when middle-way, there caught mine eye,</p> + + <p>A lamprey of enormous size pursuing me!</p> + + <p>L—— what a fright! I bobb'd, I splashed, I flew.</p> + + <p>He had a creditor's keen, ominous look,</p> + + <p>I never saw an uglier—but a real one.</p> + + <p class="i2">This is implanted in man's very nature,</p> + + <p>It cannot be denied. And once I deemed it</p> + + <p>The most degrading stain our nature bore:</p> + + <p>Wearing a shade of every hateful vice,</p> + + <p>Ingratitude, injustice, selfishness.</p> + + <p>But I was wrong, for I have traced the stream</p> + + <p>Back to its fountain in the inmost cave,</p> + + <p>And found in postulate of purest grain,</p> + + <p>It's first beginning.—It is not the man,</p> + + <p>The friend who has obliged us, we would shun,</p> + + <p>But the conviction which his presence brings,</p> + + <p>That we have done him wrong:—a sense of grief</p> + + <p>And shame at our own rash improvidence:</p> + + <p>The heart bleeds for it, and we love the man</p> + + <p>Whom we would shun. The feeling's hard to bear.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">A BLUSTERING FELLOW! There's a deadly bore,</p> + + <p>Placed in a good man's way, who only yearns</p> + + <p>For happiness and joy. But day by day,</p> + + <p>This blusterer meets me, and the hope's defaced.</p> + + <p>I cannot say a word—make one remark,</p> + + <p>That meets not flat and absolute contradiction—</p> + + <p>I nothing know on earth—am misinformed</p> + + <p>On every circumstance. The very terms,</p> + + <p>Scope, rate, and merits of my own transactions</p> + + <p>Are all to me unknown, or falsified,</p> + + <p>Of which most potent proof can be adduced.</p> + + <p>Then the important thump upon the board,</p> + + <p>Snap with the thumb, and the disdainful 'whew!'</p> + + <p>Sets me and all I say at less than naught.</p> + + <p class="i2">What can a person do?—To knock him down</p> + + <p>Suggests itself, but then it breeds a row</p> + + <p>In a friend's house, or haply in your own,</p> + + <p>Which is much worse; for glasses go like cinders;</p> + + <p>The wine is spilled—the toddy. The chair-backs</p> + + <p>Go crash! No, no, there's nothing but forbearance,</p> + </div> + </div> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page431" id="page431"></a>[pg 431]</span> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>And mark'd contempt. If that won't bring him down,</p> + + <p>There's nothing will. Ah! can the leopard change</p> + + <p>His spots, or the grim Ethiop his hue?</p> + + <p>Sooner they may and nature change her course,</p> + + <p>Than can a blusterer to a modest man:</p> + + <p>He still will stand a beacon of dislike.</p> + + <p>A fool—I wish all blustering chaps were dead,</p> + + <p>That's the true bathos to have done with them.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <h4><i>Fraser's Magazine.</i></h4> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>THE GATHERER.</h2> + + <blockquote> + <p>A snapper up of unconsidered trifles.<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 15em;">SHAKSPEARE.</span></p> + </blockquote> + + <h3>GAD'S HILL.</h3> + + <p>Gad's Hill, not far from Chatham, was formerly a noted place for depredations on + seamen, after they had received their pay at the latter place. The following + robbery was committed there in or verging on the year 1676: About four o'clock one + morning, a gentleman was robbed by one Nicks, on a bay mare, just as he was on the + declivity of the hill, on the west side. Nicks rode away, and as he said, was + stopped nearly an hour by the difficulty of getting a boat, to enable him to cross + the river; but he made the best use of it as a kind of bait to his horse. From + thence he rode across the county of Essex to Chelmsford. Here he stopped about an + hour to refresh his horse, and give the animal a ball;—from thence to + Braintree, Bocking, and Withersfield; thence over the Downs to Cambridge; and from + thence, keeping still the cross roads, he went by Fenny Stratford, <a + id="footnotetag9" name="footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9"><sup>9</sup></a> to + Godmanchester and Huntingdon, where he and his mare baited about an hour; and, as + he said himself, he slept about half an hour: then holding on the north road, and + keeping a full gallop most of the way, he came to York the same afternoon; put off + his boots and riding clothes, and went dressed as if he had been an inhabitant of + the place, to the bowling-green, where, among many other gentlemen, was the Lord + Mayor of the city. He, singling out his lordship, studied to do something + particular that the mayor might remember him, and then took occasion to ask him + what o'clock it was. The mayor, pulling out his watch, told him the time, which was + a quarter before, or a quarter after eight at night. Upon a prosecution for this + robbery, the whole merit of the case turned upon this single point:—the + person robbed, swore to the man, to the place, and to the time, in which the + robbery was committed; but Nicks, proving by the Lord Mayor of York, that he was as + far off as <i>Yorkshire</i> at that time, the jury acquitted him on the bare + supposition, that the man could not be at two places so remote on one and the same + day.</p> + + <p>I need not remind your numerous readers that the roads in 1676 were in a very + different plight to those of 1831; at the former period it would not have been + possible for Tom Thumb to have trotted sixteen miles an hour on any turnpike road + in England. Even my friend, the respected driver of the Old Union Cambridge Coach + to London, can remember, in his time, the coach being two days on the road, and + occasionally being indebted to farmers for the loan of horses to drag the coach + wheels out of their sloughy tracks.</p> + + <h4>J.S.W.</h4> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>DIGNIFIED REPROOF.</h3> + + <p>Catherine Parthenay, niece of the celebrated Anna Parthenay, returned this + spirited reply to the importunities of Henry IV.—"Your majesty must know, + that although I am too humble to become your wife, I am at the same time descended + from too illustrious a family ever to become your mistress."</p> + + <h4>P.</h4> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>L—A—W.</h3> + + <p>The circumlocution and diffuseness of law papers—the apparent redundancy + of terms, and multiplicity of synonymes, which may be found on all judicial + proceedings, are happily hit off in the following, which we copy from <i>Jenk's New + York Evening Journal</i>:—</p> + + <p>"A LAWYER'S STORY.—Tom strikes Dick over the shoulders with a rattan as + big as your little finger. A lawyer would tell you the story something in this + way:—And that, whereas the said Thomas, at the said Providence, in the year + and day aforesaid, in and upon the body of the said Richard, in the peace of God + and the State, then and there being, did make a most violent assault and inflicted + a great many and divers blows, kicks, cuffs, thumps, bumps, contusions, gashes, + wounds, hurts, damages, and injuries, in and upon the head, neck, breast, stomach, + lips, knees, shins, and heels of the said Richard, with divers sticks, staves, + canes, poles, clubs, logs of wood, stones, guns, dirks, swords, daggers, pistols, + cutlasses, bludgeons, blunderbusses, and boarding pikes, then and there held in the + hands, fists, claws, and clutches of him the said Thomas."</p> + <hr class="short" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page432" id="page432"></a>[pg 432]</span> + + <h3>WATERLOO—"FORGET ME NOT."</h3> + + <blockquote> + <p>"On one of these graves I observed the little wild blue flower, known by the + name of 'Forget me not'."—<i>Visit to the Field of Waterloo.</i></p> + </blockquote> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>No marble tells, nor columns rise,</p> + + <p class="i2">To bid the passing stranger mourn,</p> + + <p>Where valour fought, and bled, and died,</p> + + <p class="i2">From friends and life abruptly torn.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Yet on the earth that veils<a id="footnotetag10" name="footnotetag10"></a><a + href="#footnote10"><sup>10</sup></a> their heads,</p> + + <p class="i2">Where bravest hearts are doom'd to rot,</p> + + <p>This simple flower, with meek appeal,</p> + + <p class="i2">Prefers the prayer "Forget me not."</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Forget! forbid my heart responds</p> + + <p class="i2">While bending o'er the hero's grave—</p> + + <p>Forbid that e'er oblivion's gloom</p> + + <p class="i2">Should shade the spot where rest the brave.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Fond kindred at this awful shrine</p> + + <p class="i2">Will oft, with footsteps faltering,</p> + + <p>Approach and drop the pious tear—</p> + + <p class="i2">Sad Memory's purest offering.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>And well their country marks those deeds—</p> + + <p class="i2">The land that gave each bosom fire:</p> + + <p>Deeds that her proudest triumph won,</p> + + <p class="i2">But gaining, saw her sons expire.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>And ages hence will Britain's sons,</p> + + <p class="i2">As trophied tributes meet their view,</p> + + <p>Admire, exult—yet mourn the pangs</p> + + <p class="i2">These glories cost, at Waterloo.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <h4>D.</h4> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>SWORD PRESENTED BY THE KING TO THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON, ON THE ANNIVERSARY OF + WATERLOO.</h3> + + <p>On the hilt, and executed in high relief, are branches of oak surrounding the + crown. The bark of the branches are opening, which display the words—"India, + Copenhagen, Peninsula, and Waterloo." The top part of the scabbard exhibits his + majesty's arms, initials, and crown; the middle of the scabbard exhibits the arms + and orders of the Duke of Wellington on the one side, and on the reverse his + batons. The lower end has the thunderbolt and wings, the whole surrounded with oak + leaves and laurel, with a rich foliage, in which was introduced the flower of the + Lotus. The blade exhibits, in has relief, his majesty's arms, initials, and crown; + the arms, orders, and batons, of the Duke of Wellington, Hercules taming the tiger, + the thunderbolt, the British colours bound up with the caduceus and fasces, + surrounded by laurel, and over them the words—"India, Copenhagen, Peninsula, + and Waterloo," terminating with a sheathed sword, surrounded by laurel and + palm.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>ODDITIES.</h3> + + <p>Fashion-mongers make odd work with language. Thus, we read of Mrs. Ravenshaw + giving a "petit" <i>souper</i> to about 150 of the <i>haut ton</i>.</p> + + <p>The <i>Court Journal</i>, too, tells us that a few days since Lord Lansdowne met + with "a severe accident," by which "he suffered no material injury."</p> + + <p>The Queen's dress at her last ball was "white and silver, striped with blue." + The song says—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>To be nice about trifles</p> + + <p>Is trifling and folly;—</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>but the <i>modistes</i> can gather little from such a description as the + above.</p> + + <p>In the Zoological Gardens is a pheasant, one of whose feathers measures 5 feet + 11 inches in length!</p> + + <p>A "<i>Charming Fellow</i>,"—The records of the Horticultural Society + inform us that <i>Lady</i> Cochrane has been elected "a Fellow of the Society."</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <p>VEDI PAGANINI E MORI.</p> + </div> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>See Paganini, and then <i>die</i>!</p> + + <p class="i2">I beg to tell a different story;</p> + + <p>And to the <i>bowing</i> crowd I cry,</p> + + <p class="i2">See Paganini, and then Mori!</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i8"><i>Court Journal.</i></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>In a List of New Books and Reprints we find one by "Bishop Home; in silk, 2s. + 6d."</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <p><i>Epitaph on Spenser.</i></p> + + <p><i>In Spenserum.</i></p> + </div> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Famous alive and dead, here is the odds,</p> + + <p>Then god of poets, now poet of the gods.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>The Philomathic Society of Warsaw have elected Mr. Campbell a corresponding + member, as "Campbell <i>Tomes</i> Poète Anglais."—<i>Literary + Gazette.</i></p> + + <p><i>Anatomy.</i>—The price for unopened subjects in Paris is 5 francs, or + 4<i>s.</i> 2<i>d.</i>; and 3 francs, or 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> for opened + ones.—<i>Lancet</i>.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>THE LORD CHANCELLOR.</h3> + + <h4>Vol. XVII. of the MIRROR,</h4> + + <p>With a Steel-plate Portrait of this illustrious Individual, Memoir, &c., 50 + Engravings, and 450 closely printed Pages, will be published on the 30th instant, + price 5<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> boards.</p> + + <p>Part 110, price 10<i>d.</i>, will be ready on the same day.</p> + + <p>The Supplementary Number will contain the above Portrait, a copious Memoir, + Title-page, Index, &c; and, from its extension beyond the usual space, will be + published at 4<i>d.</i></p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a> + + <p>See <i>Mirror</i>, No 475.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a> + + <p>Langhorne's Plutarch, vol. i. p. xv.—Limbird's edition.]</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a> + + <p>The common food of the poor.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a> + + <p>Bacon, iii. 409.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a> + + <p>Ibid. iii. 380.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote6" name="footnote6"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a> + + <p>See examples in Bacon, iii.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote7" name="footnote7"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a> + + <p>Bacon, iii. 382.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote8" name="footnote8"></a><b>Footnote 8:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag8">(return)</a> + + <p>Ibid. 381.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote9" name="footnote9"></a><b>Footnote 9:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag9">(return)</a> + + <p>Fenny, or Fen Stanton, not Stratford, must be here meant, as the former is in + the direct road from Cambridge to Huntingdon.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote10" name="footnote10"></a><b>Footnote 10:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag10">(return)</a> + + <p>The layer of earth scarce covers the bodies, so may be called a veil.</p> + </blockquote> + <hr class="full" /> + + <p><i>Printed and published by J LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset House,) + London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue + Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers.</i></p> + <hr class="full" /> + </blockquote> +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13113 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/13113-h/images/495-1.png b/13113-h/images/495-1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ccfa69c --- /dev/null +++ b/13113-h/images/495-1.png diff --git a/13113-h/images/495-2.png b/13113-h/images/495-2.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..eca2d9a --- /dev/null +++ b/13113-h/images/495-2.png diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2fc8546 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #13113 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13113) diff --git a/old/13113-8.txt b/old/13113-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5100774 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/13113-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1983 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and +Instruction, Vol. 17, Issue 495, June 25, 1831, by Various + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 17, +Issue 495, June 25, 1831 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: August 4, 2004 [eBook #13113] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, +AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 17, ISSUE 495, JUNE 25, 1831*** + + +E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Victoria Woosley, and Project +Gutenberg Distributed Proofreaders + + + +Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this + file which includes the original illustration. + See 13113-h.htm or 13113-h.zip: + (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/3/1/1/13113/13113-h/13113-h.htm) + or + (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/3/1/1/13113/13113-h.zip) + + + + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + +VOL. 17, No. 495.] SATURDAY, JUNE 25, 1831. [PRICE 2d. + + + + * * * * * + + + + +HERMITAGE AT FROGMORE. + +[Illustration] + + +Frogmore is one of the most delightful of the still retreats of +Royalty. It was formerly the seat of the Hon. Mrs. Egerton, of whom it +was purchased by Queen Charlotte, in 1792, who made considerable +additions to the house and gardens. The grounds were laid out by Uvedale +Price, Esq. a celebrated person in the annals of picturesque gardening. +The ornamental improvements were made by the direction of the Princess +Elizabeth, (now Landgravine of Hesse Homburg,) whose taste for rural +quiet we noticed in connexion with an Engraving of Her Royal Highness' +Cottage, adjoining Old Windsor churchyard. [1] + + [1]: See _Mirror_, No 475. + +Frogmore occupies part of a fertile valley, which divides the Little +Park from Windsor Forest, and comprises about thirteen acres. Mr. +Hakewill describes it as "diversified with great skill and taste, and a +piece of water winds throughout it with a pleasing variety of turn and +shape. The trees and shrubs, both native and exotic, which spread their +shade and diffuse their fragrance, are disposed with the best effect; +while buildings are so placed as to enliven and give character to the +general scene. The Ruin was designed by Mr. James Wyatt, and being +seated on the bank of the water, as well as in part in the wood, it +presents, with its creeping ivy and fractured buttresses, a most +pleasing object from various points of the garden. The _Hermitage (see +the Engraving)_ is a small circular thatched building, completely +embowered in lofty trees, and was constructed from a drawing of the +Princess Elizabeth. There is also a Gothic Temple, sacred to solitude, +and a well-imagined and picturesque barn, which heighten the appropriate +scenery. Too much cannot be said of the secluded beauty of this charming +spot, and nothing further need be said of the taste and judgment of +Major Price, to whom its arrangements have been entrusted." + +The _Hermitage_ contains a tablet spread with fruit, eggs, and bread, +and a figure of a hermit reading the Scriptures; at the entrance are +the following lines, written on the marriage of the Princess Royal:-- + + Ye whom variety delights, + Descend awhile from Windsor's heights, + And in this hovel deign to tread, + Quitting the castle for the shed; + Such were the muse's favourite haunts, + From care secluded and from wants. + What nature needs this but can give, + Could we as nature dictates live; + For see, on this plain board at noon + Are placed a platter and a spoon, + Which, though they mark no gorgeous treat, + Suggest 'tis reasonable to eat. + What though the sun's meridian light + Beams not on our hovel bright, + Though others need, we need him not, + Coolness and gloom befit a cot. + Our hours we count without the sun. + These sands proclaim them as they run, + Sands within a glass confined, + Glass which ribs of iron bind; + For Time, still partial to this glass, + Made it durable as brass, + That, placed secure upon a shelf, + None might crush it but himself. + Let us here the day prolong + With loyal and with nuptial song, + Such as, with duteous strains addrest, + May gratify each royal guest; + Thrice happy, should our rural toils + Be requited by their smiles. + +There are other affectionate testimonials in the grounds. The Gothic +ruin contains an apartment fitted up as an oratory, ornamented with a +copy of the Descent from the Cross, modelled in chalk, after the +celebrated painting by Rembrandt; busts of George III. and the Duke of +Kent; a posthumous marble figure of an infant child of his present +Majesty; and an alto-relievo representing an ascending spirit attended +by a guardian angel with the inscription-- + + Monumental Tablet + To the Memory + of + Her Royal Highness the Princess Charlotte. + + + * * * * * + + +ANCIENT WAGES TO MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT. + +(_For the Mirror._) + + +Chamberlayne, in his _Angliæ Notitia_, says, "Although the lords of +parliament are to bear their own charges, because they represent there +only themselves; yet all the commons, both lay and clergy, that is, +_Procuratores Cleri_, are to have _rationales expensus_, (as the words +of the writ are) that is, such allowance as the king considering the +prices of all things, shall judge meet to impose upon the people to pay. +In the 17th of Edward II. it was ten groats for knights, and five groats +for burgesses; but not long after it was four shillings for all others, +which in those days, as appears by the prices of all things, was a +considerable sum, above ten times more than it is now, (1688) for not +only then expenses were considered, though that was great by reason of +the suitable attendance that then every parliament-man had, but also +their pains, their loss of time, and necessary neglect of their own +private affairs for the service of their country; and when the counties, +cities, and boroughs paid so dear for their expenses, they were wont to +take care to chuse such men as were best able, and most diligent in the +speedy despatch of affairs; by which means, with some others, more +business in those times was despatched in parliament in a week, than is +now perhaps in ten; so that the protections for parliament-men and their +servants from arrests were not then grievous, when scarce any parliament +or sessions lasted so long as one of the four terms at Westminster. + +"The aforementioned expenses duly paid, did cause all the petty decayed +boroughs of England to become humble suitors to the king, that they +might not be obliged to send burgesses to parliament; whereby it came to +pass, that divers were unburgessed, as it was in particular granted to +_Chipping_, or _Market-Morriton_, upon their petition; and then the +number of the _Commons House_ being scarce half so many as at present, +then debates and bills were sooner expedited." page 156, 21st. edit. + +Halsted, in his _History of Kent_, tells us, "The pay of the burgesses +of Canterbury was fixed (anno 1411) at two shillings a-day for each, +while such burgess was absent from his family attending his duty. In +1445 the wages were no more than twelve pence a-day; two years +afterwards they were increased to sixteenpence, and in 1503 had again +been raised to two shillings. In Queen Mary's reign, the corporation +refused to continue this payment any longer, and the wages of the +members were then levied by assessment on the inhabitants at large, and +continued to be so raised till these kinds of payments were altogether +discontinued." + +P.T.W. + + + * * * * * + + +THE WORD "EI." + +(_For the Mirror._) + + +This word, which was engraven on the temple of Apollo, at Delphi, has +occasioned much controversy among the literati. The learned and +admirable Plutarch tells us that it means "thou art" as if "thou art +one." The Langhornes, in their life of this philosopher, [2] attack his +opinion as inconsistent with "the whole tenour of the Heathen +Mythology." It in to be observed, that the Greek word for priests is +"[Greek: iereis]" (iereis). But I infer nothing from this; yet at the +same time it is a remarkable circumstance. The objection of the +Langhornes is frivolous; for the sun (Apollo) in most nations, was +considered chief of the gods, and this inscription was placed to prove +his _superiority and unity_. + + [2] Langhorne's Plutarch, vol. i. p. xv.--Limbird's edition. + +It is a very remarkable circumstance, that when the Pythia refused to +enter the temple, at the application of Alexander, "Philip's godlike +son," and he attempting to force her in, she exclaimed--"[Greek: +Anikaetos ei o pai]" (My son, you are invincible.) Now, probably, she +had some other intention in using that word; but, however, that does not +affect the argument. I cannot but consider that Plutarch is right. + +B.K. + + + * * * * * + + +A FAREWELL TO SPAIN. + + FOR MUSIC. + +(_For the Mirror._) + + + Land of the myrtle and the vine, + The sunny citron-tree, + With heart upon the waves I give + My latest look to thee. + + Thy glorious scenes of vale and hill + With joy I now resign, + And seek a more congenial land, + Where Freedom will be mine. + + Farewell! thou hast the iron sway + Of bigots and of slaves, + But mine shall be a chainless heart + Upon the dark blue waves. + + For thee our sires have fought and died, + For thee their blood have given, + When tyrants o'er the trampled field + Like thunder-clouds were driven. + + And has the purple tide in vain, + From hill and vale been poured, + Or do the hopes of Freedom sleep + With mighty Mina's sword? + + Oh! no--the trumpet-voice of war, + Shall proudly sound again, + And millions shall obey its call, + And break their chartered chain! + + Till then, my native hearth and home + I'll joyfully resign; + Farewell! thou song-enchanted land + Of myrtle and of vine. + + _Deal_. G.K.C. + + + * * * * * + + +THE DEATH-BEDS OF GREAT MEN. + +(_For the Mirror._) + + +If there are any remarks which deserve to be recorded for the benefit of +mankind, they are those which have been expressed on a dying bed, when, +unfettered by prejudice or passion, Truth shines forth in her real +colours. Sir John Hawkins has recorded of Dr. Johnson, that when +suffering under that disease which ended in his dissolution, he +addressed his friends in the following words:--"You see the state I am +in, conflicting with bodily pain and mental distraction. While you are +in health and strength, labour to do good, and avoid evil, if ever you +wish to escape the distress that oppresses me." + +When Lord Lyttleton was on his death-bed, his daughter, Lady Valentia, +and her husband, came to see him. He gave them his solemn benediction, +adding--"Be good, be virtuous, my lord; you must come to this." + +The triumphant death of Addison will be remembered with feelings of +pleasure by all. Having sent for the young Earl of Warwick, he +affectionately pressed his hand, saying--"See in what peace a Christian +can die!" + +The father of William Penn was opposed to his son's religious +principles; but finding that he acted with sincerity, was at last +reconciled. When dying, he adjured him to do nothing contrary to his +conscience--"So," said he, "you will keep peace within, which will be a +comfort in the day of trouble." + +Locke, the day before his death, addressed Lady Masham, who was sitting +by his bedside, exhorting her to regard this world only as a state of +preparation for a better. He added, that he had lived long enough, and +expressed his gratitude to God for the happiness that had fallen to his +lot. + +Tillotson, when dying, thanked his Maker that he felt his conscience at +ease, and that he had nothing further to do but to await the will of +Heaven. + +Sir Walter Raleigh behaved on the scaffold with the greatest composure. +Having vindicated his conduct in an eloquent speech, he felt the edge of +the axe, observing with a smile--"It is a sharp medicine, but a sure +remedy, for all woes." Being asked which way he would lay himself on the +block, he replied--"So the heart be right, it is no matter which way the +head lies." + +Latimer, when he beheld a fagot ready kindled laid at Ridley's feet, +exclaimed--"Be of good cheer, master Ridley, and play the man; we shall +this day light such a candle in England, as I hope, by God's grace, +shall never be put out." + +The author of Hervey's Meditations, when on his sick bed, observed that +his time had been too much occupied in reading the historians, orators, +and poets of ancient and modern times; and that were he to renew his +studies, he would devote his attention to the Scriptures. + +The last words which the eminent physician Haller addressed to his +medical attendant expressed the calm serenity of his mind. "My friend," +said he, laying his hand on his pulse, "the artery no longer beats." + +M. De La Harpe, one of the first literary characters of the last +century, who for many years laboured to spread the principles of the +French philosophy, but afterwards became a most strenuous defender of +Christianity, on the evening preceding his death was visited by a +friend. He was listening to the Prayers for the Sick; as soon as they +were concluded, he stretched forth his hand and said--"I am grateful to +Divine mercy, for having left me sufficient recollection to feel how +consoling these prayers are to the dying." + +Cardinal Wolsey, when dying, by slow progress and short journeys, +reached Leicester Abbey. He was received with the greatest respect. His +only observation was, "Father Abbot, I am come to lay my bones among +you." He died three days after, with, great composure and fortitude. He +said, shortly before his death--"Had I but served my God as diligently +as I have served the king, he would not have forsaken me in my grey +hairs; but this is the just reward I must receive for my pains and +study, in not regarding my service to God, but only to my prince." + +Melancthon, a few days before his death, although extremely debilitated, +delivered his usual lecture. At the termination of it, he said, +impressively--"I am a dying man, and these are the three subjects for +intercession with God, which I leave to my children and their little +ones--that they may form part of his church, and worship him +aright--that they may be one in him, and live in harmony with each +other--and that they may be fellow-heirs of eternal life." The day +before his death, he addressed some present--"God bestows talents on our +youth, do you see that they use them aright." While dying, his friends +discerned a slight motion of the countenance, which was peculiar to him +when deeply affected by religious joy. + +W. + + + * * * * * + + + +THE NOVELIST. + + +OSMYN AND ZAMBRI. + +_A Persian Tale. From the French._ + +(_From a Correspondent._) + + +A worthy old Persian having arrived at the end of an irreproachable +life, experienced in his last moments the greatest uneasiness for the +fate of his two sons, whom he was about to leave without fortune, +without a livelihood, and without a prospect. The elder called Osmyn, +was twenty years of age, and the younger, eighteen, bore the name of +Zambri. + +As the old man drew near his last hour, he thought much less of his own +sufferings than of the fate of his children, when his ear was agreeably +struck with a soft and melodious voice, which said to him, "Fear +nothing, old man, I will watch over your children; die in peace as thou +hast lived. I bring a present for each of your sons; let them make good +use of it, and one day perhaps they may be re-united, and live in +happiness." + +At these words a balsamic odour spread itself in the cottage, and a +bright light discovered to the view of the astonished Persian, the +features of a young man, whose expressive countenance had in it +something celestial. It was a beneficent genius, who after having +deposited his presents on the bed of the old man, vanished like +lightning. The old man called his two sons, they ran eagerly towards him +with a light, and approached the bed of their father, who related to +them the visit he had been honoured with, and showed them the presents +of the genius. On one side was a small box covered with brilliant +spangles; on the other a sheet of paper carefully sealed. "Come Osmyn," +said the old man, "you are the eldest, it is for you to choose." + +Osmyn attracted by the richness of the box, chose it with eagerness, and +poor Zambri was obliged to be contented with the humble envelope. The +old man embraced them, blessed them, and died as one resigning himself +to the arms of hope. After having wept sincerely the death of so good a +father, and having rendered the last offices to his remains, the two +brothers were anxious to know what aid they should find in the presents +of the genius. Osmyn opened his little box and found it filled with +pastilles of divers forms and colours. He was almost tempted to laugh at +the meanness of such a gift, when he perceived these words written on +the lid of the box--"_Each time that thou eatest one of these pastilles, +thine imagination will bring forth a poem perfect in all its parts, +sublime and delicate in its details, such in short as will surpass the +ablest works of the best Persian poets._" + +Osmyn did not want vanity; the possession of so fine a secret failed not +to turn his young brain, and a hundred illusions of fortune and glory +presented themselves at once to his imagination. + +From the value of the present given by the genius to his brother, Zambri +doubted not that his paper contained also some marvellous secret. He +opened it and read with as much surprise as sorrow--"_A new Receipt for +preparing Sherbet._" Some lines pointed out the method of composing a +liquor, of which one drop only being infused in a bowl of Sherbet, would +give it a taste and perfume hitherto unknown to the most voluptuous +Asiatics. + +Osmyn was overjoyed, and Zambri was in despair; Osmyn wished not to quit +his brother, but the orders of the genius were imperative. The two +brothers embraced each other tenderly, shed tears, and separated. The +eldest took the road to Bagdad, where all the learned, and all the poets +of Asia were assembled to attend the court of the Caliph. As to poor +Zambri, he quitted the cottage of his father, carrying nothing with him +but _the humble receipt for preparing Sherbet_, and leaving to chance +the direction of his course. + +Before his arrival at Bagdad, Osmyn had already eaten half-a-dozen of +the pastilles, and consequently carried with him half-a-dozen poems, +beside which were to fade the productions of the greatest Eastern poets. +But he soon found that pretenders to talent often succeed better than +those who really possess it. He felt the necessity of connecting himself +with literary men, and men of the world; but he only found them occupied +with their business, their pleasures, or their own pretensions. Under +what title could he present himself? Under that of a poet? The court and +the city overflowed with them; they had already filled every avenue. To +consult his fellows would be to consult his rivals; to ask their praises +would be to ask a miser for his treasures. Besides, so many books +appeared, that people did not care to read. However, Osmyn's works were +published, but they were not even noticed in the multitude of similar +productions. + +After having vegetated four or five years at Bagdad, without obtaining +anything but weak encouragement given by wise men, (who are without +influence because they are wise,) poor Osmyn began to lose the brilliant +hopes that formerly had dazzled him. However, by dint of eating the +pastilles, he at last attracted some notice. If it requires time for +genius to emerge from obscurity, no sooner is it known than recompense +is made for slow injustice. It is sought after not for itself, but for +the sake of vanity. Envy often avails itself of it as a fit instrument +subservient to its own purposes. Soon, in fact, the works of Osmyn only +were spoken of, and after languishing a long time unnoticed, he saw +himself at once raised to the pinnacle, without having passed the steps +which lead from misery to fortune, from obscurity to glory. + +The Caliph desired to see so great a genius, and to possess him at his +court. Osmyn was overwhelmed with favours; he sung the praises of the +Caliph with a delicacy that other poets were far from being able to +imitate. The Caliph admired delicate praise the more because it is rare +at court. + +So much merit and favour besides, soon created the jealousy of other +poets, and likewise of the courtiers. Even those, who had showed +themselves the most enthusiastic admirers of Osmyn's talents, feared to +see themselves eclipsed by this new comer, and resolved to destroy the +idol they had raised so much higher than they wished. + +One of the poets, Osmyn's enemy, was employed to compose a satire +against the Caliph, and it was agreed that this should be circulated +under the favourite's name. From that time the avenger of the common +cause never quitted Osmyn, nor ceased to load him with praises and +caresses. + +One day when Osmyn delivered an extempore poem before the Caliph, his +rival, after having warmly applauded him, cast down his eyes by +accident, and saw shining on the floor one of the pastilles that Osmyn, +who was led away by the vivacity of his declamation, had let fall by +mistake. The traitor snatched it up, and put it mechanically in his +mouth. + +The pastille produced its effect; the poet felt a sudden inspiration, +left the hall and flew to compose the projected satire. He was surprised +at his own aptitude; the verses cost him no trouble, but flowed of +themselves. The bitterest expressions escaped from his pen without his +seeking for them. In short, in an instant, he brought forth a true +_chef-d'oeuvre_ of malice. + +He continued some moments in ecstacy with his work, and carried it in +triumph to his friends--or rather to his accomplices. The satire was +received with the liveliest applause: it was the pure and vigorous style +of Osmyn. The writer had imitated his handwriting; and soon the libel +was spread about in his name. + +Murmurs arose on all sides against the ingratitude of Osmyn. The satire +fell into the hands of the Caliph, who in his rage ordered the +unfortunate Osmyn to be stript of all his property, and driven from +Bagdad. Osmyn, overpowered by the blow, could not defend himself; +besides, how could he make his innocence heard amidst the cries of his +calumniators. + +After having wandered a long time, every where imploring pity--sometimes +meeting with kindness, but oftener repulsed with selfishness--he +arrived, at nightfall, before a superb country house, magnificently +illuminated. He heard the accents of joy mingled with the sounds of a +brilliant concert of music, and saw all the signs of a splendid fête. +However, the thunder began to roll, the sky was obscured by heavy +clouds, and Osmyn's miserable clothing was soon drenched by the rain. + +He approached this beautiful house, in hopes to find there, if not +hospitality for the night, at least an asylum for some minutes. The +slaves perceived him, and said to him harshly--"What do you ask, +beggar?" + +"A humble shelter from the storm, a morsel of bread to appease my +hunger, and a little straw to rest my body on, borne down by fatigue." + +"Thou shalt have none of these." + +"For pity--" + +"Begone!" + +"See how it rains!--Hear how it thunders!" + +"Go elsewhere, and come not to disturb by thy presence the pleasures of +our master." + +Osmyn was on the point of obeying this order, when the master of the +house, who had witnessed this scene from a window, came down, called his +slaves, and ordered them to receive the unfortunate man, to procure him +clothes, a bed, and all he was in need of. "Misery," said he, "misery is +for him who revels in the presence of the poor, and suffers them to +plead for assistance in vain; and misfortune for the rich who, cloyed +with luxuries, refuse a morsel of bread to a famishing stranger. Poor +traveller, go and repose thyself, and may the Prophet send thee +refreshing slumbers, that thou mayst for a time forget thy sufferings." + +"Oh Heaven!" cried Osmyn, "what voice strikes my ear? It is the +voice--the voice of Zambri!" + +"Zambri! what! do you know him?" + +"Heavens! do I know him?--Do I know my brother?" + +"You my brother!" cried Zambri in his turn. "Can it be? That voice--those +features, disfigured by poverty and misery. Ah! I recognise you, my dear +Osmyn!" + +No more need be said: he flew to embrace his brother; but Osmyn, +overcome by the excess of his joy, fell senseless at his feet. + +He was conveyed into the finest apartment of the villa, every assistance +was afforded him, and he was soon restored. Zambri ordered him +magnificent apparel, and taking him by the hand, conducted him to the +banquet, and presented him to his friends. After the repast, Osmyn +related all the vicissitudes of his fortune, his long suffering, his +rapid glory, the jealousy and perfidy of his enemies, "But thou," added +he, "my dear Zambri, by what good fortune do I find you in such an +enviable situation? What! this beautiful house, this crowd of slaves, +these sumptuous ornaments!--to what dost thou owe them?" + +"_To the receipt for preparing Sherbet,_" said Zambri, smiling. "Listen +to my story, it is very simple. Soon after we parted, I directed my +steps towards Teflis, where I sought only to gain a livelihood. On my +arrival, I went into the public places where the opulent people +assemble, to refresh themselves with ices and sherbet. I solicited +employment there, but was refused, and harshly sent away. Not knowing +what to do, and not having money to procure a subsistence, I went at +length to one of the obscure cafés, frequented by the lowest people. The +master of this wretched place, who was named Mehdad, agreed to accept my +services. I prepared a bottle of the liquor for which the good genius +had given me the receipt, but the ingredients of which, although cheap, +I had not before been able to purchase, and soon I found an immense +company crowding to Mehdad's café. The rich people also would take no +other; and Mehdad soon had before him the prospect of becoming opulent. + +"He had a daughter; she was young and beautiful; I became enamoured of +her, and ventured to ask her hand. I had preserved the secret of my +receipt. Mehdad was ignorant that he owed his good fortune to me, and +believed that it was through his own talent. He rejected my offer with +disdain, and drove me from his house. Poor fellow! he was not the first +who, without knowing it, had driven good luck from his home. + +"I had gained some money in his service; and I employed the fruit of my +economy in forming for myself an establishment in one of the public +gardens of Teflis, on the banks of the charming river Khur. Here I +erected a small, but elegant pavilion, and I sold my Sherbet to all the +promenaders of the garden. In a short time Mehdad, and all the cafés of +Teflis, were abandoned for my little pavilion. Zambri's Sherbet was +alone in demand: it was spoken of in all companies--it was taken at all +festivals. The garden of Zambri was crowded from morning till night. The +multitude was attracted towards my pavilion like swarms of flies towards +a honey-comb. I was compelled to erect a pavilion ten times larger than +the former, and I decorated it magnificently. + +"A year had scarcely elapsed before I had acquired a considerable +fortune. I quitted my new establishment, returned to the city, and +purchased merchandize of all descriptions. I prepared a great quantity +of this favourite liquor, to which I owe all my wealth. I sent it to all +the cities of Persia, and into the most distant countries. Heaven seemed +to smile on my exertions. A beautiful widow, aged twenty years, saw and +loved me; I was not insensible to her charms. We made mutual vows of +attachment, and marriage crowned my happiness. + +"We have acquired this charming retreat, and reside here during the most +beautiful season of the year, amongst our good friends, who, in +partaking our pleasures, add to them the charms of their society. + +"How many times, dear Osmyn, have my thoughts been occupied with thee! +Often have I said, in the midst of my prosperity, Where is my +brother?--where dwells Osmyn? No doubt the invaluable secret he +possesses has gained him an immense fortune, and raised him to the +pinnacle of honour. But I see that in these times happiness, +tranquillity, and perhaps riches, are more easily obtained by humble and +modest employment, than by splendid abilities. In the course of my +transactions, I have met with vexations and disappointments. Sometimes +my Sherbet has been imitated; but the fraud has always been discovered, +and the intrigues of my rivals have added to my reputation. At length I +have found that it is easier to satisfy the caprice than the judgment of +mankind, and that those who could not understand the merits of a clever +work, would readily agree upon the subject of a delicious and agreeable +beverage." + +Thus spoke the good Zambri: he strove affectionately to console Osmyn. +The two brothers separated no more; and, thanks to the _receipt for +preparing_ _Sherbet_, they lived long together amidst the pleasures +that wealth commands, and the still more true and solid happiness +procured by peace and friendship. + + + * * * * * + + + +THE NATURALIST. + + +BOTANY OF SHAKSPEARE. + + +At a recent meeting of the Medico-Botanical Society, a very interesting +dissertation on the medicinal plants which occur in the plays of +Shakspeare, from the pen of Mr. Rootsay, of Bristol, was read, and +excited considerable attention. The hebenon henbane alluded to in +_Hamlet_, the mandragora, the various plants so beautifully alluded to +in _Romeo and Juliet_, and in other dramas, were the subject of the +inquiry, and much classical information was displayed by the ingenious +author in the illustration of the subject. We hope to report more +respecting this very interesting paper to our readers. + + + * * * * * + + +THE CUTTLE-FISH. + + +The following account of the _sepia media_, a small species of +cuttle-fish, is given by Mr. Donovan, in his "Excursion through South +Wales:"--"When first caught, the eyes, which are large and prominent, +glistened with the lustre of the pearl, or rather of the emerald, whose +luminous transparency they seemed to emulate. The pupil is a fine black, +and above each eye is a semilunar mark of the richest garnet. The body, +nearly transparent, or of a pellucid green, is glossed with all the +variety of prismatic tints, and thickly dotted with brown. At almost +every effort of respiration, the little creature tossed its arms in +apparent agony, and clung more firmly to the finger; while the +dark-brown spots upon the body alternately faded and revived, +diminishing in size till they were scarcely perceptible, and then +appearing again as large as peas, crowding, and becoming confluent +nearly all over the body. At length, the animal being detained too long +from its native element, became enfeebled, the colours faded, the spots +decreased in size, and all its pristine beauty vanished with the last +gasp of life." + +W.G.C. + + * * * * * + + +THE OSTRICH. + + +The Ostriches in the Gardens of the Zoological Society would be truly a +noble pair, were it not for an unnatural curve in the neck of the male, +in consequence, it is said, of its having formerly swallowed something +more than usually bulky and hard of digestion. + + + * * * * * + + + +MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS. + +[Illustration] + + +RUSSIAN BURIAL GROUND. + + +Mr. James's popular Journal of a Tour in Russia, &c., has supplied the +above illustration of honours paid to the dead in that country. The Cut +represents one of the Cemeteries of the government of Tchernigoff. Mr. +James describes it as planted around with trees, and studded thick with +wooden crosses, oratories, and other permanent marks of reverence. The +general appearance of piety with which these grounds are kept up, their +sequestered situation apart from any town, the profound veneration with +which they are saluted by the natives, added to the dark and sepulchral +shade of the groves, lend them an interest with which the tinsel +ornaments of more gorgeous cemeteries can in no degree compare. + + + * * * * * + + +ANCESTORS. + + +Some nations pay particular attention to the memory of their ancestors. +The Quojas, a people of Africa, offer sacrifices of rice and wine to +their ancestors, before they undertake any considerable action; and the +anniversaries of their death are always kept by their families with +great solemnity; the king invokes the souls of his father and mother to +make trade flourish and the chase succeed. But the Chinese have +distinguished themselves above all other nations, by the veneration in +which they hold their ancestors. Part of the duty, according to the laws +of Confucius, which children owe their parents, consists in worshipping +them when dead. They have a solemn and an ordinary worship for this +purpose, the former of which is held twice a year with great pomp, and +is described as follows by an eye witness:--The sacrifices were made in +a chapel, well adorned, where there were six altars, furnished with +censers, tapers, and flowers. There were three ministers, and behind +them two young acolites: he that officiated was an aged man, and a new +Christian. The three former went with a profound silence, and made +frequent genuflexions towards the five altars, pouring out wine; +afterwards they drew near to the sixth, and when they came to the foot +of the altar, half bowed down, they said their prayers with a low voice. +That being finished, the three ministers went to the altar; the priest +took up a vessel full of wine, and drank; then he lifted up the head of +a deer, or goat; after which, taking fire from the altar, they lighted a +bit of paper, and the minister of ceremonies turning towards the people, +said, with a high voice, that he gave them thanks in the name of their +ancestors, for having so well honoured them; and in recompense he +promised them, on their part, a plentiful harvest, a fruitful issue, +good health and long life, and all those advantages which are most +pleasing to men. + +The Chinese have also in their houses a niche, or hollow place, in which +they put the names of their deceased fathers, to which they make prayers +and offerings of perfumes and spices at certain periods. + +A.V. + + * * * * * + + +THE SELECTOR; +AND LITERARY NOTICES OF _NEW WORKS_. + + +HISTORY OF POLAND. + + +This volume, a goodly octavo, will be peculiarly acceptable at the +present season. It presents a lucid view of Polish history, from the +earliest period to the present eventful moment; and, as a passage of +immediate interest, we quote the following character of the President of +the National Government of Poland: + + This illustrious personage, Prince Adam Czartoryski, is the + eldest son of the late prince of the same house, and is + descended from the family of Jagellon, the ancient sovereigns of + Lithuania. His father was long known, not only as a nobleman of + the first rank in Poland, but as one of the most accomplished + scholars in Europe. Such was his reputation, that at the period + of the last vacancy in the throne of Poland, Poniatowski + (afterwards king) was deputed by the diet to propitiate the + Empress Catherine, to second the election of Czartoryski; but + the deputy's handsome form found such favour in the licentious + eyes of the modern Messalina, that he ceased to urge the suit of + the diet, and returned the avowed nominee of his imperial + mistress. Prince Czartoryski's claims on the throne, popularity, + and consequent influence, rendered him odious to the court of + St. Petersburg, and when the last act of spoliation was + perpetrated, his lands were ravaged, his beautiful Castle of + Pulawy destroyed, and a sentence of extermination pronounced + against him, unless he would consent to send his two sons, one + the subject of this notice, and the other Prince Constantino + Czartoryski, as hostages to St. Petersburg. To avoid this + wretched alternative, the prince and his princess, who still + survive, consented to the separation, and the two young + noblemen, were placed under the eye of those who were deemed + worthy, by the Autocrat, of reforming their principles. The + talents displayed by both brothers soon obtained for them the + admiration of the court; and as it was of great importance to + gain them over, every mark of imperial favour was heaped upon + them by the Emperor Alexander, with whom, from infancy, they had + established terms of the utmost familiarity. The elder brother + held for a long time the portfolio of the Foreign Office, and, + in his official capacity, accompanied his imperial master to the + scenes of some of his most serious disasters. During Napoleon's + invasion, Prince Constantino was in Poland, and confiding in the + integrity of the then master of the destinies of Europe, and + breathing naught but freedom for his country, he joined the + banners of the invader, and raised a regiment at his own expense + to aid in the cause of liberation. At Smolensk he received a + severe wound, from the effects of which he has never yet + recovered. He resides at Vienna. + + The influence of Prince Adam Czartoryski proved to be singularly + useful to Poland after the downfall of Napoleon. He interposed, + and interposed successfully, between the anger of Alexander and + his suffering country; and, on the establishment of the kingdom + of Poland, was appointed the curator of all the universities, + both there and in the incorporated provinces. These duties he + sedulously discharged, until he was superseded by the notorious + Count Novozilzoff. From this period he has lived in retirement, + faithfully performing all the duties of private life. The + promotion of agriculture, science in all its branches, and + kindly offices among mankind, constituted his occupations until + recent events drew him from his privacy. The first call was made + by the Russian functionaries, as stated in the text, for the + purpose of self-protection! the second was that of his devoted + country, when a government was essential to success. He was + chosen not only one of the five members of the executive body, + but its president, a station which he still honourably fills. + Into his new office he has carried all the unostentatious and + disinterested virtues that adorned Pulawy, and there is little + doubt that if (and no one suspects that such will not be the + case) the independence of Poland be fairly won, the choice of + his country will point to him as its sovereign. Having finished + his academical career at the University of Edinburgh, he early + acquired a strong taste for English institutions and for + Englishmen, and of this he gave substantial proof by devoting + 250 l. a-year to the exclusive purchase of English books. His + revenues are enormous; but his liberality is unbounded; and, as + it is a rule in his munificent establishment to provide + liberally for the families of all his dependants, his means are + comparatively restricted, but his personal wants are few; and + that he is ready to accommodate himself to circumstances, was + well shown by his only observation on hearing of the + confiscation of his large property in Podolia by Nicholas. + "Instead of riding, I must walk, and instead of sumptuous fare, + I must dine on buck-wheat."[3] Such is a faint outline of this + illustrious man's character. Were it only for the admirable + example of such an individual guiding the reigns of the + government of a devoted people, it is most ardently to be hoped + that Poland may triumph over her enemies, and be raised to that + rank from which she was degraded only by the basest of + treasons.--_Fletcher's History of Poland._ + + [3] The common food of the poor. + +As the pronunciation of the Polish language is attended with some +difficulty, the author of this work has, in his advertisement, subjoined +the following hints, taken principally from the "Letters Literary and +Political on Poland, Edinburgh, 1823." + +All vowels are sounded as in French and Italian; and there are no +diphthongs, every vowel being pronounced distinctly. The consonants are +the same as in English, except + +_w_, which is sounded like _v_, at the beginning of a word; thus, +Warsawa--_Varsafa_; in the middle or at the end of a word it has the +sound of _f_, as in the instance already cited; and Narew--_Nareff_. + +_c_, like _tz_, and never like _k_; thus, Pac is sounded _Patz_. + +_g_, like _g_ in Gibbon; thus, _Oginski_. + +_ch_, like the Greek [Greek: ch] or _k_; thus, Lech--_Lek_. + +_cz_, like the English _tch_ in pitch;--thus, Czartoryski pronounce +_Tchartoryski_. + +_sz_, like _sh_ in _shape_; thus, Staszyc like _Stashytz_. + +_szcz_, like _shtch_; thus, Szczerbiec like _Shtcherbietz_. + +_rz_, like _j_ in _je_, with a slight sound of _r_; thus, +Rzewuski--_Rjevuski_. + + + * * * * * + + +WHITE'S BAMPTON LECTURES. + + +Dr. Dibdin has prefixed the subsequent Note to one of these Lectures +(Character of Christ compared with that of Mahomet), which he has +reprinted in vol. iii. of the _Sunday Library_:-- + + "Of all the sermons preached in this, or in any other country, + THESE are perhaps the most celebrated; or, if this observation + require qualification, the only exception may be in favour of + those of the _Petit Carême_ of MASILLON. For three successive + terms, the church of St. Mary's, at Oxford, was crowded with an + auditory breathless in admiration of the splendour of diction + and vividness of imagery manifested in these discourses. The + subject treated of--'_A Comparison of Mahometanism and + Christianity in their History, their Evidences, and their + Effects_'--was new and striking in the pulpit of the University + Church. A great deal of highly wrought expectation, from more + than a whisper spread abroad of the sources whence the chief + materials had been derived, preceded their publicity; and the + preacher, although by no means remarkable for elegance of + manner, or ductility and melody of voice, applied his whole + energies to the task of giving power and effect to his delivery. + He succeeded, greatly beyond his own expectations; and the + University rung with his praises. The fame which ensued was + merited; for the public, till then satisfied with the tame + polish and cold invective of BLAIR, became delighted by the + union of such harmony of language, skilfulness of argument, and + singularity of research, as were blended in these lectures. Yet + it may be questioned, not only whether a display of similar + talent would _now_ receive the like applause, but whether many + subsequent courses of Bampton lectures have not rendered a more + essential service to Christianity. + + "But, extraordinary as was the result of the _preaching_ of + these Bampton lectures, perhaps a more extraordinary history + belongs to their _composition_; and posterity will learn, with + wonder, and perhaps with mingled pity and contempt, that the + measures resorted to by the Laudian Professor of Arabic, in + order to impose upon his best friend and most able coadjutor, + DR. PARR, form such a tissue of petty artifice and intrigue as + scarcely to be believed. The whole plot, however, is minutely + and masterly developed in Dr. Johnstone's _Life of Dr. Parr_, + vol. i. p. 216-281, to which I refer the curious reader for some + very singular particulars. The facts, as there delineated, are + simply these:--A secret correspondence was carried on between + Professor White and Mr. Badcock, a dissenting minister of + Devonshire, who furnished the greater part of the materials of + these lectures; which materials, copied out by Professor White, + with a few emendations and additions, were sent to Dr. Parr as + the exclusive composition of the Professor. Several of the + lectures are wholly Badcock's, by the express admission of Dr. + White; and the undeniable evidence of a douceur of 500l. from + the Professor to Mr. Badcock, is a sufficiently solid proof of + the value in which the former held the labours of the latter. + There could be no violation of any great moral feeling in the + transaction thus simply considered; for the labourer was worthy + of his hire; but the evasive subtleties and shuffling + subterfuges by which the literary intercourse was stubbornly + denied, and attempted to be set aside, by Professor White, is + matter of perfect astonishment! In the mean while, Dr. Parr + steadily continued his critical labours, believing that the + Professor sought no _aid_ but his _own_. He revised, added, and + polished at his entire discretion; and while it is allowed that + _one-fifth_ at least, of these lectures are the work of his + learned hand, he undoubtedly gave to the whole its last and most + effectual polish. The history which belongs to his discovery of + the collateral aid of Badcock, is curious and amusing; but can + have no place here. It does great credit to the head and heart + of Dr. Parr. Thus the reader will observe that no small interest + is attached to the volume from which the ensuing extracts are + made: a volume, full, doubtless, of extensive and learned + research, and exhibiting a style remarkable alike for its + consummate art and harmonious copiousness." + + + * * * * * + + +WEALTH OF HENRY VII. + + +The hoard amassed by Henry, and "most of it under his own key and +keeping, in secret places at Richmond," is said to have amounted to near +1,800,000 l., which, according to our former conjectures, would be +equivalent to about 16,000,000 l.; an amount of specie so immense as to +warrant a suspicion of exaggeration, in an age when there was no control +from public documents on a matter of which the writers of history were +ignorant. Our doubts of the amount amassed by Henry are considerably +warranted by the computation of Sir W. Petty, who, a century and a half +later, calculated the whole specie of England at only 6,000,000 l.--This +hoard, whatever may have been its precise extent, was too great to be +formed by frugality, even under the penurious and niggardly Henry. A +system of extortion was employed, which "the people, into whom there is +infused for the preservation of monarchies a natural desire to discharge +their princes, though it be with the unjust charge of their counsellors, +did impute unto Cardinal Morton and Sir Reginald Bray, who, as it after +appeared, as counsellors of ancient authority with him, did so second +his humours as nevertheless they did temper them. Whereas Empson and +Dudley, that followed, being persons that had no reputation with him, +otherwise than by the servile following of his bent, did not give way +only as the first did, but shaped his way to those extremities for which +himself was touched with remorse at his death."[4] The means of exaction +chiefly consisted in the fines incurred by slumbering laws, in commuting +for money other penalties which fell on unknown offenders, and in the +sale of pardons and amnesties. Every revolt was a fruitful source of +profit. When the great confiscations had ceased, much remained to be +gleaned by true or false imputations of participation in treason. To be +a dweller in a disaffected district, was, for the purposes of the king's +treasure, to be a rebel. No man could be sure that he had not incurred +mulcts, or other grievous penalties, by some of those numerous laws +which had so fallen into disuse by their frivolous and vexatious nature +as to strike before they warned. It was often more prudent to compound +by money, even in false accusations, than to brave the rapacity and +resentment of the king and his tools. Of his chief instruments, "Dudley +was a man of good family, eloquent, and one that could put hateful +business into good language; Empson, the son of a sieve-maker, of +Towcester, triumphed in his deeds, putting off all other respects. They +were privy counsellors and lawyers, who turned law and justice into +wormwood and rapine."[5] They threw into prison every man whom they +could indict, and confined him, without any intention to prosecute, till +he ransomed himself. They prosecuted the mayors and other magistrates of +the city of London, for pretended or trivial neglects of duty, long +after the time of the alleged offences; subservient judges imposed +enormous fines, and the king imprisoned during his own life some of the +contumacious offenders. Alderman Hawes is said to have died heartbroken +by the terror and anguish of these proceedings. [6] They imprisoned and +fined juries who hesitated to lend their aid when it was deemed +convenient to seek it. To these, Lord Bacon tells us, were added "other +courses fitter to be buried than repeated."[7] Emboldened by long +success, they at last disdained to observe "_the half face of +justice_,"[8] but summoning the wealthy and timid before them in private +houses, "shuffled up" a summary examination without a jury, and levied +such exactions as were measured only by the fears and fortunes of their +victims.--_Mackintosh's England_, Vol. 2. + + [4] Bacon, iii. 409. + + [5] Ibid. iii. 380. + + [6] See examples in Bacon, iii. + + [7] Bacon, iii. 382. + + [8] E: Ibid. 381. + + + * * * * * + + + +SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY. + + +THE COURSE OF THE NIGER. + + +The discovery of the termination of the course of the Niger, will be of +the greatest importance to geography, to our political power, and to +civilization. + +With regard to geography, perhaps the contradiction which was afforded +by the various sources whence we derived our knowledge of the character +of the interior of Africa, and of the course of, next to the Nile, the +most renowned, and, as was considered from the same accounts, the +greatest river of that country, have in late times given unlimited zest +in the pursuit of further information, and has not in the least +detracted from the pleasure with which we find that we are indebted to +our countrymen for the solution of this all-absorbing problem. It +appears, that among the ancients many facts connected with the geography +of the interior of Africa were well known, which have still been an +object of discussion among the moderns; and of these, we may enumerate +the occurrence of a large lake or marsh (for it is either, at different +seasons of the year), whose real existence, beyond the speculations of +geographers, was very unsatisfactorily established, until the journey of +Denham and Clapperton; and the fact of the occurrence of a great river +in the west, emptying itself into the ocean, though many were of opinion +that it lost itself in an inland marsh, or in the desert, while others +supported the opinion of its identity with the Nile of the Egyptians. +The researches of Ptolemy and the Arabian geographers on the Nile of the +Negroes, and in later times the travels of Leo Africanus, who was a Moor +of Grenada, demonstrated the absurdity of this opinion; and how +extraordinary that, in the boasted perfection of human intellect, it +should have been broached several centuries afterwards, and that the +barometric levellings of Bruce should have been necessary to enforce +conviction! It is not at all improbable that Hanno, the Carthaginian, as +advanced by Macqueen, reached the Bight of Benin, or of Biafra; and +certainly the geographical information obtained on these countries by +Herodotus and Edrisi was more accurate than the speculations of many +modern geographers. Observation had demonstrated to the moderns that no +large river emptied itself into the ocean on the north-west coast, +though it required a more accurate acquaintance with the Senegal and the +Gambia before it was fully ascertained that they were not the outlets of +this great stream. The progress of navigation along the south-eastern +shores of Africa also showed that no large river emptied itself into the +sea along that coast; while the settlements of the Portuguese on the +coast to the south of Cape Lopez, led them, at an early period, to adopt +the opinion afterwards supported by Mungo Park and Mr. Barrow, that one +or more of the rivers in their vicinity were the outlets of the great +river of the interior of Africa. Two celebrated geographers, D'Anville +and Major Rennell, however, espoused the theory of the waters emptying +themselves into the Wangara, or great marsh; which argument underwent +various modifications in the hands of different geographers; and though +the probability of its emptying itself into the Gulf of Guinea had been +pointed out on the continent, and vigorously supported in this country, +an expedition was fitted out to explore the Congo or Zaire, which, +though unfortunate to the individuals concerned, was yet satisfactory in +a geographical point of view, and demonstrated that the rivers south of +Cape Lopez were not the outlets of the waters of the Niger, and gave +origin to a speculation which partook of all the characters of a romance +of the desert, beneath the sands of which its author buried the gigantic +stream, loaded with the waters of the Wangara or Lake Tchad, to make it +flow into the Mediterranean at the Syrtis of the ancients. + +In the history of geography there are no examples of greater +perseverance and courageous determination than in the efforts made to +triumph over the difficulties presented in the solution of this +important question. Since 1815, there has scarcely a year passed in +which a new attempt has not been made; and of these, if we recede a +little farther back, twenty-five were made by our countrymen, fourteen +by Frenchmen, two by Americans, and one by a German; of which but a +small number, since the days of Houghton, have not fallen victims to +their heroic devotion. + +Mungo Park first observed the direction of the stream which had become +as much an object of discussion as its termination; and, strange to say, +after the present discovery, it will, in some parts of its course, still +remain so. The unfortunate traveller just alluded to, previous to his +descent of the river, obtained some information from Moors and from +negroes, on its course by Timbuctoo. The Jinnie of Park is synonymous +with Jenné, Giné, Dhjenné, of other writers, as Jenné has again been +confounded with Kano or Kanno. It may be a figurative term--for the +Jinnie of Park was on an island, as was the Jenné of the Moorish +reports, while the Jenné of some travellers is at a short distance from +the river. This cannot be the case with regard to Timbuctoo, which is +visited by caravans twice a year from Morocco; nor is the name met with +any where, except the two first syllables in the town of Timbo, which +cannot be mistaken for Timbuctoo. + +Major Laing had discovered the source of the Niger to be in the +mountains of Loma, in 9 deg. 15 min. west latitude, and had ascertained +its course for a short distance from its source. We were also aware of +the existence of one or two streams joining the great river, or +branching from it near Timbuctoo. De Lisle had marked a river Gambarra, +on his maps drawn up for Louis XV., and not without good authority. This +is the river coming from Houssa; and the Joliba of modern travellers is +a river, we could prove, from the concurring testimony of a variety of +sources, coming from the north-west, and joining its waters with, that +is to say flowing into the Niger, in the immediate neighbourhood of +Timbuctoo; still at that point the Kowarra, or Quorra of the Moors, or +Quolla of the Negroes, who always change the _r_ for _l_ a name which, +according to Laing, it has at its sources--according to Clapperton, it +preserves beyond Timbuctoo, and is probably still the name of the same +stream at its embouchure in the Bight of Biafra. The Quarrama is another +tributary stream which passes by Saccatoo, and falls into the Quorra +above Youri, and above the point where Mungo Park was wrecked; and the +line of country between this river and the Shashum, comprising the hills +of Doochee, of Naroo, and of Dull, is the line of water-shed to the +rivers joining the Quorra on the one hand, and those emptying themselves +into the Wangara on the other. The course given by Sultan Bello, and the +information obtained by Major Denham, both pointed out a river coursing +to the east, which is probably the branch followed by the Landers: for +its termination in Lake Tchad had not even the air of probability; +though it is not, on the other-hand, at all improbable that other +branches empty themselves into the Bight of Benin, by the rivers +Formosa or Volta, according to information given to Captain Clapperton +and Major Laing. + +We had intended to embody some remarks upon the pretended journey of +Caillié; but we find we have already occupied too much space in details +necessary to make the geographical nature of the question well +understood; and we shall content ourselves with remarking, that the +discovery of the termination of the Quorra, or Niger, tends to throw a +degree of improbability upon the narrative of that individual, which it +will require much ingenuity to explain away. It is certain that the +latitude given to Timbuctoo by the editor of those travels, and upon +which sufficient ridicule has already been thrown in the Edinburgh +Geographical Journal, may be considered as an error entirely of the +editor's, who, by taking it upon himself, will relieve the burden of the +mistake from the traveller, and thus lighten the weighty doubts which +might in consequence bear upon the remainder of the details; for the +situation of that city, as given by Jomard, is quite inconsistent with +the situation it must be in, from the ascertained source, direction, and +termination of the river. There can be no doubt but that a portion of +the labours presented to the public as the travels of Caillié are +founded upon valid documents, wherever obtained, and probably most of +the errors are those of the editor. But though authorities can be found +in support of the division of the Quorra into two branches; one of +which, the Joliba, flows to the north-west, and the other in an almost +opposite direction,--fact which has no analogy in geography, and, what +is better, no existence in nature; yet no authority can be found for +placing Timbuctoo on a river flowing north from the Niger. + +The details which will be given to us by the results of this successful +expedition will, then, not only be of assistance in allying the existing +condition of things with the knowledge of the ancients, but it will +enable us to reduce to a few facts the many contradictory statements +which have originated in the variety of the sources of information, and +the individual and national rivalry which the interest of the question +gave birth to among the geographers of the present day. It will also be +of importance, as it was connected with a great question, as to the +possibility of a large river traversing an extensive continent, or +losing itself in a marsh or lake, or being buried in the extensive sands +of the desert. By laying open the interior of Africa to us, it will +increase our political strength and commercial advantages on those +coasts;--it will enable us to put into practice an amelioration long +contemplated by Mr. Barrow, in the choice of our settlements on those +coasts;--it will place the greatest and most important vent of the +barbarous and inhuman traffic of negroes in our possession; and it will +enable us to diffuse the benefits of superior intelligence among an +ignorant and suffering people.--Literary Gazette. + + + * * * * * + + + +SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. + + +DISAGREEABLES. + +BY THE ETTRICK SHEPHERD. + + "For four things the earth is disquieted, and five which it + cannot bear." AGUR. + + + This world is a delightful place to dwell in, + And many sweet and lovely things are in it; + Yet there are sundry, at the which I have + A natural dislike, against all reason. + I never like A TAILOR. Yet no man + Likes a new coat or inexpressibles + Better than I do--few, I think, so well: + I can't account for this. The tailor is, + A far more useful member of society + Than is a poet;--then his sprightly wit, + His glee, his humour, and his happy mind + Entitle him to fair esteem. Allowed. + But then, his self-sufficiency;--his shape + So like a frame, whereon to hang a suit + Of dandy clothes;--his small straight back and arms, + His thick bluff ankles, and his supple knees, + Plague on't!--'Tis wrong--I do not like a tailor. + + AN OLD BLUE-STOCKING MAID! Oh! that's a being, + That's hardly to be borne. Her saffron hue, + Her thinnish lips, close primmed as they were sewn + Up by a milliner, and made water-proof, + To guard the fount of wisdom that's within. + Her borrowed locks, of dry and withered hue, + Her straggling beard of ill-condition'd hairs, + And then her jaws of wise and formal cast; + Chat-chat--chat-chat! Grand shrewd remarks! + That may have meaning, may have none for me. + I like the creature so supremely ill, + I never listen, never calculate. + I know this is ungenerous and unjust: + I cannot help it; for I do dislike + An old blue-stocking maid even to extremity. + I do protest I'd rather kiss a tailor. + + A GREEDY EATER! He is worst of all. + The gourmand bolts and bolts, and smacks his chops-- + Eyes every dish that enters, with a stare + Of greed and terror, lest one thing go by him. + The glances that he casts along the board, + At every slice that's carved, have that in them + Beyond description. I would rather dine + Beside an ox--yea, share his cog of draff; + Or with a dog, if he'd keep his own side; + Than with a glutton on the rarest food. + A thousand times I've dined upon the waste, + On dry-pease bannock, by the silver spring. + O, it was sweet--was healthful--had a zest; + Which at the paste my palate ne'er enjoyed. + My bonnet laid aside, I turned mine eyes + With reverence and humility to heaven, + Craving a blessing from the bounteous Giver; + Then grateful thanks returned. There was a joy + In these lone meals, shared by my faithful dog, + Which I remind with pleasure, and has given + A verdure to my spirit's age. Then think + Of such a man, beside a guzzler set; + And how his stomach nauseates the repast. + "When he thinks of days he shall never more see. + Of his cake and his cheese, and his lair on the lea, + His laverock that hung on the heaven's ee-bree, + His prayer and his clear mountain rill." + I cannot eat one morsel. There is that, + Somewhere within, that balks each bold attempt; + A loathing--a disgust--a something worse: + I know not what it is. A strong desire + To drink, but not for thirst. 'Tis from a wish + To wash down that enormous eater's food-- + A sympathetic feeling. Not of love! + And be there ale, or wine, or potent draught + Superior to them both, to that I fly, + And glory in the certainty that mine + Is the ethereal soul of food, while his + Is but the rank corporeal--the vile husks + Best suited to his crude voracity. + And far as the bright spirit may transcend + Its mortal frame, my food transcendeth his. + + A CREDITOR! Good heaven, is there beneath + Thy glorious concave of cerulean blue, + A being formed so thoroughly for dislike, + As is a creditor? No, he's supreme, + The devil's a joke to him! Whoe'er has seen + An adder's head upraised, with gleaming eyes, + About to make a spring, may form a shade + Of mild resemblance to a creditor. + I do remember once--'tis long agone-- + Of stripping to the waist to wade the Tyne-- + The English Tyne, dark, sluggish, broad, and deep; + And just when middle-way, there caught mine eye, + A lamprey of enormous size pursuing me! + L---- what a fright! I bobb'd, I splashed, I flew. + He had a creditor's keen, ominous look, + I never saw an uglier--but a real one. + This is implanted in man's very nature, + It cannot be denied. And once I deemed it + The most degrading stain our nature bore: + Wearing a shade of every hateful vice, + Ingratitude, injustice, selfishness. + But I was wrong, for I have traced the stream + Back to its fountain in the inmost cave, + And found in postulate of purest grain, + It's first beginning.--It is not the man, + The friend who has obliged us, we would shun, + But the conviction which his presence brings, + That we have done him wrong:--a sense of grief + And shame at our own rash improvidence: + The heart bleeds for it, and we love the man + Whom we would shun. The feeling's hard to bear. + + A BLUSTERING FELLOW! There's a deadly bore, + Placed in a good man's way, who only yearns + For happiness and joy. But day by day, + This blusterer meets me, and the hope's defaced. + I cannot say a word--make one remark, + That meets not flat and absolute contradiction-- + I nothing know on earth--am misinformed + On every circumstance. The very terms, + Scope, rate, and merits of my own transactions + Are all to me unknown, or falsified, + Of which most potent proof can be adduced. + Then the important thump upon the board, + Snap with the thumb, and the disdainful 'whew!' + Sets me and all I say at less than naught. + What can a person do?--To knock him down + Suggests itself, but then it breeds a row + In a friend's house, or haply in your own, + Which is much worse; for glasses go like cinders; + The wine is spilled--the toddy. The chair-backs + Go crash! No, no, there's nothing but forbearance, + And mark'd contempt. If that won't bring him down, + There's nothing will. Ah! can the leopard change + His spots, or the grim Ethiop his hue? + Sooner they may and nature change her course, + Than can a blusterer to a modest man: + He still will stand a beacon of dislike. + A fool--I wish all blustering chaps were dead, + That's the true bathos to have done with them. + +_Fraser's Magazine._ + + + * * * * * + + + +THE GATHERER. + + A snapper up of unconsidered trifles. + SHAKSPEARE. + + +GAD'S HILL. + + +Gad's Hill, not far from Chatham, was formerly a noted place for +depredations on seamen, after they had received their pay at the latter +place. The following robbery was committed there in or verging on the +year 1676: About four o'clock one morning, a gentleman was robbed by one +Nicks, on a bay mare, just as he was on the declivity of the hill, on +the west side. Nicks rode away, and as he said, was stopped nearly an +hour by the difficulty of getting a boat, to enable him to cross the +river; but he made the best use of it as a kind of bait to his horse. +From thence he rode across the county of Essex to Chelmsford. Here he +stopped about an hour to refresh his horse, and give the animal a +ball;--from thence to Braintree, Bocking, and Withersfield; thence over +the Downs to Cambridge; and from thence, keeping still the cross roads, +he went by Fenny Stratford, [9] to Godmanchester and Huntingdon, where +he and his mare baited about an hour; and, as he said himself, he slept +about half an hour: then holding on the north road, and keeping a full +gallop most of the way, he came to York the same afternoon; put off his +boots and riding clothes, and went dressed as if he had been an +inhabitant of the place, to the bowling-green, where, among many other +gentlemen, was the Lord Mayor of the city. He, singling out his +lordship, studied to do something particular that the mayor might +remember him, and then took occasion to ask him what o'clock it was. The +mayor, pulling out his watch, told him the time, which was a quarter +before, or a quarter after eight at night. Upon a prosecution for this +robbery, the whole merit of the case turned upon this single point:--the +person robbed, swore to the man, to the place, and to the time, in which +the robbery was committed; but Nicks, proving by the Lord Mayor of +York, that he was as far off as _Yorkshire_ at that time, the jury +acquitted him on the bare supposition, that the man could not be at two +places so remote on one and the same day. + + [9] Fenny, or Fen Stanton, not Stratford, must be here meant, as + the former is in the direct road from Cambridge to Huntingdon. + +I need not remind your numerous readers that the roads in 1676 were in a +very different plight to those of 1831; at the former period it would +not have been possible for Tom Thumb to have trotted sixteen miles an +hour on any turnpike road in England. Even my friend, the respected +driver of the Old Union Cambridge Coach to London, can remember, in his +time, the coach being two days on the road, and occasionally being +indebted to farmers for the loan of horses to drag the coach wheels out +of their sloughy tracks. + +J.S.W. + + + * * * * * + + +DIGNIFIED REPROOF. + + +Catherine Parthenay, niece of the celebrated Anna Parthenay, returned +this spirited reply to the importunities of Henry IV.--"Your majesty +must know, that although I am too humble to become your wife, I am at +the same time descended from too illustrious a family ever to become +your mistress." + +P. + + * * * * * + + +L--A--W. + + +The circumlocution and diffuseness of law papers--the apparent +redundancy of terms, and multiplicity of synonymes, which may be found +on all judicial proceedings, are happily hit off in the following, which +we copy from _Jenk's New York Evening Journal_:-- + +"A LAWYER'S STORY.--Tom strikes Dick over the shoulders with a rattan as +big as your little finger. A lawyer would tell you the story something +in this way:--And that, whereas the said Thomas, at the said Providence, +in the year and day aforesaid, in and upon the body of the said Richard, +in the peace of God and the State, then and there being, did make a most +violent assault and inflicted a great many and divers blows, kicks, +cuffs, thumps, bumps, contusions, gashes, wounds, hurts, damages, and +injuries, in and upon the head, neck, breast, stomach, lips, knees, +shins, and heels of the said Richard, with divers sticks, staves, canes, +poles, clubs, logs of wood, stones, guns, dirks, swords, daggers, +pistols, cutlasses, bludgeons, blunderbusses, and boarding pikes, then +and there held in the hands, fists, claws, and clutches of him the said +Thomas." + + + * * * * * + + +WATERLOO--"FORGET ME NOT." + + "On one of these graves I observed the little wild blue flower, + known by the name of 'Forget me not'."--_Visit to the Field of + Waterloo._ + + + No marble tells, nor columns rise, + To bid the passing stranger mourn, + Where valour fought, and bled, and died, + From friends and life abruptly torn. + + Yet on the earth that veils[10] their heads, + Where bravest hearts are doom'd to rot, + This simple flower, with meek appeal, + Prefers the prayer "Forget me not." + + Forget! forbid my heart responds + While bending o'er the hero's grave-- + Forbid that e'er oblivion's gloom + Should shade the spot where rest the brave. + + Fond kindred at this awful shrine + Will oft, with footsteps faltering, + Approach and drop the pious tear-- + Sad Memory's purest offering. + + And well their country marks those deeds-- + The land that gave each bosom fire: + Deeds that her proudest triumph won, + But gaining, saw her sons expire. + + And ages hence will Britain's sons, + As trophied tributes meet their view, + Admire, exult--yet mourn the pangs + These glories cost, at Waterloo. + +D. + + + [10] The layer of earth scarce covers the bodies, so may be + called a veil. + + + * * * * * + + +SWORD PRESENTED BY THE KING TO THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON, ON THE +ANNIVERSARY OF WATERLOO. + + +On the hilt, and executed in high relief, are branches of oak +surrounding the crown. The bark of the branches are opening, which +display the words--"India, Copenhagen, Peninsula, and Waterloo." The top +part of the scabbard exhibits his majesty's arms, initials, and crown; +the middle of the scabbard exhibits the arms and orders of the Duke of +Wellington on the one side, and on the reverse his batons. The lower end +has the thunderbolt and wings, the whole surrounded with oak leaves and +laurel, with a rich foliage, in which was introduced the flower of the +Lotus. The blade exhibits, in has relief, his majesty's arms, initials, +and crown; the arms, orders, and batons, of the Duke of Wellington, +Hercules taming the tiger, the thunderbolt, the British colours bound up +with the caduceus and fasces, surrounded by laurel, and over them the +words--"India, Copenhagen, Peninsula, and Waterloo," terminating with a +sheathed sword, surrounded by laurel and palm. + + + * * * * * + + +ODDITIES. + + +Fashion-mongers make odd work with language. Thus, we read of Mrs. +Ravenshaw giving a "petit" _souper_ to about 150 of the _haut ton_. + +The _Court Journal_, too, tells us that a few days since Lord Lansdowne +met with "a severe accident," by which "he suffered no material injury." + +The Queen's dress at her last ball was "white and silver, striped with +blue." The song says-- + + To be nice about trifles + Is trifling and folly;-- + +but the _modistes_ can gather little from such a description as the +above. + +In the Zoological Gardens is a pheasant, one of whose feathers measures +5 feet 11 inches in length! + +A "_Charming Fellow_,"--The records of the Horticultural Society inform +us that _Lady_ Cochrane has been elected "a Fellow of the Society." + + +VEDI PAGANINI E MORI. + See Paganini, and then _die_! + I beg to tell a different story; + And to the _bowing_ crowd I cry, + See Paganini, and then Mori! + _Court Journal._ + +In a List of New Books and Reprints we find one by "Bishop Home; in +silk, 2s. 6d." + + _Epitaph on Spenser._ + _In Spenserum._ + + Famous alive and dead, here is the odds, + Then god of poets, now poet of the gods. + +The Philomathic Society of Warsaw have elected Mr. Campbell a +corresponding member, as "Campbell _Tomes_ Poète Anglais."--_Literary +Gazette._ + +_Anatomy._--The price for unopened subjects in Paris is 5 francs, or 4s. +2d.; and 3 francs, or 2s. 6d. for opened ones.--_Lancet_. + + + * * * * * + + +THE LORD CHANCELLOR. + +Vol. XVII. of the MIRROR, + + +With a Steel-plate Portrait of this illustrious Individual, Memoir, &c., +50 Engravings, and 450 closely printed Pages, will be published on the +30th instant, price 5s. 6d. boards. + +Part 110, price 10d., will be ready on the same day. + +The Supplementary Number will contain the above Portrait, a copious +Memoir, Title-page, Index, &c; and, from its extension beyond the usual +space, will be published at 4d. + + * * * * * + +Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset +House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; G.G. +BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen and +Booksellers. + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, +AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 17, ISSUE 495, JUNE 25, 1831*** + + +******* This file should be named 13113-8.txt or 13113-8.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +https://www.gutenberg.org/1/3/1/1/13113 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 17, Issue 495, June 25, 1831</p> +<p>Author: Various</p> +<p>Release Date: August 4, 2004 [eBook #13113]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 17, ISSUE 495, JUNE 25, 1831***</p> +<br /> +<br /> +<h4>E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Victoria Woosley,<br /> + and Project Gutenberg Distributed Proofreaders</h4> +<br /> +<br /> + <hr class="full" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page417" name="page417"></a>[pg 417]</span> + + <h1>THE MIRROR<br /> + OF<br /> + LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1> + <hr class="full" /> + + <table width="100%" summary="Volume, Number, and Date"> + <tr> + <td align="left"><b>Vol. XVII, No. 495</b></td> + + <td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, JUNE 25, 1831.</b></td> + + <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td> + </tr> + </table> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>HERMITAGE AT FROGMORE.</h2> + + <div class="figure" style="width:100%;"> + <a href="images/495-1.png"><img width="100%" src="images/495-1.png" + alt="Hermitage at Frogmore" /></a> + </div> + + <p>Frogmore is one of the most delightful of the still retreats of Royalty. It was + formerly the seat of the Hon. Mrs. Egerton, of whom it was purchased by Queen + Charlotte, in 1792, who made considerable additions to the house and gardens. The + grounds were laid out by Uvedale Price, Esq. a celebrated person in the annals of + picturesque gardening. The ornamental improvements were made by the direction of the + Princess Elizabeth, (now Landgravine of Hesse Homburg,) whose taste for rural quiet + we noticed in connexion with an Engraving of Her Royal Highness' Cottage, adjoining + Old Windsor churchyard. <a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a + href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a></p> + + <p>Frogmore occupies part of a fertile valley, which divides the Little Park from + Windsor Forest, and comprises about thirteen acres. Mr. Hakewill describes it as + "diversified with great skill and taste, and a piece of water winds throughout it + with a pleasing variety of turn and shape. The trees and shrubs, both native and + exotic, which spread their shade and diffuse their fragrance, are disposed with the + best effect; while buildings are so placed as to enliven and give character to the + general scene. The Ruin was designed by Mr. James Wyatt, and being seated on the bank + of the water, as well as in part in the wood, it presents, with its creeping ivy and + fractured buttresses, a most pleasing object from various points of the garden. The + <i>Hermitage (see the Engraving)</i> is a small circular thatched building, + completely embowered in lofty trees, and was constructed from a drawing of the + Princess Elizabeth. There is also a Gothic Temple, sacred to solitude, and a + well-imagined and picturesque barn, which heighten the appropriate scenery. Too much + cannot be said of the secluded beauty of this charming spot, and nothing further need + be said of the taste and judgment of Major Price, to whom its arrangements have been + entrusted."</p> + + <p>The <i>Hermitage</i> contains a tablet spread with fruit, eggs, and bread, and a + figure of a hermit reading the Scriptures; <span class="pagenum"><a name="page418" + id="page418"></a>[pg 418]</span> at the entrance are the following lines, written on + the marriage of the Princess Royal:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ye whom variety delights,</p> + + <p>Descend awhile from Windsor's heights,</p> + + <p>And in this hovel deign to tread,</p> + + <p>Quitting the castle for the shed;</p> + + <p>Such were the muse's favourite haunts,</p> + + <p>From care secluded and from wants.</p> + + <p>What nature needs this but can give,</p> + + <p>Could we as nature dictates live;</p> + + <p>For see, on this plain board at noon</p> + + <p>Are placed a platter and a spoon,</p> + + <p>Which, though they mark no gorgeous treat,</p> + + <p>Suggest 'tis reasonable to eat.</p> + + <p>What though the sun's meridian light</p> + + <p>Beams not on our hovel bright,</p> + + <p>Though others need, we need him not,</p> + + <p>Coolness and gloom befit a cot.</p> + + <p>Our hours we count without the sun.</p> + + <p>These sands proclaim them as they run,</p> + + <p>Sands within a glass confined,</p> + + <p>Glass which ribs of iron bind;</p> + + <p>For Time, still partial to this glass,</p> + + <p>Made it durable as brass,</p> + + <p>That, placed secure upon a shelf,</p> + + <p>None might crush it but himself.</p> + + <p>Let us here the day prolong</p> + + <p>With loyal and with nuptial song,</p> + + <p>Such as, with duteous strains addrest,</p> + + <p>May gratify each royal guest;</p> + + <p>Thrice happy, should our rural toils</p> + + <p>Be requited by their smiles.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>There are other affectionate testimonials in the grounds. The Gothic ruin contains + an apartment fitted up as an oratory, ornamented with a copy of the Descent from the + Cross, modelled in chalk, after the celebrated painting by Rembrandt; busts of George + III. and the Duke of Kent; a posthumous marble figure of an infant child of his + present Majesty; and an alto-relievo representing an ascending spirit attended by a + guardian angel with the inscription—</p> + + <center> + <p>Monumental Tablet<br /> + To the Memory<br /> + of<br /> + Her Royal Highness the Princess Charlotte.</p> + </center> + <hr /> + + <h3>ANCIENT WAGES TO MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT.</h3> + + <h4>(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</h4> + + <p>Chamberlayne, in his <i>Angliæ Notitia</i>, says, "Although the lords of + parliament are to bear their own charges, because they represent there only + themselves; yet all the commons, both lay and clergy, that is, <i>Procuratores + Cleri</i>, are to have <i>rationales expensus</i>, (as the words of the writ are) + that is, such allowance as the king considering the prices of all things, shall judge + meet to impose upon the people to pay. In the 17th of Edward II. it was ten groats + for knights, and five groats for burgesses; but not long after it was four shillings + for all others, which in those days, as appears by the prices of all things, was a + considerable sum, above ten times more than it is now, (1688) for not only then + expenses were considered, though that was great by reason of the suitable attendance + that then every parliament-man had, but also their pains, their loss of time, and + necessary neglect of their own private affairs for the service of their country; and + when the counties, cities, and boroughs paid so dear for their expenses, they were + wont to take care to chuse such men as were best able, and most diligent in the + speedy despatch of affairs; by which means, with some others, more business in those + times was despatched in parliament in a week, than is now perhaps in ten; so that the + protections for parliament-men and their servants from arrests were not then + grievous, when scarce any parliament or sessions lasted so long as one of the four + terms at Westminster.</p> + + <p>"The aforementioned expenses duly paid, did cause all the petty decayed boroughs + of England to become humble suitors to the king, that they might not be obliged to + send burgesses to parliament; whereby it came to pass, that divers were unburgessed, + as it was in particular granted to <i>Chipping</i>, or <i>Market-Morriton</i>, upon + their petition; and then the number of the <i>Commons House</i> being scarce half so + many as at present, then debates and bills were sooner expedited." page 156, 21st. + edit.</p> + + <p>Halsted, in his <i>History of Kent</i>, tells us, "The pay of the burgesses of + Canterbury was fixed (anno 1411) at two shillings a-day for each, while such burgess + was absent from his family attending his duty. In 1445 the wages were no more than + twelve pence a-day; two years afterwards they were increased to sixteenpence, and in + 1503 had again been raised to two shillings. In Queen Mary's reign, the corporation + refused to continue this payment any longer, and the wages of the members were then + levied by assessment on the inhabitants at large, and continued to be so raised till + these kinds of payments were altogether discontinued."</p> + + <h4>P.T.W.</h4> + <hr /> + + <h3>THE WORD "EI."</h3> + + <h4>(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</h4> + + <p>This word, which was engraven on the temple of Apollo, at Delphi, has occasioned + much controversy among the literati. The learned and admirable Plutarch tells us that + it means "thou art" as if "thou art one." The Langhornes, in their life of this + philosopher, <a id="footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a + href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> attack his opinion as inconsistent with "the whole + tenour of the Heathen Mythology." <span class="pagenum"><a name="page419" + id="page419"></a>[pg 419]</span> It in to be observed, that the Greek word for + priests is "[Greek: iereis]" (iereis). But I infer nothing from this; yet at the same + time it is a remarkable circumstance. The objection of the Langhornes is frivolous; + for the sun (Apollo) in most nations, was considered chief of the gods, and this + inscription was placed to prove his <i>superiority and unity</i>.</p> + + <p>It is a very remarkable circumstance, that when the Pythia refused to enter the + temple, at the application of Alexander, "Philip's godlike son," and he attempting to + force her in, she exclaimed—"[Greek: Anikaetos ei o pai]" (My son, you are + invincible.) Now, probably, she had some other intention in using that word; but, + however, that does not affect the argument. I cannot but consider that Plutarch is + right.</p> + + <h4>B.K.</h4> + <hr /> + + <h3>A FAREWELL TO SPAIN.</h3> + + <h4>FOR MUSIC.<br /> + <br /> + (<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</h4> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Land of the myrtle and the vine,</p> + + <p class="i2">The sunny citron-tree,</p> + + <p>With heart upon the waves I give</p> + + <p class="i2">My latest look to thee.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Thy glorious scenes of vale and hill</p> + + <p class="i2">With joy I now resign,</p> + + <p>And seek a more congenial land,</p> + + <p class="i2">Where Freedom will be mine.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Farewell! thou hast the iron sway</p> + + <p class="i2">Of bigots and of slaves,</p> + + <p>But mine shall be a chainless heart</p> + + <p class="i2">Upon the dark blue waves.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>For thee our sires have fought and died,</p> + + <p class="i2">For thee their blood have given,</p> + + <p>When tyrants o'er the trampled field</p> + + <p class="i2">Like thunder-clouds were driven.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>And has the purple tide in vain,</p> + + <p class="i2">From hill and vale been poured,</p> + + <p>Or do the hopes of Freedom sleep</p> + + <p class="i2">With mighty Mina's sword?</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Oh! no—the trumpet-voice of war,</p> + + <p class="i2">Shall proudly sound again,</p> + + <p>And millions shall obey its call,</p> + + <p class="i2">And break their chartered chain!</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Till then, my native hearth and home</p> + + <p class="i2">I'll joyfully resign;</p> + + <p>Farewell! thou song-enchanted land</p> + + <p class="i2">Of myrtle and of vine.</p> + </div> + + <p><i>Deal</i></p> + </div> + + <h4>G.K.C.</h4> + <hr /> + + <h3>THE DEATH-BEDS OF GREAT MEN.</h3> + + <h4>(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</h4> + + <p>If there are any remarks which deserve to be recorded for the benefit of mankind, + they are those which have been expressed on a dying bed, when, unfettered by + prejudice or passion, Truth shines forth in her real colours. Sir John Hawkins has + recorded of Dr. Johnson, that when suffering under that disease which ended in his + dissolution, he addressed his friends in the following words:—"You see the + state I am in, conflicting with bodily pain and mental distraction. While you are in + health and strength, labour to do good, and avoid evil, if ever you wish to escape + the distress that oppresses me."</p> + + <p>When Lord Lyttleton was on his death-bed, his daughter, Lady Valentia, and her + husband, came to see him. He gave them his solemn benediction, adding—"Be good, + be virtuous, my lord; you must come to this."</p> + + <p>The triumphant death of Addison will be remembered with feelings of pleasure by + all. Having sent for the young Earl of Warwick, he affectionately pressed his hand, + saying—"See in what peace a Christian can die!"</p> + + <p>The father of William Penn was opposed to his son's religious principles; but + finding that he acted with sincerity, was at last reconciled. When dying, he adjured + him to do nothing contrary to his conscience—"So," said he, "you will keep + peace within, which will be a comfort in the day of trouble."</p> + + <p>Locke, the day before his death, addressed Lady Masham, who was sitting by his + bedside, exhorting her to regard this world only as a state of preparation for a + better. He added, that he had lived long enough, and expressed his gratitude to God + for the happiness that had fallen to his lot.</p> + + <p>Tillotson, when dying, thanked his Maker that he felt his conscience at ease, and + that he had nothing further to do but to await the will of Heaven.</p> + + <p>Sir Walter Raleigh behaved on the scaffold with the greatest composure. Having + vindicated his conduct in an eloquent speech, he felt the edge of the axe, observing + with a smile—"It is a sharp medicine, but a sure remedy, for all woes." Being + asked which way he would lay himself on the block, he replied—"So the heart be + right, it is no matter which way the head lies."</p> + + <p>Latimer, when he beheld a fagot ready kindled laid at Ridley's feet, + exclaimed—"Be of good cheer, master Ridley, and play the man; we shall this day + light such a candle in England, as I hope, by God's grace, shall never be put + out."</p> + + <p>The author of Hervey's Meditations, when on his sick bed, observed that his time + had been too much occupied in reading the historians, orators, and poets of ancient + and modern times; and that were he to renew his studies, he <span class="pagenum"><a + name="page420" id="page420"></a>[pg 420]</span> would devote his attention to the + Scriptures.</p> + + <p>The last words which the eminent physician Haller addressed to his medical + attendant expressed the calm serenity of his mind. "My friend," said he, laying his + hand on his pulse, "the artery no longer beats."</p> + + <p>M. De La Harpe, one of the first literary characters of the last century, who for + many years laboured to spread the principles of the French philosophy, but afterwards + became a most strenuous defender of Christianity, on the evening preceding his death + was visited by a friend. He was listening to the Prayers for the Sick; as soon as + they were concluded, he stretched forth his hand and said—"I am grateful to + Divine mercy, for having left me sufficient recollection to feel how consoling these + prayers are to the dying."</p> + + <p>Cardinal Wolsey, when dying, by slow progress and short journeys, reached + Leicester Abbey. He was received with the greatest respect. His only observation was, + "Father Abbot, I am come to lay my bones among you." He died three days after, with, + great composure and fortitude. He said, shortly before his death—"Had I but + served my God as diligently as I have served the king, he would not have forsaken me + in my grey hairs; but this is the just reward I must receive for my pains and study, + in not regarding my service to God, but only to my prince."</p> + + <p>Melancthon, a few days before his death, although extremely debilitated, delivered + his usual lecture. At the termination of it, he said, impressively—"I am a + dying man, and these are the three subjects for intercession with God, which I leave + to my children and their little ones—that they may form part of his church, and + worship him aright—that they may be one in him, and live in harmony with each + other—and that they may be fellow-heirs of eternal life." The day before his + death, he addressed some present—"God bestows talents on our youth, do you see + that they use them aright." While dying, his friends discerned a slight motion of the + countenance, which was peculiar to him when deeply affected by religious joy.</p> + + <h4>W.</h4> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>THE NOVELIST.</h2> + + <h3>OSMYN AND ZAMBRI.<br /> + <i>A Persian Tale. From the French.</i></h3> + + <h4>(<i>From a Correspondent.</i>)</h4> + + <p>A worthy old Persian having arrived at the end of an irreproachable life, + experienced in his last moments the greatest uneasiness for the fate of his two sons, + whom he was about to leave without fortune, without a livelihood, and without a + prospect. The elder called Osmyn, was twenty years of age, and the younger, eighteen, + bore the name of Zambri.</p> + + <p>As the old man drew near his last hour, he thought much less of his own sufferings + than of the fate of his children, when his ear was agreeably struck with a soft and + melodious voice, which said to him, "Fear nothing, old man, I will watch over your + children; die in peace as thou hast lived. I bring a present for each of your sons; + let them make good use of it, and one day perhaps they may be re-united, and live in + happiness."</p> + + <p>At these words a balsamic odour spread itself in the cottage, and a bright light + discovered to the view of the astonished Persian, the features of a young man, whose + expressive countenance had in it something celestial. It was a beneficent genius, who + after having deposited his presents on the bed of the old man, vanished like + lightning. The old man called his two sons, they ran eagerly towards him with a + light, and approached the bed of their father, who related to them the visit he had + been honoured with, and showed them the presents of the genius. On one side was a + small box covered with brilliant spangles; on the other a sheet of paper carefully + sealed. "Come Osmyn," said the old man, "you are the eldest, it is for you to + choose."</p> + + <p>Osmyn attracted by the richness of the box, chose it with eagerness, and poor + Zambri was obliged to be contented with the humble envelope. The old man embraced + them, blessed them, and died as one resigning himself to the arms of hope. After + having wept sincerely the death of so good a father, and having rendered the last + offices to his remains, the two brothers were anxious to know what aid they should + find in the presents of the genius. Osmyn opened his little box and found it filled + with pastilles of divers forms and colours. He was almost tempted to laugh at the + meanness of such a gift, when he perceived these words written on the lid of the + box—"<i>Each time that thou eatest one of these pastilles, thine imagination + will bring forth a poem perfect in all its parts, sublime and delicate in its + details, such in short as will surpass the ablest works of the best Persian + poets.</i>"</p> + + <p>Osmyn did not want vanity; the possession of so fine a secret failed not to turn + his young brain, and a hundred <span class="pagenum"><a name="page421" + id="page421"></a>[pg 421]</span> illusions of fortune and glory presented themselves + at once to his imagination.</p> + + <p>From the value of the present given by the genius to his brother, Zambri doubted + not that his paper contained also some marvellous secret. He opened it and read with + as much surprise as sorrow—"<i>A new Receipt for preparing Sherbet.</i>" Some + lines pointed out the method of composing a liquor, of which one drop only being + infused in a bowl of Sherbet, would give it a taste and perfume hitherto unknown to + the most voluptuous Asiatics.</p> + + <p>Osmyn was overjoyed, and Zambri was in despair; Osmyn wished not to quit his + brother, but the orders of the genius were imperative. The two brothers embraced each + other tenderly, shed tears, and separated. The eldest took the road to Bagdad, where + all the learned, and all the poets of Asia were assembled to attend the court of the + Caliph. As to poor Zambri, he quitted the cottage of his father, carrying nothing + with him but <i>the humble receipt for preparing Sherbet</i>, and leaving to chance + the direction of his course.</p> + + <p>Before his arrival at Bagdad, Osmyn had already eaten half-a-dozen of the + pastilles, and consequently carried with him half-a-dozen poems, beside which were to + fade the productions of the greatest Eastern poets. But he soon found that pretenders + to talent often succeed better than those who really possess it. He felt the + necessity of connecting himself with literary men, and men of the world; but he only + found them occupied with their business, their pleasures, or their own pretensions. + Under what title could he present himself? Under that of a poet? The court and the + city overflowed with them; they had already filled every avenue. To consult his + fellows would be to consult his rivals; to ask their praises would be to ask a miser + for his treasures. Besides, so many books appeared, that people did not care to read. + However, Osmyn's works were published, but they were not even noticed in the + multitude of similar productions.</p> + + <p>After having vegetated four or five years at Bagdad, without obtaining anything + but weak encouragement given by wise men, (who are without influence because they are + wise,) poor Osmyn began to lose the brilliant hopes that formerly had dazzled him. + However, by dint of eating the pastilles, he at last attracted some notice. If it + requires time for genius to emerge from obscurity, no sooner is it known than + recompense is made for slow injustice. It is sought after not for itself, but for the + sake of vanity. Envy often avails itself of it as a fit instrument subservient to its + own purposes. Soon, in fact, the works of Osmyn only were spoken of, and after + languishing a long time unnoticed, he saw himself at once raised to the pinnacle, + without having passed the steps which lead from misery to fortune, from obscurity to + glory.</p> + + <p>The Caliph desired to see so great a genius, and to possess him at his court. + Osmyn was overwhelmed with favours; he sung the praises of the Caliph with a delicacy + that other poets were far from being able to imitate. The Caliph admired delicate + praise the more because it is rare at court.</p> + + <p>So much merit and favour besides, soon created the jealousy of other poets, and + likewise of the courtiers. Even those, who had showed themselves the most + enthusiastic admirers of Osmyn's talents, feared to see themselves eclipsed by this + new comer, and resolved to destroy the idol they had raised so much higher than they + wished.</p> + + <p>One of the poets, Osmyn's enemy, was employed to compose a satire against the + Caliph, and it was agreed that this should be circulated under the favourite's name. + From that time the avenger of the common cause never quitted Osmyn, nor ceased to + load him with praises and caresses.</p> + + <p>One day when Osmyn delivered an extempore poem before the Caliph, his rival, after + having warmly applauded him, cast down his eyes by accident, and saw shining on the + floor one of the pastilles that Osmyn, who was led away by the vivacity of his + declamation, had let fall by mistake. The traitor snatched it up, and put it + mechanically in his mouth.</p> + + <p>The pastille produced its effect; the poet felt a sudden inspiration, left the + hall and flew to compose the projected satire. He was surprised at his own aptitude; + the verses cost him no trouble, but flowed of themselves. The bitterest expressions + escaped from his pen without his seeking for them. In short, in an instant, he + brought forth a true <i>chef-d'oeuvre</i> of malice.</p> + + <p>He continued some moments in ecstacy with his work, and carried it in triumph to + his friends—or rather to his accomplices. The satire was received with the + liveliest applause: it was the pure and vigorous style of Osmyn. The writer had + imitated his handwriting; and soon the libel was spread about in his name.</p> + + <p>Murmurs arose on all sides against <span class="pagenum"><a name="page422" + id="page422"></a>[pg 422]</span> the ingratitude of Osmyn. The satire fell into the + hands of the Caliph, who in his rage ordered the unfortunate Osmyn to be stript of + all his property, and driven from Bagdad. Osmyn, overpowered by the blow, could not + defend himself; besides, how could he make his innocence heard amidst the cries of + his calumniators.</p> + + <p>After having wandered a long time, every where imploring pity—sometimes + meeting with kindness, but oftener repulsed with selfishness—he arrived, at + nightfall, before a superb country house, magnificently illuminated. He heard the + accents of joy mingled with the sounds of a brilliant concert of music, and saw all + the signs of a splendid fête. However, the thunder began to roll, the sky was + obscured by heavy clouds, and Osmyn's miserable clothing was soon drenched by the + rain.</p> + + <p>He approached this beautiful house, in hopes to find there, if not hospitality for + the night, at least an asylum for some minutes. The slaves perceived him, and said to + him harshly—"What do you ask, beggar?"</p> + + <p>"A humble shelter from the storm, a morsel of bread to appease my hunger, and a + little straw to rest my body on, borne down by fatigue."</p> + + <p>"Thou shalt have none of these."</p> + + <p>"For pity—"</p> + + <p>"Begone!"</p> + + <p>"See how it rains!—Hear how it thunders!"</p> + + <p>"Go elsewhere, and come not to disturb by thy presence the pleasures of our + master."</p> + + <p>Osmyn was on the point of obeying this order, when the master of the house, who + had witnessed this scene from a window, came down, called his slaves, and ordered + them to receive the unfortunate man, to procure him clothes, a bed, and all he was in + need of. "Misery," said he, "misery is for him who revels in the presence of the + poor, and suffers them to plead for assistance in vain; and misfortune for the rich + who, cloyed with luxuries, refuse a morsel of bread to a famishing stranger. Poor + traveller, go and repose thyself, and may the Prophet send thee refreshing slumbers, + that thou mayst for a time forget thy sufferings."</p> + + <p>"Oh Heaven!" cried Osmyn, "what voice strikes my ear? It is the voice—the + voice of Zambri!"</p> + + <p>"Zambri! what! do you know him?"</p> + + <p>"Heavens! do I know him?—Do I know my brother?"</p> + + <p>"You my brother!" cried Zambri in his turn. "Can it be? That voice—those + features, disfigured by poverty and misery. Ah! I recognise you, my dear Osmyn!"</p> + + <p>No more need be said: he flew to embrace his brother; but Osmyn, overcome by the + excess of his joy, fell senseless at his feet.</p> + + <p>He was conveyed into the finest apartment of the villa, every assistance was + afforded him, and he was soon restored. Zambri ordered him magnificent apparel, and + taking him by the hand, conducted him to the banquet, and presented him to his + friends. After the repast, Osmyn related all the vicissitudes of his fortune, his + long suffering, his rapid glory, the jealousy and perfidy of his enemies, "But thou," + added he, "my dear Zambri, by what good fortune do I find you in such an enviable + situation? What! this beautiful house, this crowd of slaves, these sumptuous + ornaments!—to what dost thou owe them?"</p> + + <p>"<i>To the receipt for preparing Sherbet,</i>" said Zambri, smiling. "Listen to my + story, it is very simple. Soon after we parted, I directed my steps towards Teflis, + where I sought only to gain a livelihood. On my arrival, I went into the public + places where the opulent people assemble, to refresh themselves with ices and + sherbet. I solicited employment there, but was refused, and harshly sent away. Not + knowing what to do, and not having money to procure a subsistence, I went at length + to one of the obscure cafés, frequented by the lowest people. The master of + this wretched place, who was named Mehdad, agreed to accept my services. I prepared a + bottle of the liquor for which the good genius had given me the receipt, but the + ingredients of which, although cheap, I had not before been able to purchase, and + soon I found an immense company crowding to Mehdad's café. The rich people + also would take no other; and Mehdad soon had before him the prospect of becoming + opulent.</p> + + <p>"He had a daughter; she was young and beautiful; I became enamoured of her, and + ventured to ask her hand. I had preserved the secret of my receipt. Mehdad was + ignorant that he owed his good fortune to me, and believed that it was through his + own talent. He rejected my offer with disdain, and drove me from his house. Poor + fellow! he was not the first who, without knowing it, had driven good luck from his + home.</p> + + <p>"I had gained some money in his service; and I employed the fruit of my economy in + forming for myself an establishment in one of the public gardens of Teflis, on the + banks of the charming <span class="pagenum"><a name="page423" id="page423"></a>[pg + 423]</span> river Khur. Here I erected a small, but elegant pavilion, and I sold my + Sherbet to all the promenaders of the garden. In a short time Mehdad, and all the + cafés of Teflis, were abandoned for my little pavilion. Zambri's Sherbet was + alone in demand: it was spoken of in all companies—it was taken at all + festivals. The garden of Zambri was crowded from morning till night. The multitude + was attracted towards my pavilion like swarms of flies towards a honey-comb. I was + compelled to erect a pavilion ten times larger than the former, and I decorated it + magnificently.</p> + + <p>"A year had scarcely elapsed before I had acquired a considerable fortune. I + quitted my new establishment, returned to the city, and purchased merchandize of all + descriptions. I prepared a great quantity of this favourite liquor, to which I owe + all my wealth. I sent it to all the cities of Persia, and into the most distant + countries. Heaven seemed to smile on my exertions. A beautiful widow, aged twenty + years, saw and loved me; I was not insensible to her charms. We made mutual vows of + attachment, and marriage crowned my happiness.</p> + + <p>"We have acquired this charming retreat, and reside here during the most beautiful + season of the year, amongst our good friends, who, in partaking our pleasures, add to + them the charms of their society.</p> + + <p>"How many times, dear Osmyn, have my thoughts been occupied with thee! Often have + I said, in the midst of my prosperity, Where is my brother?—where dwells Osmyn? + No doubt the invaluable secret he possesses has gained him an immense fortune, and + raised him to the pinnacle of honour. But I see that in these times happiness, + tranquillity, and perhaps riches, are more easily obtained by humble and modest + employment, than by splendid abilities. In the course of my transactions, I have met + with vexations and disappointments. Sometimes my Sherbet has been imitated; but the + fraud has always been discovered, and the intrigues of my rivals have added to my + reputation. At length I have found that it is easier to satisfy the caprice than the + judgment of mankind, and that those who could not understand the merits of a clever + work, would readily agree upon the subject of a delicious and agreeable + beverage."</p> + + <p>Thus spoke the good Zambri: he strove affectionately to console Osmyn. The two + brothers separated no more; and, thanks to the <i>receipt for preparing</i> + <i>Sherbet</i>, they lived long together amidst the pleasures that wealth commands, + and the still more true and solid happiness procured by peace and friendship.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>THE NATURALIST.</h2> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>BOTANY OF SHAKSPEARE.</h3> + + <p>At a recent meeting of the Medico-Botanical Society, a very interesting + dissertation on the medicinal plants which occur in the plays of Shakspeare, from the + pen of Mr. Rootsay, of Bristol, was read, and excited considerable attention. The + hebenon henbane alluded to in <i>Hamlet</i>, the mandragora, the various plants so + beautifully alluded to in <i>Romeo and Juliet</i>, and in other dramas, were the + subject of the inquiry, and much classical information was displayed by the ingenious + author in the illustration of the subject. We hope to report more respecting this + very interesting paper to our readers.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>THE CUTTLE-FISH.</h3> + + <p>The following account of the <i>sepia media</i>, a small species of cuttle-fish, + is given by Mr. Donovan, in his "Excursion through South Wales:"—"When first + caught, the eyes, which are large and prominent, glistened with the lustre of the + pearl, or rather of the emerald, whose luminous transparency they seemed to emulate. + The pupil is a fine black, and above each eye is a semilunar mark of the richest + garnet. The body, nearly transparent, or of a pellucid green, is glossed with all the + variety of prismatic tints, and thickly dotted with brown. At almost every effort of + respiration, the little creature tossed its arms in apparent agony, and clung more + firmly to the finger; while the dark-brown spots upon the body alternately faded and + revived, diminishing in size till they were scarcely perceptible, and then appearing + again as large as peas, crowding, and becoming confluent nearly all over the body. At + length, the animal being detained too long from its native element, became enfeebled, + the colours faded, the spots decreased in size, and all its pristine beauty vanished + with the last gasp of life."</p> + + <h4>W.G.C.</h4> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>THE OSTRICH.</h3> + + <p>The Ostriches in the Gardens of the Zoological Society would be truly a noble + pair, were it not for an unnatural curve in the neck of the male, in consequence, it + is said, of its having formerly swallowed something more than usually bulky and hard + of digestion.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page424" id="page424"></a>[pg 424]</span> + + <h2>MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS.</h2> + + <div class="figure" style="width:100%;"> + <a href="images/495-2.png"><img width="100%" src="images/495-2.png" + alt="Russian Burial Ground" /></a> + </div> + + <h3>RUSSIAN BURIAL GROUND.</h3> + + <p>Mr. James's popular Journal of a Tour in Russia, &c., has supplied the above + illustration of honours paid to the dead in that country. The Cut represents one of + the Cemeteries of the government of Tchernigoff. Mr. James describes it as planted + around with trees, and studded thick with wooden crosses, oratories, and other + permanent marks of reverence. The general appearance of piety with which these + grounds are kept up, their sequestered situation apart from any town, the profound + veneration with which they are saluted by the natives, added to the dark and + sepulchral shade of the groves, lend them an interest with which the tinsel ornaments + of more gorgeous cemeteries can in no degree compare.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>ANCESTORS.</h3> + + <p>Some nations pay particular attention to the memory of their ancestors. The + Quojas, a people of Africa, offer sacrifices of rice and wine to their ancestors, + before they undertake any considerable action; and the anniversaries of their death + are always kept by their families with great solemnity; the king invokes the souls of + his father and mother to make trade flourish and the chase succeed. But the Chinese + have distinguished themselves above all other nations, by the veneration in which + they hold their ancestors. Part of the duty, according to the laws of Confucius, + which children owe their parents, consists in worshipping them when dead. They have a + solemn and an ordinary worship for this purpose, the former of which is held twice a + year with great pomp, and is described as follows by an eye witness:—The + sacrifices were made in a chapel, well adorned, where there were six altars, + furnished with censers, tapers, and flowers. There were three ministers, and behind + them two young acolites: he that officiated was an aged man, and a new Christian. The + three former went with a profound silence, and made frequent genuflexions towards the + five altars, pouring out wine; afterwards they drew near to the sixth, and when they + came to the foot of the altar, half bowed down, they said their prayers with a low + voice. That being finished, the three ministers went to the altar; the priest took up + a vessel full of wine, and drank; then he lifted up the head of a deer, or goat; + after which, taking fire from the altar, they lighted a bit of paper, and the + minister of ceremonies turning towards the people, said, with a high voice, that he + gave them thanks in the name of their ancestors, for having so well honoured them; + and in recompense he promised them, on their part, a plentiful harvest, a fruitful + issue, good health and long life, and all those advantages which are most pleasing to + men.</p> + + <p>The Chinese have also in their houses a niche, or hollow place, in which they put + the names of their deceased fathers, to which they make prayers and offerings of + perfumes and spices at certain periods.</p> + + <h4>A.V.</h4> + <hr class="full" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page425" id="page425"></a>[pg 425]</span> + + <h2>THE SELECTOR;<br /> + AND LITERARY NOTICES OF <i>NEW WORKS</i>.</h2> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>HISTORY OF POLAND.</h3> + + <p>This volume, a goodly octavo, will be peculiarly acceptable at the present season. + It presents a lucid view of Polish history, from the earliest period to the present + eventful moment; and, as a passage of immediate interest, we quote the following + character of the President of the National Government of Poland:</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>This illustrious personage, Prince Adam Czartoryski, is the eldest son of the + late prince of the same house, and is descended from the family of Jagellon, the + ancient sovereigns of Lithuania. His father was long known, not only as a nobleman + of the first rank in Poland, but as one of the most accomplished scholars in + Europe. Such was his reputation, that at the period of the last vacancy in the + throne of Poland, Poniatowski (afterwards king) was deputed by the diet to + propitiate the Empress Catherine, to second the election of Czartoryski; but the + deputy's handsome form found such favour in the licentious eyes of the modern + Messalina, that he ceased to urge the suit of the diet, and returned the avowed + nominee of his imperial mistress. Prince Czartoryski's claims on the throne, + popularity, and consequent influence, rendered him odious to the court of St. + Petersburg, and when the last act of spoliation was perpetrated, his lands were + ravaged, his beautiful Castle of Pulawy destroyed, and a sentence of extermination + pronounced against him, unless he would consent to send his two sons, one the + subject of this notice, and the other Prince Constantino Czartoryski, as hostages + to St. Petersburg. To avoid this wretched alternative, the prince and his princess, + who still survive, consented to the separation, and the two young noblemen, were + placed under the eye of those who were deemed worthy, by the Autocrat, of reforming + their principles. The talents displayed by both brothers soon obtained for them the + admiration of the court; and as it was of great importance to gain them over, every + mark of imperial favour was heaped upon them by the Emperor Alexander, with whom, + from infancy, they had established terms of the utmost familiarity. The elder + brother held for a long time the portfolio of the Foreign Office, and, in his + official capacity, accompanied his imperial master to the scenes of some of his + most serious disasters. During Napoleon's invasion, Prince Constantino was in + Poland, and confiding in the integrity of the then master of the destinies of + Europe, and breathing naught but freedom for his country, he joined the banners of + the invader, and raised a regiment at his own expense to aid in the cause of + liberation. At Smolensk he received a severe wound, from the effects of which he + has never yet recovered. He resides at Vienna.</p> + + <p>The influence of Prince Adam Czartoryski proved to be singularly useful to + Poland after the downfall of Napoleon. He interposed, and interposed successfully, + between the anger of Alexander and his suffering country; and, on the establishment + of the kingdom of Poland, was appointed the curator of all the universities, both + there and in the incorporated provinces. These duties he sedulously discharged, + until he was superseded by the notorious Count Novozilzoff. From this period he has + lived in retirement, faithfully performing all the duties of private life. The + promotion of agriculture, science in all its branches, and kindly offices among + mankind, constituted his occupations until recent events drew him from his privacy. + The first call was made by the Russian functionaries, as stated in the text, for + the purpose of self-protection! the second was that of his devoted country, when a + government was essential to success. He was chosen not only one of the five members + of the executive body, but its president, a station which he still honourably + fills. Into his new office he has carried all the unostentatious and disinterested + virtues that adorned Pulawy, and there is little doubt that if (and no one suspects + that such will not be the case) the independence of Poland be fairly won, the + choice of his country will point to him as its sovereign. Having finished his + academical career at the University of Edinburgh, he early acquired a strong taste + for English institutions and for Englishmen, and of this he gave substantial proof + by devoting 250<i>l.</i> a-year to the exclusive purchase of English books. His + revenues are enormous; but his liberality is unbounded; and, as it is a rule in his + munificent establishment to provide liberally for the families of all his + dependants, his means are comparatively restricted, but his personal wants are few; + and that he is ready to accommodate himself to circumstances, was well shown by his + only observation on hearing of the confiscation of his large property in Podolia by + Nicholas. "Instead of riding, I must walk, and instead of sumptuous <span + class="pagenum"><a name="page426" id="page426"></a>[pg 426]</span> fare, I must + dine on buck-wheat."<a id="footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3"></a><a + href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a> Such is a faint outline of this illustrious + man's character. Were it only for the admirable example of such an individual + guiding the reigns of the government of a devoted people, it is most ardently to be + hoped that Poland may triumph over her enemies, and be raised to that rank from + which she was degraded only by the basest of treasons.—<i>Fletcher's History + of Poland.</i></p> + </blockquote> + + <p>As the pronunciation of the Polish language is attended with some difficulty, the + author of this work has, in his advertisement, subjoined the following hints, taken + principally from the "Letters Literary and Political on Poland, Edinburgh, 1823."</p> + + <p>All vowels are sounded as in French and Italian; and there are no diphthongs, + every vowel being pronounced distinctly. The consonants are the same as in English, + except</p> + + <blockquote> + <p><i>w</i>, which is sounded like <i>v</i>, at the beginning of a word; thus, + Warsawa—<i>Varsafa</i>; in the middle or at the end of a word it has the + sound of <i>f</i>, as in the instance already cited; and + Narew—<i>Nareff</i>.</p> + + <p><i>c</i>, like <i>tz</i>, and never like <i>k</i>; thus, Pac is sounded + <i>Patz</i>.</p> + + <p><i>g</i>, like <i>g</i> in Gibbon; thus, <i>Oginski</i>.</p> + + <p><i>ch</i>, like the Greek [Greek: ch] or <i>k</i>; thus, + Lech—<i>Lek</i>.</p> + + <p><i>cz</i>, like the English <i>tch</i> in pitch;—thus, Czartoryski + pronounce <i>Tchartoryski</i>.</p> + + <p><i>sz</i>, like <i>sh</i> in <i>shape</i>; thus, Staszyc like + <i>Stashytz</i>.</p> + + <p><i>szcz</i>, like <i>shtch</i>; thus, Szczerbiec like <i>Shtcherbietz</i>.</p> + + <p><i>rz</i>, like <i>j</i> in <i>je</i>, with a slight sound of <i>r</i>; thus, + Rzewuski—<i>Rjevuski</i>.</p> + </blockquote> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>WHITE'S BAMPTON LECTURES.</h3> + + <p>Dr. Dibdin has prefixed the subsequent Note to one of these Lectures (Character of + Christ compared with that of Mahomet), which he has reprinted in vol. iii. of the + <i>Sunday Library</i>:—</p> + + <p>"Of all the sermons preached in this, or in any other country, THESE are perhaps + the most celebrated; or, if this observation require qualification, the only + exception may be in favour of those of the <i>Petit Carême</i> of MASILLON. For + three successive terms, the church of St. Mary's, at Oxford, was crowded with an + auditory breathless in admiration of the splendour of diction and vividness of + imagery manifested in these discourses. The subject treated of—'<i>A Comparison + of Mahometanism and Christianity in their History, their Evidences, and their + Effects</i>'—was new and striking in the pulpit of the University Church. A + great deal of highly wrought expectation, from more than a whisper spread abroad of + the sources whence the chief materials had been derived, preceded their publicity; + and the preacher, although by no means remarkable for elegance of manner, or + ductility and melody of voice, applied his whole energies to the task of giving power + and effect to his delivery. He succeeded, greatly beyond his own expectations; and + the University rung with his praises. The fame which ensued was merited; for the + public, till then satisfied with the tame polish and cold invective of BLAIR, became + delighted by the union of such harmony of language, skilfulness of argument, and + singularity of research, as were blended in these lectures. Yet it may be questioned, + not only whether a display of similar talent would <i>now</i> receive the like + applause, but whether many subsequent courses of Bampton lectures have not rendered a + more essential service to Christianity.</p> + + <p>"But, extraordinary as was the result of the <i>preaching</i> of these Bampton + lectures, perhaps a more extraordinary history belongs to their <i>composition</i>; + and posterity will learn, with wonder, and perhaps with mingled pity and contempt, + that the measures resorted to by the Laudian Professor of Arabic, in order to impose + upon his best friend and most able coadjutor, DR. PARR, form such a tissue of petty + artifice and intrigue as scarcely to be believed. The whole plot, however, is + minutely and masterly developed in Dr. Johnstone's <i>Life of Dr. Parr</i>, vol. i. + p. 216-281, to which I refer the curious reader for some very singular particulars. + The facts, as there delineated, are simply these:—A secret correspondence was + carried on between Professor White and Mr. Badcock, a dissenting minister of + Devonshire, who furnished the greater part of the materials of these lectures; which + materials, copied out by Professor White, with a few emendations and additions, were + sent to Dr. Parr as the exclusive composition of the Professor. Several of the + lectures are wholly Badcock's, by the express admission of Dr. White; and the + undeniable evidence of a douceur of 500<i>l.</i> from the Professor to Mr. Badcock, + is a sufficiently solid proof of the value in which the former held the labours of + the latter. There could be no violation of any great moral feeling in the transaction + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page427" id="page427"></a>[pg 427]</span> thus simply + considered; for the labourer was worthy of his hire; but the evasive subtleties and + shuffling subterfuges by which the literary intercourse was stubbornly denied, and + attempted to be set aside, by Professor White, is matter of perfect astonishment! In + the mean while, Dr. Parr steadily continued his critical labours, believing that the + Professor sought no <i>aid</i> but his <i>own</i>. He revised, added, and polished at + his entire discretion; and while it is allowed that <i>one-fifth</i> at least, of + these lectures are the work of his learned hand, he undoubtedly gave to the whole its + last and most effectual polish. The history which belongs to his discovery of the + collateral aid of Badcock, is curious and amusing; but can have no place here. It + does great credit to the head and heart of Dr. Parr. Thus the reader will observe + that no small interest is attached to the volume from which the ensuing extracts are + made: a volume, full, doubtless, of extensive and learned research, and exhibiting a + style remarkable alike for its consummate art and harmonious copiousness."</p> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>WEALTH OF HENRY VII.</h3> + + <p>The hoard amassed by Henry, and "most of it under his own key and keeping, in + secret places at Richmond," is said to have amounted to near 1,800,000<i>l.</i>, + which, according to our former conjectures, would be equivalent to about + 16,000,000<i>l.</i>; an amount of specie so immense as to warrant a suspicion of + exaggeration, in an age when there was no control from public documents on a matter + of which the writers of history were ignorant. Our doubts of the amount amassed by + Henry are considerably warranted by the computation of Sir W. Petty, who, a century + and a half later, calculated the whole specie of England at only + 6,000,000<i>l.</i>—This hoard, whatever may have been its precise extent, was + too great to be formed by frugality, even under the penurious and niggardly Henry. A + system of extortion was employed, which "the people, into whom there is infused for + the preservation of monarchies a natural desire to discharge their princes, though it + be with the unjust charge of their counsellors, did impute unto Cardinal Morton and + Sir Reginald Bray, who, as it after appeared, as counsellors of ancient authority + with him, did so second his humours as nevertheless they did temper them. Whereas + Empson and Dudley, that followed, being persons that had no reputation with him, + otherwise than by the servile following of his bent, did not give way only as the + first did, but shaped his way to those extremities for which himself was touched with + remorse at his death."<a id="footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a + href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a> The means of exaction chiefly consisted in the + fines incurred by slumbering laws, in commuting for money other penalties which fell + on unknown offenders, and in the sale of pardons and amnesties. Every revolt was a + fruitful source of profit. When the great confiscations had ceased, much remained to + be gleaned by true or false imputations of participation in treason. To be a dweller + in a disaffected district, was, for the purposes of the king's treasure, to be a + rebel. No man could be sure that he had not incurred mulcts, or other grievous + penalties, by some of those numerous laws which had so fallen into disuse by their + frivolous and vexatious nature as to strike before they warned. It was often more + prudent to compound by money, even in false accusations, than to brave the rapacity + and resentment of the king and his tools. Of his chief instruments, "Dudley was a man + of good family, eloquent, and one that could put hateful business into good language; + Empson, the son of a sieve-maker, of Towcester, triumphed in his deeds, putting off + all other respects. They were privy counsellors and lawyers, who turned law and + justice into wormwood and rapine."<a id="footnotetag5" name="footnotetag5"></a><a + href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a> They threw into prison every man whom they could + indict, and confined him, without any intention to prosecute, till he ransomed + himself. They prosecuted the mayors and other magistrates of the city of London, for + pretended or trivial neglects of duty, long after the time of the alleged offences; + subservient judges imposed enormous fines, and the king imprisoned during his own + life some of the contumacious offenders. Alderman Hawes is said to have died + heartbroken by the terror and anguish of these proceedings. <a id="footnotetag6" + name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a> They imprisoned and + fined juries who hesitated to lend their aid when it was deemed convenient to seek + it. To these, Lord Bacon tells us, were added "other courses fitter to be buried than + repeated."<a id="footnotetag7" name="footnotetag7"></a><a + href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a> Emboldened by long success, they at last disdained + to observe "<i>the half face of justice</i>,"<a id="footnotetag8" + name="footnotetag8"></a><a href="#footnote8"><sup>8</sup></a> but summoning the + wealthy and timid before them in private houses, "shuffled up" a summary <span + class="pagenum"><a name="page428" id="page428"></a>[pg 428]</span> examination + without a jury, and levied such exactions as were measured only by the fears and + fortunes of their victims.—<i>Mackintosh's England</i>, Vol. 2.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY.</h2> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>THE COURSE OF THE NIGER.</h3> + + <p>The discovery of the termination of the course of the Niger, will be of the + greatest importance to geography, to our political power, and to civilization.</p> + + <p>With regard to geography, perhaps the contradiction which was afforded by the + various sources whence we derived our knowledge of the character of the interior of + Africa, and of the course of, next to the Nile, the most renowned, and, as was + considered from the same accounts, the greatest river of that country, have in late + times given unlimited zest in the pursuit of further information, and has not in the + least detracted from the pleasure with which we find that we are indebted to our + countrymen for the solution of this all-absorbing problem. It appears, that among the + ancients many facts connected with the geography of the interior of Africa were well + known, which have still been an object of discussion among the moderns; and of these, + we may enumerate the occurrence of a large lake or marsh (for it is either, at + different seasons of the year), whose real existence, beyond the speculations of + geographers, was very unsatisfactorily established, until the journey of Denham and + Clapperton; and the fact of the occurrence of a great river in the west, emptying + itself into the ocean, though many were of opinion that it lost itself in an inland + marsh, or in the desert, while others supported the opinion of its identity with the + Nile of the Egyptians. The researches of Ptolemy and the Arabian geographers on the + Nile of the Negroes, and in later times the travels of Leo Africanus, who was a Moor + of Grenada, demonstrated the absurdity of this opinion; and how extraordinary that, + in the boasted perfection of human intellect, it should have been broached several + centuries afterwards, and that the barometric levellings of Bruce should have been + necessary to enforce conviction! It is not at all improbable that Hanno, the + Carthaginian, as advanced by Macqueen, reached the Bight of Benin, or of Biafra; and + certainly the geographical information obtained on these countries by Herodotus and + Edrisi was more accurate than the speculations of many modern geographers.</p> + + <p>Observation had demonstrated to the moderns that no large river emptied itself + into the ocean on the north-west coast, though it required a more accurate + acquaintance with the Senegal and the Gambia before it was fully ascertained that + they were not the outlets of this great stream. The progress of navigation along the + south-eastern shores of Africa also showed that no large river emptied itself into + the sea along that coast; while the settlements of the Portuguese on the coast to the + south of Cape Lopez, led them, at an early period, to adopt the opinion afterwards + supported by Mungo Park and Mr. Barrow, that one or more of the rivers in their + vicinity were the outlets of the great river of the interior of Africa. Two + celebrated geographers, D'Anville and Major Rennell, however, espoused the theory of + the waters emptying themselves into the Wangara, or great marsh; which argument + underwent various modifications in the hands of different geographers; and though the + probability of its emptying itself into the Gulf of Guinea had been pointed out on + the continent, and vigorously supported in this country, an expedition was fitted out + to explore the Congo or Zaire, which, though unfortunate to the individuals + concerned, was yet satisfactory in a geographical point of view, and demonstrated + that the rivers south of Cape Lopez were not the outlets of the waters of the Niger, + and gave origin to a speculation which partook of all the characters of a romance of + the desert, beneath the sands of which its author buried the gigantic stream, loaded + with the waters of the Wangara or Lake Tchad, to make it flow into the Mediterranean + at the Syrtis of the ancients.</p> + + <p>In the history of geography there are no examples of greater perseverance and + courageous determination than in the efforts made to triumph over the difficulties + presented in the solution of this important question. Since 1815, there has scarcely + a year passed in which a new attempt has not been made; and of these, if we recede a + little farther back, twenty-five were made by our countrymen, fourteen by Frenchmen, + two by Americans, and one by a German; of which but a small number, since the days of + Houghton, have not fallen victims to their heroic devotion.</p> + + <p>Mungo Park first observed the direction of the stream which had become as much an + object of discussion as its termination; and, strange to say, after the present + discovery, it will, in some parts of its course, still remain so. The <span + class="pagenum"><a name="page429" id="page429"></a>[pg 429]</span> unfortunate + traveller just alluded to, previous to his descent of the river, obtained some + information from Moors and from negroes, on its course by Timbuctoo. The Jinnie of + Park is synonymous with Jenné, Giné, Dhjenné, of other writers, + as Jenné has again been confounded with Kano or Kanno. It may be a figurative + term—for the Jinnie of Park was on an island, as was the Jenné of the + Moorish reports, while the Jenné of some travellers is at a short distance + from the river. This cannot be the case with regard to Timbuctoo, which is visited by + caravans twice a year from Morocco; nor is the name met with any where, except the + two first syllables in the town of Timbo, which cannot be mistaken for Timbuctoo.</p> + + <p>Major Laing had discovered the source of the Niger to be in the mountains of Loma, + in 9 deg. 15 min. west latitude, and had ascertained its course for a short distance + from its source. We were also aware of the existence of one or two streams joining + the great river, or branching from it near Timbuctoo. De Lisle had marked a river + Gambarra, on his maps drawn up for Louis XV., and not without good authority. This is + the river coming from Houssa; and the Joliba of modern travellers is a river, we + could prove, from the concurring testimony of a variety of sources, coming from the + north-west, and joining its waters with, that is to say flowing into the Niger, in + the immediate neighbourhood of Timbuctoo; still at that point the Kowarra, or Quorra + of the Moors, or Quolla of the Negroes, who always change the <i>r</i> for <i>l</i> a + name which, according to Laing, it has at its sources—according to Clapperton, + it preserves beyond Timbuctoo, and is probably still the name of the same stream at + its embouchure in the Bight of Biafra. The Quarrama is another tributary stream which + passes by Saccatoo, and falls into the Quorra above Youri, and above the point where + Mungo Park was wrecked; and the line of country between this river and the Shashum, + comprising the hills of Doochee, of Naroo, and of Dull, is the line of water-shed to + the rivers joining the Quorra on the one hand, and those emptying themselves into the + Wangara on the other. The course given by Sultan Bello, and the information obtained + by Major Denham, both pointed out a river coursing to the east, which is probably the + branch followed by the Landers: for its termination in Lake Tchad had not even the + air of probability; though it is not, on the other-hand, at all improbable that other + branches empty themselves into the Bight of Benin, by the rivers Formosa or Volta, + according to information given to Captain Clapperton and Major Laing.</p> + + <p>We had intended to embody some remarks upon the pretended journey of + Caillié; but we find we have already occupied too much space in details + necessary to make the geographical nature of the question well understood; and we + shall content ourselves with remarking, that the discovery of the termination of the + Quorra, or Niger, tends to throw a degree of improbability upon the narrative of that + individual, which it will require much ingenuity to explain away. It is certain that + the latitude given to Timbuctoo by the editor of those travels, and upon which + sufficient ridicule has already been thrown in the Edinburgh Geographical Journal, + may be considered as an error entirely of the editor's, who, by taking it upon + himself, will relieve the burden of the mistake from the traveller, and thus lighten + the weighty doubts which might in consequence bear upon the remainder of the details; + for the situation of that city, as given by Jomard, is quite inconsistent with the + situation it must be in, from the ascertained source, direction, and termination of + the river. There can be no doubt but that a portion of the labours presented to the + public as the travels of Caillié are founded upon valid documents, wherever + obtained, and probably most of the errors are those of the editor. But though + authorities can be found in support of the division of the Quorra into two branches; + one of which, the Joliba, flows to the north-west, and the other in an almost + opposite direction,—fact which has no analogy in geography, and, what is + better, no existence in nature; yet no authority can be found for placing Timbuctoo + on a river flowing north from the Niger.</p> + + <p>The details which will be given to us by the results of this successful expedition + will, then, not only be of assistance in allying the existing condition of things + with the knowledge of the ancients, but it will enable us to reduce to a few facts + the many contradictory statements which have originated in the variety of the sources + of information, and the individual and national rivalry which the interest of the + question gave birth to among the geographers of the present day. It will also be of + importance, as it was connected with a great question, as to the possibility of a + large river traversing an extensive continent, or losing itself in a marsh or lake, + or being buried in the extensive sands of the desert. By <span class="pagenum"><a + name="page430" id="page430"></a>[pg 430]</span> laying open the interior of Africa to + us, it will increase our political strength and commercial advantages on those + coasts;—it will enable us to put into practice an amelioration long + contemplated by Mr. Barrow, in the choice of our settlements on those + coasts;—it will place the greatest and most important vent of the barbarous and + inhuman traffic of negroes in our possession; and it will enable us to diffuse the + benefits of superior intelligence among an ignorant and suffering + people.—Literary Gazette.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.</h2> + + <h3>DISAGREEABLES.</h3> + + <h4>BY THE ETTRICK SHEPHERD.</h4> + + <blockquote> + <p>"For four things the earth is disquieted, and five which it cannot bear." + AGUR.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>This world is a delightful place to dwell in,</p> + + <p>And many sweet and lovely things are in it;</p> + + <p>Yet there are sundry, at the which I have</p> + + <p>A natural dislike, against all reason.</p> + + <p>I never like A TAILOR. Yet no man</p> + + <p>Likes a new coat or inexpressibles</p> + + <p>Better than I do—few, I think, so well:</p> + + <p>I can't account for this. The tailor is,</p> + + <p>A far more useful member of society</p> + + <p>Than is a poet;—then his sprightly wit,</p> + + <p>His glee, his humour, and his happy mind</p> + + <p>Entitle him to fair esteem. Allowed.</p> + + <p>But then, his self-sufficiency;—his shape</p> + + <p>So like a frame, whereon to hang a suit</p> + + <p>Of dandy clothes;—his small straight back and arms,</p> + + <p>His thick bluff ankles, and his supple knees,</p> + + <p>Plague on't!—'Tis wrong—I do not like a tailor.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">AN OLD BLUE-STOCKING MAID! Oh! that's a being,</p> + + <p>That's hardly to be borne. Her saffron hue,</p> + + <p>Her thinnish lips, close primmed as they were sewn</p> + + <p>Up by a milliner, and made water-proof,</p> + + <p>To guard the fount of wisdom that's within.</p> + + <p>Her borrowed locks, of dry and withered hue,</p> + + <p>Her straggling beard of ill-condition'd hairs,</p> + + <p>And then her jaws of wise and formal cast;</p> + + <p>Chat-chat—chat-chat! Grand shrewd remarks!</p> + + <p>That may have meaning, may have none for me.</p> + + <p>I like the creature so supremely ill,</p> + + <p>I never listen, never calculate.</p> + + <p>I know this is ungenerous and unjust:</p> + + <p>I cannot help it; for I do dislike</p> + + <p>An old blue-stocking maid even to extremity.</p> + + <p>I do protest I'd rather kiss a tailor.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">A GREEDY EATER! He is worst of all.</p> + + <p>The gourmand bolts and bolts, and smacks his chops—</p> + + <p>Eyes every dish that enters, with a stare</p> + + <p>Of greed and terror, lest one thing go by him.</p> + + <p>The glances that he casts along the board,</p> + + <p>At every slice that's carved, have that in them</p> + + <p>Beyond description. I would rather dine</p> + + <p>Beside an ox—yea, share his cog of draff;</p> + + <p>Or with a dog, if he'd keep his own side;</p> + + <p>Than with a glutton on the rarest food.</p> + + <p class="i2">A thousand times I've dined upon the waste,</p> + + <p>On dry-pease bannock, by the silver spring.</p> + + <p>O, it was sweet—was healthful—had a zest;</p> + + <p>Which at the paste my palate ne'er enjoyed.</p> + + <p>My bonnet laid aside, I turned mine eyes</p> + + <p>With reverence and humility to heaven,</p> + + <p>Craving a blessing from the bounteous Giver;</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Then grateful thanks returned. There was a joy</p> + + <p>In these lone meals, shared by my faithful dog,</p> + + <p>Which I remind with pleasure, and has given</p> + + <p>A verdure to my spirit's age. Then think</p> + + <p>Of such a man, beside a guzzler set;</p> + + <p>And how his stomach nauseates the repast.</p> + + <p class="i2">"When he thinks of days he shall never more see.</p> + + <p>Of his cake and his cheese, and his lair on the lea,</p> + + <p>His laverock that hung on the heaven's ee-bree,</p> + + <p class="i2">His prayer and his clear mountain rill."</p> + + <p>I cannot eat one morsel. There is that,</p> + + <p>Somewhere within, that balks each bold attempt;</p> + + <p>A loathing—a disgust—a something worse:</p> + + <p>I know not what it is. A strong desire</p> + + <p>To drink, but not for thirst. 'Tis from a wish</p> + + <p>To wash down that enormous eater's food—</p> + + <p>A sympathetic feeling. Not of love!</p> + + <p>And be there ale, or wine, or potent draught</p> + + <p>Superior to them both, to that I fly,</p> + + <p>And glory in the certainty that mine</p> + + <p>Is the ethereal soul of food, while his</p> + + <p>Is but the rank corporeal—the vile husks</p> + + <p>Best suited to his crude voracity.</p> + + <p>And far as the bright spirit may transcend</p> + + <p>Its mortal frame, my food transcendeth his.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">A CREDITOR! Good heaven, is there beneath</p> + + <p>Thy glorious concave of cerulean blue,</p> + + <p>A being formed so thoroughly for dislike,</p> + + <p>As is a creditor? No, he's supreme,</p> + + <p>The devil's a joke to him! Whoe'er has seen</p> + + <p>An adder's head upraised, with gleaming eyes,</p> + + <p>About to make a spring, may form a shade</p> + + <p>Of mild resemblance to a creditor.</p> + + <p class="i2">I do remember once—'tis long agone—</p> + + <p>Of stripping to the waist to wade the Tyne—</p> + + <p>The English Tyne, dark, sluggish, broad, and deep;</p> + + <p>And just when middle-way, there caught mine eye,</p> + + <p>A lamprey of enormous size pursuing me!</p> + + <p>L—— what a fright! I bobb'd, I splashed, I flew.</p> + + <p>He had a creditor's keen, ominous look,</p> + + <p>I never saw an uglier—but a real one.</p> + + <p class="i2">This is implanted in man's very nature,</p> + + <p>It cannot be denied. And once I deemed it</p> + + <p>The most degrading stain our nature bore:</p> + + <p>Wearing a shade of every hateful vice,</p> + + <p>Ingratitude, injustice, selfishness.</p> + + <p>But I was wrong, for I have traced the stream</p> + + <p>Back to its fountain in the inmost cave,</p> + + <p>And found in postulate of purest grain,</p> + + <p>It's first beginning.—It is not the man,</p> + + <p>The friend who has obliged us, we would shun,</p> + + <p>But the conviction which his presence brings,</p> + + <p>That we have done him wrong:—a sense of grief</p> + + <p>And shame at our own rash improvidence:</p> + + <p>The heart bleeds for it, and we love the man</p> + + <p>Whom we would shun. The feeling's hard to bear.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2">A BLUSTERING FELLOW! There's a deadly bore,</p> + + <p>Placed in a good man's way, who only yearns</p> + + <p>For happiness and joy. But day by day,</p> + + <p>This blusterer meets me, and the hope's defaced.</p> + + <p>I cannot say a word—make one remark,</p> + + <p>That meets not flat and absolute contradiction—</p> + + <p>I nothing know on earth—am misinformed</p> + + <p>On every circumstance. The very terms,</p> + + <p>Scope, rate, and merits of my own transactions</p> + + <p>Are all to me unknown, or falsified,</p> + + <p>Of which most potent proof can be adduced.</p> + + <p>Then the important thump upon the board,</p> + + <p>Snap with the thumb, and the disdainful 'whew!'</p> + + <p>Sets me and all I say at less than naught.</p> + + <p class="i2">What can a person do?—To knock him down</p> + + <p>Suggests itself, but then it breeds a row</p> + + <p>In a friend's house, or haply in your own,</p> + + <p>Which is much worse; for glasses go like cinders;</p> + + <p>The wine is spilled—the toddy. The chair-backs</p> + + <p>Go crash! No, no, there's nothing but forbearance,</p> + </div> + </div> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page431" id="page431"></a>[pg 431]</span> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>And mark'd contempt. If that won't bring him down,</p> + + <p>There's nothing will. Ah! can the leopard change</p> + + <p>His spots, or the grim Ethiop his hue?</p> + + <p>Sooner they may and nature change her course,</p> + + <p>Than can a blusterer to a modest man:</p> + + <p>He still will stand a beacon of dislike.</p> + + <p>A fool—I wish all blustering chaps were dead,</p> + + <p>That's the true bathos to have done with them.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <h4><i>Fraser's Magazine.</i></h4> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>THE GATHERER.</h2> + + <blockquote> + <p>A snapper up of unconsidered trifles.<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 15em;">SHAKSPEARE.</span></p> + </blockquote> + + <h3>GAD'S HILL.</h3> + + <p>Gad's Hill, not far from Chatham, was formerly a noted place for depredations on + seamen, after they had received their pay at the latter place. The following + robbery was committed there in or verging on the year 1676: About four o'clock one + morning, a gentleman was robbed by one Nicks, on a bay mare, just as he was on the + declivity of the hill, on the west side. Nicks rode away, and as he said, was + stopped nearly an hour by the difficulty of getting a boat, to enable him to cross + the river; but he made the best use of it as a kind of bait to his horse. From + thence he rode across the county of Essex to Chelmsford. Here he stopped about an + hour to refresh his horse, and give the animal a ball;—from thence to + Braintree, Bocking, and Withersfield; thence over the Downs to Cambridge; and from + thence, keeping still the cross roads, he went by Fenny Stratford, <a + id="footnotetag9" name="footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9"><sup>9</sup></a> to + Godmanchester and Huntingdon, where he and his mare baited about an hour; and, as + he said himself, he slept about half an hour: then holding on the north road, and + keeping a full gallop most of the way, he came to York the same afternoon; put off + his boots and riding clothes, and went dressed as if he had been an inhabitant of + the place, to the bowling-green, where, among many other gentlemen, was the Lord + Mayor of the city. He, singling out his lordship, studied to do something + particular that the mayor might remember him, and then took occasion to ask him + what o'clock it was. The mayor, pulling out his watch, told him the time, which was + a quarter before, or a quarter after eight at night. Upon a prosecution for this + robbery, the whole merit of the case turned upon this single point:—the + person robbed, swore to the man, to the place, and to the time, in which the + robbery was committed; but Nicks, proving by the Lord Mayor of York, that he was as + far off as <i>Yorkshire</i> at that time, the jury acquitted him on the bare + supposition, that the man could not be at two places so remote on one and the same + day.</p> + + <p>I need not remind your numerous readers that the roads in 1676 were in a very + different plight to those of 1831; at the former period it would not have been + possible for Tom Thumb to have trotted sixteen miles an hour on any turnpike road + in England. Even my friend, the respected driver of the Old Union Cambridge Coach + to London, can remember, in his time, the coach being two days on the road, and + occasionally being indebted to farmers for the loan of horses to drag the coach + wheels out of their sloughy tracks.</p> + + <h4>J.S.W.</h4> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>DIGNIFIED REPROOF.</h3> + + <p>Catherine Parthenay, niece of the celebrated Anna Parthenay, returned this + spirited reply to the importunities of Henry IV.—"Your majesty must know, + that although I am too humble to become your wife, I am at the same time descended + from too illustrious a family ever to become your mistress."</p> + + <h4>P.</h4> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>L—A—W.</h3> + + <p>The circumlocution and diffuseness of law papers—the apparent redundancy + of terms, and multiplicity of synonymes, which may be found on all judicial + proceedings, are happily hit off in the following, which we copy from <i>Jenk's New + York Evening Journal</i>:—</p> + + <p>"A LAWYER'S STORY.—Tom strikes Dick over the shoulders with a rattan as + big as your little finger. A lawyer would tell you the story something in this + way:—And that, whereas the said Thomas, at the said Providence, in the year + and day aforesaid, in and upon the body of the said Richard, in the peace of God + and the State, then and there being, did make a most violent assault and inflicted + a great many and divers blows, kicks, cuffs, thumps, bumps, contusions, gashes, + wounds, hurts, damages, and injuries, in and upon the head, neck, breast, stomach, + lips, knees, shins, and heels of the said Richard, with divers sticks, staves, + canes, poles, clubs, logs of wood, stones, guns, dirks, swords, daggers, pistols, + cutlasses, bludgeons, blunderbusses, and boarding pikes, then and there held in the + hands, fists, claws, and clutches of him the said Thomas."</p> + <hr class="short" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page432" id="page432"></a>[pg 432]</span> + + <h3>WATERLOO—"FORGET ME NOT."</h3> + + <blockquote> + <p>"On one of these graves I observed the little wild blue flower, known by the + name of 'Forget me not'."—<i>Visit to the Field of Waterloo.</i></p> + </blockquote> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>No marble tells, nor columns rise,</p> + + <p class="i2">To bid the passing stranger mourn,</p> + + <p>Where valour fought, and bled, and died,</p> + + <p class="i2">From friends and life abruptly torn.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Yet on the earth that veils<a id="footnotetag10" name="footnotetag10"></a><a + href="#footnote10"><sup>10</sup></a> their heads,</p> + + <p class="i2">Where bravest hearts are doom'd to rot,</p> + + <p>This simple flower, with meek appeal,</p> + + <p class="i2">Prefers the prayer "Forget me not."</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Forget! forbid my heart responds</p> + + <p class="i2">While bending o'er the hero's grave—</p> + + <p>Forbid that e'er oblivion's gloom</p> + + <p class="i2">Should shade the spot where rest the brave.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Fond kindred at this awful shrine</p> + + <p class="i2">Will oft, with footsteps faltering,</p> + + <p>Approach and drop the pious tear—</p> + + <p class="i2">Sad Memory's purest offering.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>And well their country marks those deeds—</p> + + <p class="i2">The land that gave each bosom fire:</p> + + <p>Deeds that her proudest triumph won,</p> + + <p class="i2">But gaining, saw her sons expire.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>And ages hence will Britain's sons,</p> + + <p class="i2">As trophied tributes meet their view,</p> + + <p>Admire, exult—yet mourn the pangs</p> + + <p class="i2">These glories cost, at Waterloo.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <h4>D.</h4> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>SWORD PRESENTED BY THE KING TO THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON, ON THE ANNIVERSARY OF + WATERLOO.</h3> + + <p>On the hilt, and executed in high relief, are branches of oak surrounding the + crown. The bark of the branches are opening, which display the words—"India, + Copenhagen, Peninsula, and Waterloo." The top part of the scabbard exhibits his + majesty's arms, initials, and crown; the middle of the scabbard exhibits the arms + and orders of the Duke of Wellington on the one side, and on the reverse his + batons. The lower end has the thunderbolt and wings, the whole surrounded with oak + leaves and laurel, with a rich foliage, in which was introduced the flower of the + Lotus. The blade exhibits, in has relief, his majesty's arms, initials, and crown; + the arms, orders, and batons, of the Duke of Wellington, Hercules taming the tiger, + the thunderbolt, the British colours bound up with the caduceus and fasces, + surrounded by laurel, and over them the words—"India, Copenhagen, Peninsula, + and Waterloo," terminating with a sheathed sword, surrounded by laurel and + palm.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>ODDITIES.</h3> + + <p>Fashion-mongers make odd work with language. Thus, we read of Mrs. Ravenshaw + giving a "petit" <i>souper</i> to about 150 of the <i>haut ton</i>.</p> + + <p>The <i>Court Journal</i>, too, tells us that a few days since Lord Lansdowne met + with "a severe accident," by which "he suffered no material injury."</p> + + <p>The Queen's dress at her last ball was "white and silver, striped with blue." + The song says—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>To be nice about trifles</p> + + <p>Is trifling and folly;—</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>but the <i>modistes</i> can gather little from such a description as the + above.</p> + + <p>In the Zoological Gardens is a pheasant, one of whose feathers measures 5 feet + 11 inches in length!</p> + + <p>A "<i>Charming Fellow</i>,"—The records of the Horticultural Society + inform us that <i>Lady</i> Cochrane has been elected "a Fellow of the Society."</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <p>VEDI PAGANINI E MORI.</p> + </div> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>See Paganini, and then <i>die</i>!</p> + + <p class="i2">I beg to tell a different story;</p> + + <p>And to the <i>bowing</i> crowd I cry,</p> + + <p class="i2">See Paganini, and then Mori!</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i8"><i>Court Journal.</i></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>In a List of New Books and Reprints we find one by "Bishop Home; in silk, 2s. + 6d."</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <p><i>Epitaph on Spenser.</i></p> + + <p><i>In Spenserum.</i></p> + </div> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Famous alive and dead, here is the odds,</p> + + <p>Then god of poets, now poet of the gods.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>The Philomathic Society of Warsaw have elected Mr. Campbell a corresponding + member, as "Campbell <i>Tomes</i> Poète Anglais."—<i>Literary + Gazette.</i></p> + + <p><i>Anatomy.</i>—The price for unopened subjects in Paris is 5 francs, or + 4<i>s.</i> 2<i>d.</i>; and 3 francs, or 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> for opened + ones.—<i>Lancet</i>.</p> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>THE LORD CHANCELLOR.</h3> + + <h4>Vol. XVII. of the MIRROR,</h4> + + <p>With a Steel-plate Portrait of this illustrious Individual, Memoir, &c., 50 + Engravings, and 450 closely printed Pages, will be published on the 30th instant, + price 5<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> boards.</p> + + <p>Part 110, price 10<i>d.</i>, will be ready on the same day.</p> + + <p>The Supplementary Number will contain the above Portrait, a copious Memoir, + Title-page, Index, &c; and, from its extension beyond the usual space, will be + published at 4<i>d.</i></p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a> + + <p>See <i>Mirror</i>, No 475.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a> + + <p>Langhorne's Plutarch, vol. i. p. xv.—Limbird's edition.]</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a> + + <p>The common food of the poor.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a> + + <p>Bacon, iii. 409.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a> + + <p>Ibid. iii. 380.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote6" name="footnote6"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a> + + <p>See examples in Bacon, iii.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote7" name="footnote7"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a> + + <p>Bacon, iii. 382.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote8" name="footnote8"></a><b>Footnote 8:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag8">(return)</a> + + <p>Ibid. 381.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote9" name="footnote9"></a><b>Footnote 9:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag9">(return)</a> + + <p>Fenny, or Fen Stanton, not Stratford, must be here meant, as the former is in + the direct road from Cambridge to Huntingdon.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote10" name="footnote10"></a><b>Footnote 10:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag10">(return)</a> + + <p>The layer of earth scarce covers the bodies, so may be called a veil.</p> + </blockquote> + <hr class="full" /> + + <p><i>Printed and published by J LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset House,) + London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue + Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers.</i></p> + <hr class="full" /> + </blockquote> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 17, ISSUE 495, JUNE 25, 1831***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 13113-h.txt or 13113-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/1/3/1/1/13113">https://www.gutenberg.org/1/3/1/1/13113</a></p> +<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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For +example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at: + +https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/2/3/10234 + +or filename 24689 would be found at: +https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689 + +An alternative method of locating eBooks: +<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL">https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL</a> + +*** END: FULL LICENSE *** +</pre> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/old/13113-h/images/495-1.png b/old/13113-h/images/495-1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ccfa69c --- /dev/null +++ b/old/13113-h/images/495-1.png diff --git a/old/13113-h/images/495-2.png b/old/13113-h/images/495-2.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..eca2d9a --- /dev/null +++ b/old/13113-h/images/495-2.png diff --git a/old/13113.txt b/old/13113.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ef51ea0 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/13113.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1983 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and +Instruction, Vol. 17, Issue 495, June 25, 1831, by Various + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 17, +Issue 495, June 25, 1831 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: August 4, 2004 [eBook #13113] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, +AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 17, ISSUE 495, JUNE 25, 1831*** + + +E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Victoria Woosley, and Project +Gutenberg Distributed Proofreaders + + + +Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this + file which includes the original illustration. + See 13113-h.htm or 13113-h.zip: + (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/3/1/1/13113/13113-h/13113-h.htm) + or + (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/3/1/1/13113/13113-h.zip) + + + + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + +VOL. 17, No. 495.] SATURDAY, JUNE 25, 1831. [PRICE 2d. + + + + * * * * * + + + + +HERMITAGE AT FROGMORE. + +[Illustration] + + +Frogmore is one of the most delightful of the still retreats of +Royalty. It was formerly the seat of the Hon. Mrs. Egerton, of whom it +was purchased by Queen Charlotte, in 1792, who made considerable +additions to the house and gardens. The grounds were laid out by Uvedale +Price, Esq. a celebrated person in the annals of picturesque gardening. +The ornamental improvements were made by the direction of the Princess +Elizabeth, (now Landgravine of Hesse Homburg,) whose taste for rural +quiet we noticed in connexion with an Engraving of Her Royal Highness' +Cottage, adjoining Old Windsor churchyard. [1] + + [1]: See _Mirror_, No 475. + +Frogmore occupies part of a fertile valley, which divides the Little +Park from Windsor Forest, and comprises about thirteen acres. Mr. +Hakewill describes it as "diversified with great skill and taste, and a +piece of water winds throughout it with a pleasing variety of turn and +shape. The trees and shrubs, both native and exotic, which spread their +shade and diffuse their fragrance, are disposed with the best effect; +while buildings are so placed as to enliven and give character to the +general scene. The Ruin was designed by Mr. James Wyatt, and being +seated on the bank of the water, as well as in part in the wood, it +presents, with its creeping ivy and fractured buttresses, a most +pleasing object from various points of the garden. The _Hermitage (see +the Engraving)_ is a small circular thatched building, completely +embowered in lofty trees, and was constructed from a drawing of the +Princess Elizabeth. There is also a Gothic Temple, sacred to solitude, +and a well-imagined and picturesque barn, which heighten the appropriate +scenery. Too much cannot be said of the secluded beauty of this charming +spot, and nothing further need be said of the taste and judgment of +Major Price, to whom its arrangements have been entrusted." + +The _Hermitage_ contains a tablet spread with fruit, eggs, and bread, +and a figure of a hermit reading the Scriptures; at the entrance are +the following lines, written on the marriage of the Princess Royal:-- + + Ye whom variety delights, + Descend awhile from Windsor's heights, + And in this hovel deign to tread, + Quitting the castle for the shed; + Such were the muse's favourite haunts, + From care secluded and from wants. + What nature needs this but can give, + Could we as nature dictates live; + For see, on this plain board at noon + Are placed a platter and a spoon, + Which, though they mark no gorgeous treat, + Suggest 'tis reasonable to eat. + What though the sun's meridian light + Beams not on our hovel bright, + Though others need, we need him not, + Coolness and gloom befit a cot. + Our hours we count without the sun. + These sands proclaim them as they run, + Sands within a glass confined, + Glass which ribs of iron bind; + For Time, still partial to this glass, + Made it durable as brass, + That, placed secure upon a shelf, + None might crush it but himself. + Let us here the day prolong + With loyal and with nuptial song, + Such as, with duteous strains addrest, + May gratify each royal guest; + Thrice happy, should our rural toils + Be requited by their smiles. + +There are other affectionate testimonials in the grounds. The Gothic +ruin contains an apartment fitted up as an oratory, ornamented with a +copy of the Descent from the Cross, modelled in chalk, after the +celebrated painting by Rembrandt; busts of George III. and the Duke of +Kent; a posthumous marble figure of an infant child of his present +Majesty; and an alto-relievo representing an ascending spirit attended +by a guardian angel with the inscription-- + + Monumental Tablet + To the Memory + of + Her Royal Highness the Princess Charlotte. + + + * * * * * + + +ANCIENT WAGES TO MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT. + +(_For the Mirror._) + + +Chamberlayne, in his _Angliae Notitia_, says, "Although the lords of +parliament are to bear their own charges, because they represent there +only themselves; yet all the commons, both lay and clergy, that is, +_Procuratores Cleri_, are to have _rationales expensus_, (as the words +of the writ are) that is, such allowance as the king considering the +prices of all things, shall judge meet to impose upon the people to pay. +In the 17th of Edward II. it was ten groats for knights, and five groats +for burgesses; but not long after it was four shillings for all others, +which in those days, as appears by the prices of all things, was a +considerable sum, above ten times more than it is now, (1688) for not +only then expenses were considered, though that was great by reason of +the suitable attendance that then every parliament-man had, but also +their pains, their loss of time, and necessary neglect of their own +private affairs for the service of their country; and when the counties, +cities, and boroughs paid so dear for their expenses, they were wont to +take care to chuse such men as were best able, and most diligent in the +speedy despatch of affairs; by which means, with some others, more +business in those times was despatched in parliament in a week, than is +now perhaps in ten; so that the protections for parliament-men and their +servants from arrests were not then grievous, when scarce any parliament +or sessions lasted so long as one of the four terms at Westminster. + +"The aforementioned expenses duly paid, did cause all the petty decayed +boroughs of England to become humble suitors to the king, that they +might not be obliged to send burgesses to parliament; whereby it came to +pass, that divers were unburgessed, as it was in particular granted to +_Chipping_, or _Market-Morriton_, upon their petition; and then the +number of the _Commons House_ being scarce half so many as at present, +then debates and bills were sooner expedited." page 156, 21st. edit. + +Halsted, in his _History of Kent_, tells us, "The pay of the burgesses +of Canterbury was fixed (anno 1411) at two shillings a-day for each, +while such burgess was absent from his family attending his duty. In +1445 the wages were no more than twelve pence a-day; two years +afterwards they were increased to sixteenpence, and in 1503 had again +been raised to two shillings. In Queen Mary's reign, the corporation +refused to continue this payment any longer, and the wages of the +members were then levied by assessment on the inhabitants at large, and +continued to be so raised till these kinds of payments were altogether +discontinued." + +P.T.W. + + + * * * * * + + +THE WORD "EI." + +(_For the Mirror._) + + +This word, which was engraven on the temple of Apollo, at Delphi, has +occasioned much controversy among the literati. The learned and +admirable Plutarch tells us that it means "thou art" as if "thou art +one." The Langhornes, in their life of this philosopher, [2] attack his +opinion as inconsistent with "the whole tenour of the Heathen +Mythology." It in to be observed, that the Greek word for priests is +"[Greek: iereis]" (iereis). But I infer nothing from this; yet at the +same time it is a remarkable circumstance. The objection of the +Langhornes is frivolous; for the sun (Apollo) in most nations, was +considered chief of the gods, and this inscription was placed to prove +his _superiority and unity_. + + [2] Langhorne's Plutarch, vol. i. p. xv.--Limbird's edition. + +It is a very remarkable circumstance, that when the Pythia refused to +enter the temple, at the application of Alexander, "Philip's godlike +son," and he attempting to force her in, she exclaimed--"[Greek: +Anikaetos ei o pai]" (My son, you are invincible.) Now, probably, she +had some other intention in using that word; but, however, that does not +affect the argument. I cannot but consider that Plutarch is right. + +B.K. + + + * * * * * + + +A FAREWELL TO SPAIN. + + FOR MUSIC. + +(_For the Mirror._) + + + Land of the myrtle and the vine, + The sunny citron-tree, + With heart upon the waves I give + My latest look to thee. + + Thy glorious scenes of vale and hill + With joy I now resign, + And seek a more congenial land, + Where Freedom will be mine. + + Farewell! thou hast the iron sway + Of bigots and of slaves, + But mine shall be a chainless heart + Upon the dark blue waves. + + For thee our sires have fought and died, + For thee their blood have given, + When tyrants o'er the trampled field + Like thunder-clouds were driven. + + And has the purple tide in vain, + From hill and vale been poured, + Or do the hopes of Freedom sleep + With mighty Mina's sword? + + Oh! no--the trumpet-voice of war, + Shall proudly sound again, + And millions shall obey its call, + And break their chartered chain! + + Till then, my native hearth and home + I'll joyfully resign; + Farewell! thou song-enchanted land + Of myrtle and of vine. + + _Deal_. G.K.C. + + + * * * * * + + +THE DEATH-BEDS OF GREAT MEN. + +(_For the Mirror._) + + +If there are any remarks which deserve to be recorded for the benefit of +mankind, they are those which have been expressed on a dying bed, when, +unfettered by prejudice or passion, Truth shines forth in her real +colours. Sir John Hawkins has recorded of Dr. Johnson, that when +suffering under that disease which ended in his dissolution, he +addressed his friends in the following words:--"You see the state I am +in, conflicting with bodily pain and mental distraction. While you are +in health and strength, labour to do good, and avoid evil, if ever you +wish to escape the distress that oppresses me." + +When Lord Lyttleton was on his death-bed, his daughter, Lady Valentia, +and her husband, came to see him. He gave them his solemn benediction, +adding--"Be good, be virtuous, my lord; you must come to this." + +The triumphant death of Addison will be remembered with feelings of +pleasure by all. Having sent for the young Earl of Warwick, he +affectionately pressed his hand, saying--"See in what peace a Christian +can die!" + +The father of William Penn was opposed to his son's religious +principles; but finding that he acted with sincerity, was at last +reconciled. When dying, he adjured him to do nothing contrary to his +conscience--"So," said he, "you will keep peace within, which will be a +comfort in the day of trouble." + +Locke, the day before his death, addressed Lady Masham, who was sitting +by his bedside, exhorting her to regard this world only as a state of +preparation for a better. He added, that he had lived long enough, and +expressed his gratitude to God for the happiness that had fallen to his +lot. + +Tillotson, when dying, thanked his Maker that he felt his conscience at +ease, and that he had nothing further to do but to await the will of +Heaven. + +Sir Walter Raleigh behaved on the scaffold with the greatest composure. +Having vindicated his conduct in an eloquent speech, he felt the edge of +the axe, observing with a smile--"It is a sharp medicine, but a sure +remedy, for all woes." Being asked which way he would lay himself on the +block, he replied--"So the heart be right, it is no matter which way the +head lies." + +Latimer, when he beheld a fagot ready kindled laid at Ridley's feet, +exclaimed--"Be of good cheer, master Ridley, and play the man; we shall +this day light such a candle in England, as I hope, by God's grace, +shall never be put out." + +The author of Hervey's Meditations, when on his sick bed, observed that +his time had been too much occupied in reading the historians, orators, +and poets of ancient and modern times; and that were he to renew his +studies, he would devote his attention to the Scriptures. + +The last words which the eminent physician Haller addressed to his +medical attendant expressed the calm serenity of his mind. "My friend," +said he, laying his hand on his pulse, "the artery no longer beats." + +M. De La Harpe, one of the first literary characters of the last +century, who for many years laboured to spread the principles of the +French philosophy, but afterwards became a most strenuous defender of +Christianity, on the evening preceding his death was visited by a +friend. He was listening to the Prayers for the Sick; as soon as they +were concluded, he stretched forth his hand and said--"I am grateful to +Divine mercy, for having left me sufficient recollection to feel how +consoling these prayers are to the dying." + +Cardinal Wolsey, when dying, by slow progress and short journeys, +reached Leicester Abbey. He was received with the greatest respect. His +only observation was, "Father Abbot, I am come to lay my bones among +you." He died three days after, with, great composure and fortitude. He +said, shortly before his death--"Had I but served my God as diligently +as I have served the king, he would not have forsaken me in my grey +hairs; but this is the just reward I must receive for my pains and +study, in not regarding my service to God, but only to my prince." + +Melancthon, a few days before his death, although extremely debilitated, +delivered his usual lecture. At the termination of it, he said, +impressively--"I am a dying man, and these are the three subjects for +intercession with God, which I leave to my children and their little +ones--that they may form part of his church, and worship him +aright--that they may be one in him, and live in harmony with each +other--and that they may be fellow-heirs of eternal life." The day +before his death, he addressed some present--"God bestows talents on our +youth, do you see that they use them aright." While dying, his friends +discerned a slight motion of the countenance, which was peculiar to him +when deeply affected by religious joy. + +W. + + + * * * * * + + + +THE NOVELIST. + + +OSMYN AND ZAMBRI. + +_A Persian Tale. From the French._ + +(_From a Correspondent._) + + +A worthy old Persian having arrived at the end of an irreproachable +life, experienced in his last moments the greatest uneasiness for the +fate of his two sons, whom he was about to leave without fortune, +without a livelihood, and without a prospect. The elder called Osmyn, +was twenty years of age, and the younger, eighteen, bore the name of +Zambri. + +As the old man drew near his last hour, he thought much less of his own +sufferings than of the fate of his children, when his ear was agreeably +struck with a soft and melodious voice, which said to him, "Fear +nothing, old man, I will watch over your children; die in peace as thou +hast lived. I bring a present for each of your sons; let them make good +use of it, and one day perhaps they may be re-united, and live in +happiness." + +At these words a balsamic odour spread itself in the cottage, and a +bright light discovered to the view of the astonished Persian, the +features of a young man, whose expressive countenance had in it +something celestial. It was a beneficent genius, who after having +deposited his presents on the bed of the old man, vanished like +lightning. The old man called his two sons, they ran eagerly towards him +with a light, and approached the bed of their father, who related to +them the visit he had been honoured with, and showed them the presents +of the genius. On one side was a small box covered with brilliant +spangles; on the other a sheet of paper carefully sealed. "Come Osmyn," +said the old man, "you are the eldest, it is for you to choose." + +Osmyn attracted by the richness of the box, chose it with eagerness, and +poor Zambri was obliged to be contented with the humble envelope. The +old man embraced them, blessed them, and died as one resigning himself +to the arms of hope. After having wept sincerely the death of so good a +father, and having rendered the last offices to his remains, the two +brothers were anxious to know what aid they should find in the presents +of the genius. Osmyn opened his little box and found it filled with +pastilles of divers forms and colours. He was almost tempted to laugh at +the meanness of such a gift, when he perceived these words written on +the lid of the box--"_Each time that thou eatest one of these pastilles, +thine imagination will bring forth a poem perfect in all its parts, +sublime and delicate in its details, such in short as will surpass the +ablest works of the best Persian poets._" + +Osmyn did not want vanity; the possession of so fine a secret failed not +to turn his young brain, and a hundred illusions of fortune and glory +presented themselves at once to his imagination. + +From the value of the present given by the genius to his brother, Zambri +doubted not that his paper contained also some marvellous secret. He +opened it and read with as much surprise as sorrow--"_A new Receipt for +preparing Sherbet._" Some lines pointed out the method of composing a +liquor, of which one drop only being infused in a bowl of Sherbet, would +give it a taste and perfume hitherto unknown to the most voluptuous +Asiatics. + +Osmyn was overjoyed, and Zambri was in despair; Osmyn wished not to quit +his brother, but the orders of the genius were imperative. The two +brothers embraced each other tenderly, shed tears, and separated. The +eldest took the road to Bagdad, where all the learned, and all the poets +of Asia were assembled to attend the court of the Caliph. As to poor +Zambri, he quitted the cottage of his father, carrying nothing with him +but _the humble receipt for preparing Sherbet_, and leaving to chance +the direction of his course. + +Before his arrival at Bagdad, Osmyn had already eaten half-a-dozen of +the pastilles, and consequently carried with him half-a-dozen poems, +beside which were to fade the productions of the greatest Eastern poets. +But he soon found that pretenders to talent often succeed better than +those who really possess it. He felt the necessity of connecting himself +with literary men, and men of the world; but he only found them occupied +with their business, their pleasures, or their own pretensions. Under +what title could he present himself? Under that of a poet? The court and +the city overflowed with them; they had already filled every avenue. To +consult his fellows would be to consult his rivals; to ask their praises +would be to ask a miser for his treasures. Besides, so many books +appeared, that people did not care to read. However, Osmyn's works were +published, but they were not even noticed in the multitude of similar +productions. + +After having vegetated four or five years at Bagdad, without obtaining +anything but weak encouragement given by wise men, (who are without +influence because they are wise,) poor Osmyn began to lose the brilliant +hopes that formerly had dazzled him. However, by dint of eating the +pastilles, he at last attracted some notice. If it requires time for +genius to emerge from obscurity, no sooner is it known than recompense +is made for slow injustice. It is sought after not for itself, but for +the sake of vanity. Envy often avails itself of it as a fit instrument +subservient to its own purposes. Soon, in fact, the works of Osmyn only +were spoken of, and after languishing a long time unnoticed, he saw +himself at once raised to the pinnacle, without having passed the steps +which lead from misery to fortune, from obscurity to glory. + +The Caliph desired to see so great a genius, and to possess him at his +court. Osmyn was overwhelmed with favours; he sung the praises of the +Caliph with a delicacy that other poets were far from being able to +imitate. The Caliph admired delicate praise the more because it is rare +at court. + +So much merit and favour besides, soon created the jealousy of other +poets, and likewise of the courtiers. Even those, who had showed +themselves the most enthusiastic admirers of Osmyn's talents, feared to +see themselves eclipsed by this new comer, and resolved to destroy the +idol they had raised so much higher than they wished. + +One of the poets, Osmyn's enemy, was employed to compose a satire +against the Caliph, and it was agreed that this should be circulated +under the favourite's name. From that time the avenger of the common +cause never quitted Osmyn, nor ceased to load him with praises and +caresses. + +One day when Osmyn delivered an extempore poem before the Caliph, his +rival, after having warmly applauded him, cast down his eyes by +accident, and saw shining on the floor one of the pastilles that Osmyn, +who was led away by the vivacity of his declamation, had let fall by +mistake. The traitor snatched it up, and put it mechanically in his +mouth. + +The pastille produced its effect; the poet felt a sudden inspiration, +left the hall and flew to compose the projected satire. He was surprised +at his own aptitude; the verses cost him no trouble, but flowed of +themselves. The bitterest expressions escaped from his pen without his +seeking for them. In short, in an instant, he brought forth a true +_chef-d'oeuvre_ of malice. + +He continued some moments in ecstacy with his work, and carried it in +triumph to his friends--or rather to his accomplices. The satire was +received with the liveliest applause: it was the pure and vigorous style +of Osmyn. The writer had imitated his handwriting; and soon the libel +was spread about in his name. + +Murmurs arose on all sides against the ingratitude of Osmyn. The satire +fell into the hands of the Caliph, who in his rage ordered the +unfortunate Osmyn to be stript of all his property, and driven from +Bagdad. Osmyn, overpowered by the blow, could not defend himself; +besides, how could he make his innocence heard amidst the cries of his +calumniators. + +After having wandered a long time, every where imploring pity--sometimes +meeting with kindness, but oftener repulsed with selfishness--he +arrived, at nightfall, before a superb country house, magnificently +illuminated. He heard the accents of joy mingled with the sounds of a +brilliant concert of music, and saw all the signs of a splendid fete. +However, the thunder began to roll, the sky was obscured by heavy +clouds, and Osmyn's miserable clothing was soon drenched by the rain. + +He approached this beautiful house, in hopes to find there, if not +hospitality for the night, at least an asylum for some minutes. The +slaves perceived him, and said to him harshly--"What do you ask, +beggar?" + +"A humble shelter from the storm, a morsel of bread to appease my +hunger, and a little straw to rest my body on, borne down by fatigue." + +"Thou shalt have none of these." + +"For pity--" + +"Begone!" + +"See how it rains!--Hear how it thunders!" + +"Go elsewhere, and come not to disturb by thy presence the pleasures of +our master." + +Osmyn was on the point of obeying this order, when the master of the +house, who had witnessed this scene from a window, came down, called his +slaves, and ordered them to receive the unfortunate man, to procure him +clothes, a bed, and all he was in need of. "Misery," said he, "misery is +for him who revels in the presence of the poor, and suffers them to +plead for assistance in vain; and misfortune for the rich who, cloyed +with luxuries, refuse a morsel of bread to a famishing stranger. Poor +traveller, go and repose thyself, and may the Prophet send thee +refreshing slumbers, that thou mayst for a time forget thy sufferings." + +"Oh Heaven!" cried Osmyn, "what voice strikes my ear? It is the +voice--the voice of Zambri!" + +"Zambri! what! do you know him?" + +"Heavens! do I know him?--Do I know my brother?" + +"You my brother!" cried Zambri in his turn. "Can it be? That voice--those +features, disfigured by poverty and misery. Ah! I recognise you, my dear +Osmyn!" + +No more need be said: he flew to embrace his brother; but Osmyn, +overcome by the excess of his joy, fell senseless at his feet. + +He was conveyed into the finest apartment of the villa, every assistance +was afforded him, and he was soon restored. Zambri ordered him +magnificent apparel, and taking him by the hand, conducted him to the +banquet, and presented him to his friends. After the repast, Osmyn +related all the vicissitudes of his fortune, his long suffering, his +rapid glory, the jealousy and perfidy of his enemies, "But thou," added +he, "my dear Zambri, by what good fortune do I find you in such an +enviable situation? What! this beautiful house, this crowd of slaves, +these sumptuous ornaments!--to what dost thou owe them?" + +"_To the receipt for preparing Sherbet,_" said Zambri, smiling. "Listen +to my story, it is very simple. Soon after we parted, I directed my +steps towards Teflis, where I sought only to gain a livelihood. On my +arrival, I went into the public places where the opulent people +assemble, to refresh themselves with ices and sherbet. I solicited +employment there, but was refused, and harshly sent away. Not knowing +what to do, and not having money to procure a subsistence, I went at +length to one of the obscure cafes, frequented by the lowest people. The +master of this wretched place, who was named Mehdad, agreed to accept my +services. I prepared a bottle of the liquor for which the good genius +had given me the receipt, but the ingredients of which, although cheap, +I had not before been able to purchase, and soon I found an immense +company crowding to Mehdad's cafe. The rich people also would take no +other; and Mehdad soon had before him the prospect of becoming opulent. + +"He had a daughter; she was young and beautiful; I became enamoured of +her, and ventured to ask her hand. I had preserved the secret of my +receipt. Mehdad was ignorant that he owed his good fortune to me, and +believed that it was through his own talent. He rejected my offer with +disdain, and drove me from his house. Poor fellow! he was not the first +who, without knowing it, had driven good luck from his home. + +"I had gained some money in his service; and I employed the fruit of my +economy in forming for myself an establishment in one of the public +gardens of Teflis, on the banks of the charming river Khur. Here I +erected a small, but elegant pavilion, and I sold my Sherbet to all the +promenaders of the garden. In a short time Mehdad, and all the cafes of +Teflis, were abandoned for my little pavilion. Zambri's Sherbet was +alone in demand: it was spoken of in all companies--it was taken at all +festivals. The garden of Zambri was crowded from morning till night. The +multitude was attracted towards my pavilion like swarms of flies towards +a honey-comb. I was compelled to erect a pavilion ten times larger than +the former, and I decorated it magnificently. + +"A year had scarcely elapsed before I had acquired a considerable +fortune. I quitted my new establishment, returned to the city, and +purchased merchandize of all descriptions. I prepared a great quantity +of this favourite liquor, to which I owe all my wealth. I sent it to all +the cities of Persia, and into the most distant countries. Heaven seemed +to smile on my exertions. A beautiful widow, aged twenty years, saw and +loved me; I was not insensible to her charms. We made mutual vows of +attachment, and marriage crowned my happiness. + +"We have acquired this charming retreat, and reside here during the most +beautiful season of the year, amongst our good friends, who, in +partaking our pleasures, add to them the charms of their society. + +"How many times, dear Osmyn, have my thoughts been occupied with thee! +Often have I said, in the midst of my prosperity, Where is my +brother?--where dwells Osmyn? No doubt the invaluable secret he +possesses has gained him an immense fortune, and raised him to the +pinnacle of honour. But I see that in these times happiness, +tranquillity, and perhaps riches, are more easily obtained by humble and +modest employment, than by splendid abilities. In the course of my +transactions, I have met with vexations and disappointments. Sometimes +my Sherbet has been imitated; but the fraud has always been discovered, +and the intrigues of my rivals have added to my reputation. At length I +have found that it is easier to satisfy the caprice than the judgment of +mankind, and that those who could not understand the merits of a clever +work, would readily agree upon the subject of a delicious and agreeable +beverage." + +Thus spoke the good Zambri: he strove affectionately to console Osmyn. +The two brothers separated no more; and, thanks to the _receipt for +preparing_ _Sherbet_, they lived long together amidst the pleasures +that wealth commands, and the still more true and solid happiness +procured by peace and friendship. + + + * * * * * + + + +THE NATURALIST. + + +BOTANY OF SHAKSPEARE. + + +At a recent meeting of the Medico-Botanical Society, a very interesting +dissertation on the medicinal plants which occur in the plays of +Shakspeare, from the pen of Mr. Rootsay, of Bristol, was read, and +excited considerable attention. The hebenon henbane alluded to in +_Hamlet_, the mandragora, the various plants so beautifully alluded to +in _Romeo and Juliet_, and in other dramas, were the subject of the +inquiry, and much classical information was displayed by the ingenious +author in the illustration of the subject. We hope to report more +respecting this very interesting paper to our readers. + + + * * * * * + + +THE CUTTLE-FISH. + + +The following account of the _sepia media_, a small species of +cuttle-fish, is given by Mr. Donovan, in his "Excursion through South +Wales:"--"When first caught, the eyes, which are large and prominent, +glistened with the lustre of the pearl, or rather of the emerald, whose +luminous transparency they seemed to emulate. The pupil is a fine black, +and above each eye is a semilunar mark of the richest garnet. The body, +nearly transparent, or of a pellucid green, is glossed with all the +variety of prismatic tints, and thickly dotted with brown. At almost +every effort of respiration, the little creature tossed its arms in +apparent agony, and clung more firmly to the finger; while the +dark-brown spots upon the body alternately faded and revived, +diminishing in size till they were scarcely perceptible, and then +appearing again as large as peas, crowding, and becoming confluent +nearly all over the body. At length, the animal being detained too long +from its native element, became enfeebled, the colours faded, the spots +decreased in size, and all its pristine beauty vanished with the last +gasp of life." + +W.G.C. + + * * * * * + + +THE OSTRICH. + + +The Ostriches in the Gardens of the Zoological Society would be truly a +noble pair, were it not for an unnatural curve in the neck of the male, +in consequence, it is said, of its having formerly swallowed something +more than usually bulky and hard of digestion. + + + * * * * * + + + +MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS. + +[Illustration] + + +RUSSIAN BURIAL GROUND. + + +Mr. James's popular Journal of a Tour in Russia, &c., has supplied the +above illustration of honours paid to the dead in that country. The Cut +represents one of the Cemeteries of the government of Tchernigoff. Mr. +James describes it as planted around with trees, and studded thick with +wooden crosses, oratories, and other permanent marks of reverence. The +general appearance of piety with which these grounds are kept up, their +sequestered situation apart from any town, the profound veneration with +which they are saluted by the natives, added to the dark and sepulchral +shade of the groves, lend them an interest with which the tinsel +ornaments of more gorgeous cemeteries can in no degree compare. + + + * * * * * + + +ANCESTORS. + + +Some nations pay particular attention to the memory of their ancestors. +The Quojas, a people of Africa, offer sacrifices of rice and wine to +their ancestors, before they undertake any considerable action; and the +anniversaries of their death are always kept by their families with +great solemnity; the king invokes the souls of his father and mother to +make trade flourish and the chase succeed. But the Chinese have +distinguished themselves above all other nations, by the veneration in +which they hold their ancestors. Part of the duty, according to the laws +of Confucius, which children owe their parents, consists in worshipping +them when dead. They have a solemn and an ordinary worship for this +purpose, the former of which is held twice a year with great pomp, and +is described as follows by an eye witness:--The sacrifices were made in +a chapel, well adorned, where there were six altars, furnished with +censers, tapers, and flowers. There were three ministers, and behind +them two young acolites: he that officiated was an aged man, and a new +Christian. The three former went with a profound silence, and made +frequent genuflexions towards the five altars, pouring out wine; +afterwards they drew near to the sixth, and when they came to the foot +of the altar, half bowed down, they said their prayers with a low voice. +That being finished, the three ministers went to the altar; the priest +took up a vessel full of wine, and drank; then he lifted up the head of +a deer, or goat; after which, taking fire from the altar, they lighted a +bit of paper, and the minister of ceremonies turning towards the people, +said, with a high voice, that he gave them thanks in the name of their +ancestors, for having so well honoured them; and in recompense he +promised them, on their part, a plentiful harvest, a fruitful issue, +good health and long life, and all those advantages which are most +pleasing to men. + +The Chinese have also in their houses a niche, or hollow place, in which +they put the names of their deceased fathers, to which they make prayers +and offerings of perfumes and spices at certain periods. + +A.V. + + * * * * * + + +THE SELECTOR; +AND LITERARY NOTICES OF _NEW WORKS_. + + +HISTORY OF POLAND. + + +This volume, a goodly octavo, will be peculiarly acceptable at the +present season. It presents a lucid view of Polish history, from the +earliest period to the present eventful moment; and, as a passage of +immediate interest, we quote the following character of the President of +the National Government of Poland: + + This illustrious personage, Prince Adam Czartoryski, is the + eldest son of the late prince of the same house, and is + descended from the family of Jagellon, the ancient sovereigns of + Lithuania. His father was long known, not only as a nobleman of + the first rank in Poland, but as one of the most accomplished + scholars in Europe. Such was his reputation, that at the period + of the last vacancy in the throne of Poland, Poniatowski + (afterwards king) was deputed by the diet to propitiate the + Empress Catherine, to second the election of Czartoryski; but + the deputy's handsome form found such favour in the licentious + eyes of the modern Messalina, that he ceased to urge the suit of + the diet, and returned the avowed nominee of his imperial + mistress. Prince Czartoryski's claims on the throne, popularity, + and consequent influence, rendered him odious to the court of + St. Petersburg, and when the last act of spoliation was + perpetrated, his lands were ravaged, his beautiful Castle of + Pulawy destroyed, and a sentence of extermination pronounced + against him, unless he would consent to send his two sons, one + the subject of this notice, and the other Prince Constantino + Czartoryski, as hostages to St. Petersburg. To avoid this + wretched alternative, the prince and his princess, who still + survive, consented to the separation, and the two young + noblemen, were placed under the eye of those who were deemed + worthy, by the Autocrat, of reforming their principles. The + talents displayed by both brothers soon obtained for them the + admiration of the court; and as it was of great importance to + gain them over, every mark of imperial favour was heaped upon + them by the Emperor Alexander, with whom, from infancy, they had + established terms of the utmost familiarity. The elder brother + held for a long time the portfolio of the Foreign Office, and, + in his official capacity, accompanied his imperial master to the + scenes of some of his most serious disasters. During Napoleon's + invasion, Prince Constantino was in Poland, and confiding in the + integrity of the then master of the destinies of Europe, and + breathing naught but freedom for his country, he joined the + banners of the invader, and raised a regiment at his own expense + to aid in the cause of liberation. At Smolensk he received a + severe wound, from the effects of which he has never yet + recovered. He resides at Vienna. + + The influence of Prince Adam Czartoryski proved to be singularly + useful to Poland after the downfall of Napoleon. He interposed, + and interposed successfully, between the anger of Alexander and + his suffering country; and, on the establishment of the kingdom + of Poland, was appointed the curator of all the universities, + both there and in the incorporated provinces. These duties he + sedulously discharged, until he was superseded by the notorious + Count Novozilzoff. From this period he has lived in retirement, + faithfully performing all the duties of private life. The + promotion of agriculture, science in all its branches, and + kindly offices among mankind, constituted his occupations until + recent events drew him from his privacy. The first call was made + by the Russian functionaries, as stated in the text, for the + purpose of self-protection! the second was that of his devoted + country, when a government was essential to success. He was + chosen not only one of the five members of the executive body, + but its president, a station which he still honourably fills. + Into his new office he has carried all the unostentatious and + disinterested virtues that adorned Pulawy, and there is little + doubt that if (and no one suspects that such will not be the + case) the independence of Poland be fairly won, the choice of + his country will point to him as its sovereign. Having finished + his academical career at the University of Edinburgh, he early + acquired a strong taste for English institutions and for + Englishmen, and of this he gave substantial proof by devoting + 250 l. a-year to the exclusive purchase of English books. His + revenues are enormous; but his liberality is unbounded; and, as + it is a rule in his munificent establishment to provide + liberally for the families of all his dependants, his means are + comparatively restricted, but his personal wants are few; and + that he is ready to accommodate himself to circumstances, was + well shown by his only observation on hearing of the + confiscation of his large property in Podolia by Nicholas. + "Instead of riding, I must walk, and instead of sumptuous fare, + I must dine on buck-wheat."[3] Such is a faint outline of this + illustrious man's character. Were it only for the admirable + example of such an individual guiding the reigns of the + government of a devoted people, it is most ardently to be hoped + that Poland may triumph over her enemies, and be raised to that + rank from which she was degraded only by the basest of + treasons.--_Fletcher's History of Poland._ + + [3] The common food of the poor. + +As the pronunciation of the Polish language is attended with some +difficulty, the author of this work has, in his advertisement, subjoined +the following hints, taken principally from the "Letters Literary and +Political on Poland, Edinburgh, 1823." + +All vowels are sounded as in French and Italian; and there are no +diphthongs, every vowel being pronounced distinctly. The consonants are +the same as in English, except + +_w_, which is sounded like _v_, at the beginning of a word; thus, +Warsawa--_Varsafa_; in the middle or at the end of a word it has the +sound of _f_, as in the instance already cited; and Narew--_Nareff_. + +_c_, like _tz_, and never like _k_; thus, Pac is sounded _Patz_. + +_g_, like _g_ in Gibbon; thus, _Oginski_. + +_ch_, like the Greek [Greek: ch] or _k_; thus, Lech--_Lek_. + +_cz_, like the English _tch_ in pitch;--thus, Czartoryski pronounce +_Tchartoryski_. + +_sz_, like _sh_ in _shape_; thus, Staszyc like _Stashytz_. + +_szcz_, like _shtch_; thus, Szczerbiec like _Shtcherbietz_. + +_rz_, like _j_ in _je_, with a slight sound of _r_; thus, +Rzewuski--_Rjevuski_. + + + * * * * * + + +WHITE'S BAMPTON LECTURES. + + +Dr. Dibdin has prefixed the subsequent Note to one of these Lectures +(Character of Christ compared with that of Mahomet), which he has +reprinted in vol. iii. of the _Sunday Library_:-- + + "Of all the sermons preached in this, or in any other country, + THESE are perhaps the most celebrated; or, if this observation + require qualification, the only exception may be in favour of + those of the _Petit Careme_ of MASILLON. For three successive + terms, the church of St. Mary's, at Oxford, was crowded with an + auditory breathless in admiration of the splendour of diction + and vividness of imagery manifested in these discourses. The + subject treated of--'_A Comparison of Mahometanism and + Christianity in their History, their Evidences, and their + Effects_'--was new and striking in the pulpit of the University + Church. A great deal of highly wrought expectation, from more + than a whisper spread abroad of the sources whence the chief + materials had been derived, preceded their publicity; and the + preacher, although by no means remarkable for elegance of + manner, or ductility and melody of voice, applied his whole + energies to the task of giving power and effect to his delivery. + He succeeded, greatly beyond his own expectations; and the + University rung with his praises. The fame which ensued was + merited; for the public, till then satisfied with the tame + polish and cold invective of BLAIR, became delighted by the + union of such harmony of language, skilfulness of argument, and + singularity of research, as were blended in these lectures. Yet + it may be questioned, not only whether a display of similar + talent would _now_ receive the like applause, but whether many + subsequent courses of Bampton lectures have not rendered a more + essential service to Christianity. + + "But, extraordinary as was the result of the _preaching_ of + these Bampton lectures, perhaps a more extraordinary history + belongs to their _composition_; and posterity will learn, with + wonder, and perhaps with mingled pity and contempt, that the + measures resorted to by the Laudian Professor of Arabic, in + order to impose upon his best friend and most able coadjutor, + DR. PARR, form such a tissue of petty artifice and intrigue as + scarcely to be believed. The whole plot, however, is minutely + and masterly developed in Dr. Johnstone's _Life of Dr. Parr_, + vol. i. p. 216-281, to which I refer the curious reader for some + very singular particulars. The facts, as there delineated, are + simply these:--A secret correspondence was carried on between + Professor White and Mr. Badcock, a dissenting minister of + Devonshire, who furnished the greater part of the materials of + these lectures; which materials, copied out by Professor White, + with a few emendations and additions, were sent to Dr. Parr as + the exclusive composition of the Professor. Several of the + lectures are wholly Badcock's, by the express admission of Dr. + White; and the undeniable evidence of a douceur of 500l. from + the Professor to Mr. Badcock, is a sufficiently solid proof of + the value in which the former held the labours of the latter. + There could be no violation of any great moral feeling in the + transaction thus simply considered; for the labourer was worthy + of his hire; but the evasive subtleties and shuffling + subterfuges by which the literary intercourse was stubbornly + denied, and attempted to be set aside, by Professor White, is + matter of perfect astonishment! In the mean while, Dr. Parr + steadily continued his critical labours, believing that the + Professor sought no _aid_ but his _own_. He revised, added, and + polished at his entire discretion; and while it is allowed that + _one-fifth_ at least, of these lectures are the work of his + learned hand, he undoubtedly gave to the whole its last and most + effectual polish. The history which belongs to his discovery of + the collateral aid of Badcock, is curious and amusing; but can + have no place here. It does great credit to the head and heart + of Dr. Parr. Thus the reader will observe that no small interest + is attached to the volume from which the ensuing extracts are + made: a volume, full, doubtless, of extensive and learned + research, and exhibiting a style remarkable alike for its + consummate art and harmonious copiousness." + + + * * * * * + + +WEALTH OF HENRY VII. + + +The hoard amassed by Henry, and "most of it under his own key and +keeping, in secret places at Richmond," is said to have amounted to near +1,800,000 l., which, according to our former conjectures, would be +equivalent to about 16,000,000 l.; an amount of specie so immense as to +warrant a suspicion of exaggeration, in an age when there was no control +from public documents on a matter of which the writers of history were +ignorant. Our doubts of the amount amassed by Henry are considerably +warranted by the computation of Sir W. Petty, who, a century and a half +later, calculated the whole specie of England at only 6,000,000 l.--This +hoard, whatever may have been its precise extent, was too great to be +formed by frugality, even under the penurious and niggardly Henry. A +system of extortion was employed, which "the people, into whom there is +infused for the preservation of monarchies a natural desire to discharge +their princes, though it be with the unjust charge of their counsellors, +did impute unto Cardinal Morton and Sir Reginald Bray, who, as it after +appeared, as counsellors of ancient authority with him, did so second +his humours as nevertheless they did temper them. Whereas Empson and +Dudley, that followed, being persons that had no reputation with him, +otherwise than by the servile following of his bent, did not give way +only as the first did, but shaped his way to those extremities for which +himself was touched with remorse at his death."[4] The means of exaction +chiefly consisted in the fines incurred by slumbering laws, in commuting +for money other penalties which fell on unknown offenders, and in the +sale of pardons and amnesties. Every revolt was a fruitful source of +profit. When the great confiscations had ceased, much remained to be +gleaned by true or false imputations of participation in treason. To be +a dweller in a disaffected district, was, for the purposes of the king's +treasure, to be a rebel. No man could be sure that he had not incurred +mulcts, or other grievous penalties, by some of those numerous laws +which had so fallen into disuse by their frivolous and vexatious nature +as to strike before they warned. It was often more prudent to compound +by money, even in false accusations, than to brave the rapacity and +resentment of the king and his tools. Of his chief instruments, "Dudley +was a man of good family, eloquent, and one that could put hateful +business into good language; Empson, the son of a sieve-maker, of +Towcester, triumphed in his deeds, putting off all other respects. They +were privy counsellors and lawyers, who turned law and justice into +wormwood and rapine."[5] They threw into prison every man whom they +could indict, and confined him, without any intention to prosecute, till +he ransomed himself. They prosecuted the mayors and other magistrates of +the city of London, for pretended or trivial neglects of duty, long +after the time of the alleged offences; subservient judges imposed +enormous fines, and the king imprisoned during his own life some of the +contumacious offenders. Alderman Hawes is said to have died heartbroken +by the terror and anguish of these proceedings. [6] They imprisoned and +fined juries who hesitated to lend their aid when it was deemed +convenient to seek it. To these, Lord Bacon tells us, were added "other +courses fitter to be buried than repeated."[7] Emboldened by long +success, they at last disdained to observe "_the half face of +justice_,"[8] but summoning the wealthy and timid before them in private +houses, "shuffled up" a summary examination without a jury, and levied +such exactions as were measured only by the fears and fortunes of their +victims.--_Mackintosh's England_, Vol. 2. + + [4] Bacon, iii. 409. + + [5] Ibid. iii. 380. + + [6] See examples in Bacon, iii. + + [7] Bacon, iii. 382. + + [8] E: Ibid. 381. + + + * * * * * + + + +SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY. + + +THE COURSE OF THE NIGER. + + +The discovery of the termination of the course of the Niger, will be of +the greatest importance to geography, to our political power, and to +civilization. + +With regard to geography, perhaps the contradiction which was afforded +by the various sources whence we derived our knowledge of the character +of the interior of Africa, and of the course of, next to the Nile, the +most renowned, and, as was considered from the same accounts, the +greatest river of that country, have in late times given unlimited zest +in the pursuit of further information, and has not in the least +detracted from the pleasure with which we find that we are indebted to +our countrymen for the solution of this all-absorbing problem. It +appears, that among the ancients many facts connected with the geography +of the interior of Africa were well known, which have still been an +object of discussion among the moderns; and of these, we may enumerate +the occurrence of a large lake or marsh (for it is either, at different +seasons of the year), whose real existence, beyond the speculations of +geographers, was very unsatisfactorily established, until the journey of +Denham and Clapperton; and the fact of the occurrence of a great river +in the west, emptying itself into the ocean, though many were of opinion +that it lost itself in an inland marsh, or in the desert, while others +supported the opinion of its identity with the Nile of the Egyptians. +The researches of Ptolemy and the Arabian geographers on the Nile of the +Negroes, and in later times the travels of Leo Africanus, who was a Moor +of Grenada, demonstrated the absurdity of this opinion; and how +extraordinary that, in the boasted perfection of human intellect, it +should have been broached several centuries afterwards, and that the +barometric levellings of Bruce should have been necessary to enforce +conviction! It is not at all improbable that Hanno, the Carthaginian, as +advanced by Macqueen, reached the Bight of Benin, or of Biafra; and +certainly the geographical information obtained on these countries by +Herodotus and Edrisi was more accurate than the speculations of many +modern geographers. Observation had demonstrated to the moderns that no +large river emptied itself into the ocean on the north-west coast, +though it required a more accurate acquaintance with the Senegal and the +Gambia before it was fully ascertained that they were not the outlets of +this great stream. The progress of navigation along the south-eastern +shores of Africa also showed that no large river emptied itself into the +sea along that coast; while the settlements of the Portuguese on the +coast to the south of Cape Lopez, led them, at an early period, to adopt +the opinion afterwards supported by Mungo Park and Mr. Barrow, that one +or more of the rivers in their vicinity were the outlets of the great +river of the interior of Africa. Two celebrated geographers, D'Anville +and Major Rennell, however, espoused the theory of the waters emptying +themselves into the Wangara, or great marsh; which argument underwent +various modifications in the hands of different geographers; and though +the probability of its emptying itself into the Gulf of Guinea had been +pointed out on the continent, and vigorously supported in this country, +an expedition was fitted out to explore the Congo or Zaire, which, +though unfortunate to the individuals concerned, was yet satisfactory in +a geographical point of view, and demonstrated that the rivers south of +Cape Lopez were not the outlets of the waters of the Niger, and gave +origin to a speculation which partook of all the characters of a romance +of the desert, beneath the sands of which its author buried the gigantic +stream, loaded with the waters of the Wangara or Lake Tchad, to make it +flow into the Mediterranean at the Syrtis of the ancients. + +In the history of geography there are no examples of greater +perseverance and courageous determination than in the efforts made to +triumph over the difficulties presented in the solution of this +important question. Since 1815, there has scarcely a year passed in +which a new attempt has not been made; and of these, if we recede a +little farther back, twenty-five were made by our countrymen, fourteen +by Frenchmen, two by Americans, and one by a German; of which but a +small number, since the days of Houghton, have not fallen victims to +their heroic devotion. + +Mungo Park first observed the direction of the stream which had become +as much an object of discussion as its termination; and, strange to say, +after the present discovery, it will, in some parts of its course, still +remain so. The unfortunate traveller just alluded to, previous to his +descent of the river, obtained some information from Moors and from +negroes, on its course by Timbuctoo. The Jinnie of Park is synonymous +with Jenne, Gine, Dhjenne, of other writers, as Jenne has again been +confounded with Kano or Kanno. It may be a figurative term--for the +Jinnie of Park was on an island, as was the Jenne of the Moorish +reports, while the Jenne of some travellers is at a short distance from +the river. This cannot be the case with regard to Timbuctoo, which is +visited by caravans twice a year from Morocco; nor is the name met with +any where, except the two first syllables in the town of Timbo, which +cannot be mistaken for Timbuctoo. + +Major Laing had discovered the source of the Niger to be in the +mountains of Loma, in 9 deg. 15 min. west latitude, and had ascertained +its course for a short distance from its source. We were also aware of +the existence of one or two streams joining the great river, or +branching from it near Timbuctoo. De Lisle had marked a river Gambarra, +on his maps drawn up for Louis XV., and not without good authority. This +is the river coming from Houssa; and the Joliba of modern travellers is +a river, we could prove, from the concurring testimony of a variety of +sources, coming from the north-west, and joining its waters with, that +is to say flowing into the Niger, in the immediate neighbourhood of +Timbuctoo; still at that point the Kowarra, or Quorra of the Moors, or +Quolla of the Negroes, who always change the _r_ for _l_ a name which, +according to Laing, it has at its sources--according to Clapperton, it +preserves beyond Timbuctoo, and is probably still the name of the same +stream at its embouchure in the Bight of Biafra. The Quarrama is another +tributary stream which passes by Saccatoo, and falls into the Quorra +above Youri, and above the point where Mungo Park was wrecked; and the +line of country between this river and the Shashum, comprising the hills +of Doochee, of Naroo, and of Dull, is the line of water-shed to the +rivers joining the Quorra on the one hand, and those emptying themselves +into the Wangara on the other. The course given by Sultan Bello, and the +information obtained by Major Denham, both pointed out a river coursing +to the east, which is probably the branch followed by the Landers: for +its termination in Lake Tchad had not even the air of probability; +though it is not, on the other-hand, at all improbable that other +branches empty themselves into the Bight of Benin, by the rivers +Formosa or Volta, according to information given to Captain Clapperton +and Major Laing. + +We had intended to embody some remarks upon the pretended journey of +Caillie; but we find we have already occupied too much space in details +necessary to make the geographical nature of the question well +understood; and we shall content ourselves with remarking, that the +discovery of the termination of the Quorra, or Niger, tends to throw a +degree of improbability upon the narrative of that individual, which it +will require much ingenuity to explain away. It is certain that the +latitude given to Timbuctoo by the editor of those travels, and upon +which sufficient ridicule has already been thrown in the Edinburgh +Geographical Journal, may be considered as an error entirely of the +editor's, who, by taking it upon himself, will relieve the burden of the +mistake from the traveller, and thus lighten the weighty doubts which +might in consequence bear upon the remainder of the details; for the +situation of that city, as given by Jomard, is quite inconsistent with +the situation it must be in, from the ascertained source, direction, and +termination of the river. There can be no doubt but that a portion of +the labours presented to the public as the travels of Caillie are +founded upon valid documents, wherever obtained, and probably most of +the errors are those of the editor. But though authorities can be found +in support of the division of the Quorra into two branches; one of +which, the Joliba, flows to the north-west, and the other in an almost +opposite direction,--fact which has no analogy in geography, and, what +is better, no existence in nature; yet no authority can be found for +placing Timbuctoo on a river flowing north from the Niger. + +The details which will be given to us by the results of this successful +expedition will, then, not only be of assistance in allying the existing +condition of things with the knowledge of the ancients, but it will +enable us to reduce to a few facts the many contradictory statements +which have originated in the variety of the sources of information, and +the individual and national rivalry which the interest of the question +gave birth to among the geographers of the present day. It will also be +of importance, as it was connected with a great question, as to the +possibility of a large river traversing an extensive continent, or +losing itself in a marsh or lake, or being buried in the extensive sands +of the desert. By laying open the interior of Africa to us, it will +increase our political strength and commercial advantages on those +coasts;--it will enable us to put into practice an amelioration long +contemplated by Mr. Barrow, in the choice of our settlements on those +coasts;--it will place the greatest and most important vent of the +barbarous and inhuman traffic of negroes in our possession; and it will +enable us to diffuse the benefits of superior intelligence among an +ignorant and suffering people.--Literary Gazette. + + + * * * * * + + + +SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. + + +DISAGREEABLES. + +BY THE ETTRICK SHEPHERD. + + "For four things the earth is disquieted, and five which it + cannot bear." AGUR. + + + This world is a delightful place to dwell in, + And many sweet and lovely things are in it; + Yet there are sundry, at the which I have + A natural dislike, against all reason. + I never like A TAILOR. Yet no man + Likes a new coat or inexpressibles + Better than I do--few, I think, so well: + I can't account for this. The tailor is, + A far more useful member of society + Than is a poet;--then his sprightly wit, + His glee, his humour, and his happy mind + Entitle him to fair esteem. Allowed. + But then, his self-sufficiency;--his shape + So like a frame, whereon to hang a suit + Of dandy clothes;--his small straight back and arms, + His thick bluff ankles, and his supple knees, + Plague on't!--'Tis wrong--I do not like a tailor. + + AN OLD BLUE-STOCKING MAID! Oh! that's a being, + That's hardly to be borne. Her saffron hue, + Her thinnish lips, close primmed as they were sewn + Up by a milliner, and made water-proof, + To guard the fount of wisdom that's within. + Her borrowed locks, of dry and withered hue, + Her straggling beard of ill-condition'd hairs, + And then her jaws of wise and formal cast; + Chat-chat--chat-chat! Grand shrewd remarks! + That may have meaning, may have none for me. + I like the creature so supremely ill, + I never listen, never calculate. + I know this is ungenerous and unjust: + I cannot help it; for I do dislike + An old blue-stocking maid even to extremity. + I do protest I'd rather kiss a tailor. + + A GREEDY EATER! He is worst of all. + The gourmand bolts and bolts, and smacks his chops-- + Eyes every dish that enters, with a stare + Of greed and terror, lest one thing go by him. + The glances that he casts along the board, + At every slice that's carved, have that in them + Beyond description. I would rather dine + Beside an ox--yea, share his cog of draff; + Or with a dog, if he'd keep his own side; + Than with a glutton on the rarest food. + A thousand times I've dined upon the waste, + On dry-pease bannock, by the silver spring. + O, it was sweet--was healthful--had a zest; + Which at the paste my palate ne'er enjoyed. + My bonnet laid aside, I turned mine eyes + With reverence and humility to heaven, + Craving a blessing from the bounteous Giver; + Then grateful thanks returned. There was a joy + In these lone meals, shared by my faithful dog, + Which I remind with pleasure, and has given + A verdure to my spirit's age. Then think + Of such a man, beside a guzzler set; + And how his stomach nauseates the repast. + "When he thinks of days he shall never more see. + Of his cake and his cheese, and his lair on the lea, + His laverock that hung on the heaven's ee-bree, + His prayer and his clear mountain rill." + I cannot eat one morsel. There is that, + Somewhere within, that balks each bold attempt; + A loathing--a disgust--a something worse: + I know not what it is. A strong desire + To drink, but not for thirst. 'Tis from a wish + To wash down that enormous eater's food-- + A sympathetic feeling. Not of love! + And be there ale, or wine, or potent draught + Superior to them both, to that I fly, + And glory in the certainty that mine + Is the ethereal soul of food, while his + Is but the rank corporeal--the vile husks + Best suited to his crude voracity. + And far as the bright spirit may transcend + Its mortal frame, my food transcendeth his. + + A CREDITOR! Good heaven, is there beneath + Thy glorious concave of cerulean blue, + A being formed so thoroughly for dislike, + As is a creditor? No, he's supreme, + The devil's a joke to him! Whoe'er has seen + An adder's head upraised, with gleaming eyes, + About to make a spring, may form a shade + Of mild resemblance to a creditor. + I do remember once--'tis long agone-- + Of stripping to the waist to wade the Tyne-- + The English Tyne, dark, sluggish, broad, and deep; + And just when middle-way, there caught mine eye, + A lamprey of enormous size pursuing me! + L---- what a fright! I bobb'd, I splashed, I flew. + He had a creditor's keen, ominous look, + I never saw an uglier--but a real one. + This is implanted in man's very nature, + It cannot be denied. And once I deemed it + The most degrading stain our nature bore: + Wearing a shade of every hateful vice, + Ingratitude, injustice, selfishness. + But I was wrong, for I have traced the stream + Back to its fountain in the inmost cave, + And found in postulate of purest grain, + It's first beginning.--It is not the man, + The friend who has obliged us, we would shun, + But the conviction which his presence brings, + That we have done him wrong:--a sense of grief + And shame at our own rash improvidence: + The heart bleeds for it, and we love the man + Whom we would shun. The feeling's hard to bear. + + A BLUSTERING FELLOW! There's a deadly bore, + Placed in a good man's way, who only yearns + For happiness and joy. But day by day, + This blusterer meets me, and the hope's defaced. + I cannot say a word--make one remark, + That meets not flat and absolute contradiction-- + I nothing know on earth--am misinformed + On every circumstance. The very terms, + Scope, rate, and merits of my own transactions + Are all to me unknown, or falsified, + Of which most potent proof can be adduced. + Then the important thump upon the board, + Snap with the thumb, and the disdainful 'whew!' + Sets me and all I say at less than naught. + What can a person do?--To knock him down + Suggests itself, but then it breeds a row + In a friend's house, or haply in your own, + Which is much worse; for glasses go like cinders; + The wine is spilled--the toddy. The chair-backs + Go crash! No, no, there's nothing but forbearance, + And mark'd contempt. If that won't bring him down, + There's nothing will. Ah! can the leopard change + His spots, or the grim Ethiop his hue? + Sooner they may and nature change her course, + Than can a blusterer to a modest man: + He still will stand a beacon of dislike. + A fool--I wish all blustering chaps were dead, + That's the true bathos to have done with them. + +_Fraser's Magazine._ + + + * * * * * + + + +THE GATHERER. + + A snapper up of unconsidered trifles. + SHAKSPEARE. + + +GAD'S HILL. + + +Gad's Hill, not far from Chatham, was formerly a noted place for +depredations on seamen, after they had received their pay at the latter +place. The following robbery was committed there in or verging on the +year 1676: About four o'clock one morning, a gentleman was robbed by one +Nicks, on a bay mare, just as he was on the declivity of the hill, on +the west side. Nicks rode away, and as he said, was stopped nearly an +hour by the difficulty of getting a boat, to enable him to cross the +river; but he made the best use of it as a kind of bait to his horse. +From thence he rode across the county of Essex to Chelmsford. Here he +stopped about an hour to refresh his horse, and give the animal a +ball;--from thence to Braintree, Bocking, and Withersfield; thence over +the Downs to Cambridge; and from thence, keeping still the cross roads, +he went by Fenny Stratford, [9] to Godmanchester and Huntingdon, where +he and his mare baited about an hour; and, as he said himself, he slept +about half an hour: then holding on the north road, and keeping a full +gallop most of the way, he came to York the same afternoon; put off his +boots and riding clothes, and went dressed as if he had been an +inhabitant of the place, to the bowling-green, where, among many other +gentlemen, was the Lord Mayor of the city. He, singling out his +lordship, studied to do something particular that the mayor might +remember him, and then took occasion to ask him what o'clock it was. The +mayor, pulling out his watch, told him the time, which was a quarter +before, or a quarter after eight at night. Upon a prosecution for this +robbery, the whole merit of the case turned upon this single point:--the +person robbed, swore to the man, to the place, and to the time, in which +the robbery was committed; but Nicks, proving by the Lord Mayor of +York, that he was as far off as _Yorkshire_ at that time, the jury +acquitted him on the bare supposition, that the man could not be at two +places so remote on one and the same day. + + [9] Fenny, or Fen Stanton, not Stratford, must be here meant, as + the former is in the direct road from Cambridge to Huntingdon. + +I need not remind your numerous readers that the roads in 1676 were in a +very different plight to those of 1831; at the former period it would +not have been possible for Tom Thumb to have trotted sixteen miles an +hour on any turnpike road in England. Even my friend, the respected +driver of the Old Union Cambridge Coach to London, can remember, in his +time, the coach being two days on the road, and occasionally being +indebted to farmers for the loan of horses to drag the coach wheels out +of their sloughy tracks. + +J.S.W. + + + * * * * * + + +DIGNIFIED REPROOF. + + +Catherine Parthenay, niece of the celebrated Anna Parthenay, returned +this spirited reply to the importunities of Henry IV.--"Your majesty +must know, that although I am too humble to become your wife, I am at +the same time descended from too illustrious a family ever to become +your mistress." + +P. + + * * * * * + + +L--A--W. + + +The circumlocution and diffuseness of law papers--the apparent +redundancy of terms, and multiplicity of synonymes, which may be found +on all judicial proceedings, are happily hit off in the following, which +we copy from _Jenk's New York Evening Journal_:-- + +"A LAWYER'S STORY.--Tom strikes Dick over the shoulders with a rattan as +big as your little finger. A lawyer would tell you the story something +in this way:--And that, whereas the said Thomas, at the said Providence, +in the year and day aforesaid, in and upon the body of the said Richard, +in the peace of God and the State, then and there being, did make a most +violent assault and inflicted a great many and divers blows, kicks, +cuffs, thumps, bumps, contusions, gashes, wounds, hurts, damages, and +injuries, in and upon the head, neck, breast, stomach, lips, knees, +shins, and heels of the said Richard, with divers sticks, staves, canes, +poles, clubs, logs of wood, stones, guns, dirks, swords, daggers, +pistols, cutlasses, bludgeons, blunderbusses, and boarding pikes, then +and there held in the hands, fists, claws, and clutches of him the said +Thomas." + + + * * * * * + + +WATERLOO--"FORGET ME NOT." + + "On one of these graves I observed the little wild blue flower, + known by the name of 'Forget me not'."--_Visit to the Field of + Waterloo._ + + + No marble tells, nor columns rise, + To bid the passing stranger mourn, + Where valour fought, and bled, and died, + From friends and life abruptly torn. + + Yet on the earth that veils[10] their heads, + Where bravest hearts are doom'd to rot, + This simple flower, with meek appeal, + Prefers the prayer "Forget me not." + + Forget! forbid my heart responds + While bending o'er the hero's grave-- + Forbid that e'er oblivion's gloom + Should shade the spot where rest the brave. + + Fond kindred at this awful shrine + Will oft, with footsteps faltering, + Approach and drop the pious tear-- + Sad Memory's purest offering. + + And well their country marks those deeds-- + The land that gave each bosom fire: + Deeds that her proudest triumph won, + But gaining, saw her sons expire. + + And ages hence will Britain's sons, + As trophied tributes meet their view, + Admire, exult--yet mourn the pangs + These glories cost, at Waterloo. + +D. + + + [10] The layer of earth scarce covers the bodies, so may be + called a veil. + + + * * * * * + + +SWORD PRESENTED BY THE KING TO THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON, ON THE +ANNIVERSARY OF WATERLOO. + + +On the hilt, and executed in high relief, are branches of oak +surrounding the crown. The bark of the branches are opening, which +display the words--"India, Copenhagen, Peninsula, and Waterloo." The top +part of the scabbard exhibits his majesty's arms, initials, and crown; +the middle of the scabbard exhibits the arms and orders of the Duke of +Wellington on the one side, and on the reverse his batons. The lower end +has the thunderbolt and wings, the whole surrounded with oak leaves and +laurel, with a rich foliage, in which was introduced the flower of the +Lotus. The blade exhibits, in has relief, his majesty's arms, initials, +and crown; the arms, orders, and batons, of the Duke of Wellington, +Hercules taming the tiger, the thunderbolt, the British colours bound up +with the caduceus and fasces, surrounded by laurel, and over them the +words--"India, Copenhagen, Peninsula, and Waterloo," terminating with a +sheathed sword, surrounded by laurel and palm. + + + * * * * * + + +ODDITIES. + + +Fashion-mongers make odd work with language. Thus, we read of Mrs. +Ravenshaw giving a "petit" _souper_ to about 150 of the _haut ton_. + +The _Court Journal_, too, tells us that a few days since Lord Lansdowne +met with "a severe accident," by which "he suffered no material injury." + +The Queen's dress at her last ball was "white and silver, striped with +blue." The song says-- + + To be nice about trifles + Is trifling and folly;-- + +but the _modistes_ can gather little from such a description as the +above. + +In the Zoological Gardens is a pheasant, one of whose feathers measures +5 feet 11 inches in length! + +A "_Charming Fellow_,"--The records of the Horticultural Society inform +us that _Lady_ Cochrane has been elected "a Fellow of the Society." + + +VEDI PAGANINI E MORI. + See Paganini, and then _die_! + I beg to tell a different story; + And to the _bowing_ crowd I cry, + See Paganini, and then Mori! + _Court Journal._ + +In a List of New Books and Reprints we find one by "Bishop Home; in +silk, 2s. 6d." + + _Epitaph on Spenser._ + _In Spenserum._ + + Famous alive and dead, here is the odds, + Then god of poets, now poet of the gods. + +The Philomathic Society of Warsaw have elected Mr. Campbell a +corresponding member, as "Campbell _Tomes_ Poete Anglais."--_Literary +Gazette._ + +_Anatomy._--The price for unopened subjects in Paris is 5 francs, or 4s. +2d.; and 3 francs, or 2s. 6d. for opened ones.--_Lancet_. + + + * * * * * + + +THE LORD CHANCELLOR. + +Vol. XVII. of the MIRROR, + + +With a Steel-plate Portrait of this illustrious Individual, Memoir, &c., +50 Engravings, and 450 closely printed Pages, will be published on the +30th instant, price 5s. 6d. boards. + +Part 110, price 10d., will be ready on the same day. + +The Supplementary Number will contain the above Portrait, a copious +Memoir, Title-page, Index, &c; and, from its extension beyond the usual +space, will be published at 4d. + + * * * * * + +Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset +House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; G.G. +BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen and +Booksellers. + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, +AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 17, ISSUE 495, JUNE 25, 1831*** + + +******* This file should be named 13113.txt or 13113.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +https://www.gutenberg.org/1/3/1/1/13113 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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