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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, No. 494., by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, No. 494.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: August 2, 2004 [EBook #13090]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Victoria Woosley and PG Distributed
+Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+
+
+No. 494.]     SATURDAY, JUNE 18, 1831.     [Price 2d.
+
+
+
+[Illustration.]
+
+
+EXETER HALL, STRAND.
+
+
+We rejoice to see the site of Burleigh House partly occupied by the
+above Building. Its object is to afford accommodation for the meetings
+of Philanthropic Societies--so that whatever may be the olden
+celebrity of the spot, it is reasonable to expect that its present
+appropriation will be associated with the most grateful recollections.
+
+This building is, perhaps, the most perfect erection of its kind in
+England. The approach from the Strand is remarkably modest: it is by a
+very narrow, though very chaste, door-way, situated between two
+Corinthian columns and pilasters. Within the door is a hall, with two
+flights of steps, which afterwards unite, and lead up to the entrance
+of the great hall itself; the hall below leads into a broad passage,
+which extends to the farther extremity of the building, opening right
+and left into various offices. On entering the door of the great hall,
+a vast and splendid room is presented to view, with scarcely a single
+interruption to the eye throughout its whole extent, capable of
+containing, with comfort, more than 3,000 persons. The floor is
+covered with substantial oak seats, equal to the accommodation of
+2,500 persons. The greater portion of these are situated on a gentle
+rise, to permit a perfect view of the platform on which the
+proceedings take place. The platform is raised about six feet from the
+floor, and extends the whole breadth of the room, curving inwards, the
+extremities bending towards the audience: it contains seats for nearly
+300 individuals. Behind this gallery again, are very capacious
+recesses, which will hold from three to four hundred persons. The
+lower part of the walls of the room is quite plain, the architect,
+probably, regarding the audience as a sufficient ornament in that
+quarter, though the rising of the seats would obscure carved-work if
+it were there. The windows are at a considerable height from the
+ground, and are of dimmed glass, with a chaste and classical border.
+The ceiling, which is at a noble height, is beautifully laid out in
+squares, with borderings and rosettes. An oblong opening occurs in the
+centre, with massive beams stretching across, presenting to view an
+erection in the roof, a form of construction, probably, necessary to
+so immense a mass of roofing, and serving also for the purposes of
+ventilation, as it contains windows at each end. There are four
+pillars near the end of the hall, rising to the ceiling, the capitals
+of which, as also those of some pilasters at the upper extremity of
+the hall, are exquisitely carved in straw-coloured marble. Behind the
+platform are numerous and convenient committee-rooms. The word
+"Philadelpheion," which may be rendered "loving brothers," is carved
+in Greek capitals over the entrance in the Strand.[1]
+
+Exeter Hall has been erected by subscription, by a public company
+established for the purpose.
+
+    [1] Ballot Newspaper.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WILLS OF SHAKSPEARE, MILTON AND BUONAPARTE.
+
+(_To the Editor._)
+
+
+The last wills and testaments of the three greatest men of modern ages
+are tied up in one sheet of foolscap, and may be seen together at
+Doctors Commons. In the will of the "Bard of Avon" is an
+interlineation in his own handwriting--"I give unto my wife my brown
+best bed, with the furniture." It is proved by William Byrde, 22nd
+July, 1616.
+
+The will of the Minstrel of Paradise is a nuncupative one taken by his
+daughter, the great poet being blind.
+
+The will of Napoleon, to whom future ages, in spite of legitimacy,
+will confirm the epithet "le grand," is signed in a bold style of
+handwriting; the codicil, on the contrary, written shortly before his
+death, exhibits the then weak state of his body.
+
+T.H.K.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+VERNAL STANZAS.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+  The earth displayed its robe of gorgeous hues,
+  And o'er the tufted violets softly stole
+  The downy pinions of the fragrant wind,
+  Which tuned the brook with music; there were clouds
+  O'er the blue heaven dispersed in various shapes,
+  And touch'd with most impassive light, whereon
+  The heart might dwell and dream of future bliss;
+  And as the sound of distant bells awaked
+  The echoes of the woods, they raised the thoughts
+  To worlds more bright and beautiful than ours!
+
+                                              G.R.C.
+
+  The spring has waved her sunny wing
+    Upon the verdant earth,
+  And winds from distant, places bring
+    The festal tones of mirth;
+  The sky appears an azure field,
+  With clouds emblazoned like a shield.
+
+  A golden light has touched the woods,
+    And o'er the silent dell
+  A languid breathless quiet broods,
+    Scarce broken by the swell
+  Of streams that whisper through the air,
+  As if they were awaked to pray'r.
+
+  Survey the lovely scene around,
+    The river beams in gold,
+  Its rippling waves with song resound,
+    And rainbow light unfold,
+  And as the flow'rs unclose their eyes,
+  Their hue seems coloured by the skies.
+
+  The mould'ring church on yonder slope,
+    Perchance by heaven designed
+  To consecrate the heart with hope,
+    In ivy-wreaths is shrined:
+  Its rural tombs are green with age,
+  And types of earthly pilgrimage.
+
+  On this delightful vernal day,
+    In scenes so rich and fair,
+  The spirit feels a hallow'd ray
+    Kindling its essence there;
+  And Fancy haunts the mourner's urn,
+  "With thoughts that breathe, and words that burn."
+
+_Deal._                                  G.R.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+POPULAR SUPERSTITIONS.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+    All power of fancy over reason is a degree of
+    insanity.--JOHNSON.
+
+
+In a former number I gave some observations on apparitions, and I
+shall here continue my remarks.
+
+The argument that was used by Dr. Johnson was founded on premises
+that are as inadmissible as his conclusion, viz. that the popular
+opinion in favour of the reality of apparitions could only obtain
+universal credence by its truth. This is very plausible, but destitute
+of foundation. Does the learned doctor mean to deny the universality
+of errors? does he mean to call the whole body of the learned and
+enlightened cavillers? and that because they are not willing to
+consent to his monstrous opinion? To reverse the argument, does he
+mean to deny the truth of the Scriptures, or is he bold enough to
+assert that they have received universal credence? So much for the
+arguments wielded by Dr. Johnson, who has not been unaptly termed the
+Colossus of Literature. The idea that departed spirits revisited the
+earth, probably took its rise from the opinion of the immortality of
+the soul, which was very general in both ancient and modern times.[2]
+This supposition is most consonant with probability. It is always to
+be remarked that this species of superstition is most prevalent in
+those countries where learning and reason have made but little
+progress. The demons [Greek: Daimones] and genii of former times were
+exactly the same as the ghosts of this; the same attributes, the same
+power, and the same malice were observed of one, as are now attributed
+to the other. By the Chaldeans these demons were divided into two
+kinds, good and bad. But as it is foreign to my purpose to enter into
+an investigation of the opinions of the ancients on this subject, I
+shall content myself with referring the curious reader to Stanley's
+_History of Philosophy_, a deservedly popular work.
+
+    [2] It must not be supposed that the opinion on the
+    immortality of the soul was confined either to Christians or
+    Jews; according to Herodotus, (lib. 2) the Massagetae believed
+    in the immortality of the soul; the most eminent of the
+    ancient philosophers invariably advocated that doctrine, one
+    of the most important in the Christian's Creed.
+
+I shall here recount one of the most extraordinary tales relating to
+this subject that I ever heard; I believe the solution is evident, and
+I am not aware that it has appeared before; but if it has, some of the
+readers of the Mirror may not have seen it.
+
+A surgeon of Edinburgh was confined to his bed by some illness, and at
+"the dewy hour of eve," when the room was lighted by nothing but the
+glimmering and flickering light of a wood fire, he perceived _a female
+sitting at the foot of the bed clothed in white_! Imagining that it
+was some defect in his sight, he gazed more intensely at it, still it
+was there. He then raised his hand before his eyes and he did not
+perceive it; on withdrawing it the apparition was there. Closing his
+eyes he went through a mathematical calculation to convince himself he
+was in his right senses; upon reopening them he still perceived her
+there. The fire then went out and he saw no more. I confess I see no
+difficulty in accounting for this, by supposing the gentleman was
+afflicted with that horrid disease of which Sir Walter Scott gives
+many cases in his _Demonology and Witchcraft._ Although I have no
+warrant for asserting spirits do not return, yet I must say, all the
+tales I have ever heard do not necessarily require any such
+interpretation on them. It may be true, and so may everything which we
+have no evidence against or for. If my opinion on the subject was to
+be shaken by anything, it would be with the following story, which was
+given to me by one whose veracity I have no reason to doubt.
+
+There is, or rather was, a very ancient castle in Lancashire, near
+Liverpool, called Castle de Bergh, which belongs to a noble family of
+that name. Many years ago the possessor of the castle, Mr. de Burgh,
+died, and the castle was then let out to various of the tenantry,
+among whom was a carpenter. Two years after the death of Mr. de Burgh,
+as this carpenter was employed in his workshop, about a quarter of a
+mile from the castle, melting glue, it being evening, and only four of
+his men with him, he perceived a gentleman in mourning passing the
+lathe where the men were at work. He was immediately seized with a
+violent trembling and weakness, his hair stood on end, and a clammy
+sweat spread over his forehead. The lights were put out, he knew not
+how, and at last, in fear and terror, he was obliged to return home.
+On his arrival at the castle, as he was passing up the stairs, he
+heard a footstep behind, and on turning round he perceived the same
+apparition. He hastily entered his room, and bolted, locked, and
+barred the door, but to his horror and surprise this offered no
+impediment to his ghostly visiter, for the door sprang open at his
+touch, and he entered the room! The apparition was seen by various
+others, all of whom asserted it bore the strongest resemblance to
+their deceased master! One gentleman spoke to him, and the spirit told
+him "that he was not happy."
+
+_Foley Place._ AN ANTIQUARY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LINES.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+  Upon the silent grassy bed,
+  Shall maiden's tears at eve be shed,
+  And friendship's self shall often there
+  Heave the sigh, and breathe the pray'r.
+  Young flowers of spring around shall bloom,
+  And summer's roses deck thy tomb.
+  The primrose ope its modest breast
+  Where thy lamented ashes rest,
+  And cypress branches lowly bend
+  Where thy lov'd form with clay shall blend.
+  The silver willow darkly wave
+  Above thy unforgotten grave,
+  And woodbine leaves will fondly creep,
+  Where * * lies in holy sleep.
+
+_Sturminster._                       COLBOURNE.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PARLIAMENTARY SCRAPS.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+Lord Coke, in his fourth institute, defines certain qualities
+essentially requisite to constitute a good member of parliament; and
+he refers to a parliament roll, 3 Henry VI., which affirms that a
+parliament man should have three properties ascribed to the
+elephant--1. That he hath no gall; 2. That he is inflexible, and
+cannot bow; 3. That he is of a most ripe and perfect memory.--1. To be
+without malice, rancour, heat, and envy;--in elephante melancholia
+transit in nutrimentum corporis: every gallish inclination, if any
+were, should tend to the good of the whole body--the commonwealth. 2.
+That he be constant, inflexible, and not be bowed, or turned from the
+right, either from fear, reward, or favour; not in judgment respect
+any person. 3. That in remembering perils past, dangers to come may be
+prevented.
+
+To these, addition is made by Lord Coke of two other properties of
+elephants: the one, that though they be maximae virtutis et maximi
+intellectus, of great strength and understanding, _tamen gregatim
+semper incedunt_, yet they are sociable, and go in companies; for
+_animalia gregalia non sunt nociva, sed animalia solivaga sunt
+nociva_: sociable creatures that go in flocks or herds are not
+hurtful--as deer, sheep, &c.; but beasts that walk solely or
+singularly, as bears, foxes, &c., are dangerous and hurtful. The other
+property is, that the elephant is philanthropos, homini erranti viam
+ostendit. And, in the opinion of Coke, these properties ought every
+parliament man to have.
+
+Neither the ancient nor modern election statutes mention, or imply,
+the existence of a "candidate." The old laws direct that the
+representative shall be freely and indifferently chosen by the
+electors. The choice was of their own motion, and the person elected
+was passive. Even at the present day, the law does not contemplate his
+asking for votes, and therefore does not allow, after the issuing of
+the writ, sufficient time for a regular canvass. The term "candidate"
+had its derivation from the person being _candidatus,_ clothed in
+white, as symbolical of the wearer's purity.
+
+James I. issued a proclamation, in which the voters for members of
+parliament are directed "not to choose curious and wrangling lawyers,
+who seek reputation by stirring needless questions."
+
+At the Sussex election, in 1807, an elector, named Morton, voted in
+right of his patrimonial land at Rusper, which had been in possession
+of his ancestors 750 years.
+
+W.G.C.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SONNET
+
+TO AN EOLIN HARP, HEARD AT EVENING.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+  Soft breathings of aerial melody,
+    Ye seem like love-songs from the elfin land,
+    Or soundings from that heaven-commissioned band,
+  Ushering the good man to the bliss on high.
+  Now swells the chorus full, anon ye die
+    Away upon the breeze, so soft and bland
+    Melting on evening's ear. Sure Love's own hand
+  In kindest mood hath wrought this minstrelsy.
+  How to the lorn heart does its influence creep,
+    As the wild winds sweep o'er the fairy strings,
+    Bringing again departed, perish'd things,
+  O'er which we feel it luxury to weep.
+  Sing on ye zephyr-sprites, your vespers cheer
+  The heart, whose off'ring is a holy tear.
+
+_Sturminster._ COLBOURNE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE COSMOPOLITE.
+
+HINTS FOR SELF-ADVANCEMENT; OR, HOW TO MAKE ONE'S WAY IN THE WORLD.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+When you visit married people, pay particular attention to their
+children: the more noisy, troublesome, and disagreeable they are, the
+more is it incumbent upon you to praise them. Should the baby
+entertain you with a passionate squall for an hour or two, vow that it
+is "a charming child"--"a sweet pet"--"a dear, pretty, little
+creature," &c. &c. Call red hair auburn, and "a sweet, uncommon
+colour;" a squint, or cross-eye, think "an agreeable expression;"
+maintain that an ugly child is extremely handsome, and the image
+either of one or other of its parents, or of its handsomest,
+wealthiest, or most aristocratic relations. Discover which of a
+family is mamma's, and which papa's favourite, and pay your court
+accordingly; for it is better to lavish, in this case, your attentions
+and encomiums upon one or two, than upon all.
+
+When requiring an introduction to any great people, scruple not to
+avail yourself of the services of the little; but when mounted as high
+as you please, by all means kick down your ladders, cast away your
+stepping stones--since they might, instead of being of any further
+assistance, only prove incumbrances to you.
+
+Take every opportunity of joining in conversation with those to whom
+you desire to recommend yourself. Should you feel at a loss for topics
+of discourse, mention servants, and tradesmen, upon whom fail not to
+bestow most hearty abuse;--vow that they are an unprincipled set of
+knaves, scoundrels, and thieves. Hence you will be thought to have
+"much to say for yourself;" and should you be enabled to narrate any
+grievous losses sustained from these members of society, you will
+obtain credit for having "something to lose" at any rate, and find it
+of incalculable value.
+
+When you direct a letter to a knight bachelor--though it is indeed
+customary and well-bred to omit altogether the Knt.--yet it will never
+be taken amiss should you venture to address him as a Knight of the
+Garter, Bath, &c. &c., or even as a Baronet. Undoubtedly it is as
+vulgar to misapprehend and confound titles, as it is to mispronounce
+and misspell names; nevertheless rest assured, that flattered vanity
+will go far to pardon vulgarity.
+
+If a gentleman, pay infinite attention to the single ladies of a
+family--compliment, flirt, converse with, and ask them to dance. This
+conduct will obtain for you, on account of the fair creatures,
+marvellous good report, numerous invitations; and if you have
+sufficient tact to steer clear of committing yourself for more than a
+few flattering and general attentions, you may be considered one of
+the happiest of those who live--by their wits, and upon their friends.
+
+Should your "dancing days be over," which is scarcely probable,
+considering how greatly it is now the fashion for "potent, grave, and
+reverend signors," and signoras also, to join the gay quadrille, &c.
+(and here we may as well note, that in genteel society, dowager
+honourables and old ladies may dance, whilst young, plain misses may
+not)--there are sundry modes of rendering yourself agreeable, which
+your own taste and talents, it is to be presumed, will naturally
+suggest: chess, whist, ecarte, quadrille, &c. &c., not to mention a
+little practical knowledge of music, are acquirements which cause an
+individual to be considered "very agreeable"--because very useful; and
+rely upon it, as the world goes, utility in nine cases out of ten is,
+with society, a consideration. Hence, no creature is so universally
+voted disagreeable as one from whom no kind of service can be exacted;
+and whilst roues, gamesters, and tipplers, duelists, pugilists, and
+blacklegs, are tolerated in society, stupid men are overlooked, or
+thrust out of it with contempt.
+
+Dress in the extreme of fashion: you can neither gain nor maintain
+your ground without so doing; and as you have an end to answer, which
+your tailors or milliners have not, of course you will not suffer the
+unfashionable dictates of conscience, respecting their bills, to
+interfere with your proceedings.
+
+Answer an invitation as soon as it is received; many individuals defer
+so doing for some days, which certainly shows fashionable ease and
+nonchalance, besides allowing time for the arrival of another and
+preferable one; but, by those who are absolutely bent upon advancing
+themselves in society, this practice is to be eschewed, since by
+perplexing, it so annoys the donor of a fete, that the chances are
+greatly against your ever again being asked.
+
+Never omit, the day after a party, to send or leave your card, as an
+acknowledgment for the civility you have received. This ceremony,
+indeed, it is to your interest frequently to repeat at the doors of
+your friends, since it will ensure your never being forgotten by them.
+
+Never go to an evening party until you are pretty certain that
+everybody else is coming away. Your consequence will by this conduct
+be enhanced;--you may protest that you have already appeared at two or
+three balls, &c. When, if a student or fashionable novel-writer, your
+time may have been more rationally employed at home, you go too late
+to dance much, if the exercise, or rather the partners, be
+disagreeable to you; you ensure being seen, which is something,--for,
+alas! how many worthy aspirants to fashion, fortune, and fame, if of
+no actual importance, are fated to pass unnoticed in a crowd! and the
+opportunity is besides afforded you of paying almost undivided
+attention to your host, hostess, and family, which must materially
+advance your interests. Neither be in too great haste to quit the
+houses of those to whom you desire to recommend yourself. Parties,
+even the worst, cost both money and trouble; and whilst the givers of
+them feel it no compliment to be run away from, as if a pestilence
+raged in their habitations, it is positively insulting to inform them
+that another soiree, from which you hope better things, awaits your
+presence.
+
+If a lady, "set up for a beauty:" rely upon it, no persons will "cry
+you up" as such unless you give them the note. Should you be extremely
+plain, no matter; friz your hair until it stands out one English ell
+from your face, and mount it, in bows, braids, &c., three yards at
+least from the crown of your head; drawl, or lisp in your speech;
+bring out words and phrases from every living tongue with which you
+may happen to be slightly acquainted; boast of "the continent;" mince
+your gait; wriggle forward upon your toes when you walk; and swim and
+dip, whenever led into the atrocity of committing a _quad_-rille. In
+brief, give yourself unimaginable airs; then protest that your
+manners, as well as your costume, are of the newest Parisian mode--and
+it is ten to one but that affectation will be accepted in lieu of, or
+mistaken for, beauty.
+
+Never forget, that as it is sometimes very prudent to be deaf and dumb
+in society, so is it extremely convenient upon occasions to be blind.
+The cuts, direct and oblique--the looks at, and the looks over--the
+distant, formal bow, and the adroit turn upon the heel (should you
+perceive the party, intended to be cut for the time being at least,
+advancing with dire intent of obliging a recognition), may be,
+especially upon old and provincial friends, practised _ad libitum_,
+without the slightest danger of your character for etiquette,
+politeness, suavity, and general pleasantness, being impeached. Indeed
+it is not incompatible with the highest breeding, to allow your
+slighted and amazed acquaintance to hear you quizzing, and see you
+laughing at, him heartily, should it be your interest so to do; and
+then next day, to walk boldly up to him, protest he is the best fellow
+in the world; and should he be so senseless as to venture an allusion
+to your "late conduct," to vow, with the extremest audacity, that he
+happens to be under some evident and deplorable mistake, &c. &c. In
+short, should you really find yourself in a scrape, to back out of it
+as well as you are able.
+
+When at a ball, it may sometimes be to your advantage (though
+fashionable insolence should not be carried too far) to act in the
+following manner:--
+
+1. Ask a lady if she is engaged to dance. Should she answer "No,"
+whilst her eyes say "Yes, if you will be my partner," then, instead of
+offering yourself for that purpose, protest that "dancing is a mighty
+bore, which no gentleman would endure, could he possibly help it," and
+walk away.
+
+2. Having elicited from a lady that she is not engaged for the ensuing
+dance, exclaim, with a smile of triumph, "I am! and must go and find
+my partner."
+
+3. When conversing with one young lady, whom you do not design to
+compliment by leading out for waltz, quadrille, or galoppe, mazurka,
+or Russian cotillon, &c., take particular care, in her hearing, to
+engage yourself to another. This is equally kind and polite.
+
+4. Upon the conclusion of a dance, either leave your partner standing
+in the middle of the room--which I have beheld performed with
+admirable effect---or, hastily leading her to a seat, quit her
+instantly: which proceeding says, in plain English, "Lady, I would not
+stay another moment with you for anything that could be offered me,
+lest the world should choose to fancy we are engaged."
+
+Respecting giving and lending, which are sometimes necessary worldly
+duties, your guide must be this brief, but infallible rule--"Venture a
+small fish to catch a large one." Those antiquated beings, indeed,
+whom the polite style "horrid bores," but whose generic appellation is
+Christians, are accustomed to "lend and give, not hoping to receive;"
+yet this maxim cannot of course be supposed to influence the conduct
+of those who desire to advance themselves in the world, because they
+are bound to bear in mind, that they cannot admit of any principle of
+action which tends, in the slightest degree, to militate against their
+interest.--_Et caetera desunt._
+
+M.L.B.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE NATURALIST.
+
+THE WHITE-HEADED, OR BALD EAGLE.
+
+(_Concluded from page 389._)
+
+
+The intrepidity of character, before mentioned, may be farther
+illustrated by the following fact, which occurred a few years ago,
+near Great Egg Harbour, New Jersey. A woman, who happened to be
+weeding in the garden, had set her child down near, to amuse itself
+while she was at work; when a sudden and extraordinary rushing sound,
+and a scream from her child, alarmed her, and starting up, she beheld
+the infant thrown down, and dragged some few feet, and a large bald
+eagle bearing off a fragment of its frock, which being the only part
+seized, and giving way, providentially saved the life of the infant.
+
+The appetite of the bald eagle, though habituated to long fasting, is
+of the most voracious and often the most indelicate kind. Fish, when
+he can obtain them, are preferred to all other fare. Young lambs and
+pigs are dainty morsels, and made free with on all favourable
+occasions. Ducks, geese, gulls, and other sea fowl, are also seized
+with avidity. The most putrid carrion, when nothing better can be had,
+is acceptable; and the collected groups of gormandizing vultures, on
+the approach of this dignified personage, instantly disperse, and make
+way for their master, waiting his departure in sullen silence, and at
+a respectful distance, on the adjacent trees.
+
+In one of those partial migrations of tree squirrels that sometimes
+take place in our western forests, many thousands of them were
+destroyed in attempting to cross the Ohio; and at a certain place, not
+far from Wheeling, a prodigious number of their dead bodies were
+floated to the shore by an eddy. Here the vultures assembled in great
+force, and had regailed themselves for some time, when a bald eagle
+made his appearance, and took sole possession of the premises, keeping
+the whole vultures at their proper distance for several days. He has
+also been seen navigating the same river on a floating carrion, though
+scarcely raised above the surface of the water, and tugging at the
+carcass, regardless of snags, sawyers, planters, or shallows. He
+sometimes carries his tyranny to great extremes against the vultures.
+In hard times, when food happens to be scarce, should he accidentally
+meet with one of these who has its craw crammed with carrion, he
+attacks it fiercely in the air; the cowardly vulture instantly
+disgorges, and the delicious contents are snatched up by the eagle
+before they reach the ground.
+
+The nest of this species is generally fixed on a very large and lofty
+tree, often in a swamp or morass, and difficult to be ascended. On
+some noted tree of this description, often a pine or cypress, the bald
+eagle builds, year after year, for a long series of years. When both
+male and female have been shot from the nest, another pair has soon
+after taken possession. The nest is large, being added to and repaired
+every season, until it becomes a black prominent mass, observable at
+a considerable distance. It is formed of large sticks, sods, earthy
+rubbish, hay, moss, &c. Many have stated to me that the female lays
+first a single egg, and that, after having sat on it for some time,
+she lays another; when the first is hatched, the warmth of that, it is
+pretended, hatches the other. Whether this be correct or not, I cannot
+determine; but a very respectable gentleman of Virginia assured me,
+that he saw a large tree cut down, containing the nest of a bald
+eagle, in which were two young, one of which appeared nearly three
+times as large as the other. As a proof of their attachment to their
+young, a person near Norfolk informed me, that, in clearing a piece of
+wood on his place, they met with a large dead pine tree, on which was
+a bald eagle's nest and young. The tree being on fire more than half
+way up, and the flames rapidly ascending, the parent eagle darted
+around and among the flames, until her plumage was so much injured
+that it was with difficulty she could make her escape, and even then,
+she several times attempted to return to relieve her offspring.
+
+The flight of the bald eagle, when taken into consideration with the
+ardour and energy of his character, is noble and interesting.
+Sometimes the human eye can just discern him, like a minute speck,
+moving in slow curvatures along the face of the heavens, as if
+reconnoitering the earth at that immense distance. Sometimes he glides
+along in a direct horizontal line, at a vast height, with expanded and
+unmoving wings, till he gradually disappears in the distant blue
+ether. Seen gliding in easy circles over the high shores and
+mountainous cliffs that tower above the Hudson and Susquehanna, he
+attracts the eye of the intelligent voyager, and adds great interest
+to the scenery. At the great Cataract of Niagara, already mentioned,
+there rises from the gulf into which the Falls of the Horse-Shoe
+descend, a stupendous column of smoke, or spray, reaching to the
+heavens, and moving off in large black clouds, according to the
+direction of the wind, forming a very striking and majestic
+appearance. The eagles are here seen sailing about, sometimes losing
+themselves in this thick column, and again reappearing in another
+place, with such ease and elegance of motion, as renders the whole
+truly sublime.
+
+  High o'er the watery uproar, silent seen,
+  Sailing sedate in majesty serene,
+  Now midst the pillar'd spray sublimely lost,
+  And now, emerging, down the Rapids tost,
+  Glides the bald eagle, gazing, calm and slow,
+  O'er all the horrors of the scene below;
+  Intent alone to sate himself with blood,
+  From the torn victims of the raging flood.
+
+The white-headed eagle is three feet long, and seven feet in extent;
+the bill is of a rich yellow; cere the same, slightly tinged with
+green; mouth flesh-coloured; tip of the tongue, bluish black; the
+head, chief part of the neck, vent, tail coverts, and tail, are white
+in the perfect, or old birds of both sexes, in those under three years
+of age these parts are of a gray brown; the rest of the plumage is
+deep, dark brown, each feather tipt with pale brown, lightest on the
+shoulder of the wing, and darkest towards its extremities. The
+conformation of the wing is admirably adapted for the support of so
+large a bird; it measures two feet in breadth on the greater quills,
+and sixteen inches on the lesser; the longest primaries are twenty
+inches in length, and upwards of one inch in circumference where they
+enter the skin; the broadest secondaries are three inches in breadth
+across the vane; the scapulars are very large and broad, spreading
+from the back to the wing, to prevent the air from passing through;
+another range of broad flat feathers, from three to ten inches in
+length, also extend from the lower part of the breast to the wing
+below, for the same purpose; between these lies a deep triangular
+cavity; the thighs are remarkably thick, strong, and muscular, covered
+with long feathers pointing backwards, usually called the femoral
+feathers; the legs, which are covered half way below the knee, before,
+with dark brown downy feathers, are of a rich yellow, the colour of
+ripe Indian corn; feet the same; claws blue black, very large and
+strong, particularly the inner one, which is considerably the largest;
+soles, very rough and warty; the eye is sunk, under a bony, or
+cartilaginous projection, of a pale yellow colour, and is turned
+considerably forwards, not standing parallel with the cheeks, the iris
+is of a bright straw colour, pupil black.
+
+The male is generally two or three inches shorter than the female; the
+white on the head, neck, and tail being more tinged with yellowish,
+and its whole appearance less formidable; the brown plumage is also
+lighter, and the bird itself less daring than the female, a
+circumstance common to almost all birds of prey.
+
+The eagle is said to live to a great age--sixty, eighty, and, as some
+assert, one hundred years. This circumstance is remarkable, when we
+consider the seeming intemperate habits of the bird. Sometimes
+fasting, through necessity, for several days, and at other times
+gorging itself with animal food till its craw swells out the plumage
+of that part, forming a large protuberance on the breast. This,
+however, is its natural food, and for these habits its whole
+organization is particularly adapted. It has not, like men, invented
+rich wines, ardent spirits, and a thousand artificial poisons, in the
+form of soups, sauces, and sweetmeats. Its food is simple, it indulges
+freely, uses great exercise, breathes the purest air, is healthy,
+vigorous, and long lived. The lords of the creation themselves might
+derive some useful hints from these facts, were they not already, in
+general, too wise, or too proud, to learn from their _inferiors,_ the
+fowls of the air and beasts of the field.
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+
+NOTES OF A READER.
+
+THE LATE MRS. SIDDONS.
+
+
+The subsequent account of Mrs. Siddons, nearly fifty years since, will
+perhaps give the reader a better outline of that "Queen of Tragedy"
+than any that has since appeared. We ought to mention that it is
+quoted from Mr. Boaden's _Memoirs_, and was written on the appearance
+of Mrs. Siddons in the character of Isabella, for the first time in
+London, October 10, 1782. Mr. Boaden thus introduces the quotation, in
+vol. i. of his work:--
+
+As the person of our great actress has undergone some change, and her
+features by time became stronger, I should find it difficult now to
+describe her accurately by memory, as she stood before the audience on
+the night of the 10th of October. I am relieved from this difficulty
+by an account of her written at the time. I shall change only a few of
+the expressions then used, more from a feeling as to composition than
+alteration as to sentiment.
+
+There never, perhaps, was a better stage-figure than that of Mrs.
+Siddons. Her height is above the middle size, but not at all inclined
+to the _em-bon-point_. There is, notwithstanding, nothing sharp or
+angular in the frame; there is sufficient muscle to bestow a roundness
+upon the limbs, and her attitudes are, therefore, distinguished
+equally by energy and grace. The symmetry of her person is exact and
+captivating. Her face is peculiarly happy, the features being finely
+formed, though strong, and never for an instant seeming overcharged,
+like the Italian faces, nor coarse and unfeminine under whatever
+impulse; on the contrary, it is so thoroughly harmonized when
+quiescent, and so expressive when impassioned, that most people think
+her more beautiful than she is; so great, too, is the flexibility of
+her countenance, that the rapid transitions of passion are given with
+a variety and effect that never tire upon the eye. Her voice is
+naturally plaintive, and a tender melancholy in her level speaking
+denotes a being devoted to tragedy; yet this seemingly settled quality
+of voice becomes at will sonorous or piercing, overwhelms with rage,
+or in its wild shriek absolutely harrows up the soul. Her sorrow, too,
+is never childish--her lamentation has a dignity which belongs, I
+think, to no other woman: it claims your respect along with your
+tears. Her eye is brilliant and varying like the diamond; it is
+singularly well placed; "it _pries_," in Shakspeare's language,
+"through the portal of the head," and has every aid from brows
+flexible beyond all female parallel, contracting to disdain, or
+dilating with the emotions of sympathy, or pity, or anguish. Her
+memory is tenacious and exact--her articulation clear and
+distinct--her pronunciation systematic and refined.
+
+Nor has Nature been partially bountiful: she has endowed her with a
+quickness of conception, and a strength of understanding equal to the
+proper use of such extraordinary gifts. So entirely is she mistress of
+herself, so collected, and so determined in gestures, tone, and
+manner, that she seldom errs, like other actors, because she doubts
+her powers or comprehension. She studies her author attentively,
+conceives justly, and describes with a firm consciousness of
+propriety. She is sparing in her action, because English nature does
+not act much; but it is always proper, picturesque, graceful, and
+dignified: it arises immediately from the sentiments and feeling, and
+is not seen to prepare itself before it begins. No studied trick or
+start can be predicted;--no forced tremulation of the figure, where
+the vacancy of the eye declares the absence of passion, can be
+seen;--no laborious strainings at false climax, in which the tired
+voice reiterates one high tone beyond which it cannot reach, is ever
+heard;--no artificial heaving of the breasts, so disgusting when the
+affectation is perceptible;--none of those arts by which the actress
+is seen, and not the character, can be found in Mrs. Siddons. So
+natural are her gradations and transitions, so classical and correct
+her speech and deportment, and so intensely interesting her voice,
+form, and features, that there is no conveying an idea of the pleasure
+she communicates by words. She must be seen to be known. What is still
+more delightful, she is an original: she copies no one living or dead,
+but acts from nature and herself.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+
+THE TWO MUNCHAUSENS.
+
+_By a veteran._
+
+
+In the late ---- Regiment of Light Dragoons, were two worthy persons,
+who were denominated the regimental liars: a distinction to which,
+giving every man his due, they were eminently entitled. The great and
+fundamental requisites for accomplished lying, I conceive to be a good
+memory, a fertile fancy, a ready wit, fluency of speech, and a brazen
+countenance, so that you shall tell a man a most bare-faced falsehood,
+and afterwards adduce such connected proofs as especially characterize
+actual facts. The following dialogue is a specimen of the talents of
+the aforementioned mendacious personages.
+
+C.--"See a man walk after he was shot dead! so have I, a whole day's
+march."
+
+B.--"Come, come, that's stealing a march on our senses. No, no, it
+won't do: that's a naked one; do pray turn them out with some kind of
+probability covering over them."
+
+C.--"What, doubt my veracity;"
+
+B.--"Not for the world; that would be illiberal and unkind, and by the
+way, now I think on it, I believe the possibility of a man travelling
+without his _cranium,_ for at the battle of Laswaree, during that
+desperate contest for British India, I saw a sergeant of the
+seventy-sixth shot dead; yet the fellow pursued his antagonist some
+hundred yards afterwards, threatening vengeance on the miscreant for
+having robbed the service of one of its best men. Finding himself weak
+from loss of blood, he deliberately unscrewed his head, threw it
+violently at the foe, and took him on the spine; down he tumbled; the
+veteran jumped upon him; fearful was the struggle; chest to chest,
+fist to fist; at last they joined in the death grapple, and dreadful
+indeed was their dying hug."
+
+C.--"My dear friend, I was an eye witness of the whole transaction.
+You have however forgotten the best part of the story. After the
+sergeant had well pummelled his enemy, he picked up his head again,
+and thrust into a neighbouring great gun: from the want of his
+_peepers_ he made a random shot, and killed the horse on which Lord
+Lake was riding--his Lordship saluted the sod."
+
+B.--"I recollect it perfectly; for the nose of the said sergeant
+(recognised by sundry carbuncles) was so hard, that the following day
+it was extracted from the abdomen of the unfortunate animal."
+
+C.--"You make a mistake about the nose; it was discovered lodged in a
+loaf in a corporal's knapsack; the man could swear to it, for it was
+perforated by three balls, and otherwise curiously marked. Report said
+that a shell had once blown it completely off, and that it was
+stitched on again by a shoe-maker, who, ever after, went by the name
+of the _nosy_ cobbler."
+
+B.--"Nothing impossible. It reminds me of a story somewhat as strange:
+During the battle of Delhi there was a quarter-master in the regiment,
+a queer fellow, who was never at a loss; (he is now in the corps, and
+can vouch for my statement) he was charging at the head of his
+squadron, when he caught a cannon shot in his hands: instantly
+dismounting, he chucked the ball into a field-piece, but, for want of
+a ramrod, he drove it home with his head. One of the enemy, seeing him
+thus zealously occupied, fired off the gun; strange to tell he was not
+killed! From constant exposure to the sun, in search of toddy, and
+from the free use of cocoa-nut oil, his head had become proof against
+shot. The distance from the place whence he was projected, to that
+where he was picked up, measured three miles, two furlongs, three
+yards, and eleven inches. A hard-headed fellow, Sir.--In his career he
+upset his colonel and a brace of captains."
+
+C.--"He did; and where the colonel was capsized, he made such a hole
+by his enormous weight, that the sovereign of Delhi ordered a large
+well to be dug on the spot, in memory of the event."
+
+B.--"I remember the well--twelve feet, three inches and a half, was
+the exact depth of the excavation occasioned by the fall."
+
+C.--"There you are wrong; only eleven feet, three inches--"
+
+B.--"No, believe me, I am right; twelve feet, and three inches to a
+barleycorn."
+
+C.--"Never mind: a little, this way or that, is of no consequence.
+The most extraordinary thing was, that the gallant colonel only
+sprained his right arm."
+
+B.--"By no means extraordinary. You remember the great gun of Agra, in
+which a regiment of cavalry used to drill."
+
+C--"I do. The one that fired the stone ball to the wall of Futtipoore
+Sikrah--twenty miles."
+
+B.--"The same. Well, when that gun was fired, a thing that never
+occurred but once, the head of the rash man who fired it was
+afterwards found in the Old Woman's Tank, eleven miles from the spot,
+without so much as a blemish, except a slight singing of the right
+whisker."
+
+C.--"Ah! I can never forget the time; I had just landed in Calcutta
+when we heard the report. Some of the wadding went as far as
+Cawnpore."
+
+Here the trumpet, sounding for morning drill, put a stop to the
+colloquy.--_Englishman's Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE MISER'S GRAVE.
+
+BY THE ETTRICK SHEPHERD.
+
+
+  Here's a lesson for the earth-born worm,
+  So deep engraven on the meagre platen
+  Of human frailty, so debased in hue,
+  That he who dares peruse it needs but blush
+  For his own nature. The poor shrivell'd wretch,
+  For whose lean carcass yawns this hideous pit,
+  Had naught that he desired in earth or heaven--
+  No God, no Saviour, but that sordid pelf,
+  O'er which he starved and gloated. I have seen him
+  On the exchange, or in the market-place
+  When money was in plenteous circulation,
+  Gaze after it with such Satanic looks
+  Of eagerness, that I have wonder'd oft
+  How he from theft and murder could refrain.
+  'Twas cowardice alone withheld his hands,
+  For they would grasp and grapple at the air,
+  When his grey eye had fixed on heaps of gold,
+  While his clench'd teeth, and grinning, yearning face,
+  Were dreadful to behold. The merchants oft
+  Would mark his eye, then start and look again,
+  As at the eye of basilisk or snake.
+  His eye of greyish green ne'er shed one ray
+  Of kind benignity or holy light
+  On aught beneath the sun. Childhood, youth, beauty,
+  To it had all one hue. Its rays reverted
+  Right inward, back upon the greedy heart
+  On which the gnawing worm of avarice
+  Preyed without ceasing, straining every sense
+  To that excruciable and yearning core.
+    Some thirteen days agone, he comes to me,
+  And after many sore and mean remarks
+  On men's rapacity and sordid greed,
+  He says, "Gabriel, thou art an honest man,
+  As the world goes. How much, then, will you charge
+  And make a grave for me, fifteen feet deep?"--
+    "We'll talk of that when you require it, sir."
+    "No, no. I want it made, and paid for too;
+  I'll have it settled, else I know there will
+  Be some unconscionable overcharge
+  On my poor friends--a ruinous overcharge."--
+    "But, sir, were it made now, it would fill up
+  Each winter to the brim, and be to make
+  Twenty or thirty times, if you live long." "There!
+  there it is! Nothing but imposition!
+  Even Time must rear his stern, unyielding front,
+  And holding out his shrivelled skeleton hand,
+  Demands my money. Naught but money! money!
+  Were I coin'd into money I could not
+  Half satisfy that craving greed of money.
+  Well, how much do you charge? I'll pay you now,
+  And take a bond from you that it be made
+  When it is needed. Come, calculate with reason--
+  Work's very cheap; and two good men will make
+  That grave at two days' work: and I can have
+  Men at a shilling each--_without_ the meat--
+  That's a great matter! Let them but to meat,
+  'Tis utter ruin. I'll give none their meat--
+  That I'll beware of. Men now-a-days are cheap,
+  Cheap, dogcheap, and beggarly fond of work.
+  One shilling each a-day, _without_ the meat.
+  Mind that, and ask in reason; for I wish
+  To have that matter settled to my mind."--
+    "Sir, there's no man alive will do't so cheap
+  As I shall do it for the ready cash,"
+  Says I, to put him from it with a joke.
+  "I'll charge you, then, one-fourth part of a farthing
+  For every cubic foot of work I do,
+  Doubling the charge each foot that I descend."
+    "Doubling as you descend! Why, that of course.
+  A quarter of a farthing each square foot--
+  No meat, remember! Not an inch of meat,
+  Nor drink, nor dram. You're not to trust to these.
+  Wilt stand that bargain, Gabriel?"--"I accept."
+    He struck it, quite o'erjoy'd. We sought the clerk,
+  Sign'd--seal'd. He drew his purse. The clerk went on
+  Figuring and figuring. "What a fuss you make!
+  'Tis plain," said he, "the sum is eighteen-pence"--
+    "'Tis somewhat more, sir," said the civil clerk--
+  And held out the account. "Two hundred round,
+  And gallant payment over." The Miser's face
+  Assumed the cast of death's worst lineaments.
+  His skinny jaws fell down upon his breast;
+  He tried to speak, but his dried tongue refused
+  Its utterance, and cluck'd upon the gum.
+  His heart-pipes whistled with a crannell'd sound;
+  His knell-knees plaited, and his every bone
+  Seem'd out of joint. He raved--he cursed--he wept--
+  But payment he refused. I have my bond,
+  Not yet a fortnight old, and shall be paid.
+  It broke the Miser's heart. He ate no more,
+  Nor drank, nor spake, but groan'd until he died;
+  This grave kill'd him, and now yearns for his bones.
+  But worse than all. 'Tis twenty years and more
+  Since he brought home his coffin. On that chest
+  His eye turn'd ever and anon. It minded him,
+  He said, of death. And as be sat by night
+  Beside his beamless hearth, with blanket round
+  His shivering frame, if burst of winter wind
+  Made the door jangle, or the chimney moan,
+  Or crannied window whistle, he would start,
+  And turn his meagre looks upon that chest;
+  Then sit upon't, and watch till break of day.
+     Old wives thought him religious--a good man!
+  A great repentant sinner, who would leave
+  His countless riches to sustain the poor.
+  But mark the issue. Yesterday, at noon,
+  Two men could scarcely move that ponderous chest
+  To the bedside to lay the body in.
+  They broke it sundry, and they found it framed
+  With double bottom! All his worshipp'd gold
+  Hoarded between the boards! O such a worm
+  Sure never writhed beneath the dunghill's base!
+  Fifteen feet under ground! and all his store
+  Snug in beneath him. Such a heaven was his.
+    Now, honest Teddy, think of such a wretch,
+  And learn to shun his vices, one and all.
+  Though richer than a Jew, he was more poor
+  Than is the meanest beggar. At the cost
+  Of other men a glutton. At his own,
+  A starveling. A mere scrub. And such a coward,
+  A cozener and liar--but a coward,
+  And would have been a thief--But was a coward.
+
+_Blackwood's Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE SELECTOR; AND LITERARY NOTICES OF _NEW WORKS._
+
+
+PARIS AND ITS HISTORICAL SCENES.
+
+(_Library of Entertaining Knowledge, Part 18._)
+
+We have little inclination to quote more than a few passages from the
+General View of Paris in this Number; the topographical portion of
+which, (as far as a four months residence there will serve our
+judgment) is eminently characteristic.
+
+
+_Ancient City._
+
+The Archbishop of Narbonne, writing in the reign of Francis I., (about
+1520,) calls Paris even then a world rather than a city[3]; yet at
+that period its population was probably not much more than the fifth
+part of what it now is; nor did the quantity of ground it covered bear
+even the same proportion to the immense space over which it has now
+extended. But in both convenience and elegance, Paris has made still
+more extraordinary advances since the time of Francis than even in
+population and extent. It was then, compared to what it now is, but a
+gloomy and incommodious fortress, without even the security which
+encompassing fortifications might be supposed to yield. Lighted only
+by candles placed here and there by the inhabitants themselves in
+their windows, it was so infested by thieves and assassins that hardly
+any person ventured out after dark, and the approach of night was the
+source of constant terror even to those who remained in their houses.
+The streets thus imperfectly lighted, were worse paved; and most of
+them were as dirty and narrow as those still to be seen in the more
+ancient part of the city. The supply of water was so inadequate that
+the severest miseries were sometimes suffered from the absolute want
+of that necessary of life, and the greatest inconveniences at all
+times from its scarcity. Finally, the public edifices were without
+splendour, and even the best of the private houses unprovided with
+many of what are now accounted the most indispensable accommodations.
+Instead of all this, we behold Paris now one of the very central seats
+of civilization; and although still deficient in many of the
+accommodations which supply to the necessities of the many instead of
+the luxuries of the few, in possession of the greater portion of the
+most important provisions which ingenuity has found out, whether for
+the comfort or the embellishment of existence. What a contrast between
+the French capital of 1831, and that Lutetia of the ancient Parisii,
+which Caesar found nearly nineteen hundred years ago occupying the
+little island, around which has since extended itself so wide a circle
+of wealth, industry, intelligence, and the works which these create!
+
+    [3] Felibien, Histoire de Paris, tome i.
+
+_Bridges._
+
+Paris, stands, like London, on both banks of a river, and is thus cut
+into two great divisions, one to the north, and the other to the
+south, of the water. The Seine, however, is not nearly so broad as the
+Thames; and the northern and southern halves of Paris are not,
+therefore, by any means so much separated from each other, either
+locally, politically, or socially, as are the corresponding portions
+of the English metropolis. They form, in all respects one city.
+
+The Seine flows in a direction nearly opposite to that of the Thames,
+namely, from south-east to north-west. It preserves almost a perfectly
+straight course in passing through Paris, except that it bends
+considerably to the south immediately before leaving the town. The
+river, as it flows through the heart of the city, is interrupted by
+three small islands lying in succession, the two most westerly of
+which, the Ile de la Cite (otherwise called the Ile du Palais) and the
+Ile St. Louis, or de Notre Dame, are covered with streets and houses.
+The third, called the Ile Louvier, is used only as a depot for
+fire-wood. The parts of the town on the opposite sides of the river
+are connected with each other, and with these islands, by nineteen
+bridges, thirteen of which are constructed of stone, and two of stone
+and iron: of the others two are chain-bridges, one is built of wood,
+and two of wood and iron. Several of these structures, especially the
+Pont des Arts, the Pont Louis XVI., and the Pont de Jena, or de
+l'Ecole Militaire, all of which are to the west of the Ile du Palais,
+are distinguished by their majesty or elegance, and add much beauty
+and picturesque effect to the vista of the river. Excepting at one
+place where the two branches enclosing the Ile du Palais unite,
+immediately to the west of that island, the breadth of the Seine at
+Paris is no where greater than about 550 English feet, and at some
+points it is not more than half that distance from the one bank to
+the other. The bridges, therefore, by which the Seine is traversed,
+are not to be compared in point of magnitude with those of the Thames
+at London. Even the Pont Neuf, which connects the Ile du Palais with
+both the northern and the southern divisions of the city, and
+comprehends in fact two bridges, with an intermediate street, is
+shorter taken altogether, than Waterloo bridge by more than 200 feet;
+and the Pont Louis XVI., which next to the Pont Neuf is the longest of
+the Parisian stone bridges, measures only about 485 feet between the
+abutments, while Westminster Bridge measures 1223, and Waterloo Bridge
+1242 feet. It is in the _number_ of its bridges alone, therefore, that
+the Seine is superior to the Thames.
+
+_The Boulevards._
+
+The most remarkable feature in the general appearance of Paris, is the
+inner inclosure formed by the celebrated road called the _Boulevards._
+On the north side of the river, the Boulevards follow a line nearly
+midway, on an average, between the river and the wall. The space which
+they comprehend, therefore, is but a small portion of that included
+within the outer boundary of the city. The length of this part of the
+road is about 5,200 English yards, or somewhat under three miles. That
+on the south side of the river is of far greater extent, approaching,
+as it does, throughout its whole sweep, very much closer to the wall,
+and in some parts entirely coinciding with it. It measures about
+16,000 yards, or above nine miles in length. Each of these lines,
+although in reality forming an uninterrupted road from its
+commencement to its termination, is divided into a succession of
+parts, each having its particular name. The northern Boulevards are
+twelve in number, the southern seven. We have nothing in England like
+the Parisian Boulevards. They may be generally described as a road or
+street, of great breadth, along each side of which are planted double
+rows of elms. But these shady avenues do not present merely a picture
+of rural beauty. Rising as they do in the heart of a great city, they
+partake also of its artificial elegance and splendour, and are
+associated with all the luxuries of architectural decoration.
+Considered merely as a range of streets, the Boulevards are hardly
+rivalled by any other part of Paris. Those to the north of the river
+are lined on both sides throughout their whole extent, by buildings
+more uniformly handsome than are those of almost any other street in
+the city, and by many which may be even described as magnificent. Some
+of these are private residences; others are shops, cafes, public
+hotels, and theatres. The crowds by whom so many parts of these
+Boulevards are frequented chiefly give to the scene its singular
+liveliness and brilliancy. The southern Boulevards, though equally
+beautiful, are far from being so much the habitual resort of the
+citizens; but the walks on this very account, have a charm for some
+moods of mind which the others want. Another road, planted in a
+similar manner, has more recently been carried round the outside of
+the present walls of the city. It is distinguished from the inner
+Boulevards by the name of the _Boulevards Exterieurs._
+
+_Streets._
+
+To a person accustomed to the appearance of the streets of London, or
+indeed of any other English town, those of the interior of Paris will
+present considerable novelty of aspect. The extreme narrowness, in the
+first place, of those in the more ancient parts of the city, and the
+great height of the houses, with their windows in many cases fortified
+by bars of iron, would alone give them an air of gloom and precaution,
+almost sufficient to impress the Englishman who walks through them
+with the feeling that he has been transported, not only into another
+country, but into another age. Even where these indications of the
+more ancient evils of Paris are not visible, the general aspect of the
+town shows that it has not grown with the growth of a free people,
+amongst whom the inequalities of rank have been softened down by
+respect to the comforts of all classes. Under the ancient regime,
+which was in full activity half a century ago, there were only two
+classes in Paris, the _noblesse_, and the _bourgeoisie_; and the
+latter, being driven into the gutters by the carriage-wheels of their
+arrogant masters, went by the general name of the _canaille._ Few of
+the streets even now have any side pavement for foot passengers--that
+invaluable accommodation which gives such perfect security to the
+pedestrian even in our most crowded and tumultuous thoroughfare. The
+causeway itself, on which walkers and drivers are thus mingled
+together in confusion, is often most uneven and rugged. The stones of
+which it is formed, about ten inches square, present each a convex
+surface, usually wet and slippery, so that under the most favourable
+circumstances, walking in the streets of Paris is anything but an
+agreeable exercise. Still farther to abridge the level space, the
+street is made to incline from both sides towards the centre, in order
+to form there a sort of ditch, in which flows a black and fetid
+stream. From the want of a proper system of drains, this receptacle of
+filth is generally sufficiently replenished even in the driest
+weather, to keep the whole street wet and dirty. Carriages, having
+usually one wheel in the midst of the kennel, dash about the offensive
+puddle in all directions. But the principle of a clear middle way,
+such as our English streets possess, is neglected in all the
+arrangements connected with those of Paris. Even the lights, instead
+of being fixed on posts, as ours are, at the sides, are suspended in
+the middle on ropes swung across, and having their opposite ends
+fastened to the walls of the houses. It was these ropes which the mob,
+in the Revolution of 1789, were wont to make use of as halters for
+their victims; whence their famous cry of _a la lanterne_, as they
+dragged them along to execution.
+
+The aspect of Paris by night, except in a few of the principal streets
+where gas has been very partially introduced, is singularly gloomy.
+The darkness is occasionally relieved by the brilliancy of a cafe; but
+in the more quiet parts of the town, particularly in the fashionable
+quarter of the Faubourg St. Germain, it is almost impossible for the
+pedestrian to direct his steps aright. It is quite evident that the
+arrangements of this capital have not been made for a walking people.
+This evil, however, is fast disappearing. Numerous _passages_ have
+been constructed, within the last ten years, which are paved with flat
+stones, and brilliantly lighted; and the active and pleasure-seeking
+population of Paris crowd to these attractive and convenient places,
+to the Boulevards, or to the Palais-Royal, and leave the narrow and
+dirty streets principally to the few who keep their own carriages, or
+to the many who hire public conveyances. These are of various kinds;
+and such was the growing importance of the middle classes, that
+_fiacres_ (so called after the sign of St Fiacre, at the house where
+they were first established) were in use a century and a half ago.
+
+The remainder of the Part is occupied with a sketch of the Revolution
+of 1789.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+REFORM OF EARLY PARLIAMENTS.
+
+
+Though no language can adequately condemn the base subserviency of
+Henry's parliament, it may be reasonably doubted whether his reign
+was, in its ultimate consequences, injurious to public liberty. The
+immense revolutions of his time in property, in religion, and in the
+inheritance of the crown, never could have been effected without the
+concurrence of parliament. Their acquiescence and co-operation in the
+spoliation of property, and the condemnation of the innocent, tempted
+him to carry all his purposes into execution, through their means.
+Those who saw the attainders of queens, the alteration of an
+established religion, and the frequent disturbance of the regal
+succession, accomplished by acts of parliament, considered nothing as
+beyond the jurisdiction of so potent an assembly.[4] If the supremacy
+was a tremendous power, it accustomed the people to set no bounds to
+the authority of those who bestowed it on the king. The omnipotence of
+parliament appeared no longer a mere hyperbole. Let it not be
+supposed, that to mention the good thus finally educed from such
+evils, is intended or calculated to palliate crimes, or to lessen our
+just abhorrence of criminals. Nothing, on the contrary, seems more to
+exalt the majesty of virtue than to point out the tendency of the
+moral government of the world, which, as in this instance, turns the
+worst enemies of all that is good into the laborious slaves of
+justice. Of all outward benefits, the most conducive to virtue as well
+as to happiness is, doubtless, popular and representative government.
+It is the reverse of a degradation of it to observe, that its
+establishment among us was perhaps partially promoted by the
+sensuality, rapacity, and cruelty of Henry VIII. The course of affairs
+is always so dark, the beneficial consequences of public events are so
+distant and uncertain, that the attempt to do evil in order to produce
+good is in men a most criminal usurpation.
+
+    [4] The observations of Nathaniel Bacon, or rather of Selden
+    from whose MS. notes he is said to have written his book,
+    deserve serious consideration. Bacon on the Laws and
+    Government of England, chap. 27.
+
+Some direct benefits the constitution owes to this reign. The act
+which established a parliamentary representation in so considerable a
+territory as Wales may be regarded as the principal reformation in the
+composition of the House of Commons since its legal maturity in the
+time of Edward I. That principality had been divided into twelve
+shires: of which eight were ancient,[5] and four owed their origin to
+a statute of Henry's reign.[6] Knights, citizens, and burgesses were
+now directed to be chosen and sent to parliament from the shires,
+cities, and burghs of Wales.[7] A short time before, the same
+privileges were granted to the county palatine of Chester, of which
+the preamble contains a memorable recognition and establishment of the
+principles which are the basis of the elective part of our
+constitution.[8] Nearly thirty members were thus added to the House of
+Commons on the principle of the Chester bill: that is disadvantageous
+to a province to be unrepresented; that representation is essential to
+good government; and that those who are bound by the laws ought to
+have a reasonable share of direct influence on the passing of laws. As
+the practical disadvantages are only generally alleged, and could
+scarcely have been proved, they must have been inferred from the
+nature of a House of Commons. The British constitution was not thought
+to be enjoyed by a district till a popular representation was bestowed
+on it. Election by the people was regarded, not as a source of tumult,
+but as the principle most capable of composing disorder in territories
+not represented.--_Cabinet Cyclopaedia_, vol. xix. _Sir James
+Mackintosh's History of England_, vol. ii.
+
+    [5] Glamorgan, Carmarthen, Pembroke, Cardigan, Flint,
+    Carnarvon, Anglesea and Merioneth.
+
+    [6] Radnor, Brecknock, Montgomery, and Denbigh, 27 Henry 8 c.
+    26.
+
+    [7] 34 and 35 Henry 8. c. 26. s. 50.
+
+    [8] 34 and 35 Henry 8. c. 13.--"That the said county have
+    hitherto been excluded from the high court of parliament, to
+    have any knights and burgesses within the said court, by
+    reason whereof the inhabitants have sustained manifold damages
+    in their lands, goods, and bodies, as well as in the good
+    governance of the commonwealth of their said country; and for
+    as much as they have been bound by the acts of the said court,
+    and yet have had no knights and burgesses therein, for lack
+    whereof they have been often touched and grieved by the acts
+    of the said parliament, prejudicial to the commonwealth,
+    quietness, rest, and peace of your highness's bounden
+    subjects, inhabiting within the said county," &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE TOPOGRAPHER.
+
+
+TRAVELLING NOTES IN SOUTH WALES.
+
+(_Continued from page 312._)
+
+
+The grounds of Penrice Castle, which stretch to the sea-shore, and on
+which art has embellished scenery possessing capabilities of a high
+order--are exceedingly picturesque and extensive. Penrice bears marks
+of having been a Roman station. Henry de Newburgh, Earl of Warwick,
+here defeated the Welsh prince, Rhys, which decided the fate of Gower.
+He was beheaded after the battle, whence the Welsh name, Pen-Rhys. On
+the field of battle the victor erected Penrice Castle, which is now
+certainly a striking ruin. On the coast near Penrice is the village
+and ruins of the Castle of Oxwich, now a barn--_sic transit!_
+
+The afternoon was waxing apace--we had lost time in attending to our
+horses, for ostler there was none--and in musing amongst the simply
+decorated graves in the humble churchyard;[9] after discussing with
+great relish our repast of eggs and bacon, and Welsh ale, the best the
+village afforded, (by the way, we shall not readily forget the fluster
+of our Welsh hostess when we talked of dining on our arrival at the
+little hostelrie) we then rode down to the sea-shore, intending to
+cross the sandy beach of Oxwich, which extends several miles, on our
+return to the Gower Inn. The tide flows with great rapidity on this
+coast, and it had already advanced to the foot of a stupendous
+headland, which juts into the beach about half way. We waded our
+horses through the surf--but how can we do justice to the splendour of
+the scenery around us. The alternations of stern and savage
+beauty--the gigantic masses of "fantastic cliffs," and caverns, that
+have stood the combat of the mighty Atlantic for countless ages?
+Oxwich is almost unknown to the traveller, and there are few coast
+scenes in these islands that surpass it in beauty. We lingered long on
+the shore. There is a perpetual "jabble" against the cliffs on this
+coast--and we have seldom met with a soul save an aged and solitary
+fisherwoman--a study for a Bonington--pursuing her precarious calling
+of crab or shrimp fishing, or of pulling lobsters from their retreats
+in the savage cliffs.
+
+    [9] See _Mirror_, vol. xvi. p. 253.
+
+                           A holy peace,
+  Pervades this _sea-shore solitude_--The world
+  And all who love that world, are far away.
+                                  N.T. CARRINGTON.
+
+It was getting dusk when we ascended from the shore, on our way
+homewards, past the wild--the truly shattered, and desolate ruins of
+Pennard Castle; which bear, we think, decided marks of having been
+erected long prior to the Norman era. The country people tell you its
+origin was supernatural; and some writers ascribe it to that great
+castle-builder, Henry de Newburgh. Pennard stands in a situation of
+extreme beauty, and deeply rivets the attention:
+
+  "The stones have voices, and the walls do live,
+  It is the House of Memory!"
+                                 MATAIRE.
+
+Our favourite mare and her companion were in high spirits, (horses are
+generally so on returning) exhilarated by the rapid motion; and our
+hearts elate with the "songs of spring," we returned home on as sweet
+an April evening as ever blessed man.
+
+Another interesting excursion maybe made to Cefyn-bryn, the most
+elevated hill in the district, about twelve miles from Swansea. The
+road to Western Gower is carried over it; the summit is level, and a
+carriage may be driven in safety for a couple of miles to the southern
+point; which commands, on a clear day, in one direction, a vast and
+unbounded view of the Bristol Channel, the whitened houses of
+Ilfracombe, with the hills of Devon and Somerset, Lundy Island, and
+the scenery of Swansea Bay. And on the reverse of the picture, almost
+the whole peninsula of Gower, the extensive estuary of the Burry
+River, and part of the beautiful expanse of the County and Bay of
+Carmarthen, is spread out like a map before you. King Arthur's Stone,
+an immense rock of _lapis molaris_, twenty tons weight, supported by a
+circle of others--the remains of Druidism--invites the attention of
+the antiquary, on the north-west point of Cefyn-bryn. We may here
+remark that this district, especially the coast, offers a rich harvest
+to the geologist. The general substratum of the peninsula is limestone
+and marble, bounded to the north by an immense iron and coalfield. The
+limestone stratum is continually "cropping out" in the interior, and
+of course it can be worked at a trifling expense. This may account for
+the general healthiness of the district. Though rain in consequence of
+the western exposure, falls frequently, and sometimes with great
+violence, yet it speedily runs off, leaving none of the bad effects
+which would be produced in a tenacious soil. Marble of valuable
+quality is worked at Oystermouth.
+
+But we must hasten to close our Notes on Gower--_to proceed with our
+circuit of the coast:--West from Oxwich is Porteyron_, where there is
+an extensive lobster and oyster fishery, near which is Landewy Castle.
+There is a wonderful precipice here. Further west we come to the
+village of Rossilly, near the Worms-Head, the termination of a range
+of rocks, which form the western point of the peninsula, being
+connected with it by a low isthmus. It extends more than a mile into
+the ocean, and at half-flood becomes an island. The name arose by
+mariners comparing it to a worm with its head erect, between the Nass
+Point and St. Gower's Head, in Pembrokeshire. The scenery here is
+deeply interesting. This wild and desolate coast has proved fatal to
+numberless ships; the recent erection of the light-house on Caldy
+Island, near Tenby, on the opposite point of Carmarthen Bay, has,
+however, been most important. Several Indiamen have been wrecked here,
+and about fifty years since, a quantity of Spanish dollars, date 1625,
+were found amongst the sand, when the tide had receded unusually far,
+supposed to be part of the cargo of the "Scanderoon galley" lost on
+this coast nearly two centuries ago. This would do for the "Vigo Bay
+Company." We proceed along the western shore of Carmarthen Bay, till
+we pass Whitford Point, a singular _peninsula of sand_, covered with
+reeds, which stands the fury of the tide, forming one side of the wide
+estuary of Barry, along the coast of which we pass a Roman encampment
+at Llanmadoc--the striking Castle of Llanridian, and other ruins, as
+we return eastward to Swansea; till we arrive at the village--we
+forget ourselves, the _Borough_ of Castell Llwchyr, or Loughor, the
+_Leucarum_ of Antoninus, and the fifth Roman station on the _Via
+Julia._ It is seven miles from Swansea. Upon a mount, the supposed
+work of the Romans, is a square tower, the remains of a castle built
+by Henry, Earl of Warwick. Three miles to the east are two Roman
+encampments; many Roman coins have been found at Loughor, from whence
+there is a ferry to the Carmarthenshire side opposite, which is
+fordable at low water. There is a large colliery here. It is a
+delightful sail from this village down the Burry River to Whitford
+Point, or round the coast to Worms-Head.
+
+VYVYAN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+    "A snapper-up of unconsidered trifles."
+                                SHAKSPEARE.
+
+
+_The following curious letter was found among the papers of a Mr.
+Goldwyre, Surgeon, of Salisbury._
+
+To Mr. Edward Goldwyre, at his house on the Close of Salisbury.
+
+Sir,--Being informed that you are the only surgeon in this city (or
+country) that anatomises men, and I being under the present unhappy
+circumstances, and in a very mean condition, would gladly live as long
+as I can, but by all appearances I am to be executed next March, but
+having no friends on earth that will speak a word to save my life, nor
+send me a morsel of bread to keep life and soul together until that
+fatal day; so if you will vouchsafe to come hither, I will gladly
+sell you my body (being whole and sound) to be ordered at your
+discretion, knowing that it will rise again at the general
+resurrection, as well from your house as from the grave. Your answer
+will highly oblige, yours, &c.
+
+JAMES BROOKE.
+_Fisherton-Auger Gaol_,           _Oct._ 3, 1736.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A farmer walking out one day, by chance met Jack Ketch, and jocosely
+asked him whether he could tell him the difference between their
+trades. "That I can," said Jack, "the only difference is
+_utility_--you till, I tie."
+
+WALTER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+What is the most suitable motto for a doctor's carriage? Live or die.
+
+Why is the _carver_ in a cook-shop like a naval officer? Because he
+commands a _cutter._
+
+W.G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+EPITAPHS.
+
+  Here lies poor Thomas, and his Wife,
+  Who led a pretty jarring life;
+  But all is ended--do you see?
+  He holds his tongue, and so does she.
+
+  If drugs and physic could but save
+  Us mortals from the dreary grave,
+  'Tis known that I took full enough
+  Of the apothecaries' stuff
+  To have prolong'd life's busy feast
+  To a full century at least;
+  But spite of all the doctors' skill,
+  Of daily draught and nightly pill,
+  Reader, as sure as you're alive,
+  I was sent here at twenty-five.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FOR ALL FAMILIES.
+
+This Day, Second Edition, price 5s.
+
+FAMILY MANUAL and SERVANTS' GUIDE,
+With upwards of One Thousand New and Approved Receipts, arranged and
+adapted for Families and all Classes of Servants.
+
+"We shall recommend this book every where, if it were only for the
+sake of the excellent suggestions on the 'self-improvement' of
+house-servants."--_Gardeners' Magazine_, June 1830.
+
+"It should find a place in the kitchen or servants' hall of those who
+desire to blend comfort with elegance, and prudence with
+luxury."--_New Monthly Magazine_, Feb. 1831.
+
+"This book contains a mass of information that cannot fail to be
+useful in the conduct of household affairs."--_Atlas_, May 22.
+
+"No servant should he without it."--_Morning Advertiser_, April 27.
+
+Printed for JOHN LIMBIRD, 143. Strand.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic;
+G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen
+and Booksellers._
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, No. 494., by Various
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