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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, Vol. X.
+by Jonathan Swift
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, Vol. X.
+
+Author: Jonathan Swift
+
+Release Date: July 28, 2004 [EBook #13040]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JONATHAN SWIFT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Terry Gilliland and PG Distributed Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+
+BOHN'S STANDARD LIBRARY
+
+THE PROSE WORKS OF JONATHAN SWIFT
+
+VOL. X
+
+
+[Illustration: _Jonathan Swift on the bust by Rouldiac in Trinity
+College Dublin]
+
+
+THE PROSE WORKS
+
+OF
+
+JONATHAN SWIFT, D.D.
+
+EDITED BY
+
+TEMPLE SCOTT
+
+VOL. X
+
+HISTORICAL WRITINGS
+
+1902
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+Of late years, that is to say, within the last thirty odd years, there
+has existed a certain amount of doubt as to whether or no the work known
+to us as "The History of the Four Last Years of the Queen," was really
+the product of Swift's pen. That a work of this nature had occupied
+Swift during his retirement at Windsor in 1713, is undoubted. That the
+work here reprinted from the edition given to the world in 1758, "by an
+anonymous editor from a copy surreptitiously taken by an anonymous
+friend" (to use Mr. Churton Collins's summary), is the actual work upon
+which Swift was engaged at Windsor, is not so certain. Let us for a
+moment trace the history of what is known of what Swift did write, and
+then we shall be in a better position to judge of the authenticity of
+what we have before us.
+
+All that we know of this work is gathered from Swift's correspondence,
+as published by Sir Walter Scott in his edition of Swift's Works issued
+in 1824. The first reference there made is in a note from Dr. William
+King to Mrs. Whiteway, from which we gather that Swift, towards the end
+of the year 1736, was meditating the publication of what he had written
+in 1713. "As to the History," writes King, "the Dean may be assured I
+will take care to supply the dates that are wanting, and which can
+easily be done in an hour or two. The tracts, if he pleases, may be
+printed by way of appendix. This will be indeed less trouble than the
+interweaving them in the body of the history, and will do the author as
+much honour, and answer the purpose full as well."
+
+This was written from Paris, under date November 9th, O.S., 1736. It can
+easily be gathered from this that the tracts referred to are the tracts
+on the same period which Swift wrote at the time in defence of the
+Oxford ministry. They are given in the fifth volume of this edition.
+
+On December 7th, 1736, King was in London, and he immediately writes to
+Swift himself on the matter of the History. "I arrived here yesterday,"
+he says, "and I am now ready to obey your commands. I hope you are come
+to a positive resolution concerning the History. You need not hesitate
+about the dates, or the references which are to be made to any public
+papers; for I can supply them without the least trouble. As well as I
+remember, there is but one of those public pieces which you determined
+should be inserted at length; I mean Sir Thomas Hanmer's Representation;
+this I have now by me. If you incline to publish the two tracts as an
+Appendix to the History, you will be pleased to see if the character
+given of the Earl of Oxford in the pamphlet of 1715 agrees with the
+character given of the same person in the History.[1] Perhaps on a
+review you may think proper to leave one of them quite out. You have (I
+think) barely mentioned the attempt of Guiscard, and the quarrel between
+Rechteren and Mesnager. But as these are facts which are probably now
+forgot or unknown, it would not be amiss if they were related at large
+in the notes; which may be done from the gazettes, or any other
+newspapers of those times. This is all I have to offer to your
+consideration...."
+
+[Footnote 1: See note on page 95 of this volume.]
+
+There is thus no doubt left as to which were the tracts referred to by
+King, and as to the desire of Swift to include Sir Thomas Hanmer's
+Representation--two points that are important as evidence for the
+authenticity of the edition issued by Lucas in 1758.
+
+Towards the middle of 1737, it must have become common knowledge among
+Swift's friends in London, that he was preparing for publication his
+"History of the Four Last Years of Queen Anne's Reign." Possibly King
+may have dropped a hint of it; possibly Swift may have written to others
+for information and assistance. Be that as it may, on April 7th, 1737,
+the Earl of Oxford (son of Swift's old friend) wrote to Swift as
+follows:
+
+    "... One reason of my writing to you now is, (next to my asking
+    your forgiveness) this: I am told that you have given leave and
+    liberty to some one or more of your friends to print a history
+    of the last four years of Queen Anne's reign, wrote by you.
+
+    "As I am most truly sensible of your constant regard and sincere
+    friendship for my father, even to partiality, (if I may say so,)
+    I am very sensible of the share and part he must bear in such a
+    history; and as I remember, when I read over that history of
+    yours, I can recollect that there seemed to me a want of some
+    papers to make it more complete, which was not in our power to
+    obtain; besides there were some severe things said, which might
+    have been very currently talked of; but now will want a proper
+    evidence to support; for these reasons it is that I do entreat
+    the favour of you, and make it my earnest request, that you will
+    give your positive directions, that this history be not printed
+    and published, until I have had an opportunity of seeing it;
+    with a liberty of showing it to some family friends, whom I
+    would consult upon this occasion. I beg pardon for this; I hope
+    you will be so good as to grant my request: I do it with great
+    deference to you. If I had the pleasure of seeing you, I would
+    soon say something to you that would convince you I am not
+    wrong: they are not proper for a letter as you will easily
+    guess...."
+
+It is evident that Swift had gone so far as to consult with Faulkner on
+the matter of the printing of the "History," because he was present when
+Oxford's letter arrived, and he tells us that Swift answered the letter
+immediately, and made him read the answer, the purport of which was:
+"That although he loved his lordship's father more than he ever did any
+man; yet, as a human creature, he had his faults, and therefore, as an
+impartial writer, he could not conceal them."
+
+On the 4th of June, 1737, Swift wrote at length to Oxford a letter in
+which he details the circumstances and the reasons which moved him to
+write the History. The letter is important, and runs as follows:
+
+    "MY LORD,
+
+    "I had the honour of a letter from your lordship, dated April
+    the 7th, which I was not prepared to answer until this time.
+    Your lordship must needs have known, that the History you
+    mention, of the Four last Years of the Queen's Reign, was
+    written at Windsor, just upon finishing the peace; at which
+    time, your father and my Lord Bolingbroke had a misunderstanding
+    with each other, that was attended with very bad consequences.
+    When I came to Ireland to take this deanery (after the peace was
+    made) I could not stay here above a fortnight, being recalled by
+    a hundred letters to hasten back, and to use my endeavours in
+    reconciling those ministers. I left them the history you
+    mention, which I finished at Windsor, to the time of the peace.
+    When I returned to England, I found their quarrels and coldness
+    increased. I laboured to reconcile them as much as I was able: I
+    contrived to bring them to my Lord Masham's, at St. James's. My
+    Lord and Lady Masham left us together. I expostulated with them
+    both, but could not find any good consequences. I was to go to
+    Windsor next day with my lord-treasurer; I pretended business
+    that prevented me, expecting they would come to some
+    [agreement?]. But I followed them to Windsor; where my Lord
+    Bolingbroke told me, that my scheme had come to nothing. Things
+    went on at the same rate; they grew more estranged every day. My
+    lord-treasurer found his credit daily declining. In May before
+    the Queen died, I had my last meeting with them at my Lord
+    Masham's. He left us together; and therefore I spoke very freely
+    to them both; and told them, 'I would retire, for I found all
+    was gone'. Lord Bolingbroke whispered me, 'I was in the right'.
+    Your father said, 'All would do well'. I told him, 'That I would
+    go to Oxford on Monday, since I found it was impossible to be of
+    any use'. I took coach to Oxford on Monday, went to a friend in
+    Berkshire, there stayed until the Queen's death, and then to my
+    station here, where I stayed twelve years, and never saw my lord
+    your father afterward. They could not agree about printing the
+    History of the Four last Years and therefore I have kept it to
+    this time, when I determine to publish it in London, to the
+    confusion of all those rascals who have accused the queen and
+    that ministry of making a bad peace, to which that party
+    entirely owes the Protestant succession. I was then in the
+    greatest trust and confidence with your father the
+    lord-treasurer, as well as with my Lord Bolingbroke, and all
+    others who had part in the administration I had all the letters
+    from the secretary's office, during the treaty of peace out of
+    those, and what I learned from the ministry, I formed that
+    History, which I am now going to publish for the information of
+    posterity, and to control the most impudent falsehoods which
+    have been published since. I wanted no kind of materials. I knew
+    your father better than you could at that time, and I do
+    impartially think him the most virtuous minister, and the most
+    able, that ever I remember to have read of. If your lordship has
+    any particular circumstances that may fortify what I have said
+    in the History, such as letters or materials, I am content they
+    should be printed at the end, by way of appendix. I loved my
+    lord your father better than any other man in the world,
+    although I had no obligation to him on the score of preferment,
+    having been driven to this wretched kingdom, to which I was
+    almost a stranger, by his want of power to keep me in what I
+    ought to call my own country, although I happened to be dropped
+    here, and was a year old before I left it, and to my sorrow did
+    not die before I came back to it again. As to the History, it
+    is only of affairs which I know very well and had all the
+    advantages possible to know, when you were in some sort but a
+    lad. One great design of it is, to do justice to the ministry at
+    that time, and to refute all the objections against them, as if
+    they had a design of bringing in Popery and the Pretender: and
+    farther to demonstrate, that the present settlement of the crown
+    was chiefly owing to my lord your father...."
+
+The Earl of Oxford had failed to extract the manuscript from Swift for
+the purpose he had expressed in his letter. But his friend and Swift's
+old friend, Erasmus Lewis, who had been Under-Secretary of State during
+Lord Oxford's administration, came to the Earl's assistance. He had not
+written to Swift for many years, but on June 30th, 1737, he took
+occasion to renew the correspondence and referred to the proposal for
+publishing the History in a manner which leaves no doubt as to who
+suggested to him to write:
+
+    " ... Now I name him, I mean Lord Oxford, let me ask you if it
+    be true, that you are going to print a History of the Four Last
+    Years of the Queen? if it is, will not you let me see it before
+    you send it to the press? Is it not possible that I may suggest
+    some things that you may have omitted, and give you reasons for
+    leaving out others? The scene is changed since that period of
+    time: the conditions of the peace of Utrecht have been applauded
+    by most part of mankind, even in the two Houses of Parliament:
+    should not matters rest here, at least for some time? I presume
+    your great end is to do justice to truth; the second point may
+    perhaps be to make a compliment to the Oxford family: permit me
+    to say as to the first, that though you know perhaps more than
+    any one man, I may possibly contribute a mite; and, with the
+    alteration of one word, viz. by inserting _parva_ instead of
+    _magna_, apply to myself that passage of Virgil, _et quorum pars
+    parva fui_. As to the second point, I do not conceive your
+    compliment to Lord Oxford to be so perfect as it might be,
+    unless you lay the manuscript before him, that it may be
+    considered here."
+
+On the 4th of July, 1737, Oxford replied to Swift's letter of the 4th of
+June (referring to it as of the 14th of June), and emphasizes his
+earnest wish to see the manuscript. He also asks that it may be
+permitted him to show it to some friends:
+
+    "GOOD MR. DEAN,
+
+    "Your letter of June 14th, in answer to mine of the 7th of
+    April, is come to my hands; and it is with no small concern that
+    I have read it, and to find that you seem to have formed a
+    resolution to put the History of the Four last Years of the
+    Queen to the press; a resolution taken without giving your
+    friends, and those that are greatly concerned, some notice, or
+    suffering them to have time and opportunity to read the papers
+    over, and to consider them. I hope it is not too late yet, and
+    that you will be so good as to let some friends see them, before
+    they are put to the press; and, as you propose to have the work
+    printed here, it will be easy to give directions to whom you
+    will please to give the liberty of seeing them; I beg I may be
+    one: this request I again repeat to you, and I hope you will
+    grant it. I do not doubt that there are many who will persuade
+    you to publish it; but they are not proper judges: their reasons
+    may be of different kinds, and their motives to press on this
+    work may be quite different, and perhaps concealed from you.
+
+    "I am extremely sensible of the firm love and regard you had for
+    my father, and have for his memory; and upon that account it is
+    that I now renew my request, that you would at least defer this
+    printing until you have had the advice of friends. You have
+    forgot that you lent me the History to read when you were in
+    England, since my father died; I do remember it well. I would
+    ask your pardon for giving you this trouble; but upon this
+    affair I am so nearly concerned, that, if I did not my utmost to
+    prevent it, I should never forgive myself."
+
+While this correspondence was in progress, Swift had given the
+manuscript to Lord Orrery to hand over to Dr. King. On June 24th, 1737,
+King wrote to Swift stating that he had received a letter from Mrs.
+Whiteway in which he was told to expect the manuscript from the hands of
+Lord Orrery. To Mrs. Whiteway he replied, on the same day, that he would
+wait on Lord Orrery to receive the papers. On July 23rd, 1737, Lord
+Orrery wrote to Swift informing him that "Dr. King has his cargo."
+
+With the knowledge that the manuscript was on its way to King, Swift
+wrote the following reply to Lewis's letter:
+
+    July 23, 1737.
+
+    "DEAR FRIEND,
+
+    "While any of those who used to write to me were alive, I always
+    inquired after you. But, since your secretaryship in the queen's
+    time, I believed you were so glutted with the office, that you
+    had not patience to venture on a letter to an absent useless
+    acquaintance; and I find I owe yours to my Lord Oxford. The
+    History you mention was written above a year before the queen's
+    death. I left it with the treasurer and Lord Bolingbroke, when I
+    first came over to take this deanery. I returned in less than a
+    month; but the ministry could not agree about printing it. It
+    was to conclude with the peace. I staid in London above nine
+    months; but not being able to reconcile the quarrels between
+    those two, I went to a friend in Berkshire, and, on the queen's
+    death, came hither for good and all. I am confident you read
+    that History; as this Lord Oxford did, as he owns in his two
+    letters, the last of which reached me not above ten days ago.
+    You know, on the queen's death, how the peace and all
+    proceedings were universally condemned. This I knew would be
+    done; and the chief cause of my writing was, not to let such a
+    queen and ministry lie under such a load of infamy, or posterity
+    be so ill-informed, &c. Lord Oxford is in the wrong to be in
+    pain about his father's character, or his proceedings in his
+    ministry; which is so drawn, that his greatest admirers will
+    rather censure me for partiality; neither can he tell me
+    anything material out of his papers, which I was not then
+    informed of; nor do I know anybody but yourself who could give
+    me more light than what I then received; for I remember I often
+    consulted with you, and took memorials of many important
+    particulars which you told me, as I did of others, for four
+    years together. I can find no way to have the original delivered
+    to Lord Oxford, or to you; for the person who has it will not
+    trust it out of his hands; but, I believe, would be contented to
+    let it be read to either of you, if it could be done without
+    letting it out of his hands, although, perhaps, that may be too
+    late."
+
+Swift is evidently about to accede to the desires of his two friends,
+and Lewis, in his reply, takes it for granted that the manuscript will
+soon be in his possession for perusal and examination:
+
+    London, Aug. 4, 1737.
+
+    "I assure you, my dear Dean, 'twas matter of joy to me to
+    receive a letter from you, and I hope 'tis an earnest of many
+    more I may have hereafter, before you and I leave this world;
+    though I must tell you, that if you and I revive our former
+    Correspondence, you must indulge me the liberty of making use of
+    another hand; for whether it be owing to age, or writing
+    formerly whole nights by candle-light, or to both those causes,
+    my sight is so far impaired, that I am not able, without much
+    pain, to scratch out a letter.
+
+    "I do not remember ever to have read your History. I own my
+    memory is much decayed; but still I think I could not have
+    forgotten a matter of so much consequence, and which must have
+    given me so great a pleasure. It is fresh in my mind, that Lord
+    Oxford and the Auditor desired you to confer with me upon the
+    subject matter of it; that we accordingly did so; and that the
+    conclusion was, you would bury everything in oblivion. We
+    reported this to those two, I mean to his lordship and his
+    uncle, and they acquiesced in it. Now I find you have finished
+    that piece. I ask nothing but what you grant in your letter of
+    July 23d, viz. That your friend shall read it to me, and forbear
+    sending it to the press, till you have considered the
+    objections, if any should be made.
+
+    "In the meantime, I shall only observe to you in general, that
+    three and twenty years, for so long it is since the death of
+    Queen Anne, having made a great alteration in the world, and
+    that what was sense and reason then, is not so now; besides, I
+    am told you have treated some people's characters with a
+    severity which the present times will not bear, and may possibly
+    bring the author into much trouble, which would be matter of
+    great uneasiness to his friends. I know very well it is your
+    intention to do honour to the then treasurer. Lord Oxford knows
+    it; all his family and friends know it; but it is to be done
+    with great circumspection. It is now too late to publish a
+    pamphlet, and too early to publish a History.
+
+    "It was always my opinion, that the best way of doing honour to
+    the treasurer, was to write a History of the Peace of Utrecht,
+    beginning with a short preamble concerning the calamitous state
+    of our debt, and ending with the breaking our army, and
+    restoring the civil power; that these great things were
+    completed under the administration of the Earl of Oxford, and
+    this should be his epitaph. Lord Bolingbroke is undoubtedly
+    writing a History, but I believe will not live to finish it,
+    because he takes it up too high, viz. from the Restoration. In
+    all probability he'll cut and slash Lord Oxford. This is only my
+    guess. I don't know it...."
+
+    King must have taken the manuscript to Lord Oxford and Lewis,
+    and been present at its reading. When that reading actually took
+    place is not ascertainable; but there is no doubt that before
+    March 15th, 1738, King was aware of the criticisms made on it.
+    On that day he writes to Mr. Deane Swift, explaining that he has
+    been obliged to defer the publication until he has received
+    Swift's answers to the objections made by the friends who read
+    it. On April 25th, 1738, King wrote again to Mr. Deane Swift,
+    regretting that he could not see him, "because I might have
+    talked over with you all the affair of this History, about which
+    I have been much condemned: and no wonder, since the Dean has
+    continually expressed his dissatisfaction that I have so long
+    delayed the publication of it. However, I have been in no fault:
+    on the contrary, I have consulted the Dean's honour, and the
+    safety of his person. In a word, the publication of this work,
+    as excellent as it is, would involve the printer, publisher,
+    author, and everyone concerned, in the greatest difficulties, if
+    not in a certain ruin; and therefore it will be absolutely
+    necessary to omit some of the characters...."
+
+From which we gather that Lewis and the friends had been able to show
+King the extreme inadvisability of publishing the work. Swift knew
+nothing of this at the time, but Lewis did not long keep him in doubt,
+and the letter Lewis wrote Swift on April 8th, 1738, sets forth at
+length the objections and criticisms which had so changed King's
+attitude.
+
+    "London, April 8, 1738.
+
+    "I can now acquaint you, my dear Dean, that I have at last had
+    the pleasure of reading your History, in the presence of Lord
+    O------d, and two or three more, who think, in all political
+    matters, just as you do, and are as zealous for your fame and
+    safety as any persons in the world. That part of it which
+    relates to the negotiations of peace, whether at London or at
+    Utrecht, they admire exceedingly, and declare they never yet saw
+    that, or any other transaction, drawn up with so much
+    perspicuity, or in a style so entertaining and instructive to
+    the reader, in every respect; but I should be wanting to the
+    sincerity of a friend, if I did not tell you plainly, that it
+    was the unanimous opinion of the company a great deal of the
+    first part should be retrenched, and many things altered.
+
+    "1st, They conceive the first establishment of the South Sea
+    Company is not rightly stated, for no part of the debt then
+    unprovided for was paid: however the advantages arising to the
+    public were very considerable; for, instead of paying for all
+    provisions cent. per cent. dearer than the common market-price,
+    as we did in Lord Godolphin's times, the credit of the public
+    was immediately restored, and, by means of this scheme, put upon
+    as good a footing as the best private security.
+
+    "2d, They think the transactions with Mr. Buys might have been
+    represented in a more advantageous light, and more to the honour
+    of that administration; and, undoubtedly they would have been so
+    by your pen, had you been master of all the facts.
+
+    "3d, The D----  of M----'s courage not to be called in question.
+
+    "4th, The projected design of an assassination they believe
+    true, but that a matter of so high a nature ought not to be
+    asserted without exhibiting the proofs.
+
+    "5th, The present ministers, who are the rump of those whose
+    characters you have painted, shew too plainly that they have not
+    acted upon republican, or, indeed, any other principles, than
+    those of interest and ambition.
+
+    "6th, Now I have mentioned characters, I must tell you they were
+    clearly of opinion, that if those you have drawn should be
+    published as they now stand, nothing could save the author's
+    printer and publishers from some grievous punishment. As we have
+    no traces of liberty now left but the freedom of the press, it
+    is the most earnest desire of your friends that you would strike
+    out all that you have said on that subject.
+
+    "Thus, my dear Dean, I have laid before you, in a plain manner
+    the sentiments of those who were present when your History was
+    read; if I have mistaken in anything, I ask pardon of you and
+    them.
+
+    "I am not at liberty to name those who were present, excepting
+    only the E----  of O----d, who has charged me to return you his
+    thanks for what you have said of his father.
+
+    "What I have to say from myself is, that there were persons in
+    the company to whose judgment I should pay entire deference. I
+    had no opportunity of paying any on this occasion, for I
+    concurred in the same opinion with them, from the bottom of my
+    heart, and therefore conjure you as you value your own fame as
+    an author, and the honour of those who were actors in the
+    important affairs that make the subject of your History, and as
+    you would preserve the liberty of your person, and enjoyment of
+    your fortune, you will not suffer this work to go to the press
+    without making some, or all the amendments proposed. I am, my
+    dear Dean, most sincerely and affectionately yours,
+
+    "E.L.
+
+    "I thank you for your kind mention of me in your letter to Lord
+    Oxford.
+
+    "I had almost forgot to tell you, you have mistaken the case of
+    the D---- of S----, which, in truth, was this, that his grace
+    appearing at court, in the chamber next to the council-chamber,
+    it was apprehended he would come into the cabinet-council; and
+    therefore the intended meeting was put off: whereas one would
+    judge, by your manner of stating it, that the council had met,
+    and adjourned abruptly upon his taking his place there.
+
+    "I must add, that if you would so far yield to the opinions of
+    your friends, as to publish what you have writ concerning the
+    peace, and leave out everything that savours of acrimony and
+    resentment, it would, even now, be of great service to this
+    nation in general, and to them in particular, nothing having
+    been yet published on the peace of Utrecht in such a beautiful
+    and strong manner as you have done it. Once more, my dear Dean,
+    adieu; let me hear from you."
+
+It is to be presumed that Swift was again persuaded to abandon the
+publication of his History. Nothing further is heard of it, except a
+slight reference by Pope in a letter he wrote to Swift, under date May
+17th, 1739, in which Pope informed him that Bolingbroke (who is writing
+his History of his own Time) has expressed his intention of differing
+from Swift's version, as he remembers it when he read the History in
+1727. The variation would relate in particular to the conduct of the
+Earl of Oxford.
+
+Slight as this reference is, there is yet enough in it to suggest
+another reason why Swift should withhold the publication of his work. It
+might be that this expressed intention of Bolingbroke's to animadvert on
+his dear friend's conduct, would just move Swift to a final rejection of
+his intention, and so, possibly, prevent Bolingbroke from publishing his
+own statement. However, the manuscript must have been returned, for
+nothing more was heard of it during Swift's lifetime.
+
+Swift died in 1745, and thirteen years later appeared the anonymously
+edited "History of the Four Last Years." Is this the work which Swift
+wrote in 1713, which he permitted Pope and Bolingbroke to read in 1727,
+and which he prepared for publication in 1737?
+
+In 1758 there was no doubt whatever raised, although there were at least
+two persons alive then--Lord Orrery and Dr. William King--who could
+easily have proved any forgery, had there been one.
+
+The first suspicion cast on the work came from Dr. Johnson. Writing, in
+his life of Swift, of the published version, he remarks, "that it seemed
+by no means to correspond with the notions that I had formed of it from
+a conversation that I once heard between the Earl of Orrery and old Mr.
+Lewis." In what particulars this want of correspondence was made evident
+Johnson does not say. In any case, his suspicion cannot be received with
+much consideration, since the conversation he heard must have taken
+place at least twenty years before he wrote the poet's life, and his
+recollection of such a conversation must at least have been very hazy.
+Johnson's opinion is further deprived of weight when we read what he
+wrote of the History in the "Idler," in 1759, the year after its
+publication, that "the history had perished had not a straggling
+transcript fallen into busy hands." If the straggling manuscript were
+worth anything, it must have had some claims to authenticity; and if it
+had, then Johnson's recollection of what he heard Orrery and Lewis say,
+twenty years or more after they had said it, goes for very little.
+
+Sir Walter Scott concludes, from the fact that Swift sent the manuscript
+to Oxford and Lewis, that it was afterwards altered in accordance with
+Lewis's suggestions. But a comparison of Lucas's text with Lewis's
+letter shows that nothing of the kind was done.
+
+Lord Stanhope had "very great reason to doubt" the authenticity of the
+History, and considered it as "falsely ascribed to Swift." What this
+"very great reason" was, his lordship nowhere stated.
+
+Macaulay, in a pencilled note in a copy of Orrery's "Remarks" (now in
+the British Museum) describes the History as "Wretched stuff; and I
+firmly believe not Swift's." But Macaulay could scarcely have had much
+ground for his note, since he took a description of Somers from the
+History, and embodied it in his own work as a specimen of what Somers's
+enemies said of him. If the History were a forgery, what object was
+gained in quoting from it, and who were the enemies who wrote it?
+
+When, in 1873, Lord Beaconsfield, then Mr. Disraeli, made a speech at
+Glasgow, in which he quoted from the History and spoke of the words as
+by Swift, a correspondent in the "Times" criticised him for his
+ignorance in so doing. But the discussion which followed in the columns
+of that periodical left the matter just where it was, and, indeed,
+justified Beaconsfield. The matter was taken up by Mr. Edward Solly in
+"Notes and Queries;" but that writer threw no new light whatever on the
+subject.
+
+But the positive evidence in favour of the authenticity is so strong,
+that one wonders how there could have been any doubt as to whether Swift
+did or did not write the History.
+
+In the first place we know that Swift was largely indebted for his facts
+to Bolingbroke, when that statesman was the War Secretary of Queen Anne.
+A comparison of those portions of Swift's History which contain the
+facts with the Bolingbroke Correspondence, in which the same facts are
+embodied, will amply prove that Swift obtained them from this source,
+and as Swift was the one man of the time to whom such a favour was
+given, the argument in favour of Swift's authorship obtains an added
+emphasis.
+
+In the second place, a careful reading of the correspondence between
+Swift and his friends on the subject of the publication of the History
+enables us to identify the references to the History itself. The
+"characters" are there; Sir Thomas Hanmer's Representation is also
+there, and all the points raised by Erasmus Lewis may be told off, one
+by one.
+
+In the third place, Dr. Birch, the careful collector, had, in 1742,
+access to what he considered to be the genuine manuscript. This was
+three years before Swift's death. He made an abstract of this manuscript
+at the time, and this abstract is now preserved in the British Museum.
+Comparing the abstract with the edition published in 1758, there is no
+doubt that the learned doctor had copied from a manuscript which, if it
+were not genuine, was certainly the text of the work published in 1758
+as "The History of the Four Last Years." But Dr. Birch's language
+suggests that he believed the manuscript he examined to be in Swift's
+own handwriting. If that be so, there is no doubt whatever of the
+authenticity. Birch was a very careful person, and had he had any doubts
+he could easily have settled them by applying to the many friends of the
+Dean, if not to the Dean himself. Moreover, it is absurd to believe that
+a forged manuscript of Swift's would be shown about during Swift's
+lifetime without it being known as a forgery. Mrs. Whiteway alone would
+have put a stop to its circulation had she suspected of the existence of
+such a manuscript.
+
+Finally, it must be remembered that when the History was published in
+1758, Lord Orrery was still living. If the work were a forgery, why did
+not Lord Orrery expose it? Nothing would have pleased him more. He had
+read the manuscript referred to in the Correspondence. He had carried it
+to Oxford and given it to King, at Swift's request. He knew all about
+it, and he said nothing.
+
+These considerations, both negative and positive, lead us to the final
+conclusion that the History published in 1758 is practically the History
+referred to in Swift's Correspondence, and therefore the authentic work
+of Swift himself. We say practically,  because there are some
+differences between it and the text published here. The differences have
+been recorded from a comparison between Lucas's version and the
+transcript of a manuscript discovered in Dublin in 1857, and made by Mr.
+Percy Fitzgerald. Mr. Fitzgerald found that this manuscript contained
+many corrections in Swift's own handwriting. At the time he came across
+it the manuscript was in the possession of two old ladies named Greene,
+grand-daughters of Mrs. Whiteway, and grand-nieces of Swift himself. On
+the title-page there was the following note:
+
+"This is the originall manuscript of the History, corrected by me, and
+given into the custody of Mrs. Martha Whiteway by me Jonathan Swift,
+June 15, 1737. seven.
+
+"I send a fair copy of this History by the Earl of Orrery to be printed
+in England.
+
+"JONATH. SWIFT."
+
+Mr. Fitzgerald was permitted to make a collation of this manuscript, and
+his collation he sent to the late John Forster. It is now in the
+Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington.[2]
+
+[Footnote 2: I regret that I have been unable to trace the existence of
+this manuscript of Swift's "History." Mr. Fitzgerald himself has no
+recollection of having made the collation. "Forty-five years ago," he
+writes, "is a long time to look back to," and he cannot recall the
+fact.]
+
+If this manuscript be what, on the face of it, it claims to be, then the
+question of authenticity is for ever settled. As we have no doubt on
+this point, the corrections and variations between this manuscript, as
+collated by Mr. Percy Fitzgerald and the Lucas version, have been noted
+in the present edition.
+
+In 1752 Lord Orrery issued his "Remarks" on the life and character of
+Swift. The work obtained for him a certain notoriety, and brought down
+upon him some severe censure from the friends of Swift who were still
+alive. But, whatever may have been Orrery's private opinion of Swift,
+that should not invalidate any information as to fact of which he had
+the knowledge to speak. Writing in that book of the History, he says:
+"Dr. Swift left behind him few manuscripts. Not one of any consequence,
+except an account of the peace of Utrecht, which he called 'An History
+of the four last Years of Queen Anne.' The title of an history is too
+pompous for such a performance. In the historical style, it wants
+dignity and candour: but as a pamphlet it will appear the best defence
+of Lord Oxford's administration, and the clearest account of the Treaty
+of Utrecht, that has hitherto been written."[3]
+
+[Footnote 3: Second edition, pp. 206-207.]
+
+The most ardent and devoted of Swift's admirers could hardly find a
+juster criticism of the work. It should satisfy any unprejudiced reader
+of the printed History as we now have it, and to that extent emphasize
+the authenticity.
+
+An interesting sidelight on Swift's History is thrown by Chesterfield in
+a letter he wrote to Dr. Chenevix, Bishop of Waterford, on May 23rd,
+1758. We must believe that the noble lord wrote in good faith and
+certainly in the full belief that the work he was criticising was the
+work of Swift. Chesterfield's criticism points directly to Swift as the
+author, since his justification for Bolingbroke's story is to be found
+in the work as Lucas printed it in 1758. Speaking of the History,
+Chesterfield calls it "a party pamphlet, founded on the lie of the day,
+which, as lord Bolingbroke who had read it often assured me, was coined
+and delivered out to him, to write Examiners, and other political papers
+upon. That spirit remarkably runs through it. Macarteney, for instance,
+murdered duke Hamilton;[4] nothing is falser, for though Macarteney was
+very capable of the vilest actions, he was guiltless of that, as I
+myself can testify, who was at his trial on the king's bench, when he
+came over voluntarily to take it, in the late king's time. There did not
+appear even the least ground for a suspicion of it; nor did Hamilton,
+who appeared in court, pretend to tax him with it, which would have been
+in truth accusing himself of the utmost baseness, in letting the
+murderer of his friend go off from the field of battle, without either
+resentment, pursuit, or even accusation, till three days afterwards.
+This _lie_ was invented to inflame the Scotch nation against the Whigs;
+as the other, that prince Eugene intended to murder lord Oxford, by
+employing a set of people called Mohocks, which society, by the way,
+never existed, was calculated to inflame the mob of London. Swift took
+those hints _de la meilleure foi du monde_, and thought them materials
+for history. So far he is blameless."[5]
+
+[Footnote 4: See page 178 of this volume.]
+
+[Footnote 5: "Chesterfield's Works," pp. 498-499.]
+
+Ignoring Chesterfield's indignation, we must believe that the references
+made by him to Macartney and Eugene, must have been in the manuscript
+Bolingbroke read; else how could Bolingbroke tell Chesterfield of their
+meaning? If this be so, we have a still further warrant for a strong
+presumption in favour of authenticity. There can really be very little
+doubt on the matter.
+
+What we may doubt, however, is not the authenticity, but the value of
+the History as an historical document. Without question, Swift wrote in
+good faith; but he also wrote as a partisan, and a partisan with an
+affectionate leaning for the principal character in the drama he was
+describing. Orrery was right when he called it "a pamphlet," and "the
+best defence of Lord Oxford's administration." As a pamphlet and as a
+defence it has some claim on our attention. As a contribution to the
+history of the treaty of Utrecht it is of little account. Swift could
+not, had he even known everything, write the true story of the
+negotiations for publication at the time. In the first place, he would
+never have attempted it--the facts would have been demoralizing; and in
+the second place, had he accomplished it, its publication would have
+been a matter for much more serious consideration than was given even to
+the story he did write. For Swift's purpose, it was much better that he
+did not know the full extent of the ministry's perfidy. His affection
+for Oxford and his admiration for Bolingbroke would have received a
+great shock. He knew their weaknesses of character, though not their
+infidelity to honour. There can be no defence of the Oxford
+administration, for the manner in which it separated England from its
+allies and treated with a monarch who was well known to it as a
+political chicaner. The result brought a treaty by which Louis XIV.
+gained and the allies lost, and this in spite of the offers previously
+made by the bankrupt monarch at Gertruydenberg.
+
+The further contents of this volume deal with what might better be
+called Swiftiana. They include a collection of very interesting
+annotations made by Swift in his copies of Macky's "Characters,"
+Clarendon's "History of the Rebellion," Burnet's "History of his Own
+Time," and Addison's "Freeholder." The notes to Clarendon and Burnet
+have always found an important place in the many editions of these
+well-known works which have been issued from time to time. As here
+reprinted, however, they have in all cases been compared with the
+originals themselves. It will be found that very many additions have
+been made, the result of careful comparison and collation with the
+originals in Swift's handwriting.
+
+My obligations are again due to Mr. W. Spencer Jackson for very valuable
+assistance in the collation of texts; to Mr. George Ravenscroft Dennis
+for several important suggestions; to Mr. Percy Fitzgerald for the use I
+have made of his transcriptions; and to Mr. Strickland of the National
+Gallery of Ireland for his help in the matter of Swift portraits.
+
+I am greatly indebted to Mr. C. Litton Falkiner of Killiney, co.
+Wicklow, for his untiring assistance to me during my stay in Dublin; to
+the Very Rev. the Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral for permission to
+consult the Marsh collection; and to the Rev. Newport J.D. White, the
+courteous librarian of the Marsh Library, for enthusiastic aid in my
+researches. I also owe very hearty thanks to Mr. Stanley Lane-Poole for
+introductions to the librarians of Trinity College and the Royal Irish
+Academy.
+
+The portrait prefixed to this volume is a reproduction of the bust by
+Roubiliac in the Library of Trinity College, Dublin.
+
+TEMPLE SCOTT.
+
+DUBLIN,
+
+_August 14th_, 1902.
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+THE HISTORY OF THE FOUR LAST YEARS OF THE QUEEN
+
+AN ABSTRACT OF THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND:
+  From the invasion of it by Julius Caesar to the Reign of Henry the Second
+
+REMARKS ON THE CHARACTERS OF THE COURT OF QUEEN ANNE
+
+REMARKS ON LORD CLARENDON'S "HISTORY OF THE REBELLION"
+
+REMARKS ON BISHOP BURNET'S "HISTORY OF HIS OWN TIME"
+
+NOTES ON THE "FREEHOLDER"
+
+INDEX
+
+
+
+
+THE  HISTORY OF
+
+THE FOUR LAST YEARS
+
+OF THE QUEEN.
+
+
+By the late
+
+JONATHAN SWIFT,
+
+D.D.  D.S.P.D.
+
+Published from the
+
+Last MANUSCRIPT Copy, Corrected and
+
+Enlarged by the Author's OWN HAND.
+
+LONDON:
+
+Printed for A. MILLAR, in the Strand:
+
+MDCCLVIII.
+
+
+
+
+_ADVERTISEMENT_
+
+_PREFIXED TO THE EDITION OF_ 1758.[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: This advertisement was written by the editor, Dr. Charles
+Lucas of Dublin. This Lucas was the patriot who created such a stir in
+Irish politics between the years 1743 and 1750. Lord Townshend, in a
+letter to the Marquis of Granby, called him "the Wilkes of Ireland." As
+an author he seems to have been very prolific, though of no polish in
+his writings. Lucas's disclaimers of sympathy with the opinions
+contained in the work he edited are somewhat over-stated, and his
+criticisms are petty. A full account of this hot-headed physician may be
+found in the Dictionary of National Biography. It was Dr. Johnson, in
+his life of Swift, who first published the information that Lucas edited
+this "History." [T.S.]]
+
+_Thus, the long wished for_ History of the Four Last Years of the
+Queen's Reign _is at length brought to light, in spite of all attempts
+to suppress it_!
+
+As this publication is not made under the sanction of the name, or
+names, which the author and the world had a right to expect; it is fit
+some account of the works appearing in this manner should be here given.
+
+Long before the Dean's apparent decline, some of his intimate friends,
+with concern, foresaw the impending fate of his fortune and his works.
+To this it is owing, that these sheets, which the world now despaired of
+ever seeing, are rescued from obscurity, perhaps from destruction.
+
+For this, the public is indebted to a gentleman, now in Ireland, of the
+greatest probity and worth, with whom the Dean long lived in perfect
+intimacy. To this gentleman's hands the Dean entrusted a copy of his
+History, desiring him to peruse and give his judgment of it, with the
+last corrections and amendments the author had given it, in his own
+hand.
+
+His friend read, admired, and approved. And from a dread of so valuable
+and so interesting a work's being by any_ _accident lost or effaced, as
+was probable by its not being intended to be published in the author's
+lifetime; he resolved to keep this copy, till the author should press
+him for it; but with a determined purpose, it should never see the
+light, while there was any hopes of the author's own copy being
+published, or even preserved.
+
+This resolution he inviolably kept, till he and the world had full
+assurance, that the Dean's executors, or those into whose hands the
+original copy fell, were so far from intending to publish it, that it
+was actually suppressed, perhaps destroyed.
+
+Then, he thought himself not only at liberty, but judged it his duty to
+his departed friend, and to the public, to let this copy, which he had
+now kept many years most secretly, see the light.
+
+Thus it has at length fallen into the hands of a person, who publishes
+it for the satisfaction of the public, abstracted from all private
+regards; which are never to be permitted to come in competition with the
+common good.
+
+Every judicious eye will see, that the author of these sheets wrote with
+strong passions, but with stronger prepossessions and prejudices in
+favour of a party. These, it may be imagined, the editor, in some
+measure, may have adopted, and published this work as a kind of support
+of that party, or some surviving remnant thereof.
+
+It is but just to undeceive the reader, and inform him from what kind of
+hand he has received this work. A man may regard a good piece of
+painting, while he despises the subject; if the subject be ever so
+despicable, the masterly strokes of the painter may demand our
+admiration, while he, in other respects, is entitled to no portion of
+our regard.
+
+In poetry, we carry our admiration still farther; and like the poet,
+while we actually contemn the man. Historians share the like fate; hence
+some, who have no regard to propriety or truth, are yet admired for
+diction, style, manner, and the like.
+
+The editor considers this work in another light. He long knew the
+author, and was no stranger to his politics, connections, tendencies,
+passions, and the whole economy of his life. He has long been hardily
+singular in condemning this great man's conduct amid the admiring
+multitude, nor ever could have thought of making an interest in a man,
+_whose principles and manners he could by no rule of reason or honour
+approve, however he might have admired his parts and wit_.
+
+_Such was judged the disposition of the man, whose history of the most
+interesting period of time in the annals of Britain are now, herein,
+offered to the reader. He may well ask from what motives? The answer is
+easily, simply given_.
+
+_The causes assigned for delaying the publication of this history were
+principally these:_[2] _That the manuscript fell into the hands of men,
+who, whatever they might have been by the generality deemed, were by the
+Dean believed to be of his party, though they did not, after his death,
+judge it prudent to avow his principles, more than to deny them in his
+lifetime. These men, having got their beavers, tobacco-boxes, and other
+trifling remembrances of former friendship, by the Dean's will, did not
+choose publicly to avow principles, that had marred their friend's
+promotion, and might probably put a stop to theirs. Therefore, they gave
+the inquisitive world to understand, that there was something too strong
+against many great men, as well as the succeeding system of public
+affairs in general, in the Dean's_ History of the Four Last Years of the
+Queen's Reign, _to admit of a publication, in our times; and, with this
+poor insinuation, excused themselves, and satisfied the weakly
+well-affected, in suppressing the manifestation of displeasing truths,
+of however great importance to society_.
+
+[Footnote 2: The causes for the delay in the publication of the
+"History" are given at length by the present editor in the Introduction.
+[T.S.]]
+
+_This manuscript has now fallen into the hands of a man, who never could
+associate with, or even approve, any of the parties or factions, that
+have differently distracted, it might be said disgraced, these kingdoms;
+because he has as yet known none, whose motives or rules of action were
+truth and the public good alone; of one, who judges, that perjured
+magistrates of all denominations, and their most exalted minions, may be
+exposed, deprived, or cut off, by the fundamental laws of his country;
+and who, upon these principles, from his heart approves and glories in
+the virtues of his predecessors, who revived the true spirit of the
+British polity, in laying aside a priest-ridden, an hen-pecked,
+tyrannical tool, who had overturned the political constitution of his
+country, and in reinstituting the dissolved body politic, by a
+revolution supported by the laws of nature and the realm, as the only
+means of preserving the natural and legal, the civil and religious
+liberties of the members of the commonwealth_.
+
+_Truth, in this man's estimation, can hurt no good cause. And falsehood
+and fraud, in religion and politics, are ever to be detected, to be
+exploded_.
+
+_Insinuations, that this History contained something injurious to the
+present establishment, and therefore necessary to be suppressed, serve
+better the purposes of mistaken or insidious malcontents than the real
+publication can. And, if any thing were by this, or any other, History
+to be shown essentially erroneous in our politics, who, that calls
+himself a Briton, can be deemed such an impious slave, as to conceal the
+destructive evil? The editor of this work disdains and abhors the
+servile thought, and wishes to live no longer than he dares to think,
+speak, write, and, in all things, to act worthy of a Briton_.
+
+_From this regard to truth and to his country, the editor of this
+History was glad of an opportunity of rescuing such a writing from those
+who meant to suppress it. The common cause, in his estimation, required
+and demanded it should be done; and the sooner it is published, he
+judged, the better: for, if the conduct of the Queen and her ministers
+does not deserve the obloquy that has been long industriously cast upon
+it, what is more just than to vindicate it? What more reasonable than
+that this should be done, while living witnesses may yet be called, to
+prove or disprove the several allegations and assertions; since, in a
+few years more, such witnesses may be as much wanting as to prevent a
+canonization, which is therefore prudently procrastinated for above an
+age? Let us then coolly hear what is to be said on this side the
+question, and judge like Britons._
+
+_The editor would not be thought to justify the author of this History,
+in all points, or even to attempt to acquit him of unbecoming prejudices
+and partiality. Without being deeply versed in history or politics, he
+can see his author, in many instances, blinded with passions that
+disgrace the historian; and blending, with phrases worthy of a Caesar or
+a Cicero, expressions not to be justified by truth, reason, or common
+sense, yet think him a most powerful orator, and a great historian._
+
+_No unprejudiced person will blame the Dean for doing all that is
+consistent with truth and decency to vindicate the government of the
+Queen, and to exculpate the conduct of her ministers and her last
+general; all good men would rejoice at such a vindication. But, if he
+meant no more than this, his work would ill deserve the title of an
+History. That he generally tells truths, and founds his most material
+assertions upon fact, will, I think be found very evident. But there is
+room to suspect, that, while he tells no more than the truth, he does
+not tell the whole truth. However, he makes it very clear, that the
+Queen's allies, especially our worthy friends the Dutch, were much to
+blame for the now generally condemned conduct of the Queen, with regard
+to the prosecution of the war and the bringing about the peace_.
+
+_The authors drawings of characters are confessedly partial: for he
+tells us openly, he means not to give characters entire, but such parts
+of each man's particular passions, acquirements, and habits, as he was
+most likely to transfer into his political schemes. What writing, what
+sentence, what character, can stand this torture?--What extreme
+perversion may not, let me say, does not, this produce? Yet thus does he
+choose to treat all men, that were not favourers of the latest measures
+of the Queen, when the best that has been said for her, shows no more
+than that she was blindfolded and held in leading-strings by her
+ministers_.
+
+_He does not spare a man, confessed by all the world to have discharged
+the duties of his function like a soldier, like an hero. But charges
+Prince Eugene with raising and keeping up a most horrible mob, with
+intent to assassinate Harley. For all which odious charges he offers not
+one individual point of proof_.
+
+_He is not content with laying open again the many faults already
+publicly proved upon the late Duke of Marlborough, but insinuates a new
+crime, by seeming to attempt to acquit him of aspiring at the throne.
+But this is done in a manner peculiar to this author_.
+
+_On the other hand, he extols the ministers, and minions of the Queen,
+in the highest terms; and while he robs their antagonists of every good
+quality, generally gives those wisdom and every virtue that can adorn
+human nature_.
+
+_He is not ashamed to attempt to justify, what all thinking good men
+must condemn, the Queen's making twelve peers at once, to serve a
+particular turn_.
+
+_All these may be ascribed to the strength of his passions, and to the
+prejudices, early imbibed, in favour of his indulgent royal mistress and
+her favourites and servants.[3] The judicious will look through the
+elegant clothing, and dispassionately consider these as mere human
+errors, to which no well-informed mind can assent. The editor thinks
+himself bound to protest against them_.
+
+[Footnote 3: That Swift should have a strong partiality to Harley and
+St. John, by whom he was respected and trusted to a most uncommon
+degree, is natural and obvious; but upon what ground Queen Anne, who
+disliked his person, and obstructed his preferment, is here termed his
+_indulgent_ mistress, the author of this preface ought to have
+condescended to explain. [S.]]
+
+
+_He makes a few lapses on the other side, without being as clear as an
+impartial historian would choose to appear. He more than hints at the
+Queen's displeasure at its being moved in Parliament, that the Prince
+Elector should be invited to reside in England, to whose crown he was by
+law declared presumptive heir, but is always open upon the Queen's
+insisting on the Pretender's being sent out of France.--It is easy to
+see how incompatible these things appear. Nothing could tend more to
+secure the Hanover succession, and to enlarge its benefits to Britain,
+than the bringing over the successor, who should, in every country, be
+well instructed in the language, customs, manners, religion, and laws of
+his future subjects, before he comes to hold the reins of government.
+And our author does not take the proper care to inform us how far the
+French thought fit to comply with banishing the Pretender their
+dominions, since many still live in doubt, that if he was sent out of
+France, he was sent into England_.
+
+_But there is one expression of our author too perverse, too grossly
+abused, to admit of any apology, of any palliation. It is not to be
+supposed, that he was ignorant of any word in the English language. And
+least of all can he be supposed ignorant of the meaning of a word,
+which, had it been ever so doubtful before, had a certain meaning
+impressed upon it by the authority of Parliament, of which no sensible
+subject can be ignorant_.
+
+_Notwithstanding this, where our author speaks of the late King James,
+he calls him the_ abdicated King, _and gives the same epithet even to
+his family. Though this weak, ill-advised, and ill-fated prince, in
+every sense of the word, with Romans and English, and to all intents and
+purposes_, abdicated, _yet can he, in no sense, be called_ abdicated;
+_unless the people's asserting their rights, and defending themselves
+against a king, who broke his compact with his subjects, and overturned
+their government, can be called_ abdication _in them; which no man in
+his senses can be hardy enough to support upon any principle of reason
+or the laws of England. Let the reader judge which this is most likely
+to be, error or design_.
+
+_These exceptions the editor thought himself bound to make to some parts
+of this work, to keep clear of the disagreeable imputations of being of
+a party, of whatsoever denomination, in opposition to truth and the
+rights and liberties of the subject._
+
+_These laid aside, the work will be found to have many beauties, many
+excellencies. Some have of late affected to depreciate this History,
+from an insinuation, made only since the author's death, to wit, that he
+was never admitted into the secrets of the administration, but made to
+believe he was a confident, only to engage him in the list of the
+ministerial writers of that reign_.
+
+_The falsehood of this will readily appear upon perusal of the work.
+This shows he knew the most secret springs of every movement in the
+whole complicated machine. That he states facts, too well known to be
+contested, in elegant simplicity, and reasons upon them with the talents
+of the greatest historian. And thus makes an History, composed rather of
+negotiations than actions, most entertaining, affecting, and
+interesting, instead of being, as might be expected, heavy, dull, and
+disagreeable_.
+
+_It is now fit to apologize for some errors, which the judicious must
+discover upon a perusal of this work. It is for this, among other
+reasons, much to be lamented, that this History was not published under
+the author's own inspection. It is next to impossible to copy or print
+any work without faults, and most so where the author's eye is wanting_.
+
+_It is not to be imagined, that even our author, however accurate,
+however great, was yet strictly and perfectly correct in his writings.
+Yet, where some seeming inaccuracies in style or expression have been
+discovered, the deference due to the author made any alteration too
+presumptuous a task for the editor. These are, therefore, left to the
+amending hand of every sensible and polite reader; while the editor
+hopes it will suffice, that he should point out some of those errors,
+which are to be ascribed either to transcribers or the press, and which
+may be rectified in the manner following, in reading the work._[4]
+
+[Footnote 4: Here follows list of _errata_. (These errors have been
+corrected in the present edition.)]
+
+_And thus; with these and perhaps some few such like corrections, it is
+hoped this work will be found completely correct._
+
+
+
+
+THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE.[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: The time when it was written does not appear; but it was
+probably many years after the Queen's death. [N.] First published in
+1765. [W.S.J.]]
+
+
+Having written the following History at Windsor, in the happy reign of
+Her Majesty Queen Anne, of ever glorious, blessed, and immortal memory;
+I resolved to publish it, for the satisfaction of my fellow-subjects, in
+the year 1713; but, being under a necessity of going to Ireland, to take
+possession of the deanery of St. Patrick's, Dublin, I left the original
+with the ministers; and having stayed in that kingdom not above a
+fortnight, I found, at my return, that my Lord Treasurer Oxford, and the
+secretary my Lord Bolingbroke, who were then unhappily upon very ill
+terms with each other, could not agree upon publishing it, without some
+alterations which I would not submit to. Whereupon I kept it by me until
+Her Majesty's death, which happened about a year after.
+
+I have ever since preserved the original very safely; too well knowing
+what a turn the world would take upon the German family's succeeding to
+the crown; which indeed was their undoubted right, having been
+established solemnly by the act of an undisputed Parliament, brought
+into the House of Commons by Mr. Harley, who was then Speaker.
+
+But, as I have said in another discourse,[2] it was very well
+understood, some years before Her Majesty's death, how the new King
+would act, immediately upon his entrance, in the choice of those (and
+those alone) whom he resolved to trust; and consequently what reports
+would industriously be raised, as well as spread, to expose the
+proceedings of Her Majesty herself, as well as of her servants; who have
+been ever since blasted as enemies to the present establishment, by the
+most ignorant and malicious among mankind.
+
+[Footnote 2: "Memoirs relating to the Change in the Queen's Ministry."
+See vol. v. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+Therefore, as it was my lot to have been daily conversant with the
+persons then in power; never absent in times of business or
+conversation, until a few weeks before Her Majesty's death; and a
+witness of almost every step they made in the course of their
+administration; I must have been very unfortunate not to be better
+informed than those miserable pamphleteers, or their patrons, could
+pretend to. At the same time, I freely confess, it appeared necessary,
+as well as natural, upon such a mighty change as the death of a
+sovereign, that those who were to be in power upon the succession, and
+resolved to act in every part by a direct contrary system of politics,
+should load their predecessors with as much infamy as the most
+inveterate malice and envy could suggest, or the most stupid ignorance
+and credulity in their underlings could swallow.
+
+Therefore, as I pretend to write with the utmost impartiality, the
+following History of the Four Last Years of her Majesty's Reign, in
+order to undeceive prejudiced persons at present, as well as posterity;
+I am persuaded in my own mind, as likewise by the advice of my oldest
+and wisest friends, that I am doing my duty to God and man, by
+endeavouring to set future ages right in their judgment of that happy
+reign; and, as a faithful historian, I cannot suffer falsehoods to run
+on any longer, not only against all appearance of truth as well as
+probability, but even against those happy events, which owe their
+success to the very measures then fixed in the general peace.
+
+The materials for this History, besides what I have already mentioned, I
+mean the confidence reposed in me for those four years, by the chief
+persons in power, were extracted out of many hundred letters written by
+our ambassadors abroad, and from the answers as well as instructions
+sent them by our secretaries of state, or by the first minister the Earl
+of Oxford. The former were all originals, and the latter copies entered
+into books in the secretaries' office, out of both which I collected all
+that I thought convenient; not to mention several Memorials given me by
+the ministers at home. Further, I was a constant witness and observer of
+all that passed; and entered every particular of any consequence upon
+paper.
+
+I was so far from having any obligation to the crown, that, on the
+contrary, Her Majesty issued a proclamation, offering three hundred
+pounds to any person who would discover the author of a certain short
+treatise,[3] which the Queen well knew to have been written by me. I
+never received one shilling from the minister, or any other present,
+except that of a few books; nor did I want their assistance to support
+me. I very often dined indeed with the treasurer and secretary; but, in
+those days, that was not reckoned a bribe, whatever it may have been at
+any time since. I absolutely refused to be chaplain to the Lord
+Treasurer; because I thought it would ill become me to be in a state of
+dependence.
+
+[Footnote 3: "The Public Spirit of the Whigs." [D.S.]]
+
+I say this, to shew that I had no other bias than my own opinion of
+persons and affairs. I preserved several of the opposite party in their
+employments, who were persons of wit and learning, particularly Mr.
+Addison and Mr. Congreve, neither of whom were ever in any danger from
+the treasurer, who much esteemed them both; and, by his lordship's
+commands, I brought the latter to dine with him. Mr. Steele might have
+been safe enough, if his continually repeated indiscretions, and a zeal
+mingled with scurrilities, had not forfeited all title to lenity.[4]
+
+[Footnote 4: A full account of the severance of the friendly relations
+between Swift and Steele is given in the fifth volume of the present
+edition (see pp. 276-282). [T.S.]]
+
+I know very well the numberless prejudices of weak and deceived people,
+as well as the malice of those, who, to serve their own interest or
+ambition, have cast off all religion, morality, justice, and common
+decency. However, although perhaps I may not be believed in the present
+age, yet I hope to be so in the next, by all who will bear any regard
+for the honour and liberty of England, if either of these shall then
+subsist or not.
+
+I have no interest or inclination to palliate the mistakes, or
+omissions, or want of steadiness, or unhappy misunderstandings, among a
+few of those who then presided in affairs.
+
+Nothing is more common than the virulence of superficial and ill
+informed writers, against the conduct of those who are now called prime
+ministers: And, since factions appear at present to be at a greater
+height than in any former times, although perhaps not so equally poised;
+it may probably concern those who are now in their height, if they have
+any regard for their own memories in future ages, to be less warm
+against others, who humbly differ from them in some state opinions. Old
+persons remember, at least by tradition, the horrible prejudices that
+prevailed against the first Earl of Clarendon, whose character, as it
+now stands, might be a pattern for all ministers; although even Bishop
+Burnet of Sarum, whose principles, veracity, and manner of writing, are
+so little esteemed upon many accounts, hath been at the pains to
+vindicate him.
+
+Upon that irreparable breach between the treasurer and secretary
+Bolingbroke, after my utmost endeavours, for above two years, to
+reconcile them, I retired to a friend in Berkshire, where I stayed until
+Her Majesty's death;[5] and then immediately returned to my station in
+Dublin, where I continued about twelve years without once seeing
+England. I there often reviewed the following Memoirs; neither changing
+nor adding, further than by correcting the style: And, if I have been
+guilty of any mistakes, they must be of small moment; for it was hardly
+possible I could be wrong informed, with all the advantages I have
+already mentioned.
+
+[Footnote 5: See vol. v. of the present edition--the notes on pp. 390,
+393-394, 420, 421, and 426. [T.S.]]
+
+I shall not be very uneasy under the obloquy that may, perhaps, be cast
+upon me by the violent leaders and followers of the present prevailing
+party. And yet I cannot find the least inconsistence with conscience or
+honour, upon the death of so excellent a princess as her late Majesty,
+for a wise and good man to submit, with a true and loyal heart, to her
+lawful Protestant successor; whose hereditary title was confirmed by the
+Queen and both Houses of Parliament, with the greatest unanimity, after
+it had been made an article in the treaty, that every prince in our
+alliance should be a guarantee of that succession. Nay, I will venture
+to go one step farther; that, if the negotiators of that peace had been
+chosen out of the most professed zealots for the interests of the
+Hanover family, they could not have bound up the French king, or the
+Hollanders, more strictly than the Queen's plenipotentiaries did, in
+confirming the present succession; which was in them so much a greater
+mark of virtue and loyalty, because they perfectly well knew, that they
+should never receive the least mark of favour, when the succession had
+taken place.
+
+
+
+
+  THE HISTORY OF THE FOUR LAST
+  YEARS OF THE QUEEN.
+
+BOOK I.
+
+
+I propose give the public an account of the most important affairs at
+home, during the last session of Parliament, as well as of our
+negotiations of peace abroad, not only during that period, but some time
+before and since. I shall relate the chief matters transacted by both
+Houses in that session, and discover the designs carried on by the heads
+of a discontented party,[1] not only against the ministry, but, in some
+manner, against the crown itself. I likewise shall state the debts of
+the nation, show by what mismanagement, and to serve what purposes, they
+were at first contracted, by what negligence or corruption they have so
+prodigiously grown, and what methods have since been taken to provide
+not only for their payment, but to prevent the like mischief for the
+time to come. Although, in an age like ours, I can expect very few
+impartial readers, yet I shall strictly follow truth, or what reasonably
+appeared to me to be such, after the most impartial inquiries I could
+make, and the best opportunities of being informed, by those who were
+the principal actors or advisers.[2]
+
+[Footnote 1: P. Fitzgerald says "faction." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Swift's informants were, of course, Harley and Bolingbroke,
+though the latter stated that Swift was given only such information as
+served the ministry's purpose in the work they had given him for "The
+Examiner" and the party pamphlets written in their defence. It is,
+however, quite interesting in this connection, to see how closely
+Swift's narrative follows the published political correspondence of
+Bolingbroke. [T.S.]]
+
+Neither shall I mingle panegyric or satire with an history intended to
+inform posterity, as well as to instruct those of the present age, who
+may be ignorant or misled; since facts, truly related, are the best
+applauses, or most lasting reproaches.
+
+Discourses upon subjects relating to the public usually seem to be
+calculated for London only, and some few miles about it; while the
+authors suppose their readers to be informed of several particulars, to
+which those that live remote are, for the generality, utter strangers.
+Most people, who frequent this town, acquire a sort of smattering (such
+as it is), which qualifies them for reading a pamphlet, and finding out
+what is meant by innuendoes, or hints at facts or persons, and initial
+letters of names, wherein gentlemen at a distance, although perhaps of
+much better understandings, are wholly in the dark. Wherefore, that
+these Memoirs may be rendered more generally intelligible and useful, it
+will be convenient to give the reader a short view of the state and
+disposition of affairs, when the last session of Parliament began. And
+because the party-leaders, who had lost their power and places, were,
+upon that juncture, employing all their engines, in an attempt to
+re-establish themselves, I shall venture one step further, and represent
+so much of their characters as may be supposed to have influenced their
+politics.
+
+On the seventh day of December, one thousand seven hundred and eleven,
+began the second session of Parliament. It was now above a year since
+the Queen had thought fit to put the great offices of state, and of her
+own household, into other hands; however, three of the discontented
+lords were still in possession of their places, for the Duke of
+Marlborough continued general, the Duke of Somerset master of the horse,
+and the Earl of Cholmondeley treasurer of Her Majesty's household;[3]
+likewise great numbers of the same party[4] still kept employments of
+value and importance, which had not been usual of late years upon any
+changes of ministry. The Queen, who judged the temper of her people by
+this House of Commons, which a landed interest had freely chosen, found
+them very desirous of a secure and honourable peace, and disposed[5] to
+leave the management of it to her own wisdom, and that of her own
+council. She had, therefore, several months before the session began,
+sent to inform the States General of some overtures which had been made
+her by the enemy; and, during that summer, Her Majesty took several
+farther steps in that great affair, until at length, after many
+difficulties, a congress at Utrecht, for a general peace, was agreed
+upon, the whole proceedings of which previous negotiations, between our
+court and that of France, I shall, in its proper place, very
+particularly relate.
+
+[Footnote 3: See note on p. 385 of vol. v. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: P. Fitzgerald says "the ejected party." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: P. Fitzgerald adds "(as it was their duty)." [W.S.J.]]
+
+The nation was already upon a better foot, with respect to its debts;
+for the Earl of Oxford, lord treasurer, had, in the preceeding session,
+proposed and effected ways and means, in the House of Commons (where he
+was then a member), for providing a parliamentary fund, to clear the
+heavy arrear of ten millions (whereof the greatest part lay upon the
+navy), without any new burthen (at least after a very few years) to the
+kingdom; and, at the same time, he took care to prevent farther
+incumbrances upon that article, by finding ready money for naval
+provisions, which has saved the public somewhat more than _cent. per
+cent_. in that mighty branch of our expenses.
+
+The clergy were altogether in the interests and the measures of the
+present ministry, which had appeared so boldly in their defence, during
+a prosecution against one of their members,[6] where the whole sacred
+order was understood to be concerned. The zeal shown for that most
+religious bill, to settle a fund for building fifty new churches in and
+about the city of London,[7] was a fresh obligation; and they were
+farther highly gratified, by Her Majesty's choosing one of their body to
+be a great officer of state.[8]
+
+[Footnote 6: Dr. Sacheverell. [N.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: A suggestion originally made by Swift himself. See vol.
+iii., p. 45, of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: Dr. Robinson, Lord Bishop of Bristol, to be Lord Privy
+Seal. [ORIGINAL NOTE.] Dr. Robinson, who was appointed Bishop of London
+in 1713, died in 1723. [W.S.J.]]
+
+By this time likewise, all disputes about these principles, which used
+originally to divide Whig and Tory, were wholly dropped; and those
+fantastical words ought in justice to have been so too, provided we
+could have found out more convenient names, whereby to distinguish
+lovers of peace from lovers of war;[9] or those who would leave Her
+Majesty some degree of freedom in the choice of her ministers, from
+others, who could not be satisfied with her choosing any, except such as
+she was most averse from. But, where a nation is once divided, interest
+and animosity will keep open the breach, without being supported by any
+other principles; or, at worst, a body of discontented people can
+change, and take up what principles they please.
+
+[Footnote 9: Swift had already, in his "Some Free Thoughts upon the
+Present State of Affairs," attempted to re-define the distinctions of
+Whig and Tory. The latter, he urged, was of that party which pronounced
+for the principles of loyalty to the Church and the preservation of the
+Protestant succession in the House of Hanover. Swift felt that the
+majority of the people at large were strong for these principles, and
+the party that would openly accept them as its "platform" would, he
+argued, be the party that would obtain the people's support. Had
+Bollngbroke not delayed the publication of this tract, it might have had
+great influence in keeping the Tories in power. See vol. v. of present
+edition, pp. 380, 393. [T.S.]]
+
+As to the disposition of the opposite party, we all remember, that the
+removal of the last ministry was brought about by several degrees;
+through which means it happened, that they and their friends were hardly
+recovered out of one astonishment, before they fell into another. This
+scene lasted for some months, and was followed by a period of rage and
+despair, natural to those who reflect that they have lost a secure game,
+by their own rashness, folly, and want of common management, when, at
+the same time, they knew by experience, that a watchful and dexterous
+adversary lay ready to take the advantage. However, some time before the
+session, the heads of that party began to recollect themselves, and
+rally their forces, like an enemy who hath been beaten out of the field,
+but finds he is not pursued; for although the chiefs of this faction
+were thought to have but little esteem or friendship for each other, yet
+they perfectly agreed in one general end, of distressing, by all
+possible methods, the new administration, wherein if they could succeed
+so far as to put the Queen under any great necessity, another Parliament
+must be called, and perhaps the power[10] devolve again into their own
+hands.
+
+[Footnote 10: P. Fitzgerald says "and the power naturally." [W.S.J.]]
+
+The issue and event of that grand confederacy appearing in both Houses,
+although under a different form, upon the very first day the Parliament
+met, I cannot better begin the relation of affairs, commencing from that
+period, than by a thorough detection of the whole intrigue, carried on
+with the greatest privacy and application, which must be acknowledged to
+have for several days disconcerted some of the ministry, as well as
+dispirited their friends; and the consequences thereof, which have in
+reality been so very pernicious to the kingdom.
+
+But because the principal leaders in this design are the same persons to
+whom, since the loss of their power, all the opposition has been owing
+which the court received, either in treaties abroad, or the
+administration at home; it may not be improper to describe those
+qualities in each of them, which few of their admirers will deny, and
+which appear chiefly to have influenced them in acting their several
+parts upon the public stage. For I do not intend to draw their
+characters entire, which would be tedious, and little to the purpose,
+but shall only single out those passions, acquirements, and habits,
+which the owners were most likely to transfer into their political
+schemes, and which were most subservient to the designs they seemed to
+have in view.
+
+The Lord Somers[11] may very deservedly be reputed the head and oracle
+of that party; he hath raised himself, by the concurrence of many
+circumstances, to the greatest employments of the state, without the
+least support from birth or fortune; he hath constantly, and with great
+steadiness, cultivated those principles under which he grew. That
+accident which first produced him into the world, of pleading for the
+bishops whom King James had sent to the Tower, might have proved a piece
+of merit, as honourable as it was fortunate, but the old republican
+spirit, which the Revolution had restored, began to teach other
+lessons--That since we had accepted a new King, from a Calvinistical
+commonwealth, we must also admit new maxims in religion and government.
+But, since the nobility and gentry would probably adhere to the
+established Church, and to the rights of monarchy, as delivered down
+from their ancestors, it was the practice of those politicians to
+introduce such men as were perfectly indifferent to any or no religion,
+and who were not likely to inherit much loyalty from those to whom they
+owed their birth. Of this number was the person I am now describing. I
+have hardly known any man, with talents more proper to acquire and
+preserve the favour of a prince; never offending in word or gesture; in
+the highest degree courteous and complaisant; wherein he set an
+excellent example to his colleagues, which they did not think fit to
+follow. But this extreme civility is universal and undistinguished, and
+in private conversation, where he observeth it as inviolably as if he
+were in the greatest assembly, it is sometimes censured as formal. Two
+reasons are assigned for this behaviour: first, from the consciousness
+of his humble original,[12] he keepeth all familiarity at the utmost
+distance, which otherwise might be apt to intrude; the second, that
+being sensible how subject he is to violent passions, he avoideth all
+incitements to them, by teaching those he converses with, from his own
+example, to keep a great way within the bounds of decency and respect.
+And it is indeed true, that no man is more apt to take fire, upon the
+least appearance of provocation; which temper he strives to subdue, with
+the utmost violence upon himself: so that his breast has been seen to
+heave, and his eyes to sparkle with rage, in those very moments when his
+words, and the cadence of his voice, were in the humblest and softest
+manner: perhaps that force upon his nature may cause that insatiable
+love of revenge, which his detractors lay to his charge, who
+consequently reckon dissimulation among his chief perfections. Avarice
+he hath none; and his ambition is gratified, by being the uncontested
+head of his party. With an excellent understanding, adorned by all the
+polite parts of learning, he hath very little taste for conversation, to
+which he prefers the pleasure of reading and thinking; and in the
+intervals of his time amuseth himself with an illiterate chaplain, an
+humble companion, or a favourite servant.
+
+[Footnote 11: See note on p. 29 of vol. i. of present edition. Swift's
+"Dedication" of "A Tale of a Tub" to Somers strikes a somewhat different
+note from that of this "character." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: His father, John Somers, was an attorney at law in the
+town of Worcester. [S.]]
+
+These are some few distinguishing marks in the character of that person,
+who now presideth over the discontented party, although he be not
+answerable for all their mistakes; and if his precepts had been more
+strictly followed, perhaps their power would not have been so easily
+shaken. I have been assured, and heard him profess, that he was against
+engaging in that foolish prosecution of Dr. Sacheverell, as what he
+foresaw was likely to end in their ruin; that he blamed the rough
+demeanour of some persons to the Queen, as a great failure in prudence;
+and that, when it appeared Her Majesty was firmly resolved upon a treaty
+of peace, he advised his friends not to oppose it in its progress, but
+find fault with it after it was made; which would be a copy of the like
+usage themselves had met with, after the treaty of Ryswick;[13] and the
+safest, as well as the most probable, way of disgracing the promoters
+and advisers. I have been the larger in representing to the reader some
+idea of this extraordinary genius, because, whatever attempt hath
+hitherto been made, with any appearance of conduct, or probability of
+success, to restore the dominion of that party,[14] was infallibly
+contrived by him; and I prophesy the same for the future, as long as his
+age and infirmities will leave him capable of business.
+
+[Footnote 13: See note in vol. v., p. 67, of present edition, [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 14: P. Fitzgerald says "faction." [W.S.J.]]
+
+The Duke of Marlborough's character[15] hath been so variously drawn,
+and is indeed of so mixed a nature in itself, that it is hard to
+pronounce on either side, without the suspicion of flattery or
+detraction. I shall say nothing of his military accomplishments, which
+the opposite reports, of his friends and enemies among the soldiers,
+have rendered[26] problematical: but if he be among those who delight in
+war, it is agreed to be not for the reasons common with other generals.
+Those maligners who deny him personal valour, seem not to consider that
+this accusation is charged at a venture; since the person of a wise
+general is too seldom exposed, to form any judgment in the matter: and
+that fear, which is said to have sometimes[17] disconcerted him before
+an action, might probably be more for his army than for himself.[18] He
+was bred in the height of what is called the Tory principle; and
+continued with a strong bias that way, till the other party had bid
+higher for him than his friends could afford to give. His want of
+literature is in some sort supplied by a good understanding, a degree of
+natural elocution, and that knowledge of the world which is learned in
+armies and courts. We are not to take the height of his ambition from
+his soliciting to be general for life:[19] I am persuaded his chief
+motive was the pay and perquisites, by continuing the war; and that he
+had _then_ no intentions of settling the crown in his family, his only
+son having been dead some years before.[20] He is noted to be master of
+great temper, able to govern or very well to disguise his passions,
+which are all melted down, or extinguished, in his love of wealth. That
+liberality which nature has denied him, with respect of money, he makes
+up by a great profusion of promises: but this perfection, so necessary
+in courts, is not very successful in camps among soldiers, who are not
+refined enough to understand or to relish it.[21]
+
+[Footnote 15: For further remarks on Marlborough, see Swift's "Conduct
+of the Allies," "The Learned Comment on Dr. Hare's Sermon," and "The
+Examiner." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 16: P. Fitzgerald adds "altogether." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 17: P. Fitzgerald says "usually." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 18: This reflection on Marlborough's personal courage was one
+of the points noted by Erasmus Lewis in his letter to Swift of April
+8th, 1738. The friends who had met to read and pass opinion on this
+"History" decided that in any printed form of this work it would be
+advisable not to call in question the courage of Marlborough. See Sir W.
+Scott's edition, vol. xix., pp. 133-136. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 19: See "Memoirs Relating to that Change," etc., in vol. v.,
+pp. 372-373 of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 20: See "The Conduct of the Allies," vol. v., p. 103, and also
+"A Learned Comment," etc., p. 179 of same volume of present edition.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 21: See the Letter to Marcus Crassus in "The Examiner," No. 28
+in vol. ix. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+His wife, the Duchess, may justly challenge her place in this list. It
+is to her the Duke is chiefly indebted for his greatness and his fall;
+for above twenty years she possessed, without a rival, the favours of
+the most indulgent mistress in the world, nor ever missed one single
+opportunity that fell in her way of improving it to her own
+advantage.[22] She hath preserved a tolerable court reputation, with
+respect to love and gallantry;[23] but three Furies reigned in her
+breast, the most mortal enemies of all softer passions, which were
+sordid Avarice, disdainful Pride, and ungovernable Rage; by the last of
+these often breaking out in sallies of the most unpardonable sort, she
+had long alienated her sovereign's mind, before it appeared to the
+world.[24] This lady is not without some degree of wit, and hath in her
+time affected the character of it, by the usual method of arguing
+against religion, and proving the doctrines of Christianity to be
+impossible and absurd. Imagine what such a spirit, irritated by the loss
+of power, favour, and employment, is capable of acting or attempting;
+and then I have said enough.
+
+[Footnote 22: See the "Account of the Conduct of the Duchess of
+Marlborough, in a Letter from Herself, to Lord ----," 8vo, 1742,
+_passim_. [N.] See also "Memoirs Relating to that Change," etc., in vol.
+v. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 23: P. Fitzgerald adds "(to which, however, she hath been
+thought not entirely a stranger)." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 24: See note in vol. v., p. 368, of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+The next in order to be mentioned is the Earl of Godolphin.[25] It is
+said, he was originally intended for a trade, before his friends
+preferred him to be a page at court; which some have very unjustly
+objected as a reproach. He hath risen gradually in four reigns, and was
+much more constant to his second master King James than some others, who
+had received much greater obligations; for he attended the abdicated
+King to the sea-side, and kept constant correspondence with him till the
+day of his death. He always professed a sort of passion for the Queen at
+St. Germain's; and his letters were to her in the style of what the
+French call _double entendre_. In a mixture of love and respect, he used
+frequently to send her from hence little presents of those things which
+are agreeable to ladies, for which he always asked King William's leave,
+as if without her privity; because, if she had known that circumstance,
+it was to be supposed she would not accept them. Physiognomists would
+hardly discover, by consulting the aspect of this lord, that his
+predominant passions were love and play; that he could sometimes scratch
+out a song in praise of his mistress, with a pencil and card; or that he
+hath tears at command, like a woman, to be used either in an intrigue of
+gallantry or politics. His alliance with the Marlborough family, and his
+passion for the Duchess, were the cords which dragged him into a party,
+whose principles he naturally disliked, and whose leaders he personally
+hated, as they did him. He became a thorough convert by a perfect
+trifle; taking fire at a nickname[26] delivered by Dr. Sacheverell, with
+great indiscretion, from the pulpit, which he applied to himself: and
+this is one among many instances given by his enemies, that magnanimity
+is none of his virtues.
+
+[Footnote 25: See note in vol. v., p. 68, of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 26: Volpone. [ORIGINAL NOTE.]]
+
+The Earl of Sunderland[27] is another of that alliance. It seems to have
+been this gentleman's fortune, to have learned his divinity from his
+uncle,[28] and his politics from his tutor.[29] It may be thought a
+blemish in his character, that he hath much fallen from the height of
+those republican[30] principles with which he began; for in his father's
+lifetime, while he was a Member of the House of Commons, he would often,
+among his familiar friends, refuse the title of Lord (as he hath done to
+myself), swear he would never be called otherwise than Charles Spencer,
+and hoped to see the day when there should not be a peer in England. His
+understanding, at the best, is of the middling size; neither hath he
+much improved it, either in reality, or, which is very unfortunate, even
+in the opinion of the world, by an overgrown library.[31] It is hard to
+decide, whether he learned that rough way of treating his sovereign from
+the lady he is allied to,[32] or whether it be the result of his own
+nature. The sense of the injuries he hath done, renders him (as it is
+very natural) implacable towards those to whom he hath given greatest
+cause to complain; for which reason he will never forgive either the
+Queen or the present treasurer.
+
+[Footnote 27: See note in vol. v., pp. 377-378 of present edition.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 28: John Digby, third earl of Bristol. [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 29: Dr. Trimnel, since Bishop of Winton. [ORIGINAL NOTE.] He
+was Bishop of Norwich, 1708-1721, and of Winchester from 1721 till his
+death in 1723. [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 30: P. Fitzgerald says "Whiggish." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 31: The library that made such a sensation in the
+bibliographical world when it was sold at auction in the latter part of
+the last century. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 32: His lordship married the Duchess of Marlborough's second
+daughter. "Account, etc.," p. 286. [N.]]
+
+The Earl of Wharton[33] hath filled the province allotted him by his
+colleagues, with sufficiency equal to the ablest of them all. He hath
+imbibed his father's[34] principles in government; but dropped his
+religion, and took up no other in its stead: excepting that
+circumstance, he is a firm Presbyterian. He is perfectly skilled in all
+the arts of managing at elections, as well as in large baits of pleasure
+for making converts of young men of quality, upon their first
+appearance; in which public service he contracted such large debts, that
+his brethren were forced, out of mere justice, to leave Ireland at his
+mercy, where he had only time to set himself right. Although the graver
+heads of his party think him too profligate and abandoned, yet they dare
+not be ashamed of him; for, beside his talents above mentioned, he is
+very useful in Parliament, being a ready speaker, and content to employ
+his gift upon such occasions, where those who conceive they have any
+remainder of reputation or modesty are ashamed to appear. In short, he
+is an uncontestable instance to discover the true nature of faction;
+since, being overrun with every quality which produceth contempt and
+hatred, in all other commerce of the world, he hath, notwithstanding,
+been able to make so considerable a figure.
+
+[Footnote 33: See also "A Short Character," etc. in vol. v. and "The
+Examiner," Nos. 18 and 23, in vol. ix. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 34: The Earl, his father, was a rigid Presbyterian. [ORIGINAL
+NOTE.]]
+
+The Lord Cowper,[35] although his merits are later than the rest,
+deserveth a rank in this great council. He was considerable in the
+station of a practising lawyer; but, as he was raised to be a
+chancellor, and a peer, without passing through any of the intermediate
+steps, which in late times hath been the constant practice, and little
+skilled[36] in the nature of government, or the true interests of
+princes, further than the municipal or common law of England; his
+abilities, as to foreign affairs, did not equally appear in the council.
+Some former passages of his life were thought to disqualify him for that
+office, by which he was to be the guardian of the Queen's
+conscience;[37] but these difficulties were easily overruled by the
+authors of his promotion, who wanted a person that would be subservient
+to all their designs; wherein they were not disappointed. As to his
+other accomplishments, he was what we usually call a piece of a scholar,
+and a good logical reasoner; if this were not too often allayed, by a
+fallacious way of managing an argument, which made him apt to deceive
+the unwary, and sometimes to deceive himself.
+
+[Footnote 35: See vol. v., p. 372 of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 36: P. Fitzgerald says "altogether unskilled." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 37: See "The Examiner," Nos. 18 and 23, in vol. ix. of this
+edition. [W.S.J.]]
+
+The last to be spoken of in this list is the Earl of Nottingham,[38] a
+convert and acquisition to that party since their fall, to which he
+contributed his assistance; I mean his words, and probably his wishes;
+for he had always lived under the constant visible profession of
+principles, directly opposite to those of his new friends. His vehement
+and frequent speeches against admitting the Prince of Orange to the
+throne are yet to be seen; and although a numerous family gave a
+specious pretence to his love of power and money, for taking an
+employment under that monarch, yet he was allowed to have always kept a
+reserve of allegiance to his exiled master; of which his friends produce
+several instances, and some while he was secretary of state to King
+William. His outward regularity of life, his appearance of religion, and
+seeming zeal for the Church, as they are an effect, so they are the
+excuse for that stiffness and formality with which his nature[39] is
+fraught. His adust complexion disposeth him to rigour[40] and severity,
+which his admirers palliate with the name of zeal. No man had ever a
+sincerer countenance, or more truly representing his mind and manners.
+He hath some knowledge in the law, very amply sufficient to defend his
+property at least.[41] A facility of utterance, descended to him from
+his father,[42] and improved by a few sprinklings of literature, hath
+brought himself, and some few admirers, into an opinion of his
+eloquence. He is every way inferior to his brother Guernsey,[43] but
+chiefly in those talents which he most values and pretends to; over
+whom, nevertheless, he preserveth an ascendant.[44] His great ambition
+was to be the head of those who were called the Church party; and,
+indeed, his grave solemn deportment and countenance, seconded by
+abundance of professions for their service, had given many of them an
+opinion of his veracity,[45] which he interpreted as their sense of his
+judgment and wisdom;[46] and this mistake lasted till the time of his
+defection, of which it was partly the cause; but then it plainly
+appeared, that he had not credit to bring over one single proselyte, to
+keep himself in countenance.
+
+[Footnote 38: See notes in vol. v., pp. 246-248 of present edition.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 39: P. Fitzgerald says "that stiffness, pride, and formality
+with which his intractable nature." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 40: P. Fitzgerald says "to cruelty." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote: 41 P. Fitzgerald says "some smattering in the law, which
+makes it not very safe or easy to deal with him, where property is
+concerned." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 42: P. Fitzgerald adds "grafted upon a wrong understanding."
+[W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 43: Heneage Finch was created Lord Guernsey in 1703, and Earl
+of Aylesford in 1714. He died in 1719. [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 44: P. Fitzgerald adds "I suppose by the right of
+primogeniture." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 45: P. Fitzgerald says "of his honesty." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 46: He acquired, from his solemnity of deportment, the
+nickname of _Diego_ and from his gravity, that of _Dismal_. [S.]]
+
+These lineaments, however imperfectly drawn, may help the reader's
+imagination to conceive what sort of persons those were, who had the
+boldness to encounter the Queen and ministry, at the head of a great
+majority of the landed interest; and this upon a point where the quiet
+of Her Majesty's reign, the security, or at least the freedom, of her
+person, the lives of her most faithful friends, and the settling of the
+nation by a peace, were, in the consequences, deeply concerned.[47]
+
+[Footnote 47: It was these "lineaments, imperfectly drawn," that Erasmus
+Lewis specially emphasized for omission, in his letter to Swift already
+referred to. "Now I have mentioned characters," wrote Lewis, "I must
+tell you that they [the friends who had met to read the 'History' in
+manuscript] were clearly of opinion, that if those you have drawn should
+be published as they now stand, nothing could save the author's printer
+and publishers from some grievous punishment. As we have no traces of
+liberty now left but the freedom of the press, it is the most earnest
+desire of your friends that you would strike out all that you have said
+on that subject" (Sir W. Scott's edit., vol. xix., pp. 133-136). [T.S.]]
+
+During the dominion of the late men in power, addresses had been
+procured from both Houses to the Queen, representing their opinion, that
+no peace could be secure for Britain, while Spain or the West Indies
+remained in the possession of the Bourbon family. But Her Majesty
+having, for reasons which have been often told to the world, and which
+will not soon be forgotten, called a new Parliament, and chose a new set
+of servants, began to view things and persons in another light. She
+considered the necessities of her people, the distant prospect of a
+peace upon such an improbable condition, which was never mentioned or
+understood in the grand alliance; the unequal burthen she bore in the
+war, by the practices of the allies upon the corruption of some whom she
+most trusted, or perhaps by the practices of these upon the allies; and,
+lastly, by the changes which death had brought about in the Austrian and
+Bourbon families. Upon all which motives she was prevailed upon to
+receive some overtures from France, in behalf of herself and the whole
+confederacy. The several steps of this negotiation, from its first rise
+to the time I am now writing, shall be related in another part of this
+History. Let it suffice for the present to say, that such proposals were
+received from France as were thought sufficient by our court whereupon
+to appoint time and place for a general treaty; and soon after the
+opening of the session, the Bishop[48] of Bristol, lord privy seal, was
+dispatched to Utrecht, where he and the Earl of Strafford were appointed
+plenipotentiaries for the Queen of Great Britain.
+
+[Footnote 48: Dr. Robinson, afterwards Bishop of London. [ORIGINAL
+NOTE.]]
+
+The managers of the discontented party, who, during the whole summer,
+had observed the motions of the court running fast towards a peace,
+began to gather up all their forces, in order to oppose Her Majesty's
+designs, when the Parliament should meet. Their only strength was in the
+House of Lords, where the Queen had a very crazy majority, made up by
+those whose hearts were in the other interest; but whose fears,
+expectations, or immediate dependence, had hitherto kept them within
+bounds. There were two lords upon whose abilities and influence, of a
+very different nature, the managers built their strongest hopes. The
+first was the Duke of Somerset, master of the horse. This duke, as well
+as his duchess, was in a good degree of favour with the Queen, upon the
+score of some civilities and respects Her Majesty had received from
+them, while she was princess.[49] For some years after the Revolution,
+he never appeared at court, but was looked upon as a favourer of the
+abdicated family; and it was the late Earl of Rochester who first
+presented him to King William. However, since the time he came into
+employment, which was towards the close of the last reign, he hath been
+a constant zealous member of the other party; but never failed in either
+attendance or respect towards the Queen's person, or, at most, only
+threatened sometimes, that he would serve no longer, while such or such
+men were employed; which, as things went then, was not reckoned any
+offence at all against duty or good behaviour. He had been much caressed
+and flattered by the Lords of the Junto,[50] who sometimes went so far
+as to give him hopes of the crown, in reversion to his family, upon
+failure of the house of Hanover. All this worked so far upon his
+imagination, that he affected to appear the head of their party, to
+which his talents were no way proportioned; for they soon grew weary of
+his indigested schemes, and his imperious manner of obtruding them: they
+began to drop him at their meetings, or contradicted him, with little
+ceremony, when he happened to be there, which his haughty nature[51] was
+not able to brook. Thus a mortal quarrel was kindled between him and the
+whole assembly of party leaders; so that, upon the Queen's first
+intentions of changing her ministry, soon after the trial of Dr.
+Sacheverell, he appointed several meetings with Mr. Harley alone, in the
+most private manner, in places and at times least liable to suspicion.
+He employed all his credit with the Queen to drive on the removal of my
+Lord Godolphin, and the rest; and, in the council, treated the small
+remainder, who continued some time longer in their places, with all
+possible marks of hatred or disdain. But when the question came for
+dissolving the Parliament, he stopped short: he had already satiated his
+resentments, which were not against things, but persons: he furiously
+opposed that counsel, and promised to undertake for the Parliament
+himself. When the Queen had declared her pleasure for the dissolution,
+he flew off in greater rage than ever; opposed the court in all
+elections, where he had influence or power; and made very humble[52]
+advances to reconcile himself with the discarded lords, especially the
+Earl of Godolphin, who is reported to have treated him at Newmarket in a
+most contemptuous manner. But the sincerity of his repentance, which
+appeared manifestly in the first session of the new Parliament, and the
+use he might be of by his own remaining credit, or rather that of his
+duchess, with the Queen, at length begat a reconcilement. He still kept
+his employment, and place in the cabinet council; but had never appeared
+there, from an avowed dislike of all persons and proceedings. It
+happened about the end of summer, one thousand seven hundred and eleven,
+at Windsor, when the cabinet council was summoned, this duke, whether by
+directions from his teachers, or the instability of his nature, took a
+fancy to resume his place, and a chair was brought accordingly; upon
+which Mr. Secretary St. John refused to assist, and gave his reasons,
+that he would never sit in council with a man who had so often betrayed
+them, and was openly engaged with a faction which endeavoured to
+obstruct all Her Majesty's measures. Thus the council was put off to
+next day, and the duke made no farther attempts to be there.[53] But,
+upon this incident, he declared open war against the ministry; and, from
+that time to the session, employed himself in spiriting up several
+depending lords to adhere to their friends, when an occasion should
+offer. The arguments he made use of, were, that those in power designed
+to make an ignominious and insecure peace, without consulting the
+allies; that this could be no otherwise prevented than by an address
+from the Lords, to signify their opinion, that no peace could be
+honourable or secure, while Spain or the West Indies remained in any of
+the Bourbon family:[54] upon which several farther resolutions and
+inquiries would naturally follow; that the differences between the two
+Houses, upon this point, must either be made up by the Commons agreeing
+with the Lords, or must end in a dissolution, which would be followed by
+a return of the old ministry, who, by the force of money and management,
+could easily get another Parliament to their wishes. He farther assured
+them boldly, that the Queen herself was at the bottom of this design,
+and had empowered him to desire their votes against the peace, as a
+point that would be for her service; and therefore they need not be in
+pain upon account of their pensions, or any farther marks of favour they
+expected. Thus, by reviving the old art of using Her Majesty's authority
+against her person, he prevailed over some, who were not otherwise in a
+station of life to oppose the crown; and his proselytes may pretend to
+some share of pity, since he offered for an argument his own example,
+who kept his place and favour, after all he had done to deserve the loss
+of both.
+
+[Footnote 49: In 1692, on a difference which the princess had with King
+William and his Queen, occasioned by her warm attachment to the Duchess
+of Marlborough, she quitted The Cockpit, and accepted the Duke of
+Somerset's offer of Sion House for a temporary residence. [N.]]
+
+[Footnote 50: A cant name given to five lords of that party. [ORIGINAL
+NOTE.]]
+
+[Footnote 51: P. Fitzgerald says "the pride of his nature." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 52: P. Fitzgerald says "the meanest." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 53: "I had almost forgot to tell you," writes Lewis to Swift
+in the same letter, "you have mistaken the case of the D---- of S----,
+which, in truth, was this, that his grace appearing at court, in the
+chamber next to the council chamber, it was apprehended he would come
+into the cabinet council, and therefore the intended meeting was put
+off; whereas one would judge, by your manner of stating it, that the
+council had met, and adjourned abruptly upon his taking his place
+there." Sir W. Scott's edit. vol. xix., pp. 133-136. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 54: It was Nottingham who moved this argument in the form of
+an amendment to the address on 7th December, 1711. See _infra_, and also
+vol. v., p. 444 of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+The other lord, in whom the discontented managers placed much of their
+hopes, was the Earl of Nottingham, already mentioned; than whom no man
+ever appeared to hate them more, or to be more pleased at their fall,
+partly from his avowed principles, but chiefly from the hopes he had of
+sharing in their spoils. But it fell out, that he was no way acceptable
+to the Queen or her new servants: these apprehended no little trouble
+and impediment to the public business, from his restless, talkative,
+overweening manner, if once he was suffered to have any part in affairs;
+and he stood very ill with the court, having made a motion in the House
+of Lords, and in Her Majesty's presence, that the Electoral Prince of
+Hanover might be invited to reside in England, although he had before
+declared to the Queen how much he was against that proposal, when it was
+first offered by the other party. However, some very considerable
+employments had been given to his nearest relations, and he had one or
+two offers for himself, which he thought fit to refuse, as not equal to
+his merits and character. Upon the Earl of Rochester's decease, he
+conceived that the crown would hardly overlook him for president of the
+council, and deeply resented that disappointment. But the Duke of
+Newcastle, lord privy seal, dying some time after, he found that office
+was first designed for the Earl of Jersey, and, upon this lord's sudden
+death, was actually disposed of to the Bishop of Bristol by which he
+plainly saw, that the Queen was determined against giving him any
+opportunity of directing in affairs, or displaying his eloquence in the
+cabinet council. He had now shaken off all remains of patience or
+temper, and, from the contemplation of his own disappointments, fell, as
+it is natural, to find fault with the public management, and to assure
+his neighbours in the country, that the nation was in imminent danger of
+being ruined. The discontented[55] lords were soon apprised of this
+great change, and the Duke of Roxburgh,[56] the earl's son-in-law, was
+dispatched to Burleigh on the Hill, to cultivate his present
+dispositions, and offer him whatever terms he pleased to insist on. The
+Earl immediately agreed to fall in with any measures for distressing or
+destroying the ministry but, in order to preserve his reputation with
+the Church party, and perhaps bring them over to his interests, he
+proposed, that a bill should be brought into the House of Lords for
+preventing occasional conformity, and be unanimously agreed to by all
+the peers of the low-church[57] principle, which would convince the
+world of their good intentions to the established religion,[58] and that
+their oppositions to the court wholly proceeded from their care of the
+nation, and concern for its honour and safety.[59]
+
+[Footnote 55: P. Fitzgerald says "factious." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 56: John Ker, Earl of Roxburgh, was created Earl of Kelso,
+Marquess of Cessford and Beaumont, and Duke of Roxburgh in 1707.
+[W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 57: P. Fitzgerald says "Whig." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 58: P. Fitzgerald says "established Church." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 59: Nottingham succeeded in carrying the bill against
+Occasional Conformity on December 15th, 1711. See Swift's "Letter to a
+Whig Lord," in vol. v. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+These preparations were public enough, and the ministers had sufficient
+time to arm themselves; but they seem to have acted, in this juncture,
+like men who trusted to the goodness of their cause, and the general
+inclinations of the kingdom, rather than to those arts which our
+corruptions have too often made necessary. Calculations were indeed
+taken, by which it was computed, that there would be a majority of ten
+upon the side of the court. I remember to have told my Lord Harcourt and
+Mr. Prior, that a majority of ten was only a majority of five, because
+if their adversaries could bring off five, the number would be equal:
+and so it happened to prove; for the mistake lay in counting upon the
+bare promises of those who were wholly in the interest of the old
+ministry, and were only kept in awe by the fear of offending the crown,
+and losing their subsistence, wherein the Duke of Somerset had given
+them full satisfaction.
+
+With these dispositions of both parties, and fears and hopes of the
+event, the Parliament met upon the seventh of December, one thousand
+seven hundred and eleven. The Queen's speech (excepting what related to
+supplies) was chiefly taken up in telling both Houses what progress she
+had made towards a general peace, and her hopes of bringing it to a
+speedy conclusion. As soon as Her Majesty was withdrawn, the House of
+Lords, in a committee, resolved upon an address of thanks; to which the
+Earl of Nottingham proposed an addition of the following clause.
+
+"And we do beg leave to represent it to Your Majesty, as the humble
+opinion and advice of this House, that no peace can be safe or
+honourable to Great Britain and Europe, if Spain and the West Indies are
+to be allotted to any branch of the house of Bourbon."
+
+He was seconded by the Earl of Scarborough; and, after a debate of
+several hours, the question for the clause was carried, as I remember,
+by not above two voices.[60] The next day the House agreed with the
+committee. The depending lords, having taken fresh courage from their
+principals, and some who professed themselves very humble servants to
+the present ministry, and enemies to the former, went along with the
+stream, pretending not to see the consequences that must visibly follow.
+The address was presented on the eleventh, to which Her Majesty's answer
+was short and dry. She distinguished their thanks from the rest of the
+piece; and, in return to Lord Nottingham's clause, said, She should be
+sorry that any body could think she would not do her utmost to recover
+Spain and the West Indies from the house of Bourbon.
+
+[Footnote 60: The previous question in favour of the Earl of
+Nottingham's amendment was carried by a single vote, the main question
+by a majority of no less than eight! [S.] But Bishop Burnet says "by
+three voices" ("Hist. Own Time," ii. 584), and Coxe says "by a majority
+of 64 to 52." [W.S.J.]]
+
+Upon the fifteenth of December the Earl of Nottingham likewise brought
+in the bill to prevent occasional conformity (although under a disguised
+title), which met with no opposition; but was swallowed by those very
+lords, who always appeared with the utmost violence against the least
+advantage to the established Church.
+
+But in the House of Commons there appeared a very different spirit; for
+when one Mr. Robert Walpole offered a clause of the same nature with
+that of the Earl of Nottingham, it was rejected with contempt by a very
+great majority. Their address was in the most dutiful manner, approving
+of what Her Majesty had done towards a peace, and trusting entirely to
+her wisdom in the future management of it. This address was presented to
+the Queen a day before that of the Lords, and received an answer
+distinguishedly gracious. But the other party[61] was no ways
+discouraged by either answer, which they looked upon as only matter of
+course, and the sense of the ministry, contrary to that of the Queen.
+
+[Footnote 61: P. Fitzgerald says "faction." [W.S.J.]]
+
+The Parliament sat as long as the approaching festival would allow; and
+upon the twenty-second, the land-tax and occasional bills having
+received the royal assent, the House of Commons adjourned to the
+fourteenth of January following: but the adjournment of the Lords was
+only to the second, the prevailing party there being in haste to pursue
+the consequences of the Earl of Nottingham's clause, which they hoped
+would end in the ruin of the treasurer, and overthrow the ministry; and
+therefore took the advantage of this interval, that they might not be
+disturbed by the Commons.
+
+When this address against any peace without Spain, &c. was carried in
+the House of Lords, it is not easy to describe the effects it had upon
+most men's passions. The partisans of the old ministry triumphed loudly,
+and without any reserve, as if the game were their own. The Earl of
+Wharton was observed in the House to smile, and put his hands to his
+neck when any of the ministry was speaking, by which he would have it
+understood that some heads were in danger. Parker, the chief justice,
+began already with great zeal and officiousness to prosecute authors and
+printers of weekly and other papers, writ in defence of the
+administration: in short, joy and vengeance sat visible in every
+countenance of that party.[62]
+
+[Footnote 62: See "Journal to Stella," December 13th (vol. ii., p. 299
+of present edition). [W.S.J.]]
+
+On the other side, all well-wishers to the Queen, the Church, or the
+peace, were equally dejected; and the treasurer stood the foremost mark
+both of his enemies' fury, and the censure of his friends: among the
+latter, some imputed this fatal miscarriage to his procrastinating
+nature; others, to his unmeasurable public thrift: both parties agreed,
+that a first minister, with very moderate skill in affairs, might easily
+have governed the event: and some began to doubt, whether the great fame
+of his abilities, acquired in other stations, were what he justly
+deserved: all this he knew well enough, and heard it with great phlegm;
+neither did it make any alteration in his countenance or humour. He told
+Monsieur Buys, the Dutch envoy, two days before the Parliament sat, that
+he was sorry for what was like to pass, because the States would be the
+first sufferers, which he desired the envoy to remember: and to his
+nearest friends, who appeared in pain about the public or themselves, he
+only said that all would be well, and desired them not to be
+frighted.[63]
+
+[Footnote 63: See Swift's account of an interview with the lord
+treasurer in his "Journal to Stella," December 8th (_ibid.,_ p. 296).
+[W.S.J.]]
+
+It was, I conceive, upon these motives, that the treasurer advised Her
+Majesty to create twelve new lords,[64] and thereby disable the sting of
+faction for the rest of her lifetime: this promotion was so ordered,
+that a third part were of those on whom, or their posterity, the peerage
+would naturally devolve; and the rest were such, whose merit, birth, and
+fortune, could admit of no exception.
+
+[Footnote 64: See note, vol. ii., p. 308, and note, vol. v., p. 446.
+[W.S.J.]]
+
+The adverse party, being thus driven down by open force, had nothing
+left but to complain, which they loudly did; that it was a
+pernicious[65] example set for ill princes to follow, who, by the same
+rule, might make at any time an hundred as well as twelve, and by these
+means become masters of the House of Lords whenever they pleased, which
+would be dangerous to our liberties. To this it was answered, that ill
+princes seldom trouble themselves to look for precedents; that men of
+great estates will not be less fond of preserving their liberties when
+they are created peers; that in such a government as this, where the
+Prince holds the balance between two great powers, the nobility and
+people, it is the very nature of his office to remove from one scale
+into the other, or sometimes put his own weight in the lightest, so as
+to bring both to an equilibrium; and lastly, that the other party had
+been above twenty years corrupting the nobility with republican
+principles, which nothing but the royal prerogative could hinder from
+overspreading us.
+
+[Footnote 65: P. Fitzgerald says "dangerous." [W.S.J.]]
+
+The conformity bill above mentioned was prepared by the Earl of
+Nottingham before the Parliament met, and brought in at the same time
+with the clause against peace, according to the bargain made between him
+and his new friends: this he hoped would not only save his credit with
+the Church party, but bring them over to his politics, since they must
+needs be convinced, that instead of changing his own principles, he had
+prevailed on the greatest enemies to the established religion to be the
+first movers in a law for the perpetual settlement of it. Here it was
+worth observing, with what resignation the Junto Lords (as they were
+then called) were submitted to by their adherents and followers; for it
+is well known, that the chief among the dissenting teachers in town were
+consulted upon this affair, and such arguments used, as had power to
+convince them, that nothing could be of greater advantage to their cause
+than the passing this bill. I did, indeed, see a letter at that time
+from one of them to a great[66] man, complaining, that they were
+betrayed and undone by their pretended friends; but they were in general
+very well satisfied upon promises that this law should soon be repealed,
+and others more in their favour enacted, as soon as their friends should
+be re-established.
+
+[Footnote 66: It was to the Treasurer himself. [ORIGINAL NOTE.] Scott
+says that it was written by Mr. Shower on December 20th, and that the
+writer complained that the Dissenters had "been shamefully abandoned,
+sold, and sacrificed, by their professed friends." [W.S.J.]]
+
+But nothing seemed more extraordinary than the event of this refined
+management, by which the Earl of Nottingham was so far from bringing
+over proselytes (wherein his abilities fell very short even of the Duke
+of Somerset's); or preserving the reputation of a firm churchman, that
+very few people did so much as imagine he had any such design; only when
+he brought in the bill, they conceived it was some wonderful deep reach
+of politics, which they could not comprehend: however, they liked the
+thing, and without troubling themselves about the persons or motives
+from whence it rose, it had a very speedy passage through both Houses.
+It must be confessed, that some attempt of this nature was much more
+necessary to the leaders of that party, than is generally thought. The
+desire of power and revenge was common to them all; but several among
+them were also conscious that they stood in need of protection, whose
+safety was therefore concerned in the design of ruining the ministry, as
+well as their ambition. The Duke of Marlborough foresaw those
+examinations, which were afterwards made into some parts of his
+management, and was apprehensive of a great deal more; that the
+Parliament would perhaps enquire into the particulars of the negotiation
+at The Hague in one thousand seven hundred and nine; for what ends, and
+by whose advice the propositions of peace from France were rejected:
+besides, he dreaded lest that mysterious policy might be laid open to
+the world, of desiring the Queen to constitute him general for life,
+which was a very tender point, and would admit of much proof. It is
+true, indeed, that whilst the Duke's affair was under the consideration
+of the House of Commons, one of his creatures[67] (whether by direction
+or otherwise) assured the Speaker, with a very serious countenance, that
+the world was mistaken in censuring his lord upon this article; for it
+was the Queen who pressed the Duke to accept that commission; and upon
+his humble refusal conceived her first displeasure against him. How such
+a defence would have passed, if it had been offered in form, is easier
+to be conceived, than how any person in his wits could have the
+confidence to affirm it; which last it would indeed be hard to believe,
+if there were any room left for doubt.
+
+[Footnote 67: Craggs, father to the secretary. [ORIGINAL NOTE.]]
+
+The Earl of Godolphin wanted protection, notwithstanding the act of
+general pardon, which had been procured by his credit, and was
+principally calculated for his own security. He knew that his long
+neglect of compelling the accomptants to pass their accompts, might be
+punished as a breach of trust. He had run the kingdom into immense
+debts, by taking up stores for the navy upon a vast discount, without
+parliamentary security; for which he could be able to plead neither law
+nor necessity: and he had given way, at least, to some proceedings, not
+very justifiable, in relation to remittances of money, whereby the
+public had suffered considerable losses. The Barrier Treaty sat heavy
+upon the Lord Townshend's spirits, because if it should be laid before
+the House of Commons, whoever negotiated that affair, might be subject
+to the most severe animadversions: and the Earl of Wharton's
+administration in Ireland was looked upon as a sufficient ground to
+impeach him, at least, for high crimes and misdemeanours.
+
+The managers in Holland were sufficiently apprised of all this; and
+Monsieur Buys, their minister here, took care to cultivate that good
+correspondence between his masters and their English friends, which
+became two confederates, pursuing the same end.
+
+This man[68] had been formerly employed in England from that republic,
+and understood a little of our language. His proficiency in learning has
+been such, as to furnish now and then a Latin quotation, of which he is
+as liberal as his stock will admit. His knowledge in government reaches
+no farther than that of his own country, by which he forms and
+cultivates matters of state for the rest of the world. His reasonings
+upon politics are with great profusion at all meetings; and he leaves
+the company with entire satisfaction that he hath fully convinced them.
+He is well provided with that inferior sort of cunning, which is the
+growth of his country, of a standard with the genius of the people, and
+capable of being transferred into every condition of life among them,
+from the boor to the burgomaster. He came into England with
+instructions, authorizing him to accommodate all differences between Her
+Majesty and the States; but having first advised with the confederate
+lords, he assured the ministry he had powers to hear their proposals,
+but none to conclude: and having represented to his masters what had
+been told him by the adverse party, he prevailed with them to revoke his
+powers. He found the interest of those who withstood the court, would
+exactly fall in with the designs of the States, which were to carry on
+the war as they could, at our expense, and to see themselves at the head
+of a treaty of peace, whenever they were disposed to apply to France, or
+to receive overtures from thence.[69]
+
+[Footnote 68: P. Fitzgerald says "gentleman." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 69:  Erasmus Lewis, in the letter already cited, refers to
+Buys, and gives the opinion of the gentlemen who had read the "History,"
+on this matter, as follows: "They think the transactions with Mr. Buys
+might have been represented in a more advantageous light, and more to
+the honour of that administration; and, undoubtedly they would have been
+so by your pen, had you been master of all the facts." And yet the facts
+as related by Swift in this and the last book of this "History" are
+substantially the facts as disclosed in Bolingbroke's Political
+Correspondence. [T.S.]]
+
+The Emperor, upon many powerful reasons, was utterly averse from all
+counsels which aimed at putting an end to the war, without delivering
+him the whole dominion of Spain; nay, the Elector of Hanover himself,
+although presumptive heir to the crown of England, and obliged by all
+sorts of ties to cultivate Her Majesty's friendship, was so far deceived
+by misrepresentations from hence, that he seemed to suffer Monsieur
+Bothmar, his envoy here, to print and publish a Memorial in English,
+directly disapproving all Her Majesty's proceedings; which Memorial, as
+appeareth by the style and manner of it, was all drawn up, or at least
+digested, by some party pen on this side of the water.[70]
+
+[Footnote 70: See Swift's "Some Free Thoughts upon the Present State of
+Affairs," and the note on p. 410 of vol. v. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+Cautious writers, in order to avoid offence or danger, and to preserve
+the respect even[71] due to foreign princes, do usually charge the wrong
+steps in a court altogether upon the persons employed; but I should have
+taken a securer method, and have been wholly silent in this point, if I
+had not then conceived some hope, that his Electoral Highness might
+possibly have been a stranger[72] to the Memorial of his resident: for,
+first, the manner of delivering it to the secretary of state was out of
+all form, and almost as extraordinary as the thing itself. Monsieur
+Bothmar having obtained an hour of Mr. Secretary St. John, talked much
+to him upon the subject of which that Memorial consists; and upon going
+away, desired he might leave a paper with the secretary, which he said
+contained the substance of what he had been discoursing. This paper Mr.
+St. John laid aside, among others of little consequence; and a few
+days[73] saw a Memorial in print,[74] which he found upon comparing to
+be the same with what Bothmar had left.
+
+[Footnote 71: Edition of 1775 has "ever due." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 72: P. Fitzgerald says "If I had not very good reason to
+believe that his Electoral Highness was altogether a stranger."
+[W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 73: Edition of 1775 has "a few days after." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 74: This was published as a broadside, with the title: "The
+Elector of Hanover's Memorial to the Queen of Great-Britain, relating to
+the Peace with France." It was dated 28th of Nov/9th of Dec., 1711.
+[W.S.J.]]
+
+During this short recess of Parliament, and upon the fifth day of
+January, Prince Eugene, of Savoy, landed in England. Before he left his
+ship he asked a person who came to meet him, whether the new lords were
+made, and what was their number? He was attended through the streets
+with a mighty rabble of people to St. James's, where Mr. Secretary St.
+John introduced him to the Queen, who received him with great civility.
+His arrival had been long expected, and the project of his journey had
+as long been formed here by the party leaders, in concert with Monsieur
+Buys, and Monsieur Bothmar, the Dutch and Hanover envoys. This prince
+brought over credentials from the Emperor, with offers to continue the
+war upon a new foot, very advantageous to Britain; part of which, by Her
+Majesty's commands, Mr. St. John soon after produced to the House of
+Commons; where they were rejected, not without some indignation, by a
+great majority. The Emperor's proposals, as far as they related to
+Spain, were communicated to the House in the words following.
+
+"His Imperial Majesty judges, that forty thousand men will be sufficient
+for this service, and that the whole expense of the war in Spain, may
+amount to four millions of crowns, towards which His Imperial Majesty
+offers to make up the troops, which he has in that country, to thirty
+thousand men, and to take one million of crowns upon himself".
+
+On the other side the House of Commons voted a third part of those four
+millions as a sufficient quota for Her Majesty toward that service, for
+it was supposed the Emperor ought to bear the greatest proportion in a
+point that so nearly concerned him, or at least, that Britain
+contributing one third, the other two might be paid by his Imperial
+Majesty and the States, as they could settle it between them.
+
+The design of Prince Eugene's journey, was to raise a spirit in the
+Parliament and people for continuing the war, for nothing was thought
+impossible to a prince of such high reputation in arms, in great favour
+with the Emperor, and empowered to make such proposals from his master,
+as the ministry durst not reject. It appeared by an intercepted letter
+from Count Gallas, (formerly the Emperor's envoy here) that the prince
+was wholly left to his liberty of making what offers he pleased in the
+Emperor's name, for if the Parliament could once be brought to raise
+funds, and the war go on, the ministry here must be under a necessity of
+applying and expending those funds, and the Emperor could afterwards
+find twenty reasons and excuses, as he had hitherto done, for not
+furnishing his quota; therefore Prince Eugene, for some time, kept
+himself within generals, until being pressed to explain himself upon
+that particular of the war in Spain, which the house of Austria
+pretended to have most at heart, he made the offer above mentioned, as a
+most extraordinary effort, and so it was, considering how little they
+had ever done before, towards recovering that monarchy to themselves;
+but shameful as these proposals were, few believed the Emperor would
+observe them, or, indeed, that he ever intended to spare so many men, as
+would make up an army of thirty thousand men, to be employed in Spain.
+
+Prince Eugene's visit to his friends in England continued longer than
+was expected; he was every day entertained magnificently by persons of
+quality of both parties; he went frequently to the treasurer, and
+sometimes affected to do it in private; he visited the other ministers
+and great officers of the court, but on all occasions publicly owned the
+character and appellation of a Whig; and in secret, held continual
+meetings with the Duke of Marlborough, and the other discontented lords,
+where M. Bothmar usually assisted. It is the great ambition of this
+prince to be perpetually engaged in war, without considering the cause
+or consequence; and to see himself at the head of an army, where only he
+can make any considerable figure. He is not without a natural tincture
+of that cruelty, sometimes charged upon the Italians; and being nursed
+in arms, hath so far extinguished pity and remorse, that he will at any
+time sacrifice a thousand men's lives, to a caprice of glory or revenge.
+He had conceived an incurable hatred for the treasurer, as the person
+who principally opposed this insatiable passion for war; said he had
+hopes of others, but that the treasurer was _un méchant diable_, not to
+be moved; therefore, since it was impossible for him or his friends to
+compass their designs, while that minister continued at the head of
+affairs, he proposed an expedient, often practised by those of his
+country, that the treasurer (to use his own expression) should be taken
+off, _à la négligence_; that this might easily be done, and pass for an
+effect of chance, if it were preceded by encouraging some proper people
+to commit small riots in the night: and in several parts of the town, a
+crew of obscure ruffians were accordingly employed about that time, who
+probably exceeded their commission; and mixing themselves with those
+disorderly people that often infest the streets at midnight, acted
+inhuman outrages on many persons, whom they cut and mangled in the face
+and arms, and other parts of the body, without any provocation; but an
+effectual stop was soon put to these enormities, which probably
+prevented the execution of the main design.[75]
+
+[Footnote 75: Erasmus Lewis, Lord Oxford, and the others who read the
+MS., advised the elimination of this insinuation against Prince Eugene.
+They thought there was truth in it, but "a matter of so high a nature,"
+as Lewis expressed it to Swift, "ought not to be asserted without
+exhibiting  the proofs." The paragraph following the one in the text,
+containing the imputation, seems as if it had been written after Swift
+had received Lewis's strictures. [T.S.]]
+
+I am very sensible, that such an imputation ought not to be charged upon
+any person whatsoever, upon slight grounds or doubtful surmises; and
+that those who think I am able to produce no better, will judge this
+passage to be fitter for a libel than a history; but as the account was
+given by more than one person who was at the meeting, so it was
+confirmed past all contradiction by several intercepted letters and
+papers: and it is most certain, that the rage of the defeated party,
+upon their frequent disappointments, was so far inflamed, as to make
+them capable of some counsels yet more violent and desperate than this,
+which, however, by the vigilance of those near the person of Her
+Majesty, were happily prevented.
+
+On the thirtieth day of December, one thousand seven hundred and eleven,
+the Duke of Marlborough was removed from all his employments: the Duke
+of Ormonde succeeding him as general, both here and in Flanders. This
+proceeding of the court (as far as it related to the Duke of
+Marlborough) was much censured both at home and abroad, and by some who
+did not wish ill to the present situation of affairs. There were few
+examples of a commander being disgraced, after an uninterrupted course
+of success for many years against a formidable enemy, and this before a
+period was put to the war: those who had least esteem for his valour and
+conduct, thought it not prudent to remove a general, whose troops were
+perpetually victorious, while he was at their head; because this had
+infused into his soldiers an opinion that they should always conquer,
+and into the enemy that they should always be beaten; than which,
+nothing is to be held of greater moment, either in the progress of a
+war, or upon the day of battle; and I have good grounds to affirm, that
+these reasons had sufficient weight with the Queen and ministry to have
+kept the Duke of Marlborough in his post, if a way could have been found
+out to have done it with any assurance of safety to the nation. It is
+the misfortune of princes, that the effects of their displeasure make
+usually much more noise than the causes: thus, the sound of the Duke's
+fall was heard farther than many of the reasons which made it necessary;
+whereof, though some were visible enough, yet others lay more in the
+dark. Upon the Duke's last return from Flanders, he had fixed his
+arrival to town (whether by accident or otherwise) upon the seventeenth
+of November, called Queen Elizabeth's day, when great numbers of his
+creatures and admirers had thought fit to revive an old ceremony among
+the rabble, of burning the Pope in effigy; for the performance of which,
+with more solemnity, they had made extraordinary preparations.[76] From
+the several circumstances of the expense of this intended pageantry, and
+of the persons who promoted it, the court, apprehensive of a design to
+inflame the common people, thought fit to order, that the several
+figures should be seized as popish trinkets; and guards were ordered to
+patrol, for preventing any tumultuous assemblies. Whether this frolic
+were only intended for an affront to the court, or whether it had a
+deeper meaning, I must leave undetermined. The Duke, in his own nature,
+is not much turned to be popular; and in his flourishing times, whenever
+he came back to England upon the close of a campaign, he rather affected
+to avoid any concourse of the _mobile_, if they had been disposed to
+attend him; therefore, so very contrary a proceeding at this juncture,
+made it suspected as if he had a design to have placed himself at their
+head. "France," "Popery," "The Pretender," "Peace without Spain," were
+the words to be given about at this mock parade; and if what was
+confidently asserted be true, that a report was to have been spread at
+the same time of the Queen's death, no man can tell what might have been
+the event.
+
+[Footnote 76: See Swift's "Journal to Stella," Letter xxxv. (vol. ii.,
+pp. 283-84), and "A True Relation of the Intended Riot," printed in
+Scott's edition, vol. v., pp. 399-413. [W.S.J.]
+
+"The burning of a Pope in effigy," notes Scott--in his reprint of what
+Swift called "the Grub Street account of the tumult"--"upon the 17th
+November, the anniversary of Queen Elizabeth's coronation, was a
+favourite pastime with the mob of London, and often employed by their
+superiors as a means of working upon their passions and prejudices." A
+full account of this ceremony is given in his edition of Dryden's Works,
+1808, vol. vi., p. 222. An account of the attempt "to revive an old
+ceremony," referred to by Swift, was published also in "The Post Boy"
+for November 20th, 1711. [T.S.]]
+
+But this attempt, to whatever purposes intended, proving wholly abortive
+by the vigilance of those in power, the Duke's arrival was without any
+noise or consequence; and upon consulting with his friends, he soon fell
+in with their new scheme for preventing the peace. It was believed by
+many persons, that the ministers might, with little difficulty, have
+brought him over, if they had pleased to make a trial; for as he would
+probably have accepted any terms to continue in a station of such
+prodigious[77] profit, so there was sufficient room to work upon his
+fears, of which he is seldom unprovided[78] (I mean only in his
+political capacity) and his infirmity very much increased by his
+unmeasurable possessions, which have rendered him, _ipsique[79] onerique
+timentem;_ but reason, as well as the event, proved this to be a
+mistake: for the ministers being determined to bring the war to as
+speedy an issue as the honour and safety of their country would permit,
+could not possibly recompense the Duke for the mighty incomes he held by
+the continuance of it. Then the other party had calculated their
+numbers; and by the accession of the Earl of Nottingham, whose example
+they hoped would have many followers, and the successful solicitations
+of the Duke of Somerset, found they were sure of a majority in the House
+of Lords: so that in this view of circumstances, the Duke of Marlborough
+thought he acted with security, as well as advantage: he therefore
+boldly fell, with his whole weight, into the design of ruining the
+ministry, at the expense of his duty to his sovereign, and the welfare
+of his country, after the mighty obligations he had received from both.
+WHIG and TORY were now no longer the dispute, but THE QUEEN or THE DUKE
+OF MARLBOROUGH: He was at the head of all the cabals and consults with
+Bothmar, Buys, and the discontented lords. He forgot that government of
+his passion, for which his admirers used to celebrate him, fell into all
+the impotencies of anger and violence upon every party debate: so that
+the Queen found herself under a necessity, either on the one side to
+sacrifice those friends, who had ventured their lives in rescuing her
+out of the power of some, whose former treatment she had little reason
+to be fond of, to put an end[80] to the progress she had made towards a
+peace, and dissolve her Parliament; or, on the other side, by removing
+one person from so great a trust, to get clear of all her difficulties
+at once: Her Majesty therefore determined upon the latter, as the
+shorter and safer course; and during the recess at Christmas, sent the
+Duke a letter, to tell him she had no farther occasion for his
+service.[81]
+
+[Footnote 77: P. Fitzgerald says "immense." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 78: P. Fitzgerald adds "being in his nature the most timorous
+person alive." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 79: P. Fitzgerald says "sibique." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 80: P. Fitzgerald says "to complete." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 81: See the Duchess of Marlborough's narrative of this
+transaction in the "Account of her Conduct," etc., pp. 264-269, where
+his Grace's letter to the Queen, on his dismission from her service, is
+printed. [N.]]
+
+There hath not perhaps in the present age been a clearer instance to
+shew the instability of greatness which is not founded upon virtue; and
+it may be an instruction to princes, who are well in the hearts of their
+people, that the overgrown power of any particular person, although
+supported by exorbitant wealth, can by a little resolution be reduced in
+a moment, without any dangerous consequences. This lord, who was, beyond
+all comparison, the greatest subject in Christendom, found his power,
+credit, and influence, crumble away on a sudden; and, except a few
+friends or followers, by inclination, the rest dropped off in course.
+From directing in some manner the affairs of Europe, he descended to be
+a member of a faction, and with little distinction even there: that
+virtue of subduing his resentments, for which he was so famed when he
+had little or no occasion to exert it, having now wholly forsaken him
+when he stood most in need of its assistance; and upon trial was found
+unable to bear a reverse of fortune, giving way to rage, impatience,
+envy, and discontent.
+
+
+*****       *****       *****       *****       *****
+
+
+
+
+THE HISTORY OF THE FOUR LAST
+
+YEARS OF THE QUEEN.
+
+
+BOOK II.
+
+The House of Lords met upon the second day of January, according to
+their adjournment; but before they could proceed to business, the twelve
+new-created peers were, in the usual form, admitted to their seats in
+that assembly, who, by their numbers, turned the balance on the side of
+the court, and voted an adjournment to the same day with the Commons.
+Upon the fourteenth of January the two Houses met; but the Queen, who
+intended to be there in person, sent a message to inform them, that she
+was prevented by a sudden return of the gout, and to desire they would
+adjourn for three days longer, when Her Majesty hoped she should be able
+to speak to them. However, her indisposition still continuing, Mr.
+Secretary St. John brought another message to the House of Commons from
+the Queen, containing the substance of what she intended to have spoken;
+"That she could now tell them, her plenipotentiaries were arrived at
+Utrecht; had begun, in pursuance of her instructions, to concert the
+most proper ways of procuring a just satisfaction to all powers in
+alliance with her, according to their several treaties, and particularly
+with relation to Spain and the West Indies; that she promised to
+communicate to them the conditions of peace, before the same should be
+concluded; that the world would now see how groundless those reports
+were, and without the least colour, that a separate peace had been
+treated; that her ministers were directed to propose, that a day might
+be fixed for the finishing, as was done for the commencement of this
+treaty; and that, in the mean time, all preparations were hastening for
+an early campaign," etc.
+
+Her Majesty's endeavours towards this great work having been in such a
+forwardness at the time that her message was sent, I shall here, as in
+the most proper place, relate the several steps by which the intercourse
+between the courts of France and Britain was begun and carried on.
+
+The Marquis de Torcy,[1] sent by the Most Christian King to The Hague,
+had there, in the year one thousand seven hundred and nine, made very
+advantageous offers to the allies, in his master's name; which our
+ministers, as well as those of the States, thought fit to refuse, and
+advanced other proposals in their stead, but of such a nature as no
+prince could digest, who did not lie at the immediate mercy of his
+enemies. It was demanded, among other things, "That the French King
+should employ his own troops, in conjunction with those of the allies,
+to drive his grandson out of Spain." The proposers knew very well, that
+the enemy would never consent to this; and if it were possible they
+could at first have any such hopes, Mons. de Torcy assured them to the
+contrary, in a manner which might well be believed; for then the British
+and Dutch plenipotentiaries were drawing up their demands. They desired
+that minister to assist them in the style and expression; which he very
+readily did, and made use of the strongest words he could find to please
+them. He then insisted to know their last resolution, whether these were
+the lowest terms the allies would accept; and having received a
+determinate answer in the affirmative, he spoke to this effect:
+
+[Footnote 1: Jean Baptiste Colbert (1665-1746), Marquis de Torcy, was
+nephew of the celebrated Colbert. [W.S.J.]]
+
+"That he thanked them heartily for giving him the happiest day he had
+ever seen in his life: that, in perfect obedience to his master, he had
+made concessions, in his own opinion, highly derogatory to the King's
+honour and interest: that he had not concealed the difficulties of his
+court, or the discontents of his country, by a long and unsuccessful
+war, which could only justify the large offers he had been empowered to
+make: that the conditions of peace, now delivered into his hands by the
+allies, would raise a new spirit in the nation, and remove the greatest
+difficulty the court lay under, putting it in his master's power to
+convince all his subjects how earnestly His Majesty desired to ease them
+from the burthen of the war; but that his enemies would not accept of
+any terms, which could consist either with their safety or his honour."
+Mons. Torcy assured the pensionary, in the strongest manner, and bid him
+count upon it, that the King his master would never sign those articles.
+
+It soon appeared, that the Marquis de Torcy's predictions were true; for
+upon delivering to his master the last resolutions of the allies, that
+Prince took care to publish them all over his kingdom, as an appeal to
+his subjects against the unreasonableness and injustice of his enemies:
+which proceeding effectually answered the utmost he intended by it; for
+the French nation, extremely jealous of their monarch's glory, made
+universal offers of their lives and fortunes, rather than submit to such
+ignominious terms; and the clergy, in particular, promised to give the
+King their consecrated plate, towards continuing the war. Thus that
+mighty kingdom, generally thought to be wholly exhausted of its wealth,
+yet, when driven to a necessity by the imprudence of the allies, or by
+the corruption of particular men, who influenced their councils,
+recovered strength enough to support itself for three following
+campaigns: and in the last, by the fatal blindness or obstinacy of the
+Dutch (venturing to act without the assistance of Britain, which they
+had shamefully abandoned), was an overmatch for the whole confederate
+army.[2]
+
+[Footnote 2: Alluding to the defeat at Denain (July 24th, 1712). [S.]]
+
+Those who, in order to defend the proceedings of the allies, have given
+an account of this negotiation, do wholly omit the circumstance I have
+now related, and express the zeal of the British and Dutch ministers for
+a peace, by informing us how frequently they sent after Mons. de Torcy,
+and Mons. Rouille, for a farther conference. But in the mean time, Mr.
+Horatio Walpole, secretary to the Queen's plenipotentiaries, was
+dispatched over hither, to have those abortive articles signed and
+ratified by Her Majesty at a venture, which was accordingly done. A
+piece of management altogether absurd, and without example; contrived
+only to deceive our people into a belief that a peace was intended, and
+to shew what great things the ministry designed to do.
+
+But this hope expiring, upon the news that France had refused to sign
+those articles, all was solved by recourse to the old topic of the
+French perfidiousness. We loaded them plentifully with ignominious
+appellations; "they were a nation never to be trusted." The Parliament
+cheerfully continued their supplies, and the war went on. The winter
+following began the second and last session of the preceding Parliament,
+noted for the trial of Dr. Sacheverell, and the occasions thereby given
+to the people to discover and exert their dispositions, very opposite to
+the designs of those who were then in power. In the summer of one
+thousand seven hundred and ten, ensued a gradual change of the ministry;
+and in the beginning of that winter the present Parliament was called.
+
+The King of France, whose real interests made him sincerely desirous of
+any tolerable peace, found it impossible to treat upon equal conditions
+with either of the two maritime powers engaged against him, because of
+the prevalency of factions in both, who acted in concert to their mutual
+private advantage, although directly against the general dispositions of
+the people in either, as well as against their several maxims of
+government. But upon the great turn of affairs and councils here in
+England, the new Parliament and ministers acting from other motives, and
+upon other principles, that Prince hoped an opportunity might arise of
+resuming his endeavours towards a peace.
+
+There was at this time in England a French ecclesiastic, called the Abbé
+Gaultier,[3] who had resided several years in London, under the
+protection of some foreign ministers, in whose families he used, upon
+occasion, to exercise his function of a priest. After the battle of
+Blenheim, this gentleman went down to Nottingham, where several French
+prisoners of quality were kept, to whom he rendered those offices of
+civility suitable to persons in their condition, which, upon their
+return to France, they reported to his advantage. Among the rest, the
+Chevalier de Croissy told his brother, the Marquis de Torcy, that
+whenever the French court would have a mind to make overtures of peace
+with England, Mons. Gaultier might be very usefully employed in handing
+them to the ministers here. This was no farther thought on at present.
+In the mean time the war went on, and the conferences at The Hague and
+Gertruydenberg miscarried, by the allies insisting upon such demands as
+they neither expected, nor perhaps desired, should be granted.
+
+[Footnote 3: See note prefixed to "A New Journey to Paris" in vol. v. of
+present edition. Gaultier, although a priest, was nothing more than a
+superior spy in the pay of the French Court. He had been chaplain to
+Tallard and the disgraced Count Gallas, and was a sort of _protégé_ of
+the Earl of Jersey; but his character does not bear very close scrutiny.
+The Duke of Berwick could not have had any high opinion either of the
+man or his abilities, since in the "Mémoires de Berwick" (vol. ii., p.
+122, edit. 1780) he is thus referred to: "Sa naissance étoit toute des
+plus ordinaires, et ses facultés à l'avenant, c'est à dire, très
+pauvre." St. John called Gaultier his "Mercury," and De Torcy styled him
+"the Angel of Peace" (Torcy's "Memoires," vol. ii., p. 148, edition of
+1828). [T.S.]]
+
+Some time in July, one thousand seven hundred and ten, Mons. Gaultier
+received a letter from the Marquis de Torcy, signifying, that a report
+being spread of Her Majesty's intentions to change her ministry, to take
+Mr. Harley into her councils, and to dissolve her Parliament, the Most
+Christian King thought it might be now a favourable conjuncture to offer
+new proposals of a treaty: Mons. Gaultier was therefore directed to
+apply himself, in the Marquis's name, either to the Duke of Shrewsbury,
+the Earl of Jersey, or Mr. Harley, and inform the French court how such
+a proposition would be relished. Gaultier chose to deliver his message
+to the second of those, who had been ambassador from the late king to
+France; but the Earl excused himself from entering into particulars with
+a stranger, and a private person, who had no authority for what he said,
+more than a letter from Mons. de Torcy. Gaultier offered to procure
+another from that minister to the Earl himself; and did so, in a month
+after: but obtained no answer till December following, when the Queen
+had made all necessary changes, and summoned a free Parliament to her
+wishes. About the beginning of January, the abbé (after having procured
+his dismission from Count Gallas, the emperor's envoy, at that time his
+protector) was sent to Paris, to inform Mons. Torcy, that Her Majesty
+would be willing his master should resume the treaty with Holland,
+provided the demands of England might be previously granted. Gaultier
+came back, after a short stay, with a return to his message, that the
+Dutch had used the Most Christian King and his ministers in such a
+manner, both at The Hague and Gertruydenberg, as made that Prince
+resolve not to expose himself any more to the like treatment; that he
+therefore chose to address himself to England, and was ready to make
+whatever offers Her Majesty could reasonably expect, for the advantage
+of her own kingdoms, and the satisfaction of her allies.
+
+After this message had been duly considered by the Queen and her
+ministers, Mons. Gaultier was dispatched a second time to France, about
+the beginning of March, one thousand seven hundred and ten-eleven, with
+an answer to the following purpose: "That since France had their
+particular reasons for not beginning again to treat with Holland,
+England was willing to remove that difficulty, and proposed it should be
+done in this manner: That France should send over hither the
+propositions for a treaty, which should be transmitted by England to
+Holland, to be jointly treated on that side of the water; but it was to
+be understood, that the same proposition formerly offered to Holland,
+was to be made to England, or one not less advantageous to the allies;
+for although England would enter most sincerely into such a treaty, and
+shew, in the course of it, the clearness of their intentions; yet they
+could not, with honour, entertain a less beneficial proposal than what
+was offered to the States."
+
+That Prince, as well as his minister, Mons. de Torcy, either felt, or
+affected, so much resentment of the usage the latter had met at The
+Hague and Gertruydenberg, that they appeared fully determined against
+making any application to the States, where the same persons continued
+still in power, of whose treatment they so heavily complained.[4]
+
+[Footnote 4: There can be little doubt that De Torcy's resentment
+against the Dutch, as expressed in the first of the propositions above
+cited, was an affected one, since it is well known that the Dutch were,
+at the very time these propositions were sent to England, and even for
+some time previously, engaged in separate overtures with the French
+Court. Indeed, according to Prior ("History of his Own Time"), they had
+been so engaged ever since the breaking up of the Gertruydenberg
+Conference; and when Prior arrived in France in August, 1711, he was
+shown three letters written as from the Pensionary, but probably by
+Petecum, promising Louis every advantage if the Conference so unhappily
+broken off at Gertruydenberg were renewed. "The negotiations must be
+secret and separate," reported Prior, "His Most Christian Majesty need
+only name his own terms." Swift knew of the existence of at least one of
+these letters, because he was very anxious to obtain it "to get some
+particulars for my History," as he notes in his "Journal," "one letter
+of Petecum's showing the roguery of the Dutch." See also "Portland
+Manuscripts," vol. v., p. 34 _et seq_. [T.S.]]
+
+They seemed altogether to distrust the inclination of that republic
+towards a peace; but at the same time shewed a mighty complaisance to
+the English nation, and a desire to have Her Majesty at the head of a
+treaty. This appears by the first overture in form sent from that
+kingdom, and signed by Mons. de Torcy, on the twenty-second of April,
+N.S. one thousand seven hundred and eleven, to the following effect:
+
+"That as it could not be doubted but the King was in a condition of
+continuing the war with honour, so it could not be looked on as a mark
+of weakness in His Majesty to break the silence he had kept since the
+conferences at Gertruydenberg; and that, before the opening of the
+campaign, he now gives farther proof of the desire he always had to
+procure the repose of Europe. But after what he hath found, by
+experience, of the sentiments of those persons who now govern the
+republic of Holland, and of their industry in rendering all negotiations
+without effect, His Majesty will, for the public good, offer to the
+English nation those propositions, which he thinks fit to make for
+terminating the war, and for settling the tranquillity of Europe upon a
+solid foundation. It is with this view that he offers to enter into a
+treaty of peace, founded on the following conditions.
+
+"First, The English nation shall have real securities for carrying on
+their trade in Spain, the Indies, and ports of the Mediterranean.
+
+"Secondly, The King will consent to form a sufficient barrier in the Low
+Countries, for the security of the republic of Holland; and this barrier
+shall be such as England shall agree upon and approve; His Majesty
+promising, at the same time, an entire liberty and security to the trade
+of the Dutch.
+
+"Thirdly, All reasonable methods shall be thought on, with sincerity and
+truth, for giving satisfaction to the allies of England and Holland.
+
+"Fourthly, Whereas the affairs of the King of Spain are in so good a
+condition as to furnish new expedients for putting an end to the
+disputes about that monarchy, and for settling it to the satisfaction of
+the several parties concerned, all sincere endeavours shall be used for
+surmounting the difficulties arisen upon this occasion; and the trade
+and interest of all parties engaged in the present war shall be secured.
+
+"Fifthly, The conferences, in order to treat of a peace upon these
+conditions, shall be immediately opened; and the plenipotentiaries, whom
+the King shall name to assist thereat, shall treat with those of England
+and Holland, either alone, or in conjunction with those of their allies,
+as England shall choose.
+
+"Sixthly, His Majesty proposes the towns of Aix la Chapelle or Liège,
+for the place where the plenipotentiaries shall assemble, leaving the
+choice likewise to England of either of the said towns, wherein to treat
+a general peace."
+
+These overtures, although expressing much confidence in the ministry
+here, great deference to the Queen, and displeasure against the Dutch,
+were immediately transmitted by Her Majesty's command to her ambassador
+in Holland, with orders, that they should be communicated to the
+pensionary. The Abbé Gaultier was desired to signify this proceeding to
+the Marquis de Torcy; at the same time to let that minister understand,
+that some of the above articles ought to be explained. The Lord Raby,
+now Earl of Stafford, was directed to tell the Pensionary, that Her
+Majesty being resolved, in making peace as in making war, to act in
+perfect concert with the States, would not lose a moment in transmitting
+to him a paper of this importance: that the Queen earnestly desired,
+that the secret might be kept among as few as possible; and that she
+hoped the Pensionary would advise upon this occasion with no person
+whatsoever, except such, as by the constitution of that government, are
+unavoidably necessary: that the terms of the several propositions were
+indeed too general; but, however, they contained an offer to treat: and
+that, although there appeared an air of complaisance to England through
+the whole paper, and the contrary to Holland, yet this could have no ill
+consequences, as long as the Queen and the States took care to
+understand each other, and to act with as little reserve as became two
+powers, so nearly allied in interest; which rule, on the part of
+Britain, should be inviolably observed. It was signified likewise to the
+Pensionary, that the Duke of Marlborough had no communication of this
+affair from England, and that it was supposed he would have none from
+The Hague.
+
+After these proposals had been considered in Holland, the ambassador was
+directed to send back the opinion of the Dutch ministers upon them. The
+court here was, indeed, apprehensive, that the Pensionary would be
+alarmed at the whole frame of Monsieur de Torcy's paper, and
+particularly at these expressions, "That the English shall have real
+securities for their trade, &c." and "that the barrier for the
+States-General shall be such as England shall agree upon and approve."
+It was natural to think, that the fear which the Dutch would conceive of
+our obtaining advantageous terms for Britain, might put them upon trying
+underhand for themselves, and endeavouring to overreach us in the
+management of the peace, as they had hitherto done in that of the war:
+the ambassador was therefore cautioned to be very watchful in
+discovering any workings, which might tend that way.
+
+When the Lord Raby was first sent to The Hague, the Duke of Marlborough,
+and Lord Townshend, had, for very obvious reasons, used their utmost
+endeavours to involve him in as many difficulties as they could; upon
+which, and other accounts, needless to mention, it was thought proper,
+that his Grace, then in Flanders, should not be let into the secret of
+this affair.
+
+The proposal of Aix or Liège for a place of treaty, was only a farther
+mark of their old discontent against Holland, to shew they would not
+name any town which belonged to the States.
+
+The Pensionary having consulted those who had been formerly employed in
+the negotiations of peace, and enjoined them the utmost secrecy, to
+avoid the jealousy of the foreign ministers there, desired the
+ambassador to return Her Majesty thanks, for the obliging manner of
+communicating the French overtures, for the confidence she placed in the
+States, and for her promise of making no step towards a peace, but in
+concert with them, assuring her of the like on their part: that although
+the States endeavoured to hide it from the enemy, they were as weary of
+the war as we, and very heartily desirous of a good and lasting peace,
+as well as ready to join in any method, by which Her Majesty should
+think proper to obtain it: that the States looked upon these
+propositions as very dark and general; and they observed how the enemy
+would create jealousies between the Queen, their republic, and the other
+allies; but they were satisfied it would have no effect, and relied
+entirely on the justness and prudence of Her Majesty, who they doubted
+not, would make the French explain themselves more particularly in the
+several points of their proposals, and send a plan of the particular
+conditions whereupon they would make a peace: after which, the States
+would be ready, either to join with Her Majesty, or to make their
+objections, and were prepared to bring with them all the facility
+imaginable, towards promoting so good a work.
+
+This is the sum of the verbal answer made by the Pensionary, upon
+communicating to him the French proposals; and I have chosen to set it
+down, rather than transcribe the other given to the ambassador some days
+after, which was more in form, and to the same purpose, but shorter, and
+in my opinion not so well discovering the true disposition of the Dutch
+ministers.
+
+For after the Queen had transmitted the French overtures to Holland, and
+the States found Her Majesty was bent in earnest upon the thoughts of a
+peace, they began to cast about how to get the negotiation into their
+own hands. They knew that whatever power received the first proposals,
+would be wise enough to stipulate something for themselves, as they had
+done in their own case, both at The Hague and Gertruydenberg, where they
+carved as they pleased, without any regard to the interests of their
+nearest allies. For this reason, while they endeavoured to amuse the
+British court with expostulations upon the several preliminaries sent
+from France, Monsieur Petecum, a forward meddling agent of Holstein, who
+had resided some years in Holland, negotiated with Heinsius, the Grand
+Pensionary, as well as with Vanderdussen and Buys, about restoring the
+conferences between France and that republic, broke off in
+Gertruydenberg. Pursuant to which, about the end of May, N.S. one
+thousand seven hundred and eleven, Petecum wrote to the Marquis de
+Torcy, with the privity of the Pensionary, and probably of the other
+two. The substance of his letter was to inform the Marquis, that things
+might easily be disposed, so as to settle a correspondence between that
+crown and the republic, in order to renew the treaty of peace. That this
+could be done with the greater secrecy, because Monsieur Heinsius, by
+virtue of his oath as Pensionary, might keep any affair private as long
+as he thought necessary, and was not obliged to communicate it, until he
+believed things were ripe; and as long as he concealed it from his
+masters, he was not bound to discover it, either to the ministers of the
+Emperor, or those of her British Majesty. That since England thought it
+proper for King Charles to continue the whole campaign in Catalonia,
+(though he should be chosen emperor) in order to support the war in
+Spain, it was necessary for France to treat in the most secret manner
+with the States, who were not now so violently, as formerly, against
+having Philip on the Spanish throne, upon certain conditions for
+securing their trade, but were jealous of England's design to fortify
+some trading towns in Spain for themselves. That Heinsius, extremely
+desired to get out of the war for some reasons, which he (Petecum) was
+not permitted to tell; and that Vanderdussen and Buys were impatient to
+have the negotiations with France once more set on foot, which, if
+Monsieur Torcy thought fit to consent to, Petecum engaged that the
+States would determine to settle the preliminaries, in the midway
+between Paris and The Hague, with whatever ministers the Most Christian
+King should please to employ. But Monsieur Torcy refused this overture,
+and in his answer to Monsieur Petecum, assigned for the reason the
+treatment his master's former proposals had met with at The Hague and
+Gertruydenberg, from the ministers of Holland. Britain and Holland
+seemed pretty well agreed, that those proposals were too loose and
+imperfect to be a foundation for entering upon a general treaty; and
+Monsieur Gaultier was desired to signify to the French court, that it
+was expected they should explain themselves more particularly on the
+several articles.
+
+But in the mean time the Queen was firmly resolved, that the interests
+of her own kingdoms should not be neglected at this juncture, as they
+had formerly twice been, while the Dutch were principal managers of a
+negotiation with France. Her Majesty had given frequent and early notice
+to the States, of the general disposition of her people towards a peace,
+of her own inability to continue the war upon the old foot, under the
+disadvantage of unequal quotas, and the universal backwardness of her
+allies. She had likewise informed them of several advances made to her
+on the side of France, which she had refused to hearken to, till she had
+consulted with those, her good friends and confederates, and heard their
+opinion on that subject: but the Dutch, who apprehended nothing more
+than to see Britain at the head of a treaty, were backward and sullen,
+disliked all proposals by the Queen's intervention, and said it was a
+piece of artifice of France to divide the allies; besides, they knew the
+ministry was young, and the opposite faction had given them assurances,
+that the people of England would never endure a peace without Spain, nor
+the men in power dare to attempt it, after the resolutions of one House
+of Parliament to the contrary. But, in the midst of this unwillingness
+to receive any overtures from France by the Queen's hands, the Dutch
+ministers were actually engaged in a correspondence with that court,
+where they urged our inability to begin a treaty, by reason of those
+factions which themselves had inflamed, and were ready to commence a
+negotiation upon much easier terms than what they supposed we demanded.
+For not to mention the Duke of Lorraine's interposition in behalf of
+Holland, which France absolutely refused to accept; the letters sent
+from the Dutch to that court, were shewn some months after to a British
+minister there,[5] which gave much weight to Monsieur de Torcy's
+insinuations; that he knew where to meet with more compliance, if the
+necessity of affairs should force him to it, by our refusal. And the
+violence of the States against our entertaining of that correspondence,
+was only because they knew theirs would never be accepted, at least till
+ours were thrown off.
+
+[Footnote 5: Matthew Prior. See note, _ante_, p. 55. [T.S.]] The Queen,
+sensible of all this, resolved to provide for her own kingdoms; and
+having therefore prepared such demands for her principal allies, as
+might be a ground for proceeding to a general treaty, without pretending
+to adjust their several interests, she resolved to stipulate in a
+particular manner the advantage of Britain: the following preliminary
+demands were accordingly drawn up, in order to be transmitted to France.
+
+"Great Britain will not enter into any negotiation of peace, otherwise
+than upon these conditions, obtained beforehand.
+
+"That the union of the two crowns of France and Spain shall be
+prevented: that satisfaction shall be given to all the allies, and trade
+settled and maintained.
+
+"If France be disposed to treat upon this view, it is not to be doubted
+that the following propositions will be found reasonable.
+
+"A barrier shall be formed in the Low Countries for the States-General;
+and their trade shall be secured.
+
+"A barrier likewise shall be formed for the Empire.
+
+"The pretensions of all the allies, founded upon former treaties, shall
+be regulated and determined to their general satisfaction.
+
+"In order to make a more equal balance of power in Italy, the dominions
+and territories, which in the beginning of the present war belonged to
+the Duke of Savoy, and are now in the possession of France, shall be
+restored to his Royal Highness; and such other places in Italy shall be
+yielded to him, as will be found necessary and agreeable to the sense of
+former treaties made with this prince.
+
+"As to Great Britain in particular, the succession to the crown of the
+kingdoms, according to the present establishment, shall be acknowledged.
+
+"A new treaty of commerce between Great Britain and France shall be
+made, after the most just and reasonable manner.
+
+"Dunkirk shall be demolished.
+
+"Gibraltar and Port-Mahon shall remain in the hands of the present
+possessors.
+
+"The English shall have the Assiento in the same manner the French now
+enjoy it; and such places in the Spanish West Indies shall be assigned
+to those concerned in this traffic, for the refreshment and sale of
+their negroes, as shall be found necessary and convenient.
+
+"All advantages, rights, and privileges already granted, and which may
+hereafter be granted by Spain to the subjects of France, or to any other
+nation whatsoever, shall be equally granted to the subjects of Great
+Britain.
+
+"And for better securing the British trade in the Spanish West Indies,
+certain places to be named in the treaty of peace, shall be put into
+possession of the English.
+
+"Newfoundland, with the Bay and Straits of Hudson, shall be entirely
+restored to the English; and Great Britain and France shall severally
+keep and possess all those countries and territories in North America,
+which each of the said nations shall be in possession of at the time
+when the ratification of this treaty shall be published in those parts
+of the world.
+
+"These demands, and all other proceedings between Great Britain and
+France, shall be kept inviolably secret, until they are published by the
+mutual consent of both parties."
+
+The last article was not only intended for avoiding, if possible, the
+jealousy of the Dutch, but to prevent the clamours of the abettors here
+at home, who, under the pretended fears of our doing injustice to the
+Dutch, by acting without the privity of that republic, in order to make
+a separate peace, would be ready to drive on the worst designs against
+the Queen and ministry, in order to recover the power they had lost.
+
+In June, one thousand seven hundred and eleven, Mr. Prior, a person of
+great distinction, not only on account of his wit, but for his abilities
+in the management of affairs, and who had been formerly employed at the
+French court, was dispatched thither by Her Majesty with the foregoing
+demands. This gentleman was received at Versailles with great civility.
+The King declared, that no proceeding, in order to a general treaty,
+would be so agreeable to him as by the intervention of England; and that
+His Majesty, being desirous to contribute with all his power towards the
+repose of Europe, did answer to the demands which had been made,
+
+"That he would consent freely and sincerely to all just and reasonable
+methods, for hindering the crowns of France and Spain from being ever
+united under the same prince; His Majesty being persuaded, that such an
+excess of power would be as contrary to the general good and repose of
+Europe, as it was opposite to the will of the late Catholic King Charles
+the Second. He said his intention was, that all parties in the present
+war should find their reasonable satisfaction in the intended treaty of
+peace; and that trade should be settled and maintained for the future,
+to the advantage of those nations which formerly possessed it.
+
+"That as the King will exactly observe the conditions of peace, whenever
+it shall be concluded, and as the object he proposeth to himself, is to
+secure the frontiers of his own kingdom, without giving any sort of
+disturbance to his neighbours, he promiseth to agree, that by the future
+treaty of peace, the Dutch shall be put into possession of all such
+fortified places as shall be specified in the said treaty to serve for a
+barrier to that republic, against all attempts on the side of France. He
+engages likewise to give all necessary securities, for removing the
+jealousies raised among the German princes of His Majesty's designs.
+
+"That when the conferences, in order to a general treaty, shall be
+formed, all the pretensions of the several princes and states engaged in
+the present war, shall be fairly and amicably discussed; nor shall any
+thing be omitted, which may regulate and determine them to the
+satisfaction of all parties.
+
+"That, pursuant to the demands made by England, His Majesty promiseth to
+restore to the Duke of Savoy these demesnes and territories, which
+belonged to that prince at the beginning of this war, and which His
+Majesty is now in possession of; and the King consents further, that
+such other places in Italy shall be yielded to the Duke of Savoy, as
+shall be found necessary, according to the sense of those treaties made
+between the said Duke and his allies.
+
+"That the King's sentiments of the present government of Great Britain,
+the open declaration he had made in Holland of his resolution to treat
+of peace, by applications to the English; the assurances he had given of
+engaging the King of Spain to leave Gibraltar in their hands (all which
+are convincing proofs of his perfect esteem for a nation still in war
+with him); leave no room to doubt of His Majesty's inclination to give
+England all securities and advantages for their trade, which they can
+reasonably demand. But as His Majesty cannot persuade himself, that a
+government, so clear-sighted as ours, will insist upon conditions which
+must absolutely destroy the trade of France and Spain, as well as that
+of all other nations of Europe, he thinks the demands made by Great
+Britain may require a more particular discussion.
+
+"That, upon this foundation, the King thought the best way of advancing
+and perfecting a negotiation, the beginning of which he had seen with so
+much satisfaction, would be to send into England a person instructed in
+his intention, and authorized by him to agree upon securities for
+settling the trade of the subjects of England; and those particular
+advantages to be stipulated in their favour, without destroying the
+trade of the French and Spaniards, or of other nations in Christendom.
+
+"That therefore His Majesty had charged the person chosen for this
+commission, to answer the other articles of the memorial given him by
+Mr. Prior, the secret of which should be exactly observed."
+
+Mons. de Torcy had, for some years past, used all his endeavours to
+incline his master towards a peace, pursuant to the maxim of his uncle
+Colbert, "That a long war was not for the interest of France." It was
+for this reason the King made choice of him in the conferences at The
+Hague; the bad success whereof, although it filled him with resentments
+against the Dutch, did not alter his opinion: but he was violently
+opposed by a party both in the court and kingdom, who pretended to fear
+he would sacrifice the glory of the prince and country by too large
+concessions; or perhaps would rather wish that the first offers should
+have been still made to the Dutch, as a people more likely to be less
+solicitous about the interest of Britain, than Her Majesty would
+certainly be for theirs: and the particular design of Mr. Prior was to
+find out, whether that minister had credit enough with his prince, and a
+support from others in power, sufficient to overrule the faction against
+peace.
+
+Mr. Prior's journey[6] could not be kept a secret, as the court here at
+first seemed to intend it. He was discovered at his return by an officer
+of the port at Dover, where he landed, after six weeks absence; upon
+which the Dutch Gazettes and English newspapers were full of
+speculations.
+
+[Footnote 6: See Swift's "A New Journey to Paris" (vol. v. of this
+edition, pp. 187-205). [W.S.J.]]
+
+At the same time with Mr. Prior there arrived from France Mons.
+Mesnager, knight of the order of St. Michael, and one of the council of
+trade to the Most Christian King. His commission was, in general,
+empowering him to treat with the minister of any prince engaged in the
+war against his master. In his first conferences with the Queen's
+ministers, he pretended orders to insist, that Her Majesty should enter
+upon particular engagements in several articles, which did not depend
+upon her, but concerned only the interest of the allies reciprocally
+with those of the Most Christian King; whereas the negotiation had begun
+upon this principle, that France should consent to adjust the interests
+of Great Britain in the first place, whereby Her Majesty would be
+afterwards enabled, by her good offices on all sides, to facilitate the
+general peace. The Queen resolved never to depart from this principle;
+but was absolutely determined to remit the particular interests of the
+allies to general conferences, where she would do the utmost in her
+power to procure the repose of Europe, and the satisfaction of all
+parties. It was plain, France could run no hazard by this proceeding,
+because the preliminary articles would have no force before a general
+peace was signed: therefore it was not doubted but Mons. Mesnager would
+have orders to waive this new pretension, and go on in treating upon
+that foot which was at first proposed. In short, the ministers required
+a positive and speedy answer to the articles in question, since they
+contained only such advantages and securities as Her Majesty thought she
+had a right to require from any prince whatsoever, to whom the dominions
+of Spain should happen to fall.
+
+The particular demands of Britain were formed into eight articles; to
+which Mons. Mesnager, having transmitted them to his court and received
+new powers from thence, had orders to give his master's consent, by way
+of answers to the several points, to be obligatory only after a general
+peace. These demands, together with the answers of the French King, were
+drawn up and signed by Mons. Mesnager, and Her Majesty's two principal
+secretaries of state; whereof I shall here present an extract to the
+reader.
+
+In the preamble the Most Christian King sets forth, "That being
+particularly informed by the last memorial which the British ministers
+delivered to Mons. Mesnager, of the dispositions of this crown to
+facilitate a general peace, to the satisfaction of the several parties
+concerned; and His Majesty finding, in effect, as the said memorial
+declares, that he runs no hazard by engaging himself in the manner there
+expressed, since the preliminary articles will be of no force, until the
+signing of the general peace; and being sincerely desirous to advance,
+to the utmost of his power, the repose of Europe, especially by a way so
+agreeable as the interposition of a Princess, whom so many ties of blood
+ought to unite to him, and whose sentiments for the public tranquillity
+cannot be doubted; His Majesty, moved by these considerations, hath
+ordered Mons. Mesnager, knight, &c. to give the following answers, in
+writing, to the articles contained in the memorial transmitted to him,
+intituled, 'Preliminary Demands for Great Britain in particular.'"
+
+The articles were these that follow.
+
+"First, The succession to the crown to be acknowledged, according to the
+present establishment.
+
+"Secondly, A new treaty of commerce between Great Britain and France to
+be made, after the most just and reasonable manner.
+
+"Thirdly, Dunkirk to be demolished.
+
+"Fourthly, Gibraltar and Port-Mahon to continue in the hands of those
+who now possess them.
+
+"Fifthly, The Assiento (or liberty of selling negroes to the Spanish
+West Indies) to be granted to the English, in as full a manner as the
+French possess it at present; and such places in the said West Indies to
+be assigned to the persons concerned in this trade, for the refreshment
+and sale of their negroes, as shall be found necessary and convenient.
+
+"Sixthly, Whatever advantages, privileges, and rights are already, or
+may hereafter be, granted by Spain to the subjects of France, or any
+other nation, shall be equally granted to the subjects of Great Britain.
+
+"Seventhly, For better protecting their trade in the Spanish West
+Indies, the English shall be put into possession of such places as shall
+be named in the treaty of peace.
+
+"Or, as an equivalent for this article, that the Assiento be granted to
+Britain for the term of thirty years.
+
+"That the isle of St. Christopher's be likewise secured to the English.
+
+"That the advantages and exemption from duties, promised by Monsieur
+Mesnager, which he affirms will amount to fifteen _per cent_. upon all
+goods of the growth and manufacture of Great Britain, be effectually
+allowed.
+
+"That whereas, on the side of the river of Plate, the English are not in
+possession of any colony, a certain extent of territory be allowed them
+on the said river, for refreshing and keeping their negroes, till they
+are sold to the Spaniards; subject, nevertheless, to the inspection of
+an officer appointed by Spain.
+
+"Eighthly, Newfoundland and the Bay and Straits of Hudson, shall be
+entirely restored to the English; and Great Britain and France shall
+respectively keep whatever dominions in North America each of them shall
+be in possession of, when the ratification of this treaty shall be
+published in those parts of the world."
+
+The six first articles were allowed without any difficulty, except that
+about Dunkirk, where France was to have an equivalent, to be settled in
+a general treaty.
+
+Difficulty arising upon the seventh article, the proposed equivalent was
+allowed instead thereof.
+
+The last article was referred to the general treaty of peace, only the
+French insisted to have the power of fishing for cod, and drying them on
+the island of Newfoundland.
+
+These articles were to be looked upon as conditions, which the Most
+Christian King consented to allow; and whenever a general peace should
+be signed, they were to be digested into the usual form of a treaty, to
+the satisfaction of both crowns.
+
+The Queen having thus provided for the security and advantage of her
+kingdoms, whenever a peace should be made, and upon terms no way
+interfering with the interest of her allies; the next thing in order,
+was to procure from France such preliminary articles, as might be a
+ground upon which to commence a general treaty. These were adjusted, and
+signed the same day with the former; and having been delivered to the
+several ministers residing here from the powers in alliance with
+England, were quickly made public. But the various constructions and
+censures which passed upon them, have made it necessary to give the
+reader the following transcript:
+
+"The King being willing to contribute all that is in his power, to the
+re-establishing of the general peace. His Majesty declares,
+
+"I. That he will acknowledge the Queen of Great Britain in that quality,
+as also the succession of that crown, according to the settlement,
+
+"II. That he will freely, and _bonâ fide_, consent to the taking all
+just and reasonable measures, for hindering that the crowns of France
+and Spain may ever be united on the head of the same prince; His Majesty
+being persuaded, that this excess of power would be contrary to the good
+and quiet of Europe.
+
+"III. The King's intention is, that all the parties engaged in the
+present war, without excepting any of them, may find their reasonable
+satisfaction in the treaty of peace, which shall be made: That commerce
+may be re-established and maintained for the future, to the advantage of
+Great Britain, of Holland, and of the other nations, who have been
+accustomed to exercise commerce.
+
+"IV. As the King will likewise maintain exactly the observance of the
+peace, when it shall be concluded, and the object, the King proposes to
+himself, being to secure the frontiers of his kingdom, without
+disturbing in any manner whatever the neighbouring states, he promises
+to agree, by the treaty which shall be made, that the Dutch shall be put
+in possession of the fortified places, which shall be mentioned, in the
+Netherlands, to serve hereafter for a barrier; which may secure the
+quiet of the republic of Holland against any enterprise from the part of
+France.
+
+"V. The King consents likewise, that a secure and convenient barrier
+should be formed for the empire, and for the house of Austria.
+
+"VI. Notwithstanding Dunkirk cost the King very great sums, as well to
+purchase it, as to fortify it; and that it is further necessary to be at
+very considerable expense for razing the works. His Majesty is willing
+however to engage to cause them to be demolished, immediately after the
+conclusion of the peace, on condition, that, for the fortifications of
+that place, a proper equivalent, that may content him, be given him:
+And, as England cannot furnish that equivalent, the discussion of it
+shall be referred to the conferences to be held for the negotiation of
+the peace.
+
+"VII. When the conferences for the negotiation of the peace shall be
+formed, all the pretensions of the princes and states, engaged in the
+present war, shall be therein discussed _bonâ fide_, and amicably: And
+nothing shall be omitted to regulate and terminate them, to the
+satisfaction of all the parties.
+
+"MESNAGER."
+
+These overtures are founded upon the eighth article of the Grand
+Alliance, made in one thousand seven hundred and one; wherein are
+contained the conditions, without which a peace is not to be made; and
+whoever compares both, will find the preliminaries to reach every point
+proposed in that article, which those who censured them at home, if they
+spoke their thoughts, did not understand: for nothing can be plainer,
+than what the public hath often been told, that the recovery of Spain
+from the house of Bourbon was a thing never imagined, when the war
+began, but a just and reasonable satisfaction to the Emperor. Much less
+ought such a condition to be held necessary at present, not only because
+it is allowed on all hands to be impracticable, but likewise because, by
+the changes in the Austrian and Bourbon families, it would not be safe:
+neither did those, who were loudest in blaming the French preliminaries,
+know any thing of the advantages privately stipulated for Britain, whose
+interests, they assured us, were all made a sacrifice to the corruption
+or folly of the managers; and therefore, because the opposers of peace
+have been better informed by what they have since heard and seen, they
+have changed their battery, and accused the ministers for betraying the
+Dutch.
+
+The Lord Raby, Her Majesty's ambassador at The Hague, having made a
+short journey to England, where he was created Earl of Strafford, went
+back to Holland about the beginning of October, one thousand seven
+hundred and eleven, with the above preliminaries, in order to
+communicate them to the Pensionary, and other ministers of the States.
+The Earl was instructed to let them know, "That the Queen had, according
+to their desire, returned an answer to the first propositions signed by
+Mons. Torcy, signifying, that the French offers were thought, both by
+Her Majesty and the States, neither so particular nor so full as they
+ought to be; and insisting to have a distinct project formed, of such a
+peace as the Most Christian King would be willing to conclude: that this
+affair having been for some time transacted by papers, and thereby
+subject to delays, Mons. Mesnager was at length sent over by France, and
+had signed those preliminaries now communicated to them: that the
+several articles did not, indeed, contain such particular concessions as
+France must and will make in the course of a treaty; but that, however,
+Her Majesty thought them a sufficient foundation whereon to open the
+general conferences.
+
+"That Her Majesty was unwilling to be charged with determining the
+several interests of her allies, and therefore contented herself with
+such general offers as might include all the particular demands, proper
+to be made during the treaty; where the confederates must resolve to
+adhere firmly together, in order to obtain from the enemy the utmost
+that could be hoped for, in the present circumstances of affairs; which
+rule, Her Majesty assured the States, she would, on her part, firmly
+observe."
+
+If the ministers of Holland should express any uneasiness, that Her
+Majesty may have settled the interests of her own kingdoms, in a future
+peace, by any private agreement, the ambassador was ordered to say,
+"That the Queen had hitherto refused to have the treaty carried on in
+her own kingdom, and would continue to do so, unless they (the Dutch)
+constrained her to take another measure: That by these means the States,
+and the rest of the allies, would have the opportunity of treating and
+adjusting their different pretensions; which Her Majesty would promote
+with all the zeal she had shewn for the common good, and the particular
+advantage of that republic (as they must do her the justice to confess),
+in the whole course of her reign: That the Queen had made no stipulation
+for herself, which might clash with the interests of Holland; and that
+the articles to be inserted in a future treaty, for the benefit of
+Britain, were, for the most part, such as contained advantages, which
+must either be continued to the enemy, or be obtained by Her Majesty;
+but, however, that no concession should tempt her to hearken to a peace,
+unless her good friends and allies the States General had all reasonable
+satisfaction, as to their trade and barrier, as well as in all other
+respects."
+
+After these assurances given in the Queen's name, the Earl was to
+insinuate, "That Her Majesty should have just reason to be offended, and
+to think the proceeding between her and the States very unequal, if they
+should pretend to have any further uneasiness upon this head: That being
+determined to accept no advantages to herself, repugnant to their
+interests, nor any peace, without their reasonable satisfaction, the
+figure she had made during the whole course of the war, and the part she
+had acted, superior to any of the allies, who were more concerned in
+danger and interest, might justly entitle her to settle the concerns of
+Great Britain, before she would consent to a general negotiation."
+
+If the States should object the engagements the Queen was under, by
+treaties, of making no peace but in concert with them, or the particular
+obligations of the Barrier Treaty, the ambassador was to answer, "That,
+as to the former, Her Majesty had not in any sort acted contrary
+thereto; That she was so far from making a peace without their consent,
+as to declare her firm resolution not to make it without their
+satisfaction; and that what had passed between France and her, amounted
+to no more than an introduction to a general treaty." As to the latter,
+the Earl had orders to represent very earnestly, "How much it was even
+for the interest of Holland itself, rather to compound the advantage of
+the Barrier Treaty, than to insist upon the whole, which the house of
+Austria, and several other allies, would never consent to: That nothing
+could be more odious to the people of England than many parts of this
+treaty; which would have raised universal indignation, if the utmost
+care had not been taken to quiet the minds of those who were acquainted
+with the terms of that guaranty, and to conceal them from those who were
+not: That it was absolutely necessary to maintain a good harmony between
+both nations, without which it would be impossible at any time to form a
+strength for reducing an exorbitant power, or preserving the balance of
+Europe: from whence it followed, that it could not be the true interest
+of either country to insist upon any conditions, which might give just
+apprehension to the other.
+
+"That France had proposed Utrecht, Nimeguen, Aix, or Liège, wherein to
+hold the general treaty; and Her Majesty was ready to send her
+plenipotentiaries, to whichever of those towns the States should
+approve."
+
+If the imperial ministers, or those of the other allies, should object
+against the preliminaries as no sufficient ground for opening the
+conferences, and insist that France should consent to such articles as
+were signed on the part of the allies in the year one thousand seven
+hundred and nine, the Earl of Strafford was in answer directed to
+insinuate, "That the French might have probably been brought to explain
+themselves more particularly, had they not perceived the uneasiness,
+impatience, and jealousy among the allies, during our transactions with
+that court." However, he should declare to them, in the Queen's name,
+"That if they were determined to accept of peace upon no terms inferior
+to what was formerly demanded, Her Majesty was ready to concur with
+them; but would no longer bear those disproportions of expense, yearly
+increased upon her, nor the deficiency of the confederates in every part
+of the war: That it was therefore incumbent upon them to furnish, for
+the future, such quotas of ships and forces as they were now wanting in,
+and to increase their expense, while Her Majesty reduced hers to a
+reasonable and just proportion."
+
+That if the ministers of Vienna and Holland should urge their inability
+upon this head, the Queen insisted, "They ought to comply with her in
+war or in peace; Her Majesty desiring nothing, as to the first, but what
+they ought to perform, and what is absolutely necessary: and as to the
+latter, that she had done, and would continue to do, the utmost in her
+power towards obtaining such a peace as might be to the satisfaction of
+all her allies."
+
+Some days after the Earl of Stafford's departure to Holland, Mons. Buys,
+pensionary of Amsterdam, arrived here from thence with instructions from
+his masters, to treat upon the subject of the French preliminaries, and
+the methods for carrying on the war. In his first conference with a
+committee of council, he objected against all the articles, as too
+general and uncertain; and against some of them, as prejudicial. He
+said, "The French promising that trade should be re-established and
+maintained for the future, was meant in order to deprive the Dutch of
+their tariff of one thousand six hundred and sixty-four; for the
+plenipotentiaries of that crown would certainly expound the word
+_rétablir_, to signify no more than restoring the trade of the States to
+the condition it was in immediately before the commencement of the
+present war." He said, "That in the article of Dunkirk, the destruction
+of the harbour was not mentioned; and that the fortifications were only
+to be razed upon condition of an equivalent, which might occasion a
+difference between Her Majesty and the States, since Holland would think
+it hard to have a town less in their barrier for the demolition of
+Dunkirk; and England would complain to have this thorn continue in their
+side, for the sake of giving one town more to the Dutch."
+
+Lastly, he objected, "That where the French promised effectual methods
+should be taken to prevent the union of France and Spain under the same
+king, they offered nothing at all for the cession of Spain, which was
+the most important point of the war.
+
+"For these reasons, Mons. Buys hoped Her Majesty would alter her
+measures, and demand specific articles, upon which the allies might
+debate whether they would consent to a negotiation or no."
+
+The Queen, who looked upon all these difficulties, raised about the
+method of treating, as endeavours to wrest the negotiation out of her
+hands, commanded the lords of the committee to let Mons. Buys know,
+"That the experience she formerly had of proceeding by particular
+preliminaries towards a general treaty, gave her no encouragement to
+repeat the same method any more: That such a preliminary treaty must be
+negotiated either by some particular allies, or by all. The first, Her
+Majesty could never suffer, since she would neither take upon her to
+settle the interests of others, nor submit that others should settle
+those of her own kingdoms. As to the second, it was liable to Mons.
+Buys's objection, because the ministers of France would have as fair an
+opportunity of sowing division among the allies, when they were all
+assembled upon a preliminary treaty, as when the conferences were open
+for a negotiation of peace: That this method could therefore have no
+other effect than to delay the treaty, without any advantage: That Her
+Majesty was heartily disposed, both then and during the negotiation, to
+insist on every thing necessary for securing the barrier and commerce of
+the States; and therefore hoped the conferences might be opened, without
+farther difficulties.
+
+"That Her Majesty did not only consent, but desire to have a plan
+settled for carrying on the war, as soon as the negotiation of peace
+should begin; but expected to have the burthen more equally laid, and
+more agreeable to treaties; and would join with the States in pressing
+the allies to perform their parts, as she had endeavoured to animate
+them by her example."
+
+Mons. Buys seemed to know little of his masters' mind, and pretended he
+had no power to conclude upon any thing.[1] Her Majesty's minister
+proposed to him an alliance between the two nations, to subsist after a
+peace. To this he hearkened very readily, and offered to take the matter
+_ad referendum_, having authority to do no more. His intention was, that
+he might appear to negotiate, in order to gain time to pick out, if
+possible, the whole secret of the transactions between Britain and
+France; to disclose nothing himself, nor bind his masters to any
+conditions; to seek delays till the Parliament met, and then observe
+what turn it took, and what would be the issue of those frequent cabals
+between himself and some other foreign ministers, in conjunction with
+the chief leaders of the discontented faction.
+
+[Footnote 1: Buys's mission seemed to have been to act on behalf of the
+States General for the purpose of preventing England obtaining any
+commercial advantage which the States did not share, and for causing
+delays. He certainly had no powers to treat definitely, and Swift's
+remark is emphasized by the statement in the Bolingbroke Correspondence
+(vol. ii. p. 25) about him, he could "only speak as Monsieur Buys."
+[T.S.]]
+
+The Dutch hoped, that the clamours raised against the proceedings of the
+Queen's ministers towards a peace, would make the Parliament disapprove
+what had been done; whereby the States would be at the head of the
+negotiation, which the Queen did not think fit to have any more in their
+hands, where it had miscarried twice already; although Prince Eugene
+himself owned, "that France was then disposed to conclude a peace upon
+such conditions, as it was not worth the life of a grenadier to refuse
+them." As to insisting upon specific preliminaries, Her Majesty thought
+her own method much better, for each ally, in the course of the
+negotiation, to advance and manage his own pretensions, wherein she
+would support and assist them, rather than for two ministers of one ally
+to treat solely with the enemy, and report what they pleased to the
+rest, as was practised by the Dutch at Gertruydenberg.
+
+One part of Mons. Buys's instructions was to desire the Queen not to be
+so far amused by a treaty of peace, as to neglect her preparation for
+war against the next campaign. Her Majesty, who was firmly resolved
+against submitting any longer to that unequal burthen of expense she had
+hitherto lain under, commanded Mr. Secretary St. John to debate the
+matter with that minister, who said he had no power to treat; only
+insisted, that his masters had fully done their part, and that nothing
+but exhortations could be used to prevail on the other allies to act
+with greater vigour.
+
+On the other side, the Queen refused to concert any plan for the
+prosecution of the war, till the States would join with her in agreeing
+to open the conferences of peace; which therefore, by Mons. Buys's
+application to them, was accordingly done, by a resolution taken in
+Holland upon the twenty first of November, one thousand seven hundred
+and eleven, NS.
+
+About this time the Count de Gallas[7] was forbid the court, by order
+from the Queen, who sent him word, that she looked upon him no longer as
+a public minister.
+
+[Footnote 7: The Austrian ambassador [T.S.]]
+
+This gentleman thought fit to act a very dishonourable part here in
+England, altogether inconsistent with the character he bore of envoy
+from the late and present emperors, two princes under the strictest ties
+of gratitude to the Queen, especially the latter, who had then the title
+of King of Spain. Count Gallas, about the end of August, one thousand
+seven hundred and eleven, with the utmost privacy, dispatched an
+Italian, one of his clerks, to Frankfort, where the Earl of Peterborough
+was then expected. This man was instructed to pass for a Spaniard, and
+insinuate himself into the Earl's service, which he accordingly did, and
+gave constant information to the last emperor's secretary at Frankfort
+of all he could gather up in his lordship's family, as well as copies of
+several letters he had transcribed. It was likewise discovered that
+Gallas had, in his dispatches to the present emperor, then in Spain,
+represented the Queen and her ministers as not to be confided in, that
+when Her Majesty had dismissed the Earl of Sunderland, she promised to
+proceed no farther in the change of her servants, yet soon after turned
+them all out, and thereby ruined the public credit, as well as abandoned
+Spain, that the present ministers wanted the abilities and good
+dispositions of the former, were persons of ill designs, and enemies to
+the common cause, and he (Gallas) could not trust them. In his letters
+to Count Zinzendorf[8] he said, "That Mr. Secretary St John complained
+of the house of Austria's backwardness, only to make the King of Spain
+odious to England, and the people here desirous of a peace, although it
+were ever so bad one," to prevent which, Count Gallas drew up a memorial
+which he intended to give the Queen, and transmitted a draught of it to
+Zinzendorf for his advice and approbation. This memorial, among other
+great promises to encourage the continuance of the war, proposed the
+detaching a good body of troops from Hungary to serve in Italy or Spain,
+as the Queen should think fit.
+
+[Footnote 8: The Austrian envoy at The Hague, characterized by Mr Walter
+Sichel as "a martyr to etiquette, and devoured by zeal for the Holy
+Roman Empire" ("Bolingbroke and his Times," p 392)  [T.S.]]
+
+Zinzendorf thought this too bold a step, without consulting the Emperor:
+to which Gallas replied, that his design was only to engage the Queen to
+go on with the war; that Zinzendorf knew how earnestly the English and
+Dutch had pressed to have these troops from Hungary, and therefore they
+ought to be promised, in order to quiet those two nations, after which
+several ways might be found to elude that promise; and, in the mean
+time, the great point would be gained of bringing the English to declare
+for continuing the war: that the Emperor might afterwards excuse
+himself, by the apprehension of a war in Hungary, or of that between the
+Turks and Muscovites: that if these excuses should be at an end, a
+detachment of one or two regiments might be sent, and the rest deferred,
+by pretending want of money; by which the Queen would probably be
+brought to maintain some part of those troops, and perhaps the whole
+body. He added, that this way of management was very common among the
+allies; and gave for an example, the forces which the Dutch had promised
+for the service of Spain, but were never sent; with several other
+instances of the same kind, which he said might be produced.
+
+Her Majesty, who had long suspected that Count Gallas was engaged in
+these and the like practices, having at last received authentic proofs
+of this whole intrigue, from original letters, and the voluntary
+confession of those who were principally concerned in carrying it on,
+thought it necessary to show her resentment, by refusing the count any
+more access to her person or her court.
+
+Although the Queen, as it hath been already observed, was resolved to
+open the conferences upon the general preliminaries, yet she thought it
+would very much forward the peace to know what were the utmost
+concessions which France would make to the several allies, but
+especially to the States General and the Duke of Savoy: therefore, while
+Her Majesty was pressing the former to agree to a general treaty, the
+Abbé Gaultier was sent to France with a memorial, to desire that the
+Most Christian King would explain himself upon those preliminaries,
+particularly with relation to Savoy and Holland, whose satisfaction the
+Queen had most at heart, as well from her friendship to both these
+powers, as because, if she might engage to them that their just
+pretensions would be allowed, few difficulties would remain, of any
+moment, to retard the general peace.
+
+The French answer to this memorial contained several schemes and
+proposals for the satisfaction of each ally, coming up very near to what
+Her Majesty and her ministers thought reasonable. The greatest
+difficulties seemed to be about the Elector of Bavaria, for whose
+interests France appeared to be as much concerned, as the Queen was for
+those of the Duke of Savoy: however, those were judged not very hard to
+be surmounted.
+
+The States having at length agreed to a general treaty, the following
+particulars were concerted between Her Majesty and that republic:
+
+"That the congress should be held at Utrecht.
+
+"That the opening of the congress should be upon the twelfth of January,
+N.S. one thousand seven hundred and eleven-twelve.
+
+"That, for avoiding all inconveniences of ceremony, the ministers of the
+Queen and States, during the treaty, should only have the characters of
+plenipotentiaries, and not take that of ambassadors, till the day on
+which the peace should be signed.
+
+"Lastly, The Queen and States insisted, that the ministers of the Duke
+of Anjou, and the late Electors of Bavaria and Cologne, should not
+appear at the congress, until the points relating to their masters were
+adjusted; and were firmly resolved not to send their passports for the
+ministers of France, till the Most Christian King declared, that the
+absence of the forementioned ministers should not delay the progress of
+the negotiation."
+
+Pursuant to the three former articles, Her Majesty wrote circular
+letters to all the allies engaged with her in the present war: and
+France had notice, that as soon as the King declared his compliance with
+the last article, the blank passports should be filled up with the names
+of the Maréchal d'Uxelles,[9] the Abbé de Polignac, and Mons. Mesnager,
+who were appointed plenipotentiaries for that crown.
+
+[Footnote 9: In his "Letter to Sir William Windham," Bolingbroke thus
+refers to M. d'Uxelles: "The minister who had the principal direction of
+foreign affairs I lived in friendship with, and I must own to his
+honour, that he never encouraged a design which he knew that his court
+had no intention of supporting" (p. 141). This was written of the time
+when Bolingbroke was in Paris, an adherent of the Pretender. [T.S.]]
+
+From what I have hitherto deduced, the reader sees the plan which the
+Queen thought the most effectual for advancing a peace. As the
+conferences were to begin upon the general preliminaries, the Queen was
+to be empowered by France to offer separately to the allies what might
+be reasonable for each to accept; and her own interests being previously
+settled, she was to act as a general mediator: a figure that became her
+best, from the part she had in the war, and more useful to the great end
+at which she aimed, of giving a safe and honourable peace to Europe.
+
+Besides, it was absolutely necessary, for the interests of Britain, that
+the Queen should be at the head of the negotiation, without which Her
+Majesty could find no expedient to redress the injuries her kingdoms
+were sure to suffer by the Barrier Treaty. In order to settle this point
+with the States, the ministers here had a conference with Mons. Buys, a
+few days before the Parliament met. He was told, how necessary it was,
+by previous concert between the Emperor, the Queen, and the States, to
+prevent any difference which might arise in the course of the treaty at
+Utrecht: That, under pretence of a barrier for the States General, as
+their security against France, infinite prejudice might arise to the
+trade of Britain in the Spanish Netherlands; for, by the fifteenth
+article of the Barrier Treaty, in consequence of what was stipulated by
+that of Minister, the Queen was brought to engage that commerce shall
+not be rendered more easy, in point of duties, by the sea-ports of
+Flanders, than it is by the river Scheldt, and by the canals on the side
+of the Seven Provinces, which, as things now stood, was very unjust;
+for, while the towns in Flanders were in the hands of France or Spain,
+the Dutch and we traded to them upon equal foot; but now, since by the
+Barrier Treaty those towns were to be possessed by the States, that
+republic might lay what duties they pleased upon British goods, after
+passing by Ostend, and make their own custom-free, which would utterly
+ruin our whole trade with Flanders.
+
+Upon this, the lords told Mons. Buys very frankly, "That if the States
+expected the Queen should support their barrier, as well as their
+demands from France and the house of Austria upon that head, they ought
+to agree, that the subjects of Britain should trade as freely to all the
+countries and places, which, by virtue of any former or future treaty,
+were to become the barrier of the States, as they did in the time of the
+late King Charles the Second of Spain; or as the subjects of the States
+General themselves shall do: and that it was hoped, their High
+Mightinesses would never scruple to rectify a mistake so injurious to
+that nation, without whose blood and treasure they would have had no
+barrier at all." Mons. Buys had nothing to answer against these
+objections, but said, he had already wrote to his masters for further
+instructions.
+
+Greater difficulties occurred about settling what should be the barrier
+to the States after a peace: the envoy insisting to have all the towns
+that were named in the Treaty of Barrier and Succession; and the Queen's
+ministers excepting those towns, which, if they continued in the hands
+of the Dutch, would render the trade of Britain to Flanders precarious.
+At length it was agreed in general, that the States ought to have what
+is really essential to the security of their barrier against France; and
+that some amicable expedient should be found, for removing the fears
+both of Britain and Holland upon this point.
+
+But at the same time Mons. Buys was told, "That although the Queen would
+certainly insist to obtain all those points from France, in behalf of
+her allies the States, yet she hoped his masters were too reasonable to
+break off the treaty, rather than not obtain the very utmost of their
+demands, which could not be settled here, unless he were fully
+instructed to speak and conclude upon that subject: That Her Majesty
+thought the best way of securing the common interest, and preventing the
+division of the allies, by the artifices of France, in the course of a
+long negotiation, would be to concert between the Queen's ministers and
+those of the States, with a due regard to the other confederates, such a
+plan as might amount to a safe and honourable peace." After which the
+Abbé Polignac, who of the French plenipotentiaries was most in the
+secret of his court, might be told, "That it was in vain to amuse each
+other any longer; that on such terms the peace would be immediately
+concluded; and that the conferences must cease, if those conditions were
+not, without delay, and with expedition, granted."
+
+A treaty between Her Majesty and the States, to subsist after a peace,
+was now signed, Mons. Buys having received full powers to that purpose.
+His masters were desirous to have a private article added, _sub spe
+rati_, concerning those terms of peace; without the granting of which,
+we should stipulate not to agree with the enemy. But neither the
+character of Buys, nor the manner in which he was empowered to treat,
+would allow the Queen to enter into such an engagement. The congress
+likewise approaching, there was not time to settle a point of so great
+importance. Neither, lastly, would Her Majesty be tied down by Holland,
+without previous satisfaction upon several articles in the Barrier
+Treaty, so inconsistent with her engagements to other powers in the
+alliance, and so injurious to her own kingdoms.
+
+The lord privy seal, and the Earl of Stafford, having, about the time
+the Parliament met, been appointed Her Majesty's plenipotentiaries for
+treating a general peace, I shall here break off the account of any
+further progress made in that great affair, until I resume it in the
+last book of this History.
+
+
+*****       *****       *****       *****       *****
+
+
+
+
+THE HISTORY OF THE FOUR LAST
+
+YEARS OF THE QUEEN.
+
+BOOK III.
+
+
+The House of Commons seemed resolved, from the beginning of the session,
+to inquire strictly not only into all abuses relating to the accounts of
+the army, but likewise into the several treaties between us and our
+allies, upon what articles and conditions they were first agreed to, and
+how these had been since observed. In the first week of their sitting,
+they sent an address to the Queen, to desire that the treaty, whereby
+Her Majesty was obliged to furnish forty thousand men, to act in
+conjunction with the forces of her allies in the Low Countries, might be
+laid before the House. To which the secretary of state brought an
+answer, "That search had been made, but no footsteps could be found of
+any treaty or convention for that purpose." It was this unaccountable
+neglect in the former ministry, which first gave a pretence to the
+allies for lessening their quotas, so much to the disadvantage of Her
+Majesty, her kingdoms, and the common cause, in the course of the war.
+It had been stipulated by the Grand Alliance, between the Emperor,
+Britain, and the States, that those three powers should assist each
+other with their whole force, and that the several proportions should be
+specified in a particular convention. But if any such convention were
+made, it was never ratified; only the parties agreed, by common consent,
+to take each a certain share of the burthen upon themselves, which the
+late King William communicated to the House of Commons by his secretary
+of state; and which afterwards the other two powers, observing the
+mighty zeal in our ministry for prolonging the war, eluded as they
+pleased.
+
+The commissioners for stating the public accounts of the kingdom, had,
+in executing their office the preceding summer, discovered several
+practices relating to the affairs of the army, which they drew up in a
+report, and delivered to the House.
+
+The Commons began their examination of the report with a member of their
+own, Mr. Robert Walpole, already mentioned; who, during his being
+secretary at war, had received five hundred guineas, and taken a note
+for five hundred pounds more, on account of two contracts for forage of
+the queen's troops quartered in Scotland. He endeavoured to excuse the
+first contract; but had nothing to say about the second. The first
+appeared so plain and so scandalous to the Commons, that they voted the
+author of it guilty of a high breach of trust, and notorious corruption,
+committed him prisoner to the Tower, where he continued to the end of
+the session, and expelled him the House.[1] He was a person much
+caressed by the opposers of the Queen and ministry, having been first
+drawn into their party by his indifference to any principles, and
+afterwards kept steady by the loss of his place. His bold, forward
+countenance, altogether a stranger to that infirmity which makes men
+bashful, joined to a readiness of speaking in public, hath justly
+entitled him, among those of his faction, to be a sort of leader of the
+second form. The reader must excuse me for being so particular about
+one, who is otherwise altogether obscure.[2]
+
+[Footnote 1: See "Part Hist," vi. 1071. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Walpole was not too obscure, however, to be then the object
+of Bolingbroke's attack; and in 1726, when Bolingbroke had again
+attacked Walpole, this time in a letter, the latter replied: "Whatever
+contradictions these gentlemen may have observed in my character; there
+is one which I'll venture to assure you, you will never discover, which
+is my ever being alarmed at an opposition from one in the impotence of
+disgrace, who could never terrify me in the zenith of his prosperity."
+"An Answer to the Occasional Writer." [T.S.]]
+
+Another part of the report concerned the Duke of Marlborough, who had
+received large sums of money, by way of gratuity, from those who were
+the undertakers for providing the army with bread.[3] This the Duke
+excused, in a letter to the commissioners, from the like practice of
+other generals: but that excuse appeared to be of little weight, and the
+mischievous consequences of such a corruption were visible enough; since
+the money given by these undertakers were but bribes for connivance at
+their indirect dealings with the army. And as frauds, that begin at the
+top, are apt to spread through all the subordinate ranks of those who
+have any share in the management, and to increase as they circulate: so,
+in this case, for every thousand pounds given to the general, the
+soldiers at least suffered fourfold.
+
+[Footnote 3: See "The Examiner," Nos. 17 and 28, in vol. ix. of this
+edition. [W.S.J.]]
+
+Another article of this report, relating to the Duke, was yet of more
+importance. The greatest part of Her Majesty's forces in Flanders were
+mercenary troops, hired from several princes of Europe. It was found
+that the Queen's general subtracted two and a half _per cent_, out of
+the pay of those troops, for his own use, which amounted to a great
+annual sum. The Duke of Marlborough, in his letter already mentioned,
+endeavouring to extenuate the matter, told the commissioners, "That this
+deduction was a free gift from the foreign troops, which he had
+negotiated with them by the late King's orders, and had obtained the
+Queen's warrant for reserving and receiving it: That it was intended for
+secret service, the ten thousand pounds a year given by Parliament not
+proving sufficient, and had all been laid out that way." The
+commissioners observed, in answer, "That the warrant was kept dormant
+for nine years, as indeed no entry of it appeared in the secretary of
+state's books, and the deduction of it concealed all that time from the
+knowledge of Parliament: That, if it had been a free gift from the
+foreign troops, it would not have been stipulated by agreement, as the
+Duke's letter confessed, and as his warrant declared, which latter
+affirmed this stoppage to be intended for defraying extraordinary
+contingent expenses of the troops, and therefore should not have been
+applied to secret services." They submitted to the House, whether the
+warrant itself were legal, or duly countersigned. The commissioners
+added, "That no receipt was ever given for this deducted money, nor was
+it mentioned in any receipts from the foreign troops, which were always
+taken in full. And lastly, That the whole sum, on computation, amounted
+to near three hundred thousand pounds."
+
+The House, after a long debate, resolved, "That the taking several sums
+from the contractors for bread by the Duke of Marlborough, was
+unwarrantable and illegal; and that the two and a half _per cent_,
+deducted from the foreign troops, was public money, and ought to be
+accounted for:" which resolutions were laid before the Queen by the
+whole House, and Her Majesty promised to do her part in redressing what
+was complained of. The Duke and his friends had, about the beginning of
+the war, by their credit with the Queen, procured a warrant from Her
+Majesty for this perquisite of two and a half _per cent_. The warrant
+was directed to the Duke of Marlborough, and countersigned by Sir
+Charles Hedges, then secretary of state; by virtue of which the
+paymaster-general of the army was to pay the said deducted money to the
+general, and take a receipt in full from the foreign troops.
+
+It was observed, as very commendable and becoming the dignity of such an
+assembly, that this debate was managed with great temper, and with few
+personal reflections upon the Duke of Marlborough. They seemed only
+desirous to come at the truth, without which they could not answer the
+trust reposed in them by those whom they represented, and left the rest
+to Her Majesty's prudence. The attorney-general was ordered to commence
+an action against the Duke for the subtracted money, which would have
+amounted to a great sum, enough to ruin any private person, except
+himself. This process is still depending, although very moderately
+pursued, either by the Queen's indulgence to one whom she had formerly
+so much trusted, or perhaps to be revived or slackened, according to the
+future demeanour of the defendant.[4]
+
+[Footnote 4: Marlborough's defence of himself may be found in the
+"Parliamentary History," vol. vi., 1079. Writing to the Earl of
+Strafford, under date January 27, 1711, Bolingbroke speaking of this
+debate on Marlborough says: "What passed on Thursday in the House of
+Commons, will, I hope, show people abroad, as well as at home, that no
+merit, no grandeur, no riches can excuse, or save any one, who sets
+himself up in opposition to the Queen;" and, he might have added, to
+Mrs. Masham. It is to be questioned if Marlborough would have had to
+undergo the ordeal of this debate had it not been for the animosity
+against him on the part of this lady and her royal mistress, so deftly
+aroused by Harley. [T.S.]]
+
+Some time after, Mr. Cardonnell,[5] a Member of Parliament, and
+secretary to the general in Flanders, was expelled the House, for the
+offence of receiving yearly bribes from those who had contracted to
+furnish bread for the army; and met with no further punishment for a
+practice, voted to be unwarrantable and corrupt.
+
+These were all the censures of any moment which the Commons, under so
+great a weight of business, thought fit to make, upon the reports of
+their commissioners for inspecting the public accounts. But having
+promised, in the beginning of this History, to examine the state of the
+nation, with respect to its debts; by what negligence or corruption they
+first began, and in process of time made such a prodigious increase;
+and, lastly, what courses have been taken, under the present
+administration, to find out funds for answering so many unprovided
+incumbrances, as well as put a stop to new ones; I shall endeavour to
+satisfy the reader upon this important article.
+
+By all I have yet read of the history of our own country, it appears to
+me, that the national debts, secured upon parliamentary funds of
+interest, were things unknown in England before the last Revolution
+under the Prince of Orange. It is true, that in the grand rebellion the
+king's enemies borrowed money of particular persons, upon what they
+called the public faith; but this was only for short periods, and the
+sums no more than what they could pay at once, as they constantly did.
+Some of our kings have been very profuse in peace and war, and are
+blamed in history for their oppressions of the people by severe taxes,
+and for borrowing money which they never paid:[6] but national debts was
+a style, which, I doubt, would hardly then be understood. When the
+Prince of Orange was raised to the throne, and a general war began in
+these parts of Europe, the King and his counsellors thought it would be
+ill policy to commence his reign with heavy taxes upon the people, who
+had lived long in ease and plenty, and might be apt to think their
+deliverance too dearly bought: wherefore one of the first actions of the
+new government was to take off the tax upon chimneys, as a burthen very
+ungrateful to the commonalty. But money being wanted to support the war
+(which even the convention-parliament, that put the crown upon his head,
+were very unwilling he should engage in), the present Bishop of
+Salisbury[7] is said to have found out that expedient (which he had
+learned in Holland) of raising money upon the security of taxes, that
+were only sufficient to pay a large interest. The motives which
+prevailed on people to fall in with this project were many, and
+plausible; for supposing, as the ministers industriously gave out, that
+the war could not last above one or two campaigns at most, it might be
+carried on with very moderate taxes; and the debts accruing would, in
+process of time, be easily cleared after a peace. Then the bait of large
+interest would draw in a great number of those whose money, by the
+dangers and difficulties of trade, lay dead upon their hands; and
+whoever were lenders to the government, would, by surest principle, be
+obliged to support it. Besides, the men of estates could not be
+persuaded, without time and difficulty, to have those taxes laid on
+their lands, which custom hath since made so familiar; and it was the
+business of such as were then in power to cultivate a moneyed interest;
+because the gentry of the kingdom did not very much relish those new
+notions in government, to which the King, who had imbibed his politics
+in his own country, was thought to give too much way. Neither perhaps
+did that Prince think national incumbrances to be any evil at all, since
+the flourishing republic, where he was born, is thought to owe more than
+ever it will be able or willing to pay. And I remember, when I mentioned
+to Mons. Buys the many millions we owed, he would advance it as a maxim,
+that it was for the interest of the public to be in debt: which perhaps
+may be true in a commonwealth so crazily instituted, where the governors
+cannot have too many pledges of their subjects' fidelity, and where a
+great majority must inevitably be undone by any revolution, however
+brought about: but to prescribe the same rules to a monarchy, whose
+wealth ariseth from the rents and improvements of lands, as well as
+trade and manufactures, is the mark of a confined and cramped
+understanding.
+
+[Footnote 5: Adam Cardonnell, Esq., secretary to the Duke of
+Marlborough, shared in his disgrace. See "The Examiner," No. 28.
+[W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: P. Fitzgerald says "which they have not been able or
+willing to pay." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: Dr. Gilbert Burnet. [ORIGINAL NOTE.]]
+
+I was moved to speak thus, because I am very well satisfied, that the
+pernicious counsels of borrowing money upon public funds of interest, as
+well as some other state lessons, were taken indigested from the like
+practices among the Dutch, without allowing in the least for any
+difference in government, religion, law, custom, extent of country, or
+manners and dispositions of the people.
+
+But when this expedient of anticipations and mortgages was first put in
+practice, artful men, in office and credit, began to consider what uses
+it might be applied to; and soon found it was likely to prove the most
+fruitful seminary, not only to establish a faction they intended to set
+up for their own support, but likewise to raise vast wealth for
+themselves in particular, who were to be the managers and directors in
+it. It was manifest, that nothing could promote these two designs so
+much, as burthening the nation with debts, and giving encouragement to
+lenders: for, as to the first, it was not to be doubted, that moneyed
+men would be always firm to the party of those who advised the borrowing
+upon such good security, and with such exorbitant premiums and interest;
+and every new sum that was lent, took away as much power from the landed
+men, as it added to theirs: so that the deeper the kingdom was engaged,
+it was still the better for them. Thus a new estate and property sprung
+up in the hands of mortgagees, to whom every house and foot of land in
+England paid a rent-charge, free of all taxes and defalcations, and
+purchased at less than half value. So that the gentlemen of estates
+were, in effect, but tenants to these new landlords; many of whom were
+able, in time, to force the election of boroughs out of the hands of
+those who had been the old proprietors and inhabitants. This was arrived
+at such a height, that a very few years more of war and funds would have
+clearly cast the balance on the moneyed side.
+
+As to the second, this project of borrowing upon funds, was of mighty
+advantage to those who were in the management of it, as well as to their
+friends and dependants; for, funds proving often deficient, the
+government was obliged to strike tallies for making up the rest, which
+tallies were sometimes (to speak in the merchants' phrase) at above
+forty _per cent_, discount. At this price those who were in the secret
+bought them up, and then took care to have that deficiency supplied in
+the next session of Parliament, by which they doubled their principal in
+a few months; and, for the encouragement of lenders, every new project
+of lotteries or annuities proposed some farther advantage, either as to
+interest or premium.
+
+In the year one thousand six hundred and ninety-seven, a general
+mortgage was made of certain revenues and taxes already settled, which
+amounted to near a million a year. This mortgage was to continue till
+one thousand seven hundred and six, to be a fund for the payment of
+about five millions one hundred thousand pounds. In the first Parliament
+of the Queen, the said mortgage was continued till one thousand seven
+hundred and ten, to supply a deficiency of two millions three hundred
+thousand pounds, and interest of above a million; and in the
+intermediate years a great part of that fund was branched out into
+annuities for ninety-nine years; so that the late ministry raised all
+their money to one thousand seven hundred and ten, only by continuing
+funds which were already granted to their hands. This deceived the
+people in general, who were satisfied to continue the payments they had
+been accustomed to, and made the administration seem easy, since the war
+went on without any new taxes raised, except the very last year they
+were in power; not considering what a mighty fund was exhausted, and
+must be perpetuated, although extremely injurious to trade, and to the
+true interest of the nation.
+
+This great fund of the general mortgage was not only loaded, year after
+year, by mighty sums borrowed upon it, but with the interests due upon
+those sums; for which the treasury was forced to strike tallies, payable
+out of that fund, after all the money already borrowed upon it, there
+being no other provision of interest for three or four years: till at
+last the fund was so overloaded, that it could neither pay principal nor
+interest, and tallies were struck for both, which occasioned their great
+discount.
+
+But to avoid mistakes upon a subject, where I am not very well versed
+either in the style or matter, I will transcribe an account sent me by a
+person[8] who is thoroughly instructed in these affairs.
+
+[Footnote 8: Sir John Blunt. [ORIGINAL NOTE.] He was one of the first
+projectors of the South Sea Company, and died in January, 1733. [W.S.J.]]
+
+"In the year one thousand seven hundred and seven, the sum of eight
+hundred twenty-two thousand three hundred and eighty one pounds, fifteen
+shillings and sixpence, was raised, by continuing part of the general
+mortgage from one thousand seven hundred and ten to one thousand seven
+hundred and twelve; but with no provision of interest till August the
+first, one thousand seven hundred and ten, otherwise than by striking
+tallies for it on that fund, payable after all the other money borrowed.
+
+"In one thousand seven hundred and eight, the same funds were continued
+from one thousand seven hundred and twelve to one thousand seven hundred
+and fourteen, to raise seven hundred twenty-nine thousand sixty-seven
+pounds fifteen shillings and sixpence; but no provision for interest
+till August the first, one thousand seven hundred and twelve, otherwise
+than as before, by striking tallies for it on the same fund, payable
+after all the rest of the money borrowed. And the discount of tallies
+then beginning to rise, great part of that money remains still unraised;
+and there is nothing to pay interest for the money lent, till August the
+first, one thousand seven hundred and twelve. But the late lord
+treasurer struck tallies for the full sum directed by the act to be
+borrowed, great part of which have been delivered in payment to the navy
+and victualling offices, and some are still in the hands of the
+government.
+
+"In one thousand seven hundred and nine, part of the same fund was
+continued from August the first, one thousand seven hundred and
+fourteen, to August the first, one thousand seven hundred and sixteen,
+to raise six hundred and forty-five thousand pounds; and no provision
+for interest till August the first, one thousand seven hundred and
+fourteen (which was about five years), but by borrowing money on the
+same fund, payable after the sums before lent; so that little of that
+money was lent But the tallies were struck for what was unlent, some of
+which were given out for the payment of the navy and victualling, and
+some still remain in the hands of the government.
+
+"In one thousand seven hundred and ten, the sums which were before given
+from one thousand seven hundred and fourteen, to one thousand seven
+hundred and sixteen, were continued from thence to one thousand seven
+hundred and twenty, to raise one million two hundred and ninety-six
+thousand five hundred and fifty-two pounds nine shillings and
+elevenpence three farthings; and no immediate provision for interest
+till August the first, one thousand seven hundred and sixteen; only,
+after the duty of one shilling _per_ bushel on salt should be cleared
+from the money it was then charged with, and which was not so cleared
+till Midsummer one thousand seven hundred and twelve last, then that
+fund was to be applied to pay the interest till August the first, one
+thousand seven hundred and sixteen, which interest amounted to about
+seventy-seven thousand seven hundred and ninety-three pounds _per
+annum_: and the said salt fund produceth but about fifty-five thousand
+pounds _per annum_; so that no money was borrowed upon the general
+mortgage in one thousand seven hundred and ten, except one hundred and
+fifty thousand pounds lent by the Swiss cantons; but tallies were struck
+for the whole sum. These all remained in the late treasurer's hands at
+the time of his removal, yet the money was expended, which occasioned
+those great demands upon the commissioners of the treasury who succeeded
+him, and were forced to pawn those tallies to the bank, or to remitters,
+rather than sell them at twenty or twenty-five _per cent_. discount, as
+the price then was. About two hundred thousand pounds of them they paid
+to clothiers of the army, and others; and all the rest, being above
+ninety thousand pounds, have been subscribed into the South Sea Company
+for the use of the public."
+
+When the Earl of Godolphin was removed from his employment, he left a
+debt upon the navy of ---- millions,[9] all contracted under his
+administration,[10] which had no Parliament-security, and was daily
+increased. Neither could I ever learn, whether that lord had the
+smallest prospect of clearing this incumbrance, or whether there were
+policy, negligence, or despair at the bottom of this unaccountable
+management. But the consequences were visible and ruinous; for by this
+means navy-bills grew to be forty _per cent_. discount, and upwards; and
+almost every kind of stores, bought by the navy and victualling offices,
+cost the government double rates, and sometimes more: so that the public
+hath directly lost several millions upon this one article, without any
+sort of necessity, that I could ever hear assigned by the ablest
+vindicators of that party.
+
+[Footnote 9: "Of      millions" in original. "Of ---- millions" in 1775.
+[W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: See "The Examiner," No. 45, and note in vol. ix. of this
+edition, p. 295. [W.S.J.]]
+
+In this oppressed and entangled state was the kingdom, with relation to
+its debts, when the Queen removed the Earl of Godolphin from his office,
+and put it into commission, of which the present treasurer was one. This
+person had been chosen speaker successively to three Parliaments, was
+afterwards secretary of state, and always in great esteem with the Queen
+for his wisdom and fidelity. The late ministry, about two years before
+their fall, had prevailed with Her Majesty, much against her
+inclination, to dismiss him from her service; for which they cannot be
+justly blamed, since he had endeavoured the same thing against them, and
+very narrowly failed; which makes it the more extraordinary that he
+should succeed in a second attempt against those very adversaries, who
+had such fair warning by the first. He is firm and steady in his
+resolutions, not easily diverted from them after he hath once possessed
+himself of an opinion that they are right, nor very communicative where
+he can act by himself, being taught by experience, that a secret is
+seldom safe in more than one breast. That which occurs to other men
+after mature deliberation, offers to him as his first thoughts; so that
+he decides immediately what is best to be done, and therefore is seldom
+at a loss upon sudden exigencies. He thinks it a more easy and safe rule
+in politics to watch incidents as they come, and then turn them to the
+advantage of what he pursues, than pretend to foresee them at a great
+distance. Fear, cruelty, avarice, and pride, are wholly strangers to his
+nature; but he is not without ambition. There is one thing peculiar in
+his temper, which I altogether disapprove, and do not remember to have
+heard or met with in any other man's character: I mean, an easiness and
+indifference under any imputation, although he be never so innocent, and
+although the strongest probabilities and appearance are against him; so
+that I have known him often suspected by his nearest friends, for some
+months, in points of the highest importance, to a degree, that they were
+ready to break with him, and only undeceived by time and accident. His
+detractors, who charge him with cunning, are but ill acquainted with his
+character; for, in the sense they take the word, and as it is usually
+understood, I know no man to whom that mean talent could be with less
+justice applied, as the conduct of affairs, while he hath been at the
+helm, doth clearly demonstrate, very contrary to the nature and
+principles of cunning, which is always employed in serving little turns,
+proposing little ends, and supplying daily exigencies by little shifts
+and expedients. But to rescue a prince out of the hands of insolent
+subjects, bent upon such designs as must probably end in the ruin of the
+government; to find out means for paying such exorbitant debts as this
+nation hath been involved in, and reduce it to a better management; to
+make a potent enemy offer advantageous terms of peace, and deliver up
+the most important fortress of his kingdom, as a security;[11] and this
+against all the opposition, mutually raised and inflamed by parties and
+allies; such performances can only be called cunning by those whose want
+of understanding, or of candour, puts them upon finding ill names for
+great qualities of the mind, which themselves do neither possess, nor
+can form any just conception of. However, it must be allowed, that an
+obstinate love of secrecy in this minister seems, at distance, to have
+some resemblance of cunning; for he is not only very retentive of
+secrets, but appears to be so too, which I number amongst his defects.
+He hath been blamed by his friends for refusing to discover his
+intentions, even in those points where the wisest man may have need of
+advice and assistance, and some have censured him, upon that account, as
+if he were jealous of power but he hath been heard to answer, "That he
+seldom did otherwise, without cause to repent"
+
+[Footnote 11: This is surely a piece of Swift's partiality for Oxford;
+since it practically deprives Bolingbroke of whatever credit was his for
+the Peace of Utrecht, and that was not a little; certainly more than may
+be given to Oxford. [T.S.]]
+
+However, so undistinguished a caution cannot, in my opinion, be
+justified, by which the owner loseth many advantages, and whereof all
+men, who deserved to be confided in, may with some reason complain. His
+love of procrastination (wherein doubtless nature hath her share) may
+probably be increased by the same means, but this is an imputation laid
+upon many other great ministers, who, like men under too heavy a load,
+let fall that which is of the least consequence, and go back to fetch it
+when their shoulders are free, for time is often gained, as well as
+lost, by delay, which at worst is a fault on the securer side.[12]
+Neither probably is this minister answerable for half the clamour raised
+against him upon that article: his endeavours are wholly turned upon the
+general welfare of his country, but perhaps with too little regard to
+that of particular persons, which renders him less amiable, than he
+would otherwise have been from the goodness of his humour, and agreeable
+conversation in a private capacity, and with few dependers. Yet some
+allowance may perhaps be given to this failing, which is one of the
+greatest he hath, since he cannot be more careless of other men's
+fortunes than he is of his own. He is master of a very great and
+faithful memory, which is of mighty use in the management of public
+affairs; and I believe there are few examples to be produced in any age,
+of a person who hath passed through so many employments in the state,
+endowed with a great share, both of divine and human learning.
+
+[Footnote 12: Unfortunately, procrastination too often ended for Harley
+in very unpleasant results, and it is not too much to say, this failing
+was the indirect cause of his downfall. Swift's character of Oxford, as
+given in this "History," should be compared with that given of him in
+"An Enquiry into the Behaviour of the Queen's Last Ministry" (vol v, pp
+431-434, of present edition). Dr William King, to whom Swift had written
+in 1736, for certain dates and official extracts to be included in this
+"History," wrote to Swift (December 7th, 1736), referring to this very
+matter of Oxford's character. As the letter applies to some other
+portions of this "History," it will be better if it be given here.
+
+"London, December 7th, 1736
+
+SIR,
+
+I arrived here yesterday [King had been on a visit to Paris], and I am
+now ready to obey your commands. I hope you are come to a positive
+resolution concerning the History. You need not hesitate about the
+dates, or the references which are to be made to any public papers, for
+I can supply them without the least trouble. As well as I remember,
+there is but one of those public pieces which you determined should be
+inserted at length; I mean Sir Thomas Hanmer's Representation; this I
+have now by me. If you incline to publish the two tracts as an Appendix
+to the History, you will be pleased to see if the character given of the
+Earl of Oxford in the pamphlet of 1715 agrees with the character given
+of the same person in the History. Perhaps on a review, you may think
+proper to leave one of them quite out. You have (I think) barely
+mentioned the attempt of Guiscard, and the quarrel between Rechteren and
+Mesnager. But as these are facts which are probably now forgot or
+unknown, it would not be amiss if they were related at large in the
+notes, which may be done from the Gazettes, or any other newspapers of
+those times," etc. See Sir W. Scott's edit, vol xix, pp 20-21 [T.S.]]
+
+I am persuaded that foreigners, as well as those at home, who live too
+remote from the scene of business to be rightly informed, will not be
+displeased with this account of a person, who in the space of two years,
+hath been so highly instrumental in changing the face of affairs in
+Europe, and hath deserved so well of his own Prince and country.[13]
+
+[Footnote 13: See also Swift's "Enquiry" (vol. v., pp. 425-476).
+[W.S.J.]]
+
+In that perplexed condition of the public debts, which I have already
+described, this minister was brought into the treasury and exchequer,
+and had the chief direction of affairs. His first regulation was that of
+exchequer bills, which, to the great discouragement of public credit,
+and scandal to the crown, were three _per cent._ less in value than the
+sums specified in them. The present treasurer, being then chancellor of
+the exchequer, procured an Act of Parliament, by which the Bank of
+England should be obliged, in consideration of forty-five thousand
+pounds, to accept and circulate those bills without any discount. He
+then proceeded to stop the depredations of those who dealt in
+remittances of money to the army, who, by unheard of exactions in that
+kind of traffic, had amassed prodigious wealth at the public cost, to
+which the Earl of Godolphin had given too much way,[14] _possibly by
+neglect; for I think he cannot be accused of corruption_.
+
+[Footnote 14: Added in the author's own handwriting. [ORIGINAL NOTE.] P.
+Fitzgerald gives the addition as "either through ignorance, connivance,
+or neglect." [W.S.J.]]
+
+But the new treasurer's chief concern was to restore the credit of the
+nation, by finding some settlement for unprovided debts, amounting in
+the whole to ten millions, which hung on the public as a load equally
+heavy and disgraceful, without any prospect of being removed, and which
+former ministers never had the care or courage to inspect. He resolved
+to go at once to the bottom of this evil; and having computed and summed
+up the debt of the navy, and victualling, ordnance, and transport of the
+army, and transport debentures made out for the service of the last war,
+of the general mortgage tallies for the year one thousand seven hundred
+and ten, and some other deficiencies, he then found out a fund of
+interest sufficient to answer all this, which, being applied to other
+uses, could not raise present money for the war, but in a very few years
+would clear the debt it was engaged for. The intermediate accruing
+interest was to be paid by the treasurer of the navy; and, as a farther
+advantage to the creditors, they should be erected into a company for
+trading to the South Seas, and for encouragement of fishery. When all
+this was fully prepared and digested, he made a motion in the House of
+Commons (who deferred extremely to his judgment and abilities) for
+paying the debts of the navy, and other unprovided deficiencies, without
+entering into particulars, which was immediately voted. But a sudden
+stop was put to this affair by an unforeseen accident. The chancellor of
+the exchequer (which was then his title) being stabbed with a penknife,
+the following day, at the Cockpit, in the midst of a dozen lords of the
+council, by the Sieur de Guiscard, a French papist; the circumstances of
+which fact being not within the compass of this History, I shall only
+observe, that after two months' confinement, and frequent danger of his
+life, he returned to his seat in Parliament.[15]
+
+[Footnote 15: See the particular account in "The Examiner." [ORIGINAL
+NOTE.] The reference is to Nos. 33, 41, and 42 of that paper (see vol.
+ix, of this edition). [W.S.J.]]
+
+The overtures made by this minister, of paying so vast a debt, under the
+pressures of a long war, and the difficulty of finding supplies for
+continuing it, was, during the time of his illness, ridiculed by his
+enemies as an impracticable and visionary project: and when, upon his
+return to the House, he had explained his proposal, the very proprietors
+of the debt were, many of them, prevailed on to oppose it; although the
+obtaining this trade, either through Old Spain, or directly to the
+Spanish West Indies, had been one principal end we aimed at by this war.
+However, the bill passed; and, as an immediate consequence, the naval
+bills rose to about twenty _per cent_., nor ever fell within ten of
+their discount. Another good effect of this work appeared by the
+parliamentary lotteries, which have been since erected. The last of that
+kind, under the former ministry, was eleven weeks in filling; whereas
+the first, under the present, was filled in a very few hours, although
+it cost the government less; and the others, which followed, were full
+before the Acts concerning them could pass. And to prevent incumbrances
+of this kind from growing for the future, he took care, by the utmost
+parsimony, or by suspending payments, where they seemed less to press,
+that all stores for the navy should be bought with ready money; by which
+_cent. per cent._ hath been saved in that mighty article of our expense,
+as will appear from an account taken at the victualling office on the
+9th of August, one thousand seven hundred and twelve. And the payment of
+the interest was less a burthen upon the navy, by the stores being
+bought at so cheap a rate.
+
+It might look invidious to enter into farther particulars upon this
+head, but of smaller moment. What I have above related, may serve to
+shew in how ill a condition the kingdom stood, with relation to its
+debts, by the corruption as well as negligence of former management; and
+what prudent, effectual measures have since been taken to provide for
+old incumbrances, and hinder the running into new. This may be
+sufficient for the information of the reader, perhaps already tired with
+a subject so little entertaining as that of accounts: I shall therefore
+now return to relate some of the principal matters that passed in
+Parliament, during this session.
+
+Upon the eighteenth of January the House of Lords sent down a bill to
+the Commons, for fixing the precedence of the Hanover family, which
+probably had been forgot in the Acts for settling the succession of the
+crown. That of Henry VIII. which gives the rank to princes of the blood,
+carries it no farther than to nephews, nieces, and grandchildren of the
+crown, by virtue of which the Princess Sophia is a princess of the
+blood, as niece to King Charles I of England, and precedes accordingly,
+but this privilege doth not descend to her son the Elector, or the
+electoral prince. To supply which defect, and pay a compliment to the
+presumptive heirs of the crown, this bill, as appeareth by the preamble,
+was recommended by Her Majesty to the House of Lords, which the Commons,
+to shew their zeal for every thing that might be thought to concern the
+interest or honour of that illustrious family, ordered to be read thrice,
+passed _nemine contradicente_ and returned to the Lords, without any
+amendment, on the very day it was sent down.
+
+But the House seemed to have nothing more at heart than a strict inquiry
+into the state of the nation, with respect to foreign alliances. Some
+discourses had been published in print, about the beginning of the
+session, boldly complaining of certain articles in the Barrier Treaty,
+concluded about three years since by the Lord Viscount Townshend,
+between Great Britain and the States General, and shewing, in many
+particulars, the unequal conduct of these powers in our alliance, in
+furnishing their quotas and supplies. It was asserted by the same
+writers, "That these hardships, put upon England, had been countenanced
+and encouraged by a party here at home, in order to preserve their
+power, which could be no otherwise maintained than by continuing the
+war, as well as by Her Majesty's general abroad, upon account of his own
+peculiar interest and grandeur." These loud accusations spreading
+themselves throughout the kingdom, delivered in facts directly charged,
+and thought, whether true or not, to be but weakly confuted, had
+sufficiently prepared the minds of the people, and, by putting arguments
+into every body's mouth, had filled the town and country with
+controversies, both in writing and discourse. The point appeared to be
+of great consequence, whether the war continued or not for, in the
+former case, it was necessary that the allies should be brought to a
+more equal regulation, and that the States in particular, for whom Her
+Majesty had done such great things, should explain and correct those
+articles in the Barrier Treaty which were prejudicial to Britain, and,
+in either case, it was fit the people should have at least the
+satisfaction of knowing by whose counsels, and for what designs, they
+had been so hardly treated.
+
+In order to this great inquiry, the Barrier Treaty, with all other
+treaties and agreements entered into between Her Majesty and her allies,
+during the present war, for the raising and augmenting the proportions
+for the service thereof, were, by the Queen's directions, laid before
+the House.
+
+Several resolutions were drawn up, and reported at different times, upon
+the deficiencies of the allies in furnishing their quotas, upon certain
+articles in the Barrier Treaty, and upon the state of the war; by all
+which it appeared, that whatever had been charged by public discourses
+in print against the late ministry, and the conduct of the allies, was
+much less than the truth. Upon these resolutions (by one of which the
+Lord Viscount Townshend, who negotiated and signed the Barrier Treaty,
+was declared an enemy to the Queen and kingdom), and upon some farther
+directions to the committee, a Representation was formed; and soon after
+the Commons in a body presented it to the Queen, the endeavours of the
+adverse party not prevailing to have it re-committed.
+
+This Representation (supposed to be the work of Sir Thomas Hanmer's[16]
+pen) is written with much energy and spirit, and will be a very useful
+authentic record, for the assistance of those who at any time shall
+undertake to write the history of the present times.
+
+[Footnote 16: But to which the Dean himself contributed a large share.
+[S.] Swift writes in his "Journal," under date February 21st: "I left
+them at 7, being engaged to go to Sir Tho. Hanmer, who desired I would
+see him at that hour. His business was, that I would help him to draw up
+the representation, which I consented to do" (vol. ii., p. 340). [W.S.J.]]
+
+I did intend, for brevity sake, to have given the reader only an
+abstract of it; but, upon trial, found myself unequal to such a task,
+without injuring so excellent a piece. And although I think historical
+relations are but ill patched up with long transcripts already printed,
+which, upon that account, I have hitherto avoided; yet this being the
+sum of all debates and resolutions of the House of Commons in that great
+affair of the war, I conceived it could not well be omitted.[1]
+
+[Footnote 17: This "Representation" was printed by S. Keble by order of
+the Speaker, and is also to be found in the "Journals of the House of
+Commons," vol. xvii., pp. 119-123. [W.S.J.]]
+
+"MOST GRACIOUS SOVEREIGN,
+
+"We your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the Commons of Great
+Britain in Parliament assembled, having nothing so much at heart, as to
+enable your Majesty to bring this long and expensive war to an
+honourable and happy conclusion, have taken it into our most serious
+consideration, how the necessary supplies to be provided by us may be
+best applied, and the common cause may in the most effectual manner be
+carried on, by the united force of the whole confederacy; we have
+thought ourselves obliged, in duty to your Majesty, and in discharge of
+the trust reposed in us, to inquire into the true state of the war, in
+all its parts; we have examined what stipulations have been entered into
+between your Majesty and your allies; and how far such engagements have
+on each side been made good. We have considered the different interests
+which the confederates have in the success of this war, and the
+different shares they have contributed to its support: we have with our
+utmost care and diligence endeavoured to discover the nature, extent,
+and charge of it, to the end, that by comparing the weight thereof with
+our own strength, we might adapt the one to the other in such measure,
+as neither to continue your Majesty's subjects under a heavier burden,
+than in reason and justice they ought to bear; nor deceive your Majesty,
+your allies, and ourselves, by undertaking more than the nation in its
+present circumstances is able to perform.
+
+"Your Majesty has been graciously pleased, upon our humble applications,
+to order such materials to be laid before us, as have furnished us with
+the necessary information upon the particulars we have inquired into;
+and when we shall have laid before your Majesty our observations, and
+humble advice upon this subject, we promise to ourselves this happy
+fruit from it, that if your Majesty's generous and good purposes, for
+the procuring a safe and lasting peace, should, through the obstinacy of
+the enemy, or by any other means, be unhappily defeated, a true
+knowledge and understanding of the past conduct of the war will be the
+best foundation for a more frugal and equal management of it for the
+time to come.
+
+"In order to take the more perfect view of what we proposed, and that we
+might be able to set the whole before your Majesty in a true light, we
+have thought it necessary to go back to the beginning of the war, and
+beg leave to observe the motives and reasons, upon which his late
+Majesty King William engaged first in it. The treaty of the Grand
+Alliance, explains those reasons to be for the supporting the
+pretensions of his Imperial Majesty, then actually engaged in a war with
+the French King, who had usurped the entire Spanish monarchy for his
+grandson the Duke of Anjou; and for the assisting the States General,
+who, by the loss of their barrier against France, were then in the same,
+or a more dangerous condition, than if they were actually invaded. As
+these were the just and necessary motives for undertaking this war, so
+the ends proposed to be obtained by it, were equally wise and
+honourable; for as they are set forth in the eighth article of the same
+treaty, they appear to have been _the procuring an equitable and
+reasonable satisfaction to his Imperial Majesty, and sufficient
+securities for the dominions, provinces, navigation, and commerce of the
+King of Great Britain, and the States General, and the making effectual
+provision, that the two kingdoms of France and Spain should never be
+united under the same government;_ and particularly, that the French
+should never get into the possession of the Spanish West Indies, or be
+permitted to sail thither, upon the account of traffic, under any
+pretence whatsoever; and lastly, the securing to the subjects of the
+King of Great Britain, and the States General, all the same privileges,
+and rights of commerce, throughout the whole dominions of Spain, as they
+enjoyed before the death of Charles the Second King of Spain, by virtue
+of any treaty, agreement, or custom, or any other way whatsoever. For
+the obtaining these ends, the three confederated powers engaged to
+assist one another with their whole force, according to such proportions
+as should be specified in a particular convention, afterwards to be made
+for that purpose: we do not find that any such convention was ever
+ratified; but it appears, that there was an agreement concluded, which,
+by common consent, was understood to be binding upon each party
+respectively, and according to which the proportions of Great Britain
+were from the beginning regulated and founded. The terms of that
+agreement were, That for the service at land, his Imperial Majesty
+should furnish ninety thousand men, the King of Great Britain forty
+thousand, and the States General one hundred and two thousand, of which
+there were forty-two thousand intended to supply their garrisons, and
+sixty thousand to act against the common enemy in the field; and with
+regard to the operations of the war at sea, they were agreed to be
+performed jointly by Great Britain and the States General, the quota of
+ships to be furnished for that service being five-eighths on the part of
+Great Britain, and three-eighths on the part of the States General.
+
+"Upon this foot, the war began in the year one thousand seven hundred
+and two, at which time the whole yearly expense of it to England
+amounted to three millions, seven hundred and six thousand four hundred
+ninety-four pounds; a very great charge, as it was then thought by your
+Majesty's subjects, after the short interval of ease they had enjoyed
+from the burden of the former war, but yet a very moderate proportion,
+in comparison with the load which hath since been laid upon them: for it
+appears, by estimates given in to your Commons, that the sums necessary
+to carry on the service for this present year, in the same manner as it
+was performed the last year, amount to more than six millions nine
+hundred and sixty thousand pounds, besides interest for the public
+debts, and the deficiencies accruing the last year, which two articles
+require one million one hundred and forty-three thousand pounds more: so
+that the whole demands upon your Commons are arisen to more than eight
+millions for the present annual supply. We know your Majesty's tender
+regard for the welfare of your people, will make it uneasy to you to
+hear of so great a pressure as this upon them; and as we are assured, it
+will fully convince your Majesty of the necessity of our present
+inquiry; so we beg leave to represent to you, from what causes, and by
+what steps, this immense charge appears to have grown upon us.
+
+"The service at sea, as it has been very large and extensive in itself,
+so it has been carried on, through the whole course of the war, in a
+manner highly disadvantageous to your Majesty and your kingdom: for the
+necessity of affairs requiring that great fleets should be fitted out
+every year, as well for the maintaining a superiority in the
+Mediterranean, as for opposing any force which the enemy might prepare,
+either at Dunkirk, or in the ports of West France, your Majesty's
+example and readiness in fitting out your proportion of ships, for all
+parts of that service, have been so far from prevailing with the States
+General to keep pace with you, that they have been deficient every year
+to a great degree, in proportion to what your Majesty hath furnished;
+sometimes no less than two-thirds, and generally more than half of their
+quota: from hence your Majesty has been obliged, for the preventing
+disappointments in the most pressing services, to supply those
+deficiencies by additional reinforcements of your own ships; nor hath
+the single increase of such a charge been the only ill consequence that
+attended it; for by this means the debt of the navy hath been enhanced,
+so that the discounts arising upon the credit of it have affected all
+other parts of the service. From the same cause, your Majesty's ships of
+war have been forced in greater numbers to continue in remote seas, and
+at unseasonable times of the year, to the great damage and decay of the
+British navy. This also hath been the occasion that your Majesty hath
+been straitened in your convoys for trade; your coasts have been
+exposed, for want of a sufficient number of cruisers to guard them; and
+you have been disabled from annoying the enemy, in their most beneficial
+commerce with the West Indies, from whence they received those vast
+supplies of treasure, without which they could not have supported the
+expenses of this war.
+
+"That part of the war which hath been carried on in Flanders, was at
+first immediately necessary to the security of the States General, and
+hath since brought them great acquisitions, both of revenue and
+dominion; yet even there the original proportions have been departed
+from, and, during the course of the war, have been sinking by degrees on
+the part of Holland; so that in this last year, we find the number in
+which they fell short of their three-fifths, to your Majesty's
+two-fifths, have been twenty thousand eight hundred and thirty-seven
+men: we are not unmindful, that in the year one thousand seven hundred
+and three, a treaty was made between the two nations, for a joint
+augmentation of twenty thousand men, wherein the proportions were
+varied, and England consented to take half upon itself. But it having
+been annexed as an express condition to the grant of the said
+augmentation in Parliament, that the States General should prohibit all
+trade and commerce with France, and that condition having not been
+performed by them, the Commons think it reasonable, that the first rule
+of three to two ought to have taken place again, as well in that as in
+other subsequent augmentations, more especially when they consider, that
+the revenues of those rich provinces which have been conquered, would,
+if they were duly applied, maintain a great number of new additional
+forces against the common enemy; notwithstanding which, the States
+General have raised none upon that account, but make use of those fresh
+supplies of money, only to ease themselves in the charge of their first
+established quota.
+
+"As in the progress of the war in Flanders, a disproportion was soon
+created to the prejudice of England; so the very beginning of the war in
+Portugal, brought an unequal share of burden upon us; for although the
+Emperor and the States General were equally parties with your Majesty in
+the treaty with the King of Portugal, yet the Emperor neither furnishing
+his third part of the troops and subsidies stipulated for, nor the Dutch
+consenting to take an equal share of his Imperial Majesty's defect upon
+themselves, your Majesty hath been obliged to furnish two-thirds of the
+entire expense created by that service. Nor has the inequality stopped
+there; for ever since the year one thousand seven hundred and six, when
+the English and Dutch forces marched out of Portugal into Castile, the
+States General have entirely abandoned the war in Portugal, and left
+your Majesty to prosecute it singly at your own charge, which you have
+accordingly done, by replacing a greater number of troops there, than
+even at first you took upon you to provide. At the same time your
+Majesty's generous endeavours for the support and defence of the King of
+Portugal, have been but ill seconded by that Prince himself; for
+notwithstanding that by his treaty he had obliged himself to furnish
+twelve thousand foot, and three thousand horse, upon his own account,
+besides eleven thousand foot, and two thousand horse more, in
+consideration of a subsidy paid him; yet, according to the best
+information your Commons can procure, it appears, that he hath scarce at
+any time furnished thirteen thousand men in the whole.
+
+"In Spain the war hath been yet more unequal, and burdensome to your
+Majesty, than in any other branch of it; for being commenced without any
+treaty whatsoever, the allies have almost wholly declined taking any
+part of it upon themselves. A small body of English and Dutch troops
+were sent thither in the year one thousand seven hundred and five, not
+as being thought sufficient to support a regular war, or to make the
+conquest of so large a country; but with a view only of assisting the
+Spaniards to set King Charles upon the throne; occasioned by the great
+assurances which were given of their inclinations to the House of
+Austria: but this expectation failing, England was insensibly drawn into
+an established war, under all the disadvantages of the distance of the
+place, and the feeble efforts of the other allies. The account we have
+to lay before your Majesty, upon this head, is, that although the
+undertaking was entered upon at the particular and earnest request of
+the imperial court, and for a cause of no less importance and concern to
+them, than the reducing the Spanish monarchy to the House of Austria;
+yet neither the late emperors, nor his present Imperial Majesty, have
+ever had any forces there on their own account, till the last year; and
+then, only one regiment of foot, consisting of two thousand men. Though
+the States General have contributed something more to this service, yet
+their share also hath been inconsiderable; for in the space of four
+years, from one thousand seven hundred and five, to one thousand seven
+hundred and eight, both inclusive, all the forces they have sent into
+that country have not exceeded twelve thousand two hundred men; and from
+the year one thousand seven hundred and eight to this time, they have
+not sent any forces or recruits whatsoever. To your Majesty's care and
+charge the recovery of that kingdom hath been in a manner wholly left,
+as if none else were interested or concerned in it. And the forces which
+your Majesty hath sent into Spain, in the space of seven years, from one
+thousand seven hundred and five to one thousand seven hundred and
+eleven, both inclusive, have amounted to no less than fifty-seven
+thousand nine hundred seventy-three men; besides thirteen battalions and
+eighteen squadrons, for which your Majesty hath paid a subsidy to the
+Emperor.
+
+"How great the established expense of such a number of men hath been,
+your Majesty very well knows, and your Commons very sensibly feel; but
+the weight will be found much greater, when it is considered how many
+heavy articles of unusual and extraordinary charge have attended this
+remote and difficult service, all which have been entirely defrayed by
+your Majesty, except that one of transporting the few forces, which were
+sent by the States General, and the victualling of them during their
+transportation only. The accounts delivered to your Commons shew, that
+the charge of your Majesty's ships and vessels, employed in the service
+of the war in Spain and Portugal, reckoned after the rate of four pounds
+a man _per_ month, from the time they sailed from hence, till they
+returned, were lost, or put upon other services, hath amounted to six
+millions five hundred and forty thousand nine hundred and sixty-six
+pounds fourteen shillings: the charge of transports on the part of Great
+Britain, for carrying on the war in Spain and Portugal, from the
+beginning of it till this time, hath amounted to one million three
+hundred thirty-six thousand seven hundred and nineteen pounds, nineteen
+shillings, and elevenpence; that of victualling land forces for the same
+service, to five hundred eighty-three thousand seven hundred and seventy
+pounds, eight shillings, and sixpence; and that of contingencies, and
+other extraordinaries for the same service, to one million eight hundred
+and forty thousand three hundred and fifty-three pounds.
+
+"We should take notice to your Majesty of several sums paid upon account
+of contingencies, and extraordinaries in Flanders, making together the
+sum of one million one hundred and seven thousand and ninety-six pounds:
+but we are not able to make any comparison of them, with what the States
+General have expended upon the same head, having no such state of their
+extraordinary charge before us. There remains therefore but one
+particular more for your Majesty's observation, which arises from the
+subsidies paid to foreign princes. These, at the beginning of the war,
+were borne in equal proportion by your Majesty, and the States General;
+but in this instance also, the balance hath been cast in prejudice of
+your Majesty: for it appears, that your Majesty hath since advanced more
+than your equal proportion, three millions one hundred and fifty-five
+thousand crowns[18], besides extraordinaries paid in Italy, and not
+included in any of the foregoing articles, which arise to five hundred
+thirty-nine thousand five hundred and fifty-three pounds.
+
+[Footnote 18: In the "Journals of the House of Commons," vol. xvii., p.
+48, is an exact state of all the subsidies and extra expenses, from 1702
+to 1711. [N.]]
+
+"We have laid these several particulars before your Majesty in the
+shortest manner we have been able; and by an estimate grounded on the
+preceding facts, it does appear, that over and above the quotas on the
+part of Great Britain, answering to those contributed by your allies,
+more than nineteen millions have been expended by your Majesty, during
+the course of this war, by way of surplusage, or exceeding in balance,
+of which none of the confederates have furnished any thing whatsoever.
+
+"It is with very great concern, that we find so much occasion given us,
+to represent how ill an use hath been made of your Majesty's and your
+subjects' zeal for the common cause; that the interest of that cause
+hath not been proportionably promoted by it, but others only have been
+eased at your Majesty's and your subjects' costs, and have been connived
+at, in laying their part of the burden upon this kingdom, although they
+have upon all accounts been equally, and in most respects, much more
+nearly concerned than Britain in the issue of the war. We are persuaded
+your Majesty will think it pardonable in us, with some resentment to
+complain of the little regard, which some of those, whom your Majesty of
+late years intrusted, have shewn to the interests of their country, in
+giving way, at least, to such unreasonable impositions upon it, if not
+in some measure contriving them. The course of which impositions hath
+been so singular and extraordinary, that the more the wealth of this
+nation hath been exhausted, and the more your Majesty's arms have been
+attended with success, the heavier hath been the burden laid upon us;
+whilst on the other hand, the more vigorous your Majesty's efforts have
+been, and the greater the advantages which have redounded thence to your
+allies, the more those allies have abated in their share of the expense.
+
+"At the first entrance into this war, the Commons were induced to exert
+themselves in the extraordinary manner they did, and to grant such large
+supplies, as had been unknown to former ages, in hopes thereby to
+prevent the mischiefs of a lingering war, and to bring that, in which
+they were necessarily engaged, to a speedy conclusion; but they have
+been very unhappy in the event, whilst they have so much reason to
+suspect, that what was intended to shorten the war, hath proved the very
+cause of its long continuance; for those, to whom the profits of it have
+accrued, have been disposed not easily to forgo them. And your Majesty
+will from thence discern _the true reason, why so many have delighted in
+a war, which brought in so rich an harvest yearly from Great Britain_.
+
+"We are as far from desiring, as we know your Majesty will be from
+concluding any peace, but upon safe and honourable terms; and we are far
+from intending to excuse ourselves from raising all necessary and
+possible supplies, for an effectual prosecution of the war, till such a
+peace can be obtained: all that your faithful Commons aim at, all that
+they wish, is an equal concurrence from the other powers, engaged in
+alliance with your Majesty; and a just application of what hath been
+already gained from the enemy, towards promoting the common cause.
+Several large countries and territories have been restored to the house
+of Austria, such as the kingdom of Naples, the duchy of Milan, and other
+places in Italy; others have been conquered, and added to their
+dominions, as the two electorates of Bavaria and Cologne, the duchy of
+Mantua, and the bishopric of Liège; these having been reduced in great
+measure by our blood and treasure, may, we humbly conceive, with great
+reason, be claimed to come in aid towards carrying on the war in Spain.
+And therefore we make it our earnest request to your Majesty, that you
+will give instructions to your ministers, to insist with the Emperor,
+that the revenues of those several places, excepting only such a portion
+thereof as is necessary for their defence, be actually so applied: and
+as to the other parts of the war, to which your Majesty hath obliged
+yourself by particular treaties to contribute, we humbly beseech your
+Majesty, that you will be pleased to take effectual care, that your
+allies do perform their parts stipulated by those treaties; and that
+your Majesty will, for the future, no otherwise furnish troops, or pay
+subsidies, than in proportion to what your allies shall actually furnish
+and pay. When this justice is done to your Majesty, and to your people,
+there is nothing which your Commons will not cheerfully grant, towards
+supporting your Majesty in the cause in which you are engaged. And
+whatever farther shall appear to be necessary for carrying on the war,
+either at sea or land, we will effectually enable your Majesty to bear
+your reasonable share of any such expense, and will spare no supplies
+which your subjects are able, with their utmost efforts to afford.
+
+"After having enquired into, and considered the state of the war, in
+which the part your Majesty has borne, appears to have been, not only
+superior to that of any one ally, but even equal to that of the whole
+confederacy; your Commons naturally inclined to hope, that they should
+find care had been taken of securing some particular advantages to
+Britain, in the terms of a future peace; such as might afford a prospect
+of making the nation amends, in time, for that immense treasure which
+has been expended, and those heavy debts which have been contracted, in
+the course of so long and burdensome a war. This reasonable expectation
+could no way have been better answered, than by some provision made for
+the further security, and the greater improvement of the commerce of
+Great Britain; but we find ourselves so very far disappointed in these
+hopes, that in a treaty not long since concluded between your Majesty
+and the States General, under colour of a mutual guarantee, given for
+two points of the greatest importance to both nations, the Succession,
+and the Barrier; it appears, the interest of Great Britain hath been not
+only neglected, but sacrificed; and that several articles in the said
+treaty, are destructive to the trade and welfare of this kingdom, and
+therefore highly dishonourable to your Majesty.
+
+"Your Commons observe, in the first place, that several towns and places
+are, by virtue of this treaty, to be put into the hands of the States
+General, particularly Nieuport, Dendermonde, and the castle of Ghent,
+which can in no sense be looked upon as part of a barrier against
+France, but being the keys of the Netherlands towards Britain, must make
+the trade of your Majesty's subjects in those parts precarious, and
+whenever the States think fit, totally exclude them from it. The
+pretended necessity of putting these places into the hands of the States
+General, in order to secure to them a communication with their barrier,
+must appear vain and groundless; for the sovereignty of the Low
+Countries being not to remain to an enemy, but to a friend and an ally,
+that communication must be always secure and uninterrupted; besides
+that, in case of a rupture, or any attack, the States have full liberty
+allowed them to take possession of all the Spanish Netherlands, and
+therefore needed no particular stipulation for the towns above
+mentioned.
+
+"Having taken notice of this concession made to the States General, for
+seizing upon the whole ten provinces; we cannot but observe to your
+Majesty, that in the manner this article is framed, it is another
+dangerous circumstance which attends this treaty; for had such a
+provision been confined to the case of an apparent attack from France
+only, the avowed design of this treaty had been fulfilled, and your
+Majesty's instructions to your ambassador had been pursued: but this
+necessary restriction hath been omitted, and the same liberty is granted
+to the States, to take possession of all the Netherlands, whenever they
+shall think themselves attacked by any other neighbouring nation, as
+when they shall be in danger from France; so that if it should at any
+time happen (which your Commons are very unwilling to suppose) that they
+should quarrel, even with your Majesty, the riches, strength, and
+advantageous situation of these countries, may be made use of against
+yourself, without whose generous and powerful assistance they had never
+been conquered.
+
+"To return to those ill consequences which relate to the trade of your
+kingdoms, we beg leave to observe to your Majesty, that though this
+treaty revives, and renders your Majesty a party to the fourteenth and
+fifteenth articles of the Treaty of Munster,[19] by virtue of which, the
+impositions upon all goods and merchandises brought into the Spanish Low
+Countries by the sea, are to equal those laid on goods and merchandises
+imported by the Scheldt, and the canals of Sass and Swyn, and other
+mouths of the sea adjoining; yet no care is taken to preserve that
+equality upon the exportation of those goods out of the Spanish
+provinces, into those countries and places, which, by virtue of this
+treaty, are to be in the possession of the States; the consequence of
+which must in time be, and your Commons are informed, that in some
+instances it has already proved to be the case, that the impositions
+upon goods carried into those countries and places, by the subjects of
+the States General, will be taken off, while those upon the goods
+imported by your Majesty's subjects remain: by which means, Great
+Britain will entirely lose this most beneficial branch of trade, which
+it has in all ages been possessed of, even from the time when those
+countries were governed by the house of Burgundy, one of the most
+ancient, as well as the most useful allies to the crown of England.
+
+[Footnote 19: Concluded June 30th, 1643. See note in vol. v., p. 150, of
+present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+"With regard to the other dominions and territories of Spain, your
+Majesty's subjects have always been distinguished in their commerce with
+them, and both by ancient treaties, and an uninterrupted custom, have
+enjoyed greater privileges and immunities of trade, than either the
+Hollanders, or any other nation whatsoever. And that wise and excellent
+treaty of the Grand Alliance, provides effectually for the security and
+continuance of these valuable privileges to Britain, in such a manner,
+as that each nation might be left, at the end of war, upon the same foot
+as it stood at the commencement of it: but this treaty we now complain
+of, instead of confirming your subjects' rights, surrenders and destroys
+them; for although by the sixteenth and seventeenth articles of the
+Treaty of Munster, made between his Catholic Majesty and the States
+General, all advantages of trade are stipulated for, and granted to the
+Hollanders, equal to what the English enjoyed; yet the crown of England
+not being a party to that treaty, the subjects of England have never
+submitted to those articles of it, nor even the Spaniards themselves
+ever observed them; but this treaty revives those articles in prejudice
+of Great Britain, and makes your Majesty a party to them, and even a
+guarantee to the States General, for privileges against your own people.
+
+"In how deliberate and extraordinary a manner your Majesty's ambassador
+consented to deprive your subjects of their ancient rights, and your
+Majesty of the power of procuring to them any new advantage, most
+evidently appears from his own letters, which, by your Majesty's
+directions, have been laid before your Commons:[20] for when matters of
+advantage to your Majesty, and to your kingdom, had been offered, as
+proper to be made parts of this treaty, they were refused to be admitted
+by the States General, upon this reason and principle, that nothing
+foreign to the guaranties of the Succession, and of the Barrier, should
+be mingled with them; notwithstanding which, the States General had no
+sooner received notice of a treaty of commerce concluded between your
+Majesty and the present Emperor, but they departed from the rule
+proposed before, and insisted upon the article, of which your Commons
+now complain; which article your Majesty's ambassador allowed of,
+although equally foreign to the Succession, or the Barrier; and although
+he had for that reason departed from other articles, which would have
+been for the service of his own country.
+
+[Footnote 20: Printed in the "Journals," vol. xvii., pp. 87-89. [N.]]
+
+"We have forborne to trouble your Majesty with general observations upon
+this treaty, as it relates to and affects the empire, and other parts of
+Europe. The mischiefs which arise from it to Great Britain, are what
+only we have presumed humbly to represent to you, as they are very
+evident, and very great: and as it appears, that the Lord Viscount
+Townshend had not any orders, or authority, for concluding several of
+those articles, which are most prejudicial to your Majesty's subjects;
+we have thought we could do no less than declare your said ambassador,
+who negotiated and signed, and all others who advised the ratifying of
+this treaty, enemies to your Majesty and to your kingdom.
+
+"Upon these faithful informations, and advices from your Commons, we
+assure ourselves your Majesty, in your great goodness to your people,
+will rescue them from those evils, which the private counsels of
+ill-designing men have exposed them to; and that in your great wisdom
+you will find some means for the explaining, and amending, the several
+articles of this treaty, so as that they may consist with the interest
+of Great Britain, and with real and lasting friendship between your
+Majesty and the States General."[21]
+
+[Footnote 21: This Representation was presented to Her Majesty March
+4th, 171-1/2 and answered March 5th. [N.]]
+
+Between the Representation and the first debates upon the subject of it,
+several weeks had passed; during which time the Parliament had other
+matters likewise before them, that deserve to be mentioned. For on the
+ninth of February was repealed the Act for Naturalizing Foreign
+Protestants, which had been passed under the last ministry, and, as many
+people thought, to very ill purposes. By this Act any foreigner, who
+would take the oaths to the government, and profess himself a
+Protestant, of whatever denomination, was immediately naturalized, and
+had all the privileges of an English born subject, at the expense of a
+shilling.[22] Most Protestants abroad differ from us in the points of
+church government; so that all the acquisitions by this Act would
+increase the number of Dissenters; and therefore the proposal, that such
+foreigners should be obliged to conform to the established worship, was
+rejected. But because several persons were fond of this project, as a
+thing that would be of mighty advantage to the kingdom, I shall say a
+few words upon it.
+
+[Footnote 22: See "The Examiner," Nos. 26 and 45, in vol. ix. of this
+edition. [W.S.J.]]
+
+The maxim, "That people are the riches of a nation," hath been crudely
+understood by many writers and reasoners upon that subject. There are
+several ways by which people are brought into a country. Sometimes a
+nation is invaded and subdued; and the conquerors seize the lands, and
+make the natives their under-tenants or servants. Colonies have been
+always planted where the natives were driven out or destroyed, or the
+land uncultivated and waste. In those countries where the lord of the
+soil is master of the labour and liberty of his tenants, or of slaves
+bought by his money, men's riches are reckoned by the number of their
+vassals. And sometimes, in governments newly instituted, where there are
+not people to till the ground, many laws have been made to encourage and
+allure numbers from the neighbouring countries. And, in all these cases,
+the new comers have either lands allotted them, or are slaves to the
+proprietors. But to invite helpless families, by thousands, into a
+kingdom inhabited like ours, without lands to give them, and where the
+laws will not allow that they should be part of the property as
+servants, is a wrong application of the maxim, and the same thing, in
+great, as infants dropped at the doors, which are only a burthen and
+charge to the parish. The true way of multiplying mankind to public
+advantage, in such a country as England, is to invite from abroad only
+able handicraftsmen and artificers, or such who bring over a sufficient
+share of property to secure them from want; to enact and enforce
+sumptuary laws against luxury, and all excesses in clothing, furniture,
+and the like; to encourage matrimony, and reward, as the Romans did,
+those who have a certain number of children. Whether bringing over the
+Palatines were a mere consequence of this law for a general
+naturalization; or whether, as many surmised, it had some other meaning,
+it appeared manifestly, by the issue, that the public was a loser by
+every individual among them; and that a kingdom can no more be the
+richer by such an importation, than a man can be fatter by a wen, which
+is unsightly and troublesome, at best, and intercepts that nourishment,
+which would otherwise diffuse itself through the whole body.
+
+About a fortnight after, the Commons sent up a bill for securing the
+freedom of Parliaments, by limiting the number of Members in that House
+who should be allowed to possess employments under the crown.[23] Bills
+to the same effect, promoted by both parties, had, after making the like
+progress, been rejected in former Parliaments; the court and ministry,
+who will ever be against such a law, having usually a greater influence
+in the House of Lords, and so it happened now. Although that influence
+were less, I am apt to think that such a law would be too thorough a
+reformation in one point, while we have so many corruptions in the rest;
+and perhaps the regulations, already made on that article, are
+sufficient, by which several employments incapacitate a man from being
+chosen a Member, and all of them bring it to a new election.[24]
+
+[Footnote 23: This self-denying ordinance easily passed through the
+House of Commons, where probably men were ashamed of opposing it; and in
+such a temper were the Peers, in whose House the ministry proposed to
+make the stand, that it was very likely to have passed there also. But
+an amendment was ingeniously thrown in, to suspend the operation of the
+proposed Act until after the Queen's death; so that it was evaded for
+the present, and never again revived. [S.] The Bill was rejected
+February 29th, 171-1/2. [W.S.J.]]
+
+
+[Footnote 24: P. Fitzgerald adds, "Neither do I believe any man who
+truly understands and loves our constitution will imagine that the
+prerogative hath not been sufficiently humbled within twenty years
+past." [W.S.J.]]
+
+For my own part, when I consider the temper of particular persons, and
+by what maxims they have acted (almost without exception) in their
+private capacities, I cannot conceive how such a bill should obtain a
+majority, unless every man expected to be one of the fifty, which, I
+think, was the limitation intended.
+
+About the same time, likewise, the House of Commons advanced one
+considerable step towards securing us against farther impositions from
+our allies, resolving that the additional forces should be continued;
+but with a condition, that the Dutch should make good their proportion
+of three-fifths to two-fifths, which those confederates had so long, and
+in so great degree, neglected. The Duke of Marlborough's deduction of
+two and a half _per cent._, from the pay of the foreign troops, was also
+applied for carrying on the war.[25]
+
+[Footnote 25: In the "Journals of the House of Commons," vol. xvii., pp.
+15-18, the Report of the Commissioners is printed, in which is included
+the Duke's justification of his conduct. See above, p. 85. [N.]]
+
+Lastly, within this period is to be included the Act passed to prevent
+the disturbing those of the Episcopal Communion in Scotland[26] in the
+exercise of their religious worship, and in the use of the liturgy of
+the Church of England.[27] It is known enough, that the most
+considerable of the nobility and gentry there, as well as great numbers
+of the people, dread the tyrannical discipline of those synods and
+presbyteries; and at the same time have the utmost contempt for the
+abilities and tenets of their teachers. It was besides thought an
+inequality, beyond all appearance of reason or justice, that Dissenters
+of every denomination here, who are the meanest and most illiterate part
+amongst us, should possess a toleration by law, under colour of which
+they might, upon occasion, be bold enough to insult the religion
+established, while those of the Episcopal Church in Scotland[28] groaned
+under a real persecution. The only specious objection against this bill
+was, that it set the religion by law, in both parts of the island, upon
+a different foot, directly contrary to the Union; because, by an Act
+passed this very session against occasional conformity, our Dissenters
+were shut out from all employments. A petition from Carstares, and other
+Scotch professors, against this bill, was offered to the House, but not
+accepted; and a motion made by the other party, to receive a clause that
+should restrain all persons, who have any office in Scotland,[28] from
+going to episcopal meetings, passed in the negative. It is manifest,
+that the promoters of this clause were not moved by any regard for
+Scotland,[28] which is by no means their favourite at present; only they
+hoped, that, if it were made part of a law, it might occasion such a
+choice of representatives in both Houses, from Scotland,[28] as would be
+a considerable strength to their faction here. But the proposition was
+in itself extremely absurd, that so many lords, and other persons of
+distinction, who have great employments, pensions, posts in the army,
+and other places of profit, many of whom are in frequent or constant
+attendance at the court, and utterly dislike their national way of
+worship, should be deprived of their liberty of conscience at home; not
+to mention those who are sent thither from hence to take care of the
+revenue, and other affairs, who would ill digest the changing of their
+religion for that of Scotland.[28]
+
+With a farther view of favour towards the episcopal clergy of
+Scotland,[28] three Members of that country were directed to bring in a
+bill for restoring the patrons to their ancient rights of presenting
+ministers to the vacant churches there, which the kirk, during the
+height of their power, had obtained for themselves[29] And, to conclude
+this subject at once, the Queen, at the close of the session, commanded
+Mr Secretary St John to acquaint the House, "That, pursuant to their
+address, the profits arising from the bishops' estates in Scotland,
+which remained in the crown, should be applied to the support of such of
+the episcopal clergy there, as would take the oaths to Her Majesty."[30]
+
+[Footnote 26: P. Fitzgerald says "North Britain." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 27: The "Act to prevent," etc. (10 Ann. c. 10) was ordered
+January 21st, and received the Royal Assent March 3rd, 171-1/2,
+[W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 28: P. Fitzgerald says "North Britain." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 29: The Scotch Patronage Bill was ordered March 13th, [1711],
+passed April 7th, and received the Royal Assent May 22nd, 1712 (10 Ann c
+21). It did not refer to the Episcopal Church. [W.S.J.]
+
+The Church of Scotland viewed the bills for restoring to the gentry the
+right of patronage, and for tolerating the exercise of the Episcopal
+persuasion, with great jealousy. The Reverend Mr William Carstares, who
+had been secretary to King William, and was Principal of the College of
+Edinburgh, was deputed to go to London at the head of a commission of
+the church, to oppose the bills while in dependence. His biographer has
+justly remarked, that these enactments considered at the time as fatal
+to the interests of Presbytery in Scotland, have, upon experience,
+proved her best security.
+
+"Upon the one hand, the Act of Toleration, by taking the weapon of
+offence out of the hands of the Presbyterians, removed the chief grounds
+of those resentments which the friends of prelacy entertained against
+them, and in a few years almost annihilated Episcopacy in Scotland Upon
+the other hand, the Act restoring Patronages, by restoring the nobility
+and gentlemen of property to then wonted influence in the settlement of
+the clergy, reconciled numbers of them to the established church, who
+had conceived the most violent prejudices against that mode of election,
+and against the Presbyterian clergy, who were settled upon it. It is
+likewise an incontestable fact, that, from the date of these two Acts,
+the Church of Scotland has enjoyed a state of tranquillity to which she
+was an utter stranger before." (Life of Carstares, prefixed to
+Carstares's "State Papers," 1774, p 85) [S]]
+
+[Footnote 30: This message was reported to the House of Commons June
+19th, 1712. [W.S.J]]
+
+Nothing could more amply justify the proceedings of the Queen and her
+ministers, for two years past, than that famous Representation above at
+large recited, the unbiassed wisdom of the nation, after the strictest
+inquiry, confirming those facts upon which Her Majesty's counsels were
+grounded and many persons, who were before inclined to believe that the
+allies and the late ministry had been too much loaded by the malice,
+misrepresentations, or ignorance of writers, were now fully convinced of
+their mistake by so great an authority. Upon this occasion I cannot
+forbear doing justice to Mr. St. John,[31] who had been secretary of
+war, for several years, under the former administration, where he had
+the advantage of observing how affairs were managed both at home and
+abroad. He was one of those who shared in the present treasurer's
+fortune, resigning his employment at the same time; and upon that
+minister's being again taken into favour, this gentleman was some time
+after made secretary of state. There he began afresh, by the
+opportunities of his station, to look into past miscarriages; and, by
+the force of an extraordinary genius, and application to public affairs,
+joined with an invincible eloquence, laid open the scene of miscarriages
+and corruptions through the whole course of the war, in so evident a
+manner, that the House of Commons seemed principally directed in their
+resolutions, upon this inquiry, by his information and advice. In a
+short time after the Representation was published, there appeared a
+memorial in the Dutch "Gazette," as by order of the States, reflecting
+very much upon the said Representation, as well as the resolutions on
+which it was founded, pretending to deny some of the facts, and to
+extenuate others. This memorial, translated into English, a common
+writer of news had the boldness to insert in one of his papers. A
+complaint being made thereof to the House of Commons, they voted the
+pretended memorial to be a false, scandalous, malicious libel, and
+ordered the printer to be taken into custody.[32]
+
+[Footnote 31: See his character in Swift's "Enquiry," vol. v., pp.
+430-431, of this edition. [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 32: The memorial appeared in the "Daily Courant" of 7th and
+8th April, for which Samuel Buckley, the writer and printer, was ordered
+by the House of Commons to be taken into custody on April 11th.
+[W.S.J.]]
+
+It was the misfortune of the ministers, that while they were baited by
+their professed adversaries of the discontented faction, acting in
+confederacy with emissaries of foreign powers, to break the measures Her
+Majesty had taken towards a peace, they met at the same time with
+frequent difficulties from those who agreed and engaged with them to
+pursue the same general end; but sometimes disapproved the methods as
+too slack and remiss, or, in appearance, now and then perhaps a little
+dubious. In the first session of this Parliament, a considerable number
+of gentlemen, all members of the House of Commons, began to meet by
+themselves, and consult what course they ought to steer in this new
+world. They intended to revive a new country party in Parliament, which
+might, as in former times, oppose the court in any proceedings they
+disliked. The whole body was of such who profess what is commonly called
+high-church principles, upon which account they were irreconcilable
+enemies to the late ministry and all its adherents. On the other side,
+considering the temper of the new men in power, that they were persons
+who had formerly moved between the two extremes, those gentlemen, who
+were impatient for an entire change, and to see all their adversaries
+laid at once as low as the dust, began to be apprehensive that the work
+would be done by halves. But the juncture of affairs at that time, both
+at home and abroad, would by no means admit of the least precipitation,
+although the Queen and her first minister had been disposed to it, which
+certainly they were not. Neither did the court seem at all uneasy at
+this league, formed in appearance against it, but composed of honest
+gentlemen who wished well to their country, in which both were entirely
+agreed, although they might differ about the means; or if such a society
+should begin to grow resty, nothing was easier than to divide them, and
+render all their endeavours ineffectual.[33]
+
+[Footnote 33: See Swift's "Advice to Members of the October Club," vol.
+v., pp. 207-225. [W.S.J.]]
+
+But in the course of that first session, many of this society became
+gradually reconciled to the new ministry, whom they found to be greater
+objects of the common enemy's hatred than themselves; and the attempt of
+Guiscard, as it gained farther time for deferring the disposal of
+employments, so it much endeared that person to the kingdom, who was so
+near falling a sacrifice to the safety of his country. Upon the last
+session of which I am now writing, this October Club (as it was called)
+renewed their usual meetings, but were now very much altered from their
+original institution, and seemed to have wholly dropped the design, as
+of no further use. They saw a point carried in the House of Lords
+against the court, that would end in the ruin of the kingdom; and they
+observed the enemy's whole artillery directly levelled at the
+treasurer's head. In short, the majority of the club had so good an
+understanding with the great men at court, that two of the latter,[34]
+to shew to the world how fair a correspondence there was between the
+court and country party, consented to be at one of their dinners; but
+this intercourse had an event very different from what was expected: for
+immediately the more zealous members of that society broke off from the
+rest, and composed a new one, made up of gentlemen, who seemed to expect
+little of the court; and perhaps, with a mixture of others who thought
+themselves disappointed, or too long delayed.[35] Many of these were
+observed to retain an incurable jealousy of the treasurer, and to
+interpret all delays, which they could not comprehend, as a reserve of
+favour in this minister to the persons and principles of the abandoned
+party.
+
+[Footnote 34: Mr. St. John and Mr. Bromley. [N.]]
+
+[Footnote 35: This was called the March Club, but did not long subsist.
+It seems probable that it included those _Tories_ whose principles went
+the length of Jacobitism. [S.]]
+
+Upon an occasion offered about this time, some persons, out of distrust
+to the treasurer, endeavoured to obtain a point, which could not have
+been carried without putting all into confusion. A Bill was brought into
+the House of Commons, appointing commissioners to examine into the value
+of all lands, and other interests granted by the crown since the
+thirteenth day of February, one thousand six hundred and eighty-eight,
+and upon what considerations such grants had been made. The united
+country interest in the House was extremely set upon passing this Bill.
+They had conceived an opinion from former precedents, that the court
+would certainly oppose all steps towards a resumption of grants; and
+those who were apprehensive that the treasurer inclined the same way,
+proposed the Bill should be tacked to another, for raising a fund by
+duties upon soap and paper, which hath been always imputed, whether
+justly or no, as a favourite expedient of those called the Tory party.
+At the same time it was very well known, that the House of Lords had
+made a fixed and unanimous resolution against giving their concurrence
+to the passing such united bills: so that the consequences of this
+project must have been to bring the ministry under difficulties, to stop
+the necessary supplies, and endanger the good correspondence between
+both Houses; notwithstanding all which the majority carried it for a
+tack; and the committee was instructed accordingly to make the two Bills
+into one, whereby the worst that could happen would have followed, if
+the treasurer had not convinced the warm leaders in this affair, by
+undeniable reasons, that the means they were using would certainly
+disappoint the end; that neither himself, nor any other of the Queen's
+servants, were at all against this enquiry; and he promised his utmost
+credit to help forward the bill in the House of Lords. He prevailed at
+last to have it sent up single; but their lordships gave it another kind
+of reception. Those who were of the side opposite to the court,
+withstood it to a man, as in a party case: among the rest, some very
+personally concerned, and others by friends and relations, which they
+supposed a sufficient excuse to be absent, or dissent. Even those, whose
+grants were antecedent to this intended inspection, began to be alarmed
+as men, whose neighbours' houses are on fire. A shew of zeal for the
+late king's honour, occasioned many reflections upon the date of this
+enquiry, which was to commence with his reign: and the Earl of
+Nottingham, who had now flung away the mask which he had lately pulled
+off, like one who had no other view but that of vengeance against the
+Queen and her friends, acted consistently enough with his design, by
+voting as a lord against the Bill, after he had directed his son in the
+House of Commons to vote for the tack.
+
+Thus miscarried this popular Bill for appointing commissioners to
+examine into royal grants; but whether those chiefly concerned did
+rightly consult their own interest, hath been made a question, which
+perhaps time will resolve. It was agreed that the Queen, by her own
+authority, might have issued out a commission for such an enquiry, and
+every body believed, that the intention of the Parliament was only to
+tax the grants with about three years' purchase, and at the same time
+establish the proprietors in possession of the remainder for ever; so
+that, upon the whole, the grantees would have been great gainers by such
+an Act, since the titles of those lands, as they stood then, were hardly
+of half value with others either for sale or settlement. Besides, the
+examples of the Irish forfeitures might have taught these precarious
+owners, that when the House of Commons hath once engaged in a pursuit,
+which they think is right, although it be stopped or suspended for a
+while, they will be sure to renew it upon every opportunity that offers,
+and seldom fail of success: for instance, if the resumption should
+happen to be made part of a supply, which can be easily done without the
+objection of a tack, the grantees might possibly then have much harder
+conditions given them; and I do not see how they could prevent it.
+Whether the resuming of royal grants be consistent with good policy or
+justice, would be too long a disquisition: besides, the profusion of
+kings is not like to be a grievance for the future, because there have
+been laws since made to provide against that evil, or, indeed, rather
+because the crown has nothing left to give away. But the objection made
+against the date of the intended enquiry was invidious and trifling; for
+King James II. made very few grants: he was a better manager, and
+squandering was none of his faults; whereas the late king, who came over
+here a perfect stranger to our laws, and to our people, regardless of
+posterity, wherein he was not likely to survive, thought he could no way
+better strengthen a new title, than by purchasing friends at the expense
+of every thing which was in his power to part with.
+
+The reasonableness of uniting to a money bill one of a different nature,
+which is usually called _tacking_ hath been likewise much debated, and
+will admit of argument enough. In ancient times, when a Parliament was
+held, the Commons first proposed their grievances to be redressed, and
+then gave their aids; so that it was a perfect bargain between the king
+and the subject. This fully answered the ends of tacking. Aids were then
+demanded upon occasions which would hardly pass at present; such, for
+instance, as those for making the king's son a knight, marrying his
+eldest daughter, and some others of the like sort. Most of the money
+went into the king's coffers for his private use; neither was he
+accountable for any part of it. Hence arose the form of the king's
+thanking his subjects for their benevolence, when any subsidies, tenths,
+or fifteenths were given him: but the supplies now granted are of
+another nature, and cannot be properly called a particular benefit to
+the crown, because they are all appropriated to their several uses: so
+that when the House of Commons tack to a money bill what is foreign and
+hard to be digested, if it be not passed, they put themselves and their
+country in as great difficulties as the prince. On the other side, there
+have been several regulations made, through the course of time, in
+parliamentary proceedings; among which it is grown a rule, that a Bill
+once rejected shall not be brought up again the same session; whereby
+the Commons seem to have lost the advantage of purchasing a redress of
+their grievances, by granting supplies, which, upon some emergencies,
+hath put them upon this expedient of tacking: so that there is more to
+be said on each side of the case, than is convenient for me to trouble
+the reader or myself in deducing.
+
+Among the matters of importance during this session, we may justly
+number the proceedings of the House of Commons with relation to the
+press, since Her Majesty's message to the House, of January the
+seventeenth, concludes with a paragraph, representing the great licences
+taken in publishing false and scandalous libels, such as are a reproach
+to any government; and recommending to them to find a remedy equal to
+the mischief. The meaning of these words in the message, seems to be
+confined to these weekly and daily papers and pamphlets, reflecting upon
+the persons and the management of the ministry. But the House of
+Commons, in their address, which answers this message, makes an addition
+of the blasphemies against God and religion; and it is certain, that
+nothing would be more for the honour of the legislature, than some
+effectual law for putting a stop to this universal mischief: but as the
+person,[36] who advised the Queen in that part of her message, had only
+then in his thoughts the redressing of the political and factious
+libels, I think he ought to have taken care, by his great credit in the
+House, to have proposed some ways by which that evil might be removed;
+the law for taxing single papers having produced a quite contrary
+effect, as was then foreseen by many persons, and hath since been found
+true by experience, For the adverse party, full of rage and leisure
+since their fall, and unanimous in defence of their cause, employ a set
+of writers by subscription, who are well versed in all the topics of
+defamation, and have a style and genius levelled to the generality of
+readers; while those who would draw their pens on the side of their
+prince and country, are discouraged by this tax, which exceeds the
+intrinsic value both of the materials and the work; a thing, if I be not
+mistaken, without example.
+
+[Footnote 36: Mr. Secretary St. John, now Lord Viscount Bolingbroke.
+[ORIGINAL NOTE.]]
+
+It must be acknowledged, that the bad practices of printers have been
+such, as to deserve the severest animadversions of the public; and it is
+to be wished, the party quarrels of the pen were always managed with
+decency and truth: but in the mean time, to open the mouths of our
+enemies and shut our own, is a turn of politics that wants a little to
+be explained. Perhaps the ministry now in possession, because they are
+in possession, may despise such trifles as this; and it is not to be
+denied, that acting as they do upon a national interest, they may seem
+to stand in less need of such supports, or may safely fling them down as
+no longer necessary. But if the leaders of the other party had proceeded
+by this maxim, their power would have been none at all, or of very short
+duration: and had not some active pens fallen in to improve the good
+dispositions of the people, upon the late change, and continued since to
+overthrow the falsehood, plentifully, and sometimes not unplausibly,
+scattered by the adversaries, I am very much in doubt, whether those at
+the helm would now have reason to be pleased with their success. A
+particular person may, with more safety, despise the opinion of the
+vulgar, because it does a wise man no real harm or good, but the
+administration a great deal; and whatever side has the sole management
+of the pen, will soon find hands enough to write down their enemies as
+low as they please. If the people had no other idea of those whom Her
+Majesty trusts in her greatest affairs, than what is conveyed by the
+passions of such as would compass sea and land for their destruction,
+what could they expect, but to be torn in pieces by the rage of the
+multitude? How necessary therefore was it, that the world should, from
+time to time, be undeceived by true representations of persons and
+facts, which have kept the kingdom steady to its interest, against all
+the attacks of a cunning and virulent faction.
+
+However, the mischiefs of the press were too exorbitant to be cured, by
+such a remedy as a tax upon the smaller papers; and a Bill for a much
+more effectual regulation of it was brought into the House of Commons,
+but so late in the session, that there was no time to pass it: for there
+hath hitherto always appeared, an unwillingness to cramp overmuch the
+liberty of the press, whether from the inconveniencies apprehended from
+doing too much, or too little; or whether the benefit proposed by each
+party to themselves, from the service of their writers, towards
+recovering or preserving of power, be thought to outweigh the
+disadvantages. However it came about, this affair was put off from one
+week to another, and the Bill not brought into the House till the eighth
+of June. It was committed three days, and then heard of no more. In this
+Bill there was a clause inserted, (whether industriously with design to
+overthrow it) that the author's name, and place of abode, should be set
+to every printed book, pamphlet, or paper; which I believe no man, who
+hath the least regard to learning, would give his consent to: for,
+besides the objection to this clause from the practice of pious men,
+who, in publishing excellent writings for the service of religion, have
+chosen, out of an humble Christian spirit, to conceal their names; it is
+certain, that all persons of true genius or knowledge have an invincible
+modesty and suspicion of themselves, upon their first sending their
+thoughts into the world; and that those who are dull or superficial,
+void of all-taste and judgment, have dispositions directly contrary: so
+that if this clause had made part of a law, there would have been an
+end, in all likelihood, of any valuable production for the future,
+either in wit or learning: and that insufferable race of stupid people,
+who are now every day loading the press, would then reign alone, in time
+destroy our very first principles of reason, and introduce barbarity
+amongst us, which is already kept out with so much difficulty by so few
+hands.
+
+Having given an account of the several steps made towards a peace, from
+the first overtures begun by France, to the commencement of the second
+session, I shall in the Fourth Book relate the particulars of this great
+negotiation, from the period last mentioned to the present time; and
+because there happened some passages in both Houses, occasioned by the
+treaty, I shall take notice of them under that head. There only remains
+to be mentioned one affair of another nature, which the Lords and
+Commons took into their cognizance, after a very different manner,
+wherewith I shall close this part of my subject.
+
+The sect of Quakers amongst us, whose system of religion, first founded
+upon enthusiasm, hath been many years growing into a craft, held it an
+unlawful action to take an oath to a magistrate. This doctrine was
+taught them by the author of their sect, from a literal application of
+the text, "Swear not at all;" but being a body of people, wholly turned
+to trade and commerce of all kinds, they found themselves on many
+occasions deprived of the benefit of the law, as well as of voting at
+elections, by a foolish scruple, which their obstinacy would not suffer
+them to get over. To prevent this inconvenience, these people had credit
+enough in the late reign to have an Act passed, that their solemn
+affirmation and declaration should be accepted, instead of an oath in
+the usual form. The great concern in those times, was to lay all
+religion upon a level; in order to which, this maxim was advanced, "That
+no man ought to be denied the liberty of serving his country upon
+account of a different belief in speculative opinions," under which term
+some people were apt to include every doctrine of Christianity: however,
+this Act, in favour of the Quakers, was only temporary, in order to keep
+them in constant dependence, and expired of course after a certain term,
+if it were not continued. Those people had, therefore, very early in the
+session, offered a petition to the House of Commons for a continuance of
+the Act, which was not suffered to be brought up; upon this they applied
+themselves to the Lords, who passed a Bill accordingly, and sent it down
+to the Commons, where it was not so much as allowed a first reading.
+
+And indeed it is not easy to conceive upon what motives the legislature
+of so great a kingdom could descend so low, as to be ministerial and
+subservient to the caprices of the most absurd heresy that ever appeared
+in the world; and this in a point, where those deluding or deluded
+people stand singular from all the rest of mankind who live under civil
+government: but the designs of an aspiring party, at that time were not
+otherwise to be compassed, than by undertaking any thing that would
+humble and mortify the Church; and I am fully convinced, that if a sect
+of sceptic philosophers (who profess to doubt of every thing) had been
+then among us, and mingled their tenets with some corruptions of
+Christianity, they might have obtained the same privilege; and that a
+law would have been enacted, whereby the solemn doubt of the people
+called sceptics, should have been accepted instead of an oath in the
+usual form; so absurd are all maxims formed upon the inconsistent
+principles of faction, when once they are brought to be examined by the
+standard of truth and reason.
+
+
+*****       *****       *****       *****       *****
+
+
+
+
+THE HISTORY OF THE FOUR LAST
+
+YEARS OF THE QUEEN.
+
+BOOK IV.
+
+
+We left the plenipotentiaries of the allies, and those of the enemy,
+preparing to assemble at Utrecht on the first of January, N.S., in order
+to form a congress for negotiating a general peace; wherein although the
+Dutch had made a mighty merit of their compliance with the Queen, yet
+they set all their instruments at work to inflame both Houses against
+Her Majesty's measures. Mons. Bothmar, the Hanover envoy, took care to
+print and disperse his Memorial, of which I have formerly spoken:
+Hoffman, the Emperor's resident, was soliciting for a yacht and convoys
+to bring over Prince Eugene at this juncture, fortified, as it was given
+out, with great proposals from the Imperial court: the Earl of
+Nottingham became a convert, for reasons already mentioned: money was
+distributed where occasion required; and the Dukes of Somerset and
+Marlborough, together with the Earl of Godolphin, had put themselves at
+the head of the junto, and their adherents, in order to attack the
+court.
+
+Some days after the vote passed the House of Lords for admitting into
+the address the Earl of Nottingham's clause, against any peace without
+Spain; Mons. Buys, the Dutch envoy, who had been deep in all the
+consultations with the discontented party for carrying that point, was
+desired to meet with the lord privy seal, the Earl of Dartmouth, and Mr.
+Secretary St. John, in order to sign a treaty between the Queen and the
+States, to subsist after a peace. There the envoy took occasion to
+expostulate upon the advantages stipulated for Britain with France; said
+"It was his opinion, that those ministers ought, in respect of the
+friendship between both nations, to acquaint him what these advantages
+were; and that he looked upon his country to be entitled, by treaty, to
+share them equally with us: That there was now another reason why we
+should be more disposed to comply with him upon this head; for since the
+late resolution of the House of Lords, he took it for granted, it would
+be a dangerous step in us to give Spain to a prince of the house of
+Bourbon; and therefore, that we should do well to induce the States, by
+such a concession, to help us out of this difficulty."
+
+Mr. St. John made answer, "That there was not a man in the Queen's
+council capable of so base a thought: That if Buys had any thing to
+complain of, which was injurious to Holland, or justly tending to hurt
+the good correspondence between us and the States, he was confident Her
+Majesty would at all times be ready to give it up; but that the
+ministers scorned to screen themselves at the expense of their country:
+That the resolution Buys mentioned, was chiefly owing to foreign
+ministers intermeddling in our affairs, and would perhaps have an effect
+the projectors did not foresee: That, if the peace became impracticable,
+the House of Commons would certainly put the war upon another foot, and
+reduce the public expense within such a compass as our treaties required
+in the strictest sense, and as our present condition would admit,
+leaving the partisans for war to supply the rest."
+
+Although the secretary believed this answer would put an end to such
+infamous proposals, it fell out otherwise; for shortly after, Mons. Buys
+applied himself to the treasurer, promising to undertake, "That his
+masters should give up the article of Spain, provided they might share
+with us in the Assiento for negroes." To which the treasurer's answer
+was short, "That he would rather lose his head than consent to such an
+offer."
+
+It is manifest, by this proceeding, that whatever schemes were forming
+here at home, in this juncture, by the enemies to the peace, the Dutch
+only designed to fall in with it as far as it would answer their own
+account; and, by a strain of the lower politics, wherein they must be
+allowed to excel every country in Christendom, lay upon the watch for a
+good bargain, by taking advantage of the distress they themselves had
+brought upon their nearest neighbour and ally.
+
+But the Queen highly resented this indignity from a republic, upon whom
+she had conferred so many obligations. She could not endure that the
+Dutch should employ their instruments to act in confederacy with a cabal
+of factious people, who were prepared to sacrifice the safety of their
+prince and country to the recovery of that power they had so long
+possessed and abused. Her Majesty knew very well, that whatever were the
+mistaken or affected opinion of some people at home, upon the article of
+Spain, it was a point the States had long given up, who had very openly
+told our ministry, "That the war in that country was only our concern,
+and what their republic had nothing to do with." It is true, the
+party-leaders were equally convinced, that the recovery of Spain was
+impracticable; but many things may be excused in a professed adversary,
+fallen under disgrace, which are highly criminal in an ally, upon whom
+we are that very instant conferring new favours. Her Majesty therefore
+thought it high time to exert herself, and at length put a stop to
+foreign influence upon British counsels; so that, after the Earl of
+Nottingham's clause against any peace, without Spain, was carried in the
+House of Lords, directions were immediately sent to the Earl of
+Strafford at The Hague, to inform the Dutch, "That it was obtained by a
+trick, and would consequently turn to the disappointment and confusion
+of the contrivers and the actors." He was likewise instructed to be very
+dry and reserved to the pensionary and Dutch ministers; to let them
+know, "The Queen thought herself ill treated; and that they would soon
+hear what effects those measures would have upon a mild and good temper,
+wrought up to resentment by repeated provocations: That the States might
+have the war continued, if they pleased; but that the Queen would not be
+forced to carry it on after their manner, nor would suffer them to make
+her peace, or to settle the interests of her kingdoms."
+
+To others in Holland, who appeared to be more moderate, the Earl was
+directed to say, "That the States were upon a wrong scent: That their
+minister here mistook every thing that we had promised: That we would
+perform all they could reasonably ask from us, in relation to their
+barrier and their trade; and that Mons. Buys dealt very unfairly, if he
+had not told them as much. But that Britain proceeded, in some respects,
+upon a new scheme of politics; would no longer struggle for
+impossibilities, nor be amused by words: That our people came more and
+more to their senses; and that the single dispute now was, whether the
+Dutch would join with a faction, against the Queen, or with the nation,
+for her?"
+
+The court likewise resolved to discourage Prince Eugene from his journey
+to England, which he was about this time undertaking, and of which I
+have spoken before. He was told, "That the Queen wanted no exhortations
+to carry on the war; but the project of it should be agreed abroad, upon
+which Her Majesty's resolutions might soon be signified: but until she
+saw what the Emperor and allies were ready to do, she would neither
+promise nor engage for any thing." At the same time Mr. St. John told
+Hoffman, the Emperor's resident here, "That if the Prince had a mind to
+divert himself in London, the ministers would do their part to entertain
+him, and be sure to trouble him with no manner of business."
+
+This coldness retarded the Prince's journey for some days; but did not
+prevent it, although he had a second message by the Queen's order, with
+this farther addition, "That his name had lately been made use of, on
+many occasions, to create a ferment, and stir up sedition; and that Her
+Majesty judged it would be neither safe for him, nor convenient for her,
+that he should come over at this time." But all would not do: it was
+enough that the Queen did not absolutely forbid him, and the
+party-confederates, both foreign and domestic, thought his presence
+would be highly necessary for their service.
+
+Towards the end of December, the lord privy seal[1] set out for Holland.
+He was ordered to stop at The Hague, and, in conjunction with the Earl
+of Stafford, to declare to the States, in Her Majesty's name, "Her
+resolutions to conclude no peace, wherein the allies in general, and
+each confederate in particular, might not find their ample security, and
+their reasonable satisfaction: That she was ready to insist upon their
+barrier, and advantages in their trade, in the manner the States
+themselves should desire; and to concert with them such a plan of
+treaty, as both powers might be under mutual engagements never to recede
+from: That nothing could be of greater importance, than for the
+ministers of Great Britain and Holland to enter the congress under the
+strictest ties of confidence, and entirely to concur throughout the
+course of these negotiations: To which purpose, it was Her Majesty's
+pleasure, that their lordships should adjust with the Dutch ministers,
+the best manner and method for opening and carrying on the conferences,
+and declare themselves instructed to communicate freely their thoughts
+and measures to the plenipotentiaries of the States, who, they hoped,
+had received the same instructions."
+
+[Footnote 1: Dr. Robinson had already had diplomatic experience as
+political agent at the Court of Stockholm, when Marlborough had found
+him of great service. [T.S.]]
+
+Lastly, the two lords were to signify to the pensionary, and the other
+ministers, "That Her Majesty's preparations for the next campaign were
+carried on with all the dispatch and vigour, which the present
+circumstances would allow; and to insist, that the same might be done by
+the States; and that both powers should join in pressing the Emperor,
+and other allies, to make greater efforts than they had hitherto done;
+without which the war must languish, and the terms of peace become every
+day more disadvantageous."
+
+The two British plenipotentiaries went to Utrecht with very large
+instructions, and, after the usual manner, were to make much higher
+demands from France (at least in behalf of the allies) than they could
+have any hope to obtain. The sum of what they had in charge, besides
+matter of form, was, to concert with the ministers of the several powers
+engaged against France, "That all differences arising among them should
+be accommodated between themselves, without suffering the French to
+interfere: That whatever were proposed to France by a minister of the
+alliance, should be backed by the whole confederacy: That a time might
+be fixed for the conclusion, as there had been for the commencement, of
+the treaty." Spain was to be demanded out of the hands of the Bourbon
+family, as the most effectual means for preventing the union of that
+kingdom with France; and whatever conditions the allies could agree upon
+for hindering that union, their lordships were peremptorily to insist
+on.
+
+As to the interests of each ally in particular, the plenipotentiaries of
+Britain were to demand "Strasbourg, the fort of Kehl, with its
+dependencies, and the town of Brisach, with its territory, for the
+Emperor: That France should possess Alsatia, according to the Treaty of
+Westphalia, with the right of the prefecture only over the ten imperial
+cities in that country: That the fortifications of the said ten cities
+be put into the condition they were in at the time of the said treaty,
+except Landau, which was to be demanded for the Emperor and empire, with
+liberty of demolishing the fortifications: That the French King should
+at a certain time, and at his own expense, demolish the fortresses of
+Huningen, New Brisach, and Fort Lewis, never to be rebuilt.
+
+"That the town and fortress of Rhinfels should be demanded for the
+landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, until that matter be otherwise settled.
+
+"That the clause relating to religion, in the fourth article of the
+Treaty of Ryswyck, and contrary to that of Westphalia, should be
+annulled, and the state of religion in Germany restored to the tenor of
+the Treaty of Westphalia.
+
+"That France should acknowledge the King of Prussia, and give him no
+disturbance in Neufchatel and Vallengin.
+
+"That the principality of Orange, and other estates belonging to the
+late King William, should be restored, as law should direct.
+
+"That the Duke of Hanover should be acknowledged elector.
+
+"That the King of Portugal should enjoy all the advantages stipulated
+between him and the allies.
+
+"That the States should have for their barrier Furnes, Fort Knokke,
+Menin, Ypres, Lille, Tournay, Condé, Valenciennes, Maubeuge, Douay,
+Bethune, Aire,[2] St. Venant, and Bouchain, with their cannon, &c. That
+the French King should restore all the places belonging to Spain, now or
+during this war in his possession, in the Netherlands: That such part of
+them as should be thought fit, might be allowed likewise for a barrier
+to the States: That France should grant the tariff of one thousand six
+hundred and sixty-four to the States, and exemption of fifty pence _per_
+tun upon Dutch goods trading to that kingdom. But that these articles in
+favour of the States should not be concluded, till the Barrier Treaty
+were explained to the Queen's satisfaction.
+
+[Footnote: 2 "Bethune Avie" in original: a manifest misprint. "Aire" is
+the name of a place near Bethune, which has since been connected with it
+by a canal. [W.S.J.]]
+
+"That the Duke of Savoy should be put in possession of all taken from
+him in this war, and enjoy the places yielded to him by the Emperor, and
+other allies: That France should likewise yield to him Exilles,
+Fenestrelle, Chaumont, the valley of Pragelas, and the land lying
+between Piedmont and Mount Genu.
+
+"That the article about demolishing of Dunkirk should be explained."
+
+As to Britain, the plenipotentiaries were to insist, "That Nieuport,
+Dendermonde, Ghent, and all places which appear to be a barrier rather
+against England than France, should either not be given to the Dutch, or
+at least in such a manner, as not to hinder the Queen's subjects free
+passage to and from the Low Countries.
+
+"That the seventh article of the Barrier Treaty, which empowers the
+States, in case of an attack, to put troops at discretion in all the
+places of the Low Countries, should be so explained as to be understood
+only of an attack from France.
+
+"That Britain should trade to the Low Countries with the same privileges
+as the States themselves.
+
+"That the Most Christian King should acknowledge the succession of
+Hanover, and immediately oblige the Pretender to leave France; and that
+the said King should promise, for himself and his heirs, never to
+acknowledge any person for King or Queen of England, otherwise than
+according to the settlements now in force.
+
+"That a treaty of commerce should be commenced, as soon as possible,
+between France and Britain; and in the mean time, the necessary points
+relating to it be settled.
+
+"That the Isle of St. Christopher's should be surrendered to the Queen,
+Hudson's Bay restored, Placentia and the whole island of Newfoundland
+yielded to Britain by the Most Christian King; who was likewise to quit
+all claim to Nova Scotia and Annapolis Royal.
+
+"That Gibraltar and Minorca should be annexed to the British crown.
+
+"That the Assiento should be granted to Britain for thirty years, with
+the same advantage as to France; with an extent of ground on the river
+of Plata, for keeping and refreshing the negroes.
+
+"That Spain should grant to the subjects of Britain as large privileges
+as to any other nation whatsoever; as likewise an exemption of duties,
+amounting to an advantage of at least fifteen _per cent_.
+
+"That satisfaction should be demanded for what should appear to be
+justly due to Her Majesty, from the Emperor and the States.
+
+"Lastly, That the plenipotentiaries should consult with those of the
+Protestant allies, the most effectual methods for restoring the
+Protestants of France to their religious and civil liberties, and for
+the immediate release of those who are now in the galleys."
+
+What part of these demands were to be insisted on, and what were to be
+given up, will appear by the sequel of this negotiation. But there was
+no difficulty of moment enough to retard the peace, except a method for
+preventing the union of France and Spain under one prince, and the
+settling the barrier for Holland; which last, as claimed by the States,
+could, in prudence and safety, be no more allowed by us than by France.
+
+The States General having appointed Mons. Buys to be one of their
+plenipotentiaries at Utrecht, that minister left England a few days
+after the lord privy seal. In his last conference with the lords of the
+council, he absolutely declared, "That his masters had done their
+utmost, both by sea and land: That it was unreasonable to expect more:
+That they had exceeded their proportion, even beyond Britain; and that
+as to the Emperor, and other allies, he knew no expedient left for
+making them act with more vigour, than to pursue them with pathetical
+exhortations."
+
+This minister was sent over hither, instructed and empowered by halves.
+The ferment raised by the united endeavours of our party leaders, among
+whom he was a constant fellow-labourer to the utmost of his skill, had
+wholly confounded him; and thinking to take the advantage of negotiating
+well for Holland at the expense of Britain, he acted but ill for his own
+country, and worse for the common cause. However, the Queen's ministers
+and he parted with the greatest civility; and Her Majesty's present was
+double the value of what is usual to the character he bore.[3]
+
+[Footnote 3: Compare this passage with one in Bolingbroke's
+"Correspondence" (vol. ii., pp. 108-109): "He [Buys] came over
+instructed and empowered by halves. The ferment which had been created
+by the joint efforts of the faction here, and of that in Holland,
+confounded him; and thinking to take this advantage of negotiating well
+for Holland at the expense of Britain, he has negotiated ill for both
+and ill for the common cause. We parted in terms of the greatest
+civility, and Her Majesty's present to him was a thousand pounds,
+which is double the value of what is ever given here to an
+envoy-extraordinary." [T.S.]]
+
+As the Queen was determined to alter her measures in making war, so she
+thought nothing would so much convince the States of the necessity of a
+peace, as to have them frequently put in mind of this resolution, which
+her ambassador Strafford, then at The Hague, was accordingly directed to
+do: and if they should object, of what ill consequence it would be for
+the enemy to know Her Majesty designed to lessen her expenses, he might
+answer, "That the ministers here were sorry for it; but the Dutch could
+only blame themselves, for forcing into such a necessity a princess, to
+whose friendship they owed the preservation and grandeur of their
+republic, and choosing to lean on a broken faction, rather than place
+their confidence in the Queen."
+
+It was Her Majesty's earnest desire, that there should be a perfect
+agreement at this treaty between the ministers of all the allies, than
+which nothing could be more effectual to make France comply with their
+just demands: above all, she directed her plenipotentiaries to enter
+into the strictest confidence with those of Holland; and that, after the
+States had consented to explain the Barrier Treaty to her reasonable
+satisfaction, both powers should form between them a plan of general
+peace, from which they would not recede, and such as might secure the
+quiet of Europe, as well as the particular interests of each
+confederate.
+
+The Dutch were accordingly pressed, before the congress opened, to come
+to some temperament upon that famous treaty; because the ministers here
+expected it would be soon laid before the House of Commons, by which the
+resentment of the nation would probably appear against those who had
+been actors and advisers in it: but Mons. Buys, who usually spoke for
+his colleagues, was full of opposition, began to expostulate upon the
+advantages Britain had stipulated with France; and to insist, that his
+masters ought to share equally in them all, but especially the Assiento
+contract: so that no progress was made in fixing a previous good
+correspondence between Britain and the States, which Her Majesty had so
+earnestly recommended.
+
+Certain regulations having been agreed upon, for avoiding of ceremony
+and other inconveniencies, the conferences began at Utrecht, upon the
+twenty-ninth of January, N.S. one thousand seven hundred and
+eleven-twelve, at ten in the morning. The ministers of the allies going
+into the town-house at one door, and those of France, at the same
+instant, at another, they all took their seats without distinction; and
+the Bishop of Bristol, lord privy seal, first plenipotentiary of
+Britain, opened the assembly with a short speech, directed to the
+ministers of France, in words to the following effect:
+
+"MESSIEURS,
+
+"We are here to meet to-day, in the name of God, to enter upon a treaty
+of general peace, between the high allies and the King your master. We
+bring sincere intentions, and express orders from our superiors, to
+concur, on their part, with whatever may advance and perfect so salutary
+and Christian a work. On the other side, we hope you have the same
+disposition; and that your orders will be so full, as to be able,
+without loss of time, to answer the expectation of the high allies, by
+explaining yourselves clearly and roundly upon the points we shall have
+to settle in these conferences; and that you will perform this in so
+plain and specific a manner, as every prince and state in the
+confederacy may find a just and reasonable satisfaction."
+
+The French began, by promising to explain the overtures which Mons.
+Mesnager had delivered to the Queen some months before, and to give in a
+specific project of what their master would yield, provided the allies
+would each give a specific answer, by making their several demands;
+which method, after many difficulties, and affected delays in the Dutch,
+was at length agreed to.
+
+But the States, who had, with the utmost discontent, seen Her Majesty at
+the head of this negotiation, where they intended to have placed
+themselves, began to discover their ill-humour upon every occasion; they
+raised endless difficulties about settling the Barrier Treaty, as the
+Queen desired; and in one of the first general conferences, they would
+not suffer the British secretary to take the minutes, but nominated some
+Dutch professor for that office, which the Queen refused, and resented
+their behaviour as an useless cavil, intended only to shew their want of
+respect. The British plenipotentiaries had great reason to suspect, that
+the Dutch were, at this time, privately endeavouring to engage in some
+separate measures with France, by the intervention of one Molo, a busy
+factious agent at Amsterdam, who had been often employed in such
+intrigues: that this was the cause which made them so litigious and slow
+in all their steps, in hopes to break the congress, and find better
+terms for their trade and barrier, from the French, than we ever could
+think fit to allow them. The Dutch ministers did also apply themselves
+with industry, to cultivate the imperial plenipotentiary's favour, in
+order to secure all advantages of commerce with Spain and the West
+Indies, in case those dominions could be procured for the Emperor: for
+this reason they avoided settling any general plan of peace, in concert
+with the plenipotentiaries of Britain, which Her Majesty desired; and
+Mons. Buys plainly told their lordships, that it was a point, which
+neither he nor his colleagues could consent to, before the States were
+admitted equal sharers with Britain in the trade of Spain.
+
+The court having notice of this untractable temper in the Dutch, gave
+direct orders to the plenipotentiaries of Britain, for pressing those of
+the States to adjust the gross in equalities of the Barrier Treaty,
+since nothing was more usual or agreeable to reason than for princes,
+who find themselves aggrieved by prejudicial contracts, to expect they
+should be modified and explained. And since it now appeared by votes in
+the House of Commons, that the sense of the nation agreed with what Her
+Majesty desired, if the Dutch ministers would not be brought to any
+moderate terms upon this demand, their lordships were directed to
+improve and amend the particular concessions made to Britain by France,
+and form them into a treaty, for the Queen was determined never to allow
+the States any share in the Assiento, Gibraltar, and Port Mahon, nor
+could think it reasonable, that they should be upon an equal foot with
+her in the trade of Spain, to the conquest whereof they had contributed
+so little.
+
+Nor was the conduct of the imperial minister at this time less
+perplexing than that of the States, both those powers appearing fully
+bent, either upon breaking off the negotiation, or, upon forcing from
+the Queen those advantages she expected by it for her own kingdoms. Her
+Majesty therefore thought fit, about the beginning of March, to send Mr.
+Thomas Harley, a near relation of the treasurer's, to Utrecht, fully
+informed of her mind, which he was directed to communicate to the
+plenipotentiaries of Britain.
+
+Mr. Harley stopped in his way to Utrecht at The Hague, and there told
+the pensionary, "That nothing had happened lately in England but what
+was long ago foretold him, as well as the other ministers of the allies.
+That the proceedings of the House of Commons, particularly about the
+Barrier Treaty, must chiefly be ascribed to the manner in which the
+Queen and the nation had been treated by Mons. Bothmar, Count Gallas,
+Buys, and other foreign ministers. That if the States would yet enter
+into a strict union with the Queen, give her satisfaction in the said
+treaty, and join in concert with her plenipotentiaries at Utrecht, a
+safe and advantageous peace might be obtained for the whole alliance;
+otherwise Her Majesty must save her own country, and join with such of
+her allies as would join with her.
+
+"As to the war, that the conduct of the allies, and their opposition to
+the Queen, by private intrigues carried on among her own subjects, as
+well as by open remonstrances, had made the House of Commons take that
+matter out of the hands of the ministers.
+
+"Lastly, that in case the present treaty were broken off by the Dutch
+refusing to comply, Her Majesty thought it reasonable to insist, that
+some cautionary places be put into her hands as pledges, that no other
+negotiation should be entered into by the States General, without her
+participation."
+
+Mr. Harley's instructions to the Queen's plenipotentiaries were, "That
+they should press those of France, to open themselves as far as
+possible, in concerting such a plan of a general peace, as might give
+reasonable satisfaction to all the confederates, and such as her
+Parliament would approve: That the people of England believed France
+would consent to such a plan; wherein if they found themselves deceived,
+they would be as eager for prosecuting the war as ever."
+
+Their lordships were to declare openly to the Dutch, "That no extremity
+should make Her Majesty depart from insisting to have the Assiento for
+her own subjects, and to keep Gibraltar and Port Mahon; but if the
+States would agree with her upon these three heads, she would be content
+to reduce the trade of Spain and the West Indies, to the condition it
+was in under the late Catholic King Charles II."
+
+The French were farther to be pressed, "That the Pretender should be
+immediately sent out of that kingdom; and that the most effectual method
+should be taken, for preventing the union of France and Spain under one
+prince."
+
+About this time Her Majesty's ministers, and those of the allies at
+Utrecht, delivered in the several _postulata_ or demands of their
+masters to the French plenipotentiaries, which having been since made
+public, and all of them, except those of Britain, very much varying in
+the course of the negotiation, the reader would be but ill entertained
+with a transcript of them here.
+
+Upon intelligence of the last dauphin's death, the father, son, and
+grandson, all of that title,[4] dying within the compass of a year,
+Mons. Gaultier went to France with letters to the Marquis de Torcy, to
+propose Her Majesty's expedient for preventing the union of that kingdom
+with Spain; which, as it was the most important article to be settled,
+in order to secure peace for Europe, so it was a point that required to
+be speedily adjusted under the present circumstances and situation of
+the Bourbon family, there being only left a child of two years old to
+stand between the Duke of Anjou and his succeeding to the crown of
+France.
+
+[Footnote 4: These princes were the grandfather, the father, and the
+brother, of Louis XV., who was then Duke of Anjou, and supposed to be at
+the point of death. [N.]]
+
+Her Majesty likewise pressed France by the same dispatches, to send full
+instructions to their plenipotentiaries, empowering them to offer to the
+allies such a plan of peace, as might give reasonable satisfaction to
+all her allies.
+
+The Queen's proposal for preventing an union between France and Spain
+was, "that Philip should formally renounce the kingdom of France for
+himself and his posterity; and that this renunciation should be
+confirmed by the Cortes or states of Spain, who, without question, would
+heartily concur against such an union, by which their country must
+become a province to France." In like manner, the French princes of the
+blood were severally to renounce all title to Spain.
+
+The French raised many difficulties upon several particulars of this
+expedient; but the Queen persisted to refuse any plan of peace before
+this weighty point were settled in the manner she proposed, which was
+afterwards submitted to, as in proper place we shall observe. In the
+mean time, the negotiation at Utrecht proceeded with a very slow pace;
+the Dutch interposing all obstructions they could contrive, refusing to
+come to any reasonable temper upon the Barrier Treaty, or to offer a
+plan, in concert with the Queen, for a general peace. Nothing less would
+satisfy them, than the partaking in those advantages we had stipulated
+for ourselves, and which did no ways interfere with their trade or
+security. They still expected some turn in England; their friends on
+this side had ventured to assure them, that the Queen could not live
+many months, which, indeed, from the bad state of Her Majesty's health,
+was reasonable to expect. The British plenipotentiaries daily discovered
+new endeavours of Holland to treat privately with France; and, lastly,
+those among the States, who desired the war should continue, strove to
+gain time, until the campaign should open; and by resolving to enter
+into action with the first opportunity, render all things desperate, and
+break up the congress.
+
+This scheme did exactly fall in with Prince Eugene's dispositions, whom
+the States had chosen for their general, and of whose conduct, in this
+conjuncture, the Queen had too much reason to be jealous; but Her
+Majesty, who was resolved to do her utmost towards putting a good and
+speedy end to this war, having placed the Duke of Ormonde at the head of
+her forces in Flanders, whither he was now arrived, directed him to keep
+all the troops in British pay, whether subjects or foreigners,
+immediately under his own command; and to be cautious, for a while, in
+engaging in any action of importance, unless upon a very apparent
+advantage. At the same time the Queen determined to make one thorough
+trial of the disposition of the States, by allowing them the utmost
+concessions that could any way suit either with her safety or honour.
+She therefore directed her ministers at Utrecht, to tell the Dutch,
+"That, in order to shew how desirous she was to live in perfect amity
+with that republic, she would resign up the fifteen _per cent._,
+advantage upon English goods sent to the Spanish dominions, which the
+French King had offered her by a power from his grandson,[5] and be
+content to reduce that trade to the state in which it was under the late
+King of Spain. She would accept of any tolerable softening of these
+words in the seventh article of the Barrier Treaty, where it is said,
+'The States shall have power, in case of an apparent attack, to put as
+many troops as they please into all the places of the Netherlands,'
+without specifying an attack from the side of France, as ought to have
+been done; otherwise, the Queen might justly think they were preparing
+themselves for a rupture with Britain. Her Majesty likewise consented,
+that the States should keep Nieuport, Dendermonde, and the Castle of
+Ghent, as an addition to their barrier, although she were sensible how
+injurious those concessions would be to the trade of her subjects; and
+would waive the demand of Ostend being delivered into her hands, which
+she might with justice insist on. In return for all this, that the Queen
+only desired the ministers of the States would enter into a close
+correspondence with hers, and settle between them some plan of a general
+peace, which might give reasonable content to all her allies, and which
+Her Majesty would endeavour to bring France to consent to. She desired
+the trade of her kingdoms to the Netherlands, and to the towns of their
+barrier, might be upon as good a foot as it was before the war began:
+That the Dutch would not insist to have share in the Assiento, to which
+they had not the least pretensions, and that they would no longer
+encourage the intrigues of a faction against her government. Her Majesty
+assured them in plain terms, that her own future measures, and the
+conduct of her plenipotentiaries, should be wholly governed by their
+behaviour in these points; and that her offers were only conditional, in
+case of their compliance with what she desired."
+
+[Footnote 5: Philip V., King of Spain. [W. S, J.]]
+
+But all these proofs of the Queen's kindness and sincerity could not
+avail. The Dutch ministers pleaded, they had no power to concert the
+plan of general peace with those of Britain: however, they assured the
+latter, that the Assiento was the only difficulty which stuck with their
+masters. Whereupon, at their desire, a contract for that traffic was
+twice read to them; after which they appeared very well satisfied, and
+said they would go to The Hague for further instructions. Thither they
+went, and, after a week's absence, returned the same answer, "That they
+had no power to settle a scheme of peace; but could only discourse of
+it, when the difficulties of the Barrier Treaty were over." And Mons.
+Buys took a journey to Amsterdam, on purpose to stir up that city, where
+he was pensionary, against yielding the Assiento to Britain; but was
+unsuccessful in his negotiation; the point being yielded up there, and
+in most other towns in Holland.
+
+It will have an odd sound in history, and appear hardly credible, that
+in several petty republics of single towns, which make up the States
+General, it should be formally debated, whether the Queen of Great
+Britain, who preserved the commonwealth at the charge of so many
+millions, should be suffered to enjoy, after a peace, the liberty
+granted her by Spain of selling African slaves in the Spanish dominions
+of America! But there was a prevailing faction at The Hague, violently
+bent against any peace, where the Queen must act that part which they
+had intended for themselves. These politicians, who held constant
+correspondence with their old dejected friends in England, were daily
+fed with the vain hopes of the Queen's death, or the party's
+restoration. They likewise endeavoured to spin out the time, till Prince
+Eugene's activity had pushed on some great event, which might govern or
+perplex the conditions of peace. Therefore the Dutch plenipotentiaries,
+who proceeded by the instructions of those mistaken patriots, acted in
+every point with a spirit of litigiousness, than which nothing could
+give greater advantage to the enemy; a strict union between the allies,
+but especially Britain and Holland, being doubtless the only means for
+procuring safe and honourable terms from France.
+
+But neither was this the worst; for the Queen received undoubted
+intelligence from Utrecht, that the Dutch were again attempting a
+separate correspondence with France. And by letters, intercepted here,
+from Vienna, it was found, that the imperial court, whose ministers were
+in the utmost confidence with those of Holland, expressed the most
+furious rage against Her Majesty, for the steps she had taken to advance
+a peace.
+
+This unjustifiable treatment, the Queen could not digest from an ally,
+upon whom she had conferred so many signal obligations, whom she had
+used with so much indulgence and sincerity during the whole course of
+the negotiation, and had so often invited to go along with her in every
+motion towards a peace. She apprehended likewise, that the negotiation
+might be taken out of her hands, if France could be secure of easier
+conditions in Holland, or might think that Britain wanted power to
+influence the whole confederacy. She resolved therefore, on this
+occasion, to exert herself with vigour, steadiness, and dispatch; and,
+in the beginning of May, sent her commands to the Earl of Strafford to
+repair immediately to England, in order to consult with her ministers
+what was proper to be done.
+
+The proposal above mentioned, for preventing the union of France and
+Spain, met with many difficulties; Mons. de Torcy raising objections
+against several parts of it. But the Queen refused to proceed any
+farther with France, until this weighty point were fully settled to her
+satisfaction; after which, she promised to grant a suspension of arms,
+provided the town and citadel of Dunkirk might be delivered as a pledge
+into her hands: and proposed that Ypres might be surrendered to the
+Dutch, if they would consent to come into the suspension. France
+absolutely refused the latter; and the States General having acted in
+perpetual contradiction to Her Majesty, she pressed that matter no
+farther; because she doubted they would not agree to a cessation of
+arms. However, she resolved to put a speedy end, or at least
+intermission, to her own share in the war: and the French having
+declared themselves ready to agree to her expedients, for preventing the
+union of the two crowns, and consented to the delivery of Dunkirk;
+positive orders were sent to the Duke of Ormonde to avoid engaging in
+any battle or siege, until he had further instructions; but he was
+directed to conceal his orders, and to find the best excuses he could,
+if any pressing occasion should offer.
+
+The reasons for this unusual proceeding, which made a mighty noise, were
+of sufficient weight to justify it; for, pursuant to the agreement made
+between us and France, a courier was then dispatched from Fontainebleau
+to Madrid, with the offer of an alternative to Philip, either of
+resigning Spain immediately to the Duke of Savoy, upon the hopes of
+succeeding to France, and some present advantage, which, not having been
+accepted, is needless to dilate on; or of adhering to Spain, and
+renouncing all future claim to France for himself and his posterity.
+
+Until it could be known which part Philip would accept, the Queen would
+not take possession of Dunkirk, nor suffer an armistice to be declared.
+But, however, since the Most Christian King had agreed that his grandson
+should be forced, in case of a refusal, to make his choice immediately,
+Her Majesty could not endure to think, that perhaps some thousands of
+lives of her own subjects and allies might be sacrificed, without
+necessity, if an occasion should be found or sought for fighting a
+battle; which, she very well knew, Prince Eugene would eagerly attempt,
+and put all into confusion, to gratify his own ambition, the enmity of
+his new masters the Dutch, and the rage of his court.
+
+But the Duke of Ormonde, who, with every other quality that can
+accomplish or adorn a great man, inherits all the valour and loyalty of
+his ancestors, found it very difficult to acquit himself of his
+commission;[6] for Prince Eugene, and all the field deputies of the
+States, had begun already to talk either of attacking the enemy, or
+besieging Quesnoy, the confederate army being now all joined by the
+troops they expected; and accordingly, about three days after the Duke
+had received those orders from court, it was proposed to his grace, at a
+meeting with the prince and deputies, that the French army should be
+attacked, their camp having been viewed, and a great opportunity
+offering to do it with success; for the Marechal de Villars, who had
+notice sent him by Mons. de Torcy of what was passing, and had signified
+the same by a trumpet to the Duke, shewed less vigilance than was usual
+to that general, taking no precautions to secure his camp, or observe
+the motions of the allies, probably on purpose to provoke them, the Duke
+said, "That the Earl of Strafford's sudden departure for England, made
+him believe there was something of consequence now transacting, which
+would be known in four or five days; and therefore desired they would
+defer this or any other undertaking, until he could receive fresh
+letters from England." Whereupon the prince and deputies immediately
+told the Duke, "That they looked for such an answer as he had given
+them: That they had suspected our measures for some time, and their
+suspicions were confirmed by the express his grace had so lately
+received, as well as by the negligence of Mons. Villars". They appeared
+extremely dissatisfied; and the deputies told the Duke, that they would
+immediately send an account of his answer to their masters, which they
+accordingly did; and soon after, by order from the States, wrote him an
+expostulating letter, in a style less respectful than became them;
+desiring him, among other things, to explain himself, whether he had
+positive orders not to fight the French; and afterwards told him, "They
+were sure he had such orders, otherwise he could not answer what he had
+done." But the Duke still waived the question, saying, "he would be glad
+to have letters from England, before he entered upon action, and that he
+expected them daily."
+
+[Footnote 6: For an estimate of Ormonde's character see Swift's "Enquiry
+into the Behaviour of the Queen's Last Ministry," vol. v. of present
+edition (pp. 428-430). Ormonde had done very little to deserve
+succeeding such a soldier as Marlborough. Indeed, his name was
+associated with the disgraceful expedition to Cadiz, in which he was in
+command of the English troops. [T.S.]]
+
+Upon this incident, the ministers and generals of the allies immediately
+took the alarm, venting their fury in violent expressions against the
+Queen, and those she employed in her councils: said, they were betrayed
+by Britain, and assumed the countenance of those who think they have
+received an injury, and are disposed to return it.
+
+The Duke of Ormonde's army consisted of eighteen thousand of Her
+Majesty's subjects, and about thirty thousand hired from other princes,
+either wholly by the Queen, or jointly by her and the States. The Duke
+immediately informed the court of the dispositions he found among the
+foreign generals upon this occasion; and that, upon an exigency, he
+could only depend on the British troops adhering to him; those of
+Hanover having already determined to desert to the Dutch, and tempted
+the Danes to do the like, and that he had reason to suppose the same of
+the rest.
+
+Upon the news arriving at Utrecht, that the Duke of Ormonde had refused
+to engage in any action against the enemy, the Dutch ministers there
+went immediately to make their complaints to the lord privy seal;
+aggravating the strangeness of this proceeding, together with the
+consequence of it, in the loss of a most favourable opportunity for
+ruining the French army, and the discontent it must needs create in the
+whole body of the confederates. Adding, how hard it was that they should
+be kept in the dark, and have no communication of what was done in a
+point which so nearly concerned them. They concluded, that the Duke must
+needs have acted by orders; and desired his lordship to write both to
+court, and to his grace, what they had now said.
+
+The bishop answered, "That he knew nothing of this fact, but what they
+had told him; and therefore was not prepared with a reply to their
+representations: only, in general, he could venture to say, that this
+case appeared very like the conduct of their field-deputies upon former
+occasions: That if such orders were given, they were certainly built
+upon very justifiable foundations, and would soon be so explained as to
+convince the States, and all the world, that the common interest would
+be better provided for another way, than by a battle or siege: That the
+want of communication which they complained of, could not make the
+States so uneasy as their declining to receive it had made the Queen,
+who had used her utmost endeavours to persuade them to concur with her
+in concerting every step towards a general peace, and settling such a
+plan as both sides might approve and adhere to; but, to this day, the
+States had not thought fit to accept those offers, or to authorize any
+of their ministers to treat with Her Majesty's plenipotentiaries upon
+that affair, although they had been pressed to it ever since the
+negotiation began: That his lordship, to shew that he did not speak his
+private sense alone, took this opportunity to execute the orders he had
+received the evening before, by declaring to them, that all Her
+Majesty's offers for adjusting the differences between her and the
+States were founded upon this express condition, That they should come
+immediately into the Queen's measures, and act openly and sincerely with
+her; and that, from their conduct, so directly contrary, she now looked
+upon herself to be under no obligation to them."
+
+Mons. Buys and his colleagues were stunned with this declaration, made
+to them at a time when they pretended to think the right of complaining
+to be on their side, and had come to the bishop upon that errand. But
+after their surprise was abated, and Buys's long reasonings at an end,
+they began to think how matters might be retrieved; and were of opinion,
+that the States should immediately dispatch a minister to England,
+unless his lordship were empowered to treat with them; which, without
+new commands, he said he was not. They afterwards desired to know of the
+bishop, what the meaning was of the last words in his declaration, "That
+Her Majesty looked upon herself to be under no obligation to them." He
+told them his opinion, "That as the Queen was bound by treaty to concert
+with the States the conditions of a peace, so, upon their declining the
+concert so frequently offered, she was acquitted of that obligation: but
+that he verily believed, whatever measures Her Majesty should take, she
+would always have a friendly regard to the interest of their
+commonwealth; and that as their unkindness had been very unexpected and
+disagreeable to Her Majesty, so their compliance would be equally
+pleasing."
+
+I have been the more circumstantial in relating this affair, because it
+furnished abundance of discourse, and gave rise to many wild conjectures
+and misrepresentations, as well here as in Holland, especially that part
+which concerned the Duke of Ormonde;[7] for the angry faction in the
+House of Commons, upon the first intelligence, that the Duke had
+declined to act offensively against France, in concurrence with the
+allies, moved for an address, wherein the Queen should be informed of
+"the deep concern of her Commons for the dangerous consequences to the
+common cause, which must arise from this proceeding of her general; and
+to beseech her, that speedy instructions might be given to the Duke to
+prosecute the war with vigour, in order to quiet the minds of her
+people, &c." But a great majority was against this motion, and a
+resolution drawn up and presented to the Queen by the whole House of a
+quite contrary tenor, "That they had an entire confidence in Her
+Majesty's most gracious promise, to communicate to her Parliament the
+terms of the peace, before the same should be concluded; and that they
+would support Her Majesty, in obtaining an honourable and safe peace,
+against all such persons, either at home or abroad, who have
+endeavoured, or shall endeavour, to obstruct the same."
+
+[Footnote 7: This determination on the part of England to cease
+hostilities at this juncture has been most severely criticized. The
+matter formed, afterwards, the chief article in the impeachment of
+Bolingbroke, and an important article in the impeachment of Oxford.
+According to the "Report of the Committee of Secrecy," and the Earl of
+Oxford's answer to this charge in his impeachment, it seems as if St.
+John had instructed Ormonde so to act, without in any way consulting the
+council, and apparently purposely concealing the fact from his
+colleagues. Mr. Walter Sichel, however, in a note on p. 380 of his
+"Bolingbroke and his Times," clearly traces the order to the desire of
+the Queen herself, and in his text lays on the Queen the blame that was
+visited on the heads of her ministers. See also note on p. 156. [T.S.]]
+
+The courier sent with the alternative to Spain was now returned, with an
+account that Philip had chosen to renounce France for himself and his
+posterity, whereof the Queen having received notice, Her Majesty, upon
+the sixth of June, in a long speech to both Houses of Parliament, laid
+before them the terms of a general peace, stipulated between her and
+France. This speech, being the plan whereby both France and the allies
+have been obliged to proceed in the subsequent course of the treaty, I
+shall desire the reader's leave to insert it at length, although I
+believe it hath been already in most hands.[7]
+
+[Footnote 7: This speech was printed by John Baskett, 1712. [W.S.J.]]
+
+"MY LORDS AND GENTLEMEN,
+
+"The making peace and war is the undoubted prerogative of the crown; yet
+such is the just confidence I place in you, that at the opening of this
+session, I acquainted you that a negotiation for a general peace was
+begun; and afterwards, by messages, I promised to communicate to you the
+terms of peace, before the same should be concluded.
+
+"In pursuance of that promise, I now come to let you know upon what
+terms a general peace may be made.
+
+"I need not mention the difficulties which arise from the very nature of
+this affair; and it is but too apparent, that these difficulties have
+been increased by other obstructions, artfully contrived to hinder this
+great and good work.
+
+"Nothing, however, has moved me from steadily pursuing, in the first
+place, the true interests of my own kingdoms, and I have not omitted any
+thing, which might procure to all our allies what is due to them by
+treaties, and what is necessary for their security.
+
+"The assuring of the Protestant succession, as by law established in the
+House of Hanover, to these kingdoms; being what I have nearest at heart,
+particular care is taken not only to have that acknowledged in the
+strongest terms, but to have an additional security, by the removal of
+that person out of the dominions of France, who has pretended to disturb
+this settlement.
+
+"The apprehension that Spain and the West Indies might be united to
+France, was the chief inducement to begin this war; and the effectual
+preventing of such an union, was the principle I laid down at the
+commencement of this treaty. Former examples, and the late negotiations,
+sufficiently shew how difficult it is to find means to accomplish this
+work. I would not content myself with such as are speculative, or depend
+on treaties only: I insisted on what was solid, and to have at hand the
+power of executing what should be agreed.
+
+"I can therefore now tell you, that France at last is brought to offer,
+that the Duke of Anjou shall, for himself and his descendants, renounce
+for ever all claim to the crown of France; and that this important
+article may be exposed to no hazard, the performance is to accompany the
+promise.
+
+"At the same time the succession to the crown of France is to be
+declared, after the death of the present dauphin and his sons, to be in
+the Duke of Berry and his sons, in the Duke of Orleans and his sons, and
+so on to the rest of the House of Bourbon.
+
+"As to Spain and the Indies, the succession to those dominions, after
+the Duke of Anjou and his children, is to descend to such prince as
+shall be agreed upon at the treaty, for ever excluding the rest of the
+House of Bourbon.
+
+"For confirming the renunciations and settlements before mentioned, it
+is further offered, that they should be ratified in the most strong and
+solemn manner, both in France and Spain; and that those kingdoms, as
+well as all the other powers engaged in the present war, shall be
+guarantees to the same.
+
+"The nature of this proposal is such, that it executes itself: the
+interest of Spain is to support it; and in France, the persons to whom
+that succession is to belong, will be ready and powerful enough to
+vindicate their own right.
+
+"France and Spain are now more effectually divided than ever. And thus,
+by the blessing of God, will a real balance of power be fixed in Europe,
+and remain liable to as few accidents as human affairs can be exempted
+from.
+
+"A treaty of commerce between these kingdoms and France has been entered
+upon; but the excessive duties laid on some goods, and the prohibitions
+of others, make it impossible to finish this work so soon as were to be
+desired. Care is however taken to establish a method of settling this
+matter; and in the mean time provision is made, that the same privileges
+and advantages, as shall be granted to any other nation by France, shall
+be granted in like manner to us.
+
+"The division of the Island of St. Christopher, between us and the
+French, having been the cause of great inconveniency and damage to my
+subjects, I have demanded to have an absolute cession made to me of that
+whole island, and France agrees to this demand.
+
+"Our interest is so deeply concerned in the trade of North America, that
+I have used my utmost endeavours to adjust that article in the most
+beneficial manner. France consents to restore to us the whole Bay and
+Straits of Hudson, to deliver up the Island of Newfoundland, with
+Placentia; and to make an absolute cession of Annapolis, with the rest
+of Nova Scotia, or Acadie.
+
+"The safety of our home trade will be better provided for, by the
+demolition of Dunkirk.
+
+"Our Mediterranean trade, and the British interest and influence in
+those parts, will be secured by the possession of Gibraltar and Port
+Mahon, with the whole island of Minorca, which are offered to remain in
+my hands.
+
+"The trade to Spain and to the West Indies may in general be settled, as
+it was in the time of the late King of Spain, Charles the Second; and a
+particular provision be made, that all advantages, rights, or
+privileges, which have been granted, or which may hereafter be granted,
+by Spain to any other nation, shall be in like manner granted to the
+subjects of Great Britain.
+
+"But the part which we have borne in the prosecution of this war,
+entitling us to some distinction in the terms of peace, I have insisted,
+and obtained, that the Assiento, or contract for furnishing the Spanish
+West Indies with negroes, shall be made with us for the term of thirty
+years, in the same manner as it has been enjoyed by the French for ten
+years past.
+
+"I have not taken upon me to determine the interests of our
+confederates; these must be adjusted in the congress at Utrecht, where
+my best endeavours shall be employed, as they have hitherto constantly
+been, to procure to every one of them all just and reasonable
+satisfaction. In the mean time, I think it proper to acquaint you, that
+France offers to make the Rhine the barrier of the empire; to yield
+Brissac, the fort of Kehl, and Landau, and to raze all the fortresses,
+both on the other side of the Rhine, and in that river.
+
+"As to the Protestant interest in Germany, there will be on the part of
+France no objection to the resettling thereof, on the foot of the treaty
+of Westphalia.
+
+"The Spanish Low Countries may go to his Imperial Majesty: the kingdoms
+of Naples and Sardinia, the duchy of Milan, and the places belonging to
+Spain on the coast of Tuscany, may likewise be yielded by the treaty of
+peace to the Emperor.
+
+"As to the kingdom of Sicily, though there remains no dispute concerning
+the cession of it by the Duke of Anjou, yet the disposition thereof is
+not yet determined.
+
+"The interests of the States General, with respect to commerce, are
+agreed to, as they have been demanded by their own ministers, with the
+exception only of some very few species of merchandise; and the entire
+barrier, as demanded by the States in one thousand seven hundred and
+nine from France, except two or three places at most.
+
+"As to these exceptions, several expedients are proposed; and I make no
+doubt but this barrier may be so settled, as to render that republic
+perfectly secure against any enterprise on the part of France; which is
+the foundation of all my engagements upon this head with the States.
+
+"The demands of Portugal depending on the disposition of Spain, and that
+article having been long in dispute, it has not been yet possible to
+make any considerable progress therein; but my plenipotentiaries will
+now have an opportunity to assist that king in his pretensions.
+
+"Those of the King of Prussia are such as, I hope, will admit of little
+difficulty on the part of France; and my utmost endeavours shall not be
+wanting to procure all I am able to so good an ally.
+
+"The difference between the barrier demanded for the Duke of Savoy in
+one thousand seven hundred and nine, and the offers now made by France,
+is very inconsiderable: but that prince having so signally distinguished
+himself in the service of the common cause, I am endeavouring to procure
+for him still farther advantages.
+
+"France has consented, that the Elector Palatine shall continue his
+present rank among the electors, and remain in possession of the Upper
+Palatinate.
+
+"The electoral dignity is likewise acknowledged in the House of Hanover,
+according to the article inserted at that prince's desire in my demands.
+
+"And as to the rest of the allies, I make no doubt of being able to
+secure their several interests.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"MY LORDS AND GENTLEMEN,
+
+"I have now communicated to you, not only the terms of peace, which may,
+by the future treaty, be obtained for my own subjects; but likewise the
+proposals of France, for satisfying our allies.
+
+"The former are such as I have reason to expect, to make my people some
+amends for that great and unequal burden which they have lain under,
+through the whole course of this war; and I am willing to hope, that
+none of our confederates, and especially those to whom so great
+accessions of dominion and power are to accrue by this peace, will envy
+Britain her share in the glory and advantage of it.
+
+"The latter are not yet so perfectly adjusted, as a little more time
+might have rendered them; but the season of the year making it necessary
+to put an end to this session, I resolved no longer to defer
+communicating these matters to you.
+
+"I can make no doubt but you are all fully persuaded, that nothing will
+be neglected on my part, in the progress of this negotiation, to bring
+the peace to an happy and speedy issue; and I depend on your entire
+confidence in me, and your cheerful concurrence with me."
+
+The discontented party in the House of Commons, finding the torrent
+against them not to be stemmed, suspended their opposition; by which
+means an address was voted, _nemine contradicente_, to acknowledge Her
+Majesty's condescension, to express their satisfaction in what she had
+already done, and to desire she would please to proceed with the present
+negotiations for obtaining a speedy peace.
+
+During these transactions at home, the Duke of Ormonde[8] was in a very
+uneasy situation at the army, employed in practising those arts which
+perhaps are fitter for a subtle negotiator than a great commander.[9]
+But as he had always proved his obedience, where courage or conduct
+could be of use; so the duty he professed to his prince, made him submit
+to continue in a state of inactivity at the head of his troops, however
+contrary to his nature, if it were for Her Majesty's service. He had
+sent early notice to the ministers, that he could not depend upon the
+foreign forces in the Queen's pay, and he now found some attempts were
+already begun to seduce them.
+
+[Footnote 8: James Butler, Duke of Ormonde, succeeded his grandfather in
+that title in July, 1688, was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in 1703, and
+again in 1710. He succeeded the Duke of Marlborough as captain general,
+and had the first regiment of Guards. Bishop Burnet says, "he had the
+same allowances that had been lately voted criminal in the Duke of
+Marlborough." ("History," vol. ii., p. 602). [N.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: Bolingbroke had written a letter to Ormonde (dated May
+10th, 1712) in which he informed the commander-in-chief that it was the
+"Queen's positive command to your Grace, that you avoid engaging in any
+siege or hazarding a battle till you have farther orders from Her
+Majesty." How to do this with dignity was not an easy matter. The
+continuation of this letter from Bolingbroke suggested the spirit,
+though it left to Ormonde the details of his procedure in so delicate a
+situation: "I am, at the same time, directed to let your Grace know that
+the Queen would have you disguise the receipt of this order; and her
+Majesty thinks that you cannot want pretences for conducting yourself so
+as to answer her ends, without owning that which might at present have
+an ill effect if it was publicly known." (Bolingbroke, "Correspondence,"
+ii. 320). This is what Swift means by being: "employed in practicing
+those arts which perhaps are fitter for a subtle negotiator than a great
+commander." [T.S.]]
+
+While the courier was expected from Madrid, the Duke had orders to
+inform the Maréchal de Villars of the true state of this affair; and
+that his grace would have decisive orders in three or four days. In the
+mean time, he desired the marechal would not oblige him to come to any
+action, either to defend himself, or to join with Prince Eugene's army;
+which he must necessarily do, if the prince were attacked.
+
+When the courier was arrived with the account, that Philip had chosen to
+accept of Spain, Her Majesty had proposed to France a suspension of arms
+for two months (to be prolonged to three or four), between the armies
+now in Flanders, upon the following conditions:
+
+"That, during the suspension, endeavours should be used for concluding a
+general peace; or, at least, the article for preventing the union of
+France and Spain, should be punctually executed by Philip's renouncing
+France, for himself and his posterity; and the princes of Bourbon, in
+like manner, renouncing Spain: and that the town, citadel, and forts of
+Dunkirk, should be immediately delivered into the Queen's hands." Her
+Majesty at the same time endeavoured to get Cambray for the Dutch,
+provided they would come into the suspension. But this was absolutely
+rejected by France; which that court would never have ventured to do, if
+those allies could have been prevailed on to have acted with sincerity
+and openness in concert with Her Majesty, as her plenipotentiaries had
+always desired. However, the Queen promised, that, if the States would
+yield to a suspension of arms, they should have some valuable pledge put
+into their possession.
+
+But now fresh intelligence daily arrived, both from Utrecht and the
+army, of attempts to make the troops in Her Majesty's pay desert her
+service; and a design even of seizing the British forces, was whispered
+about, and with reason suspected.
+
+When the Queen's speech was published in Holland, the lord privy seal
+told the Dutch ministers at Utrecht, "That what Her Majesty had laid
+before her Parliament could not, according to the rules of treaty, be
+looked on as the utmost of what France would yield in the course of a
+negotiation; but only the utmost of what that crown would propose, in
+order to form the plan of a peace: That these conditions would certainly
+have been better, if the States had thought fit to have gone hand in
+hand with Her Majesty, as she had so frequently exhorted them to do:
+That nothing but the want of harmony among the allies had spirited the
+French to stand out so long: That the Queen would do them all the good
+offices in her power, if they thought fit to comply; and did not doubt
+of getting them reasonable satisfaction, both in relation to their
+barrier and their trade." But this reasoning made no impression: the
+Dutch ministers said, the Queen's speech had deprived them of the fruits
+of the war. They were in pain, lest Lille and Tournay might be two of
+the towns to be excepted out of their barrier. The rest of the allies
+grew angry, by the example of the Dutch. The populace in Holland began
+to be inflamed: they publicly talked, that Britain had betrayed them.
+Sermons were preached in several towns of their provinces, whether by
+direction or connivance, filled with the highest instances of disrespect
+to Her Britannic Majesty, whom they charged as a papist, and an enemy to
+their country. The lord privy seal himself believed something
+extraordinary was in agitation, and that his own person was in danger
+from the fury of the people.
+
+It is certain, that the States appeared but a few days before very much
+disposed to comply with the measures the Queen had taken, and would have
+consented to a general armistice, if Count Zinzendorf, one of the
+plenipotentiaries for the Emperor, had not, by direct orders from his
+court, employed himself in sowing jealousies between Britain and the
+States; and at the same time made prodigious offers to the latter, as
+well as to the ministers of Prussia, the Palatinate, and Hanover, for
+continuing the war. That those three electors, who contributed nothing,
+except bodies of men in return of pay and subsidies, should readily
+accept the proposals of the Emperor, is easy to be accounted for. What
+appears hardly credible is, that a grave republic, usually cautious
+enough in making their bargains, should venture to reject the thoughts
+of a peace upon the promises of the House of Austria, the little
+validity whereof they had so long experienced; and especially when they
+counted upon losing the support of Britain, their most powerful ally;
+but the false hopes given them by their friends in England of some new
+change in their favour, or an imagination of bringing France to better
+terms by the appearance of resolution, added to the weakness or
+corruption of some, who administered their affairs, were the true causes
+which first created, and afterwards inflamed, this untractable temper
+among them.
+
+The Dutch ministers were wholly disconcerted and surprised, when the
+lord privy seal told them, "That a suspension of arms in the Netherlands
+would be necessary; and that the Duke of Ormonde intended very soon to
+declare it after he had taken possession of Dunkirk." But his lordship
+endeavoured to convince them, that this incident ought rather to be a
+motive for hastening the States into a compliance with Her Majesty. He
+likewise communicated to the ministers of the allies the offers made by
+France, as delivered in the speech from the throne, which Her Majesty
+thought to be satisfactory, and hoped their masters would concur with
+her in bringing the peace to a speedy conclusion, wherein each, in
+particular, might be assured of her best offices for advancing their
+just pretensions.
+
+In the mean time the Duke of Ormonde was directed to send a body of
+troops to take possession of Dunkirk, as soon as he should have notice
+from the Maréchal de Villars, that the commandant of the town had
+received orders from his court to deliver it; but the Duke foresaw many
+difficulties in the executing of this commission. He could trust such an
+enterprise to no forces, except those of Her Majesty's own subjects. He
+considered the temper of the States in this conjuncture, and was loth to
+divide a small body of men, upon whose faithfulness alone he could
+depend. He thought it not prudent to expose them to march through the
+enemy's country, with whom there was yet neither peace nor truce; and he
+had sufficient reasons to apprehend, that the Dutch would either not
+permit such a detachment to pass through their towns (as themselves had
+more than hinted to him) or would seize them as they passed: besides,
+the Duke had very fairly signified to Maréchal de Villars, that he
+expected to be deserted by all the foreign troops in Her Majesty's pay,
+as soon as the armistice should be declared; at which the maréchal
+appearing extremely disappointed, said, "The King his master reckoned,
+that all the troops under his grace's command should yield to the
+cessation; and wondered how it should come to pass, that those who might
+be paid for lying still, would rather choose, after a ten years' war, to
+enter into the service of new masters, under whom they must fight on for
+nothing." In short, the opinion of Mons. Villars was, that this
+difficulty cancelled the promise of surrendering Dunkirk; which
+therefore he opposed as much as possible, in the letters he writ to his
+court.
+
+Upon the Duke of Ormonde's representing those difficulties, the Queen
+altered her measures, and ordered forces to be sent from England to take
+possession of Dunkirk. The Duke was likewise commanded to tell the
+foreign generals in Her Majesty's service, how highly she would resent
+their desertion; after which, their masters must give up all thoughts of
+any arrears, either of pay or subsidy. The lord privy seal spoke the
+same language at Utrecht, to the several ministers of the allies; as Mr.
+Secretary St. John did to those who resided here; adding, "That the
+proceeding of the foreign troops would be looked upon as a declaration
+for or against Her Majesty: and that, in case they desert her service,
+she would look on herself as justified, before God and man, to continue
+her negotiation at Utrecht, or any other place, whether the allies
+concur or not." And particularly the Dutch were assured, "That if their
+masters seduced the forces hired by the Queen, they must take the whole
+pay, arrears, and subsidies on themselves."[10]
+
+[Footnote 10: Compare this language of Bishop Robinson with the letter
+Bolingbroke had previously written to Thomas Harley (letter of May 17,
+1712): "On the report which my Lord Strafford, who arrived here the day
+before yesterday, has made by word of mouth, as well as upon the
+contents of the latter dispatches from Utrecht, her Majesty is fully
+determined to let all negotiations sleep in Holland; since they have
+neither sense, nor gratitude, nor spirit enough to make a suitable
+return to the offers lately sent by the Queen, and communicated by the
+plenipotentiaries, her Majesty will look on herself as under no
+obligation towards them, but proceed to make the peace either with or
+without them."
+
+When the States-General addressed a complaint to the Queen of the manner
+in which England was deserting them, Bolingbroke had their letter
+formally condemned by a resolution of the House of Commons. He was
+determined to bring this peace about, and the Dutch might "kick and
+flounce like wild beasts caught in a toil; yet the cords are too strong
+for them to break." (Report from the Committee of Secrecy.) [T.S.]]
+
+The Earl of Strafford, preparing about this time to return to Utrecht,
+with instructions proper to the present situation of affairs, went first
+to the army, and there informed the Duke of Ormonde of Her Majesty's
+intentions. He also acquainted the States deputies with the Queen's
+uneasiness, lest, by the measures they were taking, they should drive
+her to extremities, which she desired so much to avoid. He farther
+represented to them, in the plainest terms, the provocations Her Majesty
+had received, and the grounds and reasons for her present conduct. He
+likewise declared to the commanders in chief of the foreign troops, in
+the Queen's pay, and in the joint pay of Britain and the States, with
+how much surprise Her Majesty had heard, "That there was the least doubt
+of their obeying the orders of the Duke of Ormonde; which if they
+refused, Her Majesty would esteem it not only as an indignity and
+affront, but as a declaration against her; and, in such a case, they
+must look on themselves as no farther entitled either to any arrear, or
+future pay or subsidies."
+
+Six regiments, under the command of Mr. Hill,[11] were now preparing to
+embark, in order to take possession of Dunkirk; and the Duke of Ormonde,
+upon the first intelligence sent him, that the French were ready to
+deliver the town, was to declare he could act no longer against France.
+The Queen gave notice immediately of her proceedings to the States. She
+let them plainly know, "That their perpetual caballing with her factious
+subjects, against her authority, had forced her into such measures, as
+otherwise she would not have engaged in. However, Her Majesty was
+willing yet to forget all that had passed, and to unite with them in the
+strictest ties of amity, which she hoped they would now do; since they
+could not but be convinced, by the late dutiful addresses of both
+Houses, how far their High Mightinesses had been deluded, and drawn in
+as instruments to serve the turn, and gratify the passions, of a
+disaffected party: That their opposition, and want of concert with Her
+Majesty's ministers, which she had so often invited them to, had
+encouraged France to except towns out of their barrier, which otherwise
+might have been yielded: That, however, she had not precluded them, or
+any other ally, from demanding more; and even her own terms were but
+conditional, upon supposition of a general peace to ensue: That Her
+Majesty resolved to act upon the plan laid down in her speech;" and she
+repeated the promise of her best offices to promote the interest of the
+States, if they would deal sincerely with her.
+
+[Footnote 11: John Hill, brother to Mrs. Masham. It is not difficult to
+guess at the reason for this appointment. Here was a chance for Jack
+Hill to achieve some glory and wipe away the disgrace of the ill-starred
+Quebec expedition. As there was also no danger attached to the
+enterprise, all the more likely that he would succeed. Hill sailed with
+Admiral Sir John Leake and took peaceable possession of the town and
+forts. For this he was appointed Governor of Dunkirk, and while there he
+sent Swift a gold snuff-box as a present, "the finest that ever you
+saw," as Swift wrote to Stella: See also vol. v., p. 80, of this
+edition. [T.S.]]
+
+Some days before the Duke of Ormonde had notice, that orders were given
+for the surrender of Dunkirk, Prince Eugene of Savoy sent for the
+generals of the allies, and asked them severally, whether, in case the
+armies separated, they would march with him, or stay with the Duke? All
+of them, except two, who commanded but small bodies, agreed to join with
+the prince; who thereupon, about three days after, sent the Duke word,
+that he intended to march the following day (as it was supposed) to
+besiege Landrecies. The Duke returned an answer, "That he was surprised
+at the prince's message, there having been not the least previous
+concert with him, nor any mention in the message, which way, or upon
+what design, the march was intended: therefore, that the Duke could not
+resolve to march with him; much less could the prince expect assistance
+from the Queen's army, in any design undertaken after this manner." The
+Duke told this beforehand, that he (the prince) might take his measures
+accordingly, and not attribute to Her Majesty's general any misfortune
+that might happen.
+
+On the sixteenth of July, N.S. the several generals of the allies joined
+Prince Eugene's army, and began their march, after taking leave of the
+Duke and the Earl of Strafford, whose expostulations could not prevail
+on them to stay; although the latter assured them, that the Queen had
+made neither peace nor truce with France, and that her forces would now
+be left exposed to the enemy.
+
+The next day after this famous desertion, the Duke of Ormonde received a
+letter from Mons. de Villars, with an account, that the town and citadel
+of Dunkirk should be delivered to Mr. Hill. Whereupon a cessation of
+arms was declared, by sound of trumpet, at the head of the British army;
+which now consisted only of about eighteen thousand men, all of Her
+Majesty's subjects, except the Holsteiners, and Count Wallis's
+dragoons.[12] With this small body of men the general began his march;
+and, pursuant to orders from court, retired towards the sea, in the
+manner he thought most convenient for the Queen's service. When he came
+as far as Flines, he was told by some of his officers, that the
+commandants of Bouchain, Douay, Lille, and Tournay, had refused them
+passage through those towns, or even liberty of entrance, and said it
+was by order of their masters.[13] The Duke immediately recollected,
+that when the deputies first heard of his resolution to withdraw his
+troops, they told him, they hoped he did not intend to march through any
+of their towns. This made him conclude, that the orders must be general,
+and that his army would certainly meet with the same treatment which his
+officers had done. He had likewise, before the armies separated,
+received information of some designs that concerned the safety, or at
+least the freedom of his own person, and (which he much more valued)
+that of those few British troops entrusted to his care. No general was
+ever more truly or deservedly beloved by his soldiers, who, to a man,
+were prepared to sacrifice their lives in his service; and whose
+resentments were raised to the utmost, by the ingratitude, as they
+termed it, of their deserters.
+
+[Footnote 12: Barner, who commanded the troops of Holstein, being two
+battalions and eight squadrons, and Walef or Waless, who commanded the
+dragoons of Liège, both followed Ormonde. [S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: At Bouchain, the British officers were told at the gates,
+that the commandant had positive orders to let no Englishman into the
+town; and at Douay, where the English had large stores and magazines,
+the same thing happened with considerable aggravation. Indeed, it was
+with difficulty and precaution that the commandant of the latter town
+would permit the body of an English colonel to be interred there. The
+same difficulties occurred at Tournay, Oudenarde, and Lille; and the
+Duke of Ormonde having sent an officer express to England on the 17th,
+he was stopped and interrupted at Haspre, misguided at Courtray, and
+refused admission at Bruges. (See "The Conduct of his Grace the Duke of
+Ormonde, in the Campagne of 1712," 1715, pp. 46-50.) [S.]]
+
+Upon these provocations, he laid aside all thoughts of returning to
+Dunkirk, and began to consider how he might perform, in so difficult a
+conjuncture, something important to the Queen, and at the same time find
+a secure retreat for his forces. He formed his plan without
+communicating it to any person whatsoever; and the disposition of the
+army being to march towards Warneton, in the way to Dunkirk, he gave
+sudden orders to Lieutenant-General Cadogan to change his route,
+according to the military phrase, and move towards Orchies, a town
+leading directly to Ghent.
+
+When Prince Eugene and the States deputies received news of the Duke's
+motions, they were alarmed to the utmost degree, and sent Count Nassau,
+of Woudenbourg, to the general's camp near Orchies, to excuse what had
+been done, and to assure his grace, that those commandants, who had
+refused passage to his officers, had acted wholly without orders. Count
+Hompesch, one of the Dutch generals, came likewise to the Duke with the
+same story; but all this made little impression on the general, who held
+on his march, and on the twenty-third of July, N.S., entered Ghent,
+where he was received with great submission by the inhabitants, and took
+possession of the town, as he likewise did of Bruges, a few days after.
+
+The Duke of Ormonde thought, that considering the present disposition of
+the States towards Britain, it might be necessary for the Queen to have
+some pledge from that republic in her hands, as well as from France, by
+which means Her Majesty would be empowered to act the part that best
+became her, of being mediator at least; and that while Ghent was in the
+Queen's hands, no provisions could pass the Scheldt or the Lys without
+her permission, by which he had it in his power to starve their army.
+The possession of these towns might likewise teach the Dutch and
+Imperialists, to preserve a degree of decency and civility to Her
+Majesty, which both of them were upon some occasions too apt to forget:
+and besides, there was already in the town of Ghent, a battalion of
+British troops and a detachment of five hundred men in the citadel,
+together with a great quantity of ammunition stores for the service of
+the war, which would certainly have been seized or embezzled; so that no
+service could be more seasonable or useful in the present juncture than
+this, which the Queen highly approved, and left the Duke a discretionary
+power to act as he thought fit on any future emergency.
+
+I have a little interrupted the order of time, in relating the Duke of
+Ormonde's proceedings, who, after having placed a garrison at Bruges,
+and sent a supply of men and ammunition to Dunkirk, retired to Ghent,
+where he continued some months, till he had leave to return to England.
+
+Upon the arrival of Colonel Disney[14] at court, with an account that
+Mr. Hill had taken possession of Dunkirk, an universal joy spread over
+the kingdom, this event being looked on as the certain forerunner of a
+peace: besides, the French faith was in so ill a reputation among us,
+that many persons, otherwise sanguine enough, could never bring
+themselves to believe, that the town would be delivered, till certain
+intelligence came that it was actually in our hands. Neither were the
+ministers themselves altogether at ease, or free from suspicion,
+whatever countenance they made; for they knew very well, that the French
+King had many plausible reasons to elude his promise, if he found cause
+to repent it. One condition of surrendering Dunkirk, being a general
+armistice of all the troops in the British pay, which Her Majesty was
+not able to perform; and upon this failure, the Maréchal de Villars (as
+we have before related) endeavoured to dissuade his court from accepting
+the conditions: and in the very interval, while those difficulties were
+adjusting, the Maréchal d'Uxelles, one of the French plenipotentiaries
+at Utrecht (whose inclinations, as well as those of his colleague Mons.
+Mesnager, led him to favour the States more than Britain) assured the
+lord privy seal, that the Dutch were then pressing to enter into
+separate measures with his master: and his lordship, in a visit to the
+Abbé de Polignac, observing a person to withdraw as he entered the
+abbé's chamber, was told by this minister, that the person he saw was
+one Molo, of Amsterdam, mentioned before, a famous agent for the States
+with France, who had been entertaining him (the abbé) upon the same
+subject, but that he had refused to treat with Molo, without the privity
+of England.
+
+[Footnote 14: Colonel Disney or Desnée, called "Duke" Disney, was one of
+the members of the Brothers Club, a boon companion of Bolingbroke, and,
+as Swift says, "not an old man, but an old rake." From various sources
+we gather that he was a high liver, and not very nice in his ways of
+high living. In spite, however, of his undoubted profligacy, he must
+have been a man of good nature and a kindly heart, since he received
+affectionate record from Gay, Pope, and Swift. Mr. Walter Sichel quotes
+from "an unfinished sketch of a larger poem," by Lady Mary Wortley
+Montagu, in which Disney's worst characteristics are held up to
+ridicule. ("Bolingbroke and his Times," pp. 288-290). Swift often refers
+to him in his "Journal." [T.S.]]
+
+Mr. Harley, whom we mentioned above to have been sent early in the
+spring to Utrecht, continued longer in Holland than was at first
+expected; but having received Her Majesty's farther instructions, was
+about this time arrived at Hanover. It was the misfortune of his
+Electoral Highness, to be very ill served by Mons. Bothmar, his envoy
+here, who assisted at all the factious meetings of the discontented
+party, and deceived his master by a false representation of the kingdom,
+drawn from the opinion of those to whom he confined his conversation.
+There was likewise at the Elector's court a little Frenchman, without
+any merit or consequence, called Robethon,[15] who, by the assistance
+and encouragement of the last ministry, had insinuated himself into some
+degree of that prince's favour, which he used in giving his master the
+worst impressions he was able, of those whom the Queen employed in her
+service; insinuating, that the present ministers were not in the
+interest of his Highness's family; that their views were towards the
+Pretender; that they were making an unsecure and dishonourable peace;
+that the weight of the nation was against them; and that it was
+impossible for them to preserve much longer their credit or power.
+
+[Footnote 15: One of the Elector's privy councillors. See note, vol. v.,
+p. 468. "As little a fellow as Robethon is," wrote Bolingbroke to Thomas
+Harley, "I have reason to believe that most of the ill impressions which
+have been given at that court have chiefly come from him; and as I know
+him to be mercenary, I doubt not but he has found his account in this
+his management." (Bol., "Correspondence," vol. ii., p. 385). [T.S.]]
+
+The Earl Rivers had, in the foregoing year, been sent to Hanover, in
+order to undeceive the Elector, and remove whatever prejudices might be
+infused into his Highness against Her Majesty's proceedings; but it
+should seem that he had no very great success in his negotiation: for
+soon after his return to England, Mons. Bothmar's "Memorial" appeared in
+the manner I have already related, which discovered the sentiments of
+his electoral Highness (if they were truly represented in that
+"Memorial") to differ not a little from those of the Queen. Mr. Harley
+was therefore directed to take the first opportunity of speaking to the
+Elector in private, to assure him, "That although Her Majesty had
+thought herself justly provoked by the conduct of his minister, yet such
+was her affection for his Highness, and concern for the interests of his
+family, that instead of showing the least mark of resentment, she had
+chosen to send him (Mr. Harley) fully instructed to open her designs,
+and shew his Highness the real interest of Britain in the present
+conjuncture." Mr. Harley was to give the Elector a true account of what
+had passed in England, during the first part of this session of
+Parliament; to expose to his Highness the weakness of those with whom
+his minister had consulted, and under whose directions he had acted; to
+convince him how much lower that faction must become, when a peace
+should be concluded, and when the natural strength of the kingdom,
+disencumbered from the burthen of the war, should be at liberty to exert
+itself; to shew him how his interest in the succession was sacrificed to
+that of a party: that his Highness had been hitherto a friend to both
+sides, but that the measures taken by his ministers, had tended only to
+set him at the head of one in opposition to the other: to explain to the
+Elector, how fully the safety of Europe was provided for by the plan of
+peace in Her Majesty's speech; and how little reason those would appear
+to have, who complained the loudest of this plan, if it were compared
+either with our engagements to them when we began the war, or with their
+performances in the course of it.
+
+Upon this occasion Mr, Harley was to observe to the Elector, "That it
+should rather be wondered at, how the Queen had brought France to offer
+so much, than yet to offer no more; because, as soon as ever it
+appeared, that Her Majesty would be at the head of this treaty, and that
+the interests of Britain were to be provided for, such endeavours were
+used to break off the negotiation, as are hardly to be paralleled; and
+the disunion thereby created among the allies, had given more
+opportunities to the enemy, of being slow in their concessions, than any
+other measures might possibly have done: That this want of concert among
+the allies, could not in any sort be imputed to the Queen, who had all
+along invited them to it with the greatest earnestness, as the surest
+means to bring France to reason: That she had always, in a particular
+manner, pressed the States General to come into the strictest union with
+her, and opened to them her intentions with the greatest freedom; but
+finding, that instead of concurring with Her Majesty, they were daily
+carrying on intrigues to break off the negotiation, and thereby deprive
+her of the advantages she might justly expect from the ensuing peace,
+having no other way left, she was forced to act with France as she did,
+by herself: That, however, the Queen had not taken upon herself to
+determine the interests of the allies, who were at liberty of insisting
+on farther pretensions, wherein Her Majesty would not be wanting to
+support them as far as she was able, and improve the concessions already
+made by France; in which case, a good understanding and harmony among
+the confederates, would yet be of the greatest use for making the enemy
+more tractable and easy."
+
+I have been more particular in reciting the substance of Mr. Harley's
+instructions, because it will serve as a recapitulation of what I have
+already said upon this subject, and seems to set Her Majesty's
+intentions, and proceedings at this time, in the clearest light.
+
+After the cessation of arms declared by the Duke of Ormonde, upon the
+delivery of Dunkirk, the British plenipotentiaries very earnestly
+pressed those of Holland to come into a general armistice; for if the
+whole confederacy acted in conjunction, this would certainly be the best
+means for bringing the common enemy to reasonable terms of peace: but
+the States, deluded by the boundless promises of Count Zinzendorf, and
+the undertaking talent of Prince Eugene, who dreaded the conclusion of
+the war, as the period of his glory, would not hear of a cessation. The
+loss of eighteen thousand Britons was not a diminution of weight in the
+balance of such an ally as the Emperor, and such a general as the
+Prince. Besides, they looked upon themselves to be still superior to
+France in the field; and although their computation was certainly right
+in point of number, yet, in my opinion, the conclusion drawn from it,
+was grounded upon a great mistake. I have been assured by several
+persons of our own country, and some foreigners of the first rank, both
+for skill and station in arms, that in most victories obtained in the
+present war, the British troops were ever employed in the post of danger
+and honour, and usually began the attack (being allowed to be naturally
+more fearless than the people of any other country), by which they were
+not only an example of courage to the rest, but must be acknowledged,
+without partiality, to have governed the fortune of the day; since it is
+known enough, how small a part of an army is generally engaged in any
+battle. It may likewise be added, that nothing is of greater moment in
+war than opinion. The French, by their frequent losses, which they
+chiefly attributed to the courage of our men, believed that a British
+general, at the head of British troops, was not to be overcome; and the
+Maréchal de Villars was quickly sensible of the advantage he had got;
+for, in a very few days after the desertion of the allies, happened the
+Earl of Albemarle's disgrace at Denain, by a feint of the Maréchal's,
+and a manifest failure somewhere or other, both of courage and conduct
+on the side of the confederates. The blame of which was equally shared
+between Prince Eugene and the Earl; although it is certain, the Duke of
+Ormonde gave the latter timely warning of his danger, observing he was
+neither intrenched as he ought, nor provided with bridges sufficient for
+the situation he was in, and at such a distance from the main army.[16]
+
+[Footnote 16: It is alleged by the continuator of Rapin, that the
+surprise and defeat of the confederated troops under the Earl of
+Albemarle, at Denain, was, in a great measure, owing to the Duke of
+Ormonde having, in spite of all remonstrance, reclaimed and carried off
+certain pontoons which had been lent to the allies. For Prince Eugene
+having received intelligence of the design against Albemarle, marched to
+his succour; but the bridge having broken under the quantity of the
+baggage which had been transported across the Scheldt, he could only
+remain the spectator of their misfortune. [S.]]
+
+The Marquis de Torcy had likewise the same sentiments, of what mighty
+consequence those few British battalions were to the confederate army;
+since he advised his master to deliver up Dunkirk, although the Queen
+could not perform the condition understood, which was a cessation of
+arms of all the foreign forces in her pay.
+
+It must be owned, that Mons. de Torcy made great merit of this
+confidence that his master placed in the Queen; and observing Her
+Majesty's displeasure against the Dutch, on account of their late
+proceedings, endeavoured to inflame it with aggravations enough;
+insinuating, "That, since the States had acted so ungratefully, the
+Queen should let her forces join with those of France, in order to
+compel the confederates to a peace." But although this overture were
+very tenderly hinted from the French court, Her Majesty heard it with
+the utmost abhorrence; and ordered her secretary, Mr. St. John (created
+about this time Viscount Bolingbroke),[17] to tell Mons. de Torcy, "That
+no provocations whatever should tempt her to distress her allies; but
+she would endeavour to bring them to reason by fair means, or leave them
+to their own conduct: That if the former should be found impracticable,
+she would then make her own peace, and content herself with doing the
+office of a mediator between both parties: but if the States should at
+any time come to a better mind, and suffer their ministers to act in
+conjunction with hers, she would assert their just interests to the
+utmost, and make no farther progress in any treaty with France, until
+those allies received all reasonable satisfaction, both as to their
+barrier and their trade." The British plenipotentiaries were directed to
+give the same assurances to the Dutch ministers at Utrecht, and withal
+to let them know, "That the Queen was determined, by their late conduct,
+to make peace either with or without them; but would much rather choose
+the former."
+
+[Footnote 17: Bolingbroke had understood that he would not lose rank on
+his promotion, from which he concluded that the earldom of Bolingbroke,
+extinct in his family, would be revived in his favour. His indignation,
+however, was very keen when he was created only a Viscount. He wrote to
+Strafford at Utrecht, that his promotion had been a mortification to
+him. "In the House of Commons," he said, "I may say that I was at the
+head of business. ... There was, therefore, nothing to flatter my
+ambition in removing me from thence, but giving me the title which had
+been many years in my family, and which reverted to the Crown about a
+year ago, by the death of the last of the elder house. ... I own to you
+that I felt more indignation than ever in my life I had done." (Letter
+to the Earl of Strafford, July 23, 1712). [T.S.]]
+
+There was, however, one advantage which Her Majesty resolved to make by
+this defection of her foreigners. She had been led, by the mistaken
+politics of some years past, to involve herself in several guaranties
+with the princes of the north, which were, in some sort, contradictory
+to one another; but this conduct of theirs wholly annulled all such
+engagements, and left her at liberty to interpose in the affairs of
+those parts of Europe, in such a manner as would best serve the
+interests of her own kingdoms, as well as that of the Protestant
+religion, and settle a due balance of power in the north.
+
+The grand article for preventing the union of France and Spain, was to
+be executed during a cessation of arms. But many difficulties arising
+about that, and some other points of great importance to the common
+cause, which could not easily be adjusted either between the French and
+British plenipotentiaries at Utrecht, or by correspondence between Mons.
+de Torcy and the ministry here; the Queen took the resolution of sending
+the Lord Viscount Bolingbroke immediately to France, fully instructed in
+all her intentions, and authorized to negotiate every thing necessary
+for settling the treaty of peace in such a course, as might bring it to
+a happy and speedy conclusion. He was empowered to agree to a general
+suspension of arms, by sea and land, between Great Britain, France and
+Spain, to continue for four months, or until the conclusion of the
+peace; provided France and Spain would previously give positive
+assurances to make good the terms demanded by Her Majesty for the Duke
+of Savoy, and would likewise adjust and determine the forms of the
+several renunciations to be made by both those crowns, in order to
+prevent their being ever united. The Lord Bolingbroke was likewise
+authorized to settle some differences relating to the Elector of
+Bavaria, for whose interests France was as much concerned as Her Majesty
+was for those of the Duke of Savoy; to explain all doubtful articles
+which particularly related to the advantages of Britain; to know the
+real _ultimatum_, as it is termed, of France upon the general plan of
+peace; and lastly, to cut off all hopes from that court of ever bringing
+the Queen to force her allies to a disadvantageous peace; Her Majesty
+resolving to impose no scheme at all upon them, or to debar them from
+the liberty of endeavouring to obtain the best conditions they could.
+
+The Lord Bolingbroke went to France in the beginning of August,[18] was
+received at court with particular marks of distinction and respect; and
+in a very few days, by his usual address and ability, performed every
+part of his commission, extremely to the Queen's content and his own
+honour. He returned to England before the end of the month; but Mr.
+Prior, who went along with him, was left behind, to adjust whatever
+differences might remain or arise between the two crowns.[19]
+
+[Footnote 18: "Lord Bolingbroke and Prior set out for France last
+Saturday. My lord's business is to hasten the peace before the Dutch are
+too much mauled, and hinder France from carrying the jest of beating
+them too far." ("Journal to Stella," August 7th, 1712. See vol. ii., p.
+381 of present edition). The result of Bolingbroke's visit was the
+signing, on August 19th, of an agreement for the suspension of arms for
+four months. Torcy's reception of Bolingbroke was so managed that the
+_bon vivant_ peer had as pleasant a time as he could well have wished.
+How much influence that had on Bolingbroke we can only speculate; but it
+is certain that he would have made a separate peace with France, after
+his return, had Oxford been willing. See Torcy's "Mémoires" (vol. ii.,
+p. 202). "Bolingbroke avoit conseillé à la Reine sa maîtresse de
+préférer une paix particulière à la suspension d'armes, et d'assurer au
+plus tôt à ses sujets la jouissance de toutes les conditions dont le Roi
+étoit convenu en faveur de l'Angleterre." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 19: There is a long letter from Lord Bolingbroke to Mr. Prior,
+on the subject of this negotiation, printed in Scott's edition of Swift,
+vol. xv., pp. 524-529. [W.S.J.]]
+
+In the mean time the general conferences at Utrecht, which for several
+weeks had been let fall, since the delivery of Dunkirk, were now
+resumed. But the Dutch still declaring against a suspension of arms, and
+refusing to accept the Queen's speech as a plan to negotiate upon, there
+was no progress made for some time in the great work of the peace.
+Whereupon the British plenipotentiaries told those of the States, "That
+if the Queen's endeavours could not procure more than the contents of
+her speech, or if the French should ever fall short of what was there
+offered, the Dutch could blame none but themselves, who, by their
+conduct, had rendered things difficult, that would otherwise have been
+easy." However, Her Majesty thought it prudent to keep the States still
+in hopes of her good offices, to prevent them from taking the desperate
+course of leaving themselves wholly at the mercy of France; which was an
+expedient they formerly practised, and which a party among them was now
+inclined to advise.
+
+Whilst the congress at Utrecht remained in this inactive state, the
+Queen proceeded to perfect that important article for preventing the
+union of France and Spain. It was proposed and accepted, that Philip
+should renounce France, for himself and his posterity; and that the Most
+Christian King, and all the princes of his blood, should, in the like
+manner, renounce Spain.
+
+It must be confessed, that this project of renunciation lay under a
+great disrepute, by the former practices of this very King, Lewis XIV.
+pursuant to an absurd notion among many in that kingdom, of a divine
+right, annexed to proximity of blood, not to be controlled by any human
+law.
+
+But it is plain, the French themselves had recourse to this method,
+after all their infractions of it, since the Pyrenean treaty; for the
+first dauphin, in whom the original claim was vested, renounced, for
+himself and his eldest son, which opened the way to Philip Duke of
+Anjou; who would however hardly have succeeded, if it had not been for
+the will made in his favour by the last King, Charles II.
+
+It is indeed hard to reflect, with any patience, upon the unaccountable
+stupidity of the princes of Europe for some centuries past, who left a
+probability to France of succeeding in a few ages to all their
+dominions; whilst, at the same time, no alliance with that kingdom could
+be of advantage to any prince, by reason of the salique law. Should not
+common prudence have taught every sovereign in Christendom to enact a
+salique law, with respect to France; for want of which, it is almost a
+miracle, that the Bourbon family hath not possessed the universal
+monarchy by right of inheritance? When the French assert a proximity of
+blood gives a divine right, as some of their ministers, who ought to be
+more wise or honest, have lately advanced in this very case, to the
+title of Spain; do they not, by allowing a French succession, make their
+own kings usurpers? Or, if the salique law be divine, is it not of
+universal obligation, and consequently of force, to exclude France from
+inheriting by daughters? Or, lastly, if that law be of human
+institution, may it not be enacted in any state, with whatever extent or
+limitation the legislature shall think fit? For the notion of an
+unchangeable human law is an absurdity in government, to be believed
+only by ignorance, and supported by power. From hence it follows, that
+the children of the late Queen of France, although she had renounced,
+were as legally excluded from succeeding to Spain, as if the salique law
+had been fundamental in that kingdom; since that exclusion was
+established by every power in Spain, which could possibly give a
+sanction to any law there; and therefore the Duke of Anjou's title is
+wholly founded upon the bequest of his predecessor (which hath great
+authority in that monarchy, as it formerly had in ours), upon the
+confirmation of the Cortes, and the general consent of the people.
+
+It is certain, the faith of princes is so frequently subservient to
+their ambition, that renunciations have little validity, otherwise than
+from the powers and parties whose interest it is to support them. But
+this renunciation, which the Queen hath exacted from the French King and
+his grandson, I take to be armed with all the essential circumstances
+that can fortify such an act. For as it is necessary, for the security
+of every prince in Europe, that those two great kingdoms should never be
+united; so the chief among them will readily consent to be guarantees
+for preventing such a misfortune.
+
+Besides, this proposal (according to Her Majesty's expression in her
+speech) is of such a nature, that it executes itself; because the
+Spaniards, who dread such an union, for every reason that can have
+weight among men, took care that their king should not only renounce, in
+the most solemn manner; but likewise, that the act should be framed in
+the strongest terms themselves could invent, or we could furnish them
+with. As to France, upon supposal of the young dauphin's dying in a few
+years, that kingdom will not be in a condition to engage in a long war
+against a powerful alliance, fortified with the addition of the
+Spaniards, and the party of the Duke of Berry, or whoever else shall be
+next claimer: and the longer the present dauphin lives, the weaker must
+Philip's interest be in France; because the princes, who are to succeed
+by this renunciation, will have most power and credit in the kingdom.
+
+The mischiefs occasioned by the want of a good understanding between the
+allies, especially Britain and Holland, were raised every day; the
+French taking the advantage, and raising difficulties, not only upon the
+general plan of peace, but likewise upon the explanation of several
+articles in the projected treaty between them and Her Majesty: They
+insisted to have Lille, as the equivalent for Dunkirk; and demanded
+Tournay, Maubeuge, and Condé, for the two or three towns mentioned in
+the Queen's speech; which the British plenipotentiaries were so far from
+allowing, that they refused to confer with those of France upon that
+foot; although, at the same time, the former had fresh apprehensions
+that the Dutch, in a fit of despair, would accept whatever terms the
+enemy pleased to offer, and, by precipitating their own peace, prevent
+Her Majesty from obtaining any advantages, both for her allies and
+herself.
+
+It is most certain, that the repeated losses suffered by the States, in
+little more than two months after they had withdrawn themselves from the
+Queen's assistance, did wholly disconcert their counsels;[20] and their
+prudence (as it is usual) began to forsake them with their good fortune.
+They were so weak as to be still deluded by their friends in England,
+who continued to give them hopes of some mighty and immediate resource
+from hence; for when the Duke of Ormonde had been about a month in
+Ghent, he received a letter from the Maréchal de Villars, to inform him,
+that the Dutch generals, taken at Denain, had told the maréchal
+publicly, of a sudden revolution expected in Britain; that particularly
+the Earl of Albemarle and Mons. Hompesch discoursed very freely of it,
+and that nothing was more commonly talked of in Holland. It was then
+likewise confidently reported in Ghent, that the Queen was dead; and we
+all remember what rumour flew about here at the very same time, as if
+Her Majesty's health were in a bad condition.
+
+[Footnote 20: The Dutch had been defeated at Douay, and the Allies had
+suffered reverses by the reduction of Quesnoy and Bouchain. [T.S.]]
+
+Whether such vain hopes as these gave spirit to the Dutch; whether their
+frequent misfortunes made them angry and sullen; whether they still
+expected to overreach us by some private stipulations with France,
+through the mediation of the Elector of Bavaria, as that prince
+afterwards gave out; or whatever else was the cause, they utterly
+refused a cessation of arms; and made not the least return to all the
+advances and invitations made by Her Majesty, until the close of the
+campaign.
+
+It was then the States first began to view their affairs in another
+light; to consider how little the vast promises of Count Zinzendorf were
+to be relied on; to be convinced that France was not disposed to break
+with Her Majesty, only to gratify their ill humour, or unreasonable
+demands; to discover that their factious correspondents on this side the
+water had shamefully misled them; that some of their own principal towns
+grew heartily weary of the war, and backward in their loans; and,
+lastly, that Prince Eugene, their new general, whether his genius or
+fortune had left him, was not for their turn. They, therefore, directed
+their ministers at Utrecht to signify to the lord privy seal and the
+Earl of Strafford, "That the States were disposed to comply with Her
+Majesty, and to desire her good offices with France; particularly, that
+Tournay and Condé might be left to them as part of their barrier,
+without which they could not be safe: That the Elector of Bavaria might
+not be suffered to retain any town in the Netherlands, which would be as
+bad for Holland as if those places were in the hands of France:
+Therefore the States proposed, that Luxembourg, Namur, Charleroy, and
+Nieuport, might be delivered to the Emperor. Lastly, That the French
+might not insist on excepting the four species of goods out of the
+tariff of one thousand six hundred and sixty-four: That if Her Majesty
+could prevail with France to satisfy their masters on these articles,
+they would be ready to submit in all the rest."
+
+When the Queen received an account of this good disposition in the
+States General, immediately orders were sent to Mr. Prior, to inform the
+ministers of the French court, "That Her Majesty had now some hopes of
+the Dutch complying with her measures; and therefore she resolved, as
+she had always declared, whenever those allies came to themselves, not
+to make the peace without their reasonable satisfaction." The difficulty
+that most pressed, was about the disposal of Tournay and Condé. The
+Dutch insisted strongly to have both, and the French were extremely
+unwilling to part with either.
+
+The Queen judged the former would suffice, for completing the barrier of
+the States. Mr. Prior was therefore directed to press the Marquis de
+Torcy effectually on this head, and to terminate all that minister's
+objections, by assuring him of Her Majesty's resolutions to appear
+openly on the side of the Dutch, if this demand were refused. It was
+thought convenient to act in this resolute manner with France, whose
+late success, against Holland, had taught the ministers of the Most
+Christian King to resume their old imperious manner of treating with
+that republic; to which they were farther encouraged by the ill
+understanding between Her Majesty and the allies.
+
+This appeared from the result of an idle quarrel that happened, about
+the end of August,[21] at Utrecht, between a French and a Dutch
+plenipotentiary, Mons. Mesnager and Count Rechteren;[22] wherein the
+court of France demanded such abject submissions, and with so much
+haughtiness, as plainly shewed they were pleased with any occasion of
+mortifying the Dutch.
+
+[Footnote 21: July. [S]]
+
+[Footnote 22: See note on p. 95. [T.S.]]
+
+Besides, the politics of the French ran at this time very opposite to
+those of Britain: They thought the ministers here durst not meet the
+Parliament without a peace; and that, therefore, Her Majesty would
+either force the States to comply with France, by delivering up Tournay,
+which was the principal point in dispute, or would finish her own peace
+with France and Spain, leaving a fixed time for Holland to refuse or
+accept the terms imposed on them. But the Queen, who thought the demand
+of Tournay by the States to be very necessary and just, was determined
+to insist upon it, and to declare openly against France, rather than
+suffer her ally to want a place so useful for their barrier. And Mr.
+Prior was ordered to signify this resolution of Her Majesty to Mons. de
+Torcy, in case that minister could not be otherwise prevailed on.
+
+The British plenipotentiaries did likewise, at the same time, express to
+those of Holland Her Majesty's great satisfaction, that the States were
+at last disposed to act in confidence with her: "That she wished this
+resolution had been sooner taken, since nobody had gained by the delay,
+but the French King; that, however, Her Majesty did not question the
+procuring a safe and honourable peace, by united counsels, reasonable
+demands, and prudent measures; that she would assist them in getting
+whatever was necessary to their barrier, and in settling, to their
+satisfaction, the exceptions made by France out of the tariff of one
+thousand six hundred and sixty-four; that no other difficulties remained
+of moment to retard the peace, since the Queen had obtained Sicily for
+the Duke of Savoy; and, in the settlement of the Low Countries, would
+adhere to what she delivered from the throne: That as to the empire, Her
+Majesty heartily wished their barrier as good as could be desired; but
+that we were not now in circumstances to expect every thing exactly
+according to the scheme of Holland: France had already offered a great
+part, and the Queen did not think the remainder worth the continuance of
+the war."
+
+Her Majesty conceived the peace in so much forwardness, that she thought
+fit, about this time, to nominate the Duke of Hamilton and the Lord
+Lexington for ambassadors in France and Spain, to receive the
+renunciations in both courts, and adjust matters of commerce.
+
+The duke[23] was preparing for his journey, when he was challenged to a
+duel[24] by the Lord Mohun,[25] a person of infamous character. He
+killed his adversary upon the spot, though he himself received a wound;
+and, weakened by the loss of blood, as he was leaning in the arms of his
+second, was most barbarously stabbed in the breast by Lieutenant-General
+Macartney,[26] who was second to Lord Mohun. He died a few minutes after
+in the field, and the murderer made his escape. I thought so surprising
+an event might deserve barely to be related, although it be something
+foreign to my subject.
+
+[Footnote 23: James, Duke of Hamilton, was a gentleman of the
+bed-chamber to King Charles II. He succeeded his father in the title,
+April 18th, 1694, and was sent the same year envoy extraordinary to
+France; ... he was killed, November 15th, 1712. [S.]]
+
+[Footnote 24: Swift's account of the duel is exactly agreeable to the
+depositions of Colonel Hamilton before a committee of the council. [S.]]
+
+[Footnote 25: Charles Lord Mohun was the last offspring of a very noble
+and ancient family, of which William de Mohun, who accompanied the
+Norman conqueror, was the first founder in England. [S.]]
+
+[Footnote 26: General Macartney was tried, at the King's Bench bar, for
+the murder, June 13th, 1716; and the jury found him guilty of
+man-slaughter. [S.]]
+
+The Earl of Strafford, who had come to England in May last,[27] in order
+to give Her Majesty an account of the disposition of affairs in Holland,
+was now returning with her last instructions, to let the Dutch minister
+know, "That some points would probably meet with difficulties not to be
+overcome, which once might have been easily obtained: To shew what evil
+consequences had already flowed from their delay and irresolution, and
+to entreat them to fix on some proposition, reasonable in itself, as
+well as possible to be effected: That the Queen would insist upon the
+cession of Tournay by France, provided the States would concur in
+finishing the peace, without starting new objections, or insisting upon
+farther points: That the French demands, in favour of the Elector of
+Bavaria, appeared to be such as, the Queen was of opinion, the States
+ought to agree to; which were, to leave the Elector in possession of
+Luxembourg, Namur, and Charleroy, subject to the terms of their barrier,
+until he should be restored to his electorate; and to give him the
+kingdom of Sardinia, to efface the stain of his degradation in the
+electoral college: That the earl had brought over a project of a new
+Treaty of Succession and Barrier, which Her Majesty insisted the States
+should sign, before the conclusion of the peace; the former treaty
+having been disadvantageous to her subjects, containing in it the seeds
+of future dissensions, and condemned by the sense of the nation. Lastly,
+That Her Majesty, notwithstanding all provocations, had, for the sake of
+the Dutch, and in hopes of their recovery from those false notions which
+had so long misled them, hitherto kept the negotiations open: That the
+offers now made them were her last, and this the last time she would
+apply to them: That they must either agree, or expect the Queen would
+proceed immediately to conclude her treaty with France and Spain, in
+conjunction with such of her allies as would think fit to adhere to her.
+
+[Footnote 27: "Come to England in ... last" in original edition. The
+word "May" was supplied in the edition of 1775. [W.S.J.]]
+
+"As to Savoy, that the Queen expected the States would concur with her
+in making good the advantages stipulated for that duke, and in
+prevailing with the Emperor to consent to an absolute neutrality in
+Italy, until the peace should be concluded."
+
+The governing party in Holland, however in appearance disposed to
+finish, affected new delays, and raised many difficulties about the four
+species of goods, which the French had excepted out of the tariff. Count
+Zinzendorf, the Emperor's plenipotentiary, did all that was possible to
+keep up this humour in the Dutch, in hopes to put them under a necessity
+of preparing for the next campaign; and some time after went so far in
+this pursuit, that he summoned the several ministers of the empire, and
+told them he had letters from his master, with orders to signify to
+them, "That his Imperial Majesty resolved to begin the campaign early,
+with all his forces united against France; of which he desired they
+would send notice to all their courts, that the several princes might be
+ready to furnish their contingents and recruits." At the same time
+Zinzendorf endeavoured to borrow two millions of florins upon the
+security of some imperial cities; but could not succeed either amongst
+the Jews or at Amsterdam.
+
+When the Earl of Strafford arrived at Utrecht, the lord privy seal and
+he communicated to the Dutch ministers the new Treaty for a Succession
+and Barrier, as the Queen had ordered it to be prepared here in England,
+differing from the former in several points of the greatest moment,
+obvious to any who will be at the pains to compare them. This was
+strenuously opposed for several weeks by the plenipotentiaries of the
+States; but the province of Utrecht, where the congress was held,
+immediately sent orders to their representatives at The Hague, to
+declare their province thankful to the Queen; that they agreed the peace
+should be made on the terms proposed by France, and consented to the new
+projected Treaty of Barrier and Succession: and about the close of the
+year, one thousand seven hundred and twelve, four of the seven
+provinces, had delivered their opinions for putting an end to the war.
+
+This unusual precipitation in the States, so different from the whole
+tenor of their former conduct, was very much suspected by the British
+plenipotentiaries. Their Lordships had received intelligence, that the
+Dutch ministers held frequent conferences with those of France, and had
+offered to settle their interests with that crown, without the
+concurrence of Britain. Count Zinzendorf, and his colleagues, appeared
+likewise, all on the sudden, to have the same dispositions, and to be in
+great haste to settle their several differences with the States. The
+reasons for this proceeding were visible enough; many difficulties were
+yet undetermined in the treaty of commerce between Her Majesty and
+France, for the adjusting of which, and some other points, the Queen had
+lately dispatched the Duke of Shrewsbury to that court. Some of these
+were of hard digestion, with which the Most Christian King would not be
+under a necessity of complying, when he had no farther occasion for us,
+and might, upon that account, afford better terms to the other two
+powers. Besides, the Emperor and the States could very well spare Her
+Majesty the honour of being arbitrator of a general peace; and the
+latter hoped by this means, to avoid the new Treaty of Barrier and
+Succession, which we were now forcing on them.
+
+To prevent the consequences of this evil, there fortunately fell out an
+incident, which the two lords at Utrecht knew well how to make use of:
+the quarrel between Mons. Mesnager and Count Rechteren (formerly
+mentioned) had not yet been made up. The French and Dutch differing in
+some circumstances, about the satisfaction to be given by the count for
+the affront he had offered, the British plenipotentiaries kept this
+dispute on foot for several days; and, in the mean time, pressed the
+Dutch to finish the new Treaty of Barrier and Succession between Her
+Majesty and them, which, about the middle of January, was concluded
+fully to the Queen's satisfaction.
+
+But while these debates and differences continued at the congress, the
+Queen resolved to put a speedy end to her part in the war; she therefore
+sent orders to the lord privy seal, and the Earl of Stafford, to prepare
+every thing necessary for signing her own treaty with France. This she
+hoped might be done against the meeting of her Parliament, now prorogued
+to the third of February; in which time, those among the allies, who
+were really inclined towards a peace, might settle their several
+interests by the assistance and support of Her Majesty's
+plenipotentiaries; and as for the rest, who would either refuse to
+comply, or endeavour to protract the negotiation, the heads of their
+respective demands, which France had yielded by Her Majesty's
+intervention, and agreeable to the plan laid down in her speech, should
+be mentioned in the treaty, and a time limited for the several powers
+concerned to receive or reject them.
+
+The Pretender was not yet gone out of France, upon some difficulties
+alleged by the French, about procuring him a safe conduct to Bar-le-duc,
+in the Duke of Lorraine's dominions, where it was then proposed he
+should reside. The Queen, altogether bent upon quieting the minds of her
+subjects, declared, she would not sign the peace till that person were
+removed; although several wise men believed he could be no where less
+dangerous to Britain, than in the place where he was.
+
+The argument which most prevailed on the States to sign the new Treaty
+of Barrier and Succession with Britain, was Her Majesty's promise to
+procure Tournay for them from France; after which, no more differences
+remained between us and that republic, and consequently they had no
+farther temptations to any separate transactions with the French, who
+thereupon began to renew their litigious and haughty manner of treating
+with the Dutch. The satisfaction they extorted for the affront given by
+Count Rechteren to Mons. Mesnager, although somewhat softened by the
+British ministers at Utrecht, was yet so rigorous, that Her Majesty
+could not forbear signifying her resentment of it to the Most Christian
+King. Mons. Mesnager, who seemed to have more the genius of a merchant
+than a minister, began, in his conferences with the plenipotentiaries of
+the States, to raise new disputes upon points which both we and they had
+reckoned upon as wholly settled. The Abbé de Polignac, a most
+accomplished person, of great generosity and universal understanding,
+was gone to France to receive the cardinal's cap; and the Maréchal
+d'Uxelles was wholly guided by his colleague, Mons. Mesnager, who kept
+up those brangles, that for a time obstructed the peace; some of which
+were against all justice, and others of small importance, both of very
+little advantage to his country, and less to the reputation of his
+master or himself. This low talent in business, which the Cardinal de
+Polignac used, in contempt, to call a "spirit of negotiating," made it
+impossible for the two lords plenipotentiaries, with all their abilities
+and experience, to bring Mesnager to reason, in several points both with
+us and the States: his concessions were few and constrained, serving
+only to render him more tenacious of what he refused. In several of the
+towns, which the States were to keep, he insisted that France should
+retain the chatellanies, or extent of country depending on them,
+particularly that of Tournay; a demand the more unjustifiable, because
+he knew his master had not only proceeded directly contrary, but had
+erected a court in his kingdom, where his own judges extended the
+territories about those towns he had taken, as far as he pleased to
+direct them. Mons. Mesnager showed equal obstinacy in what his master
+expected for the Elector of Bavaria, and in refusing the tariff of one
+thousand six hundred and sixty-four: so that the Queen's
+plenipotentiaries represented these difficulties as what might be of
+dangerous consequence, both to the peace in general, and to the States
+in particular, if they were not speedily prevented.
+
+Upon these considerations Her Majesty thought it her shortest and safest
+course to apply directly to France, where she had then so able a
+minister as the Duke of Shrewsbury.[28]
+
+[Footnote 28: Shrewsbury had been appointed the Duke of Hamilton's
+successor. [T.S.]]
+
+The Marquis de Torcy, secretary to the Most Christian King, was the
+minister with whom the Duke was to treat, as having been the first who
+moved his master to apply to the Queen for a peace, in opposition to a
+violent faction in that kingdom, who were as eagerly bent to continue
+the war, as any other could be either here or in Holland.
+
+It would be very unlike a historian, to refuse this great minister the
+praise he so justly deserveth, of having treated, through the whole
+course of so great a negotiation, with the utmost candour and integrity;
+never once failing in any promise he made, and tempering a firm zeal to
+his master's interest, with a ready compliance to what was reasonable
+and just. Mr. Prior, whom I have formerly mentioned, resided likewise
+now at Paris, with the character of minister plenipotentiary, and was
+very acceptable to that court, upon the score of his wit and humour.[29]
+
+[Footnote 29: P. Fitzgerald adds, "as well as useful to Her Majesty by
+his knowledge and dexterity in the management of affairs." [W.S.J.]]
+
+The Duke of Shrewsbury was directed to press the French court upon the
+points yet unsettled in the treaty of commerce between both crowns; to
+make them drop their unreasonable demands for the Elector of Bavaria; to
+let them know, that the Queen was resolved not to forsake her allies who
+were now ready to come in; that she thought the best way of hastening
+the general peace, was to determine her own particular one with France,
+until which time she could not conveniently suffer her Parliament to
+meet.
+
+The States were, by this time, so fully convinced of the Queen's
+sincerity and affection to their republic, and how much they had been
+deceived by the insinuations of the factious party in England, that they
+wrote a very humble letter to Her Majesty, to desire her assistance
+towards settling those points they had in dispute with France, and
+professing themselves ready to acquiesce in whatever explanation Her
+Majesty would please to make of the plan proposed in her speech to the
+Parliament.
+
+But the Queen had already prevented their desires; and in the beginning
+of February, one thousand seven hundred and twelve-thirteen, directed
+the Duke of Shrewsbury to inform the French court, "That since she had
+prevailed on her allies, the Dutch, to drop the demand of Condé, and the
+other of the four species of goods, which the French had excepted out of
+the tariff of one thousand six hundred and sixty-four, she would not
+sign without them: That she approved of the Dutch insisting to have the
+chatellanies restored, with the towns, and was resolved to stand or fall
+with them, until they were satisfied in this point."
+
+Her Majesty had some apprehensions, that the French created these
+difficulties on purpose to spin out the treaty, until the campaign
+should begin. They thought it absolutely necessary, that our Parliament
+should meet in a few weeks, which could not well be ventured, until the
+Queen were able to tell both Houses, that her own peace was signed: That
+this would not only facilitate what remained in difference between
+Britain and France, but leave the Dutch entirely at the mercy of the
+latter.
+
+The Queen, weary of these refined mistakes in the French politics, and
+fully resolved to be trifled with no longer, sent her determinate orders
+to the Duke of Shrewsbury, to let France know, "That Her Majesty had
+hitherto prorogued her Parliament, in hopes of accommodating the
+difficulties in her own treaties of peace and commerce with that crown,
+as well as settling the interests of her several allies; or, at least,
+that the differences in the former being removed, the Most Christian
+King would have made such offers for the latter, as might justify Her
+Majesty in signing her own peace, whether the confederates intended to
+sign theirs or no. But several points being yet unfinished between both
+crowns, and others between France and the rest of the allies, especially
+the States, to which the plenipotentiaries of that court at Utrecht had
+not thought fit to give satisfaction; the Queen was now come to a final
+determination, both with relation to her own kingdoms, and to the whole
+alliance: That the campaign approaching, she would not willingly be
+surprised in case the war was to go on: That she had transmitted to the
+Duke of Shrewsbury her last resolutions, and never would be prevailed on
+to reduce her own demands, or those of her allies, any lower than the
+scheme now sent over, as an explanation of the plan laid down in her
+speech: That Her Majesty had sent orders to her plenipotentiaries at
+Utrecht, to assume the character of ambassadors, and sign the peace
+immediately with the ministers of the Most Christian King, as soon as
+the Duke of Shrewsbury should have sent them notice that the French had
+complied: That the Queen had therefore farther prorogued her Parliament
+to the third of March, in hopes to assure them, by that time, of her
+peace being agreed on; for if the two Houses should meet, while any
+uncertainty remained, supplies must be asked as for a war."
+
+The Duke of Shrewsbury[30] executed this important commission with that
+speed and success, which could only be expected from an able minister.
+The French King immediately yielded to the whole scheme Her Majesty
+proposed; whereupon directions were sent to the lord privy seal, and the
+Earl of Strafford, to sign a peace between Great Britain and France,
+without delay.
+
+[Footnote 30: Swift writes to Abp. King, October 20th, 1713, that the
+Duke of Shrewsbury "is the finest gentleman we have, and of an excellent
+understanding and capacity for business" (Scott's edition, xvi. 71). See
+also Swift's remarks in "The Examiner," No. 27 (vol. ix, of this
+edition, p. 171), and note in vol. v., p. 377. [W.S.J.]]
+
+Upon the second day of March, the two British plenipotentiaries met
+those of the allies in the town-house at Utrecht; where the lord privy
+seal addressed himself to them in a short speech, "That the negotiation
+had now continued fourteen months with great slowness, which had proved
+very injurious to the interests of the allies: That the Queen had stayed
+thus long, and stopped the finishing of her own peace, rather than leave
+her allies in any uncertainty: That she hoped they would now be all
+prepared to put an end to this great work; and therefore had commanded
+her plenipotentiaries to tell those of the allies, That she found it
+necessary to conclude her own treaty immediately; and it was her
+opinion, that the confederates ought to finish theirs at the same time,
+to which they were now accordingly invited by Her Majesty's orders." And
+lastly, his lordship declared, in the Queen's name, "That whoever could
+not be ready on the day prefixed, should have a convenient time allowed
+them to come in."
+
+Although the orders sent by the Queen to her plenipotentiaries were very
+precise, yet their lordships did not precipitate the performance of
+them. They were directed to appoint as short a day for the signing as
+they conveniently could; but, however, the particular day was left to
+their discretion. They hoped to bring over the Dutch, and most of the
+other allies, to conclude at the same time with the Queen; which, as it
+would certainly be more popular to their country, so they conceived it
+would be more safe for themselves: besides, upon looking over their
+commission, a scruple sprang in their minds, that they could not sign a
+particular peace with France; their powers, as they apprehended,
+authorizing them only to sign a general one. Their lordships therefore
+sent to England to desire new powers,[31] and, in the mean time,
+employed themselves with great industry, between the ministers of France
+and those of the several allies, to find some expedient for smoothing
+the way to an agreement among them.
+
+[Footnote 31: "Lord Bolingbroke, who says he has not sagacity enough to
+find the objections that the plenipotentiaries had made to their first
+full powers, for their satisfaction, sends them a new commission, and
+repeats to them positive orders to sign and conclude with France....
+These difficulties of the plenipotentiaries made my lord treasurer, who
+never failed to exert himself when he found it absolutely necessary,
+think it high time to interpose his authority;.... and as his lordship
+never yet appeared in vain, all further obstructions at Utrecht were
+after this soon removed." ("Report from the Committee of Secrecy," 1715,
+pp. 103, 104.) [N.]]
+
+The Earl of Strafford went for a few days to The Hague, to inform the
+States of Her Majesty's express commands to his colleague and himself,
+for signing the peace as soon as possible; and to desire they would be
+ready at the same time: which the pensionary promised; and that their
+plenipotentiaries should be empowered accordingly, to the great
+contentment of Mons. Buys, who was now so much altered, either in
+reality, or appearance, that he complained to the Earl of Mons.
+Heinsius's slowness; and charged all the delays and mismanagements of a
+twelvemonth past to that minister's account.
+
+While the Earl of Strafford stayed at The Hague, he discovered that an
+emissary of the Duke of Marlborough's had been there some days before,
+sent by his grace to dissuade the Dutch from signing at the same time
+with the ministers of the Queen, which, in England, would at least have
+the appearance of a separate peace, and oblige their British friends,
+who knew how to turn so short a delay to very good account, as well as
+gratify the Emperor; on whom, it was alleged, they ought to rely much
+more than on Her Majesty. One of the States likewise told the Earl,
+"That the same person, employed by the Duke, was then in conference with
+the magistrates of Rotterdam (which town had declared for the
+continuance of the war), to assure them, if they would hold off a
+little, they should see an unexpected turn in the British Parliament:
+That the Duke of Marlborough had a list of the discontented members in
+both Houses, who were ready to turn against the court; and, to crown
+all, that his grace had certain intelligence of the Queen being in so
+ill a state of health, as made it impossible for her to live above six
+weeks." So restless and indefatigable is avarice and ambition, when
+inflamed by a desire of revenge.
+
+But representations, which had been so often tried, were now offered too
+late. Most of the allies, except the Emperor, were willing to put an end
+to the war upon Her Majesty's plan; and the further delay of three weeks
+must be chiefly imputed to that litigious manner of treating, peculiar
+to the French; whose plenipotentiaries at Utrecht insisted with
+obstinacy upon many points, which at Paris Mons. de Torcy had given up.
+
+The Emperor expected to keep all he already possessed in Italy; that
+Port Longue,[32] on the Tuscan coast, should be delivered to him by
+France; and, lastly, that he should not be obliged to renounce Spain.
+But the Queen, as well as France, thought that his Imperial Majesty
+ought to sit down contented with his partage of Naples and Milan; and to
+restore those territories in Italy, which he had taken from the rightful
+proprietors, and by the possession of which he was grown dangerous to
+the Italian princes, by reviving antiquated claims upon them.
+
+[Footnote 32: Portolongone, in the island of Elba, opposite the Tuscan
+coast. [W.S.J.]]
+
+This Prince had likewise objected to Her Majesty's expedient of
+suffering the Elector of Bavaria to retain Luxembourg, under certain
+conditions, by way of security, until his electorate were restored. But
+the Queen, supposing that these affected delays were intended only with
+a view of continuing the war, resolved to defer the peace no longer on
+the Emperor's account.
+
+In the middle of March, one thousand seven hundred and twelve-thirteen,
+a courier arrived at Utrecht from France, with the plan of a general
+peace, as it had been agreed between the Duke of Shrewsbury and Mons. de
+Torcy; wherein every particular, relating to the interests and
+pretensions of the several allies, was brought so near to what each of
+them would accept, that the British plenipotentiaries  hoped the peace
+would be general in ten or twelve days. The Portuguese and Dutch were
+already prepared, and others were daily coming in, by means of their
+lordships' good offices, who found Mons. Mesnager and his colleague very
+stubborn to the last. Another courier was dispatched to France, upon
+some disputes about inserting the titles of Her Majesty and the Most
+Christian King, and to bring a general plan for the interests of those
+allies, who should not be ready against the time prefixed. The French
+renunciations were now arrived at Utrecht, and it was agreed, that
+those, as well as that of the King of Spain, should be inserted at
+length in every treaty, by which means the whole confederacy would
+become guaranties of them.
+
+The courier, last sent to France, returned to Utrecht on the
+twenty-seventh of March, with the concessions of that court upon every
+necessary point; so that, all things being ready for putting a period to
+this great and difficult work, the lord privy seal and the Earl of
+Strafford gave notice to the ministers of the several allies, "That
+their lordships had appointed Tuesday the thirty-first instant, wherein
+to sign a treaty of peace, and a treaty of commerce, between the Queen
+of Great Britain, their mistress, and the Most Christian King; and hoped
+the said allies would be prepared, at the same time, to follow their
+example." Accordingly their lordships employed the three intervening
+days, in smoothing the few difficulties that remained between the French
+ministers and those of the several confederate powers.
+
+The important day being now come, the Lord Bishop of Bristol and the
+Earl of Strafford, having assumed the character of ambassadors
+extraordinary,[33] gave a memorial in behalf of the French Protestants
+to the Maréchal d'Uxelles and his colleague, who were to transmit it to
+their court; and these delivered to the British ambassadors a
+declaration in writing, that the Pretender was actually gone out of
+France.
+
+[Footnote 33: To avoid the parade of ceremony, they had hitherto been
+considered only as _plenipotentiaries_. [N.]]
+
+The conditions of peace to be allowed the Emperor and the empire, as
+adjusted between Britain and France, were now likewise delivered to the
+Count Zinzendorf. These and some other previous matters of smaller
+consequence being finished, the treaties of peace and commerce between
+Her Majesty of Britain and the Most Christian King, were signed at the
+lord privy seal's house between two and three of the clock in the
+afternoon. The ministers of the Duke of Savoy signed about an hour
+after. Then the assembly adjourned to the Earl of Stafford's, where they
+all went to dinner; and about nine at night the peace was signed by the
+ministers of Portugal, by those of Prussia at eleven, and when it was
+near midnight by the States.
+
+Thus after all the opposition raised by a strong party in France, and by
+a virulent faction in Britain; after all the artifices of those who
+presided at The Hague, and, for their private interest, endeavoured, in
+conjunction with their friends in England, to prolong the war; after the
+restless endeavours of the imperial court to render the treaty
+ineffectual; the firm steady conduct of the Queen, the wisdom and
+courage of her ministry, and the abilities of those whom she employed in
+her negotiations abroad, prevailed to have a peace signed in one day by
+every power concerned, except that of the Emperor and the empire; for
+his Imperial Majesty liked his situation too well to think of a peace,
+while the drudgery and expenses of the war lay upon other shoulders, and
+the advantages were to redound only to himself.
+
+During this whole negotiation, the King of Spain, who was not
+acknowledged by any of the confederates, had consequently no minister at
+Utrecht; but the differences between Her Majesty and that prince were
+easily settled by the Lord Lexington at Madrid, and the Marquis of
+Monteleon here: so that upon the Duke d'Ossuna's arrival at the
+congress, some days after the peace, he was ready to conclude a treaty
+between the Queen and his master. Neither is it probable that the Dutch,
+or any other ally, except the Emperor, will encounter any difficulties
+of moment, to retard their several treaties with his Catholic Majesty.
+
+The treaties of peace and commerce between Britain and France, were
+ratified here on the seventh of April; on the twenty-eighth the
+ratifications were exchanged; and on the fifth of May the peace was
+proclaimed in the usual manner; but with louder acclamations, and more
+extraordinary rejoicings of the people, than had ever been remembered on
+the like occasion.[34]
+
+[Footnote: 34  The treaty was brought to England by George St. John,
+Bolingbroke's young brother, who arrived with it in London on Good
+Friday, 3rd April, 1713. [T.S.]]
+
+
+[It need hardly be observed, that this history is left incomplete by
+the author. [S.] Sir Walter Scott's note hardly agrees with Swift's own
+statement to Stella. Writing under date May 16th, 1713, he says: "I have
+just finished my Treatise, and must be ten days correcting it." It is
+evident that Swift did not intend to write a "History of the Four Last
+Years of Queen Anne's Reign." A better title for this work would be the
+title originally given it, namely, "History of the Peace of Utrecht." In
+the letter already quoted from Erasmus Lewis, Swift's account of the
+negotiations for the peace are thus remarked upon: "That part of it
+which relates to the negotiations of peace, whether at London or at
+Utrecht, they admire exceedingly, and declare they never yet saw that,
+or any other transaction, drawn up with so much perspicuity, or in a
+style so entertaining and instructive to the reader in every respect."
+[T.S.]]
+
+
+*****       *****       *****       *****       *****
+
+
+
+
+AN ABSTRACT
+
+OF THE
+
+HISTORY OF ENGLAND,
+
+FROM THE INVASION OF IT BY JULIUS CAESAR
+
+TO THE REIGN OF HENRY THE SECOND.
+
+
+NOTE.
+
+The Abstract of the History of England here reprinted calls for little
+or no comment. It is but a dry relation of events with no touch in the
+recital of any of those qualities which characterize Swift's writings.
+The facts were evidently obtained from the old chroniclers. What object
+Swift had in writing this Abstract is not known. If the dedication to
+the Count de Gyllenborg truly states his intention, it must be confessed
+that the "foreigners, and gentlemen of our own country" had not much
+upon which to congratulate themselves. Why Swift should have chosen the
+Count de Gyllenborg to whom to address the dedication must also remain a
+matter for conjecture. The Count had been sent out of the British Isles
+for instigating a conspiracy for a Jacobite insurrection in Great
+Britain. Swift wrote his dedication three years after the Count's
+expulsion. Knowing that the Count's master, Charles XII. of Sweden, had
+been a party to the plot, he yet writes in a most amiable tone of
+friendliness towards both, with a parenthetical sneer at "his present
+Britannic Majesty." Undoubtedly this dedication might easily and fairly
+be taken as strong presumptive evidence of a leaning on Swift's part
+towards the Pretender. It will, however, be more truly interpreted, if
+it be considered as an expression of contempt for the King of England
+and the ministry in power.
+
+The text of the present reprint is that given by Deane Swift from his
+edition of his kinsman's works issued in 1765 and 1768 (4to edit, vols.
+viii. and xiii.). Deane Swift thought that the narratives of Rufus,
+Henry I. and Stephen, would "appear to be such a model of English
+history, as will make all men of taste, and especially foreigners,
+regret that he pursued his plan no further."
+
+[T.S.]
+
+
+TO THE COUNT DE GYLLENBORG.[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: Charles, Count Gyllenborg (1679-1746), was Swedish
+Ambassador at London 1710-16. He then joined in a Jacobite plot, was
+arrested in January, 1716-7, and expelled the kingdom in August, 1717.
+He afterwards filled high offices in his own country. [W.S.J.]]
+
+Dublin in Ireland, Nov. 2, 1719.
+
+SIR,
+
+It is now about sixteen years since I first entertained the design of
+writing a History of England, from the beginning of William Rufus to the
+end of Queen Elizabeth; such a History, I mean, as appears to be most
+wanted by foreigners, and gentlemen of our own country; not a voluminous
+work, nor properly an abridgement, but an exact relation of the most
+important affairs and events, without any regard to the rest. My
+intention was to inscribe it to the King[2] your late master, for whose
+great virtues I had ever the highest veneration, as I shall continue to
+bear to his memory. I confess it is with some disdain that I observe
+great authors descending to write any dedications at all: and for my own
+part, when I looked round on all the princes of Europe, I could think of
+none who might deserve that distinction from me, besides the King your
+master; (for I say nothing of his present Britannic Majesty, to whose
+person and character I am an utter stranger, and like to continue so)
+neither can I be suspected of flattery on this point, since it was some
+years after that I had the honour of an invitation to his court, before
+you were employed as his minister in England, which I heartily repent
+that I did not accept; whereby, as you can be my witness, I might have
+avoided some years' uneasiness and vexation, during the last four years
+of our late excellent Queen, as well as a long melancholy prospect
+since, in a most obscure disagreeable country, and among a most
+profligate and abandoned people.
+
+[Footnote 2: Charles XII., King of Sweden, who was killed in 1718. [D.
+S.]]
+
+I was diverted from pursuing this History, partly by the extreme
+difficulty, but chiefly by the indignation I conceived at the
+proceedings of a faction, which then prevailed; and the papers lay
+neglected in my cabinet until you saw me in England; when you know how
+far I was engaged in thoughts and business of another kind. Upon Her
+Majesty's lamented death, I returned to my station in this kingdom;
+since which time there is not a northern curate among you who hath lived
+more obscure than myself, or a greater stranger to the commonest
+transactions of the world. It is but very lately that I found the
+following papers, which I had almost forgotten. I publish them now, for
+two reasons; first, for an encouragement to those who have more
+youth,[3] and leisure, and good temper than I, towards pursuing the work
+as far as it was intended by me, or as much further as they please; the
+second reason is, to have an opportunity of declaring the profound
+respect I have for the memory of your royal master, and the sincere
+regard and friendship I bear to yourself; for I must bring to your mind
+how proud I was to distinguish you among all the foreign ministers, with
+whom I had the honour to be acquainted. I am a witness of the zeal you
+shewed not only for the honour and interest of your master, but for the
+advantage of the Protestant religion in Germany, and how knowingly and
+feelingly you often spoke to me upon that subject. We all loved you, as
+possessed of every quality that could adorn an English gentleman, and
+esteemed you as a faithful subject to your prince, and an able
+negotiator; neither shall any reverse of fortune have power to lessen
+you either in my friendship or esteem: and I must take leave to assure
+you further, that my affection towards persons hath not been at all
+diminished by the frown of power upon them. Those whom you and I once
+thought great and good men, continue still so in my eyes and my heart;
+only with a * * * * * *
+
+_Caetera desiderantur_.
+
+[Footnote 3: The author was then in his fifty-second year. [D.S.]]
+
+
+  AN ABSTRACT OF THE HISTORY
+  OF ENGLAND,
+  FROM THE INVASION OF IT BY JULIUS CAESAR
+  TO WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR.
+
+
+  Britons.
+  Heathens.
+
+The most ancient account we have of Britain is, that the island was full
+of inhabitants, divided into several petty kingdoms, as most nations of
+the world appear to have been at first. The bodies of the Britons were
+painted with a sky-coloured blue, either as an ornament or else for
+terror to their enemies. In their religion they were heathens, as all
+the world was before Christ, except the Jews.
+
+  Druids.
+
+Their priests were called Druids: These lived in hollow trees, and
+committed not their mysteries to writing, but delivered them down by
+tradition, whereby they were in time wholly lost.
+
+The Britons had wives in common, so many to a particular tribe or
+society, and the children were in common to that society.
+
+About fifty years before Christ, Julius Caesar, the first Roman Emperor,
+having conquered Gaul or France, invaded Britain rather to increase his
+glory than conquests; for having overcome the natives in one or two
+battles, he returned.
+
+  Claudius.
+  Nero.
+
+The next invasion of Britain by the Romans (then masters of most of the
+known world) was in the reign of the Emperor Claudius; but it was not
+wholly subdued till that of Nero. It was governed by lieutenants, or
+deputies, sent from Rome, as Ireland is now by deputies from England;
+and continued thus under the Romans for about 460 years; till that
+empire being invaded by the Goths and Vandals, the Romans were forced
+not only to recall their own armies, but also to draw from hence the
+bravest of the Britons, for their assistance against those barbarians.
+
+  Picts.
+  Picts' Wall.
+
+The Roman conquests in this island reached no further northward than to
+that part of Scotland where Stirling and Glasgow are seated: The region
+beyond was held not worth the conquering: It was inhabited by a
+barbarous people, called Caledonians and Picts; who, being a rough
+fierce nation, daily infested the British borders. Therefore the Emperor
+Severus built a wall, from Stirling to Glasgow, to prevent the invasions
+of the Picts: It is commonly called the Picts' Wall.
+
+  A.D. 455. Saxons.
+
+These Picts and Caledonians, or Scots, encouraged by the departure of
+the Romans, do now cruelly infest and invade the Britons by sea and
+land: The Britons choose Vortigern for their king, who was forced to
+invite the Saxons (a fierce Northern people) to assist him against those
+barbarians. The Saxons came over, and beat the Picts in several battles;
+but, at last, pick quarrels with the Britons themselves; and, after a
+long war, drive them into the mountains of Wales and Cornwall, and
+establish themselves in seven kingdoms in Britain, (by them now called
+England). These seven kingdoms are usually styled the Saxon Heptarchy.
+
+  A.D. 460. Arthur.
+
+About this time lived King Arthur (if the whole story be not a fable)
+who was so famous for beating the Saxons in several battles.
+
+  A.D. 600. Austin.
+
+The Britons received Christianity very early, and, as is reported, from
+some of the Disciples themselves: So that, when the Romans left Britain,
+the Britons were generally Christians. But the Saxons were heathens,
+till Pope Gregory the Great sent over hither Austin the monk, by whom
+Ethelbert king of the South-Saxons, and his subjects, were converted to
+Christianity; and the whole island soon followed the example.
+
+  A.D. 819. Egbert.
+
+[Footnote 4: The edition of 1765 gives the date as 819, but according to
+Dr. Stubbs, Egbert became _bretwalda_ in 828. [W.S.J.]]
+
+After many various revolutions in this island among the kingdoms of the
+Saxons, Egbert, descended from the West-Saxon kings, became sole monarch
+of England.
+
+  Angles.
+
+The language in Britain was British, (now called Welsh) or Latin; but,
+with the Saxons, English came in (although extremely different from what
+it is now). The present names of towns, shires, &c. were given by them;
+and the whole kingdom was called England from the Angles, who were a
+branch of the Saxons.
+
+  Danes.
+
+As soon as the Saxons were settled, the Danes began to trouble and
+invade them, as they (the Saxons) had before done the Britons.
+
+These Danes came out of Germany, Denmark, and Norway, a rough warlike
+people, little different from the Saxons to whom they were nigh
+neighbours.
+
+  Edgar.
+
+After many invasions from the Danes, Edgar King of England sets forth
+the first navy. He was entitled King of all Albion, (an old name of this
+island) and was the first absolute monarch.
+
+He made peace with the Danes, and allowed them to live in his dominions
+mixed with the English.
+
+In this prince's time there were five kings in Wales, who all did him
+homage for their country.
+
+  A.D. 978. Danes massacred.
+
+These Danes began first to make their invasions here about the year 800,
+which they after renewed at several times, and under several leaders,
+and were as often repulsed. They used to come with vast numbers of
+ships, burn and ravage before them, as the cities of London, Winchester,
+&c. Encouraged by success and prey, they often wintered in England,
+fortifying themselves in the northern parts, from whence they cruelly
+infested the Saxon kings. In process of time they mixed with the English
+(as was said before) and lived under the Saxon government: But Ethelred,
+then King of England, growing weary of the Danish insolence, a
+conspiracy is formed, and the Danes are massacred in one day all over
+England.
+
+  Sweyn.
+
+Four years after, Sweyn, King of Denmark, to revenge the death of his
+subjects, invades England; and, after battles fought and much cruelty
+exercised, he subdues the whole kingdom, forcing Ethelred to fly into
+Normandy.
+
+  Canutus.
+
+Sweyn dying, his son Canutus succeeds in the kingdom; but Ethelred
+returning with an army, Canutus is forced to withdraw to Denmark for
+succour.
+
+Ethelred dies, and his son Edmond Ironside succeeds; but, Canutus
+returning with fresh forces from Denmark, after several battles, the
+kingdom is parted between them both. Edmond dying, his sons are sent
+beyond sea by Canutus, who now is sole King of England.
+
+  King's evil.
+
+Hardicanute, the last Danish king, dying without issue, Edward, son of
+Ethelred, is chosen king. For his great holiness, he was surnamed the
+Confessor, and sainted after his death. He was the first of our princes
+that attempted to cure the king's evil by touching. He first introduced
+what is now called the Common Law. In his time began the mode and
+humour among the English gentry, of using the French tongue and
+fashions, in compliance with the king, who had been bred up in Normandy.
+
+The Danish government in England lasted but twenty-six years, under
+three kings.
+
+  Harold.
+
+Edward the Confessor married the daughter of Earl Godwin, an English
+nobleman of great power, but of Danish extraction; but, wanting issue,
+he appointed Edgar Atheling, grandson to his brother, to succeed him,
+and Harold, son of Earl Godwin, to be governor of the young prince. But,
+upon Edward's death, Harold neglected Edgar Atheling, and usurped the
+crown for himself.
+
+Edward, while he was in Normandy, met so good reception, that it was
+said he made a promise to that duke, that, in case he recovered his
+kingdom, and died without issue, he would leave it to him. Edward dying,
+William Duke of Normandy sends to Harold to claim the crown; but Harold,
+now in possession, resolves to keep it. Upon which Duke William, having
+prepared a mighty fleet and army, invades England, lands at Hastings,
+and sets fire to his fleet, to cut off all hope from his men of
+returning. To Harold he sent his messenger, demanding the kingdom and
+his subjection: But Harold returned him this answer, "That, unless he
+departed his land, he would make him sensible of his just displeasure."
+So Harold advanced his forces into Sussex, within seven miles of his
+enemy. The Norman Duke, to save the effusion of blood, sent these offers
+to Harold; either wholly to resign the kingdom to him, or to try the
+quarrel with him in single combat. To this Harold did not agree.
+
+  A.D. 1066.
+
+Then the battle joined. The Normans had gotten the worst, if it had not
+been for a stratagem they invented, which got them the day. In this
+engagement Harold was killed, and William Duke of Normandy became King
+of England, under the name of William the Conqueror.
+
+
+THE REIGN OF WILLIAM THE SECOND,
+
+SURNAMED RUFUS.
+
+At the time of the Conqueror's death, his eldest son Robert, upon some
+discontent with his father, being absent in France,[5] William, the
+second son, made use of this juncture, and without attending his
+father's funeral, hastened to England, where, pursuant to the will of
+the deceased prince,[6] the nobility, although more inclined to favour
+Robert, were prevailed with to admit him King, partly by his promises to
+abate the rigour of the late reign, and restore the laws and liberties
+which had been then abolished, but chiefly by the credit and
+solicitations of Lanfranc; for that prelate had formerly a share in his
+education, and always a great affection for his person. At Winchester he
+took possession of his father's treasure,[7] in obedience to whose
+command, as well as to ingratiate himself with the people, he
+distributed it among churches and religious houses, and applied it to
+the redeeming of prisoners, and other acts of popularity.
+
+[Footnote 5:  He was then at Abbeville in Picardy. [D.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6:  William the Conqueror left Normandy to his son Robert; but
+said of England: "So it pleased God, he should be glad that William, his
+obedient and best beloved son, should enjoy it after his death." [D.
+S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7:  Which was sixty thousand pounds in silver, besides gold,
+jewels, and plate.--BROMPTON. [D.S.]]
+
+In the mean time Robert returned to Normandy, took possession of that
+duchy, with great applause and content of his people, and, spited at the
+indignity done him by his father, and the usurpation of his brother in
+consequence thereof, prepared a great fleet and army to invade England;
+nor did there want an occasion to promote his interest, if the slowness,
+the softness, and credulity of his nature, could have suffered him to
+make a right improvement of it.
+
+Odo Bishop of Bayeux,[8] of whom frequent mention is made in the
+preceding reign,[9] a prelate of incurable ambition, either on account
+of his age or character being restored to his liberty and possessions in
+England, grew into envy and discontent, upon seeing Lanfranc preferred
+before him by the new King in his favour and ministry. He therefore
+formed a conspiracy with several nobles of Norman birth to depose the
+King, and sent an invitation to Robert to hasten over. Mean time the
+conspirators, in order to distract the King's forces, seized on several
+parts of England at once; Bristol, Norwich, Leicester, Worcester,
+Shrewsbury, Bath, and Durham, were secured by several noblemen: Odo
+himself seized Rochester, reduced the coasts of Kent, and sent messages
+to Robert to make all possible speed.
+
+[Footnote 8: Odo was half brother to William the Conqueror. [D.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: Sir W. Temple wrote "An Introduction to the History of
+England." As it only extended to the death of William the Conqueror it
+is probable that it is what is here referred to. It will be found in
+vol. ii. of Sir W. Temple's "Works," edited by Swift. [W.S.J.]]
+
+The King alarmed at these many and sudden defections, thought it his
+best course to begin his defence by securing the good will of the
+people. He redressed many grievances, eased them of certain oppressive
+taxes and tributes, gave liberty to hunt in his forest, with other marks
+of indulgence, which however forced from him by the necessity of the
+time, he had the skill or fortune so to order as they neither lost their
+good grace nor effect; for immediately after he raised great forces both
+by land and sea, marched into Kent, where the chief body of his enemies
+was in arms, recovered Tunbridge and Pevensey, in the latter of which
+Odo himself was taken prisoner, and forced to accompany the King to
+Rochester. This city refusing to surrender at the King's summons, Odo
+undertook to prevail with the obstinacy of the inhabitants; but being
+admitted into the town, was there detained, either by a real or seeming
+force; however, the King provoked at their stubbornness and fraud, soon
+compelled them to yield, retook his prisoner, and forcing him for ever
+to abjure England, sent him into Normandy.
+
+By these actions, performed with such great celerity and success, the
+preparations of Duke Robert were wholly disappointed, himself, by the
+necessity of his affairs, compelled to a treaty with his brother, upon
+the terms of a small pension, and a mutual promise of succeeding to each
+other's dominions on failure of issue, forced to resign his pretensions,
+and return with a shattered fleet to Normandy.
+
+About this time died Archbishop Lanfranc; by whose death the King,
+loosed from that awe and constraint he was under, soon began to discover
+those irregularities of his nature, which till then he had suppressed
+and disguised, falling into those acts of oppression and extortion that
+have made his name and memory infamous. He kept the see of Canterbury
+four years vacant, and converted the revenues to his own use, together
+with those of several other bishoprics and abbeys, and disposed all
+church preferments to the highest bidder. Nor were his exactions less
+upon the laity, from whom he continually extorted exorbitant fines for
+pretended transgression of certain penal laws, and entertained informers
+to observe men's actions and bring him intelligence.
+
+It is here worth observation, that these corrupt proceedings of the
+prince have, in the opinion of several learned men, given rise to two
+customs, which are a long time grown to have the force of laws. For,
+first the successors of this King, continuing the custom of seizing on
+the accruing rents in the vacancy of sees and abbeys, it grew in process
+of time to be exacted as a right, or acknowledgment to the King as
+founder; whence the revenues of vacant bishoprics belong at this day to
+the crown. The second custom had an original not unlike. Several
+persons, to avoid the persecutions of the King's informers, and other
+instruments of oppression, withdrew themselves and their effects to
+foreign countries; upon which the King issued a proclamation, forbidding
+all men to leave the kingdom without his licence; from whence, in the
+judgment of the same authors, the writ _ne exeat regno_ had its
+beginning.
+
+By these and the like arbitrary methods having amassed great treasures,
+and finding all things quiet at home, he raised a powerful army to
+invade his brother in Normandy; but upon what ground or pretext, the
+writers of that age are not very exact; whether it were from a principle
+frequent among unjust princes, That old oppressions are best justified
+by new; or, whether having a talent for sudden enterprises, and justly
+apprehending the resentments of Duke Robert, he thought it the wiser
+course to prevent injuries than to revenge them. In this expedition he
+took several cities and castles from his brother, and would have
+proceeded further, if Robert had not desired and obtained the assistance
+of Philip King of France, who came with an army to his relief. King
+William not thinking it safe or prudent to proceed further against his
+enemy supported by so great an ally, yet loth to lose the fruits of his
+time and valour, fell upon a known and old expedient, which no prince
+ever practised oftener, or with greater success, and that was, to buy
+off the French King with a sum of money. This had its effect; for that
+prince not able to oppose such powerful arms, immediately withdrew
+himself and his forces, leaving the two brothers to concert the measures
+of a peace.
+
+This was treated and agreed with great advantages on the side of King
+William; for he kept all the towns he had taken, obliged his brother to
+banish Edgar Atheling out of Normandy, and, for a further security,
+brought over with him to England the Duke himself to attend him in his
+expedition against Malcolm King of Scotland, who during his absence had
+invaded the borders. The King having raised great forces both by sea and
+land, went in person to repel the inroads of the Scots: but the
+enterprise was without success; for the greatest part of his fleet was
+destroyed by a tempest, and his army very much diminished by sickness
+and famine, which forced him to a peace of little honour; by which, upon
+the condition of homage from that prince, the King of England agreed to
+deliver him up those twelve towns (or manors) in England which Malcolm
+had held under William the Conqueror; together with a pension of twelve
+thousand marks.
+
+At this time were sown the seeds of another quarrel between him and Duke
+Robert, who soliciting the King to perform some covenants of the last
+peace, and meeting with a repulse, withdrew in great discontent to
+Normandy.
+
+King William, in his return from Scotland, fell dangerously sick at
+Gloucester, where, moved by the seasonable exhortations of his clergy,
+or rather by the fears of dying, he began to discover great marks of
+repentance, with many promises of amendment and retribution,
+particularly for his injuries to the Church. To give credit to which
+good resolutions, he immediately filled several vacant sees, giving that
+of Canterbury to Anselm, a foreigner of great fame for piety and
+learning. But as it is the disposition of men who derive their vices
+from their complexions, that their passions usually beat strong and weak
+with their pulses, so it fared with this prince, who upon recovery of
+his health soon forgot the vows he had made in his sickness, relapsing
+with greater violence into the same irregularities of injustice and
+oppression, whereof Anselm, the new archbishop, felt the first effects.
+This prelate, soon after his promotion, offered the King a sum of money
+by way of present; but took care it should be so small, that none might
+interpret it to be a consideration of his late preferment. The King
+rejected it with scorn; and as he used but little ceremony in such
+matters, insisted in plain terms for more. Anselm would not comply; and
+the King enraged, sought all occasions to make him uneasy; until at
+length the poor archbishop, tired out with perpetual usurpations (or at
+least what was then understood to be such) upon his jurisdiction,
+privileges, and possessions, desired the King licence for a journey to
+Rome; and upon a refusal, went without it. As soon as he was withdrawn,
+the King seized on all his revenues, converting them to his own use, and
+the archbishop continued an exile until the succeeding reign.
+
+The particulars of this quarrel between the King and archbishop are not,
+in my opinion, considerable enough to deserve a place in this brief
+collection, being of little use to posterity, and of less entertainment;
+neither should I have mentioned it at all, but for the occasion it gives
+me of making a general observation, which may afford some light into the
+nature and disposition of those ages. Not only this King's father and
+himself, but the princes for several successions, of the fairest
+character, have been severely taxed for violating the rights of the
+clergy, and perhaps not altogether without reason. It is true, this
+character hath made the lighter impression, as proceeding altogether
+from the party injured, the cotemporary writers being generally
+churchmen: and it must be confessed, that the usurpations of the Church
+and court of Rome were in those ages risen to such heights, as to be
+altogether inconsistent either with the legislature or administration of
+any independent state; the inferior clergy, both secular and regular,
+insisting upon such immunities as wholly exempted them from the civil
+power; and the bishops removing all controversies with the crown by
+appeal to Rome: for they reduced the matter to this short issue, That
+God was to be obeyed rather than men; and consequently the Bishop of
+Rome, who is Christ's representative, rather than an earthly prince.
+Neither doth it seem improbable that all Christendom would have been in
+utter vassalage, both temporal and spiritual, to the Roman see, if the
+Reformation had not put a stop to those exorbitancies, and in a good
+measure opened the eyes even of those princes and states who still
+adhere to the doctrines and discipline of that church.
+
+While the King continued at Gloucester, Malcolm King of Scotland came to
+his court, with intentions to settle and confirm the late peace between
+them. It happened that a controversy arose about some circumstances
+relating to the homage which Malcolm was to pay, in the managing whereof
+King William discovered so much haughtiness and disdain, both in words
+and gestures, that the Scottish prince, provoked by such unworthy
+treatment, returned home with indignation; but soon came back at the
+head of a powerful army, and, entering Northumberland with fire and
+sword, laid all waste before him. But as all enterprises have in the
+progress of them a tincture of those passions by which they were
+spirited at first, so this invasion begun upon private revenge, which is
+a blind ungovernable passion, was carried on with equal precipitation,
+and proved to be ruinous in the event; for Robert Mowbray, Earl of
+Northumberland, to prevent the destruction of his own country, where he
+had great possessions, gathering what forces he could suddenly raise,
+and without waiting any directions from the King, marched against the
+Scots, who were then set down before Alnwick Castle: there, by an
+ambush, Malcolm and his eldest son Edward were slain, and the army,
+discouraged by the loss of their princes, entirely defeated. This
+disaster was followed in a few days by the death of Queen Margaret, who,
+not able to survive her misfortunes, died for grief. Neither did the
+miseries of that kingdom end till, after two usurpations, the surviving
+son of Malcolm, who had fled to England for refuge, was restored to his
+crown by the assistance of King William.
+
+About this time the hidden sparks of animosity between the two brothers,
+buried but not extinguished in the last peace, began to flame out into
+new dissensions. Duke Robert had often sent his complaints to the King
+for breach of articles, but without redress, which provoked him to
+expostulate in a rougher manner, till at length he charged the King in
+plain terms with injustice and perjury, but no men are found to endure
+reproaches with less temper than those who most deserve them, the King,
+at the same time filled with indignation, and stung with guilt, invaded
+Normandy a second time, resolving to reduce his brother to such terms as
+might stop all further complaints. He had already taken several strong
+holds, by force either of arms or of money, and intending entirely to
+subdue the duchy, gave orders to have twenty thousand men immediately
+raised in England, and sent over to him. The Duke, to defend himself
+against these formidable preparations, had recourse again to his old
+ally the King of France, who very readily advanced with an army to his
+assistance, as an action wherein he could every way find his own
+accounts, for, beside the appearance of glory and justice by protecting
+the injured, he fought indeed his own battle, by preserving his
+neighbouring state in the hands of a peaceful prince, from so powerful
+and restless an enemy as the King of England, and was largely paid for
+his trouble into the bargain, for King William, either loth to engage in
+a long and dangerous war, or hastened back by intelligence of some
+troubles from Wales, sent offers to his army, just ready to embark for
+Normandy, that upon payment of ten shillings a man they might have leave
+to return to their own homes.[10] This bargain was generally accepted,
+the money was paid to the King of France, who immediately withdrew his
+troops, and King William, now master of the conditions, forced his
+brother to a peace upon much harder terms than before.
+
+[Footnote 10: See reference to this incident in "The Examiner," No. 21
+(vol. ix of this edition, p. 123)  [W.S.J.]]
+
+In this passage there are some circumstances which may appear odd and
+unaccountable to those who will not give due allowance for the
+difference of times and manners: that an absent prince, engaged in an
+unjust war with his own brother, and ill-beloved at home, should have so
+much power and credit, as by his commission to raise twenty thousand men
+on a sudden, only as a recruit to the army he had already with him; that
+he should have a fleet prepared ready, and large enough to transport so
+great a number; that upon the very point of embarking he should send
+them so disgraceful an offer; and that so great a number of common
+soldiers should be able and willing to pay such a sum of money, equal to
+at least twelve time as much in our times; and that, after being thus
+deluded and spoiled at once, they should peaceably disband and retire to
+their several homes. But all this will be less difficult to comprehend,
+when we reflect on the method of raising and supporting armies, very
+different from ours, which was then in use, and so continued for many
+ages after. All men who had lands _in capite_ were bound to attend the
+King in his wars with a proportioned number of soldiers, who were their
+tenants on easy rents in consideration of military service. This was but
+the work of a few days, and the troops consisted of such men as were
+able to maintain their own charges either at home or abroad: neither was
+there any reason to apprehend that soldiers would ever become
+instruments for introducing slavery, who held so great a share in the
+property.
+
+The King, upon his return from Normandy, made an unsuccessful expedition
+against the Welsh, who upon the advantages of his absence had, according
+to their usual custom, made cruel inroads upon the adjoining counties of
+Chester, Shrewsbury, and Hereford. Upon the King's approach they fled
+into their fastnesses among the mountains, where he pursued them for
+some time with great rage and vexation, as well as the loss of great
+numbers of his men, to no purpose. From hence he was recalled by a more
+formidable enemy nearer home: for Robert Earl of Northumberland,
+overrating his late services against the Scots, as much perhaps and as
+unjustly as they were undervalued by the King, refused to come to his
+court, which, in those days, was looked on as the first usual mark of
+discontent in a nobleman; and was often charged by princes as a formal
+accusation. The earl having disobeyed the King's summons, and concerted
+matters with other accomplices, broke out into open rebellion, with
+intentions to depose King William, and set up Stephen Earl of Albemarle,
+son of a sister to William the Conqueror: but all was prevented by the
+celerity of this active prince; who, knowing that insurrections are best
+quelled in their beginnings, marched with incredible speed, and
+surprised the rebels at Newcastle, took the castles of Tynemouth and
+Bamburgh; where the obstinacy of the defendants provoked him, contrary
+to his nature, to commit cruelties upon their persons, by cutting off
+their hands and ears, and other the like inhumanities. The earl himself
+was taken prisoner as he endeavoured to make his escape; but suffered no
+other punishment than to be confined for the rest of his life.[11]
+
+[Footnote 11: Which was thirty years. [D.S.]]
+
+About this time began the Holy War for recovering of Palestine; which
+having not been the enterprise of any one prince or state, but that
+wherein most in Christendom had a share, it cannot with justice be
+silently passed over in the history of any nation.
+
+Pope Urban the Second, in a council at Clermont, made a pathetic
+exhortation, shewing with what danger and indignity to Christendom the
+Turks and Saracens had, for some ages, not only overrun all Asia and
+Africa, where Christianity had long flourished; but had also made
+encroachments into Europe, where they had entirely subdued Spain, and
+some other parts; that Jerusalem, the holy city, where our Saviour did
+so many miracles, and where His sepulchre still remained, to the scandal
+of the Christian name, lay groaning under the tyranny of infidels; that
+the swords which Christian princes had drawn against each other, ought
+to be turned against the common enemy of their name and religion; that
+this should be reckoned an ample satisfaction for all their past sins;
+that those who died in this expedition should immediately go to Heaven,
+and the survivors would be blessed with the sight of our Lord's
+sepulchre.
+
+Moved by these arguments, and the influence of the person who delivered
+them, several nobles and prelates immediately took upon them the cross;
+and the council dissolving in this high fit of zeal, the clergy, upon
+their return home, prevailed so far in their several countries, that in
+most parts of Europe some great prince or lord became a votary for the
+Holy Land; as Hugh the Great, brother to the King of France; Godfrey
+Duke of Lorraine; Reimond Count of Toulouse; Robert Duke of Normandy,
+and many others. Neither ought it to be forgotten, that most of these
+noble and generous princes, wanting money to maintain the forces they
+had raised, pawned their dominions to those very prelates who had first
+engaged them in this enterprise: doubtless a notable mark of the force
+of oratory in the churchmen of those ages, who were able to inspire that
+devotion into others, whereof they seemed so little sensible themselves.
+
+But a great share in the honour of promoting this religious war, is
+attributed to the zeal and industry of a certain French priest, commonly
+called Peter the Hermit; who being at Jerusalem upon pilgrimage some
+time before, and entering often into private treaty with the patriarch
+of that city, came back fully instructed in all the measures necessary
+for such a war: to these was joined the artifice of certain dreams and
+visions that might pass for divine admonition: all which, added to the
+piety of his exhortations, gave him such credit with the Pope, and
+several princes of Christendom, that he became in his own person the
+leader of a great army against the infidels, and was very instrumental
+for engaging many others in the same design.
+
+What a spirit was thus raised in Christendom among all sorts of men,
+cannot better be conceived than from the vast numbers of these warlike
+pilgrims; who, at the siege of Nice, are said to have consisted of
+600,000 foot, and 100,000 horse: and the success at first was answerable
+to the greatness of their numbers, the valour of their leaders, and the
+universal opinion of such a cause; for, besides several famous victories
+in the field, not to mention the towns of less importance, they took
+Nice, Antioch, and at last Jerusalem, where Duke Godfrey was chosen king
+without competition. But zeal, with a mixture of enthusiasm, as I take
+this to have been, is a composition only fit for sudden enterprises,
+like a great ferment in the blood, giving double courage and strength
+for the time, until it sink and settle by nature into its old channel:
+for, in a few years the piety of these adventurers began to slacken, and
+give way to faction and envy, the natural corruptions of all
+confederacies: however, to this spirit of devotion there succeeded a
+spirit of honour, which long continued the vein and humour of the times;
+and the Holy Land became either a school, wherein young princes went to
+learn the art of war, or a scene wherein they affected to shew their
+valour, and gain reputation, when they were weary of peace at home.
+
+The Christians held possession of Jerusalem above eighty years,[12] and
+continued their expeditions to the Holy Land almost as many more, with
+various events; and after they were entirely driven out of Asia, the
+popes have almost in every age endeavoured in vain to promote new
+crusades neither does this spirit seem quite extinct among us even to
+this day; the usual projects of sanguine men for uniting Christendom
+against the Turk, being without doubt a traditional way of talk derived
+to us from the same fountain.
+
+[Footnote 12:  They held it eighty-eight years; from July, 1099, to
+October, 1187. [D.S.]]
+
+Robert, in order to furnish himself out for this war, pawned his duchy
+to the King for 10,000 marks of gold;[13] which sum was levied with so
+many circumstances of rigour and exaction, towards the Church and laity,
+as very much increased the discontents of both against the prince.
+
+[Footnote 13:  Equal to £1,400,000, as money passes now. [D.S.]]
+
+  1099.
+
+I shall record one act of this king's, which being chiefly personal, may
+pass rather for a part of his character, than a point of history.
+
+As he was hunting one day in the New Forest, a messenger express from
+Normandy, brought him intelligence, that Hélie, Count de la Flèche, had
+laid close siege to Mans, and expected to carry the town in a few days;
+the King leaving his chase, commanded some about him to point whereabout
+Mans lay; and so rode straight on without reflection, until he came to
+the coast. His attendants advised him to wait until he had made
+preparations of men and money; to which he only returned; "They that
+love me, will follow me." He entered the ship in a violent storm; which
+the mariners beholding with astonishment, at length in great humility
+gave him warning of the danger; but the King commanded them instantly to
+put off to sea, and not be afraid; for he had never in his life heard of
+any King that was drowned. In a few days he drove the enemy from before
+the city, and took the count himself prisoner, who raging at his defeat
+and captivity, exclaimed,[14] "That this blow was from Fortune; but
+Valour could make reprisals, as he should shew, if ever he regained his
+liberty." This being told the King, he sent for the count, let him
+understand that he had heard of his menaces, then gave him a fine horse,
+bid him begone immediately, and defied him to do his worst.
+
+[Footnote 14: There is so much pleasantry and humour, as well as spirit
+and heroism in this story, as we have it recorded by William de
+Malmesbury, who represents the menace as thrown out in the King's
+presence, that I shall make no apology for setting down his words at
+length. "Auctor turbarum Helias capitur; cui ante se adducto rex
+ludibundus, 'Habeo te, magister,' inquit. At ille, cujus alta nobilitas
+nesciret in tanto etiam periculo sapere; 'Fortuitu,' inquit, 'me
+cepisti: sed si possem evadere, novi quid facerem.' Tum Willelmus, prae
+furore ferè extra se positus, et obuncans Heliam, 'Tu,'inquit, 'nebulo!
+tu, quid faceres? Discede; abi; fuge! Concede tibi ut facias quicquid
+poteris: et, per vultum de Luca! nihil, si me viceris, pro hâc veniâ
+tecum paciscar." _I.e._ By the face of St. Luke, if thou shouldst have
+the fortune to conquer me, I scorn to compound with thee for my release.
+[D.S.]]
+
+It would have been an injury to this prince's memory, to let pass an
+action, by which he acquired more honour than from any other in his
+life, and by which it appeared that he was not without some seeds of
+magnanimity, had they been better cultivated, or not overrun by the
+number or prevalency of his vices.
+
+I have met with nothing else in this King's reign that deserved to be
+remembered; for, as to an unsuccessful expedition or two against Wales,
+either by himself or his generals; they were very inconsiderable both in
+action and event, nor attended with any circumstances that might render
+a relation of them of any use to posterity, either for instruction or
+example.
+
+His death was violent and unexpected, the effect of casualty; although
+this perhaps is the only misfortune of life to which the person of a
+prince is generally less subject than that of other men. Being at his
+beloved exercise of hunting in the New Forest in Hampshire, a large stag
+crossed the way before him, the King hot on his game, cried out in haste
+to Walter Tyrrel, a knight of his attendants, to shoot; Tyrrel,
+immediately let fly his arrow, which glancing against a tree, struck the
+King through the heart, who fell dead to the ground without speaking a
+word. Upon the surprise of this accident, all his attendants, and
+Tyrrel[15] among the rest, fled different ways; until the fright being a
+little over, some of them returned, and causing the body to be laid in a
+collier's cart, for want of other conveniency, conveyed it in a very
+unbecoming contemptuous manner to Winchester, where it was buried the
+next day without solemnity, and which is worse, without grief.
+
+[Footnote 15: Yet Eadmer saith, that Tyrrel told him, he had not been in
+the Forest that day. [D.S.]]
+
+I shall conclude the history of this prince's reign, with a description
+and character of his body and mind, impartially from the collections I
+have made; which method I shall observe likewise in all the succeeding
+reigns.
+
+He was in stature somewhat below the usual size, and big-bellied, but he
+was well and strongly knit. His hair was yellow or sandy; his face red,
+which got him the name of Rufus; his forehead flat; his eyes were
+spotted, and appeared of different colours; he was apt to stutter in
+speaking, especially when he was angry; he was vigorous and active, and
+very hardy to endure fatigues, which he owed to a good constitution of
+health, and the frequent exercise of hunting; in his dress he affected
+gaiety and expense, which having been first introduced by this prince
+into his court and kingdom, grew, in succeeding reigns, an intolerable
+grievance. He also first brought in among us the luxury and profusion of
+great tables. There was in him, as in all other men, a mixture of
+virtues and vices, and that in a pretty equal degree, only the
+misfortune was, that the latter, although not more numerous, were yet
+much more prevalent than the former. For being entirely a man of
+pleasure, this made him sacrifice all his good qualities, and gave him
+too many occasions of producing his ill ones. He had one very singular
+virtue for a prince, which was that of being true to his word and
+promise: he was of undoubted personal valour, whereof the writers in
+those ages produce several instances; nor did he want skill and conduct
+in the process of war. But, his peculiar excellency, was that of great
+dispatch, which, however usually decried, and allowed to be only a happy
+temerity, does often answer all the ends of secrecy and counsel in a
+great commander, by surprising and daunting an enemy when he least
+expects it; as may appear by the greatest actions and events upon the
+records of every nation.
+
+He was a man of sound natural sense, as well as of wit and humour, upon
+occasion. There were several tenets in the Romish Church he could not
+digest; particularly that of the saints' intercession; and living in an
+age overrun with superstition, he went so far into the other extreme, as
+to be censured for an atheist. The day before his death, a monk relating
+a terrible dream, which seemed to forebode him some misfortune, the King
+being told the matter, turned it into a jest; said, "The man was a monk,
+and dreamt like a monk, for lucre sake;" and therefore commanded
+Fitzhamon to give him an hundred shillings, that he might not complain
+he had dreamt to no purpose.
+
+His vices appear to have been rather derived from the temper of his
+body, than any original depravity of his mind; for being of a sanguine
+complexion, wholly bent upon his pleasures, and prodigal in his nature,
+he became engaged in great expenses. To supply these, the people were
+perpetually oppressed with illegal taxes and exactions; but that sort of
+avarice which arises from prodigality and vice, as it is always needy,
+so it is much more ravenous and violent than the other, which put the
+King and his evil instruments (among whom Ralph, Bishop of Durham, is of
+special infamy) upon those pernicious methods of gratifying his
+extravagances by all manner of oppression; whereof some are already
+mentioned, and others are too foul to relate.
+
+He is generally taxed by writers for discovering a contempt of religion
+in his common discourse and behaviour; which I take to have risen from
+the same fountain, being a point of art, and a known expedient, for men
+who cannot quit their immoralities, at least to banish all reflections
+that may disturb them in the enjoyment, which must be done either by not
+thinking of religion at all; or, if it will obtrude, by putting it out
+of countenance.
+
+Yet there is one instance that might shew him to have some sense of
+religion as well as justice. When two monks were outvying each other in
+canting[16] the price of an abbey, he observed a third at some distance,
+who said never a word; the King demanded why he would not offer; the
+monk said, he was poor, and besides, would give nothing if he were ever
+so rich; the King replied, "Then you are the fittest person to have it,"
+and immediately gave it him. But this is, perhaps with reason enough,
+assigned more to caprice than conscience; for he was under the power of
+every humour and passion that possessed him for the present; which made
+him obstinate in his resolves, and unsteady in the prosecution.
+
+[Footnote 16: An Irish phrase for selling or buying by auction. It is
+somewhat remarkable that so severe a critic should have used such a word
+in historical composition. [S.]]
+
+He had one vice or folly that seemed rooted in his mind, and of all
+others, most unbefitting a prince: This was, a proud disdainful manner,
+both in his words and gesture; and having already lost the love of his
+subjects by his avarice and oppression, this finished the work, by
+bringing him into contempt and hatred among his servants; so that few
+among the worst of princes have had the luck to be so ill beloved, or so
+little lamented.
+
+He never married, having an invincible abhorrence for the state,
+although not for the sex.
+
+He died in the thirteenth year of his reign, the forty-third of his age,
+and of Christ 1100, August 2.
+
+His works of piety were few, but in buildings he was very expensive,
+exceeding any King of England before or since, among which Westminster
+Hall, Windsor Castle, the Tower of London, and the whole city of
+Carlisle, remain lasting monuments of his magnificence.
+
+
+
+THE REIGN OF HENRY THE FIRST.
+
+This prince was the youngest son of William the Conqueror, and bred to
+more learning than was usual in that age, or to his rank, which got him
+the surname of Beauclerk; the reputation whereof, together with his
+being born in England, and born son of a king, although of little weight
+in themselves, did very much strengthen his pretensions with the people.
+Besides, he had the same advantage of his brother Robert's absence,
+which had proved before so successful to Rufus, whose treasures he
+likewise seized on immediately at his death, after the same manner, and
+for the same end, as Rufus did those of his father the Conqueror. Robert
+had been now five years absent in the Holy War, where he acquitted
+himself with great glory; and although he was now in Apulia, upon his
+return homeward, yet the nobles pretending not to know what was become
+of him, and others giving out that he had been elected King of
+Jerusalem, Henry laid hold of the occasion, and calling together an
+assembly of the clergy, nobles, and people of the realm at London, upon
+his promises to restore King Edward's laws, and redress the grievances
+which had been introduced by his father and brother, they consented to
+elect him king. Immediately after his coronation, he proceeded upon
+reforming the abuses of the late reign: he banished dissolute persons
+from the court, who had long infested it under the protection and
+example of Rufus: he restored the people to the use of lights in the
+night, which the Conqueror had forbidden, after a certain hour, by the
+ringing of a bell. Then he published his charter, and ordered a copy
+thereof to be taken for every county in England. This charter was in
+substance; The freedom of Mother Church from former oppressions; leave
+to the heirs of nobles to succeed in the possession of their lands,
+without being obliged to redeem them, only paying to the king a moderate
+relief; abolition of fines for licence of marriage to their heiresses; a
+promise of not refusing such licence unless the match proposed be with
+the king's enemy,[17] &c.; the next of kin to be guardians of the lands
+of orphans; punishments for coiners of false money; a confirmation of
+St. Edward's laws; and a general amnesty.
+
+[Footnote 17: _i.e._ with a traitor or malcontent. [D.S.]]
+
+About the same time he performed two acts of justice, which, by
+gratifying the revenge and the love of the people, gained very much upon
+their affections to his person: the first was, to imprison Ralph Bishop
+of Durham,[18] who having been raised by the late king from a mean and
+sordid birth to be his prime confidant and minister, became the chief
+instrument, as well as contriver, of all his oppressions: the second
+was, in recalling and restoring Archbishop Anselm, who having been
+forced by the continual persecutions of the same prince, to leave
+England, had lived ever since in banishment, and deprived of all his
+revenues.
+
+[Footnote 18: Le Neve says that Ralph Flambard, Bishop of Durham, was
+imprisoned in the Tower, September, 1100, but escaped in February of the
+following year, and fled to Normandy. ("Fasti," iii. 282-3). [W.S.J.]]
+
+The King had not been many months on his throne, when the news came that
+Duke Robert, returned from the Holy Land, was received by his subjects
+with great marks of joy and honour, and in universal reputation for his
+valour and success against the infidels: soon after which, Ralph Bishop
+of Durham, either by the negligence or corruption of his keepers,
+escaped out of prison, and fled over to the Duke; whom he stirred up to
+renew and solicit his pretensions to the crown of England, by writing to
+several nobles, who, either through old friendship, or new discontent,
+or an opinion of his title, gave him promises of their assistance, as
+soon as he should land in England: but the Duke having returned
+exceeding poor from the Holy Land, was not yet in a condition for such
+an undertaking, and therefore thought fit to defer it to a more
+seasonable opportunity.
+
+As the King had hitherto, with great industry, sought all occasions to
+gratify his people, so he continued to do in the choice of a wife. This
+was Matilda, daughter of Malcolm the late King of Scots; a lady of great
+piety and virtue, who, by the power or persuasion of her friends, was
+prevailed with to leave her cloister for a crown, after she had, as some
+writers report, already taken the veil. Her mother was sister to Edgar
+Atheling, the last heir-male of the Saxon race; of whom frequent mention
+hath been made in the two preceding reigns: and thus the Saxon line, to
+the great contentment of the English nation, was again restored.
+
+Duke Robert, having now with much difficulty and oppression of his
+subjects, raised great forces, and gotten ready a fleet to convey them,
+resolved once more to assert his title to the crown of England: to which
+end he had for some time held a secret correspondence with several
+nobles, and lately received fresh invitations. The King, on the other
+side, who had received timely intelligence of his brother's
+preparations, gave orders to his admirals to watch the sea-ports, and
+endeavour to hinder the enemy's landing: but the commanders of several
+ships, whether Robert had won them by his bribes, or his promises,
+instead of offering resistance, became his guides, and brought his fleet
+safe into Portsmouth, where he landed his men, and from thence marched
+to Winchester, his army hourly increasing by great numbers of people,
+who had either an affection for his person, an opinion of his title, or
+a hatred to the King. In the mean time Henry advanced with his forces,
+to be near the Duke, and observe his motions; but, like a wise general,
+forbore offering battle to an invader, until he might do it with
+manifest advantage. Besides, he knew very well that his brother was a
+person whose policy was much inferior to his valour, and therefore to be
+sooner overcome in a treaty than a fight: to this end, the nobles on
+both sides began to have frequent interviews; to make overtures; and at
+last concert the terms of a peace; but wholly to the advantage of the
+King, Robert renouncing his pretensions in consideration of a small
+pension, and of succeeding to the crown on default of male issue in his
+brother.
+
+The defection of nobles and other people to the Duke was so great, that
+men generally thought if it had come to a battle, the King would have
+lost both the victory and his crown. But Robert, upon his return to
+Normandy after this dishonourable peace, grew out of all reputation with
+the world, as well as into perfect hatred and contempt among his own
+subjects, which in a short time was the cause of his ruin.
+
+The King having thus by his prudence got rid of a dangerous and
+troublesome rival, and soon after by his valour quelled the
+insurrections of the Earls of Shrewsbury and Mortaigne, whom he forced
+to fly into Normandy, found himself in full peace at home and abroad,
+and therefore thought he might venture a contention with the Church
+about the right of investing bishops; upon which subject many other
+princes at that time had controversy with their clergy: but, after long
+struggling in vain, were all forced to yield at last to the decree of a
+synod in Rome, and to the pertinacy of the bishops in the several
+countries. The form of investing a bishop, was by delivery of a ring and
+a pastoral staff; which, at Rome, was declared unlawful to be performed
+by any lay hand whatsoever; but the princes of Christendom pleaded
+immemorial custom to authorize them: and King Henry, having given the
+investiture to certain bishops, commanded Anselm to consecrate them.
+This the archbishop refused with great firmness, pursuant to what he
+understood to be his duty, and to several immediate commands of the
+Pope. Both sides adhering to their own sentiments, the matter was
+carried to Rome, where Anselm went in person, by the King's desire; who,
+at the same time, sent ambassadors thither to assert and defend his
+cause; but the Pope still insisting, Anselm was forbidden to return to
+England. The King seized on all his revenues, and would not restore him,
+until upon other concessions of the Pope, Henry was content to yield up
+his pretensions to the investiture; but, however, kept the right of
+electing still in his own hands.
+
+Whatever might have been the method of electing bishops, in the more
+primitive ages, it seems plain to me that in these times, and somewhat
+before, although the election was made _per clerum et populum_, yet the
+king always nominated at first, or approved afterwards, and generally
+both, as may be seen by the style in which their elections ran, as well
+as by the persons chosen, who were usually Churchmen of the court, or in
+some employment near the King. But whether this were a gradual
+encroachment of the regal upon the spiritual power, I had rather leave
+others to dispute.
+
+  1104.
+  1105.
+
+About this time Duke Robert came to England, upon a visit to the King,
+where he was received with much kindness and hospitality; but, at the
+same time, the Queen had private directions to manage his easy temper,
+and work him to a consent of remitting his pension: this was compassed
+without much difficulty; but, upon the Duke's return to Normandy, he was
+severely reproved for his weakness by Ralph Bishop of Durham, and the
+two Earls of Mortaigne and Shrewsbury. These three having fled from
+England for rebellion, and other treasons, lived exiles in Normandy;
+and, bearing an inveterate hatred to the King, resolved to stir up the
+Duke to a resentment of the injury and fraud of his brother. Robert, who
+was various in his nature, and always under the power of the present
+persuader, easily yielded to their incitements: reproached the King in
+bitter terms, by letters and messages, that he had cozened and
+circumvented him; demanding satisfaction, and withal threatening
+revenge. At the same time, by the advice of the three nobles already
+mentioned, he began to arm himself as formidably as he could, with
+design to seize upon the King's possessions in Normandy: but as this
+resolution was rashly taken up, so it was as faintly pursued, and ended
+in his destruction: neither hath any prince reason to expect better
+fortune, that engages in a war against a powerful neighbour upon the
+counsel or instigation of exiles, who having no further view than to
+serve their private interest, or gratify their revenge, are sure to
+succeed in one or t'other, if they can embark princes in their quarrel,
+whom they fail not to incite by the falsest representations of their own
+strength, and the weakness of their enemy: for as the King was now
+settled in his throne too firm to be shaken, so Robert had wholly lost
+all credit and friendship in England; was sunk in reputation at home;
+and, by his unlimited profuseness, reduced so low, that, having pawned
+most of his dominions, he had offered Rouen, his capital city, in sale
+to the inhabitants. All this was very well known to the King, who,
+resolving to make his advantage thereof, pretended to be highly provoked
+at the disgraceful speeches and menaces of his brother; which he made
+the formal occasion of a quarrel: therefore he first sent over some
+forces to ravage his country; and, understanding that the Duke was
+coldly supported by his own subjects, many of whom came over to the
+King's army, he soon followed in person with more; took several towns;
+and, placing garrisons therein, came back to England, designing with the
+first pretext or opportunity to return with a more potent army, and
+wholly subdue the duchy to his obedience.
+
+Robert, now grown sensible of his weakness, became wholly dispirited;
+and following his brother into England, in a most dejected manner begged
+for peace: but the King, now fully determined upon his ruin, turned away
+in disdain, muttering at the same time some threatening words. This
+indignity roused up once more the sinking courage of the Duke; who, with
+bitter words, detesting the pride and insolence of Henry, withdrew in a
+rage, and hasting back to Normandy, made what preparations he could for
+his own defence. The King observing his nobles very ready to engage with
+him in this expedition; and being assured that those in Normandy would,
+upon his approach, revolt from the Duke, soon followed with a mighty
+army, and the flower of his kingdom. Upon his arrival he was attended,
+according to his expectation, by several Norman lords; and, with this
+formidable force, sat down before Tinchebray: the Duke, accompanied by
+the two exiled earls, advanced with what strength he had, in hopes to
+draw the enemy from the siege of so important a place, although at the
+hazard of a battle. Both armies being drawn out in battalia, that of the
+King's, trusting to their numbers, began to charge with great fury, but
+without any order.
+
+  1106.
+
+The Duke, with forces far inferior, received the enemy with much
+firmness; and, finding they had spent their first heat, advanced very
+regularly against their main body, before they could recover themselves
+from the confusion they were in. He attacked them with so much courage,
+that he broke their whole body, and they began to fly on every side. The
+King believing all was lost, did what he could by threats and gentle
+words to stop the flight of his men, but found it impossible: then he
+commanded two bodies of horse, which were placed on either wing, to
+join, and, wheeling about, to attack the enemy in rear. The Duke, who
+thought himself so near a victory, was forced to stop his pursuit; and
+ordering his men to face about, began the fight anew; mean time the
+scattered parts of the main body, which had so lately fled, began to
+rally, and pour in upon the Normans behind, by which Duke Robert's army
+was almost encompassed; yet they kept their ground awhile, and made
+several charges, until at length, perfectly overborne by numbers, they
+were utterly defeated. There Duke Robert, doing all the parts of a great
+captain, was taken prisoner, together with the Earl of Mortaigne, and
+almost his whole army: for being hemmed in on all sides, few of them
+could make their escape. Thus, in the space of forty years; Normandy
+subdued England, and England Normandy; which are events perhaps hardly
+to be paralleled in any other ages or parts of the world.
+
+  1107.
+
+The King, having stayed a while to settle the state of Normandy,
+returned with his brother into England, whom he sent prisoner to Cardiff
+Castle, with orders that he should be favourably used, which, for some
+time, were duly observed; until being accused of attempting to make his
+escape (whether it were real or feigned) he had his eyes put out with a
+burning basin, by the King's express commands; in which miserable
+condition he lived for six-and-twenty years.
+
+It is believed the King would hardly have engaged in this unnatural and
+invidious war, with so little pretence or provocation, if the Pope had
+not openly approved and sanctified his cause, exhorting him to it as a
+meritorious action; which seems to have been but an ill return from the
+Vicar of CHRIST to a prince who had performed so many brave exploits for
+the service of the Church, to the hazard of his person, and ruin of his
+fortune. But the very bigoted monks, who have left us their accounts of
+those times, do generally agree in heavily taxing the Roman court for
+bribery and corruption. And the King had promised to remit his right of
+investing bishops, which he performed immediately after his reduction of
+Normandy, and was a matter of much more service to the Pope, than all
+the achievements of Duke Robert in the Holy Land, whose merits, as well
+as pretensions, were now antiquated and out of date.
+
+  1109.
+
+About this time the Emperor Henry V. sent to desire Maud, the King's
+daughter in marriage, who was then a child about eight years old: that
+prince had lately been embroiled in a quarrel with the see of Rome,
+which began upon the same subject of investing bishops, but was carried
+to great extremities: for invading Italy with a mighty army, he took the
+Pope prisoner, forced him to yield to whatever terms he thought fit to
+impose, and to take an oath of fidelity to him between his hands:
+however, as soon as Henry had withdrawn his forces, the Pope assembling
+a council, revoked all his concessions, as extorted by compulsion, and
+raised great troubles in Germany against the Emperor, who, in order to
+secure himself, sought this alliance with the King.
+
+About this time likewise died Archbishop Anselm, a prelate of great
+piety and learning, whose zeal for the see of Rome, as well as for his
+own rights and privileges, should in justice be imputed to the errors of
+the time, and not of the man. After his death, the King, following the
+steps of his brother, held the see vacant five years, contenting himself
+with an excuse, which looked like a jest, That he only waited until he
+could find another so good a man as Anselm.
+
+In the fourteenth year of this King's reign, the Welsh, after their
+usual manner, invaded the Marches with great fury and destruction; but
+the King, hoping to put a final end to those perpetual troubles and
+vexations given to his kingdom by that unquiet people, went in person
+against them with a powerful army; and to prevent their usual stratagem
+of retreating to their woods and mountains, and other fastnesses, he
+ordered the woods to be cut down, beset all their places of security,
+and hunting them like wild beasts, made so terrible a slaughter, that at
+length observing them to fling down their arms, and beg for quarter, he
+commanded his soldiers to forbear; then receiving their submissions, and
+placing garrisons where he thought necessary, he returned, in great
+triumph and satisfaction, to London.
+
+  1114.
+
+The Princess Maud being now marriageable, was delivered to the Emperor's
+ambassador; and for a portion to the young lady a tax was imposed of
+three shillings upon every hide of land in England, which grew
+afterwards into a custom,[19] and was in succeeding times confirmed by
+Acts of Parliament, under the name of "Reasonable Aid for marrying the
+King's Daughter," although levied after a different manner.
+
+[Footnote 19: This was the first occasion of the feudal tax called
+scutage being levied in England. [W.S.J.]]
+
+As the institution of Parliaments in England is agreed by several
+writers to be owing to this King, so the date of the first hath been
+assigned by some to the fifteenth year of his reign; which however is
+not to be affirmed with any certainty: for great councils were convoked
+not only in the two preceding reigns, but for time immemorial by the
+Saxon princes, who first introduced them into this island, from the same
+original with the other Gothic forms of government in most parts of
+Europe. These councils or assemblies were composed according to the
+pleasure of the prince who convened them, generally of nobles and
+bishops, sometimes were added some considerable commoners; but they
+seldom met, except in the beginning of a reign, or in times of war,
+until this King came to the crown; who being a wise and popular prince,
+called these great assemblies upon most important affairs of his reign,
+and ever followed their advice, which, if it proved successful, the
+honour and advantage redounded to him, and if otherwise, he was free
+from the blame: thus when he chose a wife for himself, and a husband for
+his daughter, when he designed his expedition against Robert, and even
+for the election of an archbishop to the see of Canterbury, he proceeded
+wholly by the advice of such general assemblies, summoned for the
+purpose. But the style of these conventions, as delivered by several
+authors, is very various; sometimes it is _comites, barones, et
+cleri_;[20] his marriage was agreed on, _consilio majorum natu et
+magnatum terrae_. One author[21] calls it _concilium principum,
+sacerdotum, et reliqui populi._ And for the election of an archbishop,
+the Saxon Chronicle says, That he commanded by letters all bishops,
+abbots, and thanes to meet him at Gloucester _ad procerum conventum_.
+Lastly, some affirm these assemblies to have been an imitation of the
+three estates in Normandy. I am very sensible how much time and pains
+have been employed by several learned men to search out the original of
+Parliaments in England, wherein I doubt they have little satisfied
+others or themselves. I know likewise that to engage in the same
+enquiry, would neither suit my abilities nor my subject. It may be
+sufficient for my purpose, if I be able to give some little light into
+this matter, for the curiosity of those who are less informed.
+
+[Footnote 20: Brompton. [D.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 21: Polydore Virgil. [D.S.]]
+
+The institution of a state or commonwealth out of a mixture of the three
+forms of government received in the schools, however it be derided as a
+solecism and absurdity by some late writers on politics, hath been very
+ancient in the world, and is celebrated by the gravest authors of
+antiquity. For although the supreme power cannot properly be said to be
+divided, yet it may be so placed in three several hands, as each to be a
+check upon the other; or formed into a balance, which is held by him
+that has the executive power, with the nobility and people in
+counterpoise in each scale. Thus the kingdom of Media is represented by
+Xenophon before the reign of Cyrus; so Polybius tells us, the best
+government is a mixture of the three forms, _regno, optimatium, et
+populi imperio_: the same was that of Sparta in its primitive
+institution by Lycurgus, made up of _reges, seniores, et populus_; the
+like may be asserted of Rome, Carthage, and other states: and the
+Germans of old fell upon the same model, from whence the Goths their
+neighbours, with the rest of those northern people, did perhaps borrow
+it. But an assembly of the three estates is not properly of Gothic
+institution: for these fierce people, when upon the decline of the Roman
+Empire they first invaded Europe, and settled so many kingdoms in Italy,
+Spain, and other parts, were all Heathens; and when a body of them had
+fixed themselves in a tract of land left desolate by the flight or
+destruction of the natives, their military government by time and peace
+became civil; the general was king, his great officers were his nobles
+and ministers of state, and the common soldiers the body of the people;
+but these were freemen, and had smaller portions of land assigned them.
+The remaining natives were all slaves; the nobles were a standing
+council; and upon affairs of great importance, the freemen were likewise
+called by their representatives to give their advice. By which it
+appears, that the Gothic frame of government consisted at first but of
+two states or assemblies, under the administration of a single person.
+But after the conversion of these princes and their people to the
+Christian faith, the Church became endowed with great possessions, as
+well by the bounty of kings, as the arts and industry of the clergy,
+winning upon the devotion of their new converts: and power, by the
+common maxim, always accompanying property, the ecclesiastics began soon
+to grow considerable, to form themselves into a body, and to call
+assemblies or synods by their own authority, or sometimes by the command
+of their princes, who in an ignorant age had a mighty veneration for
+their learning as well as piety. By such degrees the Church arrived at
+length, by very justifiable steps, to have her share in the
+commonwealth, and became a third estate in most kingdoms of Europe; but
+these assemblies, as we have already observed, were seldom called in
+England before the reign of this prince, nor even then were always
+composed after the same manner: neither does it appear from the writers
+who lived nearest to that age, that the people had any representative at
+all, beside the barons and other nobles, who did not sit in those
+assemblies by virtue of their birth or creation, but of the lands or
+baronies they held. So that the present constitution of the English
+Parliament hath, by many degrees and alterations, been modelled to the
+frame it is now in; which alterations I shall observe in the succeeding
+reigns as exactly as I can discover them by a diligent search into the
+histories of the several ages, without engaging in the controverted
+points of law about this matter, which would rather perplex the reader
+than inform him.
+
+  1116.
+
+But to return, Louis the Gross King of France, a valiant and active
+prince, in the flower of his age, succeeding to that crown that Robert
+was deprived of, Normandy, grew jealous of the neighbourhood and power
+of King Henry, and begun early to entertain designs either of subduing
+that duchy to himself, or at least of making a considerable party
+against the King in favour of William son of Robert, whom for that end
+he had taken into his protection. Pursuant to these intentions, he soon
+found an occasion for a quarrel: expostulating with Henry, that he had
+broken his promise by not doing homage for the Duchy of Normandy, as
+well as by neglecting to raze the castle of Gisors,[22] which was built
+on the French side of the river Epte, the common boundary between both
+dominions.
+
+[Footnote 22: Father Daniel says that for some years past it had been
+agreed that Gisors "should be sequestered in the hands of a lord called
+Pagan or Payen, who was to receive into it neither English or Norman,
+nor French troops; and in case it should fall into the hands of either
+of the two kings, it was stipulated, that the walls should be razed
+within the space of forty days" ("Hist. of France," i. 369). [W.S.J.]
+]
+
+But an incident soon offered, which gave King Henry a pretext for
+retaliating almost in the same manner: for it happened that upon some
+offence taken against his nephew Theobald Count of Blois by the French
+King, Louis in great rage sent an army to invade and ravage the earl's
+territories. Theobald defended himself for a while with much valour; but
+at length in danger to be overpowered, requested aid of his uncle the
+King of England, who supported him so effectually with men and money,
+that he was able not only to defend his own country, but very much to
+infest and annoy his enemy. Thus a war was kindled between the two
+kings; Louis now openly asserted the title of William the son of Robert,
+and entering into an alliance with the Earls of Flanders and Anjou,
+began to concert measures for driving King Henry out of Normandy.
+
+The King having timely intelligence of his enemy's designs, began with
+great vigour and dispatch to prepare himself for war: he raised, with
+much difficulty and discontent of his people, the greatest tax that had
+ever been known in England; and passing over into Normandy with a mighty
+army, joined his nephew Theobald. The King of France, who had
+entertained hopes that he should overrun the duchy before his enemy
+could arrive, advanced with great security towards the frontiers of
+Normandy; but observing an enemy of equal number and force already
+prepared to engage him, he suddenly stopped his march. The two armies
+faced one another for some hours, neither side offering battle; the rest
+of the day was spent in light skirmishes begun by the French, and
+repeated for some days following with various success; but the remainder
+of the year passed without any considerable action.
+
+  1119.
+
+At length the violence of the two princes brought it to a battle: for
+Louis, to give a reputation to his arms, advanced towards the frontiers
+of Normandy, and after a short siege took Gué Nicaise;[23] there the
+King met him, and the fight began, which continued with great obstinacy
+on both sides for nine hours. The French army was divided into two
+bodies, and the English into three; by which means, that part where the
+King fought in person, being attacked by a superior number, began to
+give way; and William Crispin, a Norman baron, singling out the King of
+England (whose subject he had been, but banished for treason) struck him
+twice in the head with so much violence, that the blood gushed out of
+his mouth. The King inflamed with rage and indignation, dealt such
+furious blows, that he struck down several of his enemies, and Crispin
+among the rest, who was taken prisoner at his horse's feet. The soldiers
+encouraged by the valour of their prince, rallied and fell on with fresh
+vigour, and the victory seemed doubtful, when William the son of King
+Henry, to whom his father had entrusted the third body of his army,
+which had not yet engaged, fell on with this fresh reserve upon the
+enemy, who was already very much harassed with the toil of the day: this
+quickly decided the matter; for the French, though valiantly fighting,
+were overcome, with the slaughter of several thousand men; their King
+quitted the field, and withdrew to Andely; but the King of England
+recovering Gué Nicaise, returned triumphant to Rouen.
+
+[Footnote 23: At that time reckoned an important fortress on the river
+Epte. [D.S.]]
+
+This important victory was followed by the defection of the Earl of
+Anjou to King Henry, and the Earl of Flanders fell in the battle; by
+which the King of France was at once deprived of two powerful allies.
+However, by the intercession of the former, a peace was soon after made
+between both crowns. William the King's son did homage to Louis for the
+Dukedom of Normandy; and the other William, following the fortunes of
+his father, was left to his pretensions and complaints.
+
+It is here observable, that from this time until Wales was subdued to
+the English crown, the eldest sons of England were called Dukes of
+Normandy, as they are now Princes of Wales.
+
+  1120.
+
+The King having stayed some time in Normandy, for the settlement of his
+duchy after the calamities and confusions of a war, returned to England,
+to the very great satisfaction of his people and himself. He had
+enlarged his dominions by the conquest of Normandy; he had subdued all
+his competitors, and forced even the King of France, their great
+protector, after a glorious victory, to his own conditions of a peace;
+he was upon very good terms with the Pope, who had a great esteem and
+friendship for his person, and made him larger concessions than was
+usual from that see, and in those ages. At home he was respected by the
+clergy, reverenced by the nobles, and beloved by the people; in his
+family he was blessed with a son of much hopes, just growing to years of
+manhood, and his daughter was an empress; so that he seemed to possess
+as great a share of happiness as human life is capable to admit. But the
+felicity of man depends upon a conjunction of many circumstances, which
+are all subject to various accidents, and every single accident is able
+to dissolve the whole contexture; which truth was never verified more
+than in this prince, who by one domestic misfortune, not to be prevented
+or foreseen, found all the pleasure and content he proposed to himself
+by his prudence, his industry, and his valour, wholly disappointed and
+destroyed: for William the young prince having embarked at Barfleur some
+time after his father, the mariners being all drunk, suffered the ship
+to run upon a rock, where it was dashed to pieces: the prince made a
+shift to get into the boat, and was making to the shore, until forced
+back by the cries of his sister, whom he received into the boat, so many
+others crowded in at the same time, that it was immediately overturned.
+There perished, beside the prince, a natural son and daughter of the
+King's, his niece, and many other persons of quality, together with all
+their attendants and servants, to the number of a hundred and forty,
+beside fifty mariners, but one person escaping.
+
+Although the King survived this cruel misfortune many years, yet he
+could never recover his former humour, but grew melancholy and morose;
+however, in order to provide better for the peace and settlement of the
+kingdom after his death, about five months after the loss of his son,
+his former Queen having died three years before, he married Adeliza, a
+beautiful young lady of the family of Lorraine,[24] in hopes of issue by
+her, but never had any.
+
+[Footnote 24: She was daughter of Godfrey Duke of Louvain, or the Lower
+Lorraine. [D.S.]]
+
+  1124.
+
+The death of the prince gave occasion to some new troubles in Normandy;
+for the Earls of Meulant and Evreux, Hugh de Montfort, and other
+associates, began to raise insurrections there, which were thought to be
+privately fomented by the French King, out of enmity to King Henry, and
+in favour of William the son of Robert, to whom the Earl of Anjou had
+lately given his daughter in marriage. But William of Tankerville, the
+King's lieutenant in Normandy, surprising the enemy's forces by an
+ambush, entirely routed them, took both the earls prisoners, and sent
+one of them (Meulant) to his master; but the Count d'Evreux made his
+escape.
+
+  1126.
+
+King Henry having now lost hope of issue by his new Queen, brought with
+him, on his return to England, his daughter Maud, who by the Emperor's
+death had been lately left a widow and childless; and in a Parliament or
+general assembly which he had summoned at Windsor, he caused the crown
+to be settled on her and her children, and made all his nobles take a
+solemn oath to defend her title. This was performed by none with so much
+forwardness as Stephen Earl of Boulogne, who was observed to shew a more
+than ordinary zeal in the matter. This young lord was the King's nephew,
+being second son of the Earl of Blois by Adela the Conqueror's daughter:
+he was in high favour with the King his uncle, who had married him to
+the daughter and heiress of the Earl of Boulogne, given him great
+possessions in England, and made him indeed too powerful for a subject.
+
+The King having thus fixed the succession of the crown in his daughter
+by an Act of Settlement and an oath of fealty, looked about to provide
+her with a second husband, and at length determined his choice in
+Geoffrey Plantagenet Earl of Anjou, the son of Fulk lately deceased.
+
+This prince, whose dominions confined on France and Normandy, was
+usually courted for an ally by both Kings in their several quarrels; but
+having little faith or honour, he never scrupled to change sides as
+often as he saw or conceived it for his advantage. After the great
+victory over the French, he closed in with King Henry, and gave his
+daughter to the young prince William; yet at the same time, by the
+private encouragement of Louis, he prevailed on the King of England to
+be easy in the conditions of a peace. Upon the unfortunate loss of the
+prince, and the troubles in Normandy thereupon, he fell again from the
+King, gave his other daughter to William the son of Robert, and struck
+up with France to take that prince again into protection. But dying soon
+after, and leaving his son Geoffrey to succeed in that earldom, the King
+was of opinion he could not anywhere bestow his daughter with more
+advantage, both for the security and enlargement of his dominions, than
+by giving her to this earl; by which marriage Anjou would become an
+acquisition to Normandy, and this be a more equal match to so formidable
+a neighbour as France. In a short time the marriage was concluded; and
+this Earl Geoffrey had the honour to introduce into the royal family of
+England the surname of Plantagenet, borne by so many succeeding Kings,
+which began with Henry II. who was the eldest son of this marriage.
+
+But the King of France was in great discontent at this match: he easily
+foresaw the dismal consequences to himself and his successors from such
+an increase of dominion united to the crown of England: he knew what
+impressions might be made in future times to the shaking of his throne
+by an aspiring and warlike king, if they should happen in a weak reign,
+or upon any great discontents in that kingdom. Which conjectures being
+highly reasonable (and since often verified by events) he cast about to
+find some way of driving the King of England entirely out of France; but
+having neither pretext nor stomach in the midst of a peace to begin an
+open and formal quarrel, there fell out an accident which gave him
+plausible occasion of pursuing his design.
+
+Charles the Good Earl of Flanders having been lately murdered by some of
+his subjects, upon private revenge, the King of France went in person to
+take revenge of the assassins; which he performed with great justice and
+honour. But the late earl leaving no heir of his body, and several
+competitors appearing to dispute the succession, Louis rejected some
+others who seemed to have a fairer title, and adjudged it to William the
+son of Robert, the better to secure him to his interests upon any design
+he might engage in against the King of England. Not content with this,
+he assisted the Earl in person, subdued his rivals, and left him in
+peaceable possession of his new dominion.
+
+King Henry, on the other side, was very apprehensive of his nephew's
+greatness, well knowing to what end it was directed; however, he seemed
+not to regard it, contenting himself to give the Earl employment at home
+by privately nourishing the discontents of his new subjects, and
+abetting underhand another pretender: for William had so entirely lost
+the hearts of his people, by his intolerable avarice and exactions, that
+the principal towns in Flanders revolted from him, and invited Thierri
+Earl of Alsace to be their governor. But the King of France generously
+resolved to appear once more in his defence, and took his third
+expedition into Flanders for that purpose. He had marched as far as
+Artois, when he was suddenly recalled to defend his own dominions from
+the fury of a powerful and provoked invader: for Henry King of England,
+moved with indignation to see the French King in the midst of a peace so
+frequently and openly supporting his most dangerous enemy, thought it
+the best way to divert Louis from kindling a fire against him abroad, by
+forcing him to extinguish one at home: he therefore entered into the
+bowels of France, ravaging and laying waste all before him, and quickly
+grew so formidable, that the French King to purchase a peace was forced
+to promise never more to assist or favour the Earl of Flanders; however,
+as it fell out, this article proved to be wholly needless; for the young
+Earl soon after gave battle to Thierri, and put his whole army to the
+rout; but pursuing his victory, he received a wound in his wrist, which,
+by the unskilfulness of a surgeon, cost him his life.[24]
+
+[Footnote 24: The lance passed through or under the ball of his thumb
+into his wrist. The wound gangrening, he died within five days. [D.S.]]
+
+This one slight inconsiderable accident did, in all probability, put a
+stop to very great events; for if that young prince had survived his
+victory, it is hardly to be doubted but through the justness of his
+cause, the reputation of his valour, and the assistance of the King of
+France, he would in a little time have recovered Normandy, and perhaps
+his father's liberty, which were the two designs he had in agitation;
+nor could he well have missed the crown of England after the King's
+death, who was now in his decline, when he had so fair a title, and no
+competitors in view but a woman and an infant.
+
+  1129.
+
+Upon the King's return from Normandy, a great council of the clergy was
+held at London, for the punishing of priests who lived in concubinage,
+which was the great grievance of the Church in those ages, and had been
+condemned by several canons. This assembly thinking to take a more
+effectual course against that abomination, as it was called, decreed
+severe penalties upon those who should be guilty of breaking it,
+entreating the King to see the law put in execution; which he very
+readily undertook, but performed otherwise than was expected, eluding
+the force of the law by an evasion to his own advantage: for exacting
+fines of the delinquent priests, he suffered them to keep their
+concubines without further disturbance. A very unaccountable step in so
+wise a body for their own concernments, as the clergy of those times is
+looked upon to have been; and although perhaps the fact be not worth
+recording, it may serve as a lesson to all assemblies never to trust the
+execution of a law in the hands of those who will find it more to their
+interests to see it broken than observed.
+
+  1132.
+
+The Empress Maud was now happily delivered of a son, who was afterwards
+King of England by the name of Henry the Second: and the King calling a
+Parliament, had the oath of fealty repeated by the nobles and clergy to
+her and her issue, which in the compass of three years they all broke or
+forgot.
+
+  1134.
+
+I think it may deserve a place in this history to mention the last scene
+of Duke Robert's life, who, either through the poorness or greatness of
+spirit, having outlived the loss of his honour, his dominions, his
+liberty, his eyesight, and his only son, was at last forced to sink
+under the load of eighty years, and must be allowed for the greatest
+example either of insensibility or contempt of earthly things, that ever
+appeared in a sovereign or private person. He was a prince hardly
+equalled by any in his time for valour, conduct, and courtesy; but his
+ruin began from the easiness of his nature, which whoever knew how to
+manage, were sure to be refused nothing they could ask. By such
+profusion he was reduced to those unhappy expedients of remitting his
+rights for a pension, of pawning his towns, and multiplying taxes, which
+brought him into hatred and contempt with his subjects; neither do I
+think any virtue so little commendable in a sovereign as that of
+liberality, where it exceeds what his ordinary revenues can supply;
+where it passes those bounds, his subjects must all be oppressed to shew
+his bounty to a few flatterers, or he must sell his towns, or basely
+renounce his rights, by becoming pensioner to some powerful prince in
+the neighbourhood; all which we have lived to see performed by a late
+monarch in our own time and country.
+
+  1135.
+
+Since the reduction of Normandy to the King's obedience, he found it
+necessary for his affairs to spend in that duchy some part of his time
+almost every year, and a little before the death of Robert he made his
+last voyage there. It was observable in this prince, that having some
+years past very narrowly escaped shipwreck in his passage from Normandy
+into England, the sense of his danger had made very deep impressions on
+his mind, which he discovered by a great reformation in his life, by
+redressing several grievances, and doing many acts of piety; and to shew
+the steadiness of his resolutions, he kept them to the last, making a
+progress through most parts of Normandy, treating his subjects in all
+places with great familiarity and kindness, granting their petitions,
+easing their taxes, and, in a word, giving all possible marks of a
+religious, wise, and gracious prince.
+
+Returning to St. Denys le Ferment from his progress a little indisposed,
+he there fell into a fever upon a surfeit of lamprey, which in a few
+days ended his life. His body was conveyed to England, and buried at
+Reading in the abbey-church himself had founded.
+
+It is hard to affirm anything peculiar of this prince's character; those
+authors who have attempted it mentioning very little but what was common
+to him with thousands of other men; neither have they recorded any of
+those personal circumstances or passages, which only can discover such
+qualities of the mind as most distinguish one man from another. These
+defects may perhaps appear in the stories of many succeeding kings;
+which makes me hope I shall not be altogether blamed for sometimes
+disappointing the reader in a point wherein I could wish to be the most
+exact.
+
+As to his person, he is described to be of middle stature; his body
+strong set and fleshy; his hair black; his eyes large; his countenance
+amiable, and very pleasant, especially when he was merry. He was
+temperate in meat and drink, and a hater of effeminacy, a vice or folly
+much complained of in his time, especially that circumstance of long
+artificial hair, which he forbade upon severe penalties. His three
+principal virtues were prudence, valour, and eloquence. These were
+counterbalanced by three great vices; avarice, cruelty, and lust; of
+which the first is proved by the frequency of his taxes; the second by
+his treatment of Duke Robert; and the last was notorious. But the proof
+of his virtues doth not depend on single instances, manifesting
+themselves through the whole course of a long reign, which was hardly
+attended by any misfortune that prudence, justice, or valour could
+prevent. He came to the crown at a ripe age, when he had passed thirty
+years, having learned, in his private life, to struggle with hardships,
+whereof he had his share, from the capriciousness and injustice of both
+his brothers; and by observing their failures, he had learned to avoid
+them in himself, being steady and uniform in his whole conduct, which
+were qualities they both seemed chiefly to want. This likewise made him
+so very tenacious as he was observed to be in his love and hatred. He
+was a strict observer of justice, which he seems never to have violated,
+but in that particular case, which political casuists are pleased to
+dispense with, where the dispute is about a crown. In that he[25] * * *
+* * *
+
+[Footnote 25: Here the sentence breaks off short, and is left
+unfinished. [D.S.]]
+
+Consider him as a private man, he was perhaps the most accomplished
+person of his age, having a facetious wit, cultivated by learning, and
+advanced with a great share of natural eloquence, which was his peculiar
+talent: and it was no doubt the sense he had of this last perfection in
+himself, that put him so often upon calling together the great councils
+of the nation, where natural oratory is of most figure as well as use.
+
+
+THE REIGN OF STEPHEN.
+
+The veneration which people are supposed naturally to pay to a right
+line, and a lawful title in their kings, must be upheld by a long
+uninterrupted succession, otherwise it quickly loses opinion, upon which
+the strength of it, although not the justice, is entirely founded: and
+where breaches have been already made in the lineal descent, there is
+little security in a good title (though confirmed by promises and oaths)
+where the lawful heir is absent, and a popular aspiring pretender near
+at hand. This, I think, may pass for a maxim, if any consequences drawn
+from history can pretend to be called so, having been verified
+successively three times in this kingdom, I mean by the two preceding
+kings, and by the prince whose reign we are now writing. Neither can
+this observation be justly controlled by any instances brought of future
+princes, who being absent at their predecessor's death, have peaceably
+succeeded, the circumstances being very different in every case, either
+by the weakness or justice of pretenders, or else by the long
+establishment of lineal succession.
+
+  1135.
+
+Stephen Earl of Boulogne, whose descent hath been already shewn in the
+foregoing reign, was the second of three brothers, whereof the eldest
+was Theobald Earl of Blois, a sovereign prince, and Henry the youngest
+was Bishop of Winchester, and the Pope's legate in England. At the time
+of King Henry's death, his daughter the Empress was with her husband the
+Earl of Anjou, a grave and cautious prince, altogether unqualified for
+sudden enterprises: but Earl Stephen, who had attended the King in his
+last expedition, made so great dispatch for England,[26] that the
+council had not time to meet and make any declaration about a successor.
+When the lords were assembled, the legate had already, by his credit and
+influence among them, brought over a great party to his brother's
+interests; and the Earl himself, knowing with what success the like
+methods were used by his two last predecessors, was very liberal of his
+promises to amend the laws, support the Church, and redress grievances:
+for all which the bishop undertook to be guarantee. And thus was Stephen
+elected by those very persons who had so lately, and in so solemn a
+manner, more than once sworn fealty to another.
+
+[Footnote 26: Stephen was at Boulogne when he received the news of
+Henry's death. [D.S.]]
+
+The motives whereby the nobility was swayed to proceed after this
+manner, were obvious enough. There had been a perpetual struggle between
+them and their former kings in the defence of their liberties; for the
+security whereof, they thought a king elected without other title, would
+be readier to enter into any obligations, and being held in constant
+dependence, would be less tempted to break them: therefore, as at his
+coronation they obtained full security by his taking new and additional
+oaths in favour of their liberties, their oath of fealty to him was but
+conditional, to be of force no longer than he should be true to those
+stipulations.
+
+But other reasons were contrived and given out to satisfy the people:
+they were told it was an indignity for so noble a nation to be governed
+by a woman; that the late King had promised to marry his daughter within
+the realm, and by consent of Parliament, neither of which was observed:
+and lastly, Hugh Bigod, steward to King Henry, took a voluntary oath,
+before the Archbishop of Canterbury, that his master, in his last
+sickness, had, upon some displeasure, disinherited his daughter.
+
+He received the crown with one great advantage that could best enable
+him to preserve it: this was the possession of his uncle's treasures,
+amounting to one hundred thousand pounds, and reckoned as a prodigious
+sum in those days; by the help of which, without ever raising one tax
+upon the people, he defended an unjust title against the lawful heir
+during a perpetual contest of almost twenty years.
+
+In order to defend himself against any sudden invasion, which he had
+cause enough to expect, he gave all men licence to build castles upon
+their lands, which proved a very mistaken piece of politics, although
+grounded upon some appearance of reason. The King supposed that no
+invader would venture to advance into the heart of his country without
+reducing every castle in his way, which must be a work of much time and
+difficulty, nor would be able to afford men to block them up, and secure
+his retreat: which way of arguing may be good enough to a prince of an
+undisputed title, and entirely in the hearts of his subjects: but
+numerous castles are ill defenders of an usurpation, being the common
+retreat of malcontents, where they can fly with security, and discover
+their affections as they please: by which means the enemy, although
+beaten in the field, may still preserve his footing in the bowels of a
+country; may wait supplies from abroad; and prolong a war for many
+years: nor, while he is master of any castles, can he ever be at mercy
+by any sudden misfortune; but may be always in a condition of demanding
+terms for himself. These, and many other effects of so pernicious a
+counsel, the King found through the whole course of his reign; which was
+entirely spent in sieges, revolts, surprises, and surrenders, with very
+few battles, but no decisive action: a period of much misery and
+confusion, which affords little that is memorable for events, or useful
+for the instruction of posterity.
+
+  1136.
+
+The first considerable enemy that appeared against him was David King of
+Scots, who having taken the oath of fealty to Maud and her issue, being
+further engaged by the ties of blood, and stirred up through the
+persuasions of several English nobles, began to take up arms in her
+cause; and invading the northern parts, took Carlisle and Newcastle; but
+upon the King's speedy approach with his forces, a peace was presently
+made, and the towns restored. However, the Scottish prince would, by no
+means, renounce his fidelity to the Empress, by paying homage to
+Stephen; so that an expedient was found to have it performed by his
+eldest son: in consideration of which the King gave, or rather restored,
+to him the Earldom of Huntingdon.
+
+Upon his return to London from this expedition, he happened to fall sick
+of a lethargy, and it was confidently given out that he was dead. This
+report was, with great industry and artifice, dispersed by his enemies,
+which quickly discovered the ill inclination of several lords, who,
+although they never believed the thing, yet made use of it for an
+occasion or pretext to fortify their castles, which they refused to
+surrender to the King himself; but Stephen was resolved, as he said, to
+convince them that he was alive and well; for coming against them before
+he was expected, he recovered Exeter, Norwich,[27] and other fortified
+places, although not without much difficulty.
+
+[Footnote 27: Hugh Bigod had seized Norwich Castle. [D.S.]]
+
+It is obvious enough to wonder how a prince of so much valour, and other
+excellent endowments, elected by the Church and State, after a
+compliance with all conditions they could impose on him, and in an age
+when so little regard was had to the lineal descent, lastly confirmed by
+the Pope himself, should be soon deserted and opposed by those very
+persons who had been the most instrumental to promote him. But, beside
+his defective title, and the undistinguished liberty of building
+castles, there were three circumstances which very much contributed to
+those perpetual revolts of the nobles against him: first, that upon his
+coming to the crown he was very liberal in distributing lands and
+honours to several young gentlemen of noble birth, who came to make
+their court, whereby he hoped to get the reputation of a generous
+prince, and to strengthen his party against the Empress: but, by this
+encouragement, the number of pretenders quickly grew too fast upon him;
+and when he had granted all he was able, he was forced to dismiss the
+rest with promises and excuses, who, either out of envy or discontent,
+or else to mend their fortunes, never failed to become his enemies upon
+the first occasion that offered. Secondly, when he had reduced several
+castles and towns which had given the first example of disaffection from
+him, he hardly inflicted the least punishment on the authors; which
+unseasonable mercy, that in another prince and another age would have
+been called greatness of spirit, passed in him for pusillanimity and
+fear, and is reckoned, by the writers of those times to have been the
+cause of many succeeding revolts. The third circumstance was of a
+different kind: for, observing how little good effect he had found by
+his liberality and indulgence, he would needs try the other extreme,
+which was not his talent. He began to infringe the articles of his
+charter; to recall or disown the promises he had made; and to repulse
+petitioners with rough treatment, which was the more unacceptable by
+being new and unexpected.
+
+  1137.
+
+Mean time the Earl of Anjou, who was not in a condition to assert his
+wife's title to England, hearing Stephen was employed at home, entered
+Normandy with small force, and found it no difficult matter to seize
+several towns. The Normans, in the present distraction of affairs, not
+well knowing what prince to obey, at last sent an invitation to Theobald
+Earl of Blois, King Stephen's eldest brother, to accept their dukedom
+upon the condition of protecting them from the present insults of the
+Earl of Anjou. But before this matter could come to an issue, Stephen,
+who, upon reduction of the towns already mentioned, had found a short
+interval of quiet from his English subjects, arrived with unexpected
+speed into Normandy; where Geoffrey of Anjou soon fled before him, and
+the whole duchy came over to his obedience; for the further settlement
+whereof he made peace with the King of France; constituted his son
+Eustace Duke of Normandy; and made him swear fealty to that Prince, and
+do him homage. His brother Theobald, who began to expostulate upon this
+disappointment, he pacified with a pension of two thousand marks:[28]
+and even the Earl of Anjou himself, who, in right of his wife, made
+demands of Stephen for the kingdom of England, finding he was no equal
+match at present, was persuaded to become his pensioner for five
+thousand more.[29]
+
+[Footnote 28: The mark of Normandy is to be understood here. Such a
+pension in that age was equivalent to one of £31,000 sterling in the
+present. [D.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 29: Five thousand marks of silver coin was, in this reign, of
+the same value as the sum of £77,500 modern currency, is now. Here again
+the Norman mark seems to be used. [D.S.]]
+
+Stephen, upon his return to England, met with an account of new troubles
+from the north; for the King of Scots, under pretence of observing his
+oath of fealty to the Empress, infested the Borders, and frequently
+making cruel inroads, plundered and laid waste all before him.
+
+  1138.
+
+In order to revenge this base and perfidious treatment, the King, in his
+march northward, sat down before Bedford, and took it after a siege of
+twenty days. This town was part of the Earldom of Huntingdon, given by
+Stephen in the late peace to the eldest son of the Scottish King, for
+which the young prince did homage to him; and it was upon that account
+defended by a garrison of Scots. Upon intelligence of this surrender,
+King David, overcome with fury, entered Northumberland, where, letting
+loose the rage of his soldiers, he permitted and encouraged them to
+commit all manner of inhumanities; which they performed in so execrable
+a manner as would scarce be credible, if it were not attested by almost
+the universal consent of writers: they ripped up women with child, drew
+out the infants, and tossed them upon the points of their lances: they
+murdered priests before the altars; then cutting the heads from off the
+crucifixes, in their stead put on the heads of those they had murdered:
+with many other instances of monstrous barbarity too foul to relate: but
+cruelty being usually attended with cowardice, this perfidious prince,
+upon the approach of King Stephen, fled into places of security. The
+King of England, finding no enemy on whom to employ his revenge, marched
+forward into the country, destroying with fire and sword all the
+southern parts; and would, in all probability, have made terrible
+impressions into the heart of Scotland, if he had not been suddenly
+recalled by a more dangerous fire at home, which had been kindled in his
+absence, and was now broken out into a flame.
+
+Robert Earl of Gloucester, natural son of the late King, came into
+England some time after the advancement of Stephen to the crown; and,
+yielding to the necessity of the time, took the oath of fealty upon the
+same condition used by the other nobles, to be of force so long as the
+King should keep his faith with him, and preserve his dignity inviolate:
+but, being in his heart wholly devoted to the interests of the Empress
+his sister, and moved by the persuasions of several religious men, he
+had, with great secrecy and application, so far practised upon the
+levity or discontents of several lords, as to gain them to his party:
+for the King had, of late, very much alienated the nobles against him;
+first, by seizing several of their persons, and dispossessing them of
+their lands; and, secondly, by taking into his favour William d'Ypres, a
+Flemish commander, of noble birth, but banished by his prince. This man,
+with many of his followers, the King employed chiefly both in his
+councils and his armies, and made him Earl of Kent, to the great envy
+and displeasure of his English subjects. The Earl of Gloucester,
+therefore, and his accomplices, having prepared all things necessary for
+an insurrection, it was agreed among them, that while the King was
+engaged against the Scots, each of them should secure what towns and
+castles they could, and openly declare for the Empress. Accordingly Earl
+Robert suddenly fortified himself in Bristol; the rest followed his
+example; Hereford, Shrewsbury, Ludlow, Dover,[30] and many other places,
+were seized by several lords, and the defection grew so formidable, that
+the King, to his great grief, was forced to leave his Scottish
+expedition unfinished, and return with all possible speed to suppress
+the rebellion begun by his subjects; having first left the care of the
+north to Thurstan Archbishop of York; with orders carefully to observe
+the motions of the Scots.
+
+[Footnote 30: Robert Earl of Gloucester had been entrusted by Stephen
+with the custody of Dover Castle: but Robert lying now under heavy
+suspicion, the King sent Matilda his queen to besiege it, in which she
+was successful. [D.S.]]
+
+Whilst the King was employed in the south in reducing his discontented
+lords, and their castles, to his obedience, David, presuming upon the
+distance between them, reentered England with more numerous forces, and
+greater designs, than before: for, without losing more time than what
+was necessary to pillage and destroy the country as he marched, he
+resolved to besiege York, which, if he could force to surrender, would
+serve as a convenient frontier against the English. To this end,
+advancing near the city, and having pitched his tents, he sat down
+before it with his whole army. In the mean time Archbishop Thurstan,
+having already summoned the nobles and gentry of the shire and parts
+adjacent, had, by powerful persuasions incited them to defend their
+country against a treacherous, bloody, and restless enemy: so that
+before the King of Scotland could make any progress in the siege, the
+whole power of the north was united against him, under the Earl of
+Albemarle, and several other nobles. Archbishop Thurstan happening to
+fall sick, could not go in person to the army, but sent the Bishop of
+Durham in his stead; by whose encouragements the English, although in
+number far inferior, advanced boldly towards the enemy, and offered them
+battle, which was as readily accepted by the Scots, who, sending out a
+party of horse to secure the rising ground, were immediately attacked by
+the English, and, after a sharp dispute, entirely defeated. In the heat
+of the battle the King of Scots, and his son Henry Earl of Huntingdon,
+gave many proofs of great personal valour. The young prince fell with
+such fierceness upon a body of the English, that he utterly broke and
+dispersed them; and was pursuing his victory, when a certain man,
+bearing aloft the head of an enemy he had cut off, cried out, It was the
+head of the Scottish King, which being heard and believed on both sides,
+the English, who had lately fled, rallied again, assaulting their
+enemies with new vigour; the Scots, on the other side, discouraged by
+the supposed death of their Prince, began to turn their backs: the King
+and his son used all endeavours to stop their flight, and made several
+brave stands against the enemy; but the greatest part of their army
+being fled, and themselves almost encompassed, they were forced to give
+way to fortune, and with much difficulty made their escape.
+
+The loss on the English side was inconsiderable; but of Scots, by
+general consent of writers, ten thousand were slain. And thus ended the
+War of the Standard, as it was usually called by the authors of that
+age, because the English, upon a certain engine, raised the mast of a
+ship, on the top whereof, in a silver box, they put the consecrated
+wafer, and fastened the standards of St. Peter and other saints: this
+gave them courage, by remembering they were to fight in the presence of
+God; and served likewise for a mark where to reassemble when they should
+happen to be dispersed by any accident or misfortune.
+
+  1139
+
+Mean time the King was equally successful against his rebellious lords
+at home, having taken most of their castles and strong-holds; and the
+Earl of Gloucester himself, no longer able to make any resistance,
+withdrew into Normandy, to concert new measures with the Empress his
+sister. Thus the King had leisure and opportunity for another expedition
+into Scotland, to pursue and improve his victory, where he met with no
+opposition: however, he was at length persuaded with much difficulty to
+accept his own conditions of a peace; and David delivered up to him his
+eldest son Henry, as hostage for performance of articles between them.
+
+The King, in his return homeward, laid siege to Ludlow Castle, which had
+not been reduced with the rest: here Prince Henry of Scotland, boiling
+with youth and valour, and exposing his person upon all occasions, was
+lifted from his horse by an iron grapple let down from the wall, and
+would have been hoisted up into the castle, if the King had not
+immediately flown to his assistance, and brought him off with his own
+hands by main force from the enemy, whom he soon compelled to surrender
+the castle.
+
+  1140
+
+Stephen having thus subdued his inveterate enemies the Scots, and
+reduced his rebellious nobles, began to entertain hopes of enjoying a
+little ease. But he was destined to the possession of a crown with
+perpetual disturbance; for he was hardly returned from his northern
+expedition, when he received intelligence that the Empress, accompanied
+by her brother the Earl of Gloucester, was preparing to come for
+England, in order to dispute her title to the kingdom. The King, who
+knew by experience what a powerful party she already had to espouse her
+interests, very reasonably concluded, the defection from him would be
+much greater, when she appeared in person to countenance and reward it;
+he therefore began again to repent of the licence he had granted for
+building castles, which were now like to prove so many places of
+security for his enemies, and fortifications against himself; for he
+knew not whom to trust, vehemently suspecting his nobles ever since
+their last revolt. He therefore cast about for some artifice to get into
+his hands as many of their castles as he could: in the strength and
+magnificence of which kind of structures, the bishops had far outdone
+the rest, and were upon that, as well as other accounts, very much
+maligned and envied by the temporal lords, who were extreme jealous of
+the Church's increasing power, and glad upon all occasions to see the
+prelates humbled. The King, therefore, having formed his project,
+resolved to make trial where it would be least invidious, and where he
+could foresee least danger in the consequences. At a Parliament or
+assembly of nobles at Oxford, it was contrived to raise a quarrel
+between the servants of some bishops and those of Alan Count of Dinan in
+Bretagne, upon a contention of rooms in their inns. Stephen took hold of
+this advantage, sent for the bishops, taxed them with breaking his
+peace, and demanded the keys of their castles, adding threats of
+imprisonment if they dared to disobey. Those whom the King chiefly
+suspected, or rather who had built the most and strongest castles, were
+Roger Bishop of Salisbury, with his nephew and natural son the Bishops
+of Ely and Lincoln, whom the King, by many circumstances of rigour,
+compelled to surrender, going himself in person to seize the Devizes,
+then esteemed the noblest structure of Europe, and built by the
+forementioned Bishop Roger, whose treasure, to the value of forty
+thousand marks,[31] there likewise deposited, fell, at the same time,
+into the King's hand, which in a few days broke the bishop's heart,
+already worn with age and infirmity.
+
+[Footnote 31: This prelate's treasure is doubtless computed by the
+smaller or Saxon mark; the use of which still prevailed in England: and
+even thus computed, it amounts to a vast sum, equal to about £116,350 of
+modern money. [D.S.]]
+
+It may, perhaps, not be thought a digression to say something of the
+fortunes of this prelate, who, from the lowest beginnings, came to be,
+without dispute, the greatest churchman of any subject in his age. It
+happened that the late King Henry, in the reign of his brother, being at
+a village in Normandy, wanted a priest to say mass before him and his
+train, when this man, who was a poor curate thereabouts, offered his
+service, and performed it with so much dexterity and speed, that the
+soldiers who attended the prince recommended him to their master, upon
+that account, as a very proper chaplain for military men; but it seems
+he had other talents; for having gotten into the prince's service, he
+soon discovered great application and address, much order and economy in
+the management of his master's fortunes, which were wholly left to his
+care. After Henry's advancement to the crown, this chaplain grew chief
+in his favour and confidence; was made Bishop of Salisbury, Chancellor
+of England, employed in all his most weighty affairs, and usually left
+vicegerent of the realm while the King was absent in Normandy. He was
+among the first that swore fealty to Maud and her issue; and among the
+first that revolted from her to Stephen, offering such reasons in
+council for setting her aside, as, by the credit and opinion of his
+wisdom, were very prevalent. But the King, in a few years, forgot all
+obligations, and the bishop fell a sacrifice in his old age to those
+treasures he had been so long heaping up for its support. A just reward
+for his ingratitude towards the Prince that raised him, to be ruined by
+the ingratitude of another, whom he had been so very instrumental to
+raise.
+
+But Henry Bishop of Winchester, the Pope's legate, not able to endure
+this violation of the Church, called a council of all the prelates to
+meet at Winchester, where the King being summoned, appeared by his
+advocate, who pleaded his cause with much learning; and the Archbishop
+of Rouen coming to the council, declared his opinion, That although the
+canons did allow the bishops to possess castles, yet in dangerous times
+they ought to deliver them up to the King. This opinion Stephen followed
+very steadily, not yielding a tittle, although the legate his brother
+used all means, both rough and gentle, to work upon him.
+
+The council of bishops broke up without other effect than that of
+leaving in their minds an implacable hatred to the King, in a very
+opportune juncture for the interests of Maud, who, about this time,
+landed at Portsmouth with her brother Robert Earl of Gloucester. The
+whole force she brought over for this expedition consisted but of one
+hundred and forty knights;[32] for she trusted altogether in her cause
+and her friends. With this slender attendance she went to Arundel, and
+was there received into the castle by the widow of the late King; while
+Earl Robert, accompanied only by twenty men, marched boldly to his own
+city of Gloucester, in order to raise forces for the Empress, where the
+townsmen turned out the King's garrison as soon as they heard of his
+approach.
+
+[Footnote 32: In these times none served on horseback but gentlemen or
+knights, in right of their fiefs, or their representatives, called
+_Men-at-arms;_ and each of these was attended by at least two servants
+or retainers mounted and armed. [D.S.]]
+
+King Stephen was not surprised at the news of the Empress's arrival,
+being a thing he had always counted upon, and was long preparing himself
+against. He was glad to hear how ill she was provided, and resolved to
+use the opportunity of her brother's absence; for, hasting down to
+Arundel with a sufficient strength, he laid siege to the castle, in
+hopes, by securing her person, to put a speedy end to the war.
+
+But there wanted not some very near about the King, who, favouring the
+party of Maud, had credit enough to prevail with him not to venture time
+and reputation against an impregnable fortress, but rather, by
+withdrawing his forces, permit her to retire to some less fortified
+place, where she might more easily fall into his hands. This advice the
+King took against his own opinion; the Empress fled out of Arundel by
+night; and, after frequent shifting her stages through several towns,
+which had already declared in her favour, fixed herself at last at
+Lincoln; where, having all things provided necessary for her defence,
+she resolved to continue, and expect either a general revolt of the
+English to her side, or the decision of war between the King and her
+brother.
+
+But Stephen, who had pursued the Empress from place to place, hearing
+she had shut herself up in Lincoln, resolved to give her no rest; and to
+help on his design, it fell out that the citizens in hatred to the Earl
+of Chester, who commanded there for the Empress, sent a private
+invitation to the King, with promise to deliver the town and their
+governor into his hands. The King came accordingly, and possessed
+himself of the town; but Maud and the Earl made their escape a few days
+before. However, many great persons of Maud's party remained prisoners
+to the King, and among the rest the Earl of Chester's wife, who was
+daughter to the Earl of Gloucester. These two Earls resolving to attempt
+the relief of their friends, marched with all their forces near Lincoln,
+where they found the enemy drawn up and ready to receive them.
+
+The next morning, after battle offered by the lords, and accepted by the
+King, both sides made ready to engage. The King having disposed his
+cavalry on each wing, placed himself at the head of his foot, in whom he
+reposed most confidence. The army of the lords was divided in three
+bodies; those whom King Stephen had banished were placed in the middle,
+the Earl of Chester led the van, and the Earl of Gloucester commanded
+the rear. The battle was fought at first with equal advantage, and great
+obstinacy on both sides; at length the right wing of the King's horse,
+pressed by the Earl of Chester, galloped away, not without suspicion of
+treachery; the left followed the example. The King beheld their flight,
+and encouraging those about him, fell with undaunted valour upon the
+enemy; and being for some time bravely seconded by his foot, did great
+execution. At length overpowered by numbers, his men began to disperse,
+and Stephen was left almost alone with his sword in his hand, wherewith
+he opposed his person against a whole victorious army, nor durst any be
+so hardy to approach him; the sword breaking, a citizen of Lincoln put
+into his hands a Danish battle-axe,[33] with which he struck to the
+ground the Earl of Chester,[34] who presumed to come within his reach.
+But this weapon likewise flying in pieces with the force of those
+furious blows he dealt on all sides, a bold knight of the Empress's
+party, named William de Keynes, laid hold on his helmet, and immediately
+cried out to his fellows, "I have got the King." Then the rest ran in,
+and he was taken prisoner.[35]
+
+[Footnote 33: Sim. Dunelmensis. [D.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 34: The Earl of Chester lived nevertheless to fight other
+battles, and died twelve years afterwards by poison. [D.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 35: Gervase. [D.S.]]
+
+The King being thus secured, was presented to the Empress, then at
+Gloucester, and by her orders conveyed to Bristol, where he continued in
+strict custody nine months, although with honourable treatment for some
+time, until either upon endeavouring to make his escape, or in malice to
+the Londoners, who had a great affection for their King, he was, by
+express command from the Empress, laid in irons, and used with other
+circumstances of severity.
+
+This victory was followed by a general defection of almost the whole
+kingdom; and the Earl of Anjou, husband to the Empress, upon the fame of
+the King's defeat and imprisonment, reduced without any difficulty the
+whole Duchy of Normandy to his obedience.
+
+The legate himself, although brother to King Stephen, received her at
+Winchester with great solemnity, accepted her oath for governing with
+justice, redressing grievances, and supporting the rights of the Church,
+and took the old conditional one of fealty to her; then in an assembly
+of bishops and clergy convoked for the purpose, he displayed the
+miscarriages of his brother, and declared his approbation of the Empress
+to be Queen; to which they unanimously agreed. To complete all, he
+prevailed by his credit with the Londoners, who stood out the last of
+any, to acknowledge and receive her into the city, where she arrived at
+length in great pomp, and with general satisfaction.
+
+But it was the misfortune of this Princess to possess many weaknesses
+that are charged to the sex, and very few of its commendable qualities:
+she was now in peaceable possession of the whole kingdom, except the
+county of Kent, where William d'Ypres pretended to keep up a small party
+for the King; when by her pride, wilfulness, indiscretion, and a
+disobliging behaviour, she soon turned the hearts of all men against
+her, and in a short time lost the fruits of that victory and success
+which had been so hardly gained by the prudence and valour of her
+excellent brother. The first occasion she took to discover the
+perverseness of her nature, was in the treatment of Maud, the wife of
+King Stephen, a lady of great virtue, and courage above her sex, who,
+coming to the Empress an humble suitor in behalf of her husband,
+offered, as a price of his liberty, that he should resign all
+pretensions to the crown, and pass the rest of his life in exile, or in
+a convent: but this request was rejected with scorn and reproaches; and
+the Queen finding all entreaties to no purpose, writ to her son Eustace
+to let him understand the ill success of her negotiation, that no relief
+was to be otherwise hoped for than by arms, and therefore advised him to
+raise immediately what forces he could for the relief of his father.
+
+Her next miscarriage was towards the Londoners, who presented her a
+petition for redressing certain rigorous laws of her father, and
+restoring those of Edward the Confessor. The Empress put them off for a
+time with excuses, but at last discovered some displeasure at their
+importunity. The citizens, who had with much difficulty been persuaded
+to receive her against their inclinations, which stood wholly for the
+King, were moved with indignation at her unreasonable refusal of their
+just demands, and entered into a conspiracy to seize her person. But she
+had timely notice of their design, and leaving the city by night in
+disguise, fled to Oxford.
+
+A third false step the Empress made,[36] was in refusing her new
+powerful friend the legate a favour he desired in behalf of Eustace, the
+King's son, to grant him the lands and honours held by his father before
+he came to the crown. She had made large promises to this prelate, that
+she would be directed in all things by his advice, and to be refused
+upon his first application a small favour for his own nephew, stung him
+to the quick; however, he governed his resentments a while, but began at
+the same time to resume his affection for his brother. These thoughts
+were cultivated with great address by Queen Maud, who prevailed at last
+so far upon the legate, that private measures were agreed between them
+for restoring Stephen to his liberty and crown. The bishop took leave of
+the Empress, upon some plausible pretence, and retired to Winchester,
+where he gave directions for supplying with men and provisions several
+strong castles he had built in his diocese, while the Queen with her son
+Eustace prevailed with the Londoners and men of Kent to rise in great
+numbers for the King; and a powerful army was quickly on foot, under the
+command of William d'Ypres Earl of Kent.
+
+[Footnote 36: William of Malmesbury. [D.S.]]
+
+In the mean time the Empress began to be sensible of the errors she had
+committed; and in hope either to retrieve the friendship of the legate,
+or take him prisoner, marched with her army to Winchester, where being
+received and lodged in the castle, she sent immediately for the legate,
+spoke much in excuse of what was past, and used all endeavours to regain
+him to her interests. Bishop Henry, on the other side, amused her with
+dubious answers, and kept her in suspense for some days; but sent
+privately at the same time to the King's army, desiring them to advance
+with all possible speed; which was executed with so much diligence, that
+the Empress and her brother had only time with their troops to march a
+back way out of the town. They were pursued by the enemy so close in the
+rear, that the Empress had hardly time, by counterfeiting herself dead,
+to make her escape; in which posture she was carried as a corpse to
+Gloucester; but the Earl her brother, while he made what opposition he
+could, with design to stop her pursuers, was himself taken prisoner,
+with great slaughter of his men. After the battle, the Earl was in his
+turn presented to Queen Maud, and by her command sent to Rochester to be
+treated in the same manner with the King.
+
+Thus the heads of both parties were each in the power of his enemy, and
+Fortune seemed to have dealt with great equality between them. Two
+factions divided the whole kingdom, and, as it usually happens, private
+animosities were inflamed by the quarrel of the public; which introduced
+a miserable face of things throughout the land, whereof the writers of
+our English story give melancholy descriptions, not to be repeated in
+this history; since the usual effects of civil war are obvious to
+conceive, and tiresome as well as useless to relate. However, as the
+quarrel between the King and Empress was grounded upon a cause that in
+its own nature little concerned the interests of the people, this was
+thought a convenient juncture for transacting a peace, to which there
+appeared an universal disposition. Several expedients were proposed; but
+Earl Robert would consent upon no other terms than the deposing of
+Stephen, and immediate delivery of the crown to his sister. These
+debates lasted for some months, until the two prisoners, weary of their
+long constraint, by mutual consent were exchanged for each other, and
+all thoughts of agreement laid aside.
+
+The King, upon recovery of his freedom, hastened to London, to get
+supplies of men and money for renewing the war. He there found that his
+brother of Winchester had, in a council of bishops and abbots, renounced
+all obedience to the Empress, and persuaded the assembly to follow his
+example. The legate, in excuse for this proceeding, loaded her with
+infamy, produced several instances wherein she had broken the oath she
+took when he received her as Queen, and upon which his obedience was
+grounded; said, he had received information that she had a design upon
+his life.[37]
+
+[Footnote 37: William of Malmesbury. [D.S.]]
+
+It must be confessed that oaths of fealty in this Prince's reign were
+feeble ties for binding the subject to any reasonable degree of
+obedience; and the warmest advocates for liberty cannot but allow, from
+those examples here produced, that it is very possible for people to run
+upon great extremes in this matter, that a monarch may be too much
+limited, and a subject too little; whereof the consequences have been
+fully as pernicious for the time as the worst that can be apprehended
+from arbitrary power in all its heights, although not perhaps so lasting
+or so hard to be remedied; since all the miseries of this kingdom,
+during the period we are treating of, were manifestly owing to that
+continual violation of such oaths of allegiance, as appear to have been
+contrived on purpose by ambitious men to be broken at pleasure, without
+the least apprehension of perjury, and in the mean time keep the prince
+in a continual slavish dependence.
+
+The Earl of Gloucester, soon after his release, went over into Normandy,
+where he found the Earl of Anjou employed in completing the conquest of
+that duchy; there he delivered him the sons of several English noblemen,
+to be kept as hostages for their fathers' fidelity to the Empress, and
+used many arguments for persuading him to come over in person with an
+army to her assistance: but Geoffrey excused himself by the importance
+of other affairs, and the danger of exposing the dominions he had newly
+acquired to rebellions in his absence. However, he lent the Earl of
+Gloucester a supply of four hundred men, and sent along with him his
+eldest son Henry, to comfort his mother, and be shewn to the people.
+
+During the short absence of the Earl of Gloucester, the Empress was
+closely besieged in Oxford by the King; and provisions beginning to
+fail, she was in cruel apprehensions of falling into his hands. This
+gave her occasion to put in practice the only talent wherein she seemed
+to excel, which was that of contriving some little shift or expedient to
+secure her person upon any sudden emergency. A long season of frost had
+made the Thames passable upon the ice, and much snow lay on the ground;
+Maud with some few attendants clad all in white, to avoid being
+discovered from the King's camp, crossed the river at midnight on foot,
+and travelling all night, got safe to Wallingford Castle, where her
+brother and young son Henry, newly returned from France, arrived soon
+after, to her great satisfaction: but Oxford, immediately upon the news
+of her flight, surrendered to the King.
+
+However, this disgrace was fully compensated soon after by another of
+the same kind, which happened to King Stephen; for whilst he and his
+brother of Winchester were fortifying a nunnery at Wilton, to bridle his
+enemies at Salisbury, who very much harassed those parts by their
+frequent excursions, the Earl of Gloucester, who watched all
+opportunities, came unaware with a strong body of men, and set fire on
+the nunnery while the King himself was in it. Stephen, upon the sudden
+surprise of the thing, wholly lost or forgot his usual courage, and fled
+shamefully away, leaving his soldiers to be cut in pieces by the Earl.
+
+During the rest of the war, although it lasted nine years longer, there
+is little memorable recorded by any writer; whether the parties being
+pretty equal, and both sufficiently tired with so long a contention,
+wanted vigour and spirit to make a thorough conquest, and only
+endeavoured to keep what they had, or whether the multitude of strong
+castles, whose number daily increased, made it very difficult to end a
+war between two contending powers almost in balance; let the cause be
+what it will, the whole time passed in mutual sieges, surprises,
+revolts, surrenders of fortified places, without any decisive action, or
+other event of importance to be related. By which at length the very
+genius of the people became wholly bent upon a life of spoil, robbery,
+and plunder; many of the nobles, although pretending to hold their
+castles for the King or the Empress, lived like petty independent
+princes in a perpetual state of war against their neighbours; the fields
+lay uncultivated, all the arts of civil life were banished, no
+veneration left for sacred persons or things; in short, no law, truth,
+or religion among men, but a scene of universal misery, attended with
+all the consequences of an embroiled and distracted state.
+
+About the eleventh year of the King's reign, young Henry, now growing
+towards a man, was sent for to France by a message from his father, who
+was desirous to see him; but left a considerable party in England, to
+adhere to his interests; and in a short time after (as some write[38])
+the Empress herself grown weary of contending any longer in a cause
+where she had met with nothing but misfortunes of her own procuring,
+left the kingdom likewise, and retired to her husband. Nor was this the
+only good fortune that befell Stephen; for before the year ended, the
+main prop and pillar of his enemies was taken away by death; this was
+Robert Earl of Gloucester, than whom there have been few private persons
+known in the world that deserve a fairer place and character in the
+registers of time, for his inviolable faith, disinterested friendship,
+indefatigable zeal, and firm constancy to the cause he espoused, and
+unparalleled generosity in the conduct thereof: he adhered to his sister
+in all her fortunes, to the ruin of his own; he placed a crown on her
+head; and when she had lost it by her folly and perverseness refused the
+greatest offers from a victorious enemy, who had him in his power, and
+chose to continue a prisoner rather than recover his liberty by any
+hazard to her pretensions: he bore up her sinking title in spite of her
+own frequent miscarriages, and at last died in her cause by a fever
+contracted with perpetual toils for her service. An example fit to be
+shewn the world, although few perhaps are like to follow it; but
+however, a small tribute of praise, justly due to extraordinary virtue,
+may prove no ill expedient to encourage imitation.
+
+[Footnote 38: Gervase. [D.S.]]
+
+But the death of this lord, together with the absence of the Empress and
+her son in France, added very little to the quiet or security of the
+King. For the Earl of Gloucester, suspecting the fidelity of the lords,
+had, with great sagacity, delivered their sons to the Earl of Anjou, to
+be kept as pledges for their fathers' fidelity, as we have before
+related: by which means a powerful party was still kept up against
+Stephen, too strong to be suddenly broken. Besides, he had, by an
+unusual strain of his conduct, lately lost much good-will, as well as
+reputation, in committing an act of violence and fraud on the person of
+the Earl of Chester, a principal adherent of the Empress. This nobleman,
+of great power and possessions, had newly reconciled himself to Stephen,
+and came to his court at Northampton, where, against all laws of
+hospitality, as well as common faith and justice, he was committed to
+prison, and forced to buy his liberty with the surrender of Lincoln, and
+all his other places, into the King's hands.
+
+  1149.
+
+  1150.
+
+Affairs continued in this turbulent posture about two years, the nobles
+neither trusting the King nor each other. The number of castles still
+increased, which every man who had any possessions was forced to build,
+or else become a prey to his powerful neighbours. This was thought a
+convenient juncture, by the Empress and her friends, for sending young
+Prince Henry to try his fortune in England, where he landed at the head
+of a considerable number of horse and foot, although he was then but
+sixteen years old. Immediately after his arrival he went to Carlisle,
+where he met his cousin David King of Scots, by whom he was made knight,
+after the usual custom of young princes and noblemen in that age. The
+King of England, who had soon intelligence of Henry's landing and
+motions, marched down to secure York, against which he expected the
+first attempt of his enemy was designed. But, whatever the cause might
+be (wherein the writers of those ages are either silent or
+unsatisfactory) both armies remained at that secure distance for three
+months, after which Henry returned back to Normandy, leaving the kingdom
+in the state of confusion he found it at his coming.
+
+The fortunes of this young prince Henry Fitz-Empress now began to
+advance by great and sudden steps, whereof it will be no digression to
+inform the reader, as well upon the connection they have with the
+affairs at home about this time, as because they concern the immediate
+successor to the crown.
+
+  1151.
+
+Prince Henry's voyage to France was soon followed by the death of his
+father Geoffrey Earl of Anjou, whereby the son became possessed of that
+earldom, together with the Duchy of Normandy; but in a short time after
+he very much enlarged his dominions by a marriage, in which he consulted
+his reputation less than his advantage. For Louis the Young, King of
+France, was lately divorced from his wife Eleanor, who, as the French
+writers relate, bore a great contempt and hatred to her husband, and had
+long desired such a separation. Other authors give her not so fair a
+character: but whatever might be the real cause, the pretext was
+consanguinity in the fourth degree.[39] Henry was content to accept this
+lady with all her faults, and in her right became Duke of Aquitaine, and
+Earl of Poitou, very considerable provinces, added to his other
+dominions.
+
+[Footnote 39: Louis VII., after living fourteen years with his Queen,
+obtained a dissolution of the marriage on the plea of relationship
+within the prohibited degrees. See Bouchet, "Annalles d'Acquitaine."
+[W.S.J.]]
+
+But the two Kings of France and England began to apprehend much danger
+from the sudden greatness of a young ambitious prince; and their
+interests were jointly concerned to check his growth. Duke Henry was now
+ready to sail for England, in a condition to assert his title upon more
+equal terms; when the King of France, in conjunction with Eustace, King
+Stephen's son, and Geoffrey, the Duke's own brother, suddenly entered
+into his dominions with a mighty army; took the Castle of Neufmarché by
+storm, and laid siege to that of Angers. The Duke, by this incident, was
+forced to lay aside his thoughts of England, and marching boldly towards
+the enemy, resolved to relieve the besieged; but finding they had
+already taken the castle, he thought it best to make a diversion, by
+carrying the war into the enemy's country, where he left all to the
+mercy of his soldiers, surprised and burnt several castles, and made
+great devastations wherever he came. This proceeding answered the end
+for which it was designed; the King of France thought he had already
+done enough for his honour, and began to grow weary of a ruinous war,
+which was likely to be protracted. The conditions of a peace, by the
+intervention of some religious men, were soon agreed. The Duke, after
+some time spent in settling his affairs, and preparing all things
+necessary for his intended expedition, set sail for England, where he
+landed[40] the same year in the depth of winter, with a hundred and
+forty knights, and three thousand foot.
+
+[Footnote 40: The place where he landed is not mentioned by our
+historians. It was probably in the West of England, as the first
+garrisoned town he attacked was Malmesbury. [D.S.]]
+
+Some time before Henry landed, the King had conceived a project to
+disappoint his designs, by confirming the crown upon himself and his own
+posterity.[41] He sent for the Archbishop of Canterbury, with several
+other prelates, and proposed that his son Eustace should be crowned King
+with all the usual solemnity: but the bishops absolutely refused to
+perform the office, by express orders from the Pope, who was an enemy to
+Stephen, partly upon account of his unjust or declining cause, but
+chiefly for his strict alliance with the King of France, who was then
+engaged in a quarrel against that See, upon a very tender point relating
+to the revenues of vacant churches. The King and his son were both
+enraged at the bishops' refusal, and kept them prisoners in the chamber
+where they assembled, with many threats to force them to a compliance,
+and some other circumstances of rigour; but all to no purpose, so that
+he was at length forced to desist. But the archbishop, to avoid further
+vexation, fled the realm.
+
+[Footnote 41: Gervase, Hen. Huntingdon. [D.S.]]
+
+This contrivance of crowning the son during the life and reign of the
+father, which appears so absurd in speculation, was actually performed
+in the succeeding reign, and seems to have been taken up by those two
+princes of French birth and extraction, in imitation of the like
+practice in their native country,[42] where it was usual for kings grown
+old and infirm, or swayed by paternal indulgence, to receive their
+eldest son into a share of the administration, with the title of King; a
+custom borrowed, no doubt, from the later emperors of Rome, who adopted
+their Caesars after the like manner.
+
+[Footnote 42: Mezeray. [D.S.]]
+
+  1153
+
+The King was employed in his usual exercise of besieging castles when
+the news was brought of Henry's arrival. He left the work he was about,
+and marched directly against the Duke, who was then sat down before
+Malmesbury. But Stephen forced him to raise the siege, and immediately
+offered him battle. The Duke, although his army was much increased by
+continual revolts, thought it best to gain time, being still in number
+far inferior to the King, and therefore kept himself strongly
+entrenched. There is some difference among writers about the particulars
+of this war: however, it is generally agreed, that in a short time
+after, the two armies met, and were prepared for battle, when the nobles
+on both sides, either dreading the consequences, or weary of a tedious
+war, prevailed with the King and Duke to agree to a truce for some days
+in order to a peace; which was violently opposed by Eustace, the King's
+son, a youth of great spirit and courage, because he knew very well it
+could not be built but upon the ruin of his interests; and therefore
+finding he could not prevail, he left the army in a rage, and, attended
+by some followers, endeavoured to satiate his fury, by destroying the
+country in his march: But in a few days, as he sat at dinner in a castle
+of his own, he fell suddenly dead, either through grief, madness, or
+poison.
+
+The truce was now expired, and the Duke began to renew the war with
+fresh vigour; but the King was wholly dispirited upon this fatal
+accident, and now first began to entertain real thoughts of a peace. He
+had lost a son whom he dearly loved, and with him he likewise lost the
+alliance of the French King, to whose sister the young prince was
+married. He had indeed another son left, but little esteemed by the
+nobles and people; nor, as it appears, much regarded by his father. He
+was now in the decline of his age, decayed in his health, forsaken by
+his friends, who, since the death of Eustace, fell daily from him; and
+having no further care at heart for his posterity, he thought it high
+time to seek repose for his person. The nobles soon observed this
+disposition in their King, which was so agreeable to their own;
+therefore, by general consent, Theobald Archbishop of Canterbury was
+appointed mediator between both princes. All matters were soon agreed;
+an assembly of lords was convened at Winchester, where the King received
+the Duke with great marks of courtesy and kindness. There the peace was
+confirmed by the King's charter, wherein are expressed the terms of
+agreement. But I shall relate only the principal.
+
+The King, by this charter, acknowledged Henry for lawful successor to
+the crown; in which capacity all the nobles paid him homage: and Henry
+himself, with his party, paid homage to Stephen. There is likewise a
+reservation for William, the King's son, of all the honours possessed by
+his father before he came to the crown. The King likewise acknowledges
+the obedience of his subjects to be no longer due to him than he shall
+observe the conditions of this charter. And for the performance of these
+articles, the archbishops and bishops were appointed guarantees. There
+were some other articles agreed on, which are not mentioned in the
+charter; as, a general pardon; a restitution, to the right owners, of
+those lands and possessions, which had been usurped in the time of the
+troubles; that all castles built during the war should be razed to the
+ground, which are said to have been above eleven hundred; that the
+rights of the Church should be preserved; with other matters of less
+moment.
+
+Thus, by the prudence of Archbishop Theobald, the moderation of the two
+princes engaged, and the universal inclination of the people, a happy
+period was put to this tedious and troublesome war: men began to have
+the prospect of a long peace; nor was it easy to foresee what could
+possibly arise to disturb it; when discovery was made, by accident, of a
+most horrible piece of treachery, which, if it had met with success,
+would have once more set the whole nation in a flame. The Duke, after
+the peace, attended the King to London, to be shewn to the people as the
+undoubted successor to the crown; and having made a progress together
+through some other parts of the kingdom, they came to Canterbury; where
+Henry received private notice of a design upon his life. It hath been
+already observed, that the King employed in his wars a body of Flemings,
+to the great discontent of his own subjects, with whom they were very
+ungracious. These foreigners were much discontented at the peace,
+whereby they were likely to become useless and burthensome to the
+present King, and hateful to the successor. To prevent which, the
+commanders among them began to practise upon the levity and ambition of
+William the King's son. They urged the indignity he had received in
+being deprived of his birthright; offered to support his title by their
+valour, as they had done that of his father; and, as an earnest of their
+intentions, to remove the chief impediment by dispatching his rival out
+of the world, The young prince was easily wrought upon to be at the head
+of this conspiracy; time and place were fixed; when, upon the day
+appointed, William broke his leg by a fall from his horse; and the
+conspirators wanting their leader immediately dispersed. This
+disappointment and delay, as it usually happens among conspirators, were
+soon followed by a discovery of the whole plot, whereof the Duke, with
+great discretion, made no other use than to consult his own safety;
+therefore, without any shew of suspicion or displeasure, he took leave
+of the King, and returned to Normandy.
+
+  1154.
+
+Stephen lived not above a year to share the happiness of this peace with
+his people, in which time he made a progress through most parts of the
+kingdom, where he gained universal love and veneration, by a most
+affable and courteous behaviour to all men. A few months after his
+return he went to Dover, to have an interview with the Earl of
+Flanders;[43] where, after a short sickness, he died of the iliac
+passion, together with his old distemper the hemorrhoids, upon the
+twenty-fifth day of October, in the forty-ninth year of his age, and the
+nineteenth of his reign.
+
+[Footnote 43: The Earl of Flanders was a potent sovereign on the
+continent, and had landed at Dover, in order to meet and confer with the
+King. [D.S.]]
+
+He was a prince of wonderful endowments, both in body and mind: in his
+person tall and graceful, of great strength as well as vigour: he had a
+large portion of most virtues that can be useful in a King towards the
+happiness of his subjects or himself; courtesy and valour, liberality
+and clemency, in an eminent degree; especially the last, which he
+carried to an extreme, though very pardonable, yet hardly consisting
+with prudence, or his own safety. If we except his usurpation of the
+crown, he must be allowed a prince of great justice, which most writers
+affirm to have been always unblemished, except in that single instance:
+for, as to his treatment of the bishops and the Earl of Chester, it
+seems very excusable by the necessity of the time; and it was the
+general opinion, if he had not used that proceeding with the latter, it
+would have cost him his crown. Perhaps his injustice to the Empress
+might likewise admit a little extenuation. Four kings successively had
+sat on the throne without any regard to lineal descent; a period beyond
+the memory of most men then alive; whereby the people had lost much of
+that devotion they were used to bear towards an established succession:
+besides, the government of a woman was then a thing unknown, and for
+that reason disliked by all who professed to hate innovations.
+
+But the wisdom of this prince was by no means equal to the rest of his
+virtues. He came to the crown upon as fair a title as his predecessor,
+being elected by the general consent of the nobles, through the credit
+of his brother, and his own personal merit. He had no disturbance for
+some time, which he might easily have employed in settling the kingdom,
+and acquiring the love of his people. He had treasure enough to raise
+and pay armies, without burthening the subject. His competitor was a
+woman, whose sex was the least of her infirmities, and with whom he had
+already compounded for his quiet by a considerable pension: yet with all
+these advantages he seldom was master of above half the kingdom at once,
+and that by the force of perpetual struggling, and with frequent danger
+of losing the whole. The principal difficulties he had to encounter,
+appear to have been manifest consequences of several most imprudent
+steps in his conduct, whereof many instances have been produced in the
+history of his reign; such as, the unlimited permission of building
+castles; his raising the siege of a weak place where the Empress was
+shut up, and must, in a few days, have fallen into his hands; his
+employing the Flemings in his wars, and favouring them above his own
+subjects; and lastly, that abortive project of crowning his son, which
+procured him at once the hatred and contempt of the clergy, by
+discovering an inclination to violence and injustice that he durst not
+pursue: whereas, it was nothing else but an effect of that hasty and
+sudden disposition usually ascribed to those of his country, and in a
+peculiar manner charged to this prince: for authors give it as a part of
+his character, to be hot and violent in the beginning of an enterprise,
+but to slacken and grow cold in the prosecution.
+
+He had a just sense of religion, and was frequent in attending the
+service of the Church, yet reported to be no great friend of the clergy;
+which, however, is a general imputation upon all the kings of this realm
+in that and some succeeding reigns, and by no means personal to this
+prince, who deserved it as little as any.
+
+I do not find any alterations during this reign in the meetings of
+general assemblies, further than that the Commons do not seem to have
+been represented in any of them; for which I can assign no other reason
+than the will of the King, or the disturbance of the time.[44] I
+observed the word Parliament is used promiscuously among authors, for a
+general assembly of nobles, and for a council of bishops, or synod of
+the clergy; which renders this matter too perplexed to ascertain
+anything about it.
+
+[Footnote 44: The rise and history of Parliaments had not been cleared
+up when the Doctor writ in the beginning of this current century. It is
+certain, that the Commons had as yet never been represented. [D.S.]]
+
+As for affairs of the Church, that deserve particular mention, I have
+not met with any; unless it should be worth relating, that Henry Bishop
+of Winchester, the Pope's legate, who held frequent synods during this
+reign, was the first introducer of appeals to Rome, in this kingdom, for
+which he is blamed by all the monkish historians who give us the
+account.
+
+
+THE REIGN OF HENRY THE SECOND
+
+A FRAGMENT
+
+  1154.
+
+The spirit of war and contention, which had for a long time possessed
+the nation, became so effectually laid during the last year of King
+Stephen's reign, that no alteration or disturbance ensued upon his
+death, although the new King,[45] after he had received intelligence of
+it, was detained six weeks[46] by contrary winds: besides, the opinion
+of this prince's power and virtues, had already begotten so great an awe
+and reverence for him among the people, that upon his arrival he found
+the whole kingdom in a profound peace. He landed at Hostreham,[47] about
+the beginning of December, was received at Winchester by a great number
+of the nobility, who came there to attend and swear fealty to him, and
+three weeks after was crowned at Westminster, about the twenty-third
+year of his age.
+
+[Footnote 45: Henry was at that time besieging a castle on the frontiers
+of Normandy. [D.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 46: Five weeks at the most; a month, saith Brompton. [D.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 47: At Hostreham, saith Gervase. This place is not easy to be
+found; however, it must be on the Sussex or Hampshire coast, because the
+King went directly from the place of his landing to Winchester. Carte
+says he landed December 8th, near Hurst Castle in the New Forest.
+[D.S.]]
+
+For the further settling of the kingdom, after the long distractions in
+the preceding reign, he seized on all the castles which remained
+undestroyed since the last peace between him and King Stephen; whereof
+some he demolished, and trusted others to the government of persons in
+whom he could confide.
+
+But that which most contributed to the quiet of the realm, and the
+general satisfaction of his subjects, was a proclamation published,
+commanding all foreigners to leave England, enforced with a most
+effectual clause, whereby a day was fixed, after which it should be
+capital for any of them to appear; among these was William d'Ypres Earl
+of Kent, whose possessions the King seized into his own hands.
+
+These foreigners, generally called Flemings by the writers of the
+English story, were a sort of vagabond soldiers of fortune, who in those
+ages, under several denominations, infested other parts of Europe as
+well as England: they were a mixed people, natives of Arragon, Navarre,
+Biscay, Brabant, and other parts of Spain and Flanders. They were ready
+to be hired to whatever prince thought fit to employ them, but always
+upon condition to have full liberty of plunder and spoil. Nor was it an
+easy matter to get rid of them, when there was no further need of their
+service. In England they were always hated by the people, and by this
+prince in particular, whose continual enemies they had been.
+
+After the expulsion of these foreigners, and the forcing a few
+refractory lords to a surrender of their castles, King Henry, like a
+wise prince, began to consider that a time of settled peace was the
+fittest juncture to recover the rights of the crown, which had been lost
+by the war. He therefore resumed, by his royal authority, all crown
+lands that had been alienated by his predecessor; alleging that they
+were unalienable in themselves, and besides, that the grants were void,
+as coming from an usurper. Whether such proceedings are agreeable with
+justice, I shall not examine; but certainly a prince cannot better
+consult his own safety than by disabling those whom he renders
+discontent, which is effectually done no other way but by depriving them
+of their possessions.
+
+  1156.
+
+While the King was thus employed at home, intelligence came that his
+brother Geoffrey was endeavouring by force to possess himself of the
+Earldom of Anjou, to which he had fair pretensions; for their father
+considering what vast dominions would fall to his eldest son, bequeathed
+that earldom to the second in his last sickness, and commanded his
+nobles then about him, to take an oath that they would not suffer his
+body to be buried until Henry (who was then absent) should swear to
+observe his will. The Duke of Normandy, when he came to assist at his
+father's obsequies, and found that without his compliance he must draw
+upon himself the scandal of keeping a father unburied, took the oath
+that was exacted for observance of his will, though very much against
+his own. But after he was in possession of England, whether it were that
+his ambition enlarged with his dominions, or that from the beginning he
+had never intended to observe what he had sworn, he prevailed with Pope
+Adrian (of English birth) to dispense with his oath, and in the second
+year of his reign went over into Normandy, drove his brother entirely
+out of Anjou, and forced him to accept a pension for his maintenance.
+But the young prince, through the resentment of this unnatural dealing,
+in a short time died of grief.
+
+Nor was his treatment more favourable to the King of Scots, whom, upon a
+slight pretence, he took occasion to dispossess of Carlisle, Newcastle,
+and other places granted by the Empress to that prince's father, for his
+services and assistance in her quarrel against Stephen.
+
+Having thus recovered whatever he had any title to demand, he began to
+look out for new acquisitions. Ireland was in that age a country little
+known in the world. The legates sent sometimes thither from the Court of
+Rome, for urging the payment of annats, or directing other Church
+affairs, represented the inhabitants as a savage people, overrun with
+barbarism and superstition: for indeed no nation of Europe, where the
+Christian religion received so early and universal admittance, was ever
+so late or slow in feeling its effects upon their manners and
+civility.[48] Instead of refining their manners by their faith, they had
+suffered their faith to be corrupted by their manners; true religion
+being almost defaced, both in doctrine and discipline, after a long
+course of time, among a people wholly sunk in ignorance and barbarity.
+There seem to have been two reasons why the inhabitants of that island
+continued so long uncultivated; first, their subjection or vassalage to
+so many petty kings, whereof a great number is mentioned by authors,
+besides those four or five usually assigned to the several provinces.
+These princes were engaged in perpetual quarrels, in doing or revenging
+injuries of violence, or lust, or treachery, or injustice, which kept
+them all in a continual state of war. And indeed there is hardly any
+country, how renowned soever in ancient or modern story, which may not
+be traced from the like original. Neither can a nation come out from
+this state of confusion, until it is either reduced under one head at
+home, or by force or conquest becomes subject to a foreign
+administration.
+
+[Footnote 48: The Irish had been very learned in former ages, but had
+declined for several centuries before the reign of Henry II. _Vide_
+Bede. [D.S.]]
+
+The other reason why civility made such late entrances into that island,
+may be imputed to its natural situation, lying more out of the road of
+commerce or conquest than any other part of the known world. All the
+intercourse the inhabitants had, was only with the western coasts of
+Wales and Scotland, from whence, at least in those ages, they were not
+like to learn very much politeness.
+
+  1155.
+
+The King, about the second year of his reign, sent ambassadors to Pope
+Adrian, with injunctions to desire his licence for reducing the savage
+people of Ireland from their brutish way of living, and subjecting them
+to the crown of England. The King proceeded thus, in order to set up a
+title to the island, wherein the Pope himself pretended to be lord of
+the see; for in his letter, which is an answer and grant to the King's
+requests, he insists upon it, that all islands, upon their admitting the
+Christian faith, become subject to the See of Rome; and the Irish
+themselves avowed the same thing to some of the first conquerors. In
+that forementioned letter, the Pope highly praises the King's generous
+design,[49] and recommends to him the civilizing the natives, the
+protection of the Church, and the payment of Peter-pence. The ill
+success of all past endeavours to procure from a people so miserable and
+irreligious this revenue to the holy see was a main inducement with the
+Pope to be easy and liberal in his grant; for the King professed a
+design of securing its regular payment. However, this expedition was not
+undertaken until some years after, when there happened an incident to
+set it forward, as we shall relate in its place.
+
+[Footnote 49: Radulphus de Diceto. [D.S.]]
+
+
+HENRY THE SECOND'S CHARACTER
+
+EXTRACTED FROM THE MONKS
+
+Hard to gather his character from such bad authors.
+
+A wise prince, to whom other princes referred their differences; and had
+ambassadors from both empires, east and west, as well as others, at once
+in his court.
+
+Strong and brawny body, patient of cold and heat, big head, broad
+breast, broken voice, temperate in meat, using much exercise, just
+stature, _forma elegantissima, colore sub-rufo, oculis glaucis_, sharp
+wit, very great memory, constancy in adversity [and] in felicity, except
+at last he yielded, because almost forsaken of all; liberal, imposed few
+tributes, excellent soldier and fortunate, wise and not unlearned. His
+vices: mild and promising in adversity, fierce and hard, and a violator
+of faith in prosperity; covetous to his domestics and children, although
+liberal to soldiers and strangers, which turned the former from him;
+loved profit more than justice; very lustful, which likewise turned his
+sons and others from him. Rosamond and the labyrinth at Woodstock. Not
+very religious;[50] _mortuos milites lugens plus quam vivos amans,
+largus in publico, parcus in privato_. Constant in love and hatred,
+false to his word, morose, a lover of ease. Oppressor of nobles, sullen,
+and a delayer of justice; _verbo varius et versutus_--Used churchmen
+well after Becket's death; charitable to the poor, levied few taxes,
+hated slaughter and cruelty.[51] A great memory, and always knew those
+he once saw.
+
+[Footnote 50: Brompton. [D.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 51: Giraldus. [D.S.]]
+
+Very indefatigable in his travels backwards and forwards to Normandy,
+&c. of most endless desires to increase his dominions.
+
+_Caetera desiderantur_.
+
+
+*****       *****       *****       *****       *****
+
+
+
+
+SWIFT'S REMARKS ON THE CHARACTERS
+
+OF THE COURT OF QUEEN ANNE.
+
+
+FROM "MEMOIRS OF THE SECRET SERVICES OF JOHN MACKY, ESQ."
+
+
+NOTE.
+
+JOHN MACKY, the author of the "Characters," was, for many years, in the
+employ of the English government, as an agent for obtaining information
+as to the movements of the French. He published, in 1696, "A View of the
+Court of St. Germains from the Year 1690 to 1695." The information
+embodied in this work he obtained from personal observation while in
+Paris. About 1709, however, he aroused the government's suspicions, and
+was imprisoned. He was kept confined until the accession of George I. On
+his release he attempted to establish a packet-service between England
+and Ireland, to Dublin; but the venture failed. He died at Rotterdam in
+1726. The "Characters" was first published in 1733, with the title:
+
+"Memoirs of the Secret Services of John Macky, Esq., during the Reigns
+of King William, Queen Anne, and King George I. Including also the true
+Secret History of the Rise, Promotions, etc., of the English and Scots
+Nobility; Officers, Civil, Military, Naval, and other Persons of
+distinction from the Revolution. In their respective Characters at
+large: drawn up by Mr. Macky pursuant to the direction of Her Royal
+Highness the Princess Sophia. Published from his original manuscript, as
+attested by his son, Spring Macky, Esq. London, 1733." The work was
+prepared for the press by a Mr. Davis, an officer in the Customs.
+
+It has been questioned whether Swift did really make the "remarks"
+attributed to him by his various editors; but there can be little doubt
+about their authenticity. Thomas Birch seems to have transcribed the
+"remarks" in 1753, if we are to believe a note in a copy of Macky's book
+in the British Museum, which says: "The MS. notes on the Characters in
+this Book were written by Dr. Swift, and transcribed by Tho. Birch. Aug.
+15, 1753." Isaac Reed's copy is also in the British Museum, but his
+notes were transcribed from another copy in the possession of J.
+Putland, and Putland's copy, Reed notes, was "formerly in the possession
+of Philip Carteret Webb, Esq., now [1770] of Thomas Astle, Esq." J.
+Ritson's copy, which is at the South Kensington Museum, had the
+"remarks" transcribed to it from Reed's copy, but Ritson notes that Reed
+copied the "remarks" from J. Putland's transcript of the Dean's own
+original. Ritson, however, does not say how he knew that Putland had the
+"Dean's own original." In "Notes and Queries" (3, ii. 430) the Rev. J.
+Jebb, Rector of Peterstow, states he had (in 1862) a copy of the
+"Characters" with transcript of Swift's "remarks" by Bishop Jebb. Mr.
+Edward Solly has an interesting paper on this matter in the
+"Bibliographer" for March, 1883. He suggests that Mr. Putland may have
+written them down himself from remarks made by Swift. "The Crypt" for
+December, 1829, published Swift's "remarks" from a copy in the
+possession of Mr. Pickering, the bookseller.
+
+A careful collation of all the available copies has been made for this
+edition, and the text of Macky's work has been read with the first
+edition. Where neither Reed nor Birch give no remarks, they have been
+omitted from this reprint. "The Crypt" and Nichols in his quarto edition
+(vol. xiv.) often differ, but these differences have been adjusted.
+
+It is almost needless to say that Sir Walter Scott's text and notes have
+been very much altered by this process.
+
+[T.S.]
+
+
+  REMARKS ON THE CHARACTERS
+  OF THE COURT OF QUEEN ANNE.
+
+
+JOHN, DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH.
+
+_Macky_.
+
+A tall, handsome man for his age, with a very obliging address; of a
+wonderful presence of mind, so as hardly ever to be discomposed; of a
+very clean head, and sound judgment; ... every way capable of being a
+great man, if the great success of his arms, and the heaps of favours
+thrown upon him by his sovereign, does not raise his thoughts above the
+rest of the nobility, and consequently draw upon him the envy of the
+people of England. He is turned of 50 years of age.--_Swift_. Detestably
+covetous.
+
+JAMES, DUKE OF ORMONDE.
+
+_Macky_. He hath all the qualities of a great man, except that one of a
+statesman, hating business. ... He is about 40 years old.--_Swift_.
+Fairly enough writ.
+
+CHARLES, DUKE OF SOMERSET.
+
+_Macky_. Is of a middle stature, well shaped, a very black complexion, a
+lover of music and poetry; of good judgment.--_Swift_. Not a grain;
+hardly common sense.
+
+JOHN, DUKE OF BUCKINGHAMSHIRE.
+
+_Macky._ He is a nobleman of learning, and good natural parts, but of no
+principles. Violent for the high-church, yet seldom goes to it. Very
+proud, insolent, and covetous, and takes all advantages. In paying his
+debts, unwilling; and is neither esteemed nor beloved.--_Swift_. This
+character is the truest of any.
+
+DANIEL, EARL OF NOTTINGHAM [AFTERWARDS EARL OF WINCHILSEA].
+
+_Macky_. He hath the exterior air of business, and application enough to
+make him very capable. In his habit and manners very formal; a tall,
+thin, very black man, like a Spaniard or Jew, about 50 years
+old.--_Swift_. He fell in with the Whigs, was an endless talker.
+
+HENRY, EARL OF ROMNEY.
+
+_Macky_. He was indeed the great wheel on which the Revolution
+rolled.--_Swift_. He had not a wheel to turn a mouse.
+
+_Macky_. He is a gentleman that hath lived up [_Swift_, down] to the
+employments the King gave him; of great honour and honesty, with a
+moderate capacity.--_Swift_. None at all.
+
+JOHN, DUKE OF NEWCASTLE.
+
+_Macky_. He hath one only daughter, who will be the richest heiress in
+Europe.--_Swift_. Now Countess of Oxford; cheated by her father.
+
+CHARLES [LENNOX], DUKE OF RICHMOND.
+
+_Macky_. He is a gentleman good-natured to a fault; very well bred, and
+hath many valuable things in him; is an enemy to business, very
+credulous, well shaped, black complexion, much like King Charles; not 30
+years old.--_Swift_. A shallow coxcomb.
+
+CHARLES, DUKE OF BOLTON.
+
+_Macky_. Does not now make any figure at court.--_Swift_. Nor anywhere
+else. A great booby.
+
+GEORGE, DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLAND.
+
+_Macky_. He is a man of honour, nice in paying his debts, and living
+well with his neighbours in the country; does not much care for the
+conversation of men of quality, or business. Is a tall black man, like
+his father the King, about 40 years old.--_Swift_. He was a most worthy
+person, very good-natured, and had very good sense.
+
+CHARLES [FITZROY], DUKE OF GRAFTON.
+
+_Macky_. Grandson to King Charles II.; ... a very pretty gentleman, hath
+been abroad in the world; zealous for the constitution of his country.
+A tall black man, about 25 years old.--_Swift_. Almost a slobberer;
+without one good quality.
+
+SIR NATHAN WRIGHT, LORD KEEPER.
+
+_Macky_. Is son of a clergyman,[1] a good common lawyer, a slow
+chancellor, and no civilian. Chance more than choice brought him the
+seals.--_Swift_. Very covetous.
+
+[Footnote 1: His father had the living of Thurcaston, in Leicestershire.
+[S.]]
+
+RALPH, DUKE OF MONTAGU.
+
+_Macky_. He is a great supporter of the French, and other Protestants
+... an admirer of learning.--_Swift_. As arrant a knave as any in his
+time.
+
+WILLIAM, MARQUESS OF HARTINGTON.
+
+_Macky_. One of the best beloved gentlemen, by the country party, in
+England.--_Swift_. A very poor understanding.
+
+JOHN, LORD SOMERS.
+
+_Macky_. Of a creditable family, in the city of Worcester.--_Swift_.
+Very mean; his father was a noted rogue.--_Macky_. He is believed to be
+the best chancellor that ever sat in the chair.--_Swift_. I allow him to
+have possessed all excellent qualifications except virtue. He had
+violent passions, and hardly subdued them by his great prudence.
+
+CHARLES, LORD HALIFAX [AFTERWARDS EARL OF HALIFAX].
+
+_Macky_. He is a great encourager of learning and learned men, is the
+patron of the muses, of very agreeable conversation, a short fair man,
+not 40 years old.--_Swift_. His encouragements were only good words and
+dinners; I never heard him say one good thing, or seem to taste what was
+said by another.
+
+CHARLES, EARL OF DORSET.
+
+_Macky_. One of the finest gentlemen, in England, in the reign of King
+Charles II.; of great learning [_Swift_. small, or none], extremely
+witty, and hath been the author of some of the finest poems in the
+English language, especially satire.... One of the pleasantest
+companions in the world [_Swift_. not of late years, but a very dull
+one], when he likes his company.
+
+RICHARD, EARL RIVERS.
+
+_Macky_. He was one of the greatest rakes in England in his younger
+days, but always a lover of the constitution of his country; is a
+gentleman of very good sense, and very cunning.--_Swift_. An arrant
+knave in common dealings, and very prostitute.
+
+ARNOLD, EARL OF ALBEMARLE.
+
+_Macky_. He was King William's constant companion in all his diversions
+and pleasures.--_Swift_. Very infamous pleasures.
+
+ALGERNON, EARL OF ESSEX.
+
+_Macky_. Is son to that earl whose throat was cut in the
+Tower.--_Swift_. Cut his own throat.
+
+WILLIAM, EARL OF PORTLAND.
+
+_Macky_. He is supposed to be the richest subject in Europe, very
+profuse in gardening, birds, and household furniture, but mighty frugal
+and parsimonious in everything else; of a very lofty mien, and yet not
+proud; of no deep understanding.--_Swift_. As great a dunce as ever I
+knew.
+
+JAMES, EARL OF DERBY.
+
+_Macky_. On his brothers death he came to the House of Peers, where he
+never will make any great figure, the sword being more his profession;
+he is a fair-complexioned man, well shaped, taller than the ordinary
+size, and a man of honour.--_Swift_. As arrant a scoundrel as his
+brothers.
+
+CHARLES, EARL OF PETERBOROUGH.
+
+_Macky_. He affects popularity, and loves to preach in coffee-houses,
+and public places; is an open enemy to revealed religion; brave in his
+person; hath a good estate; does not seem expensive, yet always in debt,
+and very poor.--_Swift_. This character is for the most part true.
+
+CHARLES, EARL OF SUNDERLAND.
+
+_Macky_. This gentleman is endued with a great deal of learning, virtue
+[_Swift_, no], and good sense.
+
+THOMAS, EARL OF STAMFORD.
+
+_Macky_. Is one of the first branches of the Greys, a noble family in
+England.... He doth not want sense; but by reason of a defect in his
+speech, wants elocution.--_Swift_. He looked and talked like a very weak
+man; but it was said he spoke well at council.
+
+THOMAS [TUFTON], EARL OF THANET.
+
+_Macky_. He is a good country gentleman, a great assertor of the
+prerogatives of the monarchy and the Church.--_Swift_. Of great piety
+and charity.
+
+EDWARD [MONTAGU], EARL OF SANDWICH.
+
+_Macky_. Of very ordinary parts; married the witty Lord Rochester's
+daughter, who makes him very expensive.--_Swift_. As much a puppy as
+ever I saw; very ugly, and a fop.
+
+ROBERT, LORD LUCAS.
+
+_Macky_. He is every way a plain man, yet took a great deal of pains to
+seem knowing and wise; everybody pitied him when the Queen turned him
+out, for his seeming good nature, and real poverty.--_Swift_. A good
+plain humdrum.
+
+CHARLES, EARL OF WINCHILSEA.
+
+_Macky_. He hath neither genius nor gusto for business,... and is
+zealous for the monarchy and Church to the highest degree. He loves
+jests and puns, [_Swift_. I never observed it,] and that sort of low
+wit.--_Swift_. Being very poor, he complied too much with the party he
+hated.
+
+JOHN, LORD POULETT OF HINTON [AFTERWARDS EARL POULETT].
+
+_Macky_. He is certainly one of the hopefullest gentlemen in England; is
+very learned, virtuous, and a man of honour; much esteemed in the
+country, for his generous way of living with the gentry, and his charity
+to the poorest sort.--_Swift_. This character is fair enough.
+
+CHARLES, LORD [VISCOUNT] TOWNSHEND.
+
+_Macky_. Is a gentleman of great learning, attended with a sweet
+disposition; a lover of the constitution of his country; is beloved by
+everybody that knows him.--_Swift_. I except one.
+
+WILLIAM, LORD DARTMOUTH [AFTERWARDS EARL OF DARTMOUTH].
+
+_Macky_. He sets up for a critic in conversation, makes jests, and loves
+to laugh at them; takes a great deal of pains in his office, and is in a
+fair way of rising at court.--_Swift_. This is right enough, but he has
+little sincerity.
+
+THOMAS, LORD WHARTON [AFTERWARDS EARL OF WHARTON].
+
+_Macky_. One of the completest gentlemen in England, hath a very clear
+understanding, and manly expressions, with abundance of wit. He is brave
+in his person, much of a libertine, of a middle stature, fair
+complexion, and 50 years old.--_Swift_. The most universal villain I
+ever knew.
+
+CHARLES, LORD MOHUN.
+
+_Macky_. He is brave in his person, bold in his expressions, and
+rectifies, as fast as he can, the slips of his youth by acts of
+honesty; which he now glories in more, than he was formerly
+extravagant.--_Swift_. He was little better than a conceited talker in
+company.
+
+HENRY, EARL OF KENT.[2]
+
+[Footnote 2: Afterwards Duke of Kent.]
+
+_Macky_. Is the first branch of the ancient family of Grey. The present
+gentleman was much esteemed, when Lord Ruthen; was always very moderate,
+has good sense, and a good estate; which, with his quality, must make
+him always bear a considerable figure in the nation.--_Swift_. He seems
+a good-natured man, but of very little consequence.
+
+ROBERT, EARL OF LINDSEY [AFTERWARDS DUKE OF ANCASTER].
+
+_Macky_. A fine gentleman, has both wit and learning.--_Swift_. I never
+observed a grain of either.
+
+MONTAGU, EARL OF ABINGDON.
+
+_Macky_. A gentleman of fine parts, makes a good figure in the counties
+of Oxford and Buckinghamshire:... is very high for the monarchy and
+Church.--_Swift_. Very covetous.
+
+PHILIP, EARL OF CHESTERFIELD.
+
+_Macky_. He is very subtle and cunning, never entered into the measures
+of King William, nor ever will, in all probability, make any great
+appearance in any other reign.--_Swift_. If it be old Chesterfield, I
+have heard he was the greatest knave in England.
+
+CHARLES, EARL OF BERKELEY.
+
+_Macky_. A gentleman of learning, parts, and a lover of the constitution
+of his country; a short fat man.--_Swift_. Intolerably lazy and
+indolent, and somewhat covetous.
+
+LOUIS, EARL OF FEVERSHAM.
+
+_Macky_. A third son of the family of Duras in France; he came over with
+one of the Duke of York's family;... is a middle-statured brown man,
+turned of 50 years old.--_Swift_. He was a very dull old fellow.
+
+HENRY, EARL OF GRANTHAM.
+
+_Macky_. He is a very pretty gentleman, fair complexioned, and past 30
+years old.--_Swift_. And good for nothing.
+
+
+JOHN, LORD DE LA WARR.
+
+_Macky_. A free jolly gentleman, turned of 40 years old.--_Swift_. Of
+very little sense; but formal, and well stocked with the low kind of
+lowest politics.
+
+ROBERT, LORD LEXINTON.
+
+_Macky_. He is of a good understanding, and very capable to be in the
+ministry; a well-bred gentleman, and an agreeable companion.--_Swift_. A
+very moderate degree of understanding.
+
+RALPH, LORD GREY OF WERKE.
+
+_Macky_. A sweet disposed gentleman; he joined King William at the
+Revolution, and is a zealous assertor of the liberties of the
+people.--_Swift_. Had very little in him.
+
+JAMES, LORD CHANDOS.
+
+_Macky_. Was warm against King William's reign, and doth not make any
+great figure in this; but, his son, Mr. Brydges[3] does, being a member
+of the House of Commons, one of the counsellors to the prince, and a
+very worthy gentleman.--_Swift_. But a great compiler with every court.
+
+[Footnote 3: Afterwards Duke of Chandos.]
+
+FRANCIS, LORD GUILFORD.
+
+_Macky_. Is son to the lord-keeper North, hath been abroad, does not
+want sense nor application to business, and his genius leads him that
+way.--_Swift_. A mighty silly fellow.
+
+EDWARD, LORD GRIFFIN.
+
+_Macky_. Having-followed King James's fortunes, is now in France. He was
+always a great sportsman, and brave; a good companion, turned of 60
+years old.--_Swift_. His son was a plain drunken fellow.
+
+HUGH, LORD CHOLMONDELEY [AFTERWARDS EARL OF CHOLMONDELEY].
+
+_Macky_. This lord is a great lover of country sports; is handsome in
+his person, and turned of 40 years old.--_Swift_. Good for nothing, as
+far as ever I knew.
+
+CHARLES, LORD BUTLER OF WESTON.
+
+_Macky_. Earl of Arran in Ireland, and brother to the Duke of
+Ormonde;... of very good sense, though seldom shows it.--_Swift_. This
+is right; but he is the most negligent of his own affairs.
+
+MR. THOMAS MANSELL [AFTERWARDS LORD MANSELL].
+
+_Macky_. He is a gentleman of a great deal of wit and good nature, a
+lover of the ladies, and a pleasant companion.--_Swift_. Of very good
+nature, but a very moderate capacity.
+
+ROBERT HARLEY, ESQ. [AFTERWARDS EARL OF OXFORD],
+SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS.
+
+_Macky_. He is skilled in most things, and very eloquent, [_Swift_, a
+great lie;] was bred a Presbyterian, yet joins with the Church party in
+everything; and they do nothing without him.--_Swift_. He could not
+properly be called eloquent, but he knew how to prevail on the House
+with few words and strong reasons.
+
+THE HON. HENRY BOYLE [AFTERWARDS LORD CARLETON],
+CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER.
+
+_Macky_. Is a good companion in conversation; agreeable amongst the
+ladies; serves the Queen very assiduously in council; makes a
+considerable figure in the House of Commons; by his prudent
+administration, obliges everybody in the exchequer; and in time may
+prove a great man.--_Swift_. He had some very scurvy qualities,
+particularly avarice.
+
+SIR THOMAS FRANKLAND, POST-MASTER-GENERAL.
+
+_Macky_. He is a gentleman of a very sweet, easy, affable disposition;
+of good sense, extremely zealous for the constitution of his country,
+yet does not seem over forward; keeps an exact unity amongst the
+officers under him, and encourages them in their duty, through a
+peculiar familiarity, by which he obliges them, and keeps up the dignity
+of being master.--_Swift_. A fair character.
+
+THE RT. HON. JOHN SMITH,
+ONE OF HER MAJESTY'S PRIVY-COUNCIL.
+
+_Macky_. A gentleman of much honour, a lover of the constitution of his
+country; a very agreeable companion in conversation, a bold orator in
+the House of Commons,[4] when the interest of his country is at stake;
+of a good address.--_Swift_. I thought him a heavy man.
+
+[Footnote 4: He was Speaker of the House of Commons, 1705-1708. [T.S.]]
+
+CHARLES D'AVENANT, LL.D.
+
+_Macky_. He was very poor at the Revolution, had no business to support
+him all the reign of King William, yet made a good figure. He is a very
+cloudy-looked man, fat, of middle stature, about 50 years old.--_Swift_.
+He was used ill by most ministries; he ruined his own estate, which put
+him under a necessity to comply with the times.
+
+MATTHEW PRIOR, ESQ., COMMISSIONER OF TRADE.
+
+_Macky_. On the Queen's accession to the throne, he was continued in his
+office, is very well at court with the ministry, and is an entire
+creature of my Lord Jersey's, whom he supports by his advice. Is one of
+the best poets in England, but very factious in conversation; a thin
+hollow-looked man, turned of 40 years old.--_Swift_. This is near the
+truth.
+
+THOMAS TENISON, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY.
+
+_Macky_. A plain, good, heavy man, now much in years, and wearing out;
+very tall, of a fair complexion, and 70 years old.--_Swift_. The most
+good-for-nothing prelate I ever knew.
+
+GILBERT BURNET. BISHOP OF SALISBURY.
+
+_Macky_. Of a very good family in Scotland, of the name of Burnet, his
+father was Lord [_Swift_, laird] of Cremont.... He is one of the
+greatest [_Swift_, Scotch] orators of the age he lives in. His "History
+of the Reformation," and his "Exposition of the Thirty-nine Articles,"
+show him to be a man of great learning; but several of his other works
+show him to be a man neither of prudence nor temper; his sometimes
+opposing, and sometimes favouring, the Dissenters, hath much exposed him
+to the generality of the people of England; yet he is very useful in the
+House of Peers, and proves a great pillar, both of the civil and
+ecclesiastical constitution, against the encroachments of a party which
+would destroy both.--_Swift_. His true character would take up too much
+time for me (who knew him well) to describe it.
+
+GEORGE STEPNEY, ESQ.,
+ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY TO THE EMPEROR [OF AUSTRIA].
+
+_Macky_. A gentleman of admirable natural parts, very learned, one of
+the best poets [_Swift_, scarce of a third rate] now in England.
+
+MR. [AFTERWARDS SIR PAUL] METHUEN,
+AMBASSADOR TO THE KING OF PORTUGAL.
+
+_Macky_. A man of intrigue, but very muddy in his conceptions, and not
+quickly understood in anything. In his complexion and manners, much of a
+Spaniard.--_Swift_. A profligate rogue, without religion or morals; but
+cunning enough, yet without abilities of any kind.
+
+THOMAS, LORD RABY [AFTERWARDS EARL OF STRAFFORD],
+ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY TO THE KING OF PRUSSIA.
+
+_Macky_. He is a young gentleman, _de bon naturel_, handsome, of fine
+understanding, [_Swift_, very bad, and can't spell,] and, with
+application, may prove a man of business. He is of low stature [_Swift_,
+he is tall].
+
+MR. [RICHARD] HILL,
+ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY TO THE DUKE OF SAVOY.
+
+_Macky_. Is a gentleman of a good family in Shropshire. He was designed
+for the church, and took deacon's [_Swift_, priest's] orders; but having
+a genius for business, and falling into the acquaintance of my Lord
+Ranelagh, when tutor to my Lord Hyde, he was sent into Flanders as
+paymaster to the English troops there. ... He is a gentleman of very
+clear parts, and affects plainness and simplicity [_Swift, au
+contraire_] in his dress, and conversation especially. He is a favourite
+to both parties [_Swift_, to neither]; and is beloved for his easy
+access, and affable way by those he has business to do with. He is a
+thin, tall man, [_Swift,_ short, if I remember right,] taller than the
+ordinary stature, near 50 years old.
+
+SIR LAMBERT BLACKWELL,
+ENVOY TO THE GREAT DUKE OF TUSCANY.
+
+_Macky_. He affects much the gentleman in his dress, and the minister in
+his conversation: Is very lofty, yet courteous, when he knows his
+people; much envied by his fellow merchants.--_Swift_. He seemed to be
+a very good-natured man.
+
+MR. _[Dr.]_ AGLIONBY,
+ENVOY TO THE SWISS CANTONS.
+
+_Macky_. He hath abundance of wit, and understands most of the modern
+languages well; knows how to tell a story to the best advantage; but has
+an affected manner of conversation; is thin, splenetic, and tawny
+complexioned, turned of 60 years old.--_Swift_. He had been a Papist.
+
+MR. D'AVENANT, AGENT AT FRANKFORT.
+
+_Macky_. A very giddy-headed young fellow, with some wit; about 25 years
+old.--_Swift_. He is not worth mentioning.
+
+JOHN, LORD CUTTS.
+
+_Macky_. He hath abundance of wit, but too much seized with vanity and
+self-conceit; he is affable, familiar, and very brave;  ... towards 50
+years old.--_Swift_. The vainest old fool alive.
+
+HENRY, EARL OF GALWAY.
+
+_Macky_. One of the finest gentlemen in the army, with a head fitted for
+the cabinet, as well as the camp; is very modest, vigilant, and sincere;
+a man of honour and honesty, [_Swift_, in all directly otherwise;]
+without pride or affectation; wears his own hair, is plain in his dress
+and manners, towards 60 years old.--_Swift_. A deceitful, hypocritical,
+factious knave; a damnable hypocrite, of no religion.
+
+GEORGE, EARL OF ORKNEY.
+
+_Macky_. He is a very well-shaped black man; is brave; but, by reason of
+a hesitation in his speech wants expression.--_Swift_. An honest
+good-natured gentleman, and hath much distinguished himself as a
+soldier.
+
+MR. JAMES STANHOPE [AFTERWARDS EARL STANHOPE],
+ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY TO THE STATES GENERAL.
+
+_Macky_. He is a man of honour,... and pleases the Dutch. His son,
+Colonel Stanhope, is one of the finest young gentlemen we have; is very
+learned, with a great deal of wit. ... A handsome [_Swift_, ugly] black
+man.
+
+SIR CHARLES O'HARA [AFTERWARDS LORD TYRAWLEY],
+LIEUTENANT-GENERAL.
+
+_Macky_. At the Revolution he had a company in the foot-guards; was
+afterwards lieutenant-colonel to that regiment; was made colonel to the
+fusileers, and gradually advanced to the post he now hath, which he well
+deserves, being of good understanding, and abundance of learning; fit to
+command, if not too covetous; he is a short, black man, 50 years
+old.--_Swift_. His father was a groom; he was a man of sense, without
+one grain of honesty.
+
+COLONEL MATTHEW AYLMER [AFTERWARDS LORD AYLMER],
+VICE-ADMIRAL OF THE FLEET.
+
+_Macky_. He hath a very good head, indefatigable and designing; is very
+zealous for the liberties of the people, makes a good figure in the
+Parliament, as well as the fleet.--_Swift_. A virulent party man, born
+in Ireland.
+
+JAMES, DUKE OF HAMILTON.
+
+_Macky_. On the Queen's accession to the throne, he made strong efforts
+to get into the administration, but hath not yet succeeded, though he is
+well received at court; he is brave in his person, with a rough air of
+boldness; of good sense, very forward and hot for what he undertakes;
+ambitious and haughty, a violent enemy; hath been very extravagant in
+his manner of living; but now grows covetous.--_Swift_. He was made
+master of the ordnance; a worthy good-natured person, very generous, but
+of a middle understanding; he was murdered by that villain Macartney, an
+Irish Scot.
+
+ARCHIBALD, DUKE OF ARGYLL.
+
+_Macky_. Few of his years hath a better understanding, nor a more manly
+behaviour. He hath seen most of the courts of Europe, is very handsome
+in his person, fair complexioned; about 25 years old.--_Swift_.
+Ambitious, covetous, cunning Scot; has no principle, but his own
+interest and greatness. A true Scot in his whole conduct.
+
+JAMES, MARQUESS OF MONTROSE [AFTERWARDS DUKE OF MONTROSE].
+
+_Macky_. Representative of the ancient and noble family of Graham;
+great-grandson to that famous Montrose, who was hanged and quartered for
+Charles I.; and grandson, by the mother, to the Duke of Rothes. He
+inherits all the great qualities of those two families, with a sweetness
+of behaviour, which charms all those who know him; hath improved himself
+in most foreign courts; is very beautiful in his person, and about 25
+years old.--_Swift_. Now very homely, and makes a sorry appearance.
+
+JOHN, EARL OF SUTHERLAND.
+
+_Macky_. A very honest man, a great assertor of the liberties of the
+people; hath a good, rough sense; is open and free; a great lover of his
+bottle and his friend; brave in his person, which he hath shown in
+several duels; too familiar for his quality, and often keeps company
+below it.--_Swift_. A blundering, rattle-pated, drunken sot.
+
+SECRETARY [JAMES] JOHNSTOUN, NOW LORD-REGISTER.
+
+_Macky_. Is a younger son of my Lord Warriston, who was beheaded. ... He
+is very honest, [_Swift_, a treacherous knave,] yet something too
+credulous and suspicious; endued with a great deal of learning and
+virtue; is above little tricks, free from ceremony; and would not tell a
+lie for the world.--_Swift._ One of the greatest knaves even in
+Scotland.
+
+MR. [WILLIAM] CARSTAIRS.
+
+_Macky_. He is the cunningest, subtle dissembler in the world, with an
+air of sincerity, a dangerous enemy, because always hid. An instance of
+which was Secretary Johnstoun, to whom he pretended friendship, till the
+very morning he gave him a blow, though he had been worming him
+out of the King's favour for many months before; he is a fat,
+sanguine-complexioned fair man, always smiling, where he designs most
+mischief, a good friend when he is sincere; turned of 50 years
+old.--_Swift_. A true character; but not strong enough by a fiftieth
+part.
+
+JOHN, EARL OF MAR.
+
+_Macky_. He is a very good manager in his private affairs, which were in
+disorder when his father died, and is a stanch countryman, fair
+complexioned, low stature, and 30 years old.--_Swift_. He is crooked;
+he seemed to me to be a gentleman of good sense and good nature,
+
+ANDREW FLETCHER, OF SALTON.
+
+_Macky_. A gentleman of a fair estate in Scotland, attended with the
+improvement of a good education. ... He hath written some excellent
+tracts, but not published in his name; and hath a very fine genius; is a
+low, thin man, brown complexion, full of fire, with a stern, sour look,
+and 50 years old.--_Swift_. A most arrogant, conceited pedant in
+politics; cannot endure the least contradiction in any of his visions or
+paradoxes.
+
+CHARLES, EARL OF MIDDLETON.
+
+_Macky_. He is one of the politest gentlemen in Europe; hath a great
+deal of wit, mixed with a sound judgment, and a very clear
+understanding; of an easy, indifferent access, but a careless way of
+living. ... He is a black man, of a middle stature, with a sanguine
+complexion; and one of the pleasantest companions in the world. Towards
+60 years old.--_Swift_. Sir William Temple told me, he was a very
+valuable man, and a good scholar. I once saw him.
+
+DAVID, EARL OF WEEMS.
+
+_Macky_. He hath not yet been in the administration; is a fine
+personage, and very beautiful; hath good sense, and is a man of honour.
+About 30 years old.--_Swift_. He was a black man, and handsome for a
+Scot.
+
+NOTE.--The characters on the Duke of Shrewsbury, the Duke of Devonshire,
+the Earl of Ranelagh, and Rear-Admiral Byng, have been entirely omitted.
+The first is not given by Reed, and includes in Birch the single word
+"none"; the second is not given either by Birch or Reed, but appears
+only in "The Crypt"; the third is given only by Nichols; and the last is
+not given by Birch or Reed.
+
+*****       *****       *****       *****       *****
+
+
+
+
+REMARKS ON
+
+LORD CLARENDON'S HISTORY OF
+
+THE REBELLION
+
+OXFORD EDITION, 1707, 3 VOLS.
+
+FROM THE ORIGINAL, IN ST. PATRICK'S LIBRARY.
+
+
+NOTE.
+
+The text of this edition of Swift's notes on Clarendon has been founded
+on the careful transcript made by Mr. Percy Fitzgerald. This transcript
+is now in the Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington. Mr.
+Fitzgerald refers to Dr. Rowan's collation, but I have been unable to
+find the original of this. Rowan's additions, however, were noted by Mr.
+Fitzgerald, and they have been included here. Mr. Fitzgerald says:
+"Scott's notes, subject to the corrections just given [by himself], are
+correct, and would serve as the base of the new edition. The additions I
+have given and the few given by Dr. Rowan (which are given here a little
+further on) will have to be inserted in their proper places and will
+make the whole complete." This has been done, and the present reprint is
+a very careful following out of this suggestion.
+
+After the following pages were in type, however, I have had the
+opportunity, through the kindness of Dr. Bernard, the Dean of St.
+Patrick's Cathedral, of examining the original copy in the Marsh Library
+at Dublin. Assisted by the Rev. Newport J.D. White, the librarian of
+the Marsh Library, I have been able to correct several of Mr. Percy
+Fitzgerald's transcripts, and to add some "remarks" omitted both by him
+and Scott.
+
+Mr. White, in an article in "Hermathena" (No. xxvii., 1901), suggests
+that the successive perusals by Swift account "for the fact that some of
+the notes are in ink, though most are in pencil; while in one or two
+cases Swift seems to have retraced in ink a remark originally in
+pencil." Although Swift finished his fourth reading of the "History" in
+1741, it is undoubted that he had already annotated the volumes at a
+much earlier date. The copy of the "History," now in the Marsh Library,
+was presented to it by Archbishop King, though the exact date of this
+presentation can only be guessed. "In the register of benefactions,"
+writes Mr. White in "Hermathena," "the first list, which was evidently
+written at one time and by one hand, contains the names of all books
+presented by King. Two of these were published as late as 1723. The next
+entry is dated April 12th, 1726. It is probable, therefore, that these
+volumes came into their present abode between 1723 and 1726. As Dean of
+St. Patrick's, Swift was one of the governors of the library, and in
+that capacity attended many of the annual visitations between 1718 and
+1736. It is natural to suppose that he was a constant reader." It
+follows, therefore, that Swift borrowed the volumes from the library for
+his re-perusal; and perhaps retraced his annotations at that time and
+added new ones.
+
+It is worth while to reprint a sentence from Scott's note on these
+"Remarks" of Swift's, if only to continue a record of retort against
+Swift's intemperance of feeling against the Scottish nation: "The
+ludicrous virulence of his execrations against the Scottish nation, go a
+great way to remove the effect of his censure; and a native of Scotland
+may be justified in retaining them, were it but for that reason."
+
+[T.S.]
+
+
+  REMARKS ON CLARENDON'S
+  HISTORY OF THE
+  REBELLION.
+
+VOL. I.
+
+
+On the first board: Finished the 4th time, April 18, 1741. Judicium de
+authore.[1]
+
+[Footnote: 1  The note "Finished the 4th time April 18, 1741," which
+Scott and Fitzgerald record as written on the first board of vol. i., is
+not now to be traced, the volume having been rebound since their
+transcripts were made.]
+
+
+The cursed, hellish villainy, treachery, treasons of the Scots, were the
+chief grounds and causes of that execrable rebellion.--_Swift_.
+
+"The word of a king." This phrase is repeated some hundred times; but is
+ever foolish, and too often false.--_Swift_.
+
+PREFACE.
+
+P. v. [p. xxi.[2]] _Clarendon_. We might give instances ... of those
+points ... which have brought the prince, sometimes, under the
+disadvantageous suspicion of being inclined to the love of arbitrary
+power.--_Swift_. What king doth not love, and endeavour at it?
+
+[Footnote: 2  The references in square brackets apply to the recent
+Oxford edition of Clarendon's "Rebellion" (6 vols., cr. 8vo, 1888). The
+prefaces can only be referred to by the page, but throughout the body of
+the work the _paragraphs_ are separately numbered for each book. [T.
+S.]]
+
+P, vi. [p. xxii.] _Clarendon_. The people may not always be restrained
+from attempting by force to do themselves right, though they ought
+not.--_Swift_. They _ought!_
+
+BOOK I.
+
+P. 9. [par. 12.] _Clarendon_. All men being inhibited, by the
+proclamation at the dissolution of the Parliament in the fourth year, so
+much as to mention or speak as if a Parliament should be
+called.--_Swift_. Great weakness.
+
+P. 47. [par. 128.] _Clarendon_. He [the Earl of Montgomery] had not sat
+many years in that sunshine, when a new comet appeared in court, Robert
+Carr, a Scotsman, quickly after declared favourite.--_Swift_. A Scottish
+king makes a Scottish favourite.
+
+P. 48. [par. 133.] _Clarendon_. The Earl of Carlisle ... wrought himself
+into ... greater affection and esteem with the whole English nation,
+than any other of that country; by choosing their friendships, and
+conversation, and really preferring it to any of his own--_Swift_. A
+miracle in a Scot!
+
+P. 58. [par. 159.] _Clarendon_. During the whole time that these
+pressures were exercised, and those new, and extraordinary ways were
+run, that is, from the dissolution of the Parliament in the fourth year,
+to the beginning of this Parliament, which was above twelve years, this
+kingdom ... enjoyed the greatest calm, and the fullest measure of
+felicity, that any people in any age, for so long time together, have
+been blessed with.--_Swift_. Partial.
+
+P. 59. [par. 162.] _Clarendon_. The kingdoms, we now lament, were alone
+looked upon as the garden of the world; Scotland (which was but the
+wilderness of that garden), etc.--_Swift_. The _dunghill!_
+
+_Ibid_, [par. 163.] _Clarendon_. Those rough courses, which made him
+[the King] perhaps less loved at home, made him more feared abroad; by
+how much the power of kingdoms is more reverenced than their justice by
+their neighbours: and it may be this consideration might not be the
+least motive, and may not be the worst excuse for those
+counsels.--_Swift_ Too arbitrary.
+
+P. 60. [par. 163.] _Clarendon_. Nerva was deified for uniting, _Imperium
+et Libertas_.--_Swift_. "Libertas" underlined and "_nego_" written in
+the margin.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 165.] _Clarendon_. Wise men knew that that which looked
+like pride in some, would, etc. [Swift places a condemnatory pencil mark
+beneath "that."]
+
+P. 75. [par. 201.] _Clarendon_. A book so full of good learning,[3] [_i
+e.,_ Bp. John Williams (of Lincoln) against Innovations in
+Religion].--_Swift_. Is that book to be bought or borrowed?
+
+[Footnote 3: Again referred to on p. 271. _See_ Scott's note _in loco_
+(p. 297). [T.S.]]
+
+BOOK II.
+
+P. 88. [par. 18.] _Clarendon_. There was so little curiosity either in
+the court, or the country, to know anything of Scotland, or what was
+done there, that when the whole nation was solicitous to know what
+passed weekly in Germany, and Poland, and all other parts of Europe, no
+man ever enquired what was doing in Scotland, nor had that kingdom a
+place or mention in one page of any gazette.--_Swift_. Should Bridewell
+news be in any gazette?
+
+P.88. [par 18.] _Clarendon_. The people [the Scotch] after they had once
+begun, pursued the business vigorously, and with all imaginable contempt
+of the government.--_Swift_. Scottish scoundrels!
+
+P. 94. [par. 38.] _Clarendon_ in the address of the Scots to the
+King:--Lamenting "their ill fortune that their enemies had so great
+credit with the King, as to persuade him to believe that they were or
+could be disobedient to him, a thing that could never enter into their
+loyal hearts."--_Swift_. Scotch dogs!
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 39.] _Clarendon_. Into Scotland ... as far as a place
+called Dunce.--_Swift_. "Dunce" underlined.
+
+P. 95. [par. 42.] _Clarendon_. The Covenanters ... were very reasonably
+exalted with this success, [the retreat of the Earl of Holland from
+Dunse,] and scattered their letters abroad amongst the noblemen at
+court, according to the humours of the men to whom they writ.--_Swift_.
+Cursed Scots for ever!
+
+P. 96. [par. 46.] _Clarendon_, speaking of the Marquess of
+Hamilton.--_Swift_. A cursed true Scot!
+
+P. 100. [par. 55] _Clarendon_ The Scots got so much benefit and
+advantage by it [the treaty of pacification], that they brought all
+their other mischievous devices to pass, with ease.--_Swift_. Confounded
+Scots!
+
+P. 101. [par. 58.] Marginal note to Clarendon: The Earl of Argyle joins
+with the Covenanters, notwithstanding his great obligations to the
+King.--_Swift_. All Argyles, cursed Scottish hell-hounds for ever!
+
+P. 103. [par. 60.] _Clarendon_, on the letter from the Scotch nobility
+to the French King, which was intercepted, and upon Lord Lowden, in his
+examination:--refusing to give any other answer, than that it was writ
+before the agreement ... and never sent; that if he had committed any
+offence, he ought to be questioned for it in Scotland, and not in
+England.--_Swift_. Scottish traitors!
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 61.] _Clarendon_. The opinion of the prejudice and general
+aversion over the whole kingdom to the Scots, and the indignation they
+had at their presumption in their design of invading England, made it
+believed that a Parliament would express a very sharp sense of their
+insolence and carriage towards the King.--_Swift_. Cursed hellish Scots
+for ever!
+
+P. 104. [par. 62.] _Clarendon_, on the calling together of the
+Parliament in 1640:--The King ... directed the lord-keeper to issue out
+writs for the meeting of a Parliament upon the third day of April then
+next ensuing.--_Swift_. April 3d for knaves; the 1st for fools!
+
+P. 114. [par, 90.] _Clarendon_. The Scots army ... were always
+beaten.--_Swift_. "Always beaten" trebly underlined.
+
+P. 116. [par. 97.] _Clarendon_ The convocation-house (the regular and
+legal assembling of the clergy) customarily beginning and ending with
+Parliaments, was, after the determination of the last, by a new writ
+continued.--_Swift_. Convocations of the clergy are as legal and as
+necessary as those of the laity.
+
+P. 122. [par 108.] _Clarendon_, on the commissioners who met at
+Ripon:--When these commissioners from the King arrived at Ripon, there
+came others from the Scots army of a quality much inferior--_Swift_. A
+cursed committee!
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 108.] _Clarendon_. Alexander Henderson.--_Swift_. A cursed
+fanatic! (Written in pencil, and partially rubbed out.)
+
+P. 123. [par. 109.] _Clarendon_. There was not a man of all the English,
+etc.--_Swift_. Cursed hellish Scots!
+
+P. 124. [par. 111.] _Clarendon_. They brought them with them and
+presented them to the King [Swift underscores _them_.]
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 113.] _Clarendon_. Three of the commissioners, and no
+more, were of the King's council, the Earls of Pembroke, Salisbury, and
+Holland.--_Swift_. Bad counsellors.
+
+P. 125. [par. 116.] _Clarendon_ The commissioners at Ripon quickly
+agreed upon the cessation; and were not unwilling to have allowed fifty
+thousand pounds a month for the support of the Scots army, when they did
+assign but thirty thousand pounds a month for the payment of the
+King's.--_Swift_. Greedy Scotch rebellious dogs.
+
+P. 129. [par. 126.] _Clarendon_. It must not be doubted that there were
+many particular persons of honour of that nation who abhorred the
+outrages which were committed.--_Swift_. I doubt it; for they were
+Scots.
+
+P. 130. [par. 128.] _Clarendon_. It can hardly be conceived, with what
+entire confidence in each other, the numerous and _not very rich_
+nobility of Scotland ... concurred in the carrying on this
+rebellion.--_Swift_. Beggarly, beggarly!
+
+BOOK III.
+
+P. 148. [par. 32.] _Clarendon_. Mr. Saint-John ... a natural son of the
+house of Bullingbrook.--_Swift_. A bastard.
+
+P. 151. [par. 38.] _Clarendon_. The Earl of Rothes ... was a man very
+well bred, of very good parts, and great address.--_Swift_. A Scotch
+freethinker.
+
+P. 152. [par. 42.] _Clarendon_, on the order of the Houses of
+Parliament, to use the appellation of "our brethren of Scotland" towards
+the Scotch commissioners.--_Swift_ Cursed Scots, brethren in iniquity.
+
+P. 153 [par 44] _Clarendon_ The allegation was, "That the charge against
+the Earl of Stafford was of an extraordinary nature, being to make a
+treason evident out of a complication of several ill acts, That he must
+be traced through many dark paths," etc.--_Swift._ As a boy.
+
+_Ibid_ [par 45] _Clarendon_ It was alleged, "That at his coming from
+Ireland the Earl had said in council there, That if ever he returned to
+that sword again, he would not leave a Scottishman in that
+kingdom".--_Swift_ And it was a good resolution.
+
+P 153 [par 45] _Clarendon_ ---- "And at his arrival in this kingdom, the
+lord mayor and some aldermen of London attending the board about the
+loan of moneys, and not giving that satisfaction was expected, that he
+should  tell the King, That it would never be well till he hanged up a
+Lord Mayor of London in the City to terrify the rest".--_Swift_ At
+worst, only a rash expression.
+
+P 155 [par 50] _Clarendon_ Hereupon, in one day, were sworn privy
+councillors, much to the public joy, the Earl of Hertford (whom the King
+afterwards made marquess), the Earl of Bedford, the Earl of Essex, the
+Earl of Bristol, the Lord Say, the Lord Saville, and the Lord Kimbolton,
+and within two or three days after, the Earl of Warwick.--_Swift_ All
+[_rogues,_ perhaps,[4]] but the first.
+
+[Footnote: 4 P Fitzgerald says _[sworn,_ more likely] [T.S.]]
+
+P 161 [par 67] _Clarendon_, on the method of procuring signatures to one
+petition, and then cutting them off, and affixing them to a petition of
+quite a different tendency.--_Swift_ Dogs, villains, almost as bad as
+the cursed Scots.
+
+P 366 [par 85] _Clarendon_ The Earl of Bedford prevailed with the King
+... to make Oliver Saint-John ... his solicitor-general, which His
+Majesty readily consented to: ... being a gentleman of an honourable
+extraction (if he had been legitimate).--_Swift_ The bastard before
+mentioned.
+
+P 183 [par 140] _Clarendon_, trial of Strafford--Mr Solicitor Saint-John
+... argued for the space of near an hour the matter of law. Of the
+argument itself I shall say little, it being in print, and in many
+hands, I shall only remember two notable propositions, which are
+sufficient characters of the person and the time.--_Swift_ Bp.
+A[tterbury]
+
+P 187 [par 156] _Clarendon_, on the bill for extirpating bishops, deans,
+and chapters, etc.--Though the rejecting it, was earnestly urged by very
+many, ... yet, all the other people, as violently pressed the reading
+it; and none so importunately, as Saint-John.--_Swift_. The bastard!
+
+P. 195. [par. 179.] _Clarendon_. It being always their custom, when they
+found the heat and distemper of the House (which they endeavoured to
+keep up, by the sharp mention and remembrance of former grievances and
+pressures) in any degree allayed, by some gracious act, or gracious
+profession of the King's, to warm and inflame them again with a
+discovery, or promise of a discovery, of some notable plot and
+conspiracy against themselves.--_Swift._ King George I.'s reign.
+
+P. 199. [par. 189.] _Clarendon_. Whereas some doubts, etc.--_Swift_.
+True Popish evasion.
+
+_Ibid. Clarendon_, on the explanation of the Protestation for the Church
+of England:--concerning the meaning of these words  ... "_viz_ The true
+reformed Protestant religion, expressed in the doctrine of the Church of
+England, against all Popery and Popish innovations within this realm,
+contrary to the same doctrine," This House doth declare, that by those
+words, was and is meant, only the public doctrine professed in the said
+Church, so far as it is opposite to Popery, etc.--_Swift_. Fanatic dogs!
+
+P. 202. [par. 198.] _Clarendon_. The Archbishop of York.--_Swift_.
+Williams, before of Lincoln.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 200.] _Clarendon_, on the letter of Strafford to the King,
+persuading him no longer to delay the order for his execution.--_Swift_.
+Great magnanimity!
+
+P. 203. [par. 201.] _Clarendon_. The delivery of this letter being
+quickly known, new arguments were applied; "that this free consent of
+his own, clearly absolved the King from any scruple that could remain
+with him."--_Swift_. Weak, and wrong.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 202.] _Clarendon_. There was reason enough to believe,
+their impious hands would be lifted up against his own person, and
+(which he much more apprehended) against the person of his royal
+consort.--_Swift_. A most unhappy marriage.
+
+P. 204. [par. 206.] _Clarendon_. Together with that of attainder of the
+Earl of Strafford, another Bill was passed by the King, of almost as
+fatal a consequence both to the King and kingdom,  ... "the Act for the
+perpetual Parliament;" as it is since called.--_Swift_. Cursed
+stupidity! _Hinc illae lachrymae_.
+
+P. 205. [par. 207.] _Clarendon_. No way could be thought of so sure, as
+an Act of Parliament, "that this Parliament should not be adjourned,
+prorogued, or dissolved, but by Act of Parliament, which, upon this
+occasion, His Majesty would never deny to pass."--_Swift_. The fatal
+stroke.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 210.] _Clarendon_, on the King's passing this Bill.
+--_Swift_. I wish the author had enlarged here upon what motives the
+King passed that Bill.
+
+P 205 [par 210] _Clarendon_, on the same.--_Swift_ The King by this act
+utterly ruined.
+
+P 207 [par 217] _Clarendon_, on the passing of the tonnage and poundage
+bill--And so in expectation and confidence, that they would make
+glorious additions to the state and revenue of the crown, His Majesty
+suffered himself to be stripped of all that he had left.--_Swift_ Great
+weakness in the King.
+
+P 225 [par 271] _Clarendon_ These Acts of Parliament, etc will be
+acknowledged, by an uncorrupted posterity, to be everlasting monuments
+of the King's princely and fatherly affection to his people.--_Swift_
+Rather of his weakness.
+
+BOOK IV
+
+P 237 [par 24] _Clarendon_ A general insurrection of the Irish, spread
+itself over the whole country, in such an inhumane and barbarous manner,
+that there were forty or fifty thousand of the English Protestants
+murdered.--_Swift_ At least.
+
+P 243 [par 43] _Clarendon_ That which should have been an act of
+oblivion, was made a defence and justification of whatsoever they [the
+Scotch] had done.--_Swift_ Scot, Scot, Scot, for ever Scot.
+
+P 244 [par 47] _Clarendon_ His Majesty having never received any
+considerable profit from Scotland, etc.--_Swift_ How could he, from
+Scottish rebels and beggars?
+
+P 245 [par 47] _Clarendon_ Surely he had then very hard thoughts of a
+great part of the nation [the Scotch].--_Swift_ Who can doubt of it?
+
+P 257 [par 87] _Clarendon_ The propositions made from Scotland, "for the
+sending ten thousand men from thence, into Ulster, to be paid by the
+Parliament," were consented to, whereby some soldiers were dispatched
+thither, to defend their own plantation, and did in truth, at our
+charge, as much oppress the English that were there, as the rebels could
+have done.--_Swift_ Send cursed rebel Scots, who oppressed the English
+in that kingdom as the Irish rebels did, and were governors of that
+province, etc.
+
+P 271 [par 130] _Clarendon_, Doctor Williams, Archbishop of York--had
+himself published, by his own authority, a book against the using those
+ceremonies [which were countenanced by Laud], in which there was much
+good learning, and too little gravity for a bishop.--_Swift_ Where is
+that book to be had?[5]
+
+[Footnote 5: The book is extant, and was written in answer to Dr Heyhn's
+"Coal from the Altar". Even the title page contains a punning allusion
+to his adversary's work, rather too facetious for the subject of his
+own. It is entitled "The Holy Table, name and thing, more anciently,
+properly, and literally used under the New Testament, than that of
+Altar."]
+
+P. 272. [par. 130.] _Clarendon_, Archbishop Williams:--appeared to be a
+man of a very corrupt nature, whose passions could have transported him
+into the most unjustifiable actions.--_Swift._ This character I think
+too severe.
+
+P. 275. [par. 138.] _Clarendon_, the same:--The great hatred of this
+man's person and behaviour, was the greatest invitation to the House of
+Commons so irregularly to revive that Bill to remove the
+bishops.--_Swift_. How came he to be so hated by that faction he is so
+said to favour?
+
+P. 277. [par. 140.] _Clarendon_, petition and protestation of the
+bishops.--_Swift_. I see no fault in this protestation.
+
+P. 280. [par. 149.] _Clarendon_, on the articles of high treason against
+Lord Kimbolton, Pym, Hampden, Hollis, Haslerigg, and Strode.--_Swift_.
+It proved a long and vexatious affair.
+
+P. 281. [par. 152.] _Clarendon_. The next day in the afternoon, the King
+... came to the House of Commons.... Himself, with his nephew, the
+Prince Elector, went into the House, to the great amazement of
+all.--_Swift._ Too rash and indiscreet; the second great and fatal
+error.
+
+P. 282. [par. 152.] _Clarendon_. He assured them in the word of a King,
+etc.--_Swift_. Never to be relied upon.
+
+P. 284. [par. 157.] _Clarendon_. The King ... published, the next day, a
+proclamation, for the apprehension of all those, whom he had accused of
+high treason, forbidding any person to harbour them; the articles of
+their charge being likewise printed, and dispersed.--_Swift_. A very
+weak and wrong proceeding in the King, which had very bad consequences.
+
+_Ibid. Clarendon_, on the same proceeding.--_Swift_. What was their
+crime?
+
+P. 322. [par. 264.] _Clarendon_. The humble petition of many thousands
+of poor people in and about the city of London.--_Swift._ Who was the
+author?
+
+P. 334. [par. 302.] _Clarendon_, on the King's passing the bills against
+the bishops' votes, and about pressing.--_Swift_. Too great a weakness,
+and attended by a heap of gross follies.
+
+P. 336. [par. 307.] _Clarendon_, on:--An Ordinance of both Houses of
+Parliament for the ordering of the Militia of the kingdom of England,
+and dominion of Wales.--_Swift_. The most ruinous consequence of the
+King's weakness and cowardice.
+
+BOOK V.
+
+P. 364. [par. 6.] _Clarendon,_ in the King's Declaration, March 9,
+164-1/2:--For the Lord Digby, he assured them in the word of a King,
+etc.--_Swift_. I cannot endure that phrase any more.
+
+Written long ago by a minister in Lincolnshire, in answer to D. Coal, a
+judicious divine of Q. Marie's dayes. 1637. [S.]
+
+P. 365. [par. 9.] _Clarendon_, in the same:--What greater earnest of his
+trust, and reliance on his Parliament could he give, than the passing
+the Bill for the continuance of this present Parliament?--_Swift_. Like
+a very weak prince.
+
+_Ibid. Clarendon_, in the same:--The length of which [Parliament] he
+said, he hoped, would never alter the nature of Parliaments, and the
+constitution of this kingdom; or invite his subjects so much to abuse
+his confidence, as to esteem anything fit for this Parliament to do,
+which were not fit, if it were in his power to dissolve it
+to-morrow.--_Swift_. Yet, that was his ruin.
+
+P. 366. [par. 11.] _Clarendon_. The factious party [persuaded the
+people] ... that there was a design to send the prince beyond the seas,
+and to marry him to some Papist.--_Swift_. As it fell out.
+
+P. 384. [par. 56.] _Clarendon_, in the King's answer to the petition to
+remove the magazine from Hull:--We have ... most solemnly promised, in
+the word of a king, etc.--_Swift_. How long is that phrase to last?
+
+P. 415. [par. 136] _Clarendon_. Whoever concurred, voted, and sided with
+them, in their extravagant conclusions, let the infamy of his former
+life, or present practice be what it would; his injustice and oppression
+never so scandalous, and notorious; he was received, countenanced, and
+protected with marvellous demonstrations of affection.--_Swift_. King
+George's reign.
+
+P. 419. [par. 148.] _Clarendon_, in the King's answer to the petition to
+dissolve his Guards:--He asked them, "when they had so many months
+together not contented themselves to rely for security, as their
+predecessors had done, upon the affection of the people, but by their
+own single authority had raised to themselves a guard ... and yet all
+those pikes and protestations, that army, on one side, and that navy, on
+the other, had not persuaded His Majesty to command them to disband
+their forces," etc.--_Swift_. What are those pikes?
+
+P. 427. [par. 162.] _Clarendon_, in the Declaration of the Lords and
+Commons, May 19, 1642--That, in the word of a King, _etc.--Swift._ A
+frequent foolish word, battered as a phrase.
+
+P. 472. [par. 269.] _Clarendon_. He divested himself of the power of
+dissolving this Parliament.--_Swift_. Proved his ruin.
+
+P. 543. [par. 425.] _Clarendon_, on the deposition of Sir Richard
+Gurney, lord mayor.--_Swift_ Dogs!
+
+VOL. II.--BOOK VI.
+
+P. 7. [par. 11.] _Clarendon_, Message of the King, Aug. 25th,
+1642:--"Wherein, as we promise, in the word of a King, all safety and
+encouragement to such as shall be sent unto us ... for the
+treaty."--_Swift_. Very weak.
+
+P. 10. [par. 18.] _Clarendon_, answer of the Parliament to the King's
+message received the 5th of September, 1642.--_Swift._ I do not much
+dislike this answer.
+
+P. 17. [par. 38.] _Clarendon._ The same rabble entered the house of the
+Countess of Rivers near Colchester; for no other ground, than that she
+was a Papist; and in few hours disfurnished it of all the
+goods.--_Swift._ As bad as Scots.
+
+P. 18. [par. 40.] _Clarendon._ There are monuments enough in the
+seditious sermons at that time printed ... of such wresting,
+and perverting of Scripture to the odious purposes of the
+preacher.--_Swift._ I wish I could find them.
+
+P. 20. [par. 43.] _Clarendon._ Scottish officers.--_Swift._ Dogs.
+
+P. 31 [par. 74.] _Clarendon._. A thousand at the most. Most of the
+persons of quality, etc. [Swift underscores _most._]
+
+P. 33. [par. 78.] _Clarendon,_ on the exemption of Prince Rupert from
+being under the command of the general, Lord Lindsey:--When the King at
+midnight, being in his bed, and receiving intelligence of the enemy's
+motion, commanded the Lord Falkland, his principal secretary of state,
+to direct Prince Rupert, what he should do, his Highness took it very
+ill, and expostulated with the Lord Falkland, for giving him
+orders.--_Swift._ A great mistake in the King, by too much indulgence to
+Prince Rupert.
+
+P. 40. [par. 90.] _Clarendon._ The King's preferring the Prince's
+[Rupert's] opinion in all matters relating to the war before his [Lord
+Lindsey's].--_Swift._ I blame the King's Partiality.
+
+P. 48, line 28.--_Swift._ Cursed Scots.
+
+P. 50. [par. 109.] _Clarendon._ His Majesty had, from time to time,
+given his council of that kingdom [Scotland] full relations of all his
+differences with his Parliament.--_Swift._ Cursed Scots for ever.
+
+P. 51. [par. 112.] _Clarendon._ The chief managers and governors in the
+first war, by their late intercourse, and communication of guilt, having
+a firm correspondence with the Marquess of Argyle, the Earl of Lowden,
+and that party.--_Swift._ Always a cursed family of Scots.
+
+P. 59. [par. 142.] _Clarendon._ As the inviting the Scots,
+etc.--_Swift._ Too long a parenthesis.
+
+P. 62. [par. 154.] _Clarendon._ For the better recruiting whereof [the
+Parliament's army], two of their most eminent chaplains, Dr. Downing and
+Mr. Marshal, publicly avowed, "that the soldiers lately taken prisoners
+at Brentford, and discharged, and released by the King upon their oaths
+that they would never again bear arms against him, were not obliged by
+that oath;" but, by their power, absolved them thereof.--_Swift._
+Perfect Popery.
+
+P. 65. [par. 161.] _Clarendon,_ the King's message to the privy council
+of Scotland:--"Of all ... the ... indignities, which had been offered to
+him, he doubted not the duty and affection of his Scottish subjects
+would have so just a resentment, that they would express to the world
+the sense they had of his sufferings."--_Swift_. Cursed Scots; to trust
+them.
+
+P. 66. [par. 163.] _Clarendon_, the same;--"There could not be a clearer
+argument to his subjects of Scotland that he had no such thought, [of
+bringing in foreign forces,] than that he had hitherto forborne to
+require the assistance of that his native kingdom; from whose obedience,
+duty, and affection, he should confidently expect it, if he thought his
+own strength here too weak to preserve him."--_Swift_. In vain.
+_Clarendon_. "And of whose courage, and loyalty, he should look to make
+use."--_Swift_. And never find.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 164.] _Clarendon_, the same:--"He could not doubt, a
+dutiful concurrence in his subjects of Scotland, in the care of his
+honour, and just rights, would draw down a blessing upon that nation
+too."--_Swift_. A Scot's blessing.
+
+P. 67. [par. 165.] _Clarendon_. Other fruit of their [the Scots']
+allegiance he [the King] expected not, than that they should not
+rebel.--_Swift_. But they did.
+
+P. 81. [par. 204,] _Clarendon_, the King's declaration:--"These are the
+men who ... at this time invite, and solicit our subjects of Scotland,
+to enter this land with an army against us."--_Swift_. Damnable Scots.
+
+P. 91. [par. 231, sec. 4.] _Clarendon_, humble desires and propositions
+of the Lords and Commons:--"That your Majesty will be pleased to give
+your royal assent unto the Bill ... for the utter abolishing, and taking
+away of all archbishops, bishops, their chancellors, and commissaries,
+deans, sub-deans, deans and chapters, archdeacons, canons, and
+prebendaries, and all chanters, chancellors, treasurers, sub-treasurers,
+succentors, and sacrists, and all vicars choral, choristers, old vicars,
+and new vicars of any cathedral, or collegiate church, and all other
+their under officers, out of the Church of England."--_Swift_. A
+thorough sweep. _Clarendon_. "To the Bill against scandalous ministers;
+to the Bill against pluralities; and to the Bill for consultation to be
+had with godly, religious, and learned divines."--_Swift. i.e._ cursed
+fanatics.
+
+P. 99. [par. 243.] _Clarendon_. Sir Ralph Hopton ... marched to Saltash,
+a town in Cornwall ... where was a garrison of two hundred Scots; who,
+[upon his approach,] as kindly quit Saltash, as the others had
+Launceston before.--_Swift_. Loyal Scots--ever cursed.
+
+P. 101. [par 247.] _Clarendon_. Ruthen, a Scotchman, the governor of
+Plymouth.--_Swift_. A cursed Scottish dog.
+
+P. 103. [par. 250.] _Clarendon_. The Earl of Stamford.--_Swift_. A
+rogue, half as bad as a Scot.
+
+P. 134. [par. 338.] _Clarendon_, Petition of the Kirk of Scotland:--"A
+chief praise of the Protestant religion (and thereby our not vain, but
+just gloriation)."--_Swift_. Scotch phrase.
+
+_Ibid. Clarendon_, the same:--"[The Papists] are openly declared to be
+not only good subjects,... but far better subjects than
+Protestants."--_Swift_. Scotch (Protestants).
+
+P. 135. [par. 339.] _Clarendon_, the same:--"That your Majesty ... may
+timeously and speedily," etc.--_Swift_. Scotch.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 340.] _Clarendon_, the same:--"We are, with greater
+earnestness than before, constrained _to fall down again_ before your
+Majesty."--_Swift_. Rise against.
+
+_Ibid. Clarendon_, the same. They petition:--"for a meeting of some
+divines to be holden in England, unto which ... some commissioners may
+be sent from this _kirk_."--_Swift_. Hell!
+
+P. 136. [par. 342.] _Clarendon_, the same:--"The strongest let, till it
+be taken out of the way, is the mountain of prelacy."--_Swift_. Scottish
+dogs.
+
+_Ibid. Clarendon_, the same:--"How many, from the experience of the
+tyranny of the prelates, are afraid to discover themselves ... whereas
+prelacy being removed, they would openly profess what they are, and join
+with _others_ in the way of reformation."--_Swift. i.e._ Scots.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 344.] _Clarendon_, the same:--"The national assembly of
+this kirk, from which we have our commission."--_Swift_. From Satan.
+
+P. 138. [par. 347.] _Clarendon_, the King's answer:--"Our Church of
+Scotland."--_Swift_. Kirk.
+
+P. 139. [par. 348.] _Clarendon_, the same:--"We do believe that the
+petitioners, when they shall consider how ... unbecoming [it is] in
+itself, for them to require, the ancient, happy, and established
+government of the Church of England to be altered, and conformed to the
+laws, and constitutions of _another church,_ will find themselves
+misled," etc.--_Swift_. A Scotch kirk.
+
+P. 140. [par. 351.] _Clarendon_, the same:--"To which [synod] we shall
+be willing that some learned divines of our Church of Scotland may be
+likewise sent."--_Swift_. To confound all.
+
+P. 142. [par. 356.] _Clarendon_, the same:--"We conceived, we had not
+left it possible, for any man to ... suspect, that the conversion of
+_our dearest consort_ was not so much our desire, that the accession of
+as many crowns as God hath already bestowed on us, would not be more
+welcome to us than that day."--_Swift_. A thorough Papist.
+
+BOOK VII.
+
+P. 199. [par. 71.] _Clarendon_. Being this way secure from any future
+clamours for peace, they proceeded to try Mr. Tomkins, Mr. Chaloner, ...
+Mr. Hambden, who brought the last message from the King, etc.--_Swift._
+Which Hambden? Not the rebel Hambden? No, it was one Alexander Hambden.
+
+P. 201. [par. 75.] _Clarendon_. In the beginning of the war, the army in
+Scotland having been lately disbanded, many officers of that nation, who
+had served in Germany and in France, betook themselves to the service of
+the Parliament.--_Swift_ Cursed Scots for ever. _Clarendon_. Whereof
+divers were men of good conduct, and courage; though there were more as
+bad as the cause, in which they engaged. Of the former sort Colonel
+Hurry was a man of name, and reputation.--_Swift._ A miracle! Colonel
+Urrie was an honest, valiant, loyal Scot, repenting his mistakes.
+
+P. 203. [par. 78.] _Clarendon_. The man [Hurry] was in his nature proud,
+and imperious.--_Swift_. A mixture of the Scot.
+
+P. 219. [par. 106.] _Clarendon_. On the brow of the hill there were
+breast-works, on which were pretty bodies of small shot, and some
+cannon; on either flank grew a pretty thick wood.--_Swift_. Silly style.
+
+P. 244. [par. 162.] _Clarendon_. "We, the Inhabitants, Magistrates,"
+etc.--_Swift_. Cursed rogues.
+
+P. 261. [par. 199.] _Clarendon_. Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, a young
+gentleman ... of a fair and plentiful fortune.--_Swift._ Earl of
+Shaftesbury by Charles II. A great villain.
+
+P. 262. [par. 199.] _Clarendon_. The flexibility and instability of that
+gentleman's nature, not being then understood, or suspected.--_Swift_.
+Shaftesbury, an early rogue.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 200.] _Clarendon_. The express returned without effect
+[from the King], and the Marquess [of Hertford] was as sensibly touched
+as could be imagined; and said, "that he was fallen from all credit with
+the King," etc.--_Swift_. Too fond of those nephews.
+
+P. 271. [par. 221.] _Clarendon_. [Lord Falkland] writ two large
+discourses against the principal positions of that [the Roman Catholic]
+religion, with that sharpness of style, and full weight of reason, that
+the Church is deprived of great jewels in the concealment of them, and
+that they are not published to the world.--_Swift_. Ten thousand pities
+that they are not to be recovered!
+
+P. 277. [par. 234.] _Clarendon_. Thus fell that incomparable young man,
+[Lord Falkland,] in the four-and-thirtieth year of his age, having so
+much dispatched the true business of life, that the eldest rarely attain
+to that immense knowledge, and the youngest enter not into the world
+with more innocency: Whosoever leads such a life needs be the less
+anxious upon how short warning it is taken from him.--_Swift_. It moves
+grief to the highest excess.
+
+P. 277. [par. 236.] _Clarendon_, on the jealousy between Essex and
+Waller:--The passion and animosity which difference of opinion had
+produced between any members, was totally laid aside and forgotten, and
+no artifice omitted to make the world believe, that they were a people
+newly incorporated, and as firmly united to one and the same end, as
+their brethren the Scots.--_Swift_. Deceitful Scots.
+
+P. 282. [par. 246.] _Clarendon_. Earl of Holland.--_Swift._ Treacherous.
+
+P. 283 [par. 247.] _Clarendon_, the Earl of Holland, on his return from
+Oxford, published a Declaration, in which he announced:--that he found
+the court so indisposed to peace ... that he resolved to make what haste
+he could back to the Parliament, and to spend the remainder of his life
+in their service: which action, so contrary to his own natural
+discretion and generosity, etc.--_Swift_. Treachery.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 249.] _Clarendon_. The committee from the two Houses of
+Parliament, which was sent into Scotland in July before ... found that
+kingdom in so good and ready a posture for their reception, that they
+had called an assembly of their kirk; and a convention of their estates,
+without, and expressly against, the King's consent.--_Swift_. Diabolical
+Scots for ever.
+
+P. 284. [par. 250.] _Clarendon_, the Scotch said to the English
+commissioners.--that there were many well-wishers to him [the King], and
+maligners, in their hearts, of the present reformation.--_Swift_. Cursed
+Scots.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 252.] _Clarendon_. A form of words was quickly agreed on
+between them, for a perfect combination and _marriage_ between the
+Parliament and the Scots.--_Swift_. Satan was parson.
+
+P. 285. [par. 254.] _Clarendon_. The Assembly, besides ... execute
+execute his commands. [19 lines in one sentence.]--_Swift_. A long
+confounding period.
+
+P. 288. [par. 259, sec. 3.] _Clarendon_. A Solemn League and Covenant.
+"To preserve ... liberties of the Kingdoms."--_Swift_. Damnable rebel
+Scots.
+
+_Ibid_. [sec. 6.] _Clarendon_, the same:--"And the honour of the
+King."--_Swift_. By martyrdom.
+
+P. 289. [par. 259, conclusion.] _Clarendon_, the same:--"We have not as
+we ought valued the inestimable benefit of the Gospel."--_Swift_. All
+very true.
+
+P. 291. [par. 264.] _Clarendon_. They very devoutly extolled the
+Covenant, magnified the Scottish nation, with all imaginable attributes
+of esteem and reverence,... a nation that had reformed their lives for
+so small a time, more than ever any people, that they knew of, in the
+world had done.--_Swift._ Most diabolical Scots.
+
+P. 292. [par. 267.] _Clarendon_. [Sir Harry Vane the younger.] There
+need no more be said of his ability, than that he was chosen to cozen,
+and deceive a whole nation which was thought to excel in craft and
+cunning.--_Swift_. Could out-cheat a Scot.
+
+P. 293. [par. 269.] _Clarendon_. Those of the nobility and gentry, who
+did really desire to serve the King, applied themselves to Duke
+Hamilton.--_Swift_. That duke was a hellish, treacherous villain of a
+Scot.
+
+P. 316. [par. 322.] _Clarendon_. At this time, nothing troubled the King
+so much, as the intelligence he received from Scotland, that they had
+already formed their army, and resolved to enter England in the winter
+season.--_Swift_. Cursed Scots.
+
+_Ibid_., line 37.--_Swift_. Scottish Dogs.
+
+P. 318. [par. 328.] _Clarendon_, on the proclamation for a Parliament at
+Oxford.--A proclamation was issued out, containing the true grounds and
+motives, and mentioning the league of Scotland to invade the kingdom;
+which was the most universally odious, and detestable.--_Swift_. Hellish
+Scots.
+
+P. 339 [Par. 373.] _Clarendon_, Letter from the Parliament of Oxford to
+the Earl of Essex. They conjure him to lay to heart:--"the inward
+bleeding condition of your country, and the outward more menacing
+destruction by a foreign nation."--_Swift_. Cursed Scotland.
+
+P. 340. [par. 377.] _Clarendon_, Essex's answer to the Earl of
+Forth.--_Swift_. Essex was a cursed rebel.
+
+P. 341. [par. 379.] _Clarendon_, on the Declaration of the Scots on
+entering England.--_Swift_. Abominable, damnable, Scotch hellish dogs
+for ever. Let them wait for Cromwell to plague them, and enslave their
+scabby nation.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 380.] _Clarendon_, the same.--They said, "the question was
+not,... whether they might propagate their religion by arms?"
+etc.--_Swift_. Diabolical Scots for ever.
+
+P. 342. [par. 383.] _Clarendon_. This war was of God.--_Swift_. An error
+mistaking the Devil for God.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 384.] _Clarendon_, Declaration of England and
+Scotland:--They gave now "public warning to all men to rest no longer
+upon their neutrality,... but that they address themselves speedily to
+take the Covenant."--_Swift_. The Devil made that damnable Scots
+Covenant.
+
+P. 343. [par. 385] _Clarendon_. Then they proclaimed a pardon to all
+those who would before such a day desert the King, and adhere to them,
+and take the Covenant.--_Swift_. The Devil to take the Covenant.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 386.] _Clarendon_. I cannot but observe, that after this
+time that the Earl [of Essex] declined this opportunity of declaring
+himself, he never did prosperous act in the remainder of his
+life.--_Swift_. I am heartily glad of that.
+
+P. 343. [par. 388.] _Clarendon_. There wanted not a just indignation at
+the return of this trumpet; and yet the answer being so much in that
+popular road, of saying something plausibly to the people, it was
+thought fit again to make an attempt, that at least the world might see,
+that they did, in plain _English_ refuse to admit of any
+peace.--_Swift_. Scotch.
+
+P. 347. [par. 398, sec. 2.] _Clarendon_, Declaration of the Parliament
+at Oxford:--"All his Majesty's subjects of the kingdom of England and
+dominion of Wales, are both by their allegiance, and the Act of
+Pacification, bound to resist and repress all those of Scotland as had,
+or should enter upon any part of his Majesty's realm."--_Swift_.
+Execrable Scots.
+
+P. 348. [_ibid,_ sec. 5.] _Clarendon_ the same:--"That the Lords and
+Commons remaining at Westminster, who had given their consents to the
+present coming in of the Scots in a warlike manner, had therein
+committed high treason."--_Swift_. Rebel Scots.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 400.] _Clarendon_. The invasion, which the Scots made in
+the depth of winter, and the courage the enemy took from thence,
+deprived his Majesty even of any rest in that season.--_Swift_. Cursed
+Scots, ever inflaming.
+
+P. 351. [par. 404.] _Clarendon_. The Earl of Montrose ... was so much in
+the jealousy, and detestation of the violent party, whereof the _Earl of
+Argyle_ was the head, that there was no cause or room left to doubt his
+sincerity to the King.--_Swift_. Odious dog; and so are all his
+descendants.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 405.] _Clarendon_. Duke Hamilton.--_Swift_. An arrant
+Scot.
+
+_Ibid. Clarendon_. As soon as the King had had fuller intelligence.
+[Swift alters the second _had to received_.]
+
+P. 352. [par. 407.] _Clarendon_. The Duke [Hamilton] had given the King
+an account,... that though some few hot, and passionate men, desired to
+put themselves in arms, to stop both elections of the Members, and any
+meeting together in Parliament; yet, that all sober men ... were clearly
+of the opinion, to take as much pains as they could to cause good
+elections to be made.--_Swift._ What! in Scotland?
+
+P. 353. [par. 409.] _Clarendon_. About this time the councils at
+Westminster lost a principal supporter, by the death of John Pym; who
+died with great torment and agony of a disease unusual, and therefore
+the more spoken of, _morbus pediculosus,_ as was reported.--_Swift_. I
+wish all his clan had died of the same disease.
+
+BOOK VIII.
+
+P. 382. [par. 60.] _Clarendon_. Colonel Ashburnham, then governor of
+Weymouth, was made choice of for that command; ...and, to make way for
+him, Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper had been, the year before, removed from
+that charge; and was thereby so much disobliged, that he quitted the
+King's party, and gave himself up, body and soul, to the service of the
+Parliament, with an implacable animosity against the royal
+interest.--_Swift_. A rogue all his life.
+
+P. 385. [par. 66.] _Clarendon_, at Cropredy-bridge:--the [parliamentary]
+general of their ordnance [was] taken prisoner. This man, one Weemes, a
+Scotchman, had been as much obliged by the King, as a man of his
+condition could be, and in a manner very unpopular: for he was made
+master-gunner of England,... and having never done the King the least
+service, he took the first opportunity to disserve him.--_Swift_. A
+cursed, hellish Scot! Why was not the rogue hanged?
+
+P-387. [par. 69.] _Clarendon_, Message from the King to the
+parliamentary army:--It was agreed, that Sir Edward Walker (who was both
+Garter king at arms, and secretary to the council of war) should be sent
+to publish that, his Majesty's grace.--_Swift_. A very mean author.
+
+P. 388. [par. 74.] _Clarendon_, Battle of Marston-moor:--That party of
+the King's horse which charged the Scots, so totally routed and defeated
+their whole army, that they fled all ways for many miles
+together.--_Swift_. I am glad of that.
+
+P. 420. [par. 153.] _Clarendon_. Colonel Hurry, a Scotchman, who had
+formerly served the Parliament, and is well mentioned, in the
+transactions of the last year, for having quitted them, and performed
+some signal service to the King,... desired a pass to go beyond the
+seas, and so quitted the service: but instead of embarking himself, made
+haste to London; and put himself now into the Earl of Manchester's army,
+and made a discovery of all he knew of the King's army.--_Swift_.
+Mentioned before, and then I was deceived by him; but now I find him a
+cursed true Scot.
+
+P. 427. [par. 167.] _Clarendon_. After the battle of York, the Scots
+returned to reduce Newcastle; which they had already done; and all other
+garrisons which had held out for the King.--_Swift_. Most damnable
+Scots.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 168.] _Clarendon_. The King's army was less united than
+ever; the old general was set aside, and Prince Rupert put into the
+command, which was no popular change.--_Swift_. Too fond of his nephews.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 169.] _Clarendon_. Wilmot loved debauchery.--_Swift_.
+Character of Wilmot and Goring.
+
+P. 453. [par. 233.] _Clarendon_, Treaty at Uxbridge: Debates about the
+militia. They insisted:--upon having the whole command of the militia by
+sea, and land, and all the forts, and ships of the kingdom at their
+disposal; without which they looked upon themselves as lost, and at the
+King's mercy; not considering that he must be at theirs, if such a power
+was committed to them.--_Swift_. The case seems doubtful. The point
+should be undecided.
+
+P. 454. [par. 235.] _Clarendon_, the same: Ireland. The Chancellor of
+the Exchequer:--put them in mind, ... [that] one hundred thousand
+pounds, brought in by the adventurers for Ireland, had been sent in one
+entire sum into _Scotland_, to prepare and dispose that kingdom to send
+an army to invade this.--_Swift_ Cursed.
+
+P. 456. [On this page two _ands_ are erased.]
+
+P. 457. [par. 241.] _Clarendon_. The conversation ... made a great
+discovery of the faction that was in the Parliament ... that the Scots
+would insist _upon_ the whole government of the Church, and in all other
+matters would _defer_ to the King.--_Swift_. [Instead of _upon,_] to
+destroy; [and instead of _defer,_] to betray.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 242.] _Clarendon_. Satisfied, that in the particular which
+concerned the Church, the Scots would never depart from a
+tittle.--_Swift_. Scots hell-hounds.
+
+P. 466. [par. 262.] _Clarendon_. After the battle at York, ... the
+Scotch army marched northwards, to reduce the little garrisons remaining
+in those parts; which was easily done.--_Swift_. Scottish dogs.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 263.] _Clarendon_. The person whom that earl [of Montrose]
+most hated, and contemned, was the Marquess of Argyle.--_Swift_. A most
+damnable false dog, and so are still their family.
+
+P. 478. [par. 284.] _Clarendon_. The Parliament had, some months before,
+made an ordinance against giving quarter to any of the Irish nation
+which should be taken prisoners. ... The Earl of Warwick, and the
+officers under him at sea, had as often as he met with any Irish
+frigates, ... taken all the seamen who became prisoners to them of that
+nation, and bound them back to back, and thrown them overboard into the
+sea.--_Swift_. Barbarous villains, and rebels.
+
+BOOK IX.
+
+P. 484. [par. 2.] _Clarendon_. Persons, whose memories ought to be
+charged with their own evil actions, rather than that the infamy of them
+should be laid on the age wherein they lived; which did produce as many
+men, eminent for their loyalty and incorrupted fidelity to the crown, as
+any that had preceded it.--_Swift_. Not quite.
+
+P. 485. [par. 4.] _Clarendon_. The Marquess of Argyle was now come from
+Scotland.--_Swift_. A cursed Scotch hell-hound.
+
+P. 501. [par. 29.] _Clarendon_. Prince Rupert ... disposed the King to
+resolve to march northwards, and to fall upon the Scotch army in
+Yorkshire, before Fairfax should be able to perfect his new model to
+that degree, as to take the field.--_Swift._ Cursed Scots still.
+
+P. 516. [par. 55.] _Clarendon,_ on Sir Richard Greenvil hanging an
+attorney named Brabant, as a spy, out of private revenge.--_Swift._
+This rogue would almost be a perfect Scot.
+
+P. 521. [par. 63.] _Clarendon_. (The which had been already so
+scandalous, ... contribution.) [61/2 lines between parentheses.]
+--_Swift._ Long parenthesis.
+
+P. 574. [par. 164] _Clarendon_. The King ... resolved once more to try
+another way, ... [whereby] he should discover, whether he had so many
+friends in the Parliament, and the city, as many men would persuade him
+to conclude; and whether the Scots had ever a thought of doing him
+service.--_Swift._ No more than Beelzebub.
+
+P. 579. [par. 175.] _Clarendon_. Monsieur Montrevil [was sent] into
+England: ... who likewise persuaded his Majesty, to believe  ... that
+the cardinal was well assured, that the Scots would behave themselves
+henceforwards very honestly.--_Swift._ Damnable Scots.
+
+P. 580. [par. 176.] _Clarendon_. The Scots were resolved to have _no
+more_ to do with his Majesty.--_Swift_. Gave up the King.
+
+VOLUME III.
+
+On the bastard title: That frequent expression,--_upon the word of a
+king_, I have always despised and detested, for a thousand reasons.
+
+Dedication, 21st par. [vol. I., p. li., edit of 1888.] _Clarendon._ Some
+very near that King ... putting him on the thoughts of marrying some
+Roman Catholic lady.--_Swift_. As he did.
+
+BOOK X.
+
+P. 2. [par. 2.] _Clarendon_. Sir Dudley Wyat had been sent expressly from
+the Lord Jermin, to assure the prince, that such a body of five thousand
+foot were actually raised under the command of _Ruvignie_, and should be
+embarked for Pendennis within less than a month.--_Swift_. Father to
+Lord Galloway; a Huguenot.
+
+P. 6. [par. 11.] _Clarendon_, Upon the Queen's hearing that the King had
+gone to the Scots army, she:--renewed her command for the prince's
+immediate repair into France; whereas the chief reason before was, that
+he would put himself into the Scots' hands.--_ Swift_. He could not do
+worse.
+
+P. 7 [par. 12] _Clarendon_ The King ... was by this time known to be in
+the Scots army--_Swift_. And these hell hounds sold him to the rebels.
+
+P. 11 [par. 21] _Clarendon_ [The Scots] had pressed the King to do many
+things, which he had absolutely refused to do, and that thereupon they
+had put very strict guards upon his Majesty, ... so that his Majesty
+looked upon himself as a prisoner--_Swift_. The cursed Scots begin their
+new treachery.
+
+P. 14 [par. 27] _Clarendon_, on "the paper Montrevil sent to the King,
+being a promise for the Scots receiving the King, Apr 1"--_Swift_.
+Montrevil might as safely promise for Satan as for the Scots.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 28] _Clarendon_ on Montrevil's advertising the King of the
+change in the Scotch--_Swift_. Will Montrevil trust them again?
+
+P. 15 [ditto] _Clarendon_ [The Sots] with much ado agreed, that the two
+princes [Rupert and Maurice] ... might follow the King, with such other
+of his servants as were not excepted from pardon--_Swift_. And why
+those? Because the Scots were part of the rebels.
+
+P. 16 [par. 30] _Clarendon_, in a letter from Montrevil--"They tell me
+that they will do more than can be expressed"--_Swift_. So the Scots
+did, and with a vengeance.
+
+_Ibid_. [ditto] _Clarendon_, in the same--"The hindering his Majesty
+from falling into the hands of the English is of so great importance to
+them, that it cannot be believed but that they will do all that lies in
+their power to hinder it"--_Swift_. By delivering him up for money.
+Hellish Scottish dogs!
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 31] _Clarendon_. If he [Montrevil] were too sanguine ...
+when he signed that engagement upon the first of April, etc.--_Swift_.
+April fool.[6]
+
+[Footnote 6: The words quoted are the side note, which is not printed in
+the edition of 1888 [T.S.]]
+
+P. 17 [par. 33] _Clarendon_. In this perplexity, he [the King] chose
+rather to commit himself to the Scots army--_Swift_. To be delivered up
+for money.
+
+_Ibid_. [ditto] _Clarendon_. He left Oxford, ... leaving those of his
+council in Oxford who were privy to his going out, not informed whether
+he would go to the Scots army, etc.--_Swift_. Which would betray him,
+though his countrymen.
+
+_Ibid_. [ditto] _Clarendon_ [The King,] in the end, went into the Scots
+army before Newark--_Swift_. Prodigious weakness, to trust the
+malicious Scotch hell-hounds.
+
+P. 17. [par. 34.] _Clarendon_. The Scottish commissioners at London
+[assured the Parliament] ... that all their orders would meet with an
+absolute obedience in their army.--_Swift_. No doubt of it.
+
+P. 18. [par. 35.] _Clarendon_, in the text of the sermon preached at
+Newark before the King:--"And all _the men of Judah_ answered the men of
+Israel, Because the King is near of kin to us: wherefore then be ye
+angry for this matter?"--_Swift._ Scotch, (opposite to Judah).
+
+P. 21. [par. 41.] _Clarendon_, Lord Digby and Lord Jermin said:--that
+there should be an army of thirty thousand men immediately transported
+into England, with the Prince of Wales in the head of them.--_Swift_.
+Gasconade.
+
+P. 23. [par. 50.] _Clarendon_. The Parliament made many sharp instances
+that the King might be delivered into their hands; and that the Scots
+army would return into their own country, having done what they were
+sent for, and the war being at an end.--_Swift_. By the event they
+proved true Scots.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 51.] _Clarendon_. [The Scots] made as great profession to
+him [the King,] of their duty and good purposes, which they said they
+would manifest as soon as it should be _seasonable_.--_Swift_. See the
+event;--still Scots.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 52.] _Clarendon_, the Marquess of Montrose.--_Swift_ The
+only honest Scot.
+
+P. 24. [par. 53.] _Clarendon_. [It] is still believed, that if his
+Majesty would have been induced to have satisfied them in that
+particular [the extirpation of Episcopacy in England,] they would ...
+thereupon have declared for the King.--_Swift_. Rather declare for the
+Devil.
+
+P. 26. [par. 60.] _Clarendon_. When the Scots, etc.--_Swift_. Cursed
+Scots.
+
+P. 27. [par. 62.] _Clarendon_. That all Governors of any Garrisons, etc.
+--_Swift_. Cursed, abominable, hellish, Scottish villains, everlasting
+traitors, etc., etc., etc.
+
+P. 28. [par. 64.] _Clarendon_. The Scots, who were enough convinced that
+his Majesty could never be wrought upon to sacrifice the Church ... used
+all the rude importunity and threats to his Majesty, to persuade him
+freely to consent to all.--__Swift _. Most damnable Scots.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 65.] _Clarendon_. The Chancellor of Scotland told him,
+etc.--_Swift_. Cursed Scots Chancellor [this remark obliterated].
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 66.] _Clarendon_. The General Assembly ... had petitioned
+the conservators of the peace of the kingdom, that if the King should
+refuse to give satisfaction to his Parliament, he might not be permitted
+to come into Scotland.--_Swift_. Scots inspired by Beelzebub.
+
+P. 29. [par. 68.] _Clarendon_. They agreed; and, upon the payment of two
+hundred thousand pounds in hand, and security for as much more upon days
+agreed upon, the Scots delivered the King up.--_Swift_. Cursed Scot!
+sold his King for a groat. Hellish Scots.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 69.] _Clarendon_. In this infamous manner that excellent
+prince was ... given up, by his Scots subjects, to those of his English
+who were intrusted by the Parliament to receive him.--_Swift_. From this
+period the English Parliament were turned into Scotch devils.
+
+P. 31. [par. 76.] _Clarendon_, Sir Harry Killigrew:--When the Earl of
+Essex was chosen general, and the several members of the House stood up,
+and declared, what horse they would raise,  ... one saying he would
+raise ten horses, and another twenty, he stood up and said, "he would
+provide a good horse, and a good buff coat, and a good pair of pistols,
+and then he doubted not but he should find a good cause;" and so went
+out of the House, and rode post into Cornwall.--_Swift_. Another loyall
+man used the like saying.
+
+P. 53. [par. 118.] _Clarendon_. Many years after, when he [the Duke of
+York] ... made the full relation of all the particulars to me, with that
+commotion of spirit, that it appeared to be deeply rooted in him;
+[speaking of the King's injunctions to the duke].--_Swift_. Yet he lived
+and died a rank Papist, and lost his kingdom.
+
+P. 55. [par. 121.] _Clarendon_. No men were fuller of professions of
+duty [to the King], ... than the Scottish commissioners.--_Swift_ The
+Scots dogs delivered up their King. False-hearted Scots. [This addition
+obliterated.]
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 122.] _Clarendon_. The agitators, and council of officers,
+sent some propositions to the King.--_Swift_. Detestable villains,
+almost as bad as Scots.
+
+P. 64 [par. 136] _Clarendon_. Mr. Ashburnham had so great a detestation
+of the Scots.--_Swift_. So have I.
+
+P. 68. [par. 144.] _Clarendon_. Hammond,--_Swift_. A detes Villain,
+almost as wicked as a Scot.
+
+P. 76. [par. 159.] _Clarendon_, Marquess of Argyle.--_Swift_. Always a
+cursed family.
+
+P. 77 [par. 159.] _Clarendon_. The commissioners ... were confident that
+all Scotland would rise as one man for his Majesty's defence and
+vindication.--_Swift_. A strange stupidity, to trust Scots at any time.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 160.] _Clarendon_. They required ... "that the Prince of
+Wales should be present with them, and march in the head of their army."
+... The King would by no means consent that the prince should go into
+Scotland.--_Swift_. The King acted wisely not to trust the Scots.
+
+P. 79. [par. 162.] _Clarendon_, Treaty signed, Dec. 26, 1647. They (the
+Scotch) required:--that an effectual course should be taken ... for the
+suppressing the opinions and practices of anti-trinitarians, arians,
+socinians, anti-scripturists, anabaptists, antinomians, arminians,
+familists, brownists, separatists, independents, libertines, and
+seekers.--_Swift_. What a medley of religions! in all thirteen.
+
+P. 80. [par. 163.] _Clarendon_, the same:--They would assert the right
+that belonged to the crown, in the power of the militia, the great seal,
+bestowing of honours and offices of trust, choice of the
+privy-councillors, and the right of the King's negative voice in
+Parliament.--_Swift_. They would rather be hanged than agree.
+
+_Ibid_, [ditto.] _Clarendon_, the same:--An army should be sent out of
+Scotland ... for making a firm union between the kingdoms under his
+Majesty, and his posterity.--_Swift_. Scotch impudence.
+
+P. 81. [par. 165.] _Clarendon_, the same:--The King engaged himself to
+employ those of the Scots nation equally with the English in all foreign
+employments, and negotiations; and that a third part of all the offices
+and places about the King, Queen, and Prince, should be conferred upon
+some persons of that nation.--_Swift_. Impudent Scottish scoundrels.
+
+P. 83. [par. 169.] _Clarendon_. The Presbyterians, by whom I mean the
+Scots, formed all their counsels by the inclinations, and affections of
+the people.--_Swift_. Hellish Scotch dogs.
+
+P. 85. [par. 171.] _Clarendon_. With this universal applause, he
+[Fairfax] compelled the Scots army to depart the kingdom, with
+that circumstance as must ever after render them odious and
+infamous.--_Swift_. He out-cunninged the Scots.
+
+P. 86. [par. 172.] _Clarendon_. But the delivery of the King up, besides
+the infamy of it, etc.--_Swift_. That infamy is in the scurvy nature of
+a _Scot_, and the best ... of their false hearts. [Written in pencil and
+rubbed out--one word is illegible.]
+
+P. 89. [par. 179.] _Clarendon_. The vile artifices of the Scottish
+commissioners to draw the King into their hands.--_Swift_. Vile,
+treacherous Scots for ever.
+
+BOOK XI.
+
+P. 97. [par. 13.] _Clarendon_, on the discourses against the English in
+the Scottish Parliament:--This discourse ... was entertained by the rest
+with so general a reception, that Argyle found it would be to no purpose
+directly to contradict or oppose it.--_Swift_. An infamous dog, like all
+his family.
+
+P. 108. [par. 35.] _Clarendon_. The Prince [Charles II.] set sail first
+for Yarmouth road, then for the Downs, having sent his brother, the Duke
+of York, with all his family, to The Hague.--_Swift_. A sorry admiral.
+
+P. 109 [ditto] _Clarendon_. The Prince determining to engage his own
+person, he [the Duke] submitted to the determination--_Swift_. Popery
+and cowardice stuck with him all his life.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 36] _Clarendon_. The Prince came prepared to depend wholly
+upon the Presbyterian party, which, besides the power of the _Scots
+army,_ which was every day expected to invade England, was thought to be
+possessed of all the strength of the City of London.--_Swift_. Curse on
+the rogues!
+
+_Ibid_. [same par.] _Clarendon_. Sent from the Scots[7]--_Swift_. So
+much the worse to rely on the cursed Scots.
+
+[Footnote 7: The words are "sent from thence" in edition of 1888. [T.
+S.]]
+
+P. 112 [par. 43] _Clarendon_. Argyle took notice of Sir Marmaduke
+Langdale's, and Sir Philip Musgrave's being in the town.--_Swift_. That
+Scotch dog.
+
+P. 113 [par. 45] _Clarendon_. They entreated them with all imaginable
+importunity, that they would take the Covenant.--_Swift_. Their damned
+Covenant.
+
+P. 117 [par. 53] _Clarendon_. Sir Philip Musgrave, that it might appear
+that they did not exclude any who had taken the Covenant, etc.--_Swift_.
+Confound their damnable Covenant!
+
+P. 129 [par. 85] _Clarendon_. Defeat of the Scots army--_Swift_. I
+cannot be sorry.
+
+_Ibid_. [pars. 86, 87] _Clarendon_, after the defeat of the Scottish
+army, the Earl of Lauderdale had been sent to The Hague The Prince of
+Wales--thought fit, that the earl should give an account of his
+commission at the board, ... and, that all respect might be shewed to
+the Parliament of Scotland, he had a chair allowed him to sit
+upon--_Swift_. Respect to a Scotch Parliament, with a pox.
+
+P. 130 [par. 87] _Clarendon_. Redeem His Majesty's person from that
+captivity, which they held themselves obliged ... to endeavour to
+do--_Swift_. Not to do.
+
+P. 133 [par. 96] _Clarendon_. Within a short time after, orders were
+sent out of Scotland for the delivery of Berwick and Carlisle to the
+Parliament--_Swift_. Cursed Scots.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 98] _Clarendon_. It was generally believed, that the
+Marquess of Argyle earnestly invited him [Cromwell] to this progress
+[into Scotland]--_Swift_. That eternal dog, Argyle.
+
+P. 141 [par. 114] _Clarendon_. By the time that the commissioners
+returned from the Isle of Wight, and delivered this answer to the
+Parliament, news was brought of the defeat of the Scots army, and
+Cromwell had written to his friends, etc.--_Swift_. A cursed hell
+hound.
+
+P. 142. [par. 116.] _Clarendon_. When there appeared some hopes that the
+Scots would raise an army for the relief and release of the
+King.--_Swift_. Trust them not, for they are Scots.
+
+P. 145. [par. 120.] _Clarendon_. And himself a prisoner.--_Swift._ Base.
+
+P. 155. [par. 141.] _Clarendon_. The Duke [of York], who was not yet
+above fifteen years of age, was so far from desiring to be with the
+fleet, that, when there was once a proposition, upon occasion of a
+sudden mutiny amongst the seamen, that he should go ... amongst them,
+who professed great duty to his Highness, he was so offended at it that
+he would not hear of it.--_Swift_. The Duke's courage was always
+doubtful.
+
+P. 157. [par. 146.] _Clarendon_. (Many persons of honour ... the rest
+had done.)--_Swift_. Parenthesis eleven lines.
+
+P. 167. [par. 169.] _Clarendon_. Two of them [the ministers] very
+plainly and fiercely told the King, "that if he did not consent to the
+utter abolishing of the Episcopacy, he would be damned."--_Swift_. Very
+civil.
+
+P. 168. [par. 172.] _Clarendon_. [The King] did, with much reluctancy,
+offer ... "to suspend Episcopacy for three years," etc.--_Swift_.
+Prudent concessions.
+
+_Ibid_. [ditto.] _Clarendon_, he consented:--likewise, "that money
+should be raised upon the sale of the Church lands, and only
+the old rent should be reserved to the just owners and their
+successors."--_Swift_. Scotch principles.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 173.] _Clarendon_. They required farther, "that in all
+cases, when the Lords and Commons shall declare the safety of the
+kingdom to be concerned, unless the King give his royal assent to such a
+Bill as shall be tendered to him for raising money, the Bill shall have
+the force of an Act of Parliament, as if he had given his royal
+assent."--_Swift_. English dogs, as bad as Scots.
+
+P. 170. [par. 176.] _Clarendon_, on the King's concessions.--_Swift_.
+After so many concessions, the commissioners shewed themselves most
+damnable villains.
+
+P. 172. [par. 181.] _Clarendon_. [The King] confessed, "If they would
+preserve the Scripture Bishop he would take away the Bishop by
+Law."--_Swift_. Indeed! a great concession.
+
+P. 174. [par. 187.] _Clarendon_. For Scotland, they demanded "the King's
+consent, to confirm by Act of Parliament such agreements as should be
+made by both Houses with that kingdom  ... for the settling and
+preserving a happy and durable peace between the two nations, and for
+the mutual defence of each other."--_Swift_. A most diabolical alliance.
+
+P. 175. [par. 189.] _Clarendon_, on the letter from the King to his son,
+concerning the treaty.--_Swift_. The whole letter is a most excellent
+performance.
+
+P. 176. [par. 189.] _Clarendon_. The major part of both Houses of
+Parliament was, at that time, so far from desiring the execution of all
+those concessions, that, if they had been able to have resisted the wild
+fury of _the army_, they would have been themselves suitors to have
+declined the greatest part of them.--_Swift_. Diabolical villains.
+
+P. 177. [par. 193.] _Clarendon_. It cannot be imagined how wonderfully
+fearful some persons in France were that he [the King] should have made
+his escape, and the dread they had of his coming thither.--_Swift_.
+French villains.
+
+P. 180. [par. 198.] _Clarendon_, the Commons sent to Winchester:--their
+well tried Serjeant Wild, to be the sole judge of that circuit.--_Swift_.
+An infernal dog.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 200.] _Clarendon_. Young Sir Harry Vane had begun the
+debate [upon the treaty] with the highest insolence, and
+provocation.--_Swift_. A cursed insolent villain, worse than even a
+Scot, or his own father.
+
+P. 183. [par. 206.] _Clarendon_, on the seizure of many Members entering
+into the House, by the soldiers.--_Swift_. Damnable proceeding.
+
+P. 184. [ditto.] _Clarendon_, the remaining Members vote the contrary to
+their former votes:--that the answer the King had given to their
+propositions was not satisfactory.--_Swift_. Cursed rogues.
+
+P. 189. [par. 221.] _Clarendon_. Harrison was the son of a
+butcher.--_Swift_. The fitter for that office.
+
+P. 195. [par. 233.] _Clarendon_, Trial of the King:--The King ... told
+them, "he would first know of them, by what authority they presumed by
+force to bring him before them, and who gave them power to judge of his
+actions, for which he was accountable to none but God."--_Swift_. Very
+weak.
+
+P. 198. [par. 241] _Clarendon_. [The King] was always a great lover of
+the Scottish nation.--_Swift_. There I differ from him.
+
+_Ibid_. [ditto.] _Clarendon_. Having not only been born there, but
+educated by that people, and besieged by them always.--_Swift_. Who
+were the cause of his destruction, like abominable Scotch dogs.
+
+P. 199. [par. 244] _Clarendon_. In that very hour when he was thus
+wickedly murdered in the sight of the sun, he had as great a share in
+the hearts and affections of his subjects ... as any of his
+predecessors.--_Swift_. Only common pity for his death, and the manner
+of it.
+
+P. 208. [par. 261] _Clarendon_, Lord Capel's trial:--_Cromwell,_ who had
+known him very well, spoke so much good of him, and professed to have so
+much kindness and respect for him, that all men thought he was now
+safe.--_Swift_. Cursed dog.
+
+BOOK XII.
+
+P. 217. [par. 4.] _Clarendon_, Charles II. proclaimed in Scotland:
+--upon condition of "his good behaviour, and strict observation of the
+Covenant, and his entertaining no other persons about him but such as
+were godly men, and faithful to that obligation."--_Swift_ Cursed Scots
+in every circumstance.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 5.] _Clarendon_. The new Duke [of Hamilton].--_Swift_. A
+Scotch duke, celebrated by the author: a perfect miracle.
+
+_Ibid_. [ditto.] _Clarendon_. A rare virtue in the men of that time.
+--_Swift._ [Of that] nation.
+
+P. 218. [par. 7.] _Clarendon_, on the commission sent to England when
+the King was tried:--The Marquess of Argyle had had too deep a share in
+that wickedness [the delivery of the King], to endure the shock of a new
+dispute, and inquisition upon that subject; and therefore gave not the
+least opposition to their passion [of the Scots].--_Swift_. A true
+Argyle.
+
+_Ibid_. [continuation of the same sentence.] _Clarendon_. But seemed
+equally concerned in the honour of the nation, to prosecute an high
+expostulation with those of England, for the breach of faith, and the
+promises, which had been made for the safety, and preservation of the
+King's person, at the time he was delivered up.--_Swift_. The Scots were
+the cause and chief instruments of the King's murder by delivering him
+up to the English rebels.
+
+P. 222. [par. 13.] _Clarendon_. It was very manifest ... that the
+Marquess of Argyle meant only to satisfy the people, in declaring that
+they had a King ... but that such conditions should be put upon him, as
+he knew, he would not submit to.--_Swift_. Most detestable villain.
+
+P. 224. [par. 17.] _Clarendon_. As soon as he came into the room where
+they were.--_Swift_. Abominable Scotch dogs.
+
+P. 225. [ditto.] _Clarendon_. A learned and worthy Scottish divine, Dr.
+Wishart.--_Swift_. A prodigious rarity.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 18.] _Clarendon_. The Earl [of Lauderdale] told him [one
+of the council] ... that he could not imagine, or conceive the
+barbarities and inhumanities Montrose was guilty of, in the time he made
+a war in Scotland.--_Swift_. That earl was a beast; I mean Lauderdale.
+
+_Ibid_, [ditto.] _Clarendon_. That he [Montrose] had in one battle
+killed fifteen hundred of one family, of the Campbells, of the blood and
+name of Argyle.--_Swift_. Not half enough of that execrable breed.
+
+P. 228. [par. 24.] _Clarendon_, for the embassy from the Parliament:
+--one Dorislaus, a doctor in the civil law, was named.--_Swift_. A
+Dutch fellow, employed by those regicides who murdered the King.
+
+P. 237. [par. 41.] _Clarendon_. The Prince of Orange ... wished, "that,
+in regard of the great differences which were in England about matters
+of religion, the King would offer ... to refer all matters in
+controversy concerning religion to a national synod."--_Swift_. I do
+not approve it.
+
+P. 249. [par. 69.] _Clarendon_, on the defeat of the Marquess of Ormonde
+by Jones.--_Swift_. Ormonde's army discomfited!
+
+P. 265. [par. 119.] _Clarendon_. And that Committee of the
+Parliament.--_Swift_. Scots.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 119.] _Clarendon_. The council of Scotland ... sent a
+gentleman ... to invite his Majesty again to come into his kingdom of
+Scotland, not without a rude insinuation that it was the last invitation
+he should receive.--_Swift_. Still cursed Scots.
+
+P. 267. [par. 122.] _Clarendon_, on the conditions sent from Scotland to
+Breda, in case the King consented to come to Scotland:--The King
+himself, and all who should attend upon him, were first to sign the
+Covenant before they should be admitted to enter into the
+kingdom.--_Swift_. Damnable Scottish dogs.
+
+P. 268. [par. 125.] _Clarendon_, some lords warned the King, that it was
+to be feared that:--Argyle would immediately deliver up the person of
+the King into the hands of Cromwell.--_Swift_. That Scotch dog was
+likely enough to do so, and much worse.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 126.] _Clarendon_, the ambassadors in Spain:--were
+extremely troubled, both of them having always had a strong aversion
+that the King should ever venture himself in the hands of that
+party of the Scottish nation, which had treated his father so
+perfidiously.--_Swift_. Damnable nation for ever.
+
+P. 269. [par. 127.] _Clarendon_. [The King] was before [in Spain] looked
+upon as being dispossessed, and disinherited of all his dominions, as if
+he had no more subjects than those few who were banished with him, and
+that there was an entire defection in all the rest. But now that he was
+possessed of one whole kingdom, etc.--_Swift_. Yet all cursed villains;
+a possession of the Devil's kingdom, where every Scot was a rebel.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 128.] _Clarendon_. There fell out at this time ... an
+accident of such a prodigious nature, that, if Providence had not, for
+the reproach of Scotland, determined that the King should once more make
+experiment of the courage and fidelity of that nation, could not but
+have diverted his Majesty from that northern expedition; which, how
+unsecure soever it appeared to be for the King, was predestinated for a
+greater chastisement and mortification of that people, as it shortly
+after proved to be: [alluding to Montrose's execution.]--_Swift_. That
+is good news.
+
+P. 270. [par. 128.] _Clarendon_. The Marquess [of Montrose], who was
+naturally full of great thoughts, and confident of success.--_Swift_.
+He was the only man in Scotland who had ever one grain of virtue; and
+was therefore abhorred, and murdered publicly by his hellish countrymen.
+
+P. 270. [par. 129.] _Clarendon_. There were many officers of good name
+and account in Sweden, of the Scottish nation.--_Swift_. Impossible.
+
+P. 271. [par. 130.] _Clarendon_. Montrose knew, that of the two factions
+there, which were not like to be reconciled, each of them were equally
+his implacable enemies.--_Swift_. Very certain.
+
+_Ibid_, [ditto.] _Clarendon_. The whole kirk ... being alike malicious
+to him.--_Swift._ Scots damnable kirk.
+
+P. 272. [par. 131]. _Clarendon_. Many of [the nobility] ... assured him
+[Montrose], that they would meet him with good numbers; and they did
+prepare to do so, some really; and others, with a purpose to betray
+him.--_Swift_. Much the greater number.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 133.] _Clarendon_. The tyranny of Argyle ... caused very
+many to be barbarously murdered, without any form of law or justice, who
+had been in arms with Montrose.--_Swift_. That perpetual inhuman dog and
+traitor, and all his posterity, to a man, damnable villains.
+
+P. 273. [par 134.] _Clarendon_ Most of the other officers were shortly
+after taken prisoners, all the country desiring to merit from Argyle by
+betraying all those into his hands which they believed to be his
+enemies.--_Swift_. The virtue and morality of the Scots.
+
+_Ibid_, [ditto] _Clarendon_. And thus, whether _by the owner of the
+house_ or any other way, the Marquess himself became their
+prisoner.--_Swift_. A tyrannical Scottish dog.
+
+P. 274. [par. 137.] _Clarendon_ "That for the League and Covenant, he
+had never taken it," etc.--_Swift_. The Devil, their God, I believe had
+taken it. [This remark is nearly obliterated.]
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 138] _Clarendon_, sentence on Montrose:--That he was ...
+to be carried to Edinburgh Cross, and there to be hanged upon a gallows
+thirty foot high, for the space of three hours, etc.--_Swift_. Oh! if
+the whole nation, to a man, were just so treated! begin with Argyle, and
+next with the fanatic dogs who teased him with their kirk scurrilities.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 139.] _Clarendon_. After many such barbarities, they [the
+ministers] offered to intercede for him to the kirk upon his repentance,
+and to pray with him.--_Swift_. Most treacherous, damnable, infernal
+Scots for ever!
+
+P. 275. [par. 140] _Clarendon_. He bore it [the execution] with ill the
+courage and magnanimity, and the greatest piety, that a good Christian
+could manifest.--_Swift._ A perfect hero; wholly un-Scotified.
+
+_Ibid_, [ditto] _Clarendon_. [He] prayed, "that they might not betray
+him [the King], as they had done his father."--_Swift_. A very
+seasonable prayer, but never performed.
+
+P. 275. [par. 142.] _Clarendon_. The Marquess of Argyle ... wanted
+nothing but _honesty and courage_ to be a very extraordinary
+man.--_Swift_. Trifles to a Scot.
+
+P. 276. [par. 143.] _Clarendon_. They who were most displeased with
+Argyle and his faction, were not sorry for this inhuman, and monstrous
+prosecution [of Montrose].--_Swift_. Impudent, lying Scottish dogs.
+
+BOOK XIII.
+
+P. 285. [par. 1.] _Clarendon_. Without he likewise consented to
+those.--_Swift_. Bad.
+
+P. 286. [par. 3.] _Clarendon_. The King was received by the Marquess of
+Argyle with all the outward respect imaginable.--_Swift_. That dog of
+all Scotch dogs.
+
+_Ibid_, [ditto.] _Clarendon_. They did immediately banish him [Daniel
+O'Neill] the kingdom, and obliged him to sign a paper, by which he
+consented to be put to death, if he were ever after found in the
+kingdom.--_Swift_. In Scotland, with a pox.
+
+P. 287. [par. 5.] _Clarendon_. The King's table was well served.
+--_Swift_. With Scotch food, etc. etc. etc.
+
+P. 300. [par 36.] _Clarendon_. The King had left ... the Duke of York
+with the Queen, with direction "that he should conform himself entirely
+to the will and pleasure of the Queen his mother, matters of religion
+only excepted."--_Swift_. Yet lost his kingdom for the sake of Popery.
+
+P. 301. [par. 37.] _Clarendon_. The Duke [of York] was full of spirit
+and courage, and naturally loved designs.--_Swift. Quantum mutatus!_
+
+P. 304. [par. 42.] _Clarendon_, on the proposed match between the Duke
+of York, and the Duke of Lorraine's natural daughter:--Only Sir George
+Ratcliffe undertook to speak to him about it, who could only make
+himself understood in Latin, which the Duke cared not to speak
+in.--_Swift_. Because he was illiterate, and only read Popish Latin.
+
+P. 305. [par. 44.] _Clarendon_. [The Queen] bid him [the chancellor of
+the exchequer] "assure the Duke of York, that he should have a free
+exercise of his religion, as he had before."--_Swift_. Who unkinged
+himself for Popery.
+
+P. 306. [par. 45.] _Clarendon_. It was indeed the common discourse there
+[in Holland], "that the Protestants of the Church of England could never
+do the King service, but that all his hopes must be in the Roman
+Catholics, and the Presbyterians."--_Swift_. A blessed pair.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 46.] _Clarendon_. [The Duke of York] was fortified with, a
+firm resolution never to acknowledge that he had committed any
+error.--_Swift_. No, not when he lost his kingdom or Popery.
+
+P. 311. [par. 58.] _Clarendon_. The King had ... friendship with Duke
+Hamilton.--_Swift. Vix intelligo_.
+
+P. 318. [par. 75.] _Clarendon_, the King's defeat at Worcester, 3d of
+September.--_Swift_. September 3d, always lucky to Cromwell.
+
+P. 339. [par. 122.] _Clarendon_. There was no need of spurs to be
+employed to incite the Duke [of York]; who was most impatient to be in
+the army.--_Swift_ How old was he when he turned a Papist, and a coward?
+
+P. 340. [par. 123.] _Clarendon_. The Duke pressed it [his being allowed
+to join the army] with earnestness and passion, in which he dissembled
+not.--_Swift. Dubitat Augustinus_.
+
+P. 343. [par. 128.] _Clarendon_, the Duke, in the French army:--got the
+reputation of a prince of very signal courage, and to be universally
+beloved of the whole army by his affable behaviour.--_Swift_. But
+proved a cowardly Popish king.
+
+P. 348, line 50. _Swift_. Scots.
+
+P, 349. [par. 140.] _Clarendon_. The chancellor ... told his Majesty,
+"this trust would for ever deprive him of all hope of the Queen's
+favour; who could not but discern it within three or four days, and, by
+the frequent resort of the Scottish vicar [one Knox; who came with
+Middleton to Paris,] to him" (who had the vanity to desire long
+conferences with him) "that there was some secret in hand which was kept
+from her."--_Swift_. The little Scottish scoundrel, conceited vicar.
+
+BOOK XIV.
+
+P. 386. [par. 41.] _Clarendon_. Scotland lying under a heavy yoke by the
+strict government of Monk.--_Swift_. I am glad of that.
+
+P. 387. [par. 44.] _Clarendon_. The day of their meeting [Cromwell's
+Parliament] was the third of September in the year 1654.--_Swift_. His
+lucky day.
+
+P. 394. [par. 56.] _Clarendon_. The Highlanders ... made frequent
+incursions in the night into the English quarters; and killed many of
+their soldiers, but stole more of their horses.--_Swift_. Rank Scottish
+thieves.
+
+P. 413. [par. 95.] _Clarendon_. A bold person to publish, etc.--
+_Swift_. Bussy Rabutin, Amours des Gaules.
+
+P. 414. [par. 96.] _Clarendon_. There was at that time in the court of
+France, or rather in the jealousy of that court, a lady of great beauty,
+of a presence very graceful and alluring, and a wit and behaviour that
+captivated those who were admitted into her presence; [to whom Charles
+II. made an offer of marriage]--_Swift_. A prostitute whore.
+
+P. 420. [par. 109.] _Clarendon_. The chancellor of the exchequer one day
+... desired him [the king] "to consider upon this news, and importunity
+from Scotland, whether in those Highlands there might not be such a safe
+retreat and residence, that he might reasonably say, that with the
+affections of that people, which had been always firm both to his father
+and himself, he might preserve himself in safety, though he could not
+hope to make any advance."--_Swift_. The chancellor never thought so
+well of the Scots before.
+
+_Ibid_, [ditto.] _Clarendon_. His Majesty discoursed very calmly of that
+country, ... "that, if sickness did not destroy him, which he had reason
+to expect from the ill accommodation he must be there contented with, he
+should in a short time be betrayed and given up"--_Swift_. But the King
+knew them better.
+
+P. 425. [par. 118.] _Clarendon_. [The King's enemies] persuaded many in
+England, and especially of those of the reformed religion abroad, that
+his Majesty was in truth a Papist.--_Swift_. Which was true.
+
+P. 443.[8] _Clarendon_. The wretch [Manning], soon after, received the
+reward due to his treason.--_Swift_. In what manner?
+
+[Footnote 8: This sentence, which follows at the end of par. 146, is
+omitted in the edition of 1888. [T.S.]]
+
+BOOK XV.
+
+P. 469. [par. 53.] _Clarendon._ That which made a noise indeed, and
+crowned his [Cromwell's] successes, was the victory his fleet, under the
+command of Blake, had obtained over the Spaniard.--_Swift_. I wish he
+were alive, for the dogs the Spaniards' sake, instead of our worthless
+H----.
+
+P. 495. [par. 119, sec. 3,] _Clarendon_, in the address of the
+Anabaptists to the King:--"We ... humbly beseech your Majesty, that you
+would engage your royal word never to erect, nor suffer to be erected,
+any such tyrannical, Popish, and Antichristian hierarchy (Episcopal,
+Presbyterian, or by what name soever it be called) as shall assume a
+power over, or impose a yoke upon, the consciences of others."--_Swift_.
+Honest, though fanatics.
+
+P. 501. [par. 136.] _Clarendon_, at the siege of Dunkirk:--Marshal
+Turenne, accompanied with the Duke of York, who would never be absent
+upon those occasions, ... spent two or three days in viewing the line
+round,--_Swift_. James II., a fool and a coward.
+
+P. 502. [par. 137.] _Clarendon_. There was a rumour.., that the Duke of
+York was taken prisoner by the English, ... whereupon many of the French
+officers, and gentlemen, resolved to set him at liberty; ... So great an
+affection that nation owned to have for his Highness.--_Swift_. Yet he
+lived and died a coward.
+
+
+BOOK XVI.
+
+P. 523. [par. 29.] _Clarendon_, on the discovery of the treachery of Sir
+Richard Willis.--_Swift_. Doubtful.
+
+P. 539. [par. 47.[9]] _Clarendon_. If it had not been for the King's own
+_steadiness_.--_Swift_. Of which, in religion, he never had any.
+
+[Footnote 9: This was par. 74 in the edition of 1849. [T.S.]]
+
+P. 540. [par. 75.] _Clarendon_, upon the Duke of York's being invited
+into Spain, with the office of El Admirante del Oceano, he was warned
+that he:--would never be suffered to go to sea under any title of
+command, till he first changed his religion.--_Swift_. As he did openly
+in England.
+
+P. 559. [par. 131.] _Clarendon_. There being scarce a bon-fire at which
+they did not roast a rump.--_Swift_. The _Rump_.
+
+P. 583. [par. 194.] _Clarendon_, Declaration of the King, April 4-1/4
+1660:--"Let all our subjects, how faulty soever, rely upon the word of a
+King," etc.--_Swift_. Usually good for nothing.
+
+_Ibid_. [ditto.] _Clarendon_, the same:--"A free Parliament; by which,
+upon the word of a King, we will be advised."--_Swift_. Provided he be
+an honest and sincere man.
+
+P. 585. [par. 199.] _Clarendon_, Letter to the fleet:--"Which gives us
+great encouragement and hope, that God Almighty will heal the wounds by
+the same plaster that made the flesh raw."--_Swift_. A very low
+comparison.
+
+P. 586. [par. 201.] _Clarendon_, Letter to the city of London:--"Their
+affections to us in the city of London; which hath exceedingly raised
+our spirits, and which, no doubt, hath proceeded from the Spirit of God,
+and His extraordinary mercy to the nation; which hath been encouraged by
+you, and your good example ... to discountenance the imaginations of
+those who would subject our subjects to a government they have not yet
+devised."--_Swift_. Cacofonia.
+
+P. 595. [par. 222.] _Clarendon_, Proclamation of the King, May 8, by the
+Parliament, Lord Mayor, etc.:--"We ... acknowledge,  ... that ... he
+[Charles II.] is of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, the most
+potent, mighty, and undoubted King; and thereunto we most humbly and
+faithfully do submit, and oblige ourselves, our heirs, and posterity for
+ever."--_Swift_. Can they oblige their posterity 10,000 years to come?
+
+P. 596. [par. 225]. _Clarendon_, The case of Colonel Ingoldsby: After he
+had refused to sign the death-warrant of the King:--Cromwell, and
+others, held him by violence; and Cromwell, with a loud laughter, taking
+his hand in his, and putting the pen between his fingers, with his own
+hand writ Richard Ingoldsby he making all the resistance he
+could.--_Swift_. A mistake; for it was his own hand-writ, without any
+restraint.
+
+
+*****       *****       *****       *****       *****
+
+
+
+
+REMARKS ON
+
+"BISHOP BURNET'S HISTORY OF ['SCOTLAND
+
+IN'--_SWIFT_] HIS OWN TIME,"
+
+FOLIO EDITION, 1724-34.
+
+FROM THE ORIGINAL, IN THE LIBRARY of THE LATE
+
+MARQUESS OF LANSDOWNE.
+
+
+NOTE.
+
+The standard edition of Burnet's interesting "History" is that by Dr.
+Routh, first issued in 1823 and revised in a second edition in 1833. Mr.
+Osmund Airy is at present engaged on a new edition for the Clarendon
+Press, but so far only two volumes have been published. It was in Dr.
+Routh's edition that almost all of Swift's notes first appeared. In the
+Preface to the issue of 1823, the learned editor informs us that Swift's
+notes were taken "from his own copy of the history, which had come into
+the possession of the first Marquis of Lansdowne." A note in the edition
+of 1833 corrects a statement made in the previous edition that Swift's
+copy had been burnt. It was not Swift's own copy, but a copy containing
+a transcript of Swift's notes that was burnt.
+
+In the preparation of the present text every available reference has
+been searched. Sir Walter Scott's reprint of Swift's "Notes" was sadly
+inadequate. Not only did he misquote the references to Burnet's work,
+but he could not have consulted the Lansdowne copy, since fully a third
+of the "notes" were altogether ignored by him. It is believed that the
+text here given contains every note accurately placed to its proper
+account in Burnet's "History." The references are to the edition in
+folio issued in 1724-1734.
+
+In the twenty-seventh volume of the "European Magazine," and in the two
+following volumes, a fair proportion of Swift's notes were first
+published. These were reprinted by Dr. Burnet in 1808, in his "Essay on
+the Earlier Part of the Life of Swift." Both these authorities have been
+consulted. Dr. Routh's modesty forbade him including six of the notes,
+because they were "not written with the requisite decorum." These have
+been included here. Mr. Osmund Airy has "thought it unadvisable to
+encumber the pages with simple terms of abuse"; but an editor of Swift's
+works cannot permit himself this licence. His duty is to include
+everything.
+
+The text of the "Short Remarks" is taken from vol. viii., Part 1, of the
+quarto edition of Swift's works, edited by Deane Swift, and published in
+1765.
+
+[T.S.]
+
+
+  SHORT REMARKS ON
+  BISHOP BURNET'S HISTORY.
+
+
+This author is in most particulars the worst qualified for an historian
+that ever I met with. His style is rough, full of improprieties, in
+expressions often Scotch, and often such as are used by the meanest
+people.[1] He discovers a great scarcity of words and phrases, by
+repeating the same several hundred times, for want of capacity to vary
+them. His observations are mean and trite, and very often false. His
+secret history is generally made up of coffeehouse scandals, or at best
+from reports at the third, fourth, or fifth hand. The account of the
+Pretender's birth, would only become an old woman in a chimney-corner.
+His vanity runs intolerably through the whole book, affecting to have
+been of consequence at nineteen years old, and while he was a little
+Scotch parson of forty pounds a year. He was a gentleman born, and, in
+the time of his youth and vigour, drew in an old maiden daughter of a
+Scotch earl to marry him.[2] His characters are miserably wrought, in
+many things mistaken, and all of them detracting,[3] except of those who
+were friends to the Presbyterians. That early love of liberty he boasts
+of is absolutely false; for the first book that I believe he ever
+published is an entire treatise in favour of passive obedience and
+absolute power; so that his reflections on the clergy, for asserting,
+and then changing those principles, come very improperly from him. He is
+the most partial of all writers that ever pretended so much to
+impartiality; and yet I, who knew him well, am convinced that he is as
+impartial as he could possibly find in his heart; I am sure more than I
+ever expected from him; particularly in his accounts of the Papist and
+fanatic plots. This work may be more properly called "A History of
+Scotland during the Author's Time, with some Digressions relating to
+England," rather than deserve the title he gives it. For I believe two
+thirds of it relate only to that beggarly nation, and their
+insignificant brangles and factions. What he succeeds best in, is in
+giving extracts of arguments and debates in council or Parliament.
+Nothing recommends his book but the recency of the facts he mentions,
+most of them being still in memory, especially the story of the
+Revolution; which, however, is not so well told as might be expected
+from one who affects to have had so considerable a share in it. After
+all, he was a man of generosity and good nature, and very communicative;
+but, in his ten last years, was absolutely party-mad, and fancied he saw
+Popery under every bush. He hath told me many passages not mentioned in
+this history, and many that are, but with several circumstances
+suppressed or altered. He never gives a good character without one
+essential point, that the person was tender to Dissenters, and thought
+many things in the Church ought to be amended.
+
+[Footnote 1: "His own opinion," says my predecessor, Mr Nichols, "was
+very different, as appears by the original MS of his History, wherein
+the following lines are legible, though among those which were ordered
+not to be printed 'And if I have arrived at any faculty of writing
+clearly and correctly, I owe that entirely to them [Tillotson and
+Lloyd]. For as they joined with Wilkins, in that noble, though despised
+attempt, of an _universal character_, and a philosophical language; they
+took great pains to observe all the common errors of language in
+general, and of ours in particular. And in the drawing the tables for
+that work, which was Lloyd's province, he looked further into a natural
+purity and simplicity of style, than any man I ever knew; into all which
+he led me, and so helped me to any measure of exactness of writing,
+which may be thought to belong to me.' The above was originally designed
+to have followed the words, 'I know from them,' vol. i. p. 191, 1. 7,
+fol. ed. near the end of A.D. 1661." [S]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Lady Margaret Kennedy, daughter to the Earl of Cassilis.
+[S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: A note in Swift's Works, vol. ix., pt. ii. [1775] says:
+After "detracting," add "Many of which were stricken through with his
+own hand, but left legible in the MS.; which he ordered, in his last
+will, 'his executor to print faithfully, as he left it, without adding,
+suppressing, or altering it in any particular.' In the second volume,
+Judge Burnet, the Bishop's son and executor, promises that 'the original
+manuscript of both volumes shall be deposited in the Cotton Library.'
+But this promise does not appear to have been fulfilled; at least it
+certainly was not in 1736, when two letters were printed, addressed to
+Thomas Burnet, Esq. In p. 8 of the Second Letter, the writer [Philip
+Beach] asserted, that he had in his own possession 'an authentic and
+complete collection of the castrated passages.'" [T.S.]]
+
+_Setting up for a maxim, laying down for a maxim, clapt up, decency,_
+and some other words and phrases, he uses many hundred times.
+
+_Cut out for a court, a pardoning planet, clapt up, left in the lurch,
+the mob, outed, a great beauty, went roundly to work:_ All these phrases
+used by the vulgar, shew him to have kept mean or illiterate company in
+his youth.
+
+
+REMARKS ON BURNET'S HISTORY OF HIS OWN TIME.
+
+
+PREFACE, p. 3. _Burnet._
+
+Indeed the peevishness, the ill nature, and the ambition of many
+clergymen has sharpened my spirits perhaps too much against them; so I
+_warn_ my reader to take all that I say on these heads with some grains
+of allowance.--_Swift._ I will take his _warning._
+
+P. 4. _Burnet._ Over and over again retouched and polished by
+me.--_Swift._ Rarely polished; I never read so ill a style.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ That thereby I may awaken the world to just reflections
+on their own errors and follies.--_Swift._ This I take to be nonsense.
+
+
+BOOK I.
+
+P. 6. _Burnet._ That king saw that those who were most in his interests
+were likewise jealous of his authority, and apt to encroach upon
+it.--_Swift._ Nonsense.
+
+P. 10. _Burnet_ says that competent provision to those who served the
+cure:--was afterwards in his son's time raised to about fifty pounds a
+year.--_Swift._ Scotch pounds, I suppose.
+
+P. 11. _Burnet._ Colonel Titus assured me that he had from King Charles
+the First's own mouth, that he was well assured he [Prince Henry] was
+poisoned by the Earl of Somerset's means.--_Swift._ Titus was the
+greatest rogue in England.
+
+P. 18. _Burnet_ says that Gowry's conspiracy against King James was
+confirmed to him by his father.--_Swift._ Melvil makes nothing of it.
+
+P. 20. _Burnet._ I turn now to the affairs of Scotland, which are but
+little known.--_Swift._ Not worth knowing.
+
+P. 23. _Burnet,_ Archbishop Spotswood began:--his journey as he
+often did on a Sunday, which was a very odious thing in that
+country.--_Swift._ Poor malice.
+
+P. 24. _Burnet,_ Mr. Steward, a private gentleman, became:--so
+considerable that he was raised by several degrees to be made Earl of
+Traquair and Lord-Treasurer [of Scotland], and was in great favour; but
+suffered afterwards such a reverse of fortune, that I saw him so low
+that he wanted bread, ... and it was believed died of hunger.--_Swift._
+A strange death: perhaps it was of want of _meat_.
+
+P. 26. _Burnet._ My father ... carefully preserved the petition itself,
+and the papers relating to the trial [of Lord Balmerinoch]; of which I
+never saw any copy besides those which I have. ... The whole record ...
+is indeed a very noble piece, full of curious matter.--_Swift._ Puppy.
+
+P. 28. _Burnet._ The Earl of Argyle was a more solemn sort of man, grave
+and sober, free of all scandalous vices.--_Swift._ As a man is free of a
+corporation, he means.
+
+P. 29. _Burnet._ The Lord Wharton and the Lord Howard of Escrick
+undertook to deliver some of these; which they did, and were _clapt up_
+upon it.--_Swift._ Dignity of expression.
+
+P. 30. _Burnet._ [King Charles I.] was now in great straits ... his
+treasure was now exhausted; his subjects were highly irritated; the
+ministry were all frighted, being exposed to the anger and justice of
+the Parliament. ... He loved high and rough methods, but had neither the
+skill to conduct them, nor the height of genius to manage
+them.--_Swift._ Not one good quality named.
+
+P. 31. _Burnet._ The Queen [of Charles I.] was a woman of great vivacity
+in conversation, and loved all her life long to be _in intrigues of all
+sorts._--_Swift._ Not of love, I hope.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ By the concessions that he made, especially that of the
+triennial Parliament, the honest and quiet part of the nation was
+satisfied, and thought their religion and liberties were secured: So
+they broke off from those violenter propositions that occasioned the
+war.--_Swift._ Dark, or nonsense.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ He intended not to stand to them any longer than he lay
+under that force that visibly drew them from him contrary to his own
+inclinations.--_Swift._ Sad trash.
+
+P. 33. _Burnet._ The first volume of the Earl of Clarendon's "History"
+gives a faithful representation of the beginnings of the troubles,
+though writ in favour of the court.--_Swift._ Writ with the spirit of an
+historian, not of [a raker] into scandal.
+
+P. 34. _Burnet._ Dickson, Blair, Rutherford, Baily, Cant, and the two
+Gillispys ... affected great sublimities in devotion: They poured
+themselves out in their prayers with a loud voice, and often with many
+tears. They had but an ordinary proportion of learning among them;
+something of Hebrew, and very little Greek: Books of controversy with
+Papists, but above all with the Arminians, was the height of their
+study.--_Swift._ Great nonsense. Rutherford was half fool, half mad.
+
+P. 40. _Burnet,_ speaking of the bad effects of the Marquess of
+Montrose's expedition and defeat, says:--It alienated the Scots much
+from the King: It exalted all that were enemies to peace. Now they
+seemed to have some colour for all those aspersions they had cast on the
+King, as if he had been in a correspondence with the Irish rebels, when
+the worst tribe of them had been thus employed by him.--_Swift._ Lord
+Clarendon differs from all this.
+
+P. 41. _Burnet._ The Earl of Essex told me, that he had taken all the
+pains he could to enquire into the original of the Irish massacre, but
+could never see any reason to believe the King had any accession to
+it.--_Swift._ And who but _a beast_ ever believed it?
+
+P. 42. _Burnet,_ arguing with the Scots concerning the propriety of the
+King's death, observes:--Drummond said, "Cromwell had plainly the better
+of them at their own weapon."--_Swift._ And Burnet thought as Cromwell
+did.
+
+P. 46. _Burnet._ They [the army] will ever keep the Parliament in
+subjection to them, and so keep up their own authority.--_Swift._ Weak.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ Fairfax was much distracted in his mind, and changed
+purposes often every day.--_Swift._ Fairfax had hardly common sense.
+
+P. 49. _Burnet._ I will not enter farther into the military part: For I
+remember an advice of Marshal Schomberg's, never to meddle in the
+relation of military matters.--_Swift._ Very foolish advice, for
+soldiers cannot write.
+
+P. 50. _Burnet._ [Laud's] defence of himself, writ ... when he was in
+the Tower, is a very mean performance. ... In most particulars he
+excuses himself by this, that he was but one of many, who either in
+council, star-chamber, or high commission voted illegal things. Now
+though this was true, yet a chief minister, and one in high favour,
+determines the rest so much, that they are generally little better than
+machines acted by him. On other occasions he says, the thing was proved
+but by one witness. Now, how strong soever this defence may be in law,
+it is of no force in an appeal to the world; for if a thing is true, it
+is no matter how full or how defective the proof is.--_Swift._ All this
+is full of malice and ill judgement.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet,_ speaking of the "Eikon Basilike," supposed to be written
+by Charles the First, says:--There was in it a nobleness and justness of
+thought with a greatness of style, that made it to be looked on as the
+best writ book in the English language.--_Swift._ I think it a poor
+treatise, and that the King did not write it.
+
+P. 51. _Burnet._ Upon the King's death the Scots proclaimed his son
+King, and sent over Sir George Wincam, _that married my great-aunt_, to
+treat with him while he was in the Isle of Jersey.--_Swift._ Was that
+the reason he was sent?
+
+P. 53. _Burnet._ I remember in one fast-day there were six sermons
+preached without intermission. I was there myself, and not a little
+weary of so tedious a service.--_Swift._ Burnet was not then eight years
+old.
+
+P. 61. _Burnet,_ speaking of the period of the usurpation in
+Scotland:--Cromwell built three citadels, at Leith, Ayr, and Inverness,
+besides many little forts. There was good justice done, and vice was
+suppressed and punished; so that we always reckon those eight years of
+usurpation a time of great peace and prosperity.--_Swift._ No doubt you
+do.
+
+P. 63. _Burnet,_ speaking of the Scotch preachers at sacrament times
+during the civil wars, says:--The crowds were far beyond the capacity of
+their churches, or the reach of their voices.--_Swift._ I believe the
+church had as much capacity as the minister.
+
+P. 64. _Burnet._ The resolutioners sent up one Sharp, who had been long
+in England, and was an active and eager man.--_Swift._ Afterwards
+archbishop, and murdered.
+
+P. 66. _Burnet._ Thus Cromwell had all the King's party in a net. He let
+them dance in it at pleasure. And upon occasions _clapt_ them up for a
+short while.--_Swift._ Pox of his _claps_.
+
+P. 87. _Burnet,_ speaking of the Restoration:--Of all this Monk had both
+the praise and the reward, though I have been told a very small share of
+it belonged to him.--_Swift._ Malice.
+
+
+BOOK II.
+
+P. 92. _Burnet._ I will therefore enlarge ... on the affairs of
+Scotland; both out of the inbred love that all men have for their native
+country, etc.--_Swift._ Could not he keep his inbred love to himself?
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ Sharp, who was employed by the resolutioners ... stuck
+neither at solemn protestations, ... nor at appeals to God of his
+sincerity in acting for the presbytery both in prayers and on other
+occasions, etc.--_Swift._ Sure there was some secret personal cause of
+all this malice against Sharp.
+
+P. 93. _Burnet,_ speaking of Charles II. says:--He was affable and easy,
+and loved to be made so by all about him. The great art of keeping him
+long was, the being easy, and the making everything easy to
+him.--_Swift._ Eloquence.
+
+P. 99. _Burnet_ says of Bennet, afterwards Earl of Arlington:--His parts
+were solid, but not quick.--_Swift._ They were very quick.
+
+P. 100. _Burnet_ says of the Duke of Buckingham:--Pleasure, frolic, or
+extravagant diversion was all that he laid to heart. He was true to
+nothing, for he was not true to himself.--_Swift._ No consequence.
+_Burnet._ He had no steadiness nor conduct: He could keep no secret, nor
+execute any design without spoiling it.--_Swift._ Nonsense.
+
+P. 117. _Burnet._ It was visible that neither the late King nor the
+present were under any force when they passed ... those Acts [bringing
+in Presbyterian government].--_Swift._ Both Kings were under a force.
+
+P. 118. _Burnet._ To annul a Parliament was a terrible precedent, which
+destroyed the whole security of government.--_Swift._ Wrong arguing.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ Distress on his affairs was really equivalent to a force
+on his person.--_Swift._ It was so.
+
+P. 119. _Burnet._ We went into it, he said, as knaves, and therefore no
+wonder if we miscarried in it as fools.--_Swift._ True.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ No government was so well established, as not to be
+liable to a revolution. This [the Rescissory Act] would cut off all
+hopes of peace and submission, if any disorder should happen at any time
+thereafter.--_Swift._ Wrong weak reasoning.
+
+P. 120. _Burnet._ Such care was taken that no public application should
+be made in favour of Presbytery. Any attempt that was made on the other
+hand met with great encouragement.--_Swift._ Does the man write like a
+bishop?
+
+P. 126. _Burnet,_ speaking of the execution of the Marquess of
+Argyle:--After some time spent in his private devotions he was
+beheaded.--_Swift._ He was the greatest villain of his age.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ The kirk ... asserted all along that the doctrine
+delivered in their sermons did not fall under the cognisance of the
+temporal courts, till it was first judged by the church.--_Swift._
+Popery.
+
+P. 127. _Burnet._ The proceedings against Wariston were soon
+dispatched.--_Swift._ Wariston was an abominable dog.
+
+P. 135. _Burnet,_ of Bishop Leightoun's character:--The grace and
+gravity of his pronunciation was such, that few heard him without a very
+sensible emotion. ... His style was rather too fine.--_Swift._ Burnet is
+not guilty of that.
+
+P. 140. _Burnet._ Leightoun did not stand much upon it. He did not
+_think_ orders given without bishops were null and void. He _thought_,
+the forms of government were not settled by such positive laws as were
+unalterable; but only by apostolical practices, which, as he _thought_,
+authorized Episcopacy as the best form. Yet he did not _think_ it
+necessary to the being of a church. But he _thought_ that every church
+might make such rules of ordination as they pleased.--_Swift. Think,
+thought, thought, think, thought._
+
+P. 154. _Burnet,_ speaking of a proclamation for shutting up two hundred
+churches in one day:--Sharp said to myself, that he knew nothing of it.
+... He was glad that this was done without his having any share in it:
+For by it he was furnished with somewhat, in which he was no way
+concerned, upon which he might cast all the blame of all that followed.
+Yet this was suitable enough to a maxim that he and all that sort of
+people set up, that the execution of laws was that by which all
+governments maintained their strength, as well as their
+honour.--_Swift._ Dunce, can there be a better maxim?
+
+P. 157. _Burnet,_ speaking of those who enforced church discipline,
+says:--They had a very scanty measure of learning, and a narrow compass
+in it. They were little men, of a very indifferent size of capacity, and
+apt to fly out into great excess of passion and indiscretion.--_Swift._
+Strange inconsistent stuff.
+
+P. 160. _Burnet._ One Venner ... thought it was not enough to believe
+that Christ was to reign on earth, and to put the saints in the
+possession of the kingdom ... but added to this, that the saints were to
+take the kingdom themselves.--_Swift._ This wants grammar.
+
+P. 163. _Burnet._ John Goodwin and Milton did also escape all censure,
+to the surprise of all people.--_Swift._ He censures even mercy.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ Milton ... was ... much admired by all at home for the
+poems he writ, though he was then blind; chiefly that of "Paradise
+Lost," in which there is a nobleness both of contrivance and execution,
+that, though he affected to write in blank verse without rhyme, and made
+many new and rough words, yet it was esteemed the beautifullest
+and perfectest poem that ever was writ, at least in _our_
+language.--_Swift._ A mistake, for it is _in English._
+
+P. 164. _Burnet._ The great share he [Sir Henry Vane] had in the
+attainder of the Earl Strafford, and in the whole turn of affairs to the
+total change of government, but above all the great opinion that was had
+of his parts and capacity to embroil matters again, made the court think
+it was necessary to put him out of the way.--_Swift._ A malicious turn.
+Vane was a dangerous enthusiastic beast.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ When he [Sir Henry Vane] saw his death was designed, he
+composed himself to it, with a resolution that surprised all who knew
+how little of that was natural to him. Some instances of this were very
+extraordinary, though they cannot be mentioned with _decency_.--_Swift._
+His lady _conceived_ of him the night before his execution.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ Sir Henry Vane died with so much composedness, that it
+was generally thought, the government had lost more than it had gained
+by his death.--_Swift._ Vane was beheaded for new attempts, not here
+mentioned.
+
+P. 179. _Burnet._ [The Papists] seemed zealous for the Church. But at
+the same time they spoke of toleration, as necessary both for the peace
+and quiet of the nation, and for the encouragement of trade.--_Swift._
+This is inconsistent.
+
+P. 180. _Burnet_ says that Mr. Baxter:--was a man of great piety; and,
+if he had not meddled in too many things, would have been esteemed one
+of the learned men of the age: He writ near _two hundred
+books._--_Swift._ Very sad ones.
+
+P. 184. _Burnet._ The Convocation that prepared those alterations, as
+they added some new holy days, St. Barnabas, and the Conversion of St.
+Paul, so they took in more lessons out of the Apocrypha, in particular
+the story of Bel and the Dragon.--_Swift._ I think they acted wrong.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ Reports were spread ... of the plots of the
+Presbyterians in several counties. Many were taken up on those reports:
+But none were ever tried for them.--_Swift._ A common practice.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet,_ writing of the ejection of the Nonconformists on St.
+Bartholomew's Day, 1662, says:--A severity neither practised by Queen
+Elizabeth in the enacting her Liturgy, nor by Cromwell in ejecting the
+Royalists.--_Swift._ But by King William.
+
+P. 186. _Burnet,_ speaking of the great fines raised on the church
+estates ill applied, proceeds:--If the half had been applied to the
+buying of tithes or glebes for small vicarages, here a foundation had
+been laid down for a great and effectual reformation.--_Swift._ He
+judges here right, in my opinion.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet,_ continuing the same subject:--The men of merit and
+service were loaded with many livings and many dignities. With this
+great accession of wealth there broke in upon the Church a great deal of
+luxury and high living, on the pretence of hospitality; while others
+made purchases, and left great estates, most of which we have seen melt
+away.--_Swift._ Uncharitable aggravation; a base innuendo.
+
+P. 189. _Burnet._ Patrick was a great preacher. He wrote ... well, and
+chiefly on the Scriptures. He was a laborious man in his function, of
+great strictness of life, but a little too severe against those who
+differed from him. But that was, when he thought their doctrines struck
+at the fundamentals of religion. He became afterwards more
+moderate.--_Swift._ Yes, for he turned a rank Whig.
+
+P. 190. _Burnet._ [Archbishop Tenison] was a very learned man.--_Swift._
+The dullest, good-for-nothing man I ever knew.
+
+P. 191. _Burnet,_ condemning the bad style of preaching before
+Tillotson, Lloyd, and Stillingfleet, says their discourses were:--long
+and heavy, when all was _pie-bald_, full of many sayings of different
+languages.--_Swift._ A noble epithet. _Burnet._ The King ... had got a
+right notion of style.--_Swift._ How came Burnet not to learn this
+style?
+
+P. 193. _Burnet,_ speaking of the first formation of the Royal
+Society:--Many physicians, and other ingenious men went into the society
+for natural philosophy. But he who laboured most ... was Robert Boyle,
+the Earl of Cork's youngest son. He was looked on by all who knew him as
+a very perfect pattern. ... He neglected his person, despised the
+world, and lived abstracted from all pleasures, designs, and
+interests.--_Swift._ Boyle was a very silly writer.
+
+P. 195. _Burnet._ Peter Walsh, ... who was the honestest and learnedest
+man I ever knew among [the Popish clergy, often told me] ... there was
+nothing which the whole Popish party feared more than an union of those
+of the Church of England with the Presbyterians. ... The Papists had two
+maxims, from which they never departed: The one was to divide us: And
+the other was to keep themselves united.--_Swift._ Rogue.
+
+P. 202. _Burnet._ The queen-mother had brought over from France one Mrs.
+Steward, reckoned a very _great beauty._--_Swift._ A pretty phrase.
+
+P. 203. _Burnet._ One of the first things that was done in this session
+of Parliament [1663] was _the execution of my unfortunate uncle,
+Wariston._--_Swift._ Was he hanged or beheaded? A fit uncle for such a
+bishop.
+
+P. 211. _Burnet._ Many were undone by it [religious persecution], and
+went over to the Scots in Ulster, where they were well received, and had
+all manner of liberty as to their way of religion.--_Swift._ The more
+the pity.
+
+P. 214. _Burnet._ The blame of all this was cast upon Sharp..... And the
+Lord Lauderdale, to complete his disgrace with the King, got many of his
+letters ... and laid these before the King; So that the King looked on
+him as one of the worst of men.--_Swift._ Surely there was some secret
+cause for this perpetual malice against Sharp.
+
+P. 220. _Burnet._ Pensionary De Witt had the notions of a commonwealth
+from the Greeks and Romans. And from them he came to fancy, that an army
+commanded by officers of their own country was both more in their own
+power, and would serve them with the more zeal, since they themselves
+had such an interest in their success.--_Swift._ He ought to have judged
+the contrary.
+
+P. 236. _Burnet,_ speaking of the slight rebellion in the west of
+Scotland, 1666, says:--The rest [of the rebels] were favoured by the
+darkness of the night, and the weariness of the King's troops that were
+not in case to pursue them. ... For they were a poor harmless company of
+men, become mad by oppression.--_Swift._  A fair historian!
+
+P. 237. _Burnet._ They might all have saved their lives, if they would
+have renounced the Covenant: So they were really a sort of martyrs for
+it.--_Swift._ Decent term.
+
+P. 238. _Burnet._ [Sir John Cunningham] was not only very learned in the
+civil and canon law ... [but] was above all, a man of eminent probity,
+and of a sweet temper, and indeed one of the _piousest_ men of the
+nation.--_Swift._ Is that Scotch?
+
+P. 242. _Burnet._ When the peace of Breda was concluded, the King wrote
+to the Scottish council, and communicated _that_ to them; and with
+_that_ signified, _that_ it was his pleasure _that_ the army should be
+disbanded.--_Swift._ Four _thats_ in one line.
+
+P. 243. _Burnet._ [Archbishop Burnet] saw Episcopacy was to be pulled
+down, and ... writ upon these matters a long and sorrowful letter to
+Sheldon: And upon that Sheldon writ a very long one to Sir R. Murray;
+which I read, and found more temper and moderation in it than I could
+have expected from him.--_Swift._ Sheldon was a very great and excellent
+man.
+
+P. 245. _Burnet._ [The Countess of Dysert] was a woman of great beauty,
+but of far greater parts. ... She had studied not only divinity and
+history, but mathematics and philosophy. She was violent in everything
+she set about, a violent friend, but a much more violent enemy. ...
+[When Lauderdale] was prisoner after Worcester fight, she made him
+believe he was in great danger of his life, and that she saved it by her
+intrigues with Cromwell.--_Swift._ Cromwell had gallantries with her.
+
+P. 248. _Burnet._ The clergy ... saw designs were forming to turn them
+all out: And, hearing that they might be better provided in Ireland,
+they were in many places bought out, and prevailed on to desert their
+cures.--_Swift._ So Ireland was well provided.
+
+P. 252. _Burnet._ The King ... suspecting that Lord Cornbury was in the
+design, spoke to him as one in a rage that forgot all decency. ... In
+the afternoon he heard him with more temper, as he himself told
+me.--_Swift._ Who told him?
+
+P. 253. _Burnet,_ speaking of Sheldon's remonstrating with the King
+about his mistresses, adds:--From that day forward Sheldon could never
+recover the King's confidence.--_Swift._ Sheldon had refused the
+sacrament to the King for living in adultery.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ Sir Orlando Bridgman ... was a man of great integrity,
+and had very serious impressions of religion on his mind. He had been
+always on the side of the Church.--_Swift._ What side should he be of?
+
+P. 256. _Burnet,_ speaking of the Earl of Clarendon's banishment:--It
+seemed against the common course of justice, to make all
+corresponding with him treason, when he himself was not attainted of
+treason.--_Swift._ Bishop of Rochester's case.
+
+P. 257. _Burnet._ Thus the Lord Clarendon fell under the common fate of
+great ministers, whose employment exposes them to envy, and draws upon
+them the indignation of all who are disappointed in their pretensions.
+Their friends turning as violently against them, as they formerly fawned
+abjectly upon them.--_Swift._ Stupid moralist.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet,_ speaking of the Earl of Clarendon's eldest son, who
+afterwards succeeded him, says:--His judgement was not to be _much_
+depended on, for he was _much_ carried by vulgar prejudices, and false
+notions. He was _much_ in the Queen's favour. _Swift._ Much, much, much.
+
+P. 258. _Burnet,_ speaking of the Earl of Rochester, second son of Lord
+Clarendon:--[He] is a man of far greater parts [than his brother]. He
+has a _very good pen_, but speaks not gracefully.--_Swift._ I suppose it
+was of gold or silver.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ [The King] told me, he had a chaplain, that was a very
+honest man, but a very great blockhead, to whom he had given a living in
+Suffolk, that was full of that sort of people [Nonconformists]. He had
+gone about among them from house to house, though he could not imagine
+what he could say to them, for he said he was a very silly fellow. But
+that, he believed, his nonsense suited their nonsense, for he had
+brought them all to church. And, in reward of his diligence, he had
+given him a bishopric in Ireland.--_Swift._ Bishop Wolley, of Clonfert.
+
+P. 259. _Burnet._ If the sectaries were humble and modest, and would
+tell what would satisfy them, there might be some colour for granting
+some concessions.--_Swift._ I think so too.
+
+P. 260. _Burnet._ The three volumes of the "Friendly Debate," though
+writ by a very good man.--_Swift._ Writ by Bishop Patrick.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ After he [Samuel Parker, afterwards Bishop of Oxford]
+had for some years entertained the nation with several virulent books,
+writ with much life, he was attacked by the liveliest droll of the age,
+etc.--_Swift._ What is a droll? _Burnet._ That not only humbled Parker,
+but the whole party. For the author of "The Rehearsal Transposed,"
+etc.--_Swift._ Andrew Marvel.
+
+P. 263. _Burnet,_ speaking of the King's attachment to Nell Gwyn,
+says:--But after all he never treated her with the _decencies_ of a
+mistress.--_Swift._ Pray what _decencies_ are those?
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ The King had another mistress, that was managed by Lord
+Shaftesbury, who was the daughter of a clergyman, Roberts, in whom her
+first education had so deep a root, that, though she fell into many
+scandalous disorders, with very dismal adventures in them all, yet a
+principle of religion was so deep laid in her, that, though it did not
+restrain her, yet it kept alive in her such a constant horror at sin,
+that she was never easy in an ill course, and died with a great sense of
+her former ill life. I was _often with her_ the last three months of her
+life.--_Swift_. Was she handsome then?
+
+P. 264. _Burnet_. The King loved his [the Earl of Rochester's] company
+for the diversion it afforded, better than his person: And there was no
+love lost between them.--_Swift_. A noble phrase.
+
+P. 265. _Burnet_. Sedley had a more sudden and copious wit, which
+furnished a perpetual run of discourse: But he was not so correct as
+Lord Dorset, nor so sparkling as Lord Rochester.--_Swift_. No better a
+critic in wit than style.
+
+P. 266. _Burnet_. Lord Roberts, afterwards made Earl of Radnor, [who
+succeeded the Duke of Ormonde in his government of Ireland,] was a
+morose man, believed to be severely just, and as wise as a _cynical_
+humour could allow him to be.--_Swift_. How does that hinder wisdom?
+
+P. 273. _Burnet_. Charles II. confessed himself a Papist to the Prince
+of Orange:--The Prince told me, that he never spoke of this to any other
+person, till _after his death_.--_Swift_. That is, _his own death_.
+
+P. 277. _Burnet_ quotes an exclamation of Archbishop Sharp's, after an
+attempt to assassinate him, and adds:--This was the single expression
+savouring of piety, that ever fell from him in all the conversation that
+passed between him and me.--_Swift._ Rank malice.
+
+P. 285. _Burnet_. No body could ever tell me how the word
+"Ecclesiastical matters" was put in the Act. Leightoun thought, he was
+sure it was put in after the draught and form of the Act was agreed
+on.--_Swift_. Nonsense.
+
+P. 287. _Burnet_, speaking of Archbishop Burnet, says:--He was not cut
+out for a court, or for the ministry.--_Swift_. A phrase of dignity.
+
+_Ibid. Burne_, mentioning his own appointment as Professor of Divinity
+at Glasgow University, says:--There was no sort of artifice or
+management to bring this about: It came of themselves: And they did it
+without any recommendation of any person whatsoever.--_Swift_. Modest.
+
+P. 288. _Burnet_. The Episcopal party thought I intended to make myself
+popular at their cost: So they began that strain of fury and calumny
+that has pursued me ever since from _that sort of people_.--_Swift_. A
+civil term for all who are Episcopal.
+
+P. 298. _Burnet_. [In compiling the Memoirs of the Dukes of Hamilton,] I
+found there materials for a very large history. I writ it with great
+sincerity; and concealed none of their errors. I did indeed conceal
+several things that related to the King: I left out some passages that
+were in his letters; in some of which was too much weakness.--_Swift._
+The letters, if they had been published, could not have given a worse
+character.
+
+P. 300. _Burnet,_ speaking of the Scotch clergy refusing to be made
+bishops, says:--They had an ill opinion of the court, and could not be
+brought to leave their retirement.--_Swift._ For that very reason they
+should have accepted bishoprics.
+
+P. 301. _Burnet,_ after mentioning the murder of the Duchess of Orleans,
+says:--I will set down one story of her, that was told me by a person of
+distinction, who had it from some who were well informed of the
+matter.--_Swift._ Poor authority.
+
+P. 303. _Burnet._ Madame [the Duchess of Orleans] had an intrigue with
+another person, whom I knew well, the Count of Tréville. When she was in
+her agony, she said, "Adieu, Tréville." He was so struck with this
+accident, that it had a good effect on him; for he went and lived many
+years among the Fathers of the Oratory, and became both a very learned,
+and devout man. He came afterwards out into the world. I saw him often.
+He was a man of a very sweet temper, only a little too formal for a
+Frenchman. But he was very sincere. He was a Jansenist. He hated the
+Jesuits.--_Swift._ Pretty jumping periods.
+
+P. 304. _Burnet._ Lord Shaftesbury laid the blame of this chiefly on the
+Duke of Buckingham: For he told me, ... And therefore he blamed
+him.--_Swift._ Who blamed whom.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ The Duke of Savoy was encouraged to make a conquest of
+Genoa.--_Swift._ Geneva.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ When a foreign minister asked the King's leave to treat
+with him [Lockhart] in his master's name, the King consented; but with
+this severe reflection, That he believed he would be true to anybody but
+himself.--_Swift._ Does he mean, Lockhart would not be true to Lockhart?
+
+P. 305. _Burnet._ They [the French] so possessed De Groot, then the
+Dutch ambassador at Paris, or they corrupted him into a belief that they
+had no design on them, etc.--_Swift._ Who on whom?
+
+P. 306. _Burnet._ The Earl of Shaftesbury was the chief man in this
+advice [recommending the King to shut up the exchequer].--_Swift._
+Clifford had the merit of this.
+
+P. 318. _Burnet,_ after mentioning the death of William II., Prince of
+Orange, says of the Princess:--As she bore her son a week after his
+death, in the eighth month of her time, so he came into the world under
+great disadvantages.--_Swift._ A pretty contrast.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet_ mentions an astrological prediction of the Prince's fate,
+and adds:--But that which _was_ most particular _was_, that he _was_ to
+have a son by a widow, and _was_ to die of the small-pox in the
+twenty-fifth year of his age.--_Swift_. Was, was, was, was.
+
+P. 320. _Burnet_. They set it also up for a maxim.--_Swift_. He can vary
+a phrase; set up for a maxim, and lay down for a maxim.
+
+P. 321. _Burnet_. His oath was made to them, and by consequence it was
+in their power to release the obligation that did arise from it to
+themselves.--_Swift_. Bad casuist.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_. As soon as he [the Prince of Orange] was brought into
+the command of the armies, he told me, he spoke to De Witt, and desired
+to live in an entire confidence with him. His answer was cold: So he saw
+that he could not depend upon him. When he told me this, he added, that
+he was certainly one of the greatest men of the age, and he believed he
+served his country faithfully--_Swift_. Yet the Prince contrived that he
+should be murdered.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_. Now I come to give an account of the fifth crisis
+brought on the whole reformation, which has been of the longest
+continuance, since we are yet in the agitations of it.--_Swift_. Under
+the Queen and Lord Oxford's ministry.
+
+P. 322. _Burnet_. [In this famous campaign of Louis XIV. against the
+Dutch, (1672,)] there was so little heart or judgement shewn in the
+management of that run of success, etc.--_Swift_. A metaphor, but from
+gamesters.
+
+P. 326. _Burnet_, referring to the action of the rabble when Cornelius
+de Witt was banished, says of the Prince of Orange:--His enemies have
+taken advantages from thence to cast the infamy of this on him, and on
+his party, to make them all odious; though the Prince spoke of it always
+to me with the greatest horror possible.--_Swift_. Yet he was guilty
+enough.
+
+P. 328. _Burnet_. Prince Waldeck was their chief general: A man of a
+great compass.--_Swift, i.e._ very fat.
+
+P. 330. _Burnet_. He broke twice with the Prince, after he came into a
+confidence with him. He employed me to reconcile him to him for the
+third time--_Swift_. Perspicuity.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet._ The actions sinking on the sudden on the breaking out of
+a new war, that sunk him into a melancholy, which quite distracted
+him.--_Swift_. Eloquent.
+
+P. 335. _Burnet_. I will complete the transactions of this memorable
+year:--P. 337. Thus I have gone far into the state of affairs of Holland
+in this memorable year.--_Swift_. Why, you called it so but just now
+before.
+
+P. 337. _Burnet_. It seems, the French made no great account of their
+prisoners, for they released 25,000 Dutch for 50,000 crowns--_Swift_.
+What! ten shillings a piece! By much too dear for a Dutchman.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_. This year [1672] the King declared a new mistress, and
+made her Duchess of Portsmouth. She had been maid of honour to Madame,
+the King's sister, and had come over with her to Dover; where the King
+had expressed such a regard to her, that the Duke of Buckingham, who
+hated the Duchess of Cleveland, intended to _put her on the
+King_.--_Swift._ Surely he means the contrary.
+
+P. 341. _Burnet_. [The Duke of Lauderdale] called for me all on the
+sudden, and put me in mind of the project I had laid before him, of
+putting all the outed ministers by _couples_ into parishes: So that
+instead of wandering about the country to hold conventicles in all
+places, they might be fixed to a certain abode, and every one might have
+the half of a benefice.--_Swift._ A sottish project; instead of feeding
+_fifty_, you starve a _hundred_.
+
+BOOK III.
+
+P. 346. _Burnet_. It was believed, if the design had succeeded, he [Lord
+Clifford] had agreed with his wife to take orders, and to aspire to a
+cardinal's hat.--_Swift_. Was he or she to take orders?
+
+P. 362. _Burnet_. I told him, what afterwards happened, that most of
+these would make their own terms, and leave him in the lurch.--_Swift_.
+True sublime.
+
+P. 370. _Burnet_. I was ever of Nazianzen's opinion, who never wished to
+see any more synods of the clergy.--_Swift_. Dog!
+
+P. 372. _Burnet_, when he was struck out of the list of chaplains,
+says:--The King said, he was afraid I had been too busy; and wished me
+to go home to Scotland, and be more quiet.--_Swift_. The King knew him
+right.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_. I preached in many of the churches of London; and was so
+well received, that it was probable I might be accepted of in any that
+was to be disposed of by _a popular election._--_Swift_. Much to his
+honour.
+
+P. 373. _Burnet_. This violent and groundless prosecution lasted some
+months. And during that time I said to some, that Duke Lauderdale had
+gone so far in opening some wicked designs to me, that I perceived he
+could not be satisfied, unless I was undone. So I told what was
+mentioned before of the discourses that passed between him and
+me.--_Swift_. Scotch dog!
+
+P. 374. _Burnet_. He [Lord Howard] went over in the beginning of the
+war, and offered to serve De Witt. But he told me, he found him a dry
+man.--_Swift_. Who told who? I guess Howard told Burnet.
+
+P. 378. _Burnet_. At least he [Sir William Temple] thought religion was
+fit only for the mob.--_Swift_. A word of dignity for an historian.
+_Burnet._ He was a corrupter of all that came near him. And he delivered
+himself up wholly to study, ease, and pleasure.--_Swift_. Sir William
+Temple was a man of virtue, to which Burnet was a stranger.
+
+P. 380. _Burnet_, speaking of his being pressed, before Parliament, to
+reveal what passed between him and the Duke of Lauderdale _in private_;
+and the Parliament, in case of refusal, threatening him, says:--Upon
+this I yielded, and gave an account of the discourse formerly
+mentioned.--_Swift_. Treacherous villain.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_. My love to my country, and my private friendships
+carried me perhaps too far.--_Swift_. Right.
+
+P. 382. _Burnet_. [Sir Harbottle Grimstone] had always _a tenderness to
+the Dissenters_.--_Swift_. Burnet's test of all virtues.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_. [Lady Grimstone] was the humblest, the devoutest, and
+best tempered person I ever _knew of that sort_ [having high notions for
+Church and Crown].--_Swift_. Rogue.
+
+P. 384. _Burnet_, the country party maintained that:--if a Parliament
+thought any law inconvenient for the good of the whole, they must be
+supposed still free to alter it: And no previous limitation could bind
+up their legislature.--_Swift._ Wrong arguing.
+
+P. 387. _Burnet_. It was said, a standing Parliament changed the
+constitution of England.--_Swift_. The present case under King George.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_. It was moved, that an address should be made to the King
+for dissolving the Parliament.--_Swift. Tempora mutantur_; for nothing
+now will do but septennial Parliaments.
+
+P. 388 _Burnet_. He [Lord Russell] had from his first education an
+inclination to favour the Non-conformists.--_Swift_. So have all the
+author's favourites.
+
+P. 392. _Burnet_. But with these good qualities Compton was a weak man,
+wilful, and strangely wedded to a party.--_Swift._ He means, to the
+Church.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_. Bancroft, Dean of St. Paul's, was raised to [the see of
+Canterbury]. ... He was a man of solemn deportment, had a sullen gravity
+in his looks, and was considerably learned. He had put on a monastic
+strictness, and lived abstracted from company. ... He was a dry, cold
+man, reserved, and peevish; so that none loved him, and few esteemed
+him.--_Swift_. False and detracting.
+
+P. 396. _Burnet_. My way of writing history pleased him [Sir William
+Jones].--_Swift_. Very modest.
+
+P. 399. _Burnet_. Men were now though silent, not quiet.--_Swift_.
+Nonsense, or printer's mistake. It should be, "Silent, though not
+quiet."
+
+_Ibid, Burnet_. One Carstairs, a loose and vicious gentleman.--_Swift_.
+Epithets well placed.
+
+P. 404. _Burnet_. It was an extraordinary thing that a random cannon
+shot should have killed him [Turenne].--_Swift_. How extraordinary?
+Might it not kill him as well as another man?
+
+P. 406. _Burnet_, in the battle at St. Omer between the Prince of Orange
+(afterwards King William) and the Duke of Orleans:--some regiments of
+marines, on whom the Prince depended much, did basely run away. Yet the
+other bodies fought so well, that he lost not much, besides the _honour
+of the day_.--_Swift_. He was used to that.
+
+P. 407. _Burnet_. These leading men did so entangle the debates, and
+over-reached those on whom he had practised, that they, working on the
+aversion that the English nation naturally has to a French interest,
+spoiled the hopefullest session the court had had of a great while,
+before the court was well aware of it.--_Swift_. Rare style!
+
+P. 409. _Burnet_, Lord Danby, speaking to King Charles II., said:--If
+they saw his [the Duke of York's] daughter given to one that was at the
+head of the Protestant interest, it would very much soften those
+apprehensions, when it did appear that his religion was only a personal
+thing, not to be derived to his children after him. With all this the
+King was convinced.--_Swift_. Then how was the King for bringing in
+Popery?
+
+P. 413. _Burnet_. His friend answered, He hoped he did not intend to
+make use of him to trepan a man to his ruin. Upon that, with lifted up
+hands, Sharp promised by the living God, that no hurt should come to
+him, if he made a full discovery.--_Swift_. Malice.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet_, upon the examination of Mitchell before the
+privy-council for the intended assassination of Archbishop Sharp, it
+being first proposed to cut off the prisoner's right hand, and then his
+left:--Lord Rothes, who was a pleasant man, said, "How shall he wipe his
+breech then?" This is not very _decent_ to be mentioned in such a work,
+if it were not necessary.--_Swift_. As decent as a thousand other
+passages; so he might have spared his apology.
+
+P. 414. _Burnet_, in the last article of the above trial, observes:--
+But the judge, who hated Sharp, as he went up to the bench, passing by
+the prisoner said to him, "Confess nothing, unless you are sure of your
+limbs as well as of your life."--_Swift_. A rare judge.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet_, mentioning Mackenzie's appointment as king's advocate,
+says of him:--He has published many books, some of law, but all full of
+faults; for he was a slight and superficial man.--_Swift_. Envious and
+base.
+
+P. 416. _Burnet_, speaking of the execution of the above Mitchell for
+the attempt against Sharp, says:--Yet Duke Lauderdale had a chaplain,
+Hickes, afterwards Dean of Worcester, who published a false and partial
+relation of this matter, in order to the justifying of it--_Swift_. A
+learned, pious man.[4]
+
+[Footnote 4: The "Ravillac [_sic_] Redivivus" of Hickes, is,
+notwithstanding his learning and piety, in every respect deserving of
+the censures passed upon it by Burnet. [S.]]
+
+P. 425. _Burnet_. [Titus Oates] got to be a chaplain in one of the
+king's ships, from which he was dismissed upon complaint of some
+unnatural practices, not to be named.--_Swift_. Only sodomy.
+
+P. 434. _Burnet_. He [Staley] was cast.--_Swift. Anglicê_, found guilty.
+
+P. 441. _Burnet_, on the impeachment of Lord Danby:--Maynard, an ancient
+and eminent lawyer, explained the words of the statute of 25 Edward III.
+that the courts of law could not proceed but upon one of the crimes
+there enumerated: But the Parliament had still a power, by the clause in
+that Act, to declare what they thought was treason.--_Swift_. Yes, by a
+new Act, but not with a retrospect; therefore Maynard was a _knave or a
+fool, with all his law_.
+
+P. 442. _Burnet_. This indeed would have justified the King, if it had
+been demanded above board.--_Swift_. Style of a gamester.
+
+P. 451. _Burnet_. Yet many thought, that, what doctrines soever men
+might by a subtlety of speculation be earned into, the approaches of
+death, with the seriousness that appeared in their deportment, must
+needs work so much on the probity and candour which seemed footed in
+human nature, etc.--_Swift._ Credat Judaeus Apella.
+
+P. 455. _Burnet_, the Bill of Exclusion disinherited:--the next heir,
+which certainly the King and Parliament might do, as well as any private
+man might disinherit his next heir.--_Swift._ That is not always true.
+Yet it was certainly in the power of King and Parliament to exclude the
+next heir.
+
+P. 457. _Burnet_. Government was appointed for those that were to be
+governed, and not for the sake of governors themselves.--_Swift_. A
+true maxim and infallible.
+
+P. 458. _Burnet_. It was a maxim among our lawyers, that even an Act of
+Parliament against _Magna Charta_ was null of itself.--_Swift_. A
+sottish maxim.
+
+P. 459. _Burnet_. For a great while I thought the accepting the
+limitations [proposed in the Exclusion Bill] was the wisest and best
+method.--_Swift_. It was the wisest, because it would be less opposed;
+and the King would consent to it; otherwise an _exclusion_ would have
+done better.
+
+P. 471. _Burnet_. The guards having lost thirty of their number were
+forced to run for it.--_Swift_. For what?
+
+P. 475. _Burnet_. Dangerfield, a subtle and dexterous man, who ... was a
+false coiner, undertook now to coin a plot for the ends of the
+Papists.--_Swift_. Witty.
+
+P. 479. _Burnet_. Godolphin ... had true principles of religion and
+virtue, and was free from all vanity, and never heaped up wealth: So
+that all things being laid together, he was one of the worthiest and
+wisest men that has been employed in our time.--_Swift_. All this very
+partial to my knowledge.
+
+P. 483. _Burnet_. I laid open the cruelties of the Church of Rome in
+many instances that happened in Queen Mary's reign, which were not then
+known: And I _aggravated_, though _very truly_, the danger of falling
+under the power of that religion.--_Swift_. A BULL!
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_. Sprat had studied a polite style much: But there was
+little strength in it: He had the beginnings of learning laid well in
+him: But he has allowed himself in a course of some years in much sloth
+and too many liberties.--_Swift_. Very false.
+
+P. 489. _Burnet_. Here was a justice to be done, and a service to truth,
+towards the saving a man's life.... He advised with all his friends, and
+with my self in particular. The much greater number were of opinion that
+he ought to be silent.--_Swift_. Damned advice.
+
+P. 496. _Burnet_. Jones stood upon a point of law, of the
+unseparableness of the prerogative from the person of the
+King.--_Swift_. A lawyer's way of arguing, very weak.
+
+P. 509. _Burnet_, speaking of the grand juries in the latter end of King
+Charles's reign returning _ignoramus_ so frequently on bills of
+indictment, states that:--in defence of these _ignoramus juries_ it was
+said, that by the express words of their oath they were bound to make
+true presentments of what should appear true to them: And therefore, if
+they did not believe the evidence, they could not find a bill, though
+sworn to. A book was writ to support that, in which both law and reason
+were brought to confirm it: It passed as writ by Lord Essex, though I
+understood afterwards it was writ by Somers.--_Swift_. Lord Somers.
+
+P. 516. _Burnet_ says, on the imposition of a Test Act:--The bishops
+were earnest for this, which they thought would secure them for ever
+from a Presbyterian Parliament. It was carried in the vote: And that
+made many of the court more zealous than ever for carrying through the
+Act.--_Swift_. And it was very reasonable.
+
+P. 519. _Burnet_ mentions that, when the Test Act was passed:--about
+eighty of the most learned and pious of their clergy left all rather
+than comply with the terms of this law.... About twenty of them came up
+to England.--_Swift_. Enough to corrupt England.
+
+P. 523. _Burnet_, describing the death of the Duke of Lauderdale,
+says--His heart seemed quite spent: There was not left above the bigness
+of a walnut of firm substance: The rest was spongy, liker the lungs than
+the heart.--_Swift. Anglicé_, more like.
+
+P. 525. _Burnet_, Home was convicted on the credit of one infamous
+evidence:--Applications were made to the Duke [of York] for saving his
+life: But he was not born under _a pardoning planet_.--_Swift_. Silly
+fop.
+
+P. 526. _Burnet_ All the Presbyterian party saw they were now
+disinherited of a main part of their birth-right.--_Swift_. As much of
+Papists as of Presbyterians.
+
+P. 527. _Burnet_, speaking of the surrender of the charters in 1682:--It
+was said, that those who were in the government in corporations, and had
+their charters and seals trusted to their keeping, were not the
+proprietors nor masters of those rights. They could not extinguish those
+corporations, nor part with any of their privileges. Others said, that
+whatever might be objected to the reason and equity of the thing, yet,
+when the seal of a corporation was put to any deed, such a deed was good
+in law. The matter goes beyond my skill in law to determine
+it.--_Swift_. What does he think of the surrenders of the charters of
+abbeys?
+
+P. 528. _Burnet_ The Non-conformists were now persecuted with much
+eagerness. This was visibly set on by the Papists: And it was wisely
+done of them, for they knew how much the _Non-conformists were set
+against them_.--_Swift_. Not so much as they are against the Church.
+
+P. 531. _Burnet_ Lord Hyde was the person that disposed the Duke to it:
+Upon that Lord Halifax and he fell to be in ill terms; for he hated Lord
+Sunderland beyond expression, though he had married his
+sister.--_Swift_. Who married whose sister?
+
+P. 536. _Burnet_ The truth is, juries became at that time the shame of
+the nation, as well as a reproach to religion: For they were packed, and
+prepared to bring in verdicts as they were directed and not as matters
+appeared on the evidence.--_Swift_. So they are now.
+
+P. 538. _Burnet_ He [Algernon Sidney] was ambassador in Denmark at the
+time of the Restoration.--_Swift_. For Cromwell.
+
+P. 543. _Burnet_, on Rumbold's proposal to shoot the King at Hodsdon, in
+his way to Newmarket, adds:--They [the conspirators] ran into much
+_wicked talk_ about the way of executing that. But nothing was ever
+fixed on: All was _but talk_.--_Swift_. All plots begin with talk.
+
+P. 548. _Burnet_. At the time of Lord Russell's plot, Baillie being
+asked by the King whether they had any design against his person? he
+frankly said not; but being asked:--if they had been in any
+consultations with lords or others in England, in order to an
+insurrection in Scotland? Baillie faltered at this. For his _conscience_
+restrained him from _lying_;--_Swift._ The author and his _cousins_
+could _not tell lies_, but they _could plot_.
+
+P. 549. _Burnet._ Next morning he went with him to the Tower gate, the
+messenger being again fast asleep.--_Swift._ Is this a blunder?
+
+P. 553. _Burnet,_ speaking of Lord Essex's suicide (1683)--His man,
+thinking he stayed longer than ordinary in his _closet_, looked through
+the key hole, and there saw him lying dead.--_Swift._ He was on the
+close stool.
+
+P. 555. _Burnet,_ on Lord Russell's trial--Finch summed up the evidence
+against him. But ... shewed more of a vicious eloquence, in turning
+matters with some subtlety against the prisoners, than of solid or
+sincere reasoning.--_Swift._ Afterwards Earl of Aylesford, an arrant
+rascal.
+
+P. 562. _Burnet._ I offered to take my oath, that the speech [of Lord
+Russell] was penned by himself, and not by me.--_Swift._ Jesuitical.
+
+P. 567. _Burnet._ I knew Spanheim particularly, _who was_ envoy from the
+Elector of Brandenburg, _who is_ the greatest critic of the age in all
+ancient learning.--_Swift. Who was--who is_, pure nonsense.
+
+P. 568. _Burnet._ All people were apprehensive of very black designs,
+when they saw Jeffreys made Lord Chief Justice, who ... run out upon all
+occasions into declamations, that did not become the bar, much less the
+bench. He was not learned in his profession: And his eloquence, though
+viciously copious, yet was neither correct nor agreeable.--_Swift._ Like
+Burnet's eloquence.
+
+P. 572. _Burnet,_ on Algernon Sidney's trial, observes, that:--Finch
+aggravated the matter of the book, as a proof of his intentions,
+pretending it was an overt act, for he said, _Scribere est
+agere_.--_Swift._ Yet this Finch was made Earl of Aylesford by King
+George.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet,_ when Sidney charged the sheriffs who brought him the
+execution-warrant with having packed the jury--one of the sheriffs ...
+wept. He told it to a person, from whom Tillotson had it, who told it
+me.--_Swift._ Admirable authority.
+
+P. 577. _Burnet._ So that it was plain, that after all the story they
+had made of the [Rye-house] Plot, it had gone no further, than that a
+company of seditious and inconsiderable persons were framing among
+themselves some treasonable schemes, that were never likely to come to
+anything.--_Swift._ Cursed partiality.
+
+P. 579. _Burnet_. The King [Charles II.] had published a story all about
+the court, ... as the reason of this extreme severity against Armstrong:
+He said, that he was sent over by Cromwell to murder him beyond sea; ...
+and that upon his confessing it he had promised him never to speak of it
+any more as long as he lived. So the King, counting him now dead in law,
+thought he was free from that promise.--_Swift_. If the King had a mind
+to lie, he would have stayed till Armstrong was hanged.
+
+P. 583. _Burnet_. It ended in dismissing Lord Aberdeen, and making Lord
+Perth chancellor, to which he had been long aspiring in a most indecent
+manner.--_Swift. Decent_ and _indecent_, very useful words to this
+author.
+
+P. 585. _Burnet_. I saved myself out of those difficulties by saying to
+all my friends, that I would not be involved in any such confidence; for
+as long as I thought our circumstances were such that resistance was not
+lawful, I thought the concealing any design in order to it was likewise
+unlawful.--_Swift._ Jesuitical.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_ says, after relating how the thumb-screws were applied to
+Spence and Carstairs:--Upon what was thus screwed out of these two
+persons, etc.--_Swift_. Witty the second time.
+
+P. 586. _Burnet_, Baillie suffered several hardships and fines for being
+supposed to be in the Rye-house Plot; yet:--seemed all the while so
+composed, and even so cheerful, that his behaviour looked like the
+reviving of the spirit of the noblest of the old Greeks or
+Romans.--_Swift_. For he was our _cousin_.
+
+P. 587. _Burnet_, speaking of Baillie's execution, says:--The only
+excuse that was ever pretended for this infamous prosecution was, that
+they were sure he was guilty.--_Swift_. Bishop of Rochester.
+
+P. 588. _Burnet_, Lord Perth wanting to see Leightoun, I writ so
+earnestly to him, that he came to London; and, on--his coming to me, I
+was amazed to see him at above seventy look so fresh and well.... [Two
+days afterwards] Leightoun sunk so, that both speech and sense went away
+of a sudden: And he continued panting about twelve hours; and then died
+without pangs or convulsions.--_Swift_. Burnet killed him by bringing
+him to London.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_ Leightoun ... retained still a peculiar inclination to
+Scotland.--_Swift_. Yet he chose to live in England.
+
+P. 589. _Burnet_, speaking of Leightoun's views of the Church of
+England, says:--As to the administration, both with relation to the
+ecclesiastical courts, and the pastoral care, he looked on it as one of
+the most corrupt he had ever seen.--_Swift_. Very civil.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_. There were two remarkable circumstances in his
+[Leightoun's] death. He used often to say, that if he were to choose a
+place to die in, it should be an inn; it looking like a pilgrim's going
+home, to whom this world was all as an inn, and who was weary of the
+noise and confusion in it.--_Swift._ Canting puppy.
+
+P. 590. _Burnet_. Sterne, Archbishop of York, died in the 86th year of
+his age: He was a sour ill-tempered man, and minded chiefly the
+enriching his family.--_Swift_. Yet thought author of "The Whole Duty of
+Man."
+
+P. 591. _Burnet_ says of Bishop Mew:--Though he knew very little of
+divinity, or of any other learning, and was weak to a childish degree,
+yet obsequiousness and zeal raised him through several steps to this
+great see [Bath and Wells].--_Swift_. This character is true.
+
+P. 595. _Burnet_. And now the tables were turned--_Swift._ Style of a
+gamester.
+
+P. 596. _Burnet_, being appointed to preach the sermon on the Gunpowder
+Plot, (1684,) at the Rolls Chapel:--I chose for my text these words:
+"Save me from the lion's mouth, thou hast heard me from the horns of the
+unicorns." I made no reflection in my thoughts on the lion and unicorn,
+as being the two supporters of the King's scutcheon.--_Swift_. I doubt
+that.
+
+P. 600. _Burnet_ relates a story of a quarrel between three gentlemen,
+one of whom was killed. He says that one of the others:--was prevailed
+on to confess the indictment, and to let sentence pass on him for
+murder; a pardon being promised him if he should do so. [After this he
+had to pay £16,000 for his pardon.]--_Swift_. The story is wrong told.
+
+P. 604. _Burnet_ mentions a scheme to raise dissensions between Charles
+II. and the Duke of York, and adds:--Mr. May of the privy purse told me,
+that he was told there was a design to break out, with which he himself
+would be well pleased.--_Swift_. The bishop told me this with many more
+particulars.
+
+P. 609. _Burnet_, speaking of the suspicion of Charles II. being
+poisoned, says that:--Lower and Needham, two famous physicians, ...
+[noticed some] blue spots on the outside of the stomach. Needham called
+twice to have it opened: but the surgeons seemed not to hear him. And
+when he moved it the second time, he, as he told me, heard Lower say to
+one that stood next him, "Needham will undo us, calling thus to have the
+stomach opened, for he may see they will not do it." ... Le Fevre, a
+French physician, told me, he saw a blackness in the shoulder; Upon
+which he made an incision, and saw it was all mortified. Short, another
+physician, who was a Papist, but after a form of his own, did very much
+suspect foul dealing.--_Swift_. One physician told me this from Short
+himself.
+
+P. 611. _Burnet_, describing the behaviour of Charles II. when in hiding
+after the battle of Worcester, says:--Under all the apprehensions he had
+then upon him, he shewed a temper so careless, and so much turned to
+levity, that he was then diverting himself with little household sports,
+in as unconcerned a manner, as if he had made no loss, and had been in
+no danger at all.--_Swift._ This might admit a more favourable turn.
+
+P. 613. _Burnet,_ in his character of Charles II., says:--His person and
+temper, his vices as well as his fortunes, resemble the character that
+we have given us of Tiberius so much, that it were easy to draw the
+parallel between them. Tiberius's banishment, and his coming afterwards
+to reign, makes the comparison in that respect come pretty near. His
+hating of business, and his love of pleasures, his raising of
+favourites, and trusting them entirely; and his pulling them down, and
+hating them excessively; his art of covering deep designs, particularly
+of revenge, with an appearance of softness, brings them so near a
+likeness, that I did not wonder much to observe the resemblance of their
+face and person.--_Swift._ Malicious, and in many circumstances false.
+
+P. 615. _Burnet_ concludes his character of Charles II. with these
+words:--How ungrateful soever this labour has proved to my self, and how
+unacceptable soever it may be to some, who are either obliged to
+remember him gratefully, or by the engagement of parties and interests
+are under other biasses, yet I have gone through all that I knew
+relating to his life and reign with that regard to truth, and what I
+think may be instructive to mankind, which became an impartial writer of
+history, and one who believes, that he must give an account to God of
+what he writes, as well as of what he says and does.--_Swift._ He was
+certainly a very bad prince, but not to the degree described in this
+character, which is poorly drawn, and mingled with malice very unworthy
+an historian, and the style abominable, as in the whole history, and the
+observations trite and vulgar.
+
+
+BOOK IV.
+
+P. 623. _Burnet._ Because Chudleigh the envoy there had openly broken
+with the Prince [of Orange], (for he not only waited no more on him, but
+acted openly against him; and once in the Vorhaut had affronted him,
+while he was driving the Princess upon the snow in a _trainau_,
+according to the German manner, and pretending they were masked, and
+that he did not know them, had ordered his coachman to keep his way, as
+they were coming towards the place where he drove;) the King recalled
+him.--_Swift._ A pretty parenthesis.
+
+P. 626. _Burnet._ This gave all thinking men a melancholy prospect.
+England now seemed lost, unless some happy accident should save it. All
+people saw the way for packing a Parliament now laid open.--_Swift._
+Just our case at the Queen's death.
+
+P. 638. _Burnet_ says that Musgrave and others pretended:--when money
+was asked for just and necessary ends, to be frugal patriots, and to be
+careful managers of the public treasure.--_Swift._ A party remark,
+
+P. 651. _Burnet._ Goodenough, who had been under-sheriff of London when
+Cornish was sheriff, offered to swear against Cornish; and also said,
+that Rumsey had not discovered all he knew. So Rumsey to save himself
+joined with Goodenough, to swear Cornish guilty of that for which the
+Lord Russell had suffered. And this was driven on so fast, that Cornish
+was seized on, tried, and executed within the week.--_Swift._ Goodenough
+went to Ireland, practised law, and died there.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ It gave a general horror to the body of the nation: And
+it let all people see, what might be expected from a reign that seemed
+to delight in blood.--_Swift._ The same here since the Queen's death.
+
+P. 654. _Burnet._ The Archbishop of Armagh[5] [1685,] had continued Lord
+Chancellor of Ireland, and was in all points so compliant to the court,
+that even his religion came to be suspected on that account.--_Swift._
+False.
+
+[Footnote 5: Michael Boyle, who, when Archbishop of Dublin, was made
+chancellor soon after the Restoration (1665), and continued in that
+office to January, 1686, during which time he was raised to the
+Archbishopric of Armagh.--SEWARD.]
+
+Ibid _Burnet,_ and yet this archbishop:--was not thought thorough-paced.
+So Sir Charles Porter, who was a zealous promoter of everything that the
+King proposed, and was a man of ready wit, and being poor was thought a
+person fit to be made a tool of, was declared Lord Chancellor of
+Ireland.--_Swift._ False and scandalous.
+
+P. 669. _Burnet._ Solicitor-general Finch ... was presently after turned
+out. And Powis succeeded him, who was a compliant young aspiring lawyer,
+though in himself he was no ill natured man.--_Swift._ Sir Thomas Powis,
+a good dull lawyer.
+
+P. 670. _Burnet,_ speaking of the power claimed for the King to dispense
+with the sacramental test, says:--It was an overturning the whole
+government, ... to say that laws, ... where one of the penalties was an
+incapacity, which by a maxim of law cannot be taken away even by a
+pardon, should at the pleasure of the prince be dispensed with: A fine
+was also set by the Act on offenders, but not given to the King, but to
+the informer, which thereby became his. So that the King could no more
+pardon that, than he could discharge the debts of the subjects, and take
+away property.--_Swift._ Wrong reasoning.
+
+P. 672. _Burnet._ Intimations were everywhere given, that the King would
+not have them [Dissenters], or their meetings, to be disturbed. Some of
+them began to grow insolent upon this shew of favour.--_Swift._ The
+whole body of them grew insolent, and complying to the King.
+
+P. 675. _Burnet._ Sancroft lay silent at Lambeth. He seemed zealous
+against Popery in private discourse: But he was of such a timorous
+temper, and _so set on the enriching his nephew,_ that he shewed no sort
+of courage.--_Swift._ False as hell.
+
+P. 681. _Burnet,_ referring to the revived national zeal against Popery,
+says:--The Episcopal clergy were in many places so sunk into sloth and
+ignorance, that they were not capable of conducting this zeal: ... But
+the Presbyterians, though they were now freed from the great severities
+they had long smarted under, yet expressed on all occasions their
+unconquerable aversion to Popery.--_Swift._ Partial dog!
+
+P. 682. _Burnet._ He made the Earl of Tyrconnell Lord
+Lieutenant.--_Swift._ Lord deputy.
+
+P. 688. _Burnet._ Nor were the clergy more diligent in their labours
+among their people, in which respect it must be confessed that the
+English clergy are the most remiss of any.--_Swift._ Civil that.
+
+P. 690. _Burnet,_ speaking of King William's character, says:--he had no
+vice, but of one sort, in which he was very _cautious_ and
+_secret_.--_Swift._ It was of two sorts--_male_ and _female_--in the
+_former_ he was neither cautious nor secret.
+
+P. 691. _Burnet,_ in a conversation with the Prince of Orange at The
+Hague, (1686):--When he found I was in my opinion for toleration, he
+said, that was all he would ever desire to bring us to, for quieting our
+contentions at home.--_Swift._ It seems the Prince even then thought of
+being King.
+
+P. 692. _Burnet,_ the advice I gave the Princess of Orange, when she
+should be Queen of England, was, to:--endeavour effectually to get it
+[the real authority] to be legally vested in him [the Prince] during
+life: This would lay the greatest obligation on him possible, and lay
+the foundation of a perfect union between them, which had been of late a
+little embroiled.--_Swift._ By Mrs. Villiers, now Lady Orkney; but he
+proved a _d----d husband for all that._[6]
+
+[Footnote 6: Lady Orkney was a favourite of Swift, as appears from
+several passages in the Journal. [S.]]
+
+P. 693. _Burnet,_ having told the Princess of Orange that her succession
+to the throne would not make her husband king, and given her the advice
+just quoted, says:--she in a very frank manner told him, that she did
+not know that the laws of England were so contrary to the laws of God,
+as I had informed her: she did not think that the husband was ever to be
+obedient to the wife.--_Swift._ Foolish.
+
+P. 693. _Burnet._ [Penn, the Quaker,] was a talking vain man, who had
+been long in the King's favour, he being the vice-admiral's son. ... He
+had a tedious luscious way, that was not apt to overcome a man's reason,
+though it might tire his patience.--_Swift._ He spoke very agreeably,
+and with much spirit.
+
+P. 695. _Burnet._ Cartwright was promoted to Chester. He was a man of
+good capacity, and had made some progress in learning. He was ambitious
+and servile, cruel and boisterous: And, by the great liberties he
+allowed himself, he fell under much scandal of the _worst
+sort_.--_Swift._ Only sodomy.
+
+P. 696. _Burnet._ [Cartwright] was looked on as a man that would more
+effectually advance the design of Popery, than if he should turn over to
+it. And indeed, bad as he was, he never made that step, even in the most
+desperate state of his affairs.--_Swift._ He went to Ireland with King
+James, and there died neglected and poor.
+
+P. 697. _Burnet._ In all nations the privileges of colleges and
+universities are esteemed such sacred things, that few will venture to
+dispute these, much less to disturb them.--_Swift._ Yet in King George's
+reign, Oxford was bridled and insulted with troops, for no manner of
+cause but their steadiness to the Church.
+
+P. 699. _Burnet._ It was much observed, that this university [Oxford],
+that had asserted the King's prerogative in the highest strains of the
+most abject flattery possible, etc.--_Swift._ And their virtue and
+steadiness ought equally to be observed.
+
+P. 701. _Burnet,_ speaking of King James's proceedings against the
+universities, and that several of the clergy wrote over to the Prince of
+Orange to engage in their quarrel, adds:--When that was communicated to
+me, I was still of opinion, that, though this was indeed an act of
+despotical and arbitrary power, yet I did not think it struck at the
+whole: So that it was not in my opinion a lawful case of
+resistance.--_Swift._ He was a better _Tory_ than I, if he spoke as he
+thought.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ The main difference between these [the Presbyterians and
+the Independents] was, that the Presbyterians seemed reconcilable to the
+Church; _for they loved Episcopal ordination and a liturgy._--_Swift._ A
+damnable lie.
+
+P. 702. _Burnet._ [Both Presbyterians and Independents] were enemies to
+this high prerogative, that the King was assuming, and were very averse
+to Popery.--_Swift._ Style.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ So the more considerable among them [the Dissenters]
+resolved not to stand at too great a distance from the court, nor
+provoke the King so far, as to give him cause to think they were
+irreconcilable to him, lest they should provoke him to make up matters
+on any terms with the Church party.--_Swift._ They all complied most
+shamefully and publicly, as is well known.
+
+P. 703. _Burnet._ The King's choice of Palmer, Earl of Castlemain, was
+liable to great exception.--_Swift._ Duchess of Cleveland's husband.
+
+P. 705. _Burnet._ Since what an ambassador says is understood as said by
+the prince whose character he bears, this gave the States a right to
+make use of all advantages that might offer themselves.--_Swift._
+Sophistry.
+
+P. 710. _Burnet._ The restless spirit of some of that religion [Popery],
+and of their clergy in particular, shewed they could not be at quiet
+till they were masters.--_Swift._ All sects are of that spirit.
+
+P. 716. _Burnet,_ speaking of "the fury that had been driven on for many
+years by a Popish party," adds:--When some of those who had been always
+moderate told these, who were putting on another temper, that they would
+perhaps forget this as soon as the danger was over, they promised the
+contrary very solemnly. It shall be told afterwards, how well they
+remembered this.--_Swift._ False and spiteful.
+
+P. 726. _Burnet._ That which gave the crisis to the King's anger was
+that he heard I was to be married to a considerable fortune at The
+Hague.--_Swift._ A phrase of the rabble.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet,_ when a prosecution was commenced against Burnet in
+Scotland, he obtained naturalization for himself in Holland, after which
+he wrote to the Earl of Middleton, saying that:--being now naturalized
+in Holland, my allegiance was, during my stay in these parts,
+transferred from His Majesty to the States.--_Swift._ Civilians deny
+that, but I agree with him.
+
+P. 727. _Burnet._ I come now to the year 1688, which proved memorable,
+and produced an extraordinary and _unheard_-of revolution.--_Swift._ The
+Devil's in that, sure all Europe _heard_ of it.
+
+P. 730. _Burnet,_after saying that he had been naturalized in Holland,
+upon marrying one of the subjects of the States, goes on:--The King took
+the matter very ill, and said, it was an affront to him, and a just
+cause of war.--_Swift._ Vain fop.
+
+P. 731. _Burnet._ I never possessed my own soul in a more perfect calm,
+and in a clearer cheerfulness of spirit, than I did during all those
+threatenings, and the apprehensions that others were in concerning
+me.--_Swift._ A modest account of his own magnanimity.
+
+P. 746. _Burnet._ But after all, though soldiers were _bad Englishmen
+and worse Christians_, yet the court [of James II.] found them too good
+Protestants to trust much to them.--_Swift_. Special doctrine.
+
+P. 748. _Burnet_, speaking of the Queen's expectation of a child,
+says:--I will give as full and as distinct an account of all that
+related to that matter, as I could gather up either at that time or
+afterwards.--_Swift_. All coffee-house chat.
+
+P. 751. _Burnet_. Now a resolution was taken for the Queen's lying in at
+St. James's.--_Swift_. Windsor would have been more suspicious.
+
+P. 752. _Burnet_, doubting of the legitimacy of the Pretender, and
+describing the Queen's manner of lying-in, says:--The Queen lay all the
+while a-bed: And, in order to the warming one side of it, a warming-pan
+was brought. But it was not opened, that it might be seen that there was
+fire and nothing else in it.--_Swift_. This, the ladies say, is foolish.
+
+P. 753. _Burnet_. Hemings, a very worthy man,... was reading in his
+parlour late at night, when he heard one coming into the neighbouring
+parlour, and say with a doleful voice, "The Prince of Wales
+is dead"; Upon which ... it was plain, they were in a great
+consternation.--_Swift_. A most foolish story, hardly worthy of a
+coffee-house.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet_. It was said, that the child was strangely revived of a
+sudden. Some of the physicians told Lloyd, Bishop of St. Asaph, that it
+was not possible for them to think it was the same child. They looked on
+one another, but durst not speak what they thought.--_Swift_. So here
+are three children.
+
+P. 762. _Burnet_. The Lord Mordaunt was the first of all the English
+nobility that came over openly to see the Prince of Orange.--_Swift_.
+Now Earl of Peterborough.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet_. The Earl of Shrewsbury ... seemed to be a man of great
+probity, and to have a high sense of honour.--_Swift_. Quite contrary.
+
+P. 763. _Burnet_. Lord Lumley, who was a late convert from Popery, and
+had stood out very firmly all this reign.--_Swift_. He was a knave and a
+coward.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet_. Mr. Sidney,[7] brother to the Earl of Leicester and to
+Algernon Sidney. He was a graceful man, and had lived long in the court,
+where he had some adventures that became very public. He was a man of a
+sweet and caressing temper, had no malice in his heart, but too great a
+love of pleasure.--_Swift_. An idle, drunken, ignorant rake, without
+sense, truth, or honour.
+
+[Footnote 7: Henry Sidney, afterwards Earl of Romney. [T.S.]]
+
+P. 764. _Burnet_. But, because he [Mr. Sidney] was lazy, and the
+business required an active man, who could both run about, and write
+over long and full accounts of all matters, I recommended a kinsman of
+my own, Johnstoune, whom I had formed, and knew to be both faithful and
+diligent.--_Swift_. An arrant Scotch rogue.
+
+P. 764. _Burnet_. The Earl of Nottingham ... had great credit with the
+whole Church party; For he was a man possessed with their
+notions.--_Swift_. That is, Church notions.
+
+P. 765. _Burnet_. Lord Churchill [afterwards Duke of Marlborough] ...
+was a man of a noble and graceful appearance, bred up in the court with
+no literature: But he had a solid and clear understanding, with a
+constant presence of mind. He knew the arts of living in a court better
+than any man in it. He caressed all people with a soft and obliging
+deportment, and was always ready to do good offices.... It must be
+acknowledged, that he is one of the greatest men the age has
+produced.--_Swift_. A composition of perfidiousness and avarice.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet_, still speaking of Lord Churchill:--He was also very
+doubtful as to the pretended birth. So he resolved, when the Prince
+should come over, to go in to him; but to betray no post, nor do
+anything more than the withdrawing himself, with such officers as he
+could trust with such a secret.--_Swift_. What could he do more to a
+mortal enemy.
+
+P. 769. _Burnet_. [Skelton's] rash folly might have procured the order
+from the court of France, to own this alliance [with England]; He
+thought it would terrify the States; And so he pressed this officiously,
+which they easily granted.--_Swift_. And who can blame him, if in such a
+necessity he made that alliance?
+
+P. 772. _Burnet_. The King of France thought himself tied by no peace;
+but that, when he suspected his neighbours were intending to make war
+upon him, he might upon such a suspicion begin a war on his
+part.--_Swift_. The common maxim of princes.
+
+P. 776. _Burnet_, speaking of the Declaration prepared for Scotland,
+says that the:--Presbyterians, had drawn it so, that, by many passages
+in it, the Prince by an implication declared in favour of Presbytery. He
+did not see what the consequences of those were, till I explained them.
+So he ordered them to be altered. And by the Declaration that matter was
+still entire.--_Swift_. The more shame for King William, who changed it.
+
+P. 782. _Burnet_, three days before the Prince of Orange embarked, he
+visited the States General, and:--took God to witness, he went to
+England with no other intentions, but those he had set out in his
+Declaration.--_Swift_. Then he was perjured; for he designed to get the
+crown, which he denied in the Declaration.
+
+P. 783. _Burnet_, after describing the storm which put back the Prince
+of Orange's fleet, observes:--In France and England ... they triumphed
+not a little, as if God had fought against us, and defeated the whole
+design. We on our part, who found our selves delivered out of so great a
+storm and so vast a danger, looked on it as a mark of God's great care
+of us, Who, ... had preserved us.--_Swift_. Then still it must be a
+_miracle_.
+
+P. 785. _Burnet_, when matters were coming to a crisis at the
+Revolution, an order was:--sent to the Bishop of Winchester, to put the
+President of Magdalen College again in possession, ... [But when the
+court heard] the Prince and his fleet were blown back, it was
+countermanded; which plainly shewed what it was that drove the court
+into so much compliance, and how long it was like to last.--_Swift_. The
+Bishop of Winchester assured me otherwise.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_. The court thought it necessary, now in an _after-game_
+to offer some satisfaction in that point [of the legitimacy of the
+Prince of Wales].--_Swift_. And this was the proper time.
+
+P. 786. _Burnet_. Princess Anne was not present [at the Queen's
+delivery]. She indeed excused herself. She thought she was breeding: And
+all motion was forbidden her. None believed that to be the true
+reason.... So it was looked on as a colour that shewed she did not
+believe the thing, and that therefore she would not by her being present
+seem to give any credit to it.--_Swift_. I have reason to believe this
+to be true of the Princess Anne.
+
+P. 790. _Burnet_. [The Prince of Orange's army] stayed a week at Exeter,
+before any of the gentlemen of the country about came in to the Prince.
+Every day some person of condition came from other parts. The first were
+the Lord Colchester the eldest son of the Earl of Rivers, and the Lord
+Wharton.--_Swift._ Famous for his cowardice in the rebellion of 1642.
+
+P. 791. _Burnet_. Soon after that. Prince George, the Duke of Ormonde,
+and the Lord Dramlanrig, the Duke of Queensberry's eldest son, left him
+[King James], and came over to the Prince.--_Swift_. Yet how has he been
+since used? [referring to the Duke of Ormonde.]
+
+P. 792. _Burnet_. In a little while a small army was formed about her
+[Princess Anne], who chose to be commanded by the Bishop of London; of
+which he too easily accepted.--_Swift,_ And why should he not?
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_. A foolish ballad was made at that time, treating the
+Papists, and chiefly the Irish, in a very ridiculous manner, which had a
+burden, said to be Irish words, "Lero, Lero, Lilibulero," that made an
+impression on the army, that cannot be well imagined by those who saw it
+not.--_Swift_. They are not Irish words, but better than Scotch.
+
+P. 795. _Burnet_. The Queen took up a sudden resolution of going to
+France with the child. The midwife, together with all who were assisting
+at the birth, were also carried over, or so disposed of, that it could
+never be learned what became of them afterwards.--_Swift_ That is
+strange and incredible.
+
+P. 796. _Burnet_, speaking of King James's first attempt to leave the
+kingdom, says:--With this his reign ended: For this was a plain
+deserting his people, and the exposing the nation to the pillage of an
+army, which he had ordered the Earl of Feversham to disband.--_Swift_.
+Abominable assertion, and false consequence.
+
+P. 797. _Burnet_, the incident of the King's being retaken at Feversham,
+and the subsequent stragglings, gave rise to the party of
+Jacobites:---For, if he had got clear away, by all that could be judged,
+he would not have had a party left: All would have agreed, that here was
+a desertion, and that therefore the nation was free, and at liberty to
+secure itself. But what followed upon this gave them a colour to say,
+that he was forced away, and driven out.--_Swift_. So he certainly was,
+both now and afterwards.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_. None were killed, no houses burnt, nor were any
+robberies committed.--_Swift_. Don Pedro de Ronquillo's house was
+plundered and pulled down; he was Spanish ambassador.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_. Jeffreys, finding the King was gone, saw what reason he
+had to look to himself: And, apprehending that he was now exposed to the
+rage of the people, whom he had provoked with so particular a brutality,
+he had disguised himself to make his escape. But he fell into the hands
+of some who knew him. He was insulted by them with as much scorn and
+rudeness as they could invent. And, after many hours tossing him about,
+he was carried to the Lord Mayor; whom they charged to commit him to the
+Tower.--_Swift_. He soon after died in the Tower by drinking strong
+liquors.
+
+P. 798. _Burnet_, when the Prince heard of King James's flight:--he sent
+to Oxford, to excuse his not coming thither, and to offer the
+association to them, which was signed by almost all the heads, and the
+chief men of the University; even by those, who, being disappointed in
+the preferments they aspired to, became afterwards his most implacable
+enemies.--_Swift_. Malice.
+
+P. 799. _Burnet_, when I heard of King James's flight and capture:--I
+was affected with this dismal reverse of the fortune of a great prince,
+more than I think fit to express.--_Swift_. Or than I will believe.
+
+P. 800. _Burnet_, after relating that King James "sent the Earl of
+Feversham to Windsor, without demanding any passport," describes his
+reception, and adds:--Since the Earl of Feversham, who had commanded the
+army against the Prince, was come without a passport, he was for some
+days put in arrest.--_Swift._ Base and villainous.
+
+P. 801. _Burnet_, when it was thought prudent for King James to leave
+London, the Earl of Middleton suggested that he:--should go to
+Rochester; for "since the Prince was not pleased with his coming up from
+Kent, it might be perhaps acceptable to him, if he should go thither
+again." It was very visible, that this was proposed in order to a second
+escape.--_Swift_. And why not?
+
+P. 802. _Burnet_. Some said, he [James] was now a prisoner, and
+remembered the saying of King Charles the First, that the prisons and
+the graves of princes lay not far distant from one another: The person
+of the King was now struck at, as well as his government: And this
+specious undertaking would now appear to be only a disguised and
+designed usurpation.--_Swift._ All this is certainly true.
+
+P. 803. _Burnet_. Now that the Prince was come, all the bodies about the
+town came to welcome him.... Old Serjeant Maynard came with the men of
+the law. He was then near ninety, and yet he said the liveliest thing
+that was heard of on that occasion. The Prince took notice of his great
+age, and said, "that he had outlived all the men of the law of his
+time:" He answered, "He had like to have outlived the law itself, if his
+Highness had not come over."--_Swift_. He was an old rogue for all that.
+
+P. 805. _Burnet_, speaking of the first effects of the Revolution upon
+the Presbyterians in Scotland, says:--They generally broke in upon the
+Episcopal clergy with great insolence and much cruelty. They carried
+them about the parishes in a mock procession: They tore their gowns, and
+drove them from their churches and houses. Nor did they treat those of
+them, who had appeared very zealously against Popery, with any
+distinction.--_Swift_. To reward them for which, King William abolished
+Episcopacy.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_, The Episcopal party in Scotland saw themselves under a
+great cloud: So they resolved all to adhere to the Earl of Dundee, who
+had served some years in Holland, and was both an able officer, and a
+man of good parts, and of some very valuable virtues.--_Swift_. He was
+the best man in Scotland.
+
+P. 806. _Burnet_, speaking of Londonderry and Inniskilling, says:--Those
+two small unfurnished and unfortified places, resolved to stand to their
+own defence, and at all perils to stay till supplies should come to them
+from England.--_Swift_. He should have mentioned Doctor Walker, who
+defended Derry.
+
+P. 807. _Burnet_. Those, who were employed by Tyrconnell to deceive the
+Prince, made their applications by Sir William Temple, who had a long
+and well established credit with him.--_Swift._ A lie of a Scot; for Sir
+William Temple did not know Tyrconnell.
+
+P. 807. _Burnet._ Others thought, that the leaving Ireland in that
+dangerous state, might be a mean to bring the convention to a more
+speedy settlement of England; and that therefore the Prince ought not to
+make too much haste to relieve Ireland.--_Swift._ That is agreed to be
+the true reason, and it was a wicked one.
+
+P. 810. _Burnet_, speaking of Archbishop Sancroft, says:--He was a poor
+spirited, and fearful man; and acted a very mean part in all this great
+transaction.--_Swift._ Others think very differently.
+
+P. 811. _Burnet_, speaking of the proposal to establish a regency,
+says:--The much greater part of the House of Lords was for this, and
+stuck long to it: And so was about a third part of the House of Commons.
+The greatest part of the clergy declared themselves for it.--_Swift._
+And it was certainly much the best expedient.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet._ The third party was made up of those, who thought that
+there was an original contract between the King and the people of
+England; by which the kings were bound to defend their people, and to
+govern them according to law, in lieu of which the people were bound to
+obey and serve the king.--_Swift._ I am of this party, and yet I would
+have been for a regency.
+
+P. 813. _Burnet_, it was argued that this scheme of a regency was:--both
+more illegal; and more unsafe, than the method they proposed. The law of
+England had settled the point of the subject's security in obeying the
+king in possession, in the statute made by Henry the Seventh. So every
+man knew he was safe under a king, and so would act with zeal and
+courage. But all such as should act under a _prince-regent_, created by
+this convention, were upon a bottom that had not the necessary forms of
+law for it.--_Swift._ There is something in this argument.
+
+P. 814. _Burnet._ It was believed, that those of his [King James's]
+party, who were looked on as men of conscience, had secret orders from
+him to act upon this pretence; since otherwise they offered to act
+clearly in contradiction to their own oaths and principles,--_Swift._
+This is malice.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet._ [Others thought] that in our present circumstances the
+extremity of affairs, by reason of the late ill government, and by King
+James's flying over to the enemy of the nation, rather than submit to
+reasonable terms, had put the people of England on the necessity of
+securing themselves upon a legal bottom.--_Swift._ This was the best
+reason.
+
+P. 815. _Burnet._ There were good authorities brought, by which it
+appeared, that when a person did a thing upon which his leaving any
+office ought to follow, he was said to abdicate. But this was a critical
+dispute: And it scarce became the greatness of that assembly, or the
+importance of the matter.--_Swift._ It was a very material point.
+
+P. 815. _Burnet._ It was urged, that, by the law, the king did never
+die; but that with the last breath of the dying king the regal authority
+went to the next heir.--_Swift._ This is certainly true.
+
+P. 816. _Burnet._ An heir was one that came in the room of a person that
+was dead: it being a maxim that no man can be the heir of a living
+man--_Swift._ This is sophistry.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet._ It was proposed, that the birth of the pretended prince
+might be examined into.... I was ordered to gather together all the
+presumptive proofs that were formerly mentioned:.... It is true, these
+did not amount to a full and legal proof: Yet they seemed to be such
+violent presumptions, that, when they were all laid together, they were
+more convincing than plain and downright evidence: For that was liable
+to the suspicion of subornation: Whereas the other seemed to carry on
+them very convincing characters of truth and certainty.--_Swift._ Well
+said, Bishop.
+
+P. 817. _Burnet._ If there was no clear and positive proof made of an
+imposture, the pretending to examine into it, and then the not being
+able to make it out beyond the possibility of contradiction, would
+really give more credit to the thing, than it then had, and, instead of
+weakening it, would strengthen the pretension of his birth.--_Swift._
+Wisely done.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet._ [Some people] thought, it would be a good security for
+the nation, to have a dormant title to the crown lie as it were
+neglected, to oblige our princes to govern well, while they would
+apprehend the danger of a revolt to a Pretender still in their
+eye.--_Swift._ I think this was no ill design; yet it hath not succeeded
+in mending kings.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet._ I have used more than ordinary care to gather together
+all the particulars that were then laid before me as to that matter [the
+birth of the Pretender].--_Swift._ And where are they?
+
+P. 818. _Burnet_, after relating a long conversation with Bentinck
+[afterwards Earl of Portland], adds--Next morning I came to him, and
+desired my _congé_. I would oppose nothing in which the Prince seemed to
+be concerned, as long as I was his servant. And therefore I desired to
+be disengaged, that I might be free to oppose this proposition [to offer
+him the crown] with all the strength and credit I had. He answered me,
+that I might desire that when I saw a step made: But till then he wished
+me to stay where I was.--_Swift._ Is all this true?
+
+P. 819. _Burnet._ I heard no more of this; in which the Marquess of
+Halifax was single among the peers: For I did not find there was any one
+of them of his mind; unless it was the Lord Colepeper, who was a vicious
+and corrupt man, but made a figure in the debates that were now in the
+House of Lords, and died about the end of them.--_Swift._ Yet was not
+the same thing done in effect, while the King had the sole
+administration?
+
+P. 819. _Burnet._ The Princess continued all the while in Holland, being
+shut in there during the east winds, by the freezing of the rivers, and
+by contrary winds after the thaw came. So that she came not to England
+till all the debates were over.--_Swift._ Why was she [not] sent for
+till the matter was agreed? This clearly shews the Prince's original
+design was to be king, against what he professed in his Declaration.
+
+P. 820. _Burnet._ [The Prince of Orange] said, he came over, being
+invited, to save the nation: He had now brought together a free and true
+representative of the kingdom: He left it therefore to them to do what
+they thought best for the good of the kingdom: And, when things were
+once settled, he should be well satisfied to go back to Holland
+again.--_Swift._ Did he tell truth?
+
+_Ibid. Burnet._ He thought it necessary to tell them, that he would not
+be the Regent: So, if they continued in that design, they must look out
+for some other person to be put in that post.--_Swift._ Was not this a
+plain confession of what he came for?
+
+P. 821. _Burnet._ In the end he said, that he could not resolve to
+accept of a dignity, so as to hold it only the life of another: Yet he
+thought, that the issue of Princess Anne should be preferred, in the
+succession, to any issue that he might have by any other wife than the
+Princess.--_Swift._ A great concession truly.
+
+P. 822. _Burnet._ The poor Bishop of Durham [Lord Crewe], who had
+absconded for some time, ... was now prevailed on to come, and by voting
+the new settlement to merit at least a pardon for all that he had done:
+Which, all things considered, was thought very indecent in him, yet not
+unbecoming the rest of his life and character.--_Swift._ This is too
+hard, though almost true.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet._ Then the power of the Crown to grant a _non-obstante_ to
+some statutes was objected.--_Swift._ Yet the words continue in patents.
+
+P. 824. _Burnet._ A notion was started, which ... was laid thus: "The
+Prince had a just cause of making war on the King." In that most of them
+agreed. In a just war, in which an appeal is made to God, success is
+considered as the decision of Heaven. So the Prince's success against
+King James gave him the right of conquest over him. And by it all his
+rights were transferred to the Prince.--_Swift._ The author wrote a
+paper to prove this, and it was burnt by the hangman, and is a very
+foolish scheme.[8]
+
+[Footnote 8: "A Pastoral Letter writ by ... Gilbert, Lord Bishop of
+Sarum, to the clergy of his Diocess" [dated May 15th, 1689] was
+condemned by the House of Commons on Jan. 23rd, 169-2/3, and ordered to
+"be burnt by the hand of the common hangman." [T.S.]]
+
+
+BOOK VII.
+
+P. 525 (second volume). _Burnet_, speaking of the Act for the General
+Naturalization of Protestants, and the opposition made against it by the
+High Church, adds:--This was carried in the House of Commons, with a
+great majority; but all those, who appeared for this large and
+comprehensive way, were reproached for their coldness and indifference
+in the concerns of the Church: And in that I had a large
+share.--_Swift_. Dog.
+
+P. 526. _Burnet_. The faction here in England found out proper
+instruments, to set the same humour on foot [in Ireland], during the
+Earl of Rochester's government, and, as was said, by his directions:...
+So the clergy were making the same bold claim there, that had raised
+such disputes among us.--_Swift_. Dog, dog, dog.
+
+P. 580. _Burnet_, speaking of the interruption in the negotiations for a
+peace consequent on the Earl of Jersey's death, adds:--_One Prior_, who
+had been Jersey's secretary, upon his death, was employed to prosecute
+that, which the other did not live to finish. Prior had been taken a
+boy, out of a tavern, by the Earl of Dorset, who accidentally found him
+reading Horace; and he, being very generous, gave him an education in
+literature.--_Swift_. Malice.
+
+P. 581. _Burnet_. Many mercenary pens were set on work, to justify our
+proceedings, and to defame our allies, more particularly the Dutch; this
+was done with much art, but _with no regard to truth_, in a pamphlet
+entitled "The Conduct of the Allies, and of the late Ministry."--_Swift
+It was all true_.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_. The Jacobites did, with the greater joy entertain this
+prospect of peace, because the Dauphin had, in a visit to St. Germains,
+congratulated that court upon it; which made them conclude, that it was
+to have a happy effect, with relation to the Pretender's
+affairs.--_Swift_. The Queen hated and despised the Pretender, to my
+knowledge.
+
+P. 583. _Burnet_, in a conference I had with the Queen on the subject of
+peace.--she hoped bishops would not be against peace: I said, a good
+peace was what we prayed daily for, but ... any treaty by which Spain
+and the West Indies were left to King Philip, must in a little while
+deliver up all Europe into the hands of France; and, if any such peace
+should be made, she was betrayed, and we were all ruined; in less than
+three years' time, she would be murdered, and the fires would be again
+raised in Smithfield.--_Swift_. A false prophet in every particular.
+
+P. 589. _Burnet_, the Queen having sent a message to the Lords to
+adjourn, it was debated:--that the Queen could not send a message to any
+one House to adjourn, when the like message was not sent to both Houses:
+the pleasure of the Prince, in convening, dissolving, proroguing, or
+ordering the adjournment of Parliaments, was always directed to both
+Houses; but never to any one House, without the same intimation was
+made, at the same time, to the other.--_Swift_. Modern nonsense.
+
+P. 591. _Burnet_. The House of Commons, after the recess, entered on the
+observations of the commissioners for taking the public accounts; and
+began with [Sir Robert] Walpole, whom they resolved to put out of the
+way of disturbing them in the House.--_Swift_. He began early, and has
+been thriving _twenty-seven years_, to January 1739.
+
+P. 609. _Burnet_. A new set of addresses ran about.... Some of these
+addresses mentioned the Protestant succession, and the House of Hanover,
+with zeal; others did it more coldly; and some made no mention at all of
+it. And it was universally believed, that no addresses were so
+acceptable to the ministers, as those of _the last sort_.--_Swift_.
+Foolish and factious.
+
+P. 610. _Burnet_. The Duke of Ormonde had given the States such
+assurances, of his going along with them through the whole campaign,
+that he was let into the secrets of all their counsels, which by that
+confidence were all known to the French: And, if the auxiliary German
+troops had not been prepared to disobey his orders, it was believed he,
+in conjunction with the French army, would have forced the States to
+come into the new measures.--_Swift_. Vile Scot, dare to touch Ormonde's
+honour, and so falsely.
+
+P. 612. _Burnet_, the Duke of Hamilton and Lord Mohun were engaged in
+litigation; and:--upon a very high provocation, the Lord Mohun sent him
+[the Duke] a challenge, which he tried to decline: but both being
+hurried, by those false points of honour, they fatally went out to Hyde
+Park, in the middle of November, and fought with so violent an
+animosity, that neglecting the rules of art, they seemed to run on one
+another, as if they tried who should kill first; in which they were both
+so unhappily successful, that the Lord Mohun was killed outright, and
+Duke Hamilton died in a few minutes after.[9]--_Swift_. Wrongly told.
+
+[Footnote: 9: A footnote to the 1833 edition of Burnet says that "the
+duke in the belief of some was killed by General Macartney, the Lord
+Mohun's second." See also Chesterfield's letter quoted in Introduction,
+and Swift's own version in the "Four Last Years," p. 178. [T.S.]]
+
+P. 614. _Burnet_ says of the Earl of Godolphin:--After having been
+thirty years in the Treasury, and during nine of those Lord Treasurer,
+as he was never once suspected of corruption, or of suffering his
+servants to grow rich under him, so in all that time his estate was not
+increased by him to the value of £4,000. _Swift_. A great lie.
+
+
+THE CONCLUSION.
+
+P. 669. _Burnet_, speaking of the progress of his own life, says:--The
+pleasures of sense I did soon nauseate.--_Swift_. Not so soon with the
+wine of some elections.
+
+
+THE LIFE OF THE AUTHOR, BY THOMAS BURNET, ESQ.
+
+Opposite to the title-page:--_Swift_. A rude violent party jackanapes.
+
+In the Life, p. 719, is printed a letter from Archbishop Tillotson,
+dated October 23, 1764 [sic, the volume was printed in 1734, the date
+should be 1694], in which he says: "The account given of Athanasius's
+Creed, seems to me no-wise satisfactory; I wish we were well rid of
+it."--_Swift_ has drawn a finger in the margin of his copy of Burnet's
+History pointing to this passage.
+
+P. 722. _Thomas Burnet_. The character I have given his wives, will
+scarce make it an addition to his, that he was a most affectionate
+husband. His tender care of the _first_, during a course of sickness,
+that lasted for many years; and _his fond love to the other two_, and
+the deep concern he expressed for their loss, were no more than their
+just due, from one of his humanity, gratitude and discernment.--_Swift_.
+Three wives.
+
+P. 723. _Thomas Burnet_. The bishop was a kind and bountiful master to
+his servants, whom he never changed, but with regret and through
+necessity: Friendly and obliging to all in employment under him, and
+peculiarly happy in the choice of them; especially in that of the
+steward to the bishopric and his courts, William Wastefield, Esq. (a
+gentleman of a plentiful fortune, at the time of his accepting this
+post) and in that of his domestic steward, Mr. _Mackney_.--_Swift_. A
+Scot, his own countryman.
+
+
+*****       *****       *****       *****       *****
+
+
+
+
+NOTES ON THE FREE-HOLDER.
+
+
+NOTE
+
+"THE FREE HOLDER" was a political periodical written in the form of
+essays. It continued for fifty five numbers from Friday, December 23rd,
+1715, to Friday, June 29th, 1716. Its purpose was to reconcile the
+English nation to the Hanoverian succession. "These papers," notes
+Scott, "while they exhibit the exquisite humour and solid sense peculiar
+to the author, show also, even amid the strength of party, that
+philanthropy and gentleness of nature, which were equally his
+distinguishing attributes. None of these qualities would have
+conciliated his great opponent, Swift, had the field of combat yet
+remained open to him. But as he withdrew from it in sullen indignation,
+he seems to have thrown out the following flashes of satire, as brief
+examples of what he would have done had the hour of answer been yet
+current."
+
+Scott obtained these "notes" from a transcription of the original in
+Swift's own hand, in a copy of "The Free holder" which belonged to Dr.
+Bernard, Bishop of Limerick. The present text is a reprint of Scott's,
+but the text of "The Free holder" has been read with the octavo and
+duodecimo editions of that periodical issued by Midwinter in 1716. The
+titles to the essays were not given in the original issue, except that
+to No. 9. They were added as a "Contents" to the re-issue in volume
+form.
+
+[T.S.]
+
+
+NOTES ON THE FREE-HOLDER.[1]
+
+No. 2. _Dec. 26, 1715_.--_Of His Majesty's Character._
+
+_Addison._
+
+[Footnote 1: "The Free-holder," conducted by Addison, was published on
+Mondays and Fridays from December 23rd, 1715, till June 29th, 1716;
+fifty-five numbers were issued altogether. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+It was by this [this firmness of mind] that he surmounted those many
+difficulties which lay in the way to his succession.--_Swift_. What
+difficulties were those, or what methods did he take to surmount them?
+
+_Addison_. It is observed by Sir William Temple, that the English are
+particularly fond of a king who is valiant: Upon which account His
+Majesty has a title to all the esteem that can be paid the most warlike
+prince; though at the same time, for the good of his subjects, he
+studies to decline all occasions of military glory.--_Swift_. This seems
+to be a discovery.
+
+_Addison_. I might here take notice of His Majesty's more private
+virtues, but have rather chosen to remind my countrymen of the public
+parts of his character.--_Swift_. This is prudent.
+
+_Addison_. But the most remarkable interpositions of Providence, in
+favour of him, have appeared in removing those seemingly invincible
+obstacles to his succession; in taking away, at so critical a juncture,
+the person who might have proved a dangerous enemy; etc.--_Swift_.
+False, groundless, invidious, and ungrateful. Was that person the Queen?
+
+
+No. 3. _Dec. 30, 1715_.--_The Memoirs of a Preston Rebel._
+
+[_A Ludicrous Account of the Principles of the Northumberland
+Insurgents, and the Causes of their taking Arms_.]--_Swift_. Could this
+author, or his party, offer as good reasons for their infamous treatment
+of our blessed Queen's person, government, and majesty?
+
+The same. _Addison_. Having been joined by a considerable reinforcement
+of Roman Catholics, whom we could rely upon, as knowing them
+to be the best Tories in the nation, and avowed enemies to
+Presbyterianism.--_Swift_. By this irony, the best Whigs are professed
+friends to fanatics.
+
+The same. _Addison_. But before we could give the word [to retreat], the
+trainbands, taking advantage of our delay, fled first.--_Swift_. An
+argument for a standing army.
+
+
+No. 6. _Jan. 9, 1715-16_.--_The Guilt of Perjury._
+
+_Addison_. Though I should be unwilling to pronounce the man who is
+indolent, or indifferent in the cause of his prince, to be absolutely
+perjured; I may venture to affirm, that he falls very short of that
+allegiance to which he is obliged by oath.--_Swift_. Suppose a king
+grows a beast, or a tyrant, after I have taken an oath: a 'prentice
+takes an oath; but if his master useth him barbarously, the lad may be
+excused if he wishes for a better.
+
+
+No. 7. _Jan. 13, 1715-16_.--_Of Party Lies._
+
+_Addison_. If we may credit common report, there are several remote
+parts of the nation in which it is firmly believed, that all the
+churches in London are shut up; and that if any clergyman walks the
+streets in his habit, 'tis ten to one but he is knocked down by some
+sturdy schismatic.--_Swift_. No--but treated like a dog.
+
+
+No. 8. _Jan. 16, 1715-16_.--_The Female Association._
+
+_Addison_. It is therefore to be hoped that every fine woman will make
+this laudable use of her charms; and that she may not want to be
+frequently reminded of this great duty, I will only desire her to think
+of her country every time she looks in her glass.--_Swift_. By no means,
+for if she loves her country, she will not be pleased with the sight.
+
+_Addison_. Every wife ought to answer for her man. If the husband be
+engaged in a seditious club or drinks mysterious healths ... let her
+look to him, and keep him out of harm's way; etc.--_Swift_. Will they
+hang a man for that.
+
+
+No. 9. _Jan. 20, 1715-16_.--_Answer of the Free-holders of Great Britain
+to the Pretender's Declaration._
+
+_The Declaration of the Free-holders of Great Britain, in Answer to that
+of the Pretender_.--_Addison_. Can you in conscience think us to be such
+fools as to rebel against the King, for ... having removed a general
+[the Duke of Ormonde] who is now actually in arms against him,
+etc.--_Swift_. Driven out by tyranny, malice, and faction.
+
+_Addison_. The next grievance, which you have a mighty mind to redress
+among us, is the Parliament of Great Britain, against whom you bring a
+stale accusation which has been used by every minority in the memory of
+man; namely, that it was procured by unwarrantable influences and
+corruptions.--_Swift._ The freeholders will never sign this paragraph.
+
+_Addison_. How comes it to pass that the Electorate of Hanover is become
+all of a sudden one of the most inconsiderable provinces of the
+empire?--_Swift_. It is indeed grown considerable by draining of
+England.
+
+No. 12. _Jan_. 30, 1715-16.--_The Guilt of Rebellion in general, and of
+the late Rebellion in particular_.
+
+_Addison_. The present rebellion [1715] is formed against a king, ...
+who has not been charged with one illegal proceeding.--_Swift_ Are you
+serious?
+
+No. 13. _Feb_. 3, 1715-16.--_Of those who are indifferent in a time of
+Rebellion_,
+
+_Addison_. In such a juncture [a rebellion], though a man may be
+innocent of the great breach which is made upon government, he is highly
+culpable, if he does not use all the means that are suitable to his
+station for reducing the community into its former state of peace and
+good order.--_Swift_. He speaks at his ease, but those who are ill used
+will be apt to apply what the boy said to his mother, who told him the
+enemy was approaching.
+
+_Addison_. This law [one of Solon's] made it necessary for every citizen
+to take his party, because it was highly probable the majority would be
+so wise as to espouse that cause which was most agreeable to the public
+weal.--_Swift_. No--for, in England, a faction that governs a weak, or
+honours a wicked prince, will carry all against a majority in the
+kingdom, as we have seen by sad experience.
+
+No. 14. _Feb._ 6, 1715-16.--_The Political Creed of a Tory Malcontent._
+
+_Addison_. Article XIII, That there is an unwarrantable faction in this
+island, consisting of King, Lords, and Commons.--_Swift_. This article
+is too true, with a little alteration.
+
+The same. _Addison_. Article XV. That an Act of Parliament to empower
+the King to secure suspected persons in times of rebellion, is the means
+to establish the sovereign on the throne, and consequently a great
+infringement of the liberties of the subject.--_Swift_. No--but to
+destroy liberty.
+
+No. 21. _Mar_. 2, 1715-16.--_The Birthday of Her Royal Highness the
+Princess of Wales_.
+
+_Addison_. When this excellent princess was yet in her father's court,
+she was so celebrated for the beauty of her person, etc.--_Swift_. I
+have bad eyes.
+
+_Addison_. There is no part of her Royal Highness's character which we
+observe with greater pleasure, than that behaviour by which she has so
+much endeared herself to His Majesty.--_Swift._ What would he say
+now?[2]
+
+[Footnote: 2: The prince and his father, George I., were now [1727, just
+before George I. died] at variance. [S.]]
+
+No. 24. _Mar_. 12, 1715-16.--_The Designs of His Majesty's Enemies
+impracticable_.
+
+_Addison_. To this we may add ... that submissive deference of his Royal
+Highness both from duty and inclination to all the measures of his Royal
+father.--_Swift_. Which still continues.
+
+_Addison_. There is no question but His Majesty will be as generally
+valued and beloved in his British as he is in his German dominions, when
+he shall have time to make his royal virtues equally known among
+us.--_Swift._ How long time does he require?
+
+No. 26. _Mar_. 19, 1715-16.--_Considerations offered to the disaffected
+part of the Fair Sex_.
+
+_Addison_. Several inconveniencies which those among them undergo, who
+have not yet surrendered to the government.--_Swift_. Would he pimp for
+the court?
+
+No. 29. _Mar_. 30, 1716.--_The Practice of Morality necessary to make a
+Party flourish_.
+
+_Addison_. Those of our fellow-subjects, who are sensible of the
+happiness they enjoy in His Majesty's accession to the throne, are
+obliged, by all the duties of gratitude, to adore that Providence which
+has so signally interposed in our behalf, by clearing a way to the
+Protestant succession through such difficulties as seemed
+insuperable--_Swift_. I wish he had told us any one of those
+difficulties.
+
+_Addison_. It is the duty of an honest and prudent man, to sacrifice a
+doubtful opinion to the concurring judgement of those whom he believes
+to be well intentioned to their country, and who have better
+opportunities of looking into all its most complicated interests.--_Swift_.
+A motion to make men go every length with their party. I am sorry to
+see such a principle in this author.
+
+No. 31. _Apr_. 6, 1716.--_Answer to a celebrated Pamphlet entitled "An
+Argument to prove the Affections of the People of England to be the best
+Security of the Government; etc."_
+
+_Addison_. This middle method [of tempering justice with mercy] ... has
+hitherto been made use of by our sovereign.--_Swift_. In trifles.
+
+_Addison_. Would it be possible for him [the reader] to imagine, that of
+the several thousands openly taken in arms, and liable to death by the
+laws of their country, not above forty have yet suffered?--_Swift._ A
+trifle!
+
+_Addison_. Has not His Majesty then shewn the least appearance of grace
+in that generous forgiveness which he has already extended to such great
+numbers of his rebellious subjects, who must have died by the laws of
+their country, had not his mercy interposed in their behalf?--_Swift_.
+Prodigious clemency, not to hang all the common soldiers who followed
+their leaders!
+
+_Addison_. Those who are pardoned would not have known the value of
+grace, if none had felt the effects of justice.--_Swift._ And only
+hanging the lords and gentlemen, and some of the rabble.
+
+_Addison_. Their [the last ministry's] friends have ever since made use
+of the most base methods to infuse those groundless discontents into the
+minds of the common people, etc.--_Swift._ Hath experience shown those
+discontents groundless?
+
+_Addison_. If the removal of these persons from their posts has produced
+such popular commotions, the continuance of them might have produced
+something much more fatal to their king and country.--_Swift_. Very
+false reasoning.
+
+_Addison_. No man would make such a parallel, [between the treatment of
+the rebels, and that of the Catalans under King Philip,] unless his mind
+be so blinded with passion and prejudice, as to assert, in the language
+of this pamphlet, "That no instances can be produced of the least lenity
+under the present administration from the first hour it commenced to
+this day."--_Swift_. Nor to this, 1727.
+
+_Addison_. God be thanked we have a king who punishes with
+reluctancy.--_Swift_. A great comfort to the sufferers!
+
+_Addison_. It would be well if all those who ... are clamorous at the
+proceedings of His present Majesty, would remember, that notwithstanding
+that rebellion [the Duke of Monmouth's]  ... had no tendency ... to
+destroy the national religion, etc.--_Swift_. To introduce fanaticism,
+and destroy monarchy.
+
+_Addison_. No prince has ever given a greater instance of his
+inclinations to rule without a standing army.--_Swift_. We find this
+true by experience.
+
+_Addison_. What greater instances could His Majesty have given of his
+love to the Church of England, than those he has exhibited by his most
+solemn declarations; by his daily example; and by his promotions of the
+most eminent among the clergy to such vacancies as have happened in his
+reign.--_Swift._ Most undeniable truth, as any in Rabelais.
+
+No. 44. _May_ 21, 1716.--_Tory Foxhunter's Account of the Masquerade on
+the Birth of the Arch-Duke._
+
+_Addison_. What still gave him greater offence was a drunken bishop, who
+reeled from one side of the court to the other, and was very sweet upon
+an Indian Queen.--_Swift_. Then, that story is true?
+
+No. 45. _May_ 25, 1716.--_The Use and Advantage of Wit and Humour under
+proper Regulations_.
+
+_Addison_. I have lately read with much pleasure, the "Essays upon
+several Subjects" published by Sir Richard Blackmore.--_Swift_. I
+admire to see such praises from this author to so insipid a scoundrel,
+whom I know he despised.
+
+No. 51. _June_ 15, 1716.--_Cautions to be observed in the reading of
+ancient Greek and Roman Historians_.
+
+_Addison_. "History of Free-thinking."--_Swift_. Writ by Collins.
+
+_Addison_. The greatest theorists ... among those very people [the
+Greeks and Romans,] have given the preference to such a form of
+government, as that which obtains in this kingdom.--_Swift_. Yet, this
+we see is liable to be wholly corrupted.
+
+No. 52. _June_ 18, 1716.--_Of State Jealousy_.
+
+_Addison_. It is plain, ... that such a base ungenerous race of men
+could rely upon nothing for their safety in this affront to His Majesty,
+[wearing a mark on the Pretender's birth-day,] but the known gentleness
+and lenity of his government.--_Swift_. Then the devil was in them.
+
+No. 54. _June_ 25, 1716.--_Preference of the Whig Scheme to that of the
+Tories_.
+
+_Addison_. The Whigs tell us ... that the Tory scheme would terminate in
+Popery and arbitrary government.--_Swift._ But Tories never writ or
+spoke so gently and favourably of Popery, as Whigs do of Presbytery.
+Witness a thousand pamphlets on both sides.
+
+_Addison_. I shall not impute to any Tory scheme the administration of
+King James the Second, on condition that they do not reproach the Whigs
+with the usurpation of Oliver.--_Swift_. I will not accept that
+condition, nor did I ever see so unfair a one offered.
+
+No. 55. _June_ 29, 1716.--_Conclusion_.
+
+_Addison_. The enemies of His present Majesty ... find him in a
+condition to visit his dominions in Germany, without any danger to
+himself, or to the public; whilst his dutiful subjects would be in no
+ordinary concern upon this occasion, had they not the consolation to
+find themselves left under the protection of a prince who makes it his
+ambition to copy out his Royal Father's example.--_Swift_ Then, why was
+he never trusted a second time?
+
+_Addison_. It would indeed have been an unpardonable insolence for a
+fellow-subject to treat in a vindictive and cruel style, those persons
+whom His Majesty has endeavoured to reduce to obedience by gentle
+methods, which he has declared from the throne to be most agreeable to
+his inclinations.--_Swift_. And is that enough?
+
+_Addison_. May we not hope that all of this kind, who have the least
+sentiments of honour or gratitude, will be won over to their duty by so
+many instances of Royal clemency?--_Swift_ Not one instance produced.
+
+
+*****       *****       *****       *****       *****
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+ABINGDON, Earl of, character of, 279.
+Addison, Joseph, Swift and, 15;
+  Swift's Notes on the Freeholder, 371-377.
+Aglionby, Mr., character of, 284.
+Albemarle, Earl of, defeated at Denain, 169, 175;
+  character of, 276.
+Allies, the, unfair treatment of England by, 104 _et seq_.
+Ancaster, Duke of, character of, 279.
+Anne, the Princess, her behaviour at the birth of the Pretender, 360.
+  _See_ Anne, Queen.
+Anne, Queen, her treatment of Swift, 10 and _n_., 15;
+  offers a reward for discovery of author of
+     the "Public Spirit of the Whigs," 15;
+  her change of ministry, 19, 31;
+  her overtures with regard to peace, 31, 50;
+  creates twelve new peers, 38, 39;
+  stated to have pressed Marlborough
+      to become general for life, 40;
+  dismisses Marlborough, 48, 49;
+  her conduct of the peace negotiations, _see_ Utrecht, Congress of;
+  speech on the terms of peace with France, 151 _et seq_.
+Argyle, the family of, Swift on,
+   293, 300, 306, 308, 312, 313, 314, 317, 318, 319, 332, 335.
+Argyle, Archibald, Duke of, character of, 286.
+Arlington, Earl of, character of, 334.
+Assiento, the, demanded by England, 63, 67, 136, 144, 145, 153;
+  the Dutch demand a share in, 130, 138, 140, 141.
+Aylesford, Earl of, Swift on, 350.
+Aylmer, Colonel Matthew (Lord), character of, 284.
+
+Baillie, Robert, 349-350;
+  his execution, 351.
+Barrier Treaty, the, 41, 80-82;
+  inquiry into, 99;
+  laid before the House, 100;
+  interests of Great Britain sacrificed by, 110-114;
+  peace proposals affecting, 134, 135, 138, 140, 143;
+  new treaty signed, 180-182.
+Bavaria, Elector of, peace proposals affecting,
+  79, 171, 176, 179, 183, 184, 188.
+Baxter, Richard, 337.
+Berkeley, Earl of, character of, 279.
+Berry, Duke of, declared heir to the French throne, 152, 174.
+Blackmore, Sir Richard, 376.
+Blackwell, Sir Lambert, character of, 284.
+Blunt, Sir John, on the National Debt, 91, 92.
+Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, Lord, his estrangement from Harley, 13, 16;
+  information given to Swift by, 18 _n_.;
+  and the Duke of Somerset, 33;
+  his interview with Bothmar, 43;
+  introduces Prince Eugene to the Queen, 43;
+  hated by Eugene, 45;
+  his attacks on Walpole, 84 and _n_.;
+  his energy in instituting an enquiry into the war, 119;
+  his negotiations with Buys, 130;
+  orders Ormonde not to fight, 150 _n_., 156 _n_.;
+  letter to Thomas Harley on the conduct of the Dutch, 160 _n_.;
+  his opinion of Rebellion, 166 _n_.;
+  created Viscount, 170;
+  his indignation at not being made an Earl, 170 _n_.;
+  his mission to France, 171, 172;
+  mentioned, 76, 77, 121.
+Bolton, Charles, Duke of, character of, 274;
+Bothmar, M., Hanover Envoy,
+  memorial of, 42, 43, 129, 167;
+  his interview with Bolingbroke, 43, 45, 48;
+  deceives his master by false representations, 166.
+Boyle, Archbishop Michael, 354.
+Boyle, Hon. Henry (Lord Carleton),
+  character of, 281.
+Boyle, Robert, 338.
+Bristol, John Digby, 3rd Earl of, 27 _n_.
+Bromley, William, 121.
+Brydges, Mr. (Duke of Chandos), character of, 280.
+Buckingham, Duke of, character of, 334, 335.
+Buckinghamshire, John Duke of, character of, 273.
+Burnet, Gilbert, Bishop of Salisbury, 16,
+  the originator of the National Debt, 88;
+  character of, 282;
+  Swift's remarks on his "History," 325-368;
+  appointed Professor of Divinity at Glasgow, 341;
+  his "Lives of the Dukes of Hamilton," 341;
+  settled in Holland, 357;
+  and the Earl of Portland, 364;
+  his "Pastoral Letter," 365, 366;
+  his criticism of "The Conduct of the Allies," 366;
+  his opinion on the peace, 366, 367;
+  his wives, 368.
+Burnet, Thomas, his life of Bishop Burnet, 368.
+Butler of Weston, Lord, character of, 281.
+Buys, Pensionary,
+  Dutch envoy in London, 38, 41-43, 48, 60,74-76, 80-82, 129;
+  account of, 41, 42;
+  on national debts, 88;
+  his unreasonable proposals, 130;
+  goes to Utrecht, 136;
+  his hostile  attitude to England, 136-139, 144;
+  his altered behaviour, 187;
+  charges all delays to Heinsius, 187.
+
+Cadogan, General, 164.
+Cardonnell, Adam, secretary to the Duke of Marlborough,
+  expelled the house, 87.
+Carstairs, William, character of, 287, 345.
+Carstares, Rev. W., 117, 118 _n_.
+Cartwright, Bishop, 356.
+Chandos, Lord, character of, 280.
+Charles II., his mistresses, 339, 340, 344;
+  Burnet's character of, 353.
+Charles VI., Emperor, averse from ending the war, 42;
+  his proposals, 43, 44;
+  how affected by Treaty of Utrecht, 188;
+  does not sign the Treaty, 190.
+Charles XII., King of Sweden, Swift's veneration for, 195.
+Chesterfield, Earl of, character of, 279.
+Cholmondeley, Earl of, 19; character of, 280.
+Church of Rome, the, usurpations of, 207.
+Churches, suggestion for building fifty new, 20.
+Clarendon, Earl of, 16;
+  Swift's remarks on his "History of the Rebellion," 291-323, 332;
+  Burnet on his banishment, 339, 340.
+Congreve, William, Swift and, 15.
+Cowper, Lord, character of, 28, 29.
+Craggs, father of the Secretary, 40.
+
+Crewe, Lord, Bishop of Durham, 365.
+Croissy, Chevalier de, 54.
+Cromwell, Oliver, Swift on, 314, 316, 333, 334;
+  and the Countess of Dysert, 339.
+Cutts, Lord, character of, 284.
+
+Dartmouth, Earl of, 129;
+  character of, 278.
+D'Avenant, Charles, character of, 282.
+D'Avenant, Mr., agent at Frankfort, character of, 284.
+De La Warr, Lord, character of, 280.
+Denain, battle of, 52, 169.
+Derby, Earl of, character of, 276.
+De Witt, Pensionary, 338;
+  the Prince of Orange and, 343.
+Disney, Colonel, 165.
+Dorislaus, Dr., 317.
+Dorset, Earl of, character of, 276.
+Dundee, Earl of, Swift on, 362.
+Dunkirk, proposed demolition of, 62, 67, 68, 70, 74, 135, 153;
+  Hill takes possession of, 161, 163, 165.
+Dutch, the, the French affect resentment against, 55 and _n._;
+  negotiate secretly with France, 55 _n._, 60, 61, 139, 143, 145;
+  their answer to the French proposals, 59;
+  French and English preliminaries submitted to, 71;
+  their object in sending M. Buys to London, 76;
+  agree to Congress of Utrecht, 79;
+  their treaty with England, 80-82, 129;
+  fail to observe their agreements, 104, 105;
+  unreasonable demands of, 130;
+  misled by factions in England, 131, 137, 142, 145, 158, 161, 175;
+  the Queen's indignation with, 131;
+  hostile attitude of, to England, 138, 139, 144, 145;
+  English concessions to, 143;
+  protest against Ormonde's refusal to fight, 159, 160, 162;
+  refuse Ormonde passage through their towns, 163;
+  refuse to join England in the armistice, 168;
+  their consequent losses, 175;
+  discover they have been deceived, 176, 184;
+  their proposals, 176;
+  last English offers to, 179;
+  new Succession and Barrier treaty concluded with, 180, 181, 182;
+  convinced of the Queen's sincerity, 184.
+Dysert, Countess of, and Cromwell, 339.
+
+"Eikon Basilike," Swift on, 333.
+England, Abstract of the History of, 195-270.
+Essex, Earl of, 276, 303, 305;
+  Swift on, 305;
+  suicide of, 350.
+Eugene, Prince, in England, 43;
+  design of his visit, 44, 45, 132;
+  his hatred of Bolingbroke, 45;
+  his action in Flanders, 147;
+  deserts Ormonde, 162.
+
+Fairfax, Lord, 333.
+Falkland, Lord, and Prince Rupert, 300;
+his discourses against the Roman Catholic religion, 303;
+character of, 303.
+Feversham, Earl of, character of, 279;
+  Burnet on, 361.
+Fitzgerald, Percy, his collation of the "Four Last Years," xxi;
+  his collation of Swift's remarks on Clarendon, 290.
+"Four Last Years of the Queen,"
+  History of the, editor's advertisement to, 5;
+  editor's motives in publishing, 7;
+  editor's criticism of Swift, 8-11;
+  Swift's reasons for writing, 13, 14;
+  Swift's materials for, 14.
+  _See also_ Introduction.
+Fletcher, Andrew, of Saltoun, character of, 287.
+France, offers terms of peace, 51;
+  refuses the British demands, 51, 53;
+  anxious for peace, 53;
+  affects resentment against the Dutch, 55 and _n._;
+  negotiations between the Allies and, 56 _et seq.,
+     see_ Utrecht, Congress of;
+  renounces the succession In Spain, 152, 173, 174.
+Frankland, Sir Thomas, character of, 281.
+"Free Thoughts on the Present State of Affairs,"
+  publication of, delayed by Bolingbroke, 21 _n_.
+
+Gallas, Count, Austrian Ambassador, 44, 54;
+  forbidden the Court, 77, 78.
+Galway, Earl of, character of, 284.
+Gaultier, Abbé, employed in peace negotiations, 53 and _n_., 54 _et
+  seq_., 78, 142.
+George I., Addison on, 374, 375, 376, 377.
+Gertruydenberg, conference at, 54, 55, 56, 59, 76.
+Gibraltar, to be annexed to Britain, 136, 140, 141, 153.
+Godolphin, Earl of, character of, 26, 27;
+  nicknamed "Volpone," 27;
+  his treatment of the Duke of Somerset, 33;
+  in need of protection, 41;
+  debt incurred under his administration, 92, 93, 96;
+  at the head of the Junto, 129;
+  Burnet on, 348, 368.
+Goodenough, under-sheriff of London, 354.
+Grafton, Duke of, character of, 275.
+Grand Alliance, the, 70, 83.
+Grantham, Earl of, character of, 279.
+Greenvil, Sir Richard, Swift on, 309.
+Grey of Werke, Lord, character of, 280.
+Griffin, Lord, character of, 280.
+Guernsey, Heneage Finch, Lord, 30.
+Guilford, Lord, character of, 280.
+Guiscard, Marquis de, 97, 120.
+Gyllenborg, Count de, the "Abstract of the History of England,"
+  dedicated to, 194, 195.
+
+Hague, The, conference at, 51, 54, 55, 59, 65.
+Halifax, Lord, character of, 275.
+
+Hamilton, 3rd Marquess, afterwards Duke of,
+  Swift on, 293,305, 306, 317, 321.
+Hamilton, James Douglas, 4th Duke of,
+  his duel with Lord Mohun, 178, 179, 286, 367;
+  character of, 286.
+Hanmer, Sir Thomas, his "Representation," 100.
+Hanover, the Elector of, 34, 42;
+  his "Memorial to the Queen," 42, 43 and _n_.;
+  deceived by Robethon and Bothmar, 166, 167;
+  T. Harley's mission to, 167, 168.
+Hanover, House of, Bill for fixing the precedence of the, 98, 99.
+Harley, Robert, Earl of Oxford,
+  his estrangement from Bolingbroke, 13, 16;
+  information given to Swift by, 18 _n_.;
+  his financial measures, 20, 96-98;
+  blamed in connection with Nottingham's amendment to the address, 38;
+  advises the Queen to create new peers, 38;
+  character of, 93-96, 281.
+Harley, Thomas, his mission to Utrecht, 140;
+  sent to Hanover, 166, 167, 168.
+Hartington, Marquess of, character of, 275.
+Hedges, Sir Charles, 86.
+Heinsius, Pensionary, 60;
+  charged by Bays with all delays, 187.
+Henderson, Alexander, "a cursed fanatic," 294.
+Henry I., history of reign of, 217-237;
+  his character and person, 236.
+Henry II., history of the reign of, 265-268;
+  character of, 269.
+Hickes, Dean, 346, 347.
+Hill, John, takes Dunkirk, 161, 163, 165.
+Hill, Richard, character of, 283.
+Hoffman, the Emperor's Resident in England, 129, 132.
+Holland, Earl of, Swift on, 304.
+Hompesch, Count, Dutch General, 164, 175.
+Hurry, Colonel, character of, 302, 303, 307.
+
+Ingoldsby, Colonel, 323.
+Ireland, "a most obscure disagreeable country," 196;
+  slow growth of civilization in, 267, 268.
+
+James II, the "abdicated king," 10, 11, 26;
+  flight and capture of, 361.
+Jeffreys, Judge, his death in the Tower, 361.
+Jersey, Earl of, 35;
+  and the Abbe Gaultier, 54.
+Johnstoun, James, character of, 287.
+Junto, Lords of the, 32, 39, 129.
+
+Kennedy, Lady Margaret, married Bishop Burnet, 328.
+Kent, Earl (afterwards Duke) of, character of, 279.
+
+Land, Bill appointing Commissioners to examine into Crown grants of, 121.
+Lauderdale, Earl of, Swift on, 317.
+Leightoun, Bishop, Burnet on, 335;
+  death of, 351, 352.
+Leopold, the Emperor, fails to observe his agreements, 105.
+Lewis, Erasmus, letter of, to Swift, on the "Four Last Years,"
+   quoted, x, 25 _n_., 30 _n_., 33 _n_., 42 _n_., 45 _n_.
+Lexington, Lord, appointed Ambassador in Spain, 178, 190;
+  character of, 280;
+Lindsey, Earl of _See_ Ancaster, Duke of.
+Louis XIV., King of France, his negotiations for peace, 51 _et seq_.,
+  _See_ Utrecht, Congress of.
+Lorraine, Duke of, 61.
+Lucas, Dr. Charles, Editor of the "Four Last Years," 5 _n_.
+Lucas, Lord; character of, 277.
+Lumley, Lord, character of, 358.
+
+Macartney, General, kills the Duke of Hamilton, 178, 179, 286.
+Macky, John, account of, 272;
+  "Memoirs of the Secret Services of," 272;
+  his characters of the Court of Queen Anne, 273, 288.
+Mansell, Thomas (afterwards Lord), character of, 281.
+Mar, Earl of, character of, 287.
+March Club, the, 121.
+Marlborough, Duke of, 19, 58;
+  character of, 24, 25, 273;
+  insinuations against his courage, 25 and _n_., 48;
+  fears an inquiry, 40;
+  his demand to be made general for life, 40, 41;
+  fall of, 46, 49;
+  accused of corruption, 84, 86;
+  his deduction of 2-1/2 per cent from the pay of foreign troops, 85, 116;
+  at the head of the Junto, 129;
+  endeavours to dissuade the Dutch from concluding peace, 187, 188;
+  "detestably covetous," 273;
+  Burnet on, 359.
+Marlborough, Duchess of, character of, 25, 26.
+Masham, Mrs., her hostility to the Duke of Marlborough, 87.
+Maynard, Sir John, 347, 362.
+Mesnager, M., his mission to London, 66, 67;
+  appointed plenipotentiary at Utrecht, 80;
+  favours the Dutch, 165;
+  quarrels with Count Rechteren, 177, 181, 182;
+  his unreasonable attitude, 182, 183, 189.
+Methuen, Sir Paul, character of, 283.
+Mew, Bishop, character of, 352.
+Middleton, Earl of, character of, 287.
+Milton's "Paradise Lost," Burnet's criticism of, 336.
+Mohun, Lord, his duel with the  Duke of Hamilton, 178, 367;
+  character of, 278.
+Molo, Dutch agent, 139, 166.
+Montagu, Duke of, character of, 275.
+Monteleon, Marquis of, Spanish ambassador in London, 190.
+Montrevil, M., 310, 311.
+Montrose, Marquess (afterwards Duke) of, character of, 286, 311, 318, 333.
+Munster, Treaty of, 112.
+
+Nassau, Count, 164.
+National Debt, the, origin of, 87.
+Newcastle, Duke of, 35;
+  character of, 274.
+Newfoundland, to be restored to England, 63, 68, 136, 153;
+  French fishing rights in, 68.
+Northumberland, George, Duke of, character of, 274.
+Nottingham, Earl of, character of, 29, 30;
+  his nicknames, 30 _n_.;
+  his amendment to the address with reference to the peace,
+       34 _n_., 36, 129, 131;
+  out of favour at Court, 34;
+  his disappointment, 35;
+  goes over to the Whigs, 35, 48, 129;
+  his bill against Occasional Conformity, 35, 37, 39, 40;
+  votes against the Bill for appointing Commissioners to examine
+       into Crown grants of land, 122;
+  character of, 274.
+
+Occasional Conformity, Bill against, 35, 37, 39, 40.
+October Club, the, 120.
+O'Hara, Sir Charles. _See_ Tyrawley, Lord.
+Orange, Prince of. _See_ William III.
+Orkney, Earl of, character of, 284.
+Orkney, Lady, 355.
+Ormonde, Duke of, succeeds Marlborough in Flanders, 46, 143;
+  ordered to avoid fighting, 146, 150 _n_., 156 and _n_.;
+  refuses to fight, 147;
+  anger of the Dutch against, 147, 148;
+  why unable to take Dunkirk, 159;
+  deserted by the allies, 162;
+  declares an armistice, 163;
+  refused passage through Dutch towns, 163;
+  takes possession of Ghent and Bruges, 164, 165;
+  character of, 273;
+  Burnet on, 360, 367;
+  Addison on, 372.
+Ossuna, Duke d', 190.
+Oxford, Countess of, "cheated by her father," 274.
+Oxford, Earl of. _See_ Harley.
+
+Palatines, the, 115.
+Parker, Chief Justice, 38.
+Parliament, origin of, in England, 225-227.
+Patrick, Bishop, character of, 337, 340.
+Peace, desire for, 19, 20;
+  the Queen's overtures in favour of, 31, 50;
+  amendment to the address with reference to, carried, 36;
+  history of the negotiations for, 51 _et seq.
+  See_ Utrecht, Congress of.
+Penn, William, Swift on, 356.
+Petecum, M., 56 _n_.;
+  his negotiations with Torcy, 60.
+Peterborough, Earl of, a spy in the service of, 77;
+  character of, 277.
+Philip V., King of Spain,
+  renounces the Kingdom of France, 142, 143, 146, 151, 157.
+Polignac, Abbé de, one of the plenipotentiaries at Utrecht, 79, 82, 166;
+  made a cardinal, 182.
+Porter, Sir Charles, 354.
+Portland, Earl of, character of, 276.
+Poulett, Lord, character of, 278.
+Powis, Sir Thomas, 354.
+Press, licence of the, 124;
+  Bill for regulation of, not passed, 126.
+Pretender, the, sent out of France, 189;
+  Burnet on the birth of, 358, 364;
+  taken to France, 360, 361;
+  hated by the Queen, 366.
+Prior, M., his "History of his own Time," quoted, 55 _n_., 61;
+  mission to Versailles, 56 _n_., 61, 63;
+  his return, 66;
+  mission to France with Bolingbroke, 172, 176, 184;
+  character of, 282;
+  Burnet on, 366.
+Protestant religion, meaning of the words, 296.
+Protestants, Act for naturalizing foreign, 114.
+Pym, John, Swift on the death of, 306.
+
+Quakers, their objection to oaths, 127, 128.
+Queen Elizabeth's Day, 47 and _n_.
+
+Raby, Lord. _See_ Strafford, Earl of.
+Rechteren, Count, his quarrel with M. Mesnager, 177, 181, 182.
+Report of the Commissioners for inspecting public accounts, 84-87.
+"Representation," the, on the war presented to the Queen, 100-114, 118;
+  Dutch memorial in answer to, 119.
+Richmond, Duke of, character of, 274.
+Rivers, Earl, his mission to Hanover, 166, 167;
+  character of, 276.
+Robethon, a Frenchman in the Elector of Hanover's service, 166.
+Robinson, Dr., Bishop of Bristol, made Lord Privy Seal, 20, 35;
+  plenipotentiary at Utrecht, 31, 82;
+  goes to Holland, 132;
+  opens the Congress, 138 _et seq_.
+Rochester, Earl of, 32, 35;
+  Burnet on, 340, 341.
+Romney, Henry, Earl of, character of, 274, 358.
+Ronquillo, Don Pedro de, Spanish Ambassador, his house pulled down, 361.
+Rothes, Earl of, character of, 294;
+  a remark of, quoted, 346.
+Rouille, M., 52.
+Roxburgh, Duke of, and the Earl of Nottingham, 35.
+
+Sacheverell, Dr., trial of, 20, 24, 53;
+  nicknames Godolphin "Volpone," 27.
+St. John, George, 191 _n_.
+St. John, Henry. _See_ Bolingbroke.
+St. John, Oliver, 294, 295, 296.
+Sancroft, Archbishop, Burnet on, 345, 355, 363.
+Sandwich, Earl of, character of, 277.
+Savoy, Duke of,
+  peace proposals affecting, 62, 63, 76, 78, 79, 135, 155, 171, 178, 180.
+Scarborough, Earl of, 36.
+Scotch, the, Swift's hatred of. _See_ Remarks on Clarendon's History
+  and Burnet's History, 291-368 _passim_.
+Scotland, Act of Toleration with,
+  regard to the Episcopal Church of, 116, 117, 118 _n_.;
+  Act restoring Patronage in the Church of, 117, 118, and _n_.
+Shaftesbury (Sir A.A. Cooper), Earl of, character of, 303, 306.
+Sharp, Archbishop, 334, 336, 338, 341, 346.
+Sheldon, Archbishop, character of, 339.
+Shrewsbury, Earl of, character of, 358.
+Shrewsbury, Duke of, 54;
+  appointed Ambassador at Paris, 181 _et seq_.;
+  Swift's opinion of, 186 _n_.
+Shower, Rev. Mr., letter to Harley from, 39.
+Sichel, Walter, his "Bolingbroke and his Times," quoted, 77 _n_.
+Sidney, Henry. _See_ Romney, Earl of.
+Smith, Rt. Hon. John, character of, 282.
+Somers, Lord, character of, 22-24, 275.
+Somerset, Duke of, 19, 48;
+  the hope of the Whigs, 31;
+  in favour with the Queen, 32;
+  and Lord Godolphin, 32, 33;
+  his breach with the Tories, 33;
+  at the head of the Junto, 129.
+Somerset, Duke of, character of, 273.
+Spain, the war in, 106;
+  peace proposals affecting, 134, 135;
+  not represented at the Congress of Utrecht, 190;
+  treaty between Great Britain and, 190.
+Sprat, Bishop, Burnet on, 348.
+Stamford, Earl of, character of, 277, 301.
+Stanhope, Colonel, character of, 284.
+Stanhope, Earl, character of, 284.
+Steele, Sir R., Swift and, 15 and _n_.
+Stephen, King, history of the reign of, 238-264;
+  his character and person, 262.
+Stepney, George, character of, 283.
+Sterne, Archbishop, character of, 352.
+Strafford, Earl of, attainder of, 295, 296.
+Strafford (Lord Raby), Earl of,
+  plenipotentiary at Utrecht, 31, 82, 131 _et seq_.;
+  his negotiations at the Hague, 57, 58, 71;
+  character of, 283.
+Sunderland, Earl of, character of, 27, 28;
+  his library, 27 and _n_.;
+  character of, 277.
+Sutherland, Earl of, character of, 286.
+Swift, Jonathan, avowal of his independence, 15;
+  endeavours to reconcile Harley and Bolingbroke, 16;
+  on the Hanoverian succession, 16, 17;
+  his suggestion for building new churches in London, 20 _n_.;
+  his definition of Whig and Tory, 21 _n_.;
+  helped Sir Thos. Hanmer with the "Representation," 100;
+  his remarks on characters of the court of Queen Anne, 273-288;
+  his remarks on Clarendon's "History of the Rebellion," 291-323, 330;
+  his remarks on Burnet's "History," 323-368;
+  his notes on the "Free-holder," 371-377.
+
+_Tacking_, explained, 123.
+Temple, Sir William, Burnet on, 344, 345, 362.
+Tenison, Archbishop, character of, 282, 337.
+Thanet, Earl of, character of, 277.
+Titus, Colonel, Swift on, 331.
+Torcy, Marquis de,
+  his conduct of the peace negotiations, 51 _et seq_., 142, 146, 147;
+  his opinion of the British army, 169;
+  suggests that the Queen should join with France in compelling the Dutch
+    to a peace, 170;
+  the prime mover in favour of peace, 183;
+  testimony to his candour and integrity, 183, 184.
+Tory principles, Swift's definition of, 21 _n_.
+Townshend, Lord, on Dr. Lucas, 5 _n_.;
+  and the Barrier Treaty, 41, 58, 99;
+  declared an enemy to the Queen and kingdom, 100, 113;
+  character of, 278.
+Trimnel, Dr., Bishop of Norwich, 27 _n_.
+Tyrawley, Lord, character of, 284.
+
+Utrecht, Congress at, 20, 31, 50;
+  negotiations leading to, 51-82;
+  French overtures to England, 56;
+  transmitted to Holland, 57;
+  the Dutch reply, 59;
+  English preliminary demands sent to France, 62;
+  the French reply, 67;
+  preliminaries signed by France and England, 69;
+  communicated to Holland, 71;
+  Dutch objections, 74;
+  the Congress agreed to, 79;
+  instructions of the English plenipotentiaries, 133;
+  opening of the Congress, 138;
+  Dutch obstruction, 139 _et seq._;
+  result of Ormonde's refusal to fight, 148, 149;
+  England declares herself under no obligation to the Dutch, 149, 150;
+  terms of peace between England and France, 151-155;
+  proposed armistice, 157;
+  anger of the Dutch, 158;
+  the conference resumed, 172;
+  difficulties caused by dissensions with the Dutch, 175;
+  the Dutch change their attitude, 176, 184;
+  English ultimatum, 185;
+  the French yield, 186;
+  further delay caused by French "litigious manner of treating," 188;
+  Treaty of Utrecht signed, 190.
+Uxelles, Marechal d', one of the plenipotentiaries at Utrecht, 79;
+  favours the Dutch, 165, 183.
+
+Vanderdussen, M., 60.
+Vane, Sir Harry, the younger, character of, 305, 316;
+  execution of, 336, 337.
+Villars, Marechal de, 147, 156, 159, 165, 169.
+
+Walker, Dr., defended Londonderry, 362.
+Walker, Sir Edward, 306.
+Wallis, Count, 163.
+Walpole, Horatio, 52.
+Walpole, Sir Robert, 37;
+  committed  to the Tower, 84;
+  attacked by Bolingbroke, 84 _n_.
+Walsh, Peter, 338.
+Wariston, Swift on, 335-338.
+Weems, Earl of, character of, 288.
+Wharton, Earl of, 38;
+  character of, 28, 278;
+  his Irish administration, 41.
+"Whigs, Public Spirit of the,"
+  a reward offered by the Queen for discovery of the author of, 15.
+Whig and Tory, distinction between, 20, 21 _n_.
+Wild Serjeant, 316.
+William Rufus, history of the reign of, 202, 216;
+  his character and person, 214.
+William III., King, character of, 355;
+  his Declaration, 359;
+  comes to England, 359, 360, 365;
+  Addison on, 371.
+Williams, Archbishop, 292, 296, 297, 298.
+Wincam, Sir George, married Burnet's great aunt, 333.
+Winchilsea, Earl of, character of, 277.
+Wolley, Bishop, of Clonfert, 340.
+Wright, Sir Nathan, character of, 275.
+
+York, Duke of (afterwards James II.),
+  Swift on, 312, 314, 315, 320, 321, 322, 323.
+
+Zinzendorf, Count, Austrian Envoy at the Hague, 77, 78;
+  sows jealousies between England and Holland, 158;
+  deludes the Dutch with promises, 168, 176, 180.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift,
+Vol. X., by Jonathan Swift
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JONATHAN SWIFT ***
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, Vol. X.
+by Jonathan Swift
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, Vol. X.
+
+Author: Jonathan Swift
+
+Release Date: July 28, 2004 [EBook #13040]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JONATHAN SWIFT ***
+
+
+
+
+Etext produced by Terry Gilliland and PG Distributed Proofreaders
+
+HTML file produced by David Widger
+
+
+
+</pre>
+    <div style="height: 8em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h1>
+      THE PROSE WORKS OF JONATHAN SWIFT
+    </h1>
+    <h3>
+      VOL. X of BOHN'S STANDARD LIBRARY
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      THE PROSE WORKS
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      OF
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      JONATHAN SWIFT, D.D.
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      EDITED BY
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      TEMPLE SCOTT
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      VOL. X
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      HISTORICAL WRITINGS
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      1902
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <b>CONTENTS</b>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_INTR"> INTRODUCTION </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0002"> THE HISTORY OF THE FOUR LAST YEARS OF THE QUEEN.
+      By the late JONATHAN SWIFT, D.D. D.S.P.D. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0003"> <i>ADVERTISEMENT</i> </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0004"> THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0004B"> THE HISTORY OF THE FOUR LAST YEARS OF THE
+      QUEEN. I </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0005"> THE HISTORY OF THE FOUR LAST YEARS OF THE QUEEN.
+      II </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0006"> THE HISTORY OF THE FOUR LAST YEARS OF THE QUEEN.
+      III </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0007"> THE HISTORY OF THE FOUR LAST YEARS OF THE QUEEN.
+      IV </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0008"> AN ABSTRACT OF THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND, FROM THE
+      INVASION OF IT BY JULIUS CAESAR TO THE REIGN OF HENRY THE SECOND. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0009"> SWIFT'S REMARKS ON THE CHARACTERS OF THE COURT
+      OF QUEEN ANNE. FROM "MEMOIRS OF THE SECRET SERVICES OF JOHN MACKY, ESQ."
+      </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0010"> REMARKS ON LORD CLARENDON'S HISTORY OF THE
+      REBELLION OXFORD EDITION, 1707, 3 VOLS. FROM THE ORIGINAL, IN ST.
+      PATRICK'S LIBRARY. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_PREF"> PREFACE. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0012"> REMARKS ON "BISHOP BURNET'S HISTORY OF
+      ['SCOTLAND IN'—SWIFT] HIS OWN TIME," FOLIO EDITION, 1724-34. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_PREF2"> PREFACE</a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_NOTE"> NOTES ON THE FREE-HOLDER. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_NOTE1"> NOTES ON THE FREE-HOLDER.[1] </a>
+    </p>
+    <p class="toc">
+      <a href="#link2H_4_0016"> INDEX. </a>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_INTR" id="link2H_INTR"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      INTRODUCTION
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Of late years, that is to say, within the last thirty odd years, there has
+      existed a certain amount of doubt as to whether or no the work known to us
+      as "The History of the Four Last Years of the Queen," was really the
+      product of Swift's pen. That a work of this nature had occupied Swift
+      during his retirement at Windsor in 1713, is undoubted. That the work here
+      reprinted from the edition given to the world in 1758, "by an anonymous
+      editor from a copy surreptitiously taken by an anonymous friend" (to use
+      Mr. Churton Collins's summary), is the actual work upon which Swift was
+      engaged at Windsor, is not so certain. Let us for a moment trace the
+      history of what is known of what Swift did write, and then we shall be in
+      a better position to judge of the authenticity of what we have before us.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      All that we know of this work is gathered from Swift's correspondence, as
+      published by Sir Walter Scott in his edition of Swift's Works issued in
+      1824. The first reference there made is in a note from Dr. William King to
+      Mrs. Whiteway, from which we gather that Swift, towards the end of the
+      year 1736, was meditating the publication of what he had written in 1713.
+      "As to the History," writes King, "the Dean may be assured I will take
+      care to supply the dates that are wanting, and which can easily be done in
+      an hour or two. The tracts, if he pleases, may be printed by way of
+      appendix. This will be indeed less trouble than the interweaving them in
+      the body of the history, and will do the author as much honour, and answer
+      the purpose full as well."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This was written from Paris, under date November 9th, O.S., 1736. It can
+      easily be gathered from this that the tracts referred to are the tracts on
+      the same period which Swift wrote at the time in defence of the Oxford
+      ministry. They are given in the fifth volume of this edition.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On December 7th, 1736, King was in London, and he immediately writes to
+      Swift himself on the matter of the History. "I arrived here yesterday," he
+      says, "and I am now ready to obey your commands. I hope you are come to a
+      positive resolution concerning the History. You need not hesitate about
+      the dates, or the references which are to be made to any public papers;
+      for I can supply them without the least trouble. As well as I remember,
+      there is but one of those public pieces which you determined should be
+      inserted at length; I mean Sir Thomas Hanmer's Representation; this I have
+      now by me. If you incline to publish the two tracts as an Appendix to the
+      History, you will be pleased to see if the character given of the Earl of
+      Oxford in the pamphlet of 1715 agrees with the character given of the same
+      person in the History.[1] Perhaps on a review you may think proper to
+      leave one of them quite out. You have (I think) barely mentioned the
+      attempt of Guiscard, and the quarrel between Rechteren and Mesnager. But
+      as these are facts which are probably now forgot or unknown, it would not
+      be amiss if they were related at large in the notes; which may be done
+      from the gazettes, or any other newspapers of those times. This is all I
+      have to offer to your consideration...."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: See note on page 95 of this volume.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      There is thus no doubt left as to which were the tracts referred to by
+      King, and as to the desire of Swift to include Sir Thomas Hanmer's
+      Representation&mdash;two points that are important as evidence for the
+      authenticity of the edition issued by Lucas in 1758.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Towards the middle of 1737, it must have become common knowledge among
+      Swift's friends in London, that he was preparing for publication his
+      "History of the Four Last Years of Queen Anne's Reign." Possibly King may
+      have dropped a hint of it; possibly Swift may have written to others for
+      information and assistance. Be that as it may, on April 7th, 1737, the
+      Earl of Oxford (son of Swift's old friend) wrote to Swift as follows:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+    "... One reason of my writing to you now is, (next to my asking
+    your forgiveness) this: I am told that you have given leave and
+    liberty to some one or more of your friends to print a history
+    of the last four years of Queen Anne's reign, wrote by you.
+
+    "As I am most truly sensible of your constant regard and sincere
+    friendship for my father, even to partiality, (if I may say so,)
+    I am very sensible of the share and part he must bear in such a
+    history; and as I remember, when I read over that history of
+    yours, I can recollect that there seemed to me a want of some
+    papers to make it more complete, which was not in our power to
+    obtain; besides there were some severe things said, which might
+    have been very currently talked of; but now will want a proper
+    evidence to support; for these reasons it is that I do entreat
+    the favour of you, and make it my earnest request, that you will
+    give your positive directions, that this history be not printed
+    and published, until I have had an opportunity of seeing it;
+    with a liberty of showing it to some family friends, whom I
+    would consult upon this occasion. I beg pardon for this; I hope
+    you will be so good as to grant my request: I do it with great
+    deference to you. If I had the pleasure of seeing you, I would
+    soon say something to you that would convince you I am not
+    wrong: they are not proper for a letter as you will easily
+    guess...."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It is evident that Swift had gone so far as to consult with Faulkner on
+      the matter of the printing of the "History," because he was present when
+      Oxford's letter arrived, and he tells us that Swift answered the letter
+      immediately, and made him read the answer, the purport of which was: "That
+      although he loved his lordship's father more than he ever did any man;
+      yet, as a human creature, he had his faults, and therefore, as an
+      impartial writer, he could not conceal them."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the 4th of June, 1737, Swift wrote at length to Oxford a letter in
+      which he details the circumstances and the reasons which moved him to
+      write the History. The letter is important, and runs as follows:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+    "MY LORD,
+
+    "I had the honour of a letter from your lordship, dated April
+    the 7th, which I was not prepared to answer until this time.
+    Your lordship must needs have known, that the History you
+    mention, of the Four last Years of the Queen's Reign, was
+    written at Windsor, just upon finishing the peace; at which
+    time, your father and my Lord Bolingbroke had a misunderstanding
+    with each other, that was attended with very bad consequences.
+    When I came to Ireland to take this deanery (after the peace was
+    made) I could not stay here above a fortnight, being recalled by
+    a hundred letters to hasten back, and to use my endeavours in
+    reconciling those ministers. I left them the history you
+    mention, which I finished at Windsor, to the time of the peace.
+    When I returned to England, I found their quarrels and coldness
+    increased. I laboured to reconcile them as much as I was able: I
+    contrived to bring them to my Lord Masham's, at St. James's. My
+    Lord and Lady Masham left us together. I expostulated with them
+    both, but could not find any good consequences. I was to go to
+    Windsor next day with my lord-treasurer; I pretended business
+    that prevented me, expecting they would come to some
+    [agreement?]. But I followed them to Windsor; where my Lord
+    Bolingbroke told me, that my scheme had come to nothing. Things
+    went on at the same rate; they grew more estranged every day. My
+    lord-treasurer found his credit daily declining. In May before
+    the Queen died, I had my last meeting with them at my Lord
+    Masham's. He left us together; and therefore I spoke very freely
+    to them both; and told them, 'I would retire, for I found all
+    was gone'. Lord Bolingbroke whispered me, 'I was in the right'.
+    Your father said, 'All would do well'. I told him, 'That I would
+    go to Oxford on Monday, since I found it was impossible to be of
+    any use'. I took coach to Oxford on Monday, went to a friend in
+    Berkshire, there stayed until the Queen's death, and then to my
+    station here, where I stayed twelve years, and never saw my lord
+    your father afterward. They could not agree about printing the
+    History of the Four last Years and therefore I have kept it to
+    this time, when I determine to publish it in London, to the
+    confusion of all those rascals who have accused the queen and
+    that ministry of making a bad peace, to which that party
+    entirely owes the Protestant succession. I was then in the
+    greatest trust and confidence with your father the
+    lord-treasurer, as well as with my Lord Bolingbroke, and all
+    others who had part in the administration I had all the letters
+    from the secretary's office, during the treaty of peace out of
+    those, and what I learned from the ministry, I formed that
+    History, which I am now going to publish for the information of
+    posterity, and to control the most impudent falsehoods which
+    have been published since. I wanted no kind of materials. I knew
+    your father better than you could at that time, and I do
+    impartially think him the most virtuous minister, and the most
+    able, that ever I remember to have read of. If your lordship has
+    any particular circumstances that may fortify what I have said
+    in the History, such as letters or materials, I am content they
+    should be printed at the end, by way of appendix. I loved my
+    lord your father better than any other man in the world,
+    although I had no obligation to him on the score of preferment,
+    having been driven to this wretched kingdom, to which I was
+    almost a stranger, by his want of power to keep me in what I
+    ought to call my own country, although I happened to be dropped
+    here, and was a year old before I left it, and to my sorrow did
+    not die before I came back to it again. As to the History, it
+    is only of affairs which I know very well and had all the
+    advantages possible to know, when you were in some sort but a
+    lad. One great design of it is, to do justice to the ministry at
+    that time, and to refute all the objections against them, as if
+    they had a design of bringing in Popery and the Pretender: and
+    farther to demonstrate, that the present settlement of the crown
+    was chiefly owing to my lord your father...."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      The Earl of Oxford had failed to extract the manuscript from Swift for the
+      purpose he had expressed in his letter. But his friend and Swift's old
+      friend, Erasmus Lewis, who had been Under-Secretary of State during Lord
+      Oxford's administration, came to the Earl's assistance. He had not written
+      to Swift for many years, but on June 30th, 1737, he took occasion to renew
+      the correspondence and referred to the proposal for publishing the History
+      in a manner which leaves no doubt as to who suggested to him to write:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+    " ... Now I name him, I mean Lord Oxford, let me ask you if it
+    be true, that you are going to print a History of the Four Last
+    Years of the Queen? if it is, will not you let me see it before
+    you send it to the press? Is it not possible that I may suggest
+    some things that you may have omitted, and give you reasons for
+    leaving out others? The scene is changed since that period of
+    time: the conditions of the peace of Utrecht have been applauded
+    by most part of mankind, even in the two Houses of Parliament:
+    should not matters rest here, at least for some time? I presume
+    your great end is to do justice to truth; the second point may
+    perhaps be to make a compliment to the Oxford family: permit me
+    to say as to the first, that though you know perhaps more than
+    any one man, I may possibly contribute a mite; and, with the
+    alteration of one word, viz. by inserting <i>parva</i> instead of
+    <i>magna</i>, apply to myself that passage of Virgil, <i>et quorum pars
+    parva fui</i>. As to the second point, I do not conceive your
+    compliment to Lord Oxford to be so perfect as it might be,
+    unless you lay the manuscript before him, that it may be
+    considered here."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      On the 4th of July, 1737, Oxford replied to Swift's letter of the 4th of
+      June (referring to it as of the 14th of June), and emphasizes his earnest
+      wish to see the manuscript. He also asks that it may be permitted him to
+      show it to some friends:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+    "GOOD MR. DEAN,
+
+    "Your letter of June 14th, in answer to mine of the 7th of
+    April, is come to my hands; and it is with no small concern that
+    I have read it, and to find that you seem to have formed a
+    resolution to put the History of the Four last Years of the
+    Queen to the press; a resolution taken without giving your
+    friends, and those that are greatly concerned, some notice, or
+    suffering them to have time and opportunity to read the papers
+    over, and to consider them. I hope it is not too late yet, and
+    that you will be so good as to let some friends see them, before
+    they are put to the press; and, as you propose to have the work
+    printed here, it will be easy to give directions to whom you
+    will please to give the liberty of seeing them; I beg I may be
+    one: this request I again repeat to you, and I hope you will
+    grant it. I do not doubt that there are many who will persuade
+    you to publish it; but they are not proper judges: their reasons
+    may be of different kinds, and their motives to press on this
+    work may be quite different, and perhaps concealed from you.
+
+    "I am extremely sensible of the firm love and regard you had for
+    my father, and have for his memory; and upon that account it is
+    that I now renew my request, that you would at least defer this
+    printing until you have had the advice of friends. You have
+    forgot that you lent me the History to read when you were in
+    England, since my father died; I do remember it well. I would
+    ask your pardon for giving you this trouble; but upon this
+    affair I am so nearly concerned, that, if I did not my utmost to
+    prevent it, I should never forgive myself."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      While this correspondence was in progress, Swift had given the manuscript
+      to Lord Orrery to hand over to Dr. King. On June 24th, 1737, King wrote to
+      Swift stating that he had received a letter from Mrs. Whiteway in which he
+      was told to expect the manuscript from the hands of Lord Orrery. To Mrs.
+      Whiteway he replied, on the same day, that he would wait on Lord Orrery to
+      receive the papers. On July 23rd, 1737, Lord Orrery wrote to Swift
+      informing him that "Dr. King has his cargo."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With the knowledge that the manuscript was on its way to King, Swift wrote
+      the following reply to Lewis's letter:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+    July 23, 1737.
+
+    "DEAR FRIEND,
+
+    "While any of those who used to write to me were alive, I always
+    inquired after you. But, since your secretaryship in the queen's
+    time, I believed you were so glutted with the office, that you
+    had not patience to venture on a letter to an absent useless
+    acquaintance; and I find I owe yours to my Lord Oxford. The
+    History you mention was written above a year before the queen's
+    death. I left it with the treasurer and Lord Bolingbroke, when I
+    first came over to take this deanery. I returned in less than a
+    month; but the ministry could not agree about printing it. It
+    was to conclude with the peace. I staid in London above nine
+    months; but not being able to reconcile the quarrels between
+    those two, I went to a friend in Berkshire, and, on the queen's
+    death, came hither for good and all. I am confident you read
+    that History; as this Lord Oxford did, as he owns in his two
+    letters, the last of which reached me not above ten days ago.
+    You know, on the queen's death, how the peace and all
+    proceedings were universally condemned. This I knew would be
+    done; and the chief cause of my writing was, not to let such a
+    queen and ministry lie under such a load of infamy, or posterity
+    be so ill-informed, &amp;c. Lord Oxford is in the wrong to be in
+    pain about his father's character, or his proceedings in his
+    ministry; which is so drawn, that his greatest admirers will
+    rather censure me for partiality; neither can he tell me
+    anything material out of his papers, which I was not then
+    informed of; nor do I know anybody but yourself who could give
+    me more light than what I then received; for I remember I often
+    consulted with you, and took memorials of many important
+    particulars which you told me, as I did of others, for four
+    years together. I can find no way to have the original delivered
+    to Lord Oxford, or to you; for the person who has it will not
+    trust it out of his hands; but, I believe, would be contented to
+    let it be read to either of you, if it could be done without
+    letting it out of his hands, although, perhaps, that may be too
+    late."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      Swift is evidently about to accede to the desires of his two friends, and
+      Lewis, in his reply, takes it for granted that the manuscript will soon be
+      in his possession for perusal and examination:
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+    London, Aug. 4, 1737.
+
+    "I assure you, my dear Dean, 'twas matter of joy to me to
+    receive a letter from you, and I hope 'tis an earnest of many
+    more I may have hereafter, before you and I leave this world;
+    though I must tell you, that if you and I revive our former
+    Correspondence, you must indulge me the liberty of making use of
+    another hand; for whether it be owing to age, or writing
+    formerly whole nights by candle-light, or to both those causes,
+    my sight is so far impaired, that I am not able, without much
+    pain, to scratch out a letter.
+
+    "I do not remember ever to have read your History. I own my
+    memory is much decayed; but still I think I could not have
+    forgotten a matter of so much consequence, and which must have
+    given me so great a pleasure. It is fresh in my mind, that Lord
+    Oxford and the Auditor desired you to confer with me upon the
+    subject matter of it; that we accordingly did so; and that the
+    conclusion was, you would bury everything in oblivion. We
+    reported this to those two, I mean to his lordship and his
+    uncle, and they acquiesced in it. Now I find you have finished
+    that piece. I ask nothing but what you grant in your letter of
+    July 23d, viz. That your friend shall read it to me, and forbear
+    sending it to the press, till you have considered the
+    objections, if any should be made.
+
+    "In the meantime, I shall only observe to you in general, that
+    three and twenty years, for so long it is since the death of
+    Queen Anne, having made a great alteration in the world, and
+    that what was sense and reason then, is not so now; besides, I
+    am told you have treated some people's characters with a
+    severity which the present times will not bear, and may possibly
+    bring the author into much trouble, which would be matter of
+    great uneasiness to his friends. I know very well it is your
+    intention to do honour to the then treasurer. Lord Oxford knows
+    it; all his family and friends know it; but it is to be done
+    with great circumspection. It is now too late to publish a
+    pamphlet, and too early to publish a History.
+
+    "It was always my opinion, that the best way of doing honour to
+    the treasurer, was to write a History of the Peace of Utrecht,
+    beginning with a short preamble concerning the calamitous state
+    of our debt, and ending with the breaking our army, and
+    restoring the civil power; that these great things were
+    completed under the administration of the Earl of Oxford, and
+    this should be his epitaph. Lord Bolingbroke is undoubtedly
+    writing a History, but I believe will not live to finish it,
+    because he takes it up too high, viz. from the Restoration. In
+    all probability he'll cut and slash Lord Oxford. This is only my
+    guess. I don't know it...."
+
+    King must have taken the manuscript to Lord Oxford and Lewis,
+    and been present at its reading. When that reading actually took
+    place is not ascertainable; but there is no doubt that before
+    March 15th, 1738, King was aware of the criticisms made on it.
+    On that day he writes to Mr. Deane Swift, explaining that he has
+    been obliged to defer the publication until he has received
+    Swift's answers to the objections made by the friends who read
+    it. On April 25th, 1738, King wrote again to Mr. Deane Swift,
+    regretting that he could not see him, "because I might have
+    talked over with you all the affair of this History, about which
+    I have been much condemned: and no wonder, since the Dean has
+    continually expressed his dissatisfaction that I have so long
+    delayed the publication of it. However, I have been in no fault:
+    on the contrary, I have consulted the Dean's honour, and the
+    safety of his person. In a word, the publication of this work,
+    as excellent as it is, would involve the printer, publisher,
+    author, and everyone concerned, in the greatest difficulties, if
+    not in a certain ruin; and therefore it will be absolutely
+    necessary to omit some of the characters...."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      From which we gather that Lewis and the friends had been able to show King
+      the extreme inadvisability of publishing the work. Swift knew nothing of
+      this at the time, but Lewis did not long keep him in doubt, and the letter
+      Lewis wrote Swift on April 8th, 1738, sets forth at length the objections
+      and criticisms which had so changed King's attitude.
+    </p>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+    "London, April 8, 1738.
+
+    "I can now acquaint you, my dear Dean, that I have at last had
+    the pleasure of reading your History, in the presence of Lord
+    O&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;d, and two or three more, who think, in all political
+    matters, just as you do, and are as zealous for your fame and
+    safety as any persons in the world. That part of it which
+    relates to the negotiations of peace, whether at London or at
+    Utrecht, they admire exceedingly, and declare they never yet saw
+    that, or any other transaction, drawn up with so much
+    perspicuity, or in a style so entertaining and instructive to
+    the reader, in every respect; but I should be wanting to the
+    sincerity of a friend, if I did not tell you plainly, that it
+    was the unanimous opinion of the company a great deal of the
+    first part should be retrenched, and many things altered.
+
+    "1st, They conceive the first establishment of the South Sea
+    Company is not rightly stated, for no part of the debt then
+    unprovided for was paid: however the advantages arising to the
+    public were very considerable; for, instead of paying for all
+    provisions cent. per cent. dearer than the common market-price,
+    as we did in Lord Godolphin's times, the credit of the public
+    was immediately restored, and, by means of this scheme, put upon
+    as good a footing as the best private security.
+
+    "2d, They think the transactions with Mr. Buys might have been
+    represented in a more advantageous light, and more to the honour
+    of that administration; and, undoubtedly they would have been so
+    by your pen, had you been master of all the facts.
+
+    "3d, The D&mdash;&mdash;  of M&mdash;&mdash;'s courage not to be called in question.
+
+    "4th, The projected design of an assassination they believe
+    true, but that a matter of so high a nature ought not to be
+    asserted without exhibiting the proofs.
+
+    "5th, The present ministers, who are the rump of those whose
+    characters you have painted, shew too plainly that they have not
+    acted upon republican, or, indeed, any other principles, than
+    those of interest and ambition.
+
+    "6th, Now I have mentioned characters, I must tell you they were
+    clearly of opinion, that if those you have drawn should be
+    published as they now stand, nothing could save the author's
+    printer and publishers from some grievous punishment. As we have
+    no traces of liberty now left but the freedom of the press, it
+    is the most earnest desire of your friends that you would strike
+    out all that you have said on that subject.
+
+    "Thus, my dear Dean, I have laid before you, in a plain manner
+    the sentiments of those who were present when your History was
+    read; if I have mistaken in anything, I ask pardon of you and
+    them.
+
+    "I am not at liberty to name those who were present, excepting
+    only the E&mdash;&mdash;  of O&mdash;&mdash;d, who has charged me to return you his
+    thanks for what you have said of his father.
+
+    "What I have to say from myself is, that there were persons in
+    the company to whose judgment I should pay entire deference. I
+    had no opportunity of paying any on this occasion, for I
+    concurred in the same opinion with them, from the bottom of my
+    heart, and therefore conjure you as you value your own fame as
+    an author, and the honour of those who were actors in the
+    important affairs that make the subject of your History, and as
+    you would preserve the liberty of your person, and enjoyment of
+    your fortune, you will not suffer this work to go to the press
+    without making some, or all the amendments proposed. I am, my
+    dear Dean, most sincerely and affectionately yours,
+
+    "E.L.
+
+    "I thank you for your kind mention of me in your letter to Lord
+    Oxford.
+
+    "I had almost forgot to tell you, you have mistaken the case of
+    the D&mdash;&mdash; of S&mdash;&mdash;, which, in truth, was this, that his grace
+    appearing at court, in the chamber next to the council-chamber,
+    it was apprehended he would come into the cabinet-council; and
+    therefore the intended meeting was put off: whereas one would
+    judge, by your manner of stating it, that the council had met,
+    and adjourned abruptly upon his taking his place there.
+
+    "I must add, that if you would so far yield to the opinions of
+    your friends, as to publish what you have writ concerning the
+    peace, and leave out everything that savours of acrimony and
+    resentment, it would, even now, be of great service to this
+    nation in general, and to them in particular, nothing having
+    been yet published on the peace of Utrecht in such a beautiful
+    and strong manner as you have done it. Once more, my dear Dean,
+    adieu; let me hear from you."
+</pre>
+    <p>
+      It is to be presumed that Swift was again persuaded to abandon the
+      publication of his History. Nothing further is heard of it, except a
+      slight reference by Pope in a letter he wrote to Swift, under date May
+      17th, 1739, in which Pope informed him that Bolingbroke (who is writing
+      his History of his own Time) has expressed his intention of differing from
+      Swift's version, as he remembers it when he read the History in 1727. The
+      variation would relate in particular to the conduct of the Earl of Oxford.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Slight as this reference is, there is yet enough in it to suggest another
+      reason why Swift should withhold the publication of his work. It might be
+      that this expressed intention of Bolingbroke's to animadvert on his dear
+      friend's conduct, would just move Swift to a final rejection of his
+      intention, and so, possibly, prevent Bolingbroke from publishing his own
+      statement. However, the manuscript must have been returned, for nothing
+      more was heard of it during Swift's lifetime.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Swift died in 1745, and thirteen years later appeared the anonymously
+      edited "History of the Four Last Years." Is this the work which Swift
+      wrote in 1713, which he permitted Pope and Bolingbroke to read in 1727,
+      and which he prepared for publication in 1737?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In 1758 there was no doubt whatever raised, although there were at least
+      two persons alive then&mdash;Lord Orrery and Dr. William King&mdash;who
+      could easily have proved any forgery, had there been one.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The first suspicion cast on the work came from Dr. Johnson. Writing, in
+      his life of Swift, of the published version, he remarks, "that it seemed
+      by no means to correspond with the notions that I had formed of it from a
+      conversation that I once heard between the Earl of Orrery and old Mr.
+      Lewis." In what particulars this want of correspondence was made evident
+      Johnson does not say. In any case, his suspicion cannot be received with
+      much consideration, since the conversation he heard must have taken place
+      at least twenty years before he wrote the poet's life, and his
+      recollection of such a conversation must at least have been very hazy.
+      Johnson's opinion is further deprived of weight when we read what he wrote
+      of the History in the "Idler," in 1759, the year after its publication,
+      that "the history had perished had not a straggling transcript fallen into
+      busy hands." If the straggling manuscript were worth anything, it must
+      have had some claims to authenticity; and if it had, then Johnson's
+      recollection of what he heard Orrery and Lewis say, twenty years or more
+      after they had said it, goes for very little.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Sir Walter Scott concludes, from the fact that Swift sent the manuscript
+      to Oxford and Lewis, that it was afterwards altered in accordance with
+      Lewis's suggestions. But a comparison of Lucas's text with Lewis's letter
+      shows that nothing of the kind was done.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Lord Stanhope had "very great reason to doubt" the authenticity of the
+      History, and considered it as "falsely ascribed to Swift." What this "very
+      great reason" was, his lordship nowhere stated.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Macaulay, in a pencilled note in a copy of Orrery's "Remarks" (now in the
+      British Museum) describes the History as "Wretched stuff; and I firmly
+      believe not Swift's." But Macaulay could scarcely have had much ground for
+      his note, since he took a description of Somers from the History, and
+      embodied it in his own work as a specimen of what Somers's enemies said of
+      him. If the History were a forgery, what object was gained in quoting from
+      it, and who were the enemies who wrote it?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When, in 1873, Lord Beaconsfield, then Mr. Disraeli, made a speech at
+      Glasgow, in which he quoted from the History and spoke of the words as by
+      Swift, a correspondent in the "Times" criticised him for his ignorance in
+      so doing. But the discussion which followed in the columns of that
+      periodical left the matter just where it was, and, indeed, justified
+      Beaconsfield. The matter was taken up by Mr. Edward Solly in "Notes and
+      Queries;" but that writer threw no new light whatever on the subject.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But the positive evidence in favour of the authenticity is so strong, that
+      one wonders how there could have been any doubt as to whether Swift did or
+      did not write the History.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the first place we know that Swift was largely indebted for his facts
+      to Bolingbroke, when that statesman was the War Secretary of Queen Anne. A
+      comparison of those portions of Swift's History which contain the facts
+      with the Bolingbroke Correspondence, in which the same facts are embodied,
+      will amply prove that Swift obtained them from this source, and as Swift
+      was the one man of the time to whom such a favour was given, the argument
+      in favour of Swift's authorship obtains an added emphasis.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the second place, a careful reading of the correspondence between Swift
+      and his friends on the subject of the publication of the History enables
+      us to identify the references to the History itself. The "characters" are
+      there; Sir Thomas Hanmer's Representation is also there, and all the
+      points raised by Erasmus Lewis may be told off, one by one.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the third place, Dr. Birch, the careful collector, had, in 1742, access
+      to what he considered to be the genuine manuscript. This was three years
+      before Swift's death. He made an abstract of this manuscript at the time,
+      and this abstract is now preserved in the British Museum. Comparing the
+      abstract with the edition published in 1758, there is no doubt that the
+      learned doctor had copied from a manuscript which, if it were not genuine,
+      was certainly the text of the work published in 1758 as "The History of
+      the Four Last Years." But Dr. Birch's language suggests that he believed
+      the manuscript he examined to be in Swift's own handwriting. If that be
+      so, there is no doubt whatever of the authenticity. Birch was a very
+      careful person, and had he had any doubts he could easily have settled
+      them by applying to the many friends of the Dean, if not to the Dean
+      himself. Moreover, it is absurd to believe that a forged manuscript of
+      Swift's would be shown about during Swift's lifetime without it being
+      known as a forgery. Mrs. Whiteway alone would have put a stop to its
+      circulation had she suspected of the existence of such a manuscript.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Finally, it must be remembered that when the History was published in
+      1758, Lord Orrery was still living. If the work were a forgery, why did
+      not Lord Orrery expose it? Nothing would have pleased him more. He had
+      read the manuscript referred to in the Correspondence. He had carried it
+      to Oxford and given it to King, at Swift's request. He knew all about it,
+      and he said nothing.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      These considerations, both negative and positive, lead us to the final
+      conclusion that the History published in 1758 is practically the History
+      referred to in Swift's Correspondence, and therefore the authentic work of
+      Swift himself. We say practically, because there are some differences
+      between it and the text published here. The differences have been recorded
+      from a comparison between Lucas's version and the transcript of a
+      manuscript discovered in Dublin in 1857, and made by Mr. Percy Fitzgerald.
+      Mr. Fitzgerald found that this manuscript contained many corrections in
+      Swift's own handwriting. At the time he came across it the manuscript was
+      in the possession of two old ladies named Greene, grand-daughters of Mrs.
+      Whiteway, and grand-nieces of Swift himself. On the title-page there was
+      the following note:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "This is the originall manuscript of the History, corrected by me, and
+      given into the custody of Mrs. Martha Whiteway by me Jonathan Swift, June
+      15, 1737. seven.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I send a fair copy of this History by the Earl of Orrery to be printed in
+      England.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      "JONATH. SWIFT."
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Fitzgerald was permitted to make a collation of this manuscript, and
+      his collation he sent to the late John Forster. It is now in the Victoria
+      and Albert Museum, South Kensington.[2]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: I regret that I have been unable to trace the existence of
+      this manuscript of Swift's "History." Mr. Fitzgerald himself has no
+      recollection of having made the collation. "Forty-five years ago," he
+      writes, "is a long time to look back to," and he cannot recall the fact.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If this manuscript be what, on the face of it, it claims to be, then the
+      question of authenticity is for ever settled. As we have no doubt on this
+      point, the corrections and variations between this manuscript, as collated
+      by Mr. Percy Fitzgerald and the Lucas version, have been noted in the
+      present edition.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In 1752 Lord Orrery issued his "Remarks" on the life and character of
+      Swift. The work obtained for him a certain notoriety, and brought down
+      upon him some severe censure from the friends of Swift who were still
+      alive. But, whatever may have been Orrery's private opinion of Swift, that
+      should not invalidate any information as to fact of which he had the
+      knowledge to speak. Writing in that book of the History, he says: "Dr.
+      Swift left behind him few manuscripts. Not one of any consequence, except
+      an account of the peace of Utrecht, which he called 'An History of the
+      four last Years of Queen Anne.' The title of an history is too pompous for
+      such a performance. In the historical style, it wants dignity and candour:
+      but as a pamphlet it will appear the best defence of Lord Oxford's
+      administration, and the clearest account of the Treaty of Utrecht, that
+      has hitherto been written."[3]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: Second edition, pp. 206-207.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The most ardent and devoted of Swift's admirers could hardly find a juster
+      criticism of the work. It should satisfy any unprejudiced reader of the
+      printed History as we now have it, and to that extent emphasize the
+      authenticity.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      An interesting sidelight on Swift's History is thrown by Chesterfield in a
+      letter he wrote to Dr. Chenevix, Bishop of Waterford, on May 23rd, 1758.
+      We must believe that the noble lord wrote in good faith and certainly in
+      the full belief that the work he was criticising was the work of Swift.
+      Chesterfield's criticism points directly to Swift as the author, since his
+      justification for Bolingbroke's story is to be found in the work as Lucas
+      printed it in 1758. Speaking of the History, Chesterfield calls it "a
+      party pamphlet, founded on the lie of the day, which, as lord Bolingbroke
+      who had read it often assured me, was coined and delivered out to him, to
+      write Examiners, and other political papers upon. That spirit remarkably
+      runs through it. Macarteney, for instance, murdered duke Hamilton;[4]
+      nothing is falser, for though Macarteney was very capable of the vilest
+      actions, he was guiltless of that, as I myself can testify, who was at his
+      trial on the king's bench, when he came over voluntarily to take it, in
+      the late king's time. There did not appear even the least ground for a
+      suspicion of it; nor did Hamilton, who appeared in court, pretend to tax
+      him with it, which would have been in truth accusing himself of the utmost
+      baseness, in letting the murderer of his friend go off from the field of
+      battle, without either resentment, pursuit, or even accusation, till three
+      days afterwards. This <i>lie</i> was invented to inflame the Scotch nation
+      against the Whigs; as the other, that prince Eugene intended to murder
+      lord Oxford, by employing a set of people called Mohocks, which society,
+      by the way, never existed, was calculated to inflame the mob of London.
+      Swift took those hints <i>de la meilleure foi du monde</i>, and thought
+      them materials for history. So far he is blameless."[5]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: See page 178 of this volume.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: "Chesterfield's Works," pp. 498-499.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ignoring Chesterfield's indignation, we must believe that the references
+      made by him to Macartney and Eugene, must have been in the manuscript
+      Bolingbroke read; else how could Bolingbroke tell Chesterfield of their
+      meaning? If this be so, we have a still further warrant for a strong
+      presumption in favour of authenticity. There can really be very little
+      doubt on the matter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      What we may doubt, however, is not the authenticity, but the value of the
+      History as an historical document. Without question, Swift wrote in good
+      faith; but he also wrote as a partisan, and a partisan with an
+      affectionate leaning for the principal character in the drama he was
+      describing. Orrery was right when he called it "a pamphlet," and "the best
+      defence of Lord Oxford's administration." As a pamphlet and as a defence
+      it has some claim on our attention. As a contribution to the history of
+      the treaty of Utrecht it is of little account. Swift could not, had he
+      even known everything, write the true story of the negotiations for
+      publication at the time. In the first place, he would never have attempted
+      it&mdash;the facts would have been demoralizing; and in the second place,
+      had he accomplished it, its publication would have been a matter for much
+      more serious consideration than was given even to the story he did write.
+      For Swift's purpose, it was much better that he did not know the full
+      extent of the ministry's perfidy. His affection for Oxford and his
+      admiration for Bolingbroke would have received a great shock. He knew
+      their weaknesses of character, though not their infidelity to honour.
+      There can be no defence of the Oxford administration, for the manner in
+      which it separated England from its allies and treated with a monarch who
+      was well known to it as a political chicaner. The result brought a treaty
+      by which Louis XIV. gained and the allies lost, and this in spite of the
+      offers previously made by the bankrupt monarch at Gertruydenberg.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The further contents of this volume deal with what might better be called
+      Swiftiana. They include a collection of very interesting annotations made
+      by Swift in his copies of Macky's "Characters," Clarendon's "History of
+      the Rebellion," Burnet's "History of his Own Time," and Addison's
+      "Freeholder." The notes to Clarendon and Burnet have always found an
+      important place in the many editions of these well-known works which have
+      been issued from time to time. As here reprinted, however, they have in
+      all cases been compared with the originals themselves. It will be found
+      that very many additions have been made, the result of careful comparison
+      and collation with the originals in Swift's handwriting.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My obligations are again due to Mr. W. Spencer Jackson for very valuable
+      assistance in the collation of texts; to Mr. George Ravenscroft Dennis for
+      several important suggestions; to Mr. Percy Fitzgerald for the use I have
+      made of his transcriptions; and to Mr. Strickland of the National Gallery
+      of Ireland for his help in the matter of Swift portraits.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am greatly indebted to Mr. C. Litton Falkiner of Killiney, co. Wicklow,
+      for his untiring assistance to me during my stay in Dublin; to the Very
+      Rev. the Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral for permission to consult the
+      Marsh collection; and to the Rev. Newport J.D. White, the courteous
+      librarian of the Marsh Library, for enthusiastic aid in my researches. I
+      also owe very hearty thanks to Mr. Stanley Lane-Poole for introductions to
+      the librarians of Trinity College and the Royal Irish Academy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The portrait prefixed to this volume is a reproduction of the bust by
+      Roubiliac in the Library of Trinity College, Dublin.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      TEMPLE SCOTT.
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      DUBLIN,
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>August 14th</i>, 1902.
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0002" id="link2H_4_0002"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      THE HISTORY OF
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      THE FOUR LAST YEARS
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      OF THE QUEEN.
+    </h3>
+    <h4>
+      By the late
+    </h4>
+    <h3>
+      JONATHAN SWIFT, D.D. D.S.P.D.
+    </h3>
+    <h4>
+      Published from the
+    </h4>
+    <h4>
+      Last MANUSCRIPT Copy, Corrected and
+    </h4>
+    <h4>
+      Enlarged by the Author's OWN HAND.
+    </h4>
+    <h3>
+      LONDON:
+    </h3>
+    <h5>
+      Printed for A. MILLAR, in the Strand:
+    </h5>
+    <h3>
+      MDCCLVIII.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0003" id="link2H_4_0003"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      <i>ADVERTISEMENT</i>
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      <i>PREFIXED TO THE EDITION OF</i> 1758.[1]
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: This advertisement was written by the editor, Dr. Charles
+      Lucas of Dublin. This Lucas was the patriot who created such a stir in
+      Irish politics between the years 1743 and 1750. Lord Townshend, in a
+      letter to the Marquis of Granby, called him "the Wilkes of Ireland." As an
+      author he seems to have been very prolific, though of no polish in his
+      writings. Lucas's disclaimers of sympathy with the opinions contained in
+      the work he edited are somewhat over-stated, and his criticisms are petty.
+      A full account of this hot-headed physician may be found in the Dictionary
+      of National Biography. It was Dr. Johnson, in his life of Swift, who first
+      published the information that Lucas edited this "History." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Thus, the long wished for</i> History of the Four Last Years of the
+      Queen's Reign <i>is at length brought to light, in spite of all attempts
+      to suppress it</i>!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As this publication is not made under the sanction of the name, or names,
+      which the author and the world had a right to expect; it is fit some
+      account of the works appearing in this manner should be here given.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Long before the Dean's apparent decline, some of his intimate friends,
+      with concern, foresaw the impending fate of his fortune and his works. To
+      this it is owing, that these sheets, which the world now despaired of ever
+      seeing, are rescued from obscurity, perhaps from destruction.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For this, the public is indebted to a gentleman, now in Ireland, of the
+      greatest probity and worth, with whom the Dean long lived in perfect
+      intimacy. To this gentleman's hands the Dean entrusted a copy of his
+      History, desiring him to peruse and give his judgment of it, with the last
+      corrections and amendments the author had given it, in his own hand.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      His friend read, admired, and approved. And from a dread of so valuable
+      and so interesting a work's being by any<i> </i>accident lost or effaced,
+      as was probable by its not being intended to be published in the author's
+      lifetime; he resolved to keep this copy, till the author should press him
+      for it; but with a determined purpose, it should never see the light,
+      while there was any hopes of the author's own copy being published, or
+      even preserved.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This resolution he inviolably kept, till he and the world had full
+      assurance, that the Dean's executors, or those into whose hands the
+      original copy fell, were so far from intending to publish it, that it was
+      actually suppressed, perhaps destroyed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Then, he thought himself not only at liberty, but judged it his duty to
+      his departed friend, and to the public, to let this copy, which he had now
+      kept many years most secretly, see the light.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thus it has at length fallen into the hands of a person, who publishes it
+      for the satisfaction of the public, abstracted from all private regards;
+      which are never to be permitted to come in competition with the common
+      good.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Every judicious eye will see, that the author of these sheets wrote with
+      strong passions, but with stronger prepossessions and prejudices in favour
+      of a party. These, it may be imagined, the editor, in some measure, may
+      have adopted, and published this work as a kind of support of that party,
+      or some surviving remnant thereof.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is but just to undeceive the reader, and inform him from what kind of
+      hand he has received this work. A man may regard a good piece of painting,
+      while he despises the subject; if the subject be ever so despicable, the
+      masterly strokes of the painter may demand our admiration, while he, in
+      other respects, is entitled to no portion of our regard.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In poetry, we carry our admiration still farther; and like the poet, while
+      we actually contemn the man. Historians share the like fate; hence some,
+      who have no regard to propriety or truth, are yet admired for diction,
+      style, manner, and the like.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The editor considers this work in another light. He long knew the author,
+      and was no stranger to his politics, connections, tendencies, passions,
+      and the whole economy of his life. He has long been hardily singular in
+      condemning this great man's conduct amid the admiring multitude, nor ever
+      could have thought of making an interest in a man, <i>whose principles and
+      manners he could by no rule of reason or honour approve, however he might
+      have admired his parts and wit</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Such was judged the disposition of the man, whose history of the most
+      interesting period of time in the annals of Britain are now, herein,
+      offered to the reader. He may well ask from what motives? The answer is
+      easily, simply given</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The causes assigned for delaying the publication of this history were
+      principally these:</i>[2] <i>That the manuscript fell into the hands of
+      men, who, whatever they might have been by the generality deemed, were by
+      the Dean believed to be of his party, though they did not, after his
+      death, judge it prudent to avow his principles, more than to deny them in
+      his lifetime. These men, having got their beavers, tobacco-boxes, and
+      other trifling remembrances of former friendship, by the Dean's will, did
+      not choose publicly to avow principles, that had marred their friend's
+      promotion, and might probably put a stop to theirs. Therefore, they gave
+      the inquisitive world to understand, that there was something too strong
+      against many great men, as well as the succeeding system of public affairs
+      in general, in the Dean's</i> History of the Four Last Years of the
+      Queen's Reign, <i>to admit of a publication, in our times; and, with this
+      poor insinuation, excused themselves, and satisfied the weakly
+      well-affected, in suppressing the manifestation of displeasing truths, of
+      however great importance to society</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: The causes for the delay in the publication of the "History"
+      are given at length by the present editor in the Introduction. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>This manuscript has now fallen into the hands of a man, who never could
+      associate with, or even approve, any of the parties or factions, that have
+      differently distracted, it might be said disgraced, these kingdoms;
+      because he has as yet known none, whose motives or rules of action were
+      truth and the public good alone; of one, who judges, that perjured
+      magistrates of all denominations, and their most exalted minions, may be
+      exposed, deprived, or cut off, by the fundamental laws of his country; and
+      who, upon these principles, from his heart approves and glories in the
+      virtues of his predecessors, who revived the true spirit of the British
+      polity, in laying aside a priest-ridden, an hen-pecked, tyrannical tool,
+      who had overturned the political constitution of his country, and in
+      reinstituting the dissolved body politic, by a revolution supported by the
+      laws of nature and the realm, as the only means of preserving the natural
+      and legal, the civil and religious liberties of the members of the
+      commonwealth</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Truth, in this man's estimation, can hurt no good cause. And falsehood
+      and fraud, in religion and politics, are ever to be detected, to be
+      exploded</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Insinuations, that this History contained something injurious to the
+      present establishment, and therefore necessary to be suppressed, serve
+      better the purposes of mistaken or insidious malcontents than the real
+      publication can. And, if any thing were by this, or any other, History to
+      be shown essentially erroneous in our politics, who, that calls himself a
+      Briton, can be deemed such an impious slave, as to conceal the destructive
+      evil? The editor of this work disdains and abhors the servile thought, and
+      wishes to live no longer than he dares to think, speak, write, and, in all
+      things, to act worthy of a Briton</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>From this regard to truth and to his country, the editor of this
+      History was glad of an opportunity of rescuing such a writing from those
+      who meant to suppress it. The common cause, in his estimation, required
+      and demanded it should be done; and the sooner it is published, he judged,
+      the better: for, if the conduct of the Queen and her ministers does not
+      deserve the obloquy that has been long industriously cast upon it, what is
+      more just than to vindicate it? What more reasonable than that this should
+      be done, while living witnesses may yet be called, to prove or disprove
+      the several allegations and assertions; since, in a few years more, such
+      witnesses may be as much wanting as to prevent a canonization, which is
+      therefore prudently procrastinated for above an age? Let us then coolly
+      hear what is to be said on this side the question, and judge like Britons.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The editor would not be thought to justify the author of this History,
+      in all points, or even to attempt to acquit him of unbecoming prejudices
+      and partiality. Without being deeply versed in history or politics, he can
+      see his author, in many instances, blinded with passions that disgrace the
+      historian; and blending, with phrases worthy of a Caesar or a Cicero,
+      expressions not to be justified by truth, reason, or common sense, yet
+      think him a most powerful orator, and a great historian.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>No unprejudiced person will blame the Dean for doing all that is
+      consistent with truth and decency to vindicate the government of the
+      Queen, and to exculpate the conduct of her ministers and her last general;
+      all good men would rejoice at such a vindication. But, if he meant no more
+      than this, his work would ill deserve the title of an History. That he
+      generally tells truths, and founds his most material assertions upon fact,
+      will, I think be found very evident. But there is room to suspect, that,
+      while he tells no more than the truth, he does not tell the whole truth.
+      However, he makes it very clear, that the Queen's allies, especially our
+      worthy friends the Dutch, were much to blame for the now generally
+      condemned conduct of the Queen, with regard to the prosecution of the war
+      and the bringing about the peace</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The authors drawings of characters are confessedly partial: for he
+      tells us openly, he means not to give characters entire, but such parts of
+      each man's particular passions, acquirements, and habits, as he was most
+      likely to transfer into his political schemes. What writing, what
+      sentence, what character, can stand this torture?&mdash;What extreme
+      perversion may not, let me say, does not, this produce? Yet thus does he
+      choose to treat all men, that were not favourers of the latest measures of
+      the Queen, when the best that has been said for her, shows no more than
+      that she was blindfolded and held in leading-strings by her ministers</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>He does not spare a man, confessed by all the world to have discharged
+      the duties of his function like a soldier, like an hero. But charges
+      Prince Eugene with raising and keeping up a most horrible mob, with intent
+      to assassinate Harley. For all which odious charges he offers not one
+      individual point of proof</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>He is not content with laying open again the many faults already
+      publicly proved upon the late Duke of Marlborough, but insinuates a new
+      crime, by seeming to attempt to acquit him of aspiring at the throne. But
+      this is done in a manner peculiar to this author</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>On the other hand, he extols the ministers, and minions of the Queen,
+      in the highest terms; and while he robs their antagonists of every good
+      quality, generally gives those wisdom and every virtue that can adorn
+      human nature</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>He is not ashamed to attempt to justify, what all thinking good men
+      must condemn, the Queen's making twelve peers at once, to serve a
+      particular turn</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>All these may be ascribed to the strength of his passions, and to the
+      prejudices, early imbibed, in favour of his indulgent royal mistress and
+      her favourites and servants.[3] The judicious will look through the
+      elegant clothing, and dispassionately consider these as mere human errors,
+      to which no well-informed mind can assent. The editor thinks himself bound
+      to protest against them</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: That Swift should have a strong partiality to Harley and St.
+      John, by whom he was respected and trusted to a most uncommon degree, is
+      natural and obvious; but upon what ground Queen Anne, who disliked his
+      person, and obstructed his preferment, is here termed his <i>indulgent</i>
+      mistress, the author of this preface ought to have condescended to
+      explain. [S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>He makes a few lapses on the other side, without being as clear as an
+      impartial historian would choose to appear. He more than hints at the
+      Queen's displeasure at its being moved in Parliament, that the Prince
+      Elector should be invited to reside in England, to whose crown he was by
+      law declared presumptive heir, but is always open upon the Queen's
+      insisting on the Pretender's being sent out of France.&mdash;It is easy to
+      see how incompatible these things appear. Nothing could tend more to
+      secure the Hanover succession, and to enlarge its benefits to Britain,
+      than the bringing over the successor, who should, in every country, be
+      well instructed in the language, customs, manners, religion, and laws of
+      his future subjects, before he comes to hold the reins of government. And
+      our author does not take the proper care to inform us how far the French
+      thought fit to comply with banishing the Pretender their dominions, since
+      many still live in doubt, that if he was sent out of France, he was sent
+      into England</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>But there is one expression of our author too perverse, too grossly
+      abused, to admit of any apology, of any palliation. It is not to be
+      supposed, that he was ignorant of any word in the English language. And
+      least of all can he be supposed ignorant of the meaning of a word, which,
+      had it been ever so doubtful before, had a certain meaning impressed upon
+      it by the authority of Parliament, of which no sensible subject can be
+      ignorant</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Notwithstanding this, where our author speaks of the late King James,
+      he calls him the</i> abdicated King, <i>and gives the same epithet even to
+      his family. Though this weak, ill-advised, and ill-fated prince, in every
+      sense of the word, with Romans and English, and to all intents and
+      purposes</i>, abdicated, <i>yet can he, in no sense, be called</i>
+      abdicated; <i>unless the people's asserting their rights, and defending
+      themselves against a king, who broke his compact with his subjects, and
+      overturned their government, can be called</i> abdication <i>in them;
+      which no man in his senses can be hardy enough to support upon any
+      principle of reason or the laws of England. Let the reader judge which
+      this is most likely to be, error or design</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>These exceptions the editor thought himself bound to make to some parts
+      of this work, to keep clear of the disagreeable imputations of being of a
+      party, of whatsoever denomination, in opposition to truth and the rights
+      and liberties of the subject.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>These laid aside, the work will be found to have many beauties, many
+      excellencies. Some have of late affected to depreciate this History, from
+      an insinuation, made only since the author's death, to wit, that he was
+      never admitted into the secrets of the administration, but made to believe
+      he was a confident, only to engage him in the list of the ministerial
+      writers of that reign</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The falsehood of this will readily appear upon perusal of the work.
+      This shows he knew the most secret springs of every movement in the whole
+      complicated machine. That he states facts, too well known to be contested,
+      in elegant simplicity, and reasons upon them with the talents of the
+      greatest historian. And thus makes an History, composed rather of
+      negotiations than actions, most entertaining, affecting, and interesting,
+      instead of being, as might be expected, heavy, dull, and disagreeable</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>It is now fit to apologize for some errors, which the judicious must
+      discover upon a perusal of this work. It is for this, among other reasons,
+      much to be lamented, that this History was not published under the
+      author's own inspection. It is next to impossible to copy or print any
+      work without faults, and most so where the author's eye is wanting</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>It is not to be imagined, that even our author, however accurate,
+      however great, was yet strictly and perfectly correct in his writings.
+      Yet, where some seeming inaccuracies in style or expression have been
+      discovered, the deference due to the author made any alteration too
+      presumptuous a task for the editor. These are, therefore, left to the
+      amending hand of every sensible and polite reader; while the editor hopes
+      it will suffice, that he should point out some of those errors, which are
+      to be ascribed either to transcribers or the press, and which may be
+      rectified in the manner following, in reading the work.</i>[4]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: Here follows list of <i>errata</i>. (These errors have been
+      corrected in the present edition.)]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>And thus; with these and perhaps some few such like corrections, it is
+      hoped this work will be found completely correct.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0004" id="link2H_4_0004"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: The time when it was written does not appear; but it was
+      probably many years after the Queen's death. [N.] First published in 1765.
+      [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Having written the following History at Windsor, in the happy reign of Her
+      Majesty Queen Anne, of ever glorious, blessed, and immortal memory; I
+      resolved to publish it, for the satisfaction of my fellow-subjects, in the
+      year 1713; but, being under a necessity of going to Ireland, to take
+      possession of the deanery of St. Patrick's, Dublin, I left the original
+      with the ministers; and having stayed in that kingdom not above a
+      fortnight, I found, at my return, that my Lord Treasurer Oxford, and the
+      secretary my Lord Bolingbroke, who were then unhappily upon very ill terms
+      with each other, could not agree upon publishing it, without some
+      alterations which I would not submit to. Whereupon I kept it by me until
+      Her Majesty's death, which happened about a year after.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have ever since preserved the original very safely; too well knowing
+      what a turn the world would take upon the German family's succeeding to
+      the crown; which indeed was their undoubted right, having been established
+      solemnly by the act of an undisputed Parliament, brought into the House of
+      Commons by Mr. Harley, who was then Speaker.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But, as I have said in another discourse,[2] it was very well understood,
+      some years before Her Majesty's death, how the new King would act,
+      immediately upon his entrance, in the choice of those (and those alone)
+      whom he resolved to trust; and consequently what reports would
+      industriously be raised, as well as spread, to expose the proceedings of
+      Her Majesty herself, as well as of her servants; who have been ever since
+      blasted as enemies to the present establishment, by the most ignorant and
+      malicious among mankind.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: "Memoirs relating to the Change in the Queen's Ministry." See
+      vol. v. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Therefore, as it was my lot to have been daily conversant with the persons
+      then in power; never absent in times of business or conversation, until a
+      few weeks before Her Majesty's death; and a witness of almost every step
+      they made in the course of their administration; I must have been very
+      unfortunate not to be better informed than those miserable pamphleteers,
+      or their patrons, could pretend to. At the same time, I freely confess, it
+      appeared necessary, as well as natural, upon such a mighty change as the
+      death of a sovereign, that those who were to be in power upon the
+      succession, and resolved to act in every part by a direct contrary system
+      of politics, should load their predecessors with as much infamy as the
+      most inveterate malice and envy could suggest, or the most stupid
+      ignorance and credulity in their underlings could swallow.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Therefore, as I pretend to write with the utmost impartiality, the
+      following History of the Four Last Years of her Majesty's Reign, in order
+      to undeceive prejudiced persons at present, as well as posterity; I am
+      persuaded in my own mind, as likewise by the advice of my oldest and
+      wisest friends, that I am doing my duty to God and man, by endeavouring to
+      set future ages right in their judgment of that happy reign; and, as a
+      faithful historian, I cannot suffer falsehoods to run on any longer, not
+      only against all appearance of truth as well as probability, but even
+      against those happy events, which owe their success to the very measures
+      then fixed in the general peace.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The materials for this History, besides what I have already mentioned, I
+      mean the confidence reposed in me for those four years, by the chief
+      persons in power, were extracted out of many hundred letters written by
+      our ambassadors abroad, and from the answers as well as instructions sent
+      them by our secretaries of state, or by the first minister the Earl of
+      Oxford. The former were all originals, and the latter copies entered into
+      books in the secretaries' office, out of both which I collected all that I
+      thought convenient; not to mention several Memorials given me by the
+      ministers at home. Further, I was a constant witness and observer of all
+      that passed; and entered every particular of any consequence upon paper.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I was so far from having any obligation to the crown, that, on the
+      contrary, Her Majesty issued a proclamation, offering three hundred pounds
+      to any person who would discover the author of a certain short
+      treatise,[3] which the Queen well knew to have been written by me. I never
+      received one shilling from the minister, or any other present, except that
+      of a few books; nor did I want their assistance to support me. I very
+      often dined indeed with the treasurer and secretary; but, in those days,
+      that was not reckoned a bribe, whatever it may have been at any time
+      since. I absolutely refused to be chaplain to the Lord Treasurer; because
+      I thought it would ill become me to be in a state of dependence.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: "The Public Spirit of the Whigs." [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I say this, to shew that I had no other bias than my own opinion of
+      persons and affairs. I preserved several of the opposite party in their
+      employments, who were persons of wit and learning, particularly Mr.
+      Addison and Mr. Congreve, neither of whom were ever in any danger from the
+      treasurer, who much esteemed them both; and, by his lordship's commands, I
+      brought the latter to dine with him. Mr. Steele might have been safe
+      enough, if his continually repeated indiscretions, and a zeal mingled with
+      scurrilities, had not forfeited all title to lenity.[4]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: A full account of the severance of the friendly relations
+      between Swift and Steele is given in the fifth volume of the present
+      edition (see pp. 276-282). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I know very well the numberless prejudices of weak and deceived people, as
+      well as the malice of those, who, to serve their own interest or ambition,
+      have cast off all religion, morality, justice, and common decency.
+      However, although perhaps I may not be believed in the present age, yet I
+      hope to be so in the next, by all who will bear any regard for the honour
+      and liberty of England, if either of these shall then subsist or not.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have no interest or inclination to palliate the mistakes, or omissions,
+      or want of steadiness, or unhappy misunderstandings, among a few of those
+      who then presided in affairs.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Nothing is more common than the virulence of superficial and ill informed
+      writers, against the conduct of those who are now called prime ministers:
+      And, since factions appear at present to be at a greater height than in
+      any former times, although perhaps not so equally poised; it may probably
+      concern those who are now in their height, if they have any regard for
+      their own memories in future ages, to be less warm against others, who
+      humbly differ from them in some state opinions. Old persons remember, at
+      least by tradition, the horrible prejudices that prevailed against the
+      first Earl of Clarendon, whose character, as it now stands, might be a
+      pattern for all ministers; although even Bishop Burnet of Sarum, whose
+      principles, veracity, and manner of writing, are so little esteemed upon
+      many accounts, hath been at the pains to vindicate him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Upon that irreparable breach between the treasurer and secretary
+      Bolingbroke, after my utmost endeavours, for above two years, to reconcile
+      them, I retired to a friend in Berkshire, where I stayed until Her
+      Majesty's death;[5] and then immediately returned to my station in Dublin,
+      where I continued about twelve years without once seeing England. I there
+      often reviewed the following Memoirs; neither changing nor adding, further
+      than by correcting the style: And, if I have been guilty of any mistakes,
+      they must be of small moment; for it was hardly possible I could be wrong
+      informed, with all the advantages I have already mentioned.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: See vol. v. of the present edition&mdash;the notes on pp.
+      390, 393-394, 420, 421, and 426. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I shall not be very uneasy under the obloquy that may, perhaps, be cast
+      upon me by the violent leaders and followers of the present prevailing
+      party. And yet I cannot find the least inconsistence with conscience or
+      honour, upon the death of so excellent a princess as her late Majesty, for
+      a wise and good man to submit, with a true and loyal heart, to her lawful
+      Protestant successor; whose hereditary title was confirmed by the Queen
+      and both Houses of Parliament, with the greatest unanimity, after it had
+      been made an article in the treaty, that every prince in our alliance
+      should be a guarantee of that succession. Nay, I will venture to go one
+      step farther; that, if the negotiators of that peace had been chosen out
+      of the most professed zealots for the interests of the Hanover family,
+      they could not have bound up the French king, or the Hollanders, more
+      strictly than the Queen's plenipotentiaries did, in confirming the present
+      succession; which was in them so much a greater mark of virtue and
+      loyalty, because they perfectly well knew, that they should never receive
+      the least mark of favour, when the succession had taken place.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0004B" id="link2H_4_0004B"></a>
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      THE HISTORY OF THE FOUR LAST YEARS OF THE QUEEN.
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      BOOK I.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      I propose give the public an account of the most important affairs at
+      home, during the last session of Parliament, as well as of our
+      negotiations of peace abroad, not only during that period, but some time
+      before and since. I shall relate the chief matters transacted by both
+      Houses in that session, and discover the designs carried on by the heads
+      of a discontented party,[1] not only against the ministry, but, in some
+      manner, against the crown itself. I likewise shall state the debts of the
+      nation, show by what mismanagement, and to serve what purposes, they were
+      at first contracted, by what negligence or corruption they have so
+      prodigiously grown, and what methods have since been taken to provide not
+      only for their payment, but to prevent the like mischief for the time to
+      come. Although, in an age like ours, I can expect very few impartial
+      readers, yet I shall strictly follow truth, or what reasonably appeared to
+      me to be such, after the most impartial inquiries I could make, and the
+      best opportunities of being informed, by those who were the principal
+      actors or advisers.[2]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: P. Fitzgerald says "faction." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: Swift's informants were, of course, Harley and Bolingbroke,
+      though the latter stated that Swift was given only such information as
+      served the ministry's purpose in the work they had given him for "The
+      Examiner" and the party pamphlets written in their defence. It is,
+      however, quite interesting in this connection, to see how closely Swift's
+      narrative follows the published political correspondence of Bolingbroke.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Neither shall I mingle panegyric or satire with an history intended to
+      inform posterity, as well as to instruct those of the present age, who may
+      be ignorant or misled; since facts, truly related, are the best applauses,
+      or most lasting reproaches.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Discourses upon subjects relating to the public usually seem to be
+      calculated for London only, and some few miles about it; while the authors
+      suppose their readers to be informed of several particulars, to which
+      those that live remote are, for the generality, utter strangers. Most
+      people, who frequent this town, acquire a sort of smattering (such as it
+      is), which qualifies them for reading a pamphlet, and finding out what is
+      meant by innuendoes, or hints at facts or persons, and initial letters of
+      names, wherein gentlemen at a distance, although perhaps of much better
+      understandings, are wholly in the dark. Wherefore, that these Memoirs may
+      be rendered more generally intelligible and useful, it will be convenient
+      to give the reader a short view of the state and disposition of affairs,
+      when the last session of Parliament began. And because the party-leaders,
+      who had lost their power and places, were, upon that juncture, employing
+      all their engines, in an attempt to re-establish themselves, I shall
+      venture one step further, and represent so much of their characters as may
+      be supposed to have influenced their politics.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the seventh day of December, one thousand seven hundred and eleven,
+      began the second session of Parliament. It was now above a year since the
+      Queen had thought fit to put the great offices of state, and of her own
+      household, into other hands; however, three of the discontented lords were
+      still in possession of their places, for the Duke of Marlborough continued
+      general, the Duke of Somerset master of the horse, and the Earl of
+      Cholmondeley treasurer of Her Majesty's household;[3] likewise great
+      numbers of the same party[4] still kept employments of value and
+      importance, which had not been usual of late years upon any changes of
+      ministry. The Queen, who judged the temper of her people by this House of
+      Commons, which a landed interest had freely chosen, found them very
+      desirous of a secure and honourable peace, and disposed[5] to leave the
+      management of it to her own wisdom, and that of her own council. She had,
+      therefore, several months before the session began, sent to inform the
+      States General of some overtures which had been made her by the enemy;
+      and, during that summer, Her Majesty took several farther steps in that
+      great affair, until at length, after many difficulties, a congress at
+      Utrecht, for a general peace, was agreed upon, the whole proceedings of
+      which previous negotiations, between our court and that of France, I
+      shall, in its proper place, very particularly relate.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: See note on p. 385 of vol. v. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: P. Fitzgerald says "the ejected party." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: P. Fitzgerald adds "(as it was their duty)." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The nation was already upon a better foot, with respect to its debts; for
+      the Earl of Oxford, lord treasurer, had, in the preceeding session,
+      proposed and effected ways and means, in the House of Commons (where he
+      was then a member), for providing a parliamentary fund, to clear the heavy
+      arrear of ten millions (whereof the greatest part lay upon the navy),
+      without any new burthen (at least after a very few years) to the kingdom;
+      and, at the same time, he took care to prevent farther incumbrances upon
+      that article, by finding ready money for naval provisions, which has saved
+      the public somewhat more than <i>cent. per cent</i>. in that mighty branch
+      of our expenses.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The clergy were altogether in the interests and the measures of the
+      present ministry, which had appeared so boldly in their defence, during a
+      prosecution against one of their members,[6] where the whole sacred order
+      was understood to be concerned. The zeal shown for that most religious
+      bill, to settle a fund for building fifty new churches in and about the
+      city of London,[7] was a fresh obligation; and they were farther highly
+      gratified, by Her Majesty's choosing one of their body to be a great
+      officer of state.[8]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: Dr. Sacheverell. [N.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: A suggestion originally made by Swift himself. See vol. iii.,
+      p. 45, of present edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: Dr. Robinson, Lord Bishop of Bristol, to be Lord Privy Seal.
+      [ORIGINAL NOTE.] Dr. Robinson, who was appointed Bishop of London in 1713,
+      died in 1723. [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      By this time likewise, all disputes about these principles, which used
+      originally to divide Whig and Tory, were wholly dropped; and those
+      fantastical words ought in justice to have been so too, provided we could
+      have found out more convenient names, whereby to distinguish lovers of
+      peace from lovers of war;[9] or those who would leave Her Majesty some
+      degree of freedom in the choice of her ministers, from others, who could
+      not be satisfied with her choosing any, except such as she was most averse
+      from. But, where a nation is once divided, interest and animosity will
+      keep open the breach, without being supported by any other principles; or,
+      at worst, a body of discontented people can change, and take up what
+      principles they please.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: Swift had already, in his "Some Free Thoughts upon the
+      Present State of Affairs," attempted to re-define the distinctions of Whig
+      and Tory. The latter, he urged, was of that party which pronounced for the
+      principles of loyalty to the Church and the preservation of the Protestant
+      succession in the House of Hanover. Swift felt that the majority of the
+      people at large were strong for these principles, and the party that would
+      openly accept them as its "platform" would, he argued, be the party that
+      would obtain the people's support. Had Bollngbroke not delayed the
+      publication of this tract, it might have had great influence in keeping
+      the Tories in power. See vol. v. of present edition, pp. 380, 393. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As to the disposition of the opposite party, we all remember, that the
+      removal of the last ministry was brought about by several degrees; through
+      which means it happened, that they and their friends were hardly recovered
+      out of one astonishment, before they fell into another. This scene lasted
+      for some months, and was followed by a period of rage and despair, natural
+      to those who reflect that they have lost a secure game, by their own
+      rashness, folly, and want of common management, when, at the same time,
+      they knew by experience, that a watchful and dexterous adversary lay ready
+      to take the advantage. However, some time before the session, the heads of
+      that party began to recollect themselves, and rally their forces, like an
+      enemy who hath been beaten out of the field, but finds he is not pursued;
+      for although the chiefs of this faction were thought to have but little
+      esteem or friendship for each other, yet they perfectly agreed in one
+      general end, of distressing, by all possible methods, the new
+      administration, wherein if they could succeed so far as to put the Queen
+      under any great necessity, another Parliament must be called, and perhaps
+      the power[10] devolve again into their own hands.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 10: P. Fitzgerald says "and the power naturally." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The issue and event of that grand confederacy appearing in both Houses,
+      although under a different form, upon the very first day the Parliament
+      met, I cannot better begin the relation of affairs, commencing from that
+      period, than by a thorough detection of the whole intrigue, carried on
+      with the greatest privacy and application, which must be acknowledged to
+      have for several days disconcerted some of the ministry, as well as
+      dispirited their friends; and the consequences thereof, which have in
+      reality been so very pernicious to the kingdom.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But because the principal leaders in this design are the same persons to
+      whom, since the loss of their power, all the opposition has been owing
+      which the court received, either in treaties abroad, or the administration
+      at home; it may not be improper to describe those qualities in each of
+      them, which few of their admirers will deny, and which appear chiefly to
+      have influenced them in acting their several parts upon the public stage.
+      For I do not intend to draw their characters entire, which would be
+      tedious, and little to the purpose, but shall only single out those
+      passions, acquirements, and habits, which the owners were most likely to
+      transfer into their political schemes, and which were most subservient to
+      the designs they seemed to have in view.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Lord Somers[11] may very deservedly be reputed the head and oracle of
+      that party; he hath raised himself, by the concurrence of many
+      circumstances, to the greatest employments of the state, without the least
+      support from birth or fortune; he hath constantly, and with great
+      steadiness, cultivated those principles under which he grew. That accident
+      which first produced him into the world, of pleading for the bishops whom
+      King James had sent to the Tower, might have proved a piece of merit, as
+      honourable as it was fortunate, but the old republican spirit, which the
+      Revolution had restored, began to teach other lessons&mdash;That since we
+      had accepted a new King, from a Calvinistical commonwealth, we must also
+      admit new maxims in religion and government. But, since the nobility and
+      gentry would probably adhere to the established Church, and to the rights
+      of monarchy, as delivered down from their ancestors, it was the practice
+      of those politicians to introduce such men as were perfectly indifferent
+      to any or no religion, and who were not likely to inherit much loyalty
+      from those to whom they owed their birth. Of this number was the person I
+      am now describing. I have hardly known any man, with talents more proper
+      to acquire and preserve the favour of a prince; never offending in word or
+      gesture; in the highest degree courteous and complaisant; wherein he set
+      an excellent example to his colleagues, which they did not think fit to
+      follow. But this extreme civility is universal and undistinguished, and in
+      private conversation, where he observeth it as inviolably as if he were in
+      the greatest assembly, it is sometimes censured as formal. Two reasons are
+      assigned for this behaviour: first, from the consciousness of his humble
+      original,[12] he keepeth all familiarity at the utmost distance, which
+      otherwise might be apt to intrude; the second, that being sensible how
+      subject he is to violent passions, he avoideth all incitements to them, by
+      teaching those he converses with, from his own example, to keep a great
+      way within the bounds of decency and respect. And it is indeed true, that
+      no man is more apt to take fire, upon the least appearance of provocation;
+      which temper he strives to subdue, with the utmost violence upon himself:
+      so that his breast has been seen to heave, and his eyes to sparkle with
+      rage, in those very moments when his words, and the cadence of his voice,
+      were in the humblest and softest manner: perhaps that force upon his
+      nature may cause that insatiable love of revenge, which his detractors lay
+      to his charge, who consequently reckon dissimulation among his chief
+      perfections. Avarice he hath none; and his ambition is gratified, by being
+      the uncontested head of his party. With an excellent understanding,
+      adorned by all the polite parts of learning, he hath very little taste for
+      conversation, to which he prefers the pleasure of reading and thinking;
+      and in the intervals of his time amuseth himself with an illiterate
+      chaplain, an humble companion, or a favourite servant.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 11: See note on p. 29 of vol. i. of present edition. Swift's
+      "Dedication" of "A Tale of a Tub" to Somers strikes a somewhat different
+      note from that of this "character." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 12: His father, John Somers, was an attorney at law in the town
+      of Worcester. [S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      These are some few distinguishing marks in the character of that person,
+      who now presideth over the discontented party, although he be not
+      answerable for all their mistakes; and if his precepts had been more
+      strictly followed, perhaps their power would not have been so easily
+      shaken. I have been assured, and heard him profess, that he was against
+      engaging in that foolish prosecution of Dr. Sacheverell, as what he
+      foresaw was likely to end in their ruin; that he blamed the rough
+      demeanour of some persons to the Queen, as a great failure in prudence;
+      and that, when it appeared Her Majesty was firmly resolved upon a treaty
+      of peace, he advised his friends not to oppose it in its progress, but
+      find fault with it after it was made; which would be a copy of the like
+      usage themselves had met with, after the treaty of Ryswick;[13] and the
+      safest, as well as the most probable, way of disgracing the promoters and
+      advisers. I have been the larger in representing to the reader some idea
+      of this extraordinary genius, because, whatever attempt hath hitherto been
+      made, with any appearance of conduct, or probability of success, to
+      restore the dominion of that party,[14] was infallibly contrived by him;
+      and I prophesy the same for the future, as long as his age and infirmities
+      will leave him capable of business.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 13: See note in vol. v., p. 67, of present edition, [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 14: P. Fitzgerald says "faction." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Duke of Marlborough's character[15] hath been so variously drawn, and
+      is indeed of so mixed a nature in itself, that it is hard to pronounce on
+      either side, without the suspicion of flattery or detraction. I shall say
+      nothing of his military accomplishments, which the opposite reports, of
+      his friends and enemies among the soldiers, have rendered[26]
+      problematical: but if he be among those who delight in war, it is agreed
+      to be not for the reasons common with other generals. Those maligners who
+      deny him personal valour, seem not to consider that this accusation is
+      charged at a venture; since the person of a wise general is too seldom
+      exposed, to form any judgment in the matter: and that fear, which is said
+      to have sometimes[17] disconcerted him before an action, might probably be
+      more for his army than for himself.[18] He was bred in the height of what
+      is called the Tory principle; and continued with a strong bias that way,
+      till the other party had bid higher for him than his friends could afford
+      to give. His want of literature is in some sort supplied by a good
+      understanding, a degree of natural elocution, and that knowledge of the
+      world which is learned in armies and courts. We are not to take the height
+      of his ambition from his soliciting to be general for life:[19] I am
+      persuaded his chief motive was the pay and perquisites, by continuing the
+      war; and that he had <i>then</i> no intentions of settling the crown in
+      his family, his only son having been dead some years before.[20] He is
+      noted to be master of great temper, able to govern or very well to
+      disguise his passions, which are all melted down, or extinguished, in his
+      love of wealth. That liberality which nature has denied him, with respect
+      of money, he makes up by a great profusion of promises: but this
+      perfection, so necessary in courts, is not very successful in camps among
+      soldiers, who are not refined enough to understand or to relish it.[21]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 15: For further remarks on Marlborough, see Swift's "Conduct of
+      the Allies," "The Learned Comment on Dr. Hare's Sermon," and "The
+      Examiner." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 16: P. Fitzgerald adds "altogether." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 17: P. Fitzgerald says "usually." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 18: This reflection on Marlborough's personal courage was one of
+      the points noted by Erasmus Lewis in his letter to Swift of April 8th,
+      1738. The friends who had met to read and pass opinion on this "History"
+      decided that in any printed form of this work it would be advisable not to
+      call in question the courage of Marlborough. See Sir W. Scott's edition,
+      vol. xix., pp. 133-136. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 19: See "Memoirs Relating to that Change," etc., in vol. v., pp.
+      372-373 of present edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 20: See "The Conduct of the Allies," vol. v., p. 103, and also
+      "A Learned Comment," etc., p. 179 of same volume of present edition.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 21: See the Letter to Marcus Crassus in "The Examiner," No. 28
+      in vol. ix. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      His wife, the Duchess, may justly challenge her place in this list. It is
+      to her the Duke is chiefly indebted for his greatness and his fall; for
+      above twenty years she possessed, without a rival, the favours of the most
+      indulgent mistress in the world, nor ever missed one single opportunity
+      that fell in her way of improving it to her own advantage.[22] She hath
+      preserved a tolerable court reputation, with respect to love and
+      gallantry;[23] but three Furies reigned in her breast, the most mortal
+      enemies of all softer passions, which were sordid Avarice, disdainful
+      Pride, and ungovernable Rage; by the last of these often breaking out in
+      sallies of the most unpardonable sort, she had long alienated her
+      sovereign's mind, before it appeared to the world.[24] This lady is not
+      without some degree of wit, and hath in her time affected the character of
+      it, by the usual method of arguing against religion, and proving the
+      doctrines of Christianity to be impossible and absurd. Imagine what such a
+      spirit, irritated by the loss of power, favour, and employment, is capable
+      of acting or attempting; and then I have said enough.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 22: See the "Account of the Conduct of the Duchess of
+      Marlborough, in a Letter from Herself, to Lord &mdash;&mdash;," 8vo, 1742,
+      <i>passim</i>. [N.] See also "Memoirs Relating to that Change," etc., in
+      vol. v. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 23: P. Fitzgerald adds "(to which, however, she hath been
+      thought not entirely a stranger)." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 24: See note in vol. v., p. 368, of present edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The next in order to be mentioned is the Earl of Godolphin.[25] It is
+      said, he was originally intended for a trade, before his friends preferred
+      him to be a page at court; which some have very unjustly objected as a
+      reproach. He hath risen gradually in four reigns, and was much more
+      constant to his second master King James than some others, who had
+      received much greater obligations; for he attended the abdicated King to
+      the sea-side, and kept constant correspondence with him till the day of
+      his death. He always professed a sort of passion for the Queen at St.
+      Germain's; and his letters were to her in the style of what the French
+      call <i>double entendre</i>. In a mixture of love and respect, he used
+      frequently to send her from hence little presents of those things which
+      are agreeable to ladies, for which he always asked King William's leave,
+      as if without her privity; because, if she had known that circumstance, it
+      was to be supposed she would not accept them. Physiognomists would hardly
+      discover, by consulting the aspect of this lord, that his predominant
+      passions were love and play; that he could sometimes scratch out a song in
+      praise of his mistress, with a pencil and card; or that he hath tears at
+      command, like a woman, to be used either in an intrigue of gallantry or
+      politics. His alliance with the Marlborough family, and his passion for
+      the Duchess, were the cords which dragged him into a party, whose
+      principles he naturally disliked, and whose leaders he personally hated,
+      as they did him. He became a thorough convert by a perfect trifle; taking
+      fire at a nickname[26] delivered by Dr. Sacheverell, with great
+      indiscretion, from the pulpit, which he applied to himself: and this is
+      one among many instances given by his enemies, that magnanimity is none of
+      his virtues.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 25: See note in vol. v., p. 68, of present edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 26: Volpone. [ORIGINAL NOTE.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Earl of Sunderland[27] is another of that alliance. It seems to have
+      been this gentleman's fortune, to have learned his divinity from his
+      uncle,[28] and his politics from his tutor.[29] It may be thought a
+      blemish in his character, that he hath much fallen from the height of
+      those republican[30] principles with which he began; for in his father's
+      lifetime, while he was a Member of the House of Commons, he would often,
+      among his familiar friends, refuse the title of Lord (as he hath done to
+      myself), swear he would never be called otherwise than Charles Spencer,
+      and hoped to see the day when there should not be a peer in England. His
+      understanding, at the best, is of the middling size; neither hath he much
+      improved it, either in reality, or, which is very unfortunate, even in the
+      opinion of the world, by an overgrown library.[31] It is hard to decide,
+      whether he learned that rough way of treating his sovereign from the lady
+      he is allied to,[32] or whether it be the result of his own nature. The
+      sense of the injuries he hath done, renders him (as it is very natural)
+      implacable towards those to whom he hath given greatest cause to complain;
+      for which reason he will never forgive either the Queen or the present
+      treasurer.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 27: See note in vol. v., pp. 377-378 of present edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 28: John Digby, third earl of Bristol. [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 29: Dr. Trimnel, since Bishop of Winton. [ORIGINAL NOTE.] He was
+      Bishop of Norwich, 1708-1721, and of Winchester from 1721 till his death
+      in 1723. [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 30: P. Fitzgerald says "Whiggish." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 31: The library that made such a sensation in the
+      bibliographical world when it was sold at auction in the latter part of
+      the last century. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 32: His lordship married the Duchess of Marlborough's second
+      daughter. "Account, etc.," p. 286. [N.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Earl of Wharton[33] hath filled the province allotted him by his
+      colleagues, with sufficiency equal to the ablest of them all. He hath
+      imbibed his father's[34] principles in government; but dropped his
+      religion, and took up no other in its stead: excepting that circumstance,
+      he is a firm Presbyterian. He is perfectly skilled in all the arts of
+      managing at elections, as well as in large baits of pleasure for making
+      converts of young men of quality, upon their first appearance; in which
+      public service he contracted such large debts, that his brethren were
+      forced, out of mere justice, to leave Ireland at his mercy, where he had
+      only time to set himself right. Although the graver heads of his party
+      think him too profligate and abandoned, yet they dare not be ashamed of
+      him; for, beside his talents above mentioned, he is very useful in
+      Parliament, being a ready speaker, and content to employ his gift upon
+      such occasions, where those who conceive they have any remainder of
+      reputation or modesty are ashamed to appear. In short, he is an
+      uncontestable instance to discover the true nature of faction; since,
+      being overrun with every quality which produceth contempt and hatred, in
+      all other commerce of the world, he hath, notwithstanding, been able to
+      make so considerable a figure.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 33: See also "A Short Character," etc. in vol. v. and "The
+      Examiner," Nos. 18 and 23, in vol. ix. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 34: The Earl, his father, was a rigid Presbyterian. [ORIGINAL
+      NOTE.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Lord Cowper,[35] although his merits are later than the rest,
+      deserveth a rank in this great council. He was considerable in the station
+      of a practising lawyer; but, as he was raised to be a chancellor, and a
+      peer, without passing through any of the intermediate steps, which in late
+      times hath been the constant practice, and little skilled[36] in the
+      nature of government, or the true interests of princes, further than the
+      municipal or common law of England; his abilities, as to foreign affairs,
+      did not equally appear in the council. Some former passages of his life
+      were thought to disqualify him for that office, by which he was to be the
+      guardian of the Queen's conscience;[37] but these difficulties were easily
+      overruled by the authors of his promotion, who wanted a person that would
+      be subservient to all their designs; wherein they were not disappointed.
+      As to his other accomplishments, he was what we usually call a piece of a
+      scholar, and a good logical reasoner; if this were not too often allayed,
+      by a fallacious way of managing an argument, which made him apt to deceive
+      the unwary, and sometimes to deceive himself.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 35: See vol. v., p. 372 of present edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 36: P. Fitzgerald says "altogether unskilled." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 37: See "The Examiner," Nos. 18 and 23, in vol. ix. of this
+      edition. [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The last to be spoken of in this list is the Earl of Nottingham,[38] a
+      convert and acquisition to that party since their fall, to which he
+      contributed his assistance; I mean his words, and probably his wishes; for
+      he had always lived under the constant visible profession of principles,
+      directly opposite to those of his new friends. His vehement and frequent
+      speeches against admitting the Prince of Orange to the throne are yet to
+      be seen; and although a numerous family gave a specious pretence to his
+      love of power and money, for taking an employment under that monarch, yet
+      he was allowed to have always kept a reserve of allegiance to his exiled
+      master; of which his friends produce several instances, and some while he
+      was secretary of state to King William. His outward regularity of life,
+      his appearance of religion, and seeming zeal for the Church, as they are
+      an effect, so they are the excuse for that stiffness and formality with
+      which his nature[39] is fraught. His adust complexion disposeth him to
+      rigour[40] and severity, which his admirers palliate with the name of
+      zeal. No man had ever a sincerer countenance, or more truly representing
+      his mind and manners. He hath some knowledge in the law, very amply
+      sufficient to defend his property at least.[41] A facility of utterance,
+      descended to him from his father,[42] and improved by a few sprinklings of
+      literature, hath brought himself, and some few admirers, into an opinion
+      of his eloquence. He is every way inferior to his brother Guernsey,[43]
+      but chiefly in those talents which he most values and pretends to; over
+      whom, nevertheless, he preserveth an ascendant.[44] His great ambition was
+      to be the head of those who were called the Church party; and, indeed, his
+      grave solemn deportment and countenance, seconded by abundance of
+      professions for their service, had given many of them an opinion of his
+      veracity,[45] which he interpreted as their sense of his judgment and
+      wisdom;[46] and this mistake lasted till the time of his defection, of
+      which it was partly the cause; but then it plainly appeared, that he had
+      not credit to bring over one single proselyte, to keep himself in
+      countenance.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 38: See notes in vol. v., pp. 246-248 of present edition.
+      [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 39: P. Fitzgerald says "that stiffness, pride, and formality
+      with which his intractable nature." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 40: P. Fitzgerald says "to cruelty." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote: 41 P. Fitzgerald says "some smattering in the law, which makes
+      it not very safe or easy to deal with him, where property is concerned."
+      [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 42: P. Fitzgerald adds "grafted upon a wrong understanding."
+      [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 43: Heneage Finch was created Lord Guernsey in 1703, and Earl of
+      Aylesford in 1714. He died in 1719. [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 44: P. Fitzgerald adds "I suppose by the right of
+      primogeniture." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 45: P. Fitzgerald says "of his honesty." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 46: He acquired, from his solemnity of deportment, the nickname
+      of <i>Diego</i> and from his gravity, that of <i>Dismal</i>. [S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      These lineaments, however imperfectly drawn, may help the reader's
+      imagination to conceive what sort of persons those were, who had the
+      boldness to encounter the Queen and ministry, at the head of a great
+      majority of the landed interest; and this upon a point where the quiet of
+      Her Majesty's reign, the security, or at least the freedom, of her person,
+      the lives of her most faithful friends, and the settling of the nation by
+      a peace, were, in the consequences, deeply concerned.[47]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 47: It was these "lineaments, imperfectly drawn," that Erasmus
+      Lewis specially emphasized for omission, in his letter to Swift already
+      referred to. "Now I have mentioned characters," wrote Lewis, "I must tell
+      you that they [the friends who had met to read the 'History' in
+      manuscript] were clearly of opinion, that if those you have drawn should
+      be published as they now stand, nothing could save the author's printer
+      and publishers from some grievous punishment. As we have no traces of
+      liberty now left but the freedom of the press, it is the most earnest
+      desire of your friends that you would strike out all that you have said on
+      that subject" (Sir W. Scott's edit., vol. xix., pp. 133-136). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      During the dominion of the late men in power, addresses had been procured
+      from both Houses to the Queen, representing their opinion, that no peace
+      could be secure for Britain, while Spain or the West Indies remained in
+      the possession of the Bourbon family. But Her Majesty having, for reasons
+      which have been often told to the world, and which will not soon be
+      forgotten, called a new Parliament, and chose a new set of servants, began
+      to view things and persons in another light. She considered the
+      necessities of her people, the distant prospect of a peace upon such an
+      improbable condition, which was never mentioned or understood in the grand
+      alliance; the unequal burthen she bore in the war, by the practices of the
+      allies upon the corruption of some whom she most trusted, or perhaps by
+      the practices of these upon the allies; and, lastly, by the changes which
+      death had brought about in the Austrian and Bourbon families. Upon all
+      which motives she was prevailed upon to receive some overtures from
+      France, in behalf of herself and the whole confederacy. The several steps
+      of this negotiation, from its first rise to the time I am now writing,
+      shall be related in another part of this History. Let it suffice for the
+      present to say, that such proposals were received from France as were
+      thought sufficient by our court whereupon to appoint time and place for a
+      general treaty; and soon after the opening of the session, the Bishop[48]
+      of Bristol, lord privy seal, was dispatched to Utrecht, where he and the
+      Earl of Strafford were appointed plenipotentiaries for the Queen of Great
+      Britain.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 48: Dr. Robinson, afterwards Bishop of London. [ORIGINAL NOTE.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The managers of the discontented party, who, during the whole summer, had
+      observed the motions of the court running fast towards a peace, began to
+      gather up all their forces, in order to oppose Her Majesty's designs, when
+      the Parliament should meet. Their only strength was in the House of Lords,
+      where the Queen had a very crazy majority, made up by those whose hearts
+      were in the other interest; but whose fears, expectations, or immediate
+      dependence, had hitherto kept them within bounds. There were two lords
+      upon whose abilities and influence, of a very different nature, the
+      managers built their strongest hopes. The first was the Duke of Somerset,
+      master of the horse. This duke, as well as his duchess, was in a good
+      degree of favour with the Queen, upon the score of some civilities and
+      respects Her Majesty had received from them, while she was princess.[49]
+      For some years after the Revolution, he never appeared at court, but was
+      looked upon as a favourer of the abdicated family; and it was the late
+      Earl of Rochester who first presented him to King William. However, since
+      the time he came into employment, which was towards the close of the last
+      reign, he hath been a constant zealous member of the other party; but
+      never failed in either attendance or respect towards the Queen's person,
+      or, at most, only threatened sometimes, that he would serve no longer,
+      while such or such men were employed; which, as things went then, was not
+      reckoned any offence at all against duty or good behaviour. He had been
+      much caressed and flattered by the Lords of the Junto,[50] who sometimes
+      went so far as to give him hopes of the crown, in reversion to his family,
+      upon failure of the house of Hanover. All this worked so far upon his
+      imagination, that he affected to appear the head of their party, to which
+      his talents were no way proportioned; for they soon grew weary of his
+      indigested schemes, and his imperious manner of obtruding them: they began
+      to drop him at their meetings, or contradicted him, with little ceremony,
+      when he happened to be there, which his haughty nature[51] was not able to
+      brook. Thus a mortal quarrel was kindled between him and the whole
+      assembly of party leaders; so that, upon the Queen's first intentions of
+      changing her ministry, soon after the trial of Dr. Sacheverell, he
+      appointed several meetings with Mr. Harley alone, in the most private
+      manner, in places and at times least liable to suspicion. He employed all
+      his credit with the Queen to drive on the removal of my Lord Godolphin,
+      and the rest; and, in the council, treated the small remainder, who
+      continued some time longer in their places, with all possible marks of
+      hatred or disdain. But when the question came for dissolving the
+      Parliament, he stopped short: he had already satiated his resentments,
+      which were not against things, but persons: he furiously opposed that
+      counsel, and promised to undertake for the Parliament himself. When the
+      Queen had declared her pleasure for the dissolution, he flew off in
+      greater rage than ever; opposed the court in all elections, where he had
+      influence or power; and made very humble[52] advances to reconcile himself
+      with the discarded lords, especially the Earl of Godolphin, who is
+      reported to have treated him at Newmarket in a most contemptuous manner.
+      But the sincerity of his repentance, which appeared manifestly in the
+      first session of the new Parliament, and the use he might be of by his own
+      remaining credit, or rather that of his duchess, with the Queen, at length
+      begat a reconcilement. He still kept his employment, and place in the
+      cabinet council; but had never appeared there, from an avowed dislike of
+      all persons and proceedings. It happened about the end of summer, one
+      thousand seven hundred and eleven, at Windsor, when the cabinet council
+      was summoned, this duke, whether by directions from his teachers, or the
+      instability of his nature, took a fancy to resume his place, and a chair
+      was brought accordingly; upon which Mr. Secretary St. John refused to
+      assist, and gave his reasons, that he would never sit in council with a
+      man who had so often betrayed them, and was openly engaged with a faction
+      which endeavoured to obstruct all Her Majesty's measures. Thus the council
+      was put off to next day, and the duke made no farther attempts to be
+      there.[53] But, upon this incident, he declared open war against the
+      ministry; and, from that time to the session, employed himself in
+      spiriting up several depending lords to adhere to their friends, when an
+      occasion should offer. The arguments he made use of, were, that those in
+      power designed to make an ignominious and insecure peace, without
+      consulting the allies; that this could be no otherwise prevented than by
+      an address from the Lords, to signify their opinion, that no peace could
+      be honourable or secure, while Spain or the West Indies remained in any of
+      the Bourbon family:[54] upon which several farther resolutions and
+      inquiries would naturally follow; that the differences between the two
+      Houses, upon this point, must either be made up by the Commons agreeing
+      with the Lords, or must end in a dissolution, which would be followed by a
+      return of the old ministry, who, by the force of money and management,
+      could easily get another Parliament to their wishes. He farther assured
+      them boldly, that the Queen herself was at the bottom of this design, and
+      had empowered him to desire their votes against the peace, as a point that
+      would be for her service; and therefore they need not be in pain upon
+      account of their pensions, or any farther marks of favour they expected.
+      Thus, by reviving the old art of using Her Majesty's authority against her
+      person, he prevailed over some, who were not otherwise in a station of
+      life to oppose the crown; and his proselytes may pretend to some share of
+      pity, since he offered for an argument his own example, who kept his place
+      and favour, after all he had done to deserve the loss of both.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 49: In 1692, on a difference which the princess had with King
+      William and his Queen, occasioned by her warm attachment to the Duchess of
+      Marlborough, she quitted The Cockpit, and accepted the Duke of Somerset's
+      offer of Sion House for a temporary residence. [N.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 50: A cant name given to five lords of that party. [ORIGINAL
+      NOTE.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 51: P. Fitzgerald says "the pride of his nature." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 52: P. Fitzgerald says "the meanest." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 53: "I had almost forgot to tell you," writes Lewis to Swift in
+      the same letter, "you have mistaken the case of the D&mdash;&mdash; of S&mdash;&mdash;,
+      which, in truth, was this, that his grace appearing at court, in the
+      chamber next to the council chamber, it was apprehended he would come into
+      the cabinet council, and therefore the intended meeting was put off;
+      whereas one would judge, by your manner of stating it, that the council
+      had met, and adjourned abruptly upon his taking his place there." Sir W.
+      Scott's edit. vol. xix., pp. 133-136. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 54: It was Nottingham who moved this argument in the form of an
+      amendment to the address on 7th December, 1711. See <i>infra</i>, and also
+      vol. v., p. 444 of present edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The other lord, in whom the discontented managers placed much of their
+      hopes, was the Earl of Nottingham, already mentioned; than whom no man
+      ever appeared to hate them more, or to be more pleased at their fall,
+      partly from his avowed principles, but chiefly from the hopes he had of
+      sharing in their spoils. But it fell out, that he was no way acceptable to
+      the Queen or her new servants: these apprehended no little trouble and
+      impediment to the public business, from his restless, talkative,
+      overweening manner, if once he was suffered to have any part in affairs;
+      and he stood very ill with the court, having made a motion in the House of
+      Lords, and in Her Majesty's presence, that the Electoral Prince of Hanover
+      might be invited to reside in England, although he had before declared to
+      the Queen how much he was against that proposal, when it was first offered
+      by the other party. However, some very considerable employments had been
+      given to his nearest relations, and he had one or two offers for himself,
+      which he thought fit to refuse, as not equal to his merits and character.
+      Upon the Earl of Rochester's decease, he conceived that the crown would
+      hardly overlook him for president of the council, and deeply resented that
+      disappointment. But the Duke of Newcastle, lord privy seal, dying some
+      time after, he found that office was first designed for the Earl of
+      Jersey, and, upon this lord's sudden death, was actually disposed of to
+      the Bishop of Bristol by which he plainly saw, that the Queen was
+      determined against giving him any opportunity of directing in affairs, or
+      displaying his eloquence in the cabinet council. He had now shaken off all
+      remains of patience or temper, and, from the contemplation of his own
+      disappointments, fell, as it is natural, to find fault with the public
+      management, and to assure his neighbours in the country, that the nation
+      was in imminent danger of being ruined. The discontented[55] lords were
+      soon apprised of this great change, and the Duke of Roxburgh,[56] the
+      earl's son-in-law, was dispatched to Burleigh on the Hill, to cultivate
+      his present dispositions, and offer him whatever terms he pleased to
+      insist on. The Earl immediately agreed to fall in with any measures for
+      distressing or destroying the ministry but, in order to preserve his
+      reputation with the Church party, and perhaps bring them over to his
+      interests, he proposed, that a bill should be brought into the House of
+      Lords for preventing occasional conformity, and be unanimously agreed to
+      by all the peers of the low-church[57] principle, which would convince the
+      world of their good intentions to the established religion,[58] and that
+      their oppositions to the court wholly proceeded from their care of the
+      nation, and concern for its honour and safety.[59]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 55: P. Fitzgerald says "factious." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 56: John Ker, Earl of Roxburgh, was created Earl of Kelso,
+      Marquess of Cessford and Beaumont, and Duke of Roxburgh in 1707. [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 57: P. Fitzgerald says "Whig." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 58: P. Fitzgerald says "established Church." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 59: Nottingham succeeded in carrying the bill against Occasional
+      Conformity on December 15th, 1711. See Swift's "Letter to a Whig Lord," in
+      vol. v. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      These preparations were public enough, and the ministers had sufficient
+      time to arm themselves; but they seem to have acted, in this juncture,
+      like men who trusted to the goodness of their cause, and the general
+      inclinations of the kingdom, rather than to those arts which our
+      corruptions have too often made necessary. Calculations were indeed taken,
+      by which it was computed, that there would be a majority of ten upon the
+      side of the court. I remember to have told my Lord Harcourt and Mr. Prior,
+      that a majority of ten was only a majority of five, because if their
+      adversaries could bring off five, the number would be equal: and so it
+      happened to prove; for the mistake lay in counting upon the bare promises
+      of those who were wholly in the interest of the old ministry, and were
+      only kept in awe by the fear of offending the crown, and losing their
+      subsistence, wherein the Duke of Somerset had given them full
+      satisfaction.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With these dispositions of both parties, and fears and hopes of the event,
+      the Parliament met upon the seventh of December, one thousand seven
+      hundred and eleven. The Queen's speech (excepting what related to
+      supplies) was chiefly taken up in telling both Houses what progress she
+      had made towards a general peace, and her hopes of bringing it to a speedy
+      conclusion. As soon as Her Majesty was withdrawn, the House of Lords, in a
+      committee, resolved upon an address of thanks; to which the Earl of
+      Nottingham proposed an addition of the following clause.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "And we do beg leave to represent it to Your Majesty, as the humble
+      opinion and advice of this House, that no peace can be safe or honourable
+      to Great Britain and Europe, if Spain and the West Indies are to be
+      allotted to any branch of the house of Bourbon."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He was seconded by the Earl of Scarborough; and, after a debate of several
+      hours, the question for the clause was carried, as I remember, by not
+      above two voices.[60] The next day the House agreed with the committee.
+      The depending lords, having taken fresh courage from their principals, and
+      some who professed themselves very humble servants to the present
+      ministry, and enemies to the former, went along with the stream,
+      pretending not to see the consequences that must visibly follow. The
+      address was presented on the eleventh, to which Her Majesty's answer was
+      short and dry. She distinguished their thanks from the rest of the piece;
+      and, in return to Lord Nottingham's clause, said, She should be sorry that
+      any body could think she would not do her utmost to recover Spain and the
+      West Indies from the house of Bourbon.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 60: The previous question in favour of the Earl of Nottingham's
+      amendment was carried by a single vote, the main question by a majority of
+      no less than eight! [S.] But Bishop Burnet says "by three voices" ("Hist.
+      Own Time," ii. 584), and Coxe says "by a majority of 64 to 52." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Upon the fifteenth of December the Earl of Nottingham likewise brought in
+      the bill to prevent occasional conformity (although under a disguised
+      title), which met with no opposition; but was swallowed by those very
+      lords, who always appeared with the utmost violence against the least
+      advantage to the established Church.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But in the House of Commons there appeared a very different spirit; for
+      when one Mr. Robert Walpole offered a clause of the same nature with that
+      of the Earl of Nottingham, it was rejected with contempt by a very great
+      majority. Their address was in the most dutiful manner, approving of what
+      Her Majesty had done towards a peace, and trusting entirely to her wisdom
+      in the future management of it. This address was presented to the Queen a
+      day before that of the Lords, and received an answer distinguishedly
+      gracious. But the other party[61] was no ways discouraged by either
+      answer, which they looked upon as only matter of course, and the sense of
+      the ministry, contrary to that of the Queen.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 61: P. Fitzgerald says "faction." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Parliament sat as long as the approaching festival would allow; and
+      upon the twenty-second, the land-tax and occasional bills having received
+      the royal assent, the House of Commons adjourned to the fourteenth of
+      January following: but the adjournment of the Lords was only to the
+      second, the prevailing party there being in haste to pursue the
+      consequences of the Earl of Nottingham's clause, which they hoped would
+      end in the ruin of the treasurer, and overthrow the ministry; and
+      therefore took the advantage of this interval, that they might not be
+      disturbed by the Commons.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When this address against any peace without Spain, &amp;c. was carried in
+      the House of Lords, it is not easy to describe the effects it had upon
+      most men's passions. The partisans of the old ministry triumphed loudly,
+      and without any reserve, as if the game were their own. The Earl of
+      Wharton was observed in the House to smile, and put his hands to his neck
+      when any of the ministry was speaking, by which he would have it
+      understood that some heads were in danger. Parker, the chief justice,
+      began already with great zeal and officiousness to prosecute authors and
+      printers of weekly and other papers, writ in defence of the
+      administration: in short, joy and vengeance sat visible in every
+      countenance of that party.[62]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 62: See "Journal to Stella," December 13th (vol. ii., p. 299 of
+      present edition). [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the other side, all well-wishers to the Queen, the Church, or the
+      peace, were equally dejected; and the treasurer stood the foremost mark
+      both of his enemies' fury, and the censure of his friends: among the
+      latter, some imputed this fatal miscarriage to his procrastinating nature;
+      others, to his unmeasurable public thrift: both parties agreed, that a
+      first minister, with very moderate skill in affairs, might easily have
+      governed the event: and some began to doubt, whether the great fame of his
+      abilities, acquired in other stations, were what he justly deserved: all
+      this he knew well enough, and heard it with great phlegm; neither did it
+      make any alteration in his countenance or humour. He told Monsieur Buys,
+      the Dutch envoy, two days before the Parliament sat, that he was sorry for
+      what was like to pass, because the States would be the first sufferers,
+      which he desired the envoy to remember: and to his nearest friends, who
+      appeared in pain about the public or themselves, he only said that all
+      would be well, and desired them not to be frighted.[63]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 63: See Swift's account of an interview with the lord treasurer
+      in his "Journal to Stella," December 8th (<i>ibid.,</i> p. 296). [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was, I conceive, upon these motives, that the treasurer advised Her
+      Majesty to create twelve new lords,[64] and thereby disable the sting of
+      faction for the rest of her lifetime: this promotion was so ordered, that
+      a third part were of those on whom, or their posterity, the peerage would
+      naturally devolve; and the rest were such, whose merit, birth, and
+      fortune, could admit of no exception.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 64: See note, vol. ii., p. 308, and note, vol. v., p. 446.
+      [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The adverse party, being thus driven down by open force, had nothing left
+      but to complain, which they loudly did; that it was a pernicious[65]
+      example set for ill princes to follow, who, by the same rule, might make
+      at any time an hundred as well as twelve, and by these means become
+      masters of the House of Lords whenever they pleased, which would be
+      dangerous to our liberties. To this it was answered, that ill princes
+      seldom trouble themselves to look for precedents; that men of great
+      estates will not be less fond of preserving their liberties when they are
+      created peers; that in such a government as this, where the Prince holds
+      the balance between two great powers, the nobility and people, it is the
+      very nature of his office to remove from one scale into the other, or
+      sometimes put his own weight in the lightest, so as to bring both to an
+      equilibrium; and lastly, that the other party had been above twenty years
+      corrupting the nobility with republican principles, which nothing but the
+      royal prerogative could hinder from overspreading us.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 65: P. Fitzgerald says "dangerous." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The conformity bill above mentioned was prepared by the Earl of Nottingham
+      before the Parliament met, and brought in at the same time with the clause
+      against peace, according to the bargain made between him and his new
+      friends: this he hoped would not only save his credit with the Church
+      party, but bring them over to his politics, since they must needs be
+      convinced, that instead of changing his own principles, he had prevailed
+      on the greatest enemies to the established religion to be the first movers
+      in a law for the perpetual settlement of it. Here it was worth observing,
+      with what resignation the Junto Lords (as they were then called) were
+      submitted to by their adherents and followers; for it is well known, that
+      the chief among the dissenting teachers in town were consulted upon this
+      affair, and such arguments used, as had power to convince them, that
+      nothing could be of greater advantage to their cause than the passing this
+      bill. I did, indeed, see a letter at that time from one of them to a
+      great[66] man, complaining, that they were betrayed and undone by their
+      pretended friends; but they were in general very well satisfied upon
+      promises that this law should soon be repealed, and others more in their
+      favour enacted, as soon as their friends should be re-established.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 66: It was to the Treasurer himself. [ORIGINAL NOTE.] Scott says
+      that it was written by Mr. Shower on December 20th, and that the writer
+      complained that the Dissenters had "been shamefully abandoned, sold, and
+      sacrificed, by their professed friends." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But nothing seemed more extraordinary than the event of this refined
+      management, by which the Earl of Nottingham was so far from bringing over
+      proselytes (wherein his abilities fell very short even of the Duke of
+      Somerset's); or preserving the reputation of a firm churchman, that very
+      few people did so much as imagine he had any such design; only when he
+      brought in the bill, they conceived it was some wonderful deep reach of
+      politics, which they could not comprehend: however, they liked the thing,
+      and without troubling themselves about the persons or motives from whence
+      it rose, it had a very speedy passage through both Houses. It must be
+      confessed, that some attempt of this nature was much more necessary to the
+      leaders of that party, than is generally thought. The desire of power and
+      revenge was common to them all; but several among them were also conscious
+      that they stood in need of protection, whose safety was therefore
+      concerned in the design of ruining the ministry, as well as their
+      ambition. The Duke of Marlborough foresaw those examinations, which were
+      afterwards made into some parts of his management, and was apprehensive of
+      a great deal more; that the Parliament would perhaps enquire into the
+      particulars of the negotiation at The Hague in one thousand seven hundred
+      and nine; for what ends, and by whose advice the propositions of peace
+      from France were rejected: besides, he dreaded lest that mysterious policy
+      might be laid open to the world, of desiring the Queen to constitute him
+      general for life, which was a very tender point, and would admit of much
+      proof. It is true, indeed, that whilst the Duke's affair was under the
+      consideration of the House of Commons, one of his creatures[67] (whether
+      by direction or otherwise) assured the Speaker, with a very serious
+      countenance, that the world was mistaken in censuring his lord upon this
+      article; for it was the Queen who pressed the Duke to accept that
+      commission; and upon his humble refusal conceived her first displeasure
+      against him. How such a defence would have passed, if it had been offered
+      in form, is easier to be conceived, than how any person in his wits could
+      have the confidence to affirm it; which last it would indeed be hard to
+      believe, if there were any room left for doubt.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 67: Craggs, father to the secretary. [ORIGINAL NOTE.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Earl of Godolphin wanted protection, notwithstanding the act of
+      general pardon, which had been procured by his credit, and was principally
+      calculated for his own security. He knew that his long neglect of
+      compelling the accomptants to pass their accompts, might be punished as a
+      breach of trust. He had run the kingdom into immense debts, by taking up
+      stores for the navy upon a vast discount, without parliamentary security;
+      for which he could be able to plead neither law nor necessity: and he had
+      given way, at least, to some proceedings, not very justifiable, in
+      relation to remittances of money, whereby the public had suffered
+      considerable losses. The Barrier Treaty sat heavy upon the Lord
+      Townshend's spirits, because if it should be laid before the House of
+      Commons, whoever negotiated that affair, might be subject to the most
+      severe animadversions: and the Earl of Wharton's administration in Ireland
+      was looked upon as a sufficient ground to impeach him, at least, for high
+      crimes and misdemeanours.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The managers in Holland were sufficiently apprised of all this; and
+      Monsieur Buys, their minister here, took care to cultivate that good
+      correspondence between his masters and their English friends, which became
+      two confederates, pursuing the same end.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This man[68] had been formerly employed in England from that republic, and
+      understood a little of our language. His proficiency in learning has been
+      such, as to furnish now and then a Latin quotation, of which he is as
+      liberal as his stock will admit. His knowledge in government reaches no
+      farther than that of his own country, by which he forms and cultivates
+      matters of state for the rest of the world. His reasonings upon politics
+      are with great profusion at all meetings; and he leaves the company with
+      entire satisfaction that he hath fully convinced them. He is well provided
+      with that inferior sort of cunning, which is the growth of his country, of
+      a standard with the genius of the people, and capable of being transferred
+      into every condition of life among them, from the boor to the burgomaster.
+      He came into England with instructions, authorizing him to accommodate all
+      differences between Her Majesty and the States; but having first advised
+      with the confederate lords, he assured the ministry he had powers to hear
+      their proposals, but none to conclude: and having represented to his
+      masters what had been told him by the adverse party, he prevailed with
+      them to revoke his powers. He found the interest of those who withstood
+      the court, would exactly fall in with the designs of the States, which
+      were to carry on the war as they could, at our expense, and to see
+      themselves at the head of a treaty of peace, whenever they were disposed
+      to apply to France, or to receive overtures from thence.[69]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 68: P. Fitzgerald says "gentleman." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 69: Erasmus Lewis, in the letter already cited, refers to Buys,
+      and gives the opinion of the gentlemen who had read the "History," on this
+      matter, as follows: "They think the transactions with Mr. Buys might have
+      been represented in a more advantageous light, and more to the honour of
+      that administration; and, undoubtedly they would have been so by your pen,
+      had you been master of all the facts." And yet the facts as related by
+      Swift in this and the last book of this "History" are substantially the
+      facts as disclosed in Bolingbroke's Political Correspondence. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Emperor, upon many powerful reasons, was utterly averse from all
+      counsels which aimed at putting an end to the war, without delivering him
+      the whole dominion of Spain; nay, the Elector of Hanover himself, although
+      presumptive heir to the crown of England, and obliged by all sorts of ties
+      to cultivate Her Majesty's friendship, was so far deceived by
+      misrepresentations from hence, that he seemed to suffer Monsieur Bothmar,
+      his envoy here, to print and publish a Memorial in English, directly
+      disapproving all Her Majesty's proceedings; which Memorial, as appeareth
+      by the style and manner of it, was all drawn up, or at least digested, by
+      some party pen on this side of the water.[70]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 70: See Swift's "Some Free Thoughts upon the Present State of
+      Affairs," and the note on p. 410 of vol. v. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Cautious writers, in order to avoid offence or danger, and to preserve the
+      respect even[71] due to foreign princes, do usually charge the wrong steps
+      in a court altogether upon the persons employed; but I should have taken a
+      securer method, and have been wholly silent in this point, if I had not
+      then conceived some hope, that his Electoral Highness might possibly have
+      been a stranger[72] to the Memorial of his resident: for, first, the
+      manner of delivering it to the secretary of state was out of all form, and
+      almost as extraordinary as the thing itself. Monsieur Bothmar having
+      obtained an hour of Mr. Secretary St. John, talked much to him upon the
+      subject of which that Memorial consists; and upon going away, desired he
+      might leave a paper with the secretary, which he said contained the
+      substance of what he had been discoursing. This paper Mr. St. John laid
+      aside, among others of little consequence; and a few days[73] saw a
+      Memorial in print,[74] which he found upon comparing to be the same with
+      what Bothmar had left.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 71: Edition of 1775 has "ever due." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 72: P. Fitzgerald says "If I had not very good reason to believe
+      that his Electoral Highness was altogether a stranger." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 73: Edition of 1775 has "a few days after." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 74: This was published as a broadside, with the title: "The
+      Elector of Hanover's Memorial to the Queen of Great-Britain, relating to
+      the Peace with France." It was dated 28th of Nov/9th of Dec., 1711.
+      [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      During this short recess of Parliament, and upon the fifth day of January,
+      Prince Eugene, of Savoy, landed in England. Before he left his ship he
+      asked a person who came to meet him, whether the new lords were made, and
+      what was their number? He was attended through the streets with a mighty
+      rabble of people to St. James's, where Mr. Secretary St. John introduced
+      him to the Queen, who received him with great civility. His arrival had
+      been long expected, and the project of his journey had as long been formed
+      here by the party leaders, in concert with Monsieur Buys, and Monsieur
+      Bothmar, the Dutch and Hanover envoys. This prince brought over
+      credentials from the Emperor, with offers to continue the war upon a new
+      foot, very advantageous to Britain; part of which, by Her Majesty's
+      commands, Mr. St. John soon after produced to the House of Commons; where
+      they were rejected, not without some indignation, by a great majority. The
+      Emperor's proposals, as far as they related to Spain, were communicated to
+      the House in the words following.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "His Imperial Majesty judges, that forty thousand men will be sufficient
+      for this service, and that the whole expense of the war in Spain, may
+      amount to four millions of crowns, towards which His Imperial Majesty
+      offers to make up the troops, which he has in that country, to thirty
+      thousand men, and to take one million of crowns upon himself".
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the other side the House of Commons voted a third part of those four
+      millions as a sufficient quota for Her Majesty toward that service, for it
+      was supposed the Emperor ought to bear the greatest proportion in a point
+      that so nearly concerned him, or at least, that Britain contributing one
+      third, the other two might be paid by his Imperial Majesty and the States,
+      as they could settle it between them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The design of Prince Eugene's journey, was to raise a spirit in the
+      Parliament and people for continuing the war, for nothing was thought
+      impossible to a prince of such high reputation in arms, in great favour
+      with the Emperor, and empowered to make such proposals from his master, as
+      the ministry durst not reject. It appeared by an intercepted letter from
+      Count Gallas, (formerly the Emperor's envoy here) that the prince was
+      wholly left to his liberty of making what offers he pleased in the
+      Emperor's name, for if the Parliament could once be brought to raise
+      funds, and the war go on, the ministry here must be under a necessity of
+      applying and expending those funds, and the Emperor could afterwards find
+      twenty reasons and excuses, as he had hitherto done, for not furnishing
+      his quota; therefore Prince Eugene, for some time, kept himself within
+      generals, until being pressed to explain himself upon that particular of
+      the war in Spain, which the house of Austria pretended to have most at
+      heart, he made the offer above mentioned, as a most extraordinary effort,
+      and so it was, considering how little they had ever done before, towards
+      recovering that monarchy to themselves; but shameful as these proposals
+      were, few believed the Emperor would observe them, or, indeed, that he
+      ever intended to spare so many men, as would make up an army of thirty
+      thousand men, to be employed in Spain.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Prince Eugene's visit to his friends in England continued longer than was
+      expected; he was every day entertained magnificently by persons of quality
+      of both parties; he went frequently to the treasurer, and sometimes
+      affected to do it in private; he visited the other ministers and great
+      officers of the court, but on all occasions publicly owned the character
+      and appellation of a Whig; and in secret, held continual meetings with the
+      Duke of Marlborough, and the other discontented lords, where M. Bothmar
+      usually assisted. It is the great ambition of this prince to be
+      perpetually engaged in war, without considering the cause or consequence;
+      and to see himself at the head of an army, where only he can make any
+      considerable figure. He is not without a natural tincture of that cruelty,
+      sometimes charged upon the Italians; and being nursed in arms, hath so far
+      extinguished pity and remorse, that he will at any time sacrifice a
+      thousand men's lives, to a caprice of glory or revenge. He had conceived
+      an incurable hatred for the treasurer, as the person who principally
+      opposed this insatiable passion for war; said he had hopes of others, but
+      that the treasurer was <i>un méchant diable</i>, not to be moved;
+      therefore, since it was impossible for him or his friends to compass their
+      designs, while that minister continued at the head of affairs, he proposed
+      an expedient, often practised by those of his country, that the treasurer
+      (to use his own expression) should be taken off, <i>à la négligence</i>;
+      that this might easily be done, and pass for an effect of chance, if it
+      were preceded by encouraging some proper people to commit small riots in
+      the night: and in several parts of the town, a crew of obscure ruffians
+      were accordingly employed about that time, who probably exceeded their
+      commission; and mixing themselves with those disorderly people that often
+      infest the streets at midnight, acted inhuman outrages on many persons,
+      whom they cut and mangled in the face and arms, and other parts of the
+      body, without any provocation; but an effectual stop was soon put to these
+      enormities, which probably prevented the execution of the main design.[75]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 75: Erasmus Lewis, Lord Oxford, and the others who read the MS.,
+      advised the elimination of this insinuation against Prince Eugene. They
+      thought there was truth in it, but "a matter of so high a nature," as
+      Lewis expressed it to Swift, "ought not to be asserted without exhibiting
+      the proofs." The paragraph following the one in the text, containing the
+      imputation, seems as if it had been written after Swift had received
+      Lewis's strictures. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am very sensible, that such an imputation ought not to be charged upon
+      any person whatsoever, upon slight grounds or doubtful surmises; and that
+      those who think I am able to produce no better, will judge this passage to
+      be fitter for a libel than a history; but as the account was given by more
+      than one person who was at the meeting, so it was confirmed past all
+      contradiction by several intercepted letters and papers: and it is most
+      certain, that the rage of the defeated party, upon their frequent
+      disappointments, was so far inflamed, as to make them capable of some
+      counsels yet more violent and desperate than this, which, however, by the
+      vigilance of those near the person of Her Majesty, were happily prevented.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the thirtieth day of December, one thousand seven hundred and eleven,
+      the Duke of Marlborough was removed from all his employments: the Duke of
+      Ormonde succeeding him as general, both here and in Flanders. This
+      proceeding of the court (as far as it related to the Duke of Marlborough)
+      was much censured both at home and abroad, and by some who did not wish
+      ill to the present situation of affairs. There were few examples of a
+      commander being disgraced, after an uninterrupted course of success for
+      many years against a formidable enemy, and this before a period was put to
+      the war: those who had least esteem for his valour and conduct, thought it
+      not prudent to remove a general, whose troops were perpetually victorious,
+      while he was at their head; because this had infused into his soldiers an
+      opinion that they should always conquer, and into the enemy that they
+      should always be beaten; than which, nothing is to be held of greater
+      moment, either in the progress of a war, or upon the day of battle; and I
+      have good grounds to affirm, that these reasons had sufficient weight with
+      the Queen and ministry to have kept the Duke of Marlborough in his post,
+      if a way could have been found out to have done it with any assurance of
+      safety to the nation. It is the misfortune of princes, that the effects of
+      their displeasure make usually much more noise than the causes: thus, the
+      sound of the Duke's fall was heard farther than many of the reasons which
+      made it necessary; whereof, though some were visible enough, yet others
+      lay more in the dark. Upon the Duke's last return from Flanders, he had
+      fixed his arrival to town (whether by accident or otherwise) upon the
+      seventeenth of November, called Queen Elizabeth's day, when great numbers
+      of his creatures and admirers had thought fit to revive an old ceremony
+      among the rabble, of burning the Pope in effigy; for the performance of
+      which, with more solemnity, they had made extraordinary preparations.[76]
+      From the several circumstances of the expense of this intended pageantry,
+      and of the persons who promoted it, the court, apprehensive of a design to
+      inflame the common people, thought fit to order, that the several figures
+      should be seized as popish trinkets; and guards were ordered to patrol,
+      for preventing any tumultuous assemblies. Whether this frolic were only
+      intended for an affront to the court, or whether it had a deeper meaning,
+      I must leave undetermined. The Duke, in his own nature, is not much turned
+      to be popular; and in his flourishing times, whenever he came back to
+      England upon the close of a campaign, he rather affected to avoid any
+      concourse of the <i>mobile</i>, if they had been disposed to attend him;
+      therefore, so very contrary a proceeding at this juncture, made it
+      suspected as if he had a design to have placed himself at their head.
+      "France," "Popery," "The Pretender," "Peace without Spain," were the words
+      to be given about at this mock parade; and if what was confidently
+      asserted be true, that a report was to have been spread at the same time
+      of the Queen's death, no man can tell what might have been the event.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 76: See Swift's "Journal to Stella," Letter xxxv. (vol. ii., pp.
+      283-84), and "A True Relation of the Intended Riot," printed in Scott's
+      edition, vol. v., pp. 399-413. [W.S.J.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The burning of a Pope in effigy," notes Scott&mdash;in his reprint of
+      what Swift called "the Grub Street account of the tumult"&mdash;"upon the
+      17th November, the anniversary of Queen Elizabeth's coronation, was a
+      favourite pastime with the mob of London, and often employed by their
+      superiors as a means of working upon their passions and prejudices." A
+      full account of this ceremony is given in his edition of Dryden's Works,
+      1808, vol. vi., p. 222. An account of the attempt "to revive an old
+      ceremony," referred to by Swift, was published also in "The Post Boy" for
+      November 20th, 1711. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But this attempt, to whatever purposes intended, proving wholly abortive
+      by the vigilance of those in power, the Duke's arrival was without any
+      noise or consequence; and upon consulting with his friends, he soon fell
+      in with their new scheme for preventing the peace. It was believed by many
+      persons, that the ministers might, with little difficulty, have brought
+      him over, if they had pleased to make a trial; for as he would probably
+      have accepted any terms to continue in a station of such prodigious[77]
+      profit, so there was sufficient room to work upon his fears, of which he
+      is seldom unprovided[78] (I mean only in his political capacity) and his
+      infirmity very much increased by his unmeasurable possessions, which have
+      rendered him, <i>ipsique[79] onerique timentem;</i> but reason, as well as
+      the event, proved this to be a mistake: for the ministers being determined
+      to bring the war to as speedy an issue as the honour and safety of their
+      country would permit, could not possibly recompense the Duke for the
+      mighty incomes he held by the continuance of it. Then the other party had
+      calculated their numbers; and by the accession of the Earl of Nottingham,
+      whose example they hoped would have many followers, and the successful
+      solicitations of the Duke of Somerset, found they were sure of a majority
+      in the House of Lords: so that in this view of circumstances, the Duke of
+      Marlborough thought he acted with security, as well as advantage: he
+      therefore boldly fell, with his whole weight, into the design of ruining
+      the ministry, at the expense of his duty to his sovereign, and the welfare
+      of his country, after the mighty obligations he had received from both.
+      WHIG and TORY were now no longer the dispute, but THE QUEEN or THE DUKE OF
+      MARLBOROUGH: He was at the head of all the cabals and consults with
+      Bothmar, Buys, and the discontented lords. He forgot that government of
+      his passion, for which his admirers used to celebrate him, fell into all
+      the impotencies of anger and violence upon every party debate: so that the
+      Queen found herself under a necessity, either on the one side to sacrifice
+      those friends, who had ventured their lives in rescuing her out of the
+      power of some, whose former treatment she had little reason to be fond of,
+      to put an end[80] to the progress she had made towards a peace, and
+      dissolve her Parliament; or, on the other side, by removing one person
+      from so great a trust, to get clear of all her difficulties at once: Her
+      Majesty therefore determined upon the latter, as the shorter and safer
+      course; and during the recess at Christmas, sent the Duke a letter, to
+      tell him she had no farther occasion for his service.[81]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 77: P. Fitzgerald says "immense." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 78: P. Fitzgerald adds "being in his nature the most timorous
+      person alive." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 79: P. Fitzgerald says "sibique." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 80: P. Fitzgerald says "to complete." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 81: See the Duchess of Marlborough's narrative of this
+      transaction in the "Account of her Conduct," etc., pp. 264-269, where his
+      Grace's letter to the Queen, on his dismission from her service, is
+      printed. [N.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      There hath not perhaps in the present age been a clearer instance to shew
+      the instability of greatness which is not founded upon virtue; and it may
+      be an instruction to princes, who are well in the hearts of their people,
+      that the overgrown power of any particular person, although supported by
+      exorbitant wealth, can by a little resolution be reduced in a moment,
+      without any dangerous consequences. This lord, who was, beyond all
+      comparison, the greatest subject in Christendom, found his power, credit,
+      and influence, crumble away on a sudden; and, except a few friends or
+      followers, by inclination, the rest dropped off in course. From directing
+      in some manner the affairs of Europe, he descended to be a member of a
+      faction, and with little distinction even there: that virtue of subduing
+      his resentments, for which he was so famed when he had little or no
+      occasion to exert it, having now wholly forsaken him when he stood most in
+      need of its assistance; and upon trial was found unable to bear a reverse
+      of fortune, giving way to rage, impatience, envy, and discontent.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      ***** ***** ***** ***** *****
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0005" id="link2H_4_0005"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      THE HISTORY OF THE FOUR LAST
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      YEARS OF THE QUEEN.
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      BOOK II.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The House of Lords met upon the second day of January, according to their
+      adjournment; but before they could proceed to business, the twelve
+      new-created peers were, in the usual form, admitted to their seats in that
+      assembly, who, by their numbers, turned the balance on the side of the
+      court, and voted an adjournment to the same day with the Commons. Upon the
+      fourteenth of January the two Houses met; but the Queen, who intended to
+      be there in person, sent a message to inform them, that she was prevented
+      by a sudden return of the gout, and to desire they would adjourn for three
+      days longer, when Her Majesty hoped she should be able to speak to them.
+      However, her indisposition still continuing, Mr. Secretary St. John
+      brought another message to the House of Commons from the Queen, containing
+      the substance of what she intended to have spoken; "That she could now
+      tell them, her plenipotentiaries were arrived at Utrecht; had begun, in
+      pursuance of her instructions, to concert the most proper ways of
+      procuring a just satisfaction to all powers in alliance with her,
+      according to their several treaties, and particularly with relation to
+      Spain and the West Indies; that she promised to communicate to them the
+      conditions of peace, before the same should be concluded; that the world
+      would now see how groundless those reports were, and without the least
+      colour, that a separate peace had been treated; that her ministers were
+      directed to propose, that a day might be fixed for the finishing, as was
+      done for the commencement of this treaty; and that, in the mean time, all
+      preparations were hastening for an early campaign," etc.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Her Majesty's endeavours towards this great work having been in such a
+      forwardness at the time that her message was sent, I shall here, as in the
+      most proper place, relate the several steps by which the intercourse
+      between the courts of France and Britain was begun and carried on.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Marquis de Torcy,[1] sent by the Most Christian King to The Hague, had
+      there, in the year one thousand seven hundred and nine, made very
+      advantageous offers to the allies, in his master's name; which our
+      ministers, as well as those of the States, thought fit to refuse, and
+      advanced other proposals in their stead, but of such a nature as no prince
+      could digest, who did not lie at the immediate mercy of his enemies. It
+      was demanded, among other things, "That the French King should employ his
+      own troops, in conjunction with those of the allies, to drive his grandson
+      out of Spain." The proposers knew very well, that the enemy would never
+      consent to this; and if it were possible they could at first have any such
+      hopes, Mons. de Torcy assured them to the contrary, in a manner which
+      might well be believed; for then the British and Dutch plenipotentiaries
+      were drawing up their demands. They desired that minister to assist them
+      in the style and expression; which he very readily did, and made use of
+      the strongest words he could find to please them. He then insisted to know
+      their last resolution, whether these were the lowest terms the allies
+      would accept; and having received a determinate answer in the affirmative,
+      he spoke to this effect:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: Jean Baptiste Colbert (1665-1746), Marquis de Torcy, was
+      nephew of the celebrated Colbert. [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That he thanked them heartily for giving him the happiest day he had ever
+      seen in his life: that, in perfect obedience to his master, he had made
+      concessions, in his own opinion, highly derogatory to the King's honour
+      and interest: that he had not concealed the difficulties of his court, or
+      the discontents of his country, by a long and unsuccessful war, which
+      could only justify the large offers he had been empowered to make: that
+      the conditions of peace, now delivered into his hands by the allies, would
+      raise a new spirit in the nation, and remove the greatest difficulty the
+      court lay under, putting it in his master's power to convince all his
+      subjects how earnestly His Majesty desired to ease them from the burthen
+      of the war; but that his enemies would not accept of any terms, which
+      could consist either with their safety or his honour." Mons. Torcy assured
+      the pensionary, in the strongest manner, and bid him count upon it, that
+      the King his master would never sign those articles.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It soon appeared, that the Marquis de Torcy's predictions were true; for
+      upon delivering to his master the last resolutions of the allies, that
+      Prince took care to publish them all over his kingdom, as an appeal to his
+      subjects against the unreasonableness and injustice of his enemies: which
+      proceeding effectually answered the utmost he intended by it; for the
+      French nation, extremely jealous of their monarch's glory, made universal
+      offers of their lives and fortunes, rather than submit to such ignominious
+      terms; and the clergy, in particular, promised to give the King their
+      consecrated plate, towards continuing the war. Thus that mighty kingdom,
+      generally thought to be wholly exhausted of its wealth, yet, when driven
+      to a necessity by the imprudence of the allies, or by the corruption of
+      particular men, who influenced their councils, recovered strength enough
+      to support itself for three following campaigns: and in the last, by the
+      fatal blindness or obstinacy of the Dutch (venturing to act without the
+      assistance of Britain, which they had shamefully abandoned), was an
+      overmatch for the whole confederate army.[2]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: Alluding to the defeat at Denain (July 24th, 1712). [S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Those who, in order to defend the proceedings of the allies, have given an
+      account of this negotiation, do wholly omit the circumstance I have now
+      related, and express the zeal of the British and Dutch ministers for a
+      peace, by informing us how frequently they sent after Mons. de Torcy, and
+      Mons. Rouille, for a farther conference. But in the mean time, Mr. Horatio
+      Walpole, secretary to the Queen's plenipotentiaries, was dispatched over
+      hither, to have those abortive articles signed and ratified by Her Majesty
+      at a venture, which was accordingly done. A piece of management altogether
+      absurd, and without example; contrived only to deceive our people into a
+      belief that a peace was intended, and to shew what great things the
+      ministry designed to do.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But this hope expiring, upon the news that France had refused to sign
+      those articles, all was solved by recourse to the old topic of the French
+      perfidiousness. We loaded them plentifully with ignominious appellations;
+      "they were a nation never to be trusted." The Parliament cheerfully
+      continued their supplies, and the war went on. The winter following began
+      the second and last session of the preceding Parliament, noted for the
+      trial of Dr. Sacheverell, and the occasions thereby given to the people to
+      discover and exert their dispositions, very opposite to the designs of
+      those who were then in power. In the summer of one thousand seven hundred
+      and ten, ensued a gradual change of the ministry; and in the beginning of
+      that winter the present Parliament was called.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The King of France, whose real interests made him sincerely desirous of
+      any tolerable peace, found it impossible to treat upon equal conditions
+      with either of the two maritime powers engaged against him, because of the
+      prevalency of factions in both, who acted in concert to their mutual
+      private advantage, although directly against the general dispositions of
+      the people in either, as well as against their several maxims of
+      government. But upon the great turn of affairs and councils here in
+      England, the new Parliament and ministers acting from other motives, and
+      upon other principles, that Prince hoped an opportunity might arise of
+      resuming his endeavours towards a peace.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      There was at this time in England a French ecclesiastic, called the Abbé
+      Gaultier,[3] who had resided several years in London, under the protection
+      of some foreign ministers, in whose families he used, upon occasion, to
+      exercise his function of a priest. After the battle of Blenheim, this
+      gentleman went down to Nottingham, where several French prisoners of
+      quality were kept, to whom he rendered those offices of civility suitable
+      to persons in their condition, which, upon their return to France, they
+      reported to his advantage. Among the rest, the Chevalier de Croissy told
+      his brother, the Marquis de Torcy, that whenever the French court would
+      have a mind to make overtures of peace with England, Mons. Gaultier might
+      be very usefully employed in handing them to the ministers here. This was
+      no farther thought on at present. In the mean time the war went on, and
+      the conferences at The Hague and Gertruydenberg miscarried, by the allies
+      insisting upon such demands as they neither expected, nor perhaps desired,
+      should be granted.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: See note prefixed to "A New Journey to Paris" in vol. v. of
+      present edition. Gaultier, although a priest, was nothing more than a
+      superior spy in the pay of the French Court. He had been chaplain to
+      Tallard and the disgraced Count Gallas, and was a sort of <i>protégé</i>
+      of the Earl of Jersey; but his character does not bear very close
+      scrutiny. The Duke of Berwick could not have had any high opinion either
+      of the man or his abilities, since in the "Mémoires de Berwick" (vol. ii.,
+      p. 122, edit. 1780) he is thus referred to: "Sa naissance étoit toute des
+      plus ordinaires, et ses facultés à l'avenant, c'est à dire, très pauvre."
+      St. John called Gaultier his "Mercury," and De Torcy styled him "the Angel
+      of Peace" (Torcy's "Memoires," vol. ii., p. 148, edition of 1828). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Some time in July, one thousand seven hundred and ten, Mons. Gaultier
+      received a letter from the Marquis de Torcy, signifying, that a report
+      being spread of Her Majesty's intentions to change her ministry, to take
+      Mr. Harley into her councils, and to dissolve her Parliament, the Most
+      Christian King thought it might be now a favourable conjuncture to offer
+      new proposals of a treaty: Mons. Gaultier was therefore directed to apply
+      himself, in the Marquis's name, either to the Duke of Shrewsbury, the Earl
+      of Jersey, or Mr. Harley, and inform the French court how such a
+      proposition would be relished. Gaultier chose to deliver his message to
+      the second of those, who had been ambassador from the late king to France;
+      but the Earl excused himself from entering into particulars with a
+      stranger, and a private person, who had no authority for what he said,
+      more than a letter from Mons. de Torcy. Gaultier offered to procure
+      another from that minister to the Earl himself; and did so, in a month
+      after: but obtained no answer till December following, when the Queen had
+      made all necessary changes, and summoned a free Parliament to her wishes.
+      About the beginning of January, the abbé (after having procured his
+      dismission from Count Gallas, the emperor's envoy, at that time his
+      protector) was sent to Paris, to inform Mons. Torcy, that Her Majesty
+      would be willing his master should resume the treaty with Holland,
+      provided the demands of England might be previously granted. Gaultier came
+      back, after a short stay, with a return to his message, that the Dutch had
+      used the Most Christian King and his ministers in such a manner, both at
+      The Hague and Gertruydenberg, as made that Prince resolve not to expose
+      himself any more to the like treatment; that he therefore chose to address
+      himself to England, and was ready to make whatever offers Her Majesty
+      could reasonably expect, for the advantage of her own kingdoms, and the
+      satisfaction of her allies.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this message had been duly considered by the Queen and her
+      ministers, Mons. Gaultier was dispatched a second time to France, about
+      the beginning of March, one thousand seven hundred and ten-eleven, with an
+      answer to the following purpose: "That since France had their particular
+      reasons for not beginning again to treat with Holland, England was willing
+      to remove that difficulty, and proposed it should be done in this manner:
+      That France should send over hither the propositions for a treaty, which
+      should be transmitted by England to Holland, to be jointly treated on that
+      side of the water; but it was to be understood, that the same proposition
+      formerly offered to Holland, was to be made to England, or one not less
+      advantageous to the allies; for although England would enter most
+      sincerely into such a treaty, and shew, in the course of it, the clearness
+      of their intentions; yet they could not, with honour, entertain a less
+      beneficial proposal than what was offered to the States."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That Prince, as well as his minister, Mons. de Torcy, either felt, or
+      affected, so much resentment of the usage the latter had met at The Hague
+      and Gertruydenberg, that they appeared fully determined against making any
+      application to the States, where the same persons continued still in
+      power, of whose treatment they so heavily complained.[4]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: There can be little doubt that De Torcy's resentment against
+      the Dutch, as expressed in the first of the propositions above cited, was
+      an affected one, since it is well known that the Dutch were, at the very
+      time these propositions were sent to England, and even for some time
+      previously, engaged in separate overtures with the French Court. Indeed,
+      according to Prior ("History of his Own Time"), they had been so engaged
+      ever since the breaking up of the Gertruydenberg Conference; and when
+      Prior arrived in France in August, 1711, he was shown three letters
+      written as from the Pensionary, but probably by Petecum, promising Louis
+      every advantage if the Conference so unhappily broken off at
+      Gertruydenberg were renewed. "The negotiations must be secret and
+      separate," reported Prior, "His Most Christian Majesty need only name his
+      own terms." Swift knew of the existence of at least one of these letters,
+      because he was very anxious to obtain it "to get some particulars for my
+      History," as he notes in his "Journal," "one letter of Petecum's showing
+      the roguery of the Dutch." See also "Portland Manuscripts," vol. v., p. 34
+      <i>et seq</i>. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      They seemed altogether to distrust the inclination of that republic
+      towards a peace; but at the same time shewed a mighty complaisance to the
+      English nation, and a desire to have Her Majesty at the head of a treaty.
+      This appears by the first overture in form sent from that kingdom, and
+      signed by Mons. de Torcy, on the twenty-second of April, N.S. one thousand
+      seven hundred and eleven, to the following effect:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That as it could not be doubted but the King was in a condition of
+      continuing the war with honour, so it could not be looked on as a mark of
+      weakness in His Majesty to break the silence he had kept since the
+      conferences at Gertruydenberg; and that, before the opening of the
+      campaign, he now gives farther proof of the desire he always had to
+      procure the repose of Europe. But after what he hath found, by experience,
+      of the sentiments of those persons who now govern the republic of Holland,
+      and of their industry in rendering all negotiations without effect, His
+      Majesty will, for the public good, offer to the English nation those
+      propositions, which he thinks fit to make for terminating the war, and for
+      settling the tranquillity of Europe upon a solid foundation. It is with
+      this view that he offers to enter into a treaty of peace, founded on the
+      following conditions.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "First, The English nation shall have real securities for carrying on
+      their trade in Spain, the Indies, and ports of the Mediterranean.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Secondly, The King will consent to form a sufficient barrier in the Low
+      Countries, for the security of the republic of Holland; and this barrier
+      shall be such as England shall agree upon and approve; His Majesty
+      promising, at the same time, an entire liberty and security to the trade
+      of the Dutch.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Thirdly, All reasonable methods shall be thought on, with sincerity and
+      truth, for giving satisfaction to the allies of England and Holland.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Fourthly, Whereas the affairs of the King of Spain are in so good a
+      condition as to furnish new expedients for putting an end to the disputes
+      about that monarchy, and for settling it to the satisfaction of the
+      several parties concerned, all sincere endeavours shall be used for
+      surmounting the difficulties arisen upon this occasion; and the trade and
+      interest of all parties engaged in the present war shall be secured.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Fifthly, The conferences, in order to treat of a peace upon these
+      conditions, shall be immediately opened; and the plenipotentiaries, whom
+      the King shall name to assist thereat, shall treat with those of England
+      and Holland, either alone, or in conjunction with those of their allies,
+      as England shall choose.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Sixthly, His Majesty proposes the towns of Aix la Chapelle or Liège, for
+      the place where the plenipotentiaries shall assemble, leaving the choice
+      likewise to England of either of the said towns, wherein to treat a
+      general peace."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      These overtures, although expressing much confidence in the ministry here,
+      great deference to the Queen, and displeasure against the Dutch, were
+      immediately transmitted by Her Majesty's command to her ambassador in
+      Holland, with orders, that they should be communicated to the pensionary.
+      The Abbé Gaultier was desired to signify this proceeding to the Marquis de
+      Torcy; at the same time to let that minister understand, that some of the
+      above articles ought to be explained. The Lord Raby, now Earl of Stafford,
+      was directed to tell the Pensionary, that Her Majesty being resolved, in
+      making peace as in making war, to act in perfect concert with the States,
+      would not lose a moment in transmitting to him a paper of this importance:
+      that the Queen earnestly desired, that the secret might be kept among as
+      few as possible; and that she hoped the Pensionary would advise upon this
+      occasion with no person whatsoever, except such, as by the constitution of
+      that government, are unavoidably necessary: that the terms of the several
+      propositions were indeed too general; but, however, they contained an
+      offer to treat: and that, although there appeared an air of complaisance
+      to England through the whole paper, and the contrary to Holland, yet this
+      could have no ill consequences, as long as the Queen and the States took
+      care to understand each other, and to act with as little reserve as became
+      two powers, so nearly allied in interest; which rule, on the part of
+      Britain, should be inviolably observed. It was signified likewise to the
+      Pensionary, that the Duke of Marlborough had no communication of this
+      affair from England, and that it was supposed he would have none from The
+      Hague.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After these proposals had been considered in Holland, the ambassador was
+      directed to send back the opinion of the Dutch ministers upon them. The
+      court here was, indeed, apprehensive, that the Pensionary would be alarmed
+      at the whole frame of Monsieur de Torcy's paper, and particularly at these
+      expressions, "That the English shall have real securities for their trade,
+      &amp;c." and "that the barrier for the States-General shall be such as
+      England shall agree upon and approve." It was natural to think, that the
+      fear which the Dutch would conceive of our obtaining advantageous terms
+      for Britain, might put them upon trying underhand for themselves, and
+      endeavouring to overreach us in the management of the peace, as they had
+      hitherto done in that of the war: the ambassador was therefore cautioned
+      to be very watchful in discovering any workings, which might tend that
+      way.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When the Lord Raby was first sent to The Hague, the Duke of Marlborough,
+      and Lord Townshend, had, for very obvious reasons, used their utmost
+      endeavours to involve him in as many difficulties as they could; upon
+      which, and other accounts, needless to mention, it was thought proper,
+      that his Grace, then in Flanders, should not be let into the secret of
+      this affair.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The proposal of Aix or Liège for a place of treaty, was only a farther
+      mark of their old discontent against Holland, to shew they would not name
+      any town which belonged to the States.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Pensionary having consulted those who had been formerly employed in
+      the negotiations of peace, and enjoined them the utmost secrecy, to avoid
+      the jealousy of the foreign ministers there, desired the ambassador to
+      return Her Majesty thanks, for the obliging manner of communicating the
+      French overtures, for the confidence she placed in the States, and for her
+      promise of making no step towards a peace, but in concert with them,
+      assuring her of the like on their part: that although the States
+      endeavoured to hide it from the enemy, they were as weary of the war as
+      we, and very heartily desirous of a good and lasting peace, as well as
+      ready to join in any method, by which Her Majesty should think proper to
+      obtain it: that the States looked upon these propositions as very dark and
+      general; and they observed how the enemy would create jealousies between
+      the Queen, their republic, and the other allies; but they were satisfied
+      it would have no effect, and relied entirely on the justness and prudence
+      of Her Majesty, who they doubted not, would make the French explain
+      themselves more particularly in the several points of their proposals, and
+      send a plan of the particular conditions whereupon they would make a
+      peace: after which, the States would be ready, either to join with Her
+      Majesty, or to make their objections, and were prepared to bring with them
+      all the facility imaginable, towards promoting so good a work.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This is the sum of the verbal answer made by the Pensionary, upon
+      communicating to him the French proposals; and I have chosen to set it
+      down, rather than transcribe the other given to the ambassador some days
+      after, which was more in form, and to the same purpose, but shorter, and
+      in my opinion not so well discovering the true disposition of the Dutch
+      ministers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For after the Queen had transmitted the French overtures to Holland, and
+      the States found Her Majesty was bent in earnest upon the thoughts of a
+      peace, they began to cast about how to get the negotiation into their own
+      hands. They knew that whatever power received the first proposals, would
+      be wise enough to stipulate something for themselves, as they had done in
+      their own case, both at The Hague and Gertruydenberg, where they carved as
+      they pleased, without any regard to the interests of their nearest allies.
+      For this reason, while they endeavoured to amuse the British court with
+      expostulations upon the several preliminaries sent from France, Monsieur
+      Petecum, a forward meddling agent of Holstein, who had resided some years
+      in Holland, negotiated with Heinsius, the Grand Pensionary, as well as
+      with Vanderdussen and Buys, about restoring the conferences between France
+      and that republic, broke off in Gertruydenberg. Pursuant to which, about
+      the end of May, N.S. one thousand seven hundred and eleven, Petecum wrote
+      to the Marquis de Torcy, with the privity of the Pensionary, and probably
+      of the other two. The substance of his letter was to inform the Marquis,
+      that things might easily be disposed, so as to settle a correspondence
+      between that crown and the republic, in order to renew the treaty of
+      peace. That this could be done with the greater secrecy, because Monsieur
+      Heinsius, by virtue of his oath as Pensionary, might keep any affair
+      private as long as he thought necessary, and was not obliged to
+      communicate it, until he believed things were ripe; and as long as he
+      concealed it from his masters, he was not bound to discover it, either to
+      the ministers of the Emperor, or those of her British Majesty. That since
+      England thought it proper for King Charles to continue the whole campaign
+      in Catalonia, (though he should be chosen emperor) in order to support the
+      war in Spain, it was necessary for France to treat in the most secret
+      manner with the States, who were not now so violently, as formerly,
+      against having Philip on the Spanish throne, upon certain conditions for
+      securing their trade, but were jealous of England's design to fortify some
+      trading towns in Spain for themselves. That Heinsius, extremely desired to
+      get out of the war for some reasons, which he (Petecum) was not permitted
+      to tell; and that Vanderdussen and Buys were impatient to have the
+      negotiations with France once more set on foot, which, if Monsieur Torcy
+      thought fit to consent to, Petecum engaged that the States would determine
+      to settle the preliminaries, in the midway between Paris and The Hague,
+      with whatever ministers the Most Christian King should please to employ.
+      But Monsieur Torcy refused this overture, and in his answer to Monsieur
+      Petecum, assigned for the reason the treatment his master's former
+      proposals had met with at The Hague and Gertruydenberg, from the ministers
+      of Holland. Britain and Holland seemed pretty well agreed, that those
+      proposals were too loose and imperfect to be a foundation for entering
+      upon a general treaty; and Monsieur Gaultier was desired to signify to the
+      French court, that it was expected they should explain themselves more
+      particularly on the several articles.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But in the mean time the Queen was firmly resolved, that the interests of
+      her own kingdoms should not be neglected at this juncture, as they had
+      formerly twice been, while the Dutch were principal managers of a
+      negotiation with France. Her Majesty had given frequent and early notice
+      to the States, of the general disposition of her people towards a peace,
+      of her own inability to continue the war upon the old foot, under the
+      disadvantage of unequal quotas, and the universal backwardness of her
+      allies. She had likewise informed them of several advances made to her on
+      the side of France, which she had refused to hearken to, till she had
+      consulted with those, her good friends and confederates, and heard their
+      opinion on that subject: but the Dutch, who apprehended nothing more than
+      to see Britain at the head of a treaty, were backward and sullen, disliked
+      all proposals by the Queen's intervention, and said it was a piece of
+      artifice of France to divide the allies; besides, they knew the ministry
+      was young, and the opposite faction had given them assurances, that the
+      people of England would never endure a peace without Spain, nor the men in
+      power dare to attempt it, after the resolutions of one House of Parliament
+      to the contrary. But, in the midst of this unwillingness to receive any
+      overtures from France by the Queen's hands, the Dutch ministers were
+      actually engaged in a correspondence with that court, where they urged our
+      inability to begin a treaty, by reason of those factions which themselves
+      had inflamed, and were ready to commence a negotiation upon much easier
+      terms than what they supposed we demanded. For not to mention the Duke of
+      Lorraine's interposition in behalf of Holland, which France absolutely
+      refused to accept; the letters sent from the Dutch to that court, were
+      shewn some months after to a British minister there,[5] which gave much
+      weight to Monsieur de Torcy's insinuations; that he knew where to meet
+      with more compliance, if the necessity of affairs should force him to it,
+      by our refusal. And the violence of the States against our entertaining of
+      that correspondence, was only because they knew theirs would never be
+      accepted, at least till ours were thrown off.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: Matthew Prior. See note, <i>ante</i>, p. 55. [T.S.]] The
+      Queen, sensible of all this, resolved to provide for her own kingdoms; and
+      having therefore prepared such demands for her principal allies, as might
+      be a ground for proceeding to a general treaty, without pretending to
+      adjust their several interests, she resolved to stipulate in a particular
+      manner the advantage of Britain: the following preliminary demands were
+      accordingly drawn up, in order to be transmitted to France.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Great Britain will not enter into any negotiation of peace, otherwise
+      than upon these conditions, obtained beforehand.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That the union of the two crowns of France and Spain shall be prevented:
+      that satisfaction shall be given to all the allies, and trade settled and
+      maintained.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "If France be disposed to treat upon this view, it is not to be doubted
+      that the following propositions will be found reasonable.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "A barrier shall be formed in the Low Countries for the States-General;
+      and their trade shall be secured.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "A barrier likewise shall be formed for the Empire.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The pretensions of all the allies, founded upon former treaties, shall be
+      regulated and determined to their general satisfaction.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "In order to make a more equal balance of power in Italy, the dominions
+      and territories, which in the beginning of the present war belonged to the
+      Duke of Savoy, and are now in the possession of France, shall be restored
+      to his Royal Highness; and such other places in Italy shall be yielded to
+      him, as will be found necessary and agreeable to the sense of former
+      treaties made with this prince.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "As to Great Britain in particular, the succession to the crown of the
+      kingdoms, according to the present establishment, shall be acknowledged.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "A new treaty of commerce between Great Britain and France shall be made,
+      after the most just and reasonable manner.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Dunkirk shall be demolished.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Gibraltar and Port-Mahon shall remain in the hands of the present
+      possessors.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The English shall have the Assiento in the same manner the French now
+      enjoy it; and such places in the Spanish West Indies shall be assigned to
+      those concerned in this traffic, for the refreshment and sale of their
+      negroes, as shall be found necessary and convenient.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "All advantages, rights, and privileges already granted, and which may
+      hereafter be granted by Spain to the subjects of France, or to any other
+      nation whatsoever, shall be equally granted to the subjects of Great
+      Britain.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "And for better securing the British trade in the Spanish West Indies,
+      certain places to be named in the treaty of peace, shall be put into
+      possession of the English.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Newfoundland, with the Bay and Straits of Hudson, shall be entirely
+      restored to the English; and Great Britain and France shall severally keep
+      and possess all those countries and territories in North America, which
+      each of the said nations shall be in possession of at the time when the
+      ratification of this treaty shall be published in those parts of the
+      world.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "These demands, and all other proceedings between Great Britain and
+      France, shall be kept inviolably secret, until they are published by the
+      mutual consent of both parties."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The last article was not only intended for avoiding, if possible, the
+      jealousy of the Dutch, but to prevent the clamours of the abettors here at
+      home, who, under the pretended fears of our doing injustice to the Dutch,
+      by acting without the privity of that republic, in order to make a
+      separate peace, would be ready to drive on the worst designs against the
+      Queen and ministry, in order to recover the power they had lost.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In June, one thousand seven hundred and eleven, Mr. Prior, a person of
+      great distinction, not only on account of his wit, but for his abilities
+      in the management of affairs, and who had been formerly employed at the
+      French court, was dispatched thither by Her Majesty with the foregoing
+      demands. This gentleman was received at Versailles with great civility.
+      The King declared, that no proceeding, in order to a general treaty, would
+      be so agreeable to him as by the intervention of England; and that His
+      Majesty, being desirous to contribute with all his power towards the
+      repose of Europe, did answer to the demands which had been made,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That he would consent freely and sincerely to all just and reasonable
+      methods, for hindering the crowns of France and Spain from being ever
+      united under the same prince; His Majesty being persuaded, that such an
+      excess of power would be as contrary to the general good and repose of
+      Europe, as it was opposite to the will of the late Catholic King Charles
+      the Second. He said his intention was, that all parties in the present war
+      should find their reasonable satisfaction in the intended treaty of peace;
+      and that trade should be settled and maintained for the future, to the
+      advantage of those nations which formerly possessed it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That as the King will exactly observe the conditions of peace, whenever
+      it shall be concluded, and as the object he proposeth to himself, is to
+      secure the frontiers of his own kingdom, without giving any sort of
+      disturbance to his neighbours, he promiseth to agree, that by the future
+      treaty of peace, the Dutch shall be put into possession of all such
+      fortified places as shall be specified in the said treaty to serve for a
+      barrier to that republic, against all attempts on the side of France. He
+      engages likewise to give all necessary securities, for removing the
+      jealousies raised among the German princes of His Majesty's designs.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That when the conferences, in order to a general treaty, shall be formed,
+      all the pretensions of the several princes and states engaged in the
+      present war, shall be fairly and amicably discussed; nor shall any thing
+      be omitted, which may regulate and determine them to the satisfaction of
+      all parties.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That, pursuant to the demands made by England, His Majesty promiseth to
+      restore to the Duke of Savoy these demesnes and territories, which
+      belonged to that prince at the beginning of this war, and which His
+      Majesty is now in possession of; and the King consents further, that such
+      other places in Italy shall be yielded to the Duke of Savoy, as shall be
+      found necessary, according to the sense of those treaties made between the
+      said Duke and his allies.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That the King's sentiments of the present government of Great Britain,
+      the open declaration he had made in Holland of his resolution to treat of
+      peace, by applications to the English; the assurances he had given of
+      engaging the King of Spain to leave Gibraltar in their hands (all which
+      are convincing proofs of his perfect esteem for a nation still in war with
+      him); leave no room to doubt of His Majesty's inclination to give England
+      all securities and advantages for their trade, which they can reasonably
+      demand. But as His Majesty cannot persuade himself, that a government, so
+      clear-sighted as ours, will insist upon conditions which must absolutely
+      destroy the trade of France and Spain, as well as that of all other
+      nations of Europe, he thinks the demands made by Great Britain may require
+      a more particular discussion.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That, upon this foundation, the King thought the best way of advancing
+      and perfecting a negotiation, the beginning of which he had seen with so
+      much satisfaction, would be to send into England a person instructed in
+      his intention, and authorized by him to agree upon securities for settling
+      the trade of the subjects of England; and those particular advantages to
+      be stipulated in their favour, without destroying the trade of the French
+      and Spaniards, or of other nations in Christendom.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That therefore His Majesty had charged the person chosen for this
+      commission, to answer the other articles of the memorial given him by Mr.
+      Prior, the secret of which should be exactly observed."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mons. de Torcy had, for some years past, used all his endeavours to
+      incline his master towards a peace, pursuant to the maxim of his uncle
+      Colbert, "That a long war was not for the interest of France." It was for
+      this reason the King made choice of him in the conferences at The Hague;
+      the bad success whereof, although it filled him with resentments against
+      the Dutch, did not alter his opinion: but he was violently opposed by a
+      party both in the court and kingdom, who pretended to fear he would
+      sacrifice the glory of the prince and country by too large concessions; or
+      perhaps would rather wish that the first offers should have been still
+      made to the Dutch, as a people more likely to be less solicitous about the
+      interest of Britain, than Her Majesty would certainly be for theirs: and
+      the particular design of Mr. Prior was to find out, whether that minister
+      had credit enough with his prince, and a support from others in power,
+      sufficient to overrule the faction against peace.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Prior's journey[6] could not be kept a secret, as the court here at
+      first seemed to intend it. He was discovered at his return by an officer
+      of the port at Dover, where he landed, after six weeks absence; upon which
+      the Dutch Gazettes and English newspapers were full of speculations.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: See Swift's "A New Journey to Paris" (vol. v. of this
+      edition, pp. 187-205). [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At the same time with Mr. Prior there arrived from France Mons. Mesnager,
+      knight of the order of St. Michael, and one of the council of trade to the
+      Most Christian King. His commission was, in general, empowering him to
+      treat with the minister of any prince engaged in the war against his
+      master. In his first conferences with the Queen's ministers, he pretended
+      orders to insist, that Her Majesty should enter upon particular
+      engagements in several articles, which did not depend upon her, but
+      concerned only the interest of the allies reciprocally with those of the
+      Most Christian King; whereas the negotiation had begun upon this
+      principle, that France should consent to adjust the interests of Great
+      Britain in the first place, whereby Her Majesty would be afterwards
+      enabled, by her good offices on all sides, to facilitate the general
+      peace. The Queen resolved never to depart from this principle; but was
+      absolutely determined to remit the particular interests of the allies to
+      general conferences, where she would do the utmost in her power to procure
+      the repose of Europe, and the satisfaction of all parties. It was plain,
+      France could run no hazard by this proceeding, because the preliminary
+      articles would have no force before a general peace was signed: therefore
+      it was not doubted but Mons. Mesnager would have orders to waive this new
+      pretension, and go on in treating upon that foot which was at first
+      proposed. In short, the ministers required a positive and speedy answer to
+      the articles in question, since they contained only such advantages and
+      securities as Her Majesty thought she had a right to require from any
+      prince whatsoever, to whom the dominions of Spain should happen to fall.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The particular demands of Britain were formed into eight articles; to
+      which Mons. Mesnager, having transmitted them to his court and received
+      new powers from thence, had orders to give his master's consent, by way of
+      answers to the several points, to be obligatory only after a general
+      peace. These demands, together with the answers of the French King, were
+      drawn up and signed by Mons. Mesnager, and Her Majesty's two principal
+      secretaries of state; whereof I shall here present an extract to the
+      reader.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the preamble the Most Christian King sets forth, "That being
+      particularly informed by the last memorial which the British ministers
+      delivered to Mons. Mesnager, of the dispositions of this crown to
+      facilitate a general peace, to the satisfaction of the several parties
+      concerned; and His Majesty finding, in effect, as the said memorial
+      declares, that he runs no hazard by engaging himself in the manner there
+      expressed, since the preliminary articles will be of no force, until the
+      signing of the general peace; and being sincerely desirous to advance, to
+      the utmost of his power, the repose of Europe, especially by a way so
+      agreeable as the interposition of a Princess, whom so many ties of blood
+      ought to unite to him, and whose sentiments for the public tranquillity
+      cannot be doubted; His Majesty, moved by these considerations, hath
+      ordered Mons. Mesnager, knight, &amp;c. to give the following answers, in
+      writing, to the articles contained in the memorial transmitted to him,
+      intituled, 'Preliminary Demands for Great Britain in particular.'"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The articles were these that follow.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "First, The succession to the crown to be acknowledged, according to the
+      present establishment.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Secondly, A new treaty of commerce between Great Britain and France to be
+      made, after the most just and reasonable manner.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Thirdly, Dunkirk to be demolished.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Fourthly, Gibraltar and Port-Mahon to continue in the hands of those who
+      now possess them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Fifthly, The Assiento (or liberty of selling negroes to the Spanish West
+      Indies) to be granted to the English, in as full a manner as the French
+      possess it at present; and such places in the said West Indies to be
+      assigned to the persons concerned in this trade, for the refreshment and
+      sale of their negroes, as shall be found necessary and convenient.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Sixthly, Whatever advantages, privileges, and rights are already, or may
+      hereafter be, granted by Spain to the subjects of France, or any other
+      nation, shall be equally granted to the subjects of Great Britain.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Seventhly, For better protecting their trade in the Spanish West Indies,
+      the English shall be put into possession of such places as shall be named
+      in the treaty of peace.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Or, as an equivalent for this article, that the Assiento be granted to
+      Britain for the term of thirty years.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That the isle of St. Christopher's be likewise secured to the English.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That the advantages and exemption from duties, promised by Monsieur
+      Mesnager, which he affirms will amount to fifteen <i>per cent</i>. upon
+      all goods of the growth and manufacture of Great Britain, be effectually
+      allowed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That whereas, on the side of the river of Plate, the English are not in
+      possession of any colony, a certain extent of territory be allowed them on
+      the said river, for refreshing and keeping their negroes, till they are
+      sold to the Spaniards; subject, nevertheless, to the inspection of an
+      officer appointed by Spain.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Eighthly, Newfoundland and the Bay and Straits of Hudson, shall be
+      entirely restored to the English; and Great Britain and France shall
+      respectively keep whatever dominions in North America each of them shall
+      be in possession of, when the ratification of this treaty shall be
+      published in those parts of the world."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The six first articles were allowed without any difficulty, except that
+      about Dunkirk, where France was to have an equivalent, to be settled in a
+      general treaty.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Difficulty arising upon the seventh article, the proposed equivalent was
+      allowed instead thereof.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The last article was referred to the general treaty of peace, only the
+      French insisted to have the power of fishing for cod, and drying them on
+      the island of Newfoundland.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      These articles were to be looked upon as conditions, which the Most
+      Christian King consented to allow; and whenever a general peace should be
+      signed, they were to be digested into the usual form of a treaty, to the
+      satisfaction of both crowns.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Queen having thus provided for the security and advantage of her
+      kingdoms, whenever a peace should be made, and upon terms no way
+      interfering with the interest of her allies; the next thing in order, was
+      to procure from France such preliminary articles, as might be a ground
+      upon which to commence a general treaty. These were adjusted, and signed
+      the same day with the former; and having been delivered to the several
+      ministers residing here from the powers in alliance with England, were
+      quickly made public. But the various constructions and censures which
+      passed upon them, have made it necessary to give the reader the following
+      transcript:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The King being willing to contribute all that is in his power, to the
+      re-establishing of the general peace. His Majesty declares,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I. That he will acknowledge the Queen of Great Britain in that quality,
+      as also the succession of that crown, according to the settlement,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "II. That he will freely, and <i>bonâ fide</i>, consent to the taking all
+      just and reasonable measures, for hindering that the crowns of France and
+      Spain may ever be united on the head of the same prince; His Majesty being
+      persuaded, that this excess of power would be contrary to the good and
+      quiet of Europe.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "III. The King's intention is, that all the parties engaged in the present
+      war, without excepting any of them, may find their reasonable satisfaction
+      in the treaty of peace, which shall be made: That commerce may be
+      re-established and maintained for the future, to the advantage of Great
+      Britain, of Holland, and of the other nations, who have been accustomed to
+      exercise commerce.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "IV. As the King will likewise maintain exactly the observance of the
+      peace, when it shall be concluded, and the object, the King proposes to
+      himself, being to secure the frontiers of his kingdom, without disturbing
+      in any manner whatever the neighbouring states, he promises to agree, by
+      the treaty which shall be made, that the Dutch shall be put in possession
+      of the fortified places, which shall be mentioned, in the Netherlands, to
+      serve hereafter for a barrier; which may secure the quiet of the republic
+      of Holland against any enterprise from the part of France.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "V. The King consents likewise, that a secure and convenient barrier
+      should be formed for the empire, and for the house of Austria.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "VI. Notwithstanding Dunkirk cost the King very great sums, as well to
+      purchase it, as to fortify it; and that it is further necessary to be at
+      very considerable expense for razing the works. His Majesty is willing
+      however to engage to cause them to be demolished, immediately after the
+      conclusion of the peace, on condition, that, for the fortifications of
+      that place, a proper equivalent, that may content him, be given him: And,
+      as England cannot furnish that equivalent, the discussion of it shall be
+      referred to the conferences to be held for the negotiation of the peace.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "VII. When the conferences for the negotiation of the peace shall be
+      formed, all the pretensions of the princes and states, engaged in the
+      present war, shall be therein discussed <i>bonâ fide</i>, and amicably:
+      And nothing shall be omitted to regulate and terminate them, to the
+      satisfaction of all the parties.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      "MESNAGER."
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      These overtures are founded upon the eighth article of the Grand Alliance,
+      made in one thousand seven hundred and one; wherein are contained the
+      conditions, without which a peace is not to be made; and whoever compares
+      both, will find the preliminaries to reach every point proposed in that
+      article, which those who censured them at home, if they spoke their
+      thoughts, did not understand: for nothing can be plainer, than what the
+      public hath often been told, that the recovery of Spain from the house of
+      Bourbon was a thing never imagined, when the war began, but a just and
+      reasonable satisfaction to the Emperor. Much less ought such a condition
+      to be held necessary at present, not only because it is allowed on all
+      hands to be impracticable, but likewise because, by the changes in the
+      Austrian and Bourbon families, it would not be safe: neither did those,
+      who were loudest in blaming the French preliminaries, know any thing of
+      the advantages privately stipulated for Britain, whose interests, they
+      assured us, were all made a sacrifice to the corruption or folly of the
+      managers; and therefore, because the opposers of peace have been better
+      informed by what they have since heard and seen, they have changed their
+      battery, and accused the ministers for betraying the Dutch.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Lord Raby, Her Majesty's ambassador at The Hague, having made a short
+      journey to England, where he was created Earl of Strafford, went back to
+      Holland about the beginning of October, one thousand seven hundred and
+      eleven, with the above preliminaries, in order to communicate them to the
+      Pensionary, and other ministers of the States. The Earl was instructed to
+      let them know, "That the Queen had, according to their desire, returned an
+      answer to the first propositions signed by Mons. Torcy, signifying, that
+      the French offers were thought, both by Her Majesty and the States,
+      neither so particular nor so full as they ought to be; and insisting to
+      have a distinct project formed, of such a peace as the Most Christian King
+      would be willing to conclude: that this affair having been for some time
+      transacted by papers, and thereby subject to delays, Mons. Mesnager was at
+      length sent over by France, and had signed those preliminaries now
+      communicated to them: that the several articles did not, indeed, contain
+      such particular concessions as France must and will make in the course of
+      a treaty; but that, however, Her Majesty thought them a sufficient
+      foundation whereon to open the general conferences.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That Her Majesty was unwilling to be charged with determining the several
+      interests of her allies, and therefore contented herself with such general
+      offers as might include all the particular demands, proper to be made
+      during the treaty; where the confederates must resolve to adhere firmly
+      together, in order to obtain from the enemy the utmost that could be hoped
+      for, in the present circumstances of affairs; which rule, Her Majesty
+      assured the States, she would, on her part, firmly observe."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If the ministers of Holland should express any uneasiness, that Her
+      Majesty may have settled the interests of her own kingdoms, in a future
+      peace, by any private agreement, the ambassador was ordered to say, "That
+      the Queen had hitherto refused to have the treaty carried on in her own
+      kingdom, and would continue to do so, unless they (the Dutch) constrained
+      her to take another measure: That by these means the States, and the rest
+      of the allies, would have the opportunity of treating and adjusting their
+      different pretensions; which Her Majesty would promote with all the zeal
+      she had shewn for the common good, and the particular advantage of that
+      republic (as they must do her the justice to confess), in the whole course
+      of her reign: That the Queen had made no stipulation for herself, which
+      might clash with the interests of Holland; and that the articles to be
+      inserted in a future treaty, for the benefit of Britain, were, for the
+      most part, such as contained advantages, which must either be continued to
+      the enemy, or be obtained by Her Majesty; but, however, that no concession
+      should tempt her to hearken to a peace, unless her good friends and allies
+      the States General had all reasonable satisfaction, as to their trade and
+      barrier, as well as in all other respects."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After these assurances given in the Queen's name, the Earl was to
+      insinuate, "That Her Majesty should have just reason to be offended, and
+      to think the proceeding between her and the States very unequal, if they
+      should pretend to have any further uneasiness upon this head: That being
+      determined to accept no advantages to herself, repugnant to their
+      interests, nor any peace, without their reasonable satisfaction, the
+      figure she had made during the whole course of the war, and the part she
+      had acted, superior to any of the allies, who were more concerned in
+      danger and interest, might justly entitle her to settle the concerns of
+      Great Britain, before she would consent to a general negotiation."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If the States should object the engagements the Queen was under, by
+      treaties, of making no peace but in concert with them, or the particular
+      obligations of the Barrier Treaty, the ambassador was to answer, "That, as
+      to the former, Her Majesty had not in any sort acted contrary thereto;
+      That she was so far from making a peace without their consent, as to
+      declare her firm resolution not to make it without their satisfaction; and
+      that what had passed between France and her, amounted to no more than an
+      introduction to a general treaty." As to the latter, the Earl had orders
+      to represent very earnestly, "How much it was even for the interest of
+      Holland itself, rather to compound the advantage of the Barrier Treaty,
+      than to insist upon the whole, which the house of Austria, and several
+      other allies, would never consent to: That nothing could be more odious to
+      the people of England than many parts of this treaty; which would have
+      raised universal indignation, if the utmost care had not been taken to
+      quiet the minds of those who were acquainted with the terms of that
+      guaranty, and to conceal them from those who were not: That it was
+      absolutely necessary to maintain a good harmony between both nations,
+      without which it would be impossible at any time to form a strength for
+      reducing an exorbitant power, or preserving the balance of Europe: from
+      whence it followed, that it could not be the true interest of either
+      country to insist upon any conditions, which might give just apprehension
+      to the other.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That France had proposed Utrecht, Nimeguen, Aix, or Liège, wherein to
+      hold the general treaty; and Her Majesty was ready to send her
+      plenipotentiaries, to whichever of those towns the States should approve."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If the imperial ministers, or those of the other allies, should object
+      against the preliminaries as no sufficient ground for opening the
+      conferences, and insist that France should consent to such articles as
+      were signed on the part of the allies in the year one thousand seven
+      hundred and nine, the Earl of Strafford was in answer directed to
+      insinuate, "That the French might have probably been brought to explain
+      themselves more particularly, had they not perceived the uneasiness,
+      impatience, and jealousy among the allies, during our transactions with
+      that court." However, he should declare to them, in the Queen's name,
+      "That if they were determined to accept of peace upon no terms inferior to
+      what was formerly demanded, Her Majesty was ready to concur with them; but
+      would no longer bear those disproportions of expense, yearly increased
+      upon her, nor the deficiency of the confederates in every part of the war:
+      That it was therefore incumbent upon them to furnish, for the future, such
+      quotas of ships and forces as they were now wanting in, and to increase
+      their expense, while Her Majesty reduced hers to a reasonable and just
+      proportion."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      That if the ministers of Vienna and Holland should urge their inability
+      upon this head, the Queen insisted, "They ought to comply with her in war
+      or in peace; Her Majesty desiring nothing, as to the first, but what they
+      ought to perform, and what is absolutely necessary: and as to the latter,
+      that she had done, and would continue to do, the utmost in her power
+      towards obtaining such a peace as might be to the satisfaction of all her
+      allies."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Some days after the Earl of Stafford's departure to Holland, Mons. Buys,
+      pensionary of Amsterdam, arrived here from thence with instructions from
+      his masters, to treat upon the subject of the French preliminaries, and
+      the methods for carrying on the war. In his first conference with a
+      committee of council, he objected against all the articles, as too general
+      and uncertain; and against some of them, as prejudicial. He said, "The
+      French promising that trade should be re-established and maintained for
+      the future, was meant in order to deprive the Dutch of their tariff of one
+      thousand six hundred and sixty-four; for the plenipotentiaries of that
+      crown would certainly expound the word <i>rétablir</i>, to signify no more
+      than restoring the trade of the States to the condition it was in
+      immediately before the commencement of the present war." He said, "That in
+      the article of Dunkirk, the destruction of the harbour was not mentioned;
+      and that the fortifications were only to be razed upon condition of an
+      equivalent, which might occasion a difference between Her Majesty and the
+      States, since Holland would think it hard to have a town less in their
+      barrier for the demolition of Dunkirk; and England would complain to have
+      this thorn continue in their side, for the sake of giving one town more to
+      the Dutch."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Lastly, he objected, "That where the French promised effectual methods
+      should be taken to prevent the union of France and Spain under the same
+      king, they offered nothing at all for the cession of Spain, which was the
+      most important point of the war.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "For these reasons, Mons. Buys hoped Her Majesty would alter her measures,
+      and demand specific articles, upon which the allies might debate whether
+      they would consent to a negotiation or no."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Queen, who looked upon all these difficulties, raised about the method
+      of treating, as endeavours to wrest the negotiation out of her hands,
+      commanded the lords of the committee to let Mons. Buys know, "That the
+      experience she formerly had of proceeding by particular preliminaries
+      towards a general treaty, gave her no encouragement to repeat the same
+      method any more: That such a preliminary treaty must be negotiated either
+      by some particular allies, or by all. The first, Her Majesty could never
+      suffer, since she would neither take upon her to settle the interests of
+      others, nor submit that others should settle those of her own kingdoms. As
+      to the second, it was liable to Mons. Buys's objection, because the
+      ministers of France would have as fair an opportunity of sowing division
+      among the allies, when they were all assembled upon a preliminary treaty,
+      as when the conferences were open for a negotiation of peace: That this
+      method could therefore have no other effect than to delay the treaty,
+      without any advantage: That Her Majesty was heartily disposed, both then
+      and during the negotiation, to insist on every thing necessary for
+      securing the barrier and commerce of the States; and therefore hoped the
+      conferences might be opened, without farther difficulties.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That Her Majesty did not only consent, but desire to have a plan settled
+      for carrying on the war, as soon as the negotiation of peace should begin;
+      but expected to have the burthen more equally laid, and more agreeable to
+      treaties; and would join with the States in pressing the allies to perform
+      their parts, as she had endeavoured to animate them by her example."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mons. Buys seemed to know little of his masters' mind, and pretended he
+      had no power to conclude upon any thing.[1] Her Majesty's minister
+      proposed to him an alliance between the two nations, to subsist after a
+      peace. To this he hearkened very readily, and offered to take the matter
+      <i>ad referendum</i>, having authority to do no more. His intention was,
+      that he might appear to negotiate, in order to gain time to pick out, if
+      possible, the whole secret of the transactions between Britain and France;
+      to disclose nothing himself, nor bind his masters to any conditions; to
+      seek delays till the Parliament met, and then observe what turn it took,
+      and what would be the issue of those frequent cabals between himself and
+      some other foreign ministers, in conjunction with the chief leaders of the
+      discontented faction.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: Buys's mission seemed to have been to act on behalf of the
+      States General for the purpose of preventing England obtaining any
+      commercial advantage which the States did not share, and for causing
+      delays. He certainly had no powers to treat definitely, and Swift's remark
+      is emphasized by the statement in the Bolingbroke Correspondence (vol. ii.
+      p. 25) about him, he could "only speak as Monsieur Buys." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Dutch hoped, that the clamours raised against the proceedings of the
+      Queen's ministers towards a peace, would make the Parliament disapprove
+      what had been done; whereby the States would be at the head of the
+      negotiation, which the Queen did not think fit to have any more in their
+      hands, where it had miscarried twice already; although Prince Eugene
+      himself owned, "that France was then disposed to conclude a peace upon
+      such conditions, as it was not worth the life of a grenadier to refuse
+      them." As to insisting upon specific preliminaries, Her Majesty thought
+      her own method much better, for each ally, in the course of the
+      negotiation, to advance and manage his own pretensions, wherein she would
+      support and assist them, rather than for two ministers of one ally to
+      treat solely with the enemy, and report what they pleased to the rest, as
+      was practised by the Dutch at Gertruydenberg.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      One part of Mons. Buys's instructions was to desire the Queen not to be so
+      far amused by a treaty of peace, as to neglect her preparation for war
+      against the next campaign. Her Majesty, who was firmly resolved against
+      submitting any longer to that unequal burthen of expense she had hitherto
+      lain under, commanded Mr. Secretary St. John to debate the matter with
+      that minister, who said he had no power to treat; only insisted, that his
+      masters had fully done their part, and that nothing but exhortations could
+      be used to prevail on the other allies to act with greater vigour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the other side, the Queen refused to concert any plan for the
+      prosecution of the war, till the States would join with her in agreeing to
+      open the conferences of peace; which therefore, by Mons. Buys's
+      application to them, was accordingly done, by a resolution taken in
+      Holland upon the twenty first of November, one thousand seven hundred and
+      eleven, NS.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      About this time the Count de Gallas[7] was forbid the court, by order from
+      the Queen, who sent him word, that she looked upon him no longer as a
+      public minister.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: The Austrian ambassador [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This gentleman thought fit to act a very dishonourable part here in
+      England, altogether inconsistent with the character he bore of envoy from
+      the late and present emperors, two princes under the strictest ties of
+      gratitude to the Queen, especially the latter, who had then the title of
+      King of Spain. Count Gallas, about the end of August, one thousand seven
+      hundred and eleven, with the utmost privacy, dispatched an Italian, one of
+      his clerks, to Frankfort, where the Earl of Peterborough was then
+      expected. This man was instructed to pass for a Spaniard, and insinuate
+      himself into the Earl's service, which he accordingly did, and gave
+      constant information to the last emperor's secretary at Frankfort of all
+      he could gather up in his lordship's family, as well as copies of several
+      letters he had transcribed. It was likewise discovered that Gallas had, in
+      his dispatches to the present emperor, then in Spain, represented the
+      Queen and her ministers as not to be confided in, that when Her Majesty
+      had dismissed the Earl of Sunderland, she promised to proceed no farther
+      in the change of her servants, yet soon after turned them all out, and
+      thereby ruined the public credit, as well as abandoned Spain, that the
+      present ministers wanted the abilities and good dispositions of the
+      former, were persons of ill designs, and enemies to the common cause, and
+      he (Gallas) could not trust them. In his letters to Count Zinzendorf[8] he
+      said, "That Mr. Secretary St John complained of the house of Austria's
+      backwardness, only to make the King of Spain odious to England, and the
+      people here desirous of a peace, although it were ever so bad one," to
+      prevent which, Count Gallas drew up a memorial which he intended to give
+      the Queen, and transmitted a draught of it to Zinzendorf for his advice
+      and approbation. This memorial, among other great promises to encourage
+      the continuance of the war, proposed the detaching a good body of troops
+      from Hungary to serve in Italy or Spain, as the Queen should think fit.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: The Austrian envoy at The Hague, characterized by Mr Walter
+      Sichel as "a martyr to etiquette, and devoured by zeal for the Holy Roman
+      Empire" ("Bolingbroke and his Times," p 392) [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Zinzendorf thought this too bold a step, without consulting the Emperor:
+      to which Gallas replied, that his design was only to engage the Queen to
+      go on with the war; that Zinzendorf knew how earnestly the English and
+      Dutch had pressed to have these troops from Hungary, and therefore they
+      ought to be promised, in order to quiet those two nations, after which
+      several ways might be found to elude that promise; and, in the mean time,
+      the great point would be gained of bringing the English to declare for
+      continuing the war: that the Emperor might afterwards excuse himself, by
+      the apprehension of a war in Hungary, or of that between the Turks and
+      Muscovites: that if these excuses should be at an end, a detachment of one
+      or two regiments might be sent, and the rest deferred, by pretending want
+      of money; by which the Queen would probably be brought to maintain some
+      part of those troops, and perhaps the whole body. He added, that this way
+      of management was very common among the allies; and gave for an example,
+      the forces which the Dutch had promised for the service of Spain, but were
+      never sent; with several other instances of the same kind, which he said
+      might be produced.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Her Majesty, who had long suspected that Count Gallas was engaged in these
+      and the like practices, having at last received authentic proofs of this
+      whole intrigue, from original letters, and the voluntary confession of
+      those who were principally concerned in carrying it on, thought it
+      necessary to show her resentment, by refusing the count any more access to
+      her person or her court.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Although the Queen, as it hath been already observed, was resolved to open
+      the conferences upon the general preliminaries, yet she thought it would
+      very much forward the peace to know what were the utmost concessions which
+      France would make to the several allies, but especially to the States
+      General and the Duke of Savoy: therefore, while Her Majesty was pressing
+      the former to agree to a general treaty, the Abbé Gaultier was sent to
+      France with a memorial, to desire that the Most Christian King would
+      explain himself upon those preliminaries, particularly with relation to
+      Savoy and Holland, whose satisfaction the Queen had most at heart, as well
+      from her friendship to both these powers, as because, if she might engage
+      to them that their just pretensions would be allowed, few difficulties
+      would remain, of any moment, to retard the general peace.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The French answer to this memorial contained several schemes and proposals
+      for the satisfaction of each ally, coming up very near to what Her Majesty
+      and her ministers thought reasonable. The greatest difficulties seemed to
+      be about the Elector of Bavaria, for whose interests France appeared to be
+      as much concerned, as the Queen was for those of the Duke of Savoy:
+      however, those were judged not very hard to be surmounted.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The States having at length agreed to a general treaty, the following
+      particulars were concerted between Her Majesty and that republic:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That the congress should be held at Utrecht.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That the opening of the congress should be upon the twelfth of January,
+      N.S. one thousand seven hundred and eleven-twelve.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That, for avoiding all inconveniences of ceremony, the ministers of the
+      Queen and States, during the treaty, should only have the characters of
+      plenipotentiaries, and not take that of ambassadors, till the day on which
+      the peace should be signed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Lastly, The Queen and States insisted, that the ministers of the Duke of
+      Anjou, and the late Electors of Bavaria and Cologne, should not appear at
+      the congress, until the points relating to their masters were adjusted;
+      and were firmly resolved not to send their passports for the ministers of
+      France, till the Most Christian King declared, that the absence of the
+      forementioned ministers should not delay the progress of the negotiation."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Pursuant to the three former articles, Her Majesty wrote circular letters
+      to all the allies engaged with her in the present war: and France had
+      notice, that as soon as the King declared his compliance with the last
+      article, the blank passports should be filled up with the names of the
+      Maréchal d'Uxelles,[9] the Abbé de Polignac, and Mons. Mesnager, who were
+      appointed plenipotentiaries for that crown.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: In his "Letter to Sir William Windham," Bolingbroke thus
+      refers to M. d'Uxelles: "The minister who had the principal direction of
+      foreign affairs I lived in friendship with, and I must own to his honour,
+      that he never encouraged a design which he knew that his court had no
+      intention of supporting" (p. 141). This was written of the time when
+      Bolingbroke was in Paris, an adherent of the Pretender. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From what I have hitherto deduced, the reader sees the plan which the
+      Queen thought the most effectual for advancing a peace. As the conferences
+      were to begin upon the general preliminaries, the Queen was to be
+      empowered by France to offer separately to the allies what might be
+      reasonable for each to accept; and her own interests being previously
+      settled, she was to act as a general mediator: a figure that became her
+      best, from the part she had in the war, and more useful to the great end
+      at which she aimed, of giving a safe and honourable peace to Europe.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Besides, it was absolutely necessary, for the interests of Britain, that
+      the Queen should be at the head of the negotiation, without which Her
+      Majesty could find no expedient to redress the injuries her kingdoms were
+      sure to suffer by the Barrier Treaty. In order to settle this point with
+      the States, the ministers here had a conference with Mons. Buys, a few
+      days before the Parliament met. He was told, how necessary it was, by
+      previous concert between the Emperor, the Queen, and the States, to
+      prevent any difference which might arise in the course of the treaty at
+      Utrecht: That, under pretence of a barrier for the States General, as
+      their security against France, infinite prejudice might arise to the trade
+      of Britain in the Spanish Netherlands; for, by the fifteenth article of
+      the Barrier Treaty, in consequence of what was stipulated by that of
+      Minister, the Queen was brought to engage that commerce shall not be
+      rendered more easy, in point of duties, by the sea-ports of Flanders, than
+      it is by the river Scheldt, and by the canals on the side of the Seven
+      Provinces, which, as things now stood, was very unjust; for, while the
+      towns in Flanders were in the hands of France or Spain, the Dutch and we
+      traded to them upon equal foot; but now, since by the Barrier Treaty those
+      towns were to be possessed by the States, that republic might lay what
+      duties they pleased upon British goods, after passing by Ostend, and make
+      their own custom-free, which would utterly ruin our whole trade with
+      Flanders.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Upon this, the lords told Mons. Buys very frankly, "That if the States
+      expected the Queen should support their barrier, as well as their demands
+      from France and the house of Austria upon that head, they ought to agree,
+      that the subjects of Britain should trade as freely to all the countries
+      and places, which, by virtue of any former or future treaty, were to
+      become the barrier of the States, as they did in the time of the late King
+      Charles the Second of Spain; or as the subjects of the States General
+      themselves shall do: and that it was hoped, their High Mightinesses would
+      never scruple to rectify a mistake so injurious to that nation, without
+      whose blood and treasure they would have had no barrier at all." Mons.
+      Buys had nothing to answer against these objections, but said, he had
+      already wrote to his masters for further instructions.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Greater difficulties occurred about settling what should be the barrier to
+      the States after a peace: the envoy insisting to have all the towns that
+      were named in the Treaty of Barrier and Succession; and the Queen's
+      ministers excepting those towns, which, if they continued in the hands of
+      the Dutch, would render the trade of Britain to Flanders precarious. At
+      length it was agreed in general, that the States ought to have what is
+      really essential to the security of their barrier against France; and that
+      some amicable expedient should be found, for removing the fears both of
+      Britain and Holland upon this point.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But at the same time Mons. Buys was told, "That although the Queen would
+      certainly insist to obtain all those points from France, in behalf of her
+      allies the States, yet she hoped his masters were too reasonable to break
+      off the treaty, rather than not obtain the very utmost of their demands,
+      which could not be settled here, unless he were fully instructed to speak
+      and conclude upon that subject: That Her Majesty thought the best way of
+      securing the common interest, and preventing the division of the allies,
+      by the artifices of France, in the course of a long negotiation, would be
+      to concert between the Queen's ministers and those of the States, with a
+      due regard to the other confederates, such a plan as might amount to a
+      safe and honourable peace." After which the Abbé Polignac, who of the
+      French plenipotentiaries was most in the secret of his court, might be
+      told, "That it was in vain to amuse each other any longer; that on such
+      terms the peace would be immediately concluded; and that the conferences
+      must cease, if those conditions were not, without delay, and with
+      expedition, granted."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A treaty between Her Majesty and the States, to subsist after a peace, was
+      now signed, Mons. Buys having received full powers to that purpose. His
+      masters were desirous to have a private article added, <i>sub spe rati</i>,
+      concerning those terms of peace; without the granting of which, we should
+      stipulate not to agree with the enemy. But neither the character of Buys,
+      nor the manner in which he was empowered to treat, would allow the Queen
+      to enter into such an engagement. The congress likewise approaching, there
+      was not time to settle a point of so great importance. Neither, lastly,
+      would Her Majesty be tied down by Holland, without previous satisfaction
+      upon several articles in the Barrier Treaty, so inconsistent with her
+      engagements to other powers in the alliance, and so injurious to her own
+      kingdoms.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The lord privy seal, and the Earl of Stafford, having, about the time the
+      Parliament met, been appointed Her Majesty's plenipotentiaries for
+      treating a general peace, I shall here break off the account of any
+      further progress made in that great affair, until I resume it in the last
+      book of this History.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      ***** ***** ***** ***** *****
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0006" id="link2H_4_0006"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      THE HISTORY OF THE FOUR LAST
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      YEARS OF THE QUEEN.
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      BOOK III.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The House of Commons seemed resolved, from the beginning of the session,
+      to inquire strictly not only into all abuses relating to the accounts of
+      the army, but likewise into the several treaties between us and our
+      allies, upon what articles and conditions they were first agreed to, and
+      how these had been since observed. In the first week of their sitting,
+      they sent an address to the Queen, to desire that the treaty, whereby Her
+      Majesty was obliged to furnish forty thousand men, to act in conjunction
+      with the forces of her allies in the Low Countries, might be laid before
+      the House. To which the secretary of state brought an answer, "That search
+      had been made, but no footsteps could be found of any treaty or convention
+      for that purpose." It was this unaccountable neglect in the former
+      ministry, which first gave a pretence to the allies for lessening their
+      quotas, so much to the disadvantage of Her Majesty, her kingdoms, and the
+      common cause, in the course of the war. It had been stipulated by the
+      Grand Alliance, between the Emperor, Britain, and the States, that those
+      three powers should assist each other with their whole force, and that the
+      several proportions should be specified in a particular convention. But if
+      any such convention were made, it was never ratified; only the parties
+      agreed, by common consent, to take each a certain share of the burthen
+      upon themselves, which the late King William communicated to the House of
+      Commons by his secretary of state; and which afterwards the other two
+      powers, observing the mighty zeal in our ministry for prolonging the war,
+      eluded as they pleased.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The commissioners for stating the public accounts of the kingdom, had, in
+      executing their office the preceding summer, discovered several practices
+      relating to the affairs of the army, which they drew up in a report, and
+      delivered to the House.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Commons began their examination of the report with a member of their
+      own, Mr. Robert Walpole, already mentioned; who, during his being
+      secretary at war, had received five hundred guineas, and taken a note for
+      five hundred pounds more, on account of two contracts for forage of the
+      queen's troops quartered in Scotland. He endeavoured to excuse the first
+      contract; but had nothing to say about the second. The first appeared so
+      plain and so scandalous to the Commons, that they voted the author of it
+      guilty of a high breach of trust, and notorious corruption, committed him
+      prisoner to the Tower, where he continued to the end of the session, and
+      expelled him the House.[1] He was a person much caressed by the opposers
+      of the Queen and ministry, having been first drawn into their party by his
+      indifference to any principles, and afterwards kept steady by the loss of
+      his place. His bold, forward countenance, altogether a stranger to that
+      infirmity which makes men bashful, joined to a readiness of speaking in
+      public, hath justly entitled him, among those of his faction, to be a sort
+      of leader of the second form. The reader must excuse me for being so
+      particular about one, who is otherwise altogether obscure.[2]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: See "Part Hist," vi. 1071. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: Walpole was not too obscure, however, to be then the object
+      of Bolingbroke's attack; and in 1726, when Bolingbroke had again attacked
+      Walpole, this time in a letter, the latter replied: "Whatever
+      contradictions these gentlemen may have observed in my character; there is
+      one which I'll venture to assure you, you will never discover, which is my
+      ever being alarmed at an opposition from one in the impotence of disgrace,
+      who could never terrify me in the zenith of his prosperity." "An Answer to
+      the Occasional Writer." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Another part of the report concerned the Duke of Marlborough, who had
+      received large sums of money, by way of gratuity, from those who were the
+      undertakers for providing the army with bread.[3] This the Duke excused,
+      in a letter to the commissioners, from the like practice of other
+      generals: but that excuse appeared to be of little weight, and the
+      mischievous consequences of such a corruption were visible enough; since
+      the money given by these undertakers were but bribes for connivance at
+      their indirect dealings with the army. And as frauds, that begin at the
+      top, are apt to spread through all the subordinate ranks of those who have
+      any share in the management, and to increase as they circulate: so, in
+      this case, for every thousand pounds given to the general, the soldiers at
+      least suffered fourfold.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: See "The Examiner," Nos. 17 and 28, in vol. ix. of this
+      edition. [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Another article of this report, relating to the Duke, was yet of more
+      importance. The greatest part of Her Majesty's forces in Flanders were
+      mercenary troops, hired from several princes of Europe. It was found that
+      the Queen's general subtracted two and a half <i>per cent</i>, out of the
+      pay of those troops, for his own use, which amounted to a great annual
+      sum. The Duke of Marlborough, in his letter already mentioned,
+      endeavouring to extenuate the matter, told the commissioners, "That this
+      deduction was a free gift from the foreign troops, which he had negotiated
+      with them by the late King's orders, and had obtained the Queen's warrant
+      for reserving and receiving it: That it was intended for secret service,
+      the ten thousand pounds a year given by Parliament not proving sufficient,
+      and had all been laid out that way." The commissioners observed, in
+      answer, "That the warrant was kept dormant for nine years, as indeed no
+      entry of it appeared in the secretary of state's books, and the deduction
+      of it concealed all that time from the knowledge of Parliament: That, if
+      it had been a free gift from the foreign troops, it would not have been
+      stipulated by agreement, as the Duke's letter confessed, and as his
+      warrant declared, which latter affirmed this stoppage to be intended for
+      defraying extraordinary contingent expenses of the troops, and therefore
+      should not have been applied to secret services." They submitted to the
+      House, whether the warrant itself were legal, or duly countersigned. The
+      commissioners added, "That no receipt was ever given for this deducted
+      money, nor was it mentioned in any receipts from the foreign troops, which
+      were always taken in full. And lastly, That the whole sum, on computation,
+      amounted to near three hundred thousand pounds."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The House, after a long debate, resolved, "That the taking several sums
+      from the contractors for bread by the Duke of Marlborough, was
+      unwarrantable and illegal; and that the two and a half <i>per cent</i>,
+      deducted from the foreign troops, was public money, and ought to be
+      accounted for:" which resolutions were laid before the Queen by the whole
+      House, and Her Majesty promised to do her part in redressing what was
+      complained of. The Duke and his friends had, about the beginning of the
+      war, by their credit with the Queen, procured a warrant from Her Majesty
+      for this perquisite of two and a half <i>per cent</i>. The warrant was
+      directed to the Duke of Marlborough, and countersigned by Sir Charles
+      Hedges, then secretary of state; by virtue of which the paymaster-general
+      of the army was to pay the said deducted money to the general, and take a
+      receipt in full from the foreign troops.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was observed, as very commendable and becoming the dignity of such an
+      assembly, that this debate was managed with great temper, and with few
+      personal reflections upon the Duke of Marlborough. They seemed only
+      desirous to come at the truth, without which they could not answer the
+      trust reposed in them by those whom they represented, and left the rest to
+      Her Majesty's prudence. The attorney-general was ordered to commence an
+      action against the Duke for the subtracted money, which would have
+      amounted to a great sum, enough to ruin any private person, except
+      himself. This process is still depending, although very moderately
+      pursued, either by the Queen's indulgence to one whom she had formerly so
+      much trusted, or perhaps to be revived or slackened, according to the
+      future demeanour of the defendant.[4]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: Marlborough's defence of himself may be found in the
+      "Parliamentary History," vol. vi., 1079. Writing to the Earl of Strafford,
+      under date January 27, 1711, Bolingbroke speaking of this debate on
+      Marlborough says: "What passed on Thursday in the House of Commons, will,
+      I hope, show people abroad, as well as at home, that no merit, no
+      grandeur, no riches can excuse, or save any one, who sets himself up in
+      opposition to the Queen;" and, he might have added, to Mrs. Masham. It is
+      to be questioned if Marlborough would have had to undergo the ordeal of
+      this debate had it not been for the animosity against him on the part of
+      this lady and her royal mistress, so deftly aroused by Harley. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Some time after, Mr. Cardonnell,[5] a Member of Parliament, and secretary
+      to the general in Flanders, was expelled the House, for the offence of
+      receiving yearly bribes from those who had contracted to furnish bread for
+      the army; and met with no further punishment for a practice, voted to be
+      unwarrantable and corrupt.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      These were all the censures of any moment which the Commons, under so
+      great a weight of business, thought fit to make, upon the reports of their
+      commissioners for inspecting the public accounts. But having promised, in
+      the beginning of this History, to examine the state of the nation, with
+      respect to its debts; by what negligence or corruption they first began,
+      and in process of time made such a prodigious increase; and, lastly, what
+      courses have been taken, under the present administration, to find out
+      funds for answering so many unprovided incumbrances, as well as put a stop
+      to new ones; I shall endeavour to satisfy the reader upon this important
+      article.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      By all I have yet read of the history of our own country, it appears to
+      me, that the national debts, secured upon parliamentary funds of interest,
+      were things unknown in England before the last Revolution under the Prince
+      of Orange. It is true, that in the grand rebellion the king's enemies
+      borrowed money of particular persons, upon what they called the public
+      faith; but this was only for short periods, and the sums no more than what
+      they could pay at once, as they constantly did. Some of our kings have
+      been very profuse in peace and war, and are blamed in history for their
+      oppressions of the people by severe taxes, and for borrowing money which
+      they never paid:[6] but national debts was a style, which, I doubt, would
+      hardly then be understood. When the Prince of Orange was raised to the
+      throne, and a general war began in these parts of Europe, the King and his
+      counsellors thought it would be ill policy to commence his reign with
+      heavy taxes upon the people, who had lived long in ease and plenty, and
+      might be apt to think their deliverance too dearly bought: wherefore one
+      of the first actions of the new government was to take off the tax upon
+      chimneys, as a burthen very ungrateful to the commonalty. But money being
+      wanted to support the war (which even the convention-parliament, that put
+      the crown upon his head, were very unwilling he should engage in), the
+      present Bishop of Salisbury[7] is said to have found out that expedient
+      (which he had learned in Holland) of raising money upon the security of
+      taxes, that were only sufficient to pay a large interest. The motives
+      which prevailed on people to fall in with this project were many, and
+      plausible; for supposing, as the ministers industriously gave out, that
+      the war could not last above one or two campaigns at most, it might be
+      carried on with very moderate taxes; and the debts accruing would, in
+      process of time, be easily cleared after a peace. Then the bait of large
+      interest would draw in a great number of those whose money, by the dangers
+      and difficulties of trade, lay dead upon their hands; and whoever were
+      lenders to the government, would, by surest principle, be obliged to
+      support it. Besides, the men of estates could not be persuaded, without
+      time and difficulty, to have those taxes laid on their lands, which custom
+      hath since made so familiar; and it was the business of such as were then
+      in power to cultivate a moneyed interest; because the gentry of the
+      kingdom did not very much relish those new notions in government, to which
+      the King, who had imbibed his politics in his own country, was thought to
+      give too much way. Neither perhaps did that Prince think national
+      incumbrances to be any evil at all, since the flourishing republic, where
+      he was born, is thought to owe more than ever it will be able or willing
+      to pay. And I remember, when I mentioned to Mons. Buys the many millions
+      we owed, he would advance it as a maxim, that it was for the interest of
+      the public to be in debt: which perhaps may be true in a commonwealth so
+      crazily instituted, where the governors cannot have too many pledges of
+      their subjects' fidelity, and where a great majority must inevitably be
+      undone by any revolution, however brought about: but to prescribe the same
+      rules to a monarchy, whose wealth ariseth from the rents and improvements
+      of lands, as well as trade and manufactures, is the mark of a confined and
+      cramped understanding.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: Adam Cardonnell, Esq., secretary to the Duke of Marlborough,
+      shared in his disgrace. See "The Examiner," No. 28. [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: P. Fitzgerald says "which they have not been able or willing
+      to pay." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: Dr. Gilbert Burnet. [ORIGINAL NOTE.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I was moved to speak thus, because I am very well satisfied, that the
+      pernicious counsels of borrowing money upon public funds of interest, as
+      well as some other state lessons, were taken indigested from the like
+      practices among the Dutch, without allowing in the least for any
+      difference in government, religion, law, custom, extent of country, or
+      manners and dispositions of the people.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But when this expedient of anticipations and mortgages was first put in
+      practice, artful men, in office and credit, began to consider what uses it
+      might be applied to; and soon found it was likely to prove the most
+      fruitful seminary, not only to establish a faction they intended to set up
+      for their own support, but likewise to raise vast wealth for themselves in
+      particular, who were to be the managers and directors in it. It was
+      manifest, that nothing could promote these two designs so much, as
+      burthening the nation with debts, and giving encouragement to lenders:
+      for, as to the first, it was not to be doubted, that moneyed men would be
+      always firm to the party of those who advised the borrowing upon such good
+      security, and with such exorbitant premiums and interest; and every new
+      sum that was lent, took away as much power from the landed men, as it
+      added to theirs: so that the deeper the kingdom was engaged, it was still
+      the better for them. Thus a new estate and property sprung up in the hands
+      of mortgagees, to whom every house and foot of land in England paid a
+      rent-charge, free of all taxes and defalcations, and purchased at less
+      than half value. So that the gentlemen of estates were, in effect, but
+      tenants to these new landlords; many of whom were able, in time, to force
+      the election of boroughs out of the hands of those who had been the old
+      proprietors and inhabitants. This was arrived at such a height, that a
+      very few years more of war and funds would have clearly cast the balance
+      on the moneyed side.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As to the second, this project of borrowing upon funds, was of mighty
+      advantage to those who were in the management of it, as well as to their
+      friends and dependants; for, funds proving often deficient, the government
+      was obliged to strike tallies for making up the rest, which tallies were
+      sometimes (to speak in the merchants' phrase) at above forty <i>per cent</i>,
+      discount. At this price those who were in the secret bought them up, and
+      then took care to have that deficiency supplied in the next session of
+      Parliament, by which they doubled their principal in a few months; and,
+      for the encouragement of lenders, every new project of lotteries or
+      annuities proposed some farther advantage, either as to interest or
+      premium.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the year one thousand six hundred and ninety-seven, a general mortgage
+      was made of certain revenues and taxes already settled, which amounted to
+      near a million a year. This mortgage was to continue till one thousand
+      seven hundred and six, to be a fund for the payment of about five millions
+      one hundred thousand pounds. In the first Parliament of the Queen, the
+      said mortgage was continued till one thousand seven hundred and ten, to
+      supply a deficiency of two millions three hundred thousand pounds, and
+      interest of above a million; and in the intermediate years a great part of
+      that fund was branched out into annuities for ninety-nine years; so that
+      the late ministry raised all their money to one thousand seven hundred and
+      ten, only by continuing funds which were already granted to their hands.
+      This deceived the people in general, who were satisfied to continue the
+      payments they had been accustomed to, and made the administration seem
+      easy, since the war went on without any new taxes raised, except the very
+      last year they were in power; not considering what a mighty fund was
+      exhausted, and must be perpetuated, although extremely injurious to trade,
+      and to the true interest of the nation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This great fund of the general mortgage was not only loaded, year after
+      year, by mighty sums borrowed upon it, but with the interests due upon
+      those sums; for which the treasury was forced to strike tallies, payable
+      out of that fund, after all the money already borrowed upon it, there
+      being no other provision of interest for three or four years: till at last
+      the fund was so overloaded, that it could neither pay principal nor
+      interest, and tallies were struck for both, which occasioned their great
+      discount.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But to avoid mistakes upon a subject, where I am not very well versed
+      either in the style or matter, I will transcribe an account sent me by a
+      person[8] who is thoroughly instructed in these affairs.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: Sir John Blunt. [ORIGINAL NOTE.] He was one of the first
+      projectors of the South Sea Company, and died in January, 1733. [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "In the year one thousand seven hundred and seven, the sum of eight
+      hundred twenty-two thousand three hundred and eighty one pounds, fifteen
+      shillings and sixpence, was raised, by continuing part of the general
+      mortgage from one thousand seven hundred and ten to one thousand seven
+      hundred and twelve; but with no provision of interest till August the
+      first, one thousand seven hundred and ten, otherwise than by striking
+      tallies for it on that fund, payable after all the other money borrowed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "In one thousand seven hundred and eight, the same funds were continued
+      from one thousand seven hundred and twelve to one thousand seven hundred
+      and fourteen, to raise seven hundred twenty-nine thousand sixty-seven
+      pounds fifteen shillings and sixpence; but no provision for interest till
+      August the first, one thousand seven hundred and twelve, otherwise than as
+      before, by striking tallies for it on the same fund, payable after all the
+      rest of the money borrowed. And the discount of tallies then beginning to
+      rise, great part of that money remains still unraised; and there is
+      nothing to pay interest for the money lent, till August the first, one
+      thousand seven hundred and twelve. But the late lord treasurer struck
+      tallies for the full sum directed by the act to be borrowed, great part of
+      which have been delivered in payment to the navy and victualling offices,
+      and some are still in the hands of the government.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "In one thousand seven hundred and nine, part of the same fund was
+      continued from August the first, one thousand seven hundred and fourteen,
+      to August the first, one thousand seven hundred and sixteen, to raise six
+      hundred and forty-five thousand pounds; and no provision for interest till
+      August the first, one thousand seven hundred and fourteen (which was about
+      five years), but by borrowing money on the same fund, payable after the
+      sums before lent; so that little of that money was lent But the tallies
+      were struck for what was unlent, some of which were given out for the
+      payment of the navy and victualling, and some still remain in the hands of
+      the government.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "In one thousand seven hundred and ten, the sums which were before given
+      from one thousand seven hundred and fourteen, to one thousand seven
+      hundred and sixteen, were continued from thence to one thousand seven
+      hundred and twenty, to raise one million two hundred and ninety-six
+      thousand five hundred and fifty-two pounds nine shillings and elevenpence
+      three farthings; and no immediate provision for interest till August the
+      first, one thousand seven hundred and sixteen; only, after the duty of one
+      shilling <i>per</i> bushel on salt should be cleared from the money it was
+      then charged with, and which was not so cleared till Midsummer one
+      thousand seven hundred and twelve last, then that fund was to be applied
+      to pay the interest till August the first, one thousand seven hundred and
+      sixteen, which interest amounted to about seventy-seven thousand seven
+      hundred and ninety-three pounds <i>per annum</i>: and the said salt fund
+      produceth but about fifty-five thousand pounds <i>per annum</i>; so that
+      no money was borrowed upon the general mortgage in one thousand seven
+      hundred and ten, except one hundred and fifty thousand pounds lent by the
+      Swiss cantons; but tallies were struck for the whole sum. These all
+      remained in the late treasurer's hands at the time of his removal, yet the
+      money was expended, which occasioned those great demands upon the
+      commissioners of the treasury who succeeded him, and were forced to pawn
+      those tallies to the bank, or to remitters, rather than sell them at
+      twenty or twenty-five <i>per cent</i>. discount, as the price then was.
+      About two hundred thousand pounds of them they paid to clothiers of the
+      army, and others; and all the rest, being above ninety thousand pounds,
+      have been subscribed into the South Sea Company for the use of the
+      public."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When the Earl of Godolphin was removed from his employment, he left a debt
+      upon the navy of &mdash;&mdash; millions,[9] all contracted under his
+      administration,[10] which had no Parliament-security, and was daily
+      increased. Neither could I ever learn, whether that lord had the smallest
+      prospect of clearing this incumbrance, or whether there were policy,
+      negligence, or despair at the bottom of this unaccountable management. But
+      the consequences were visible and ruinous; for by this means navy-bills
+      grew to be forty <i>per cent</i>. discount, and upwards; and almost every
+      kind of stores, bought by the navy and victualling offices, cost the
+      government double rates, and sometimes more: so that the public hath
+      directly lost several millions upon this one article, without any sort of
+      necessity, that I could ever hear assigned by the ablest vindicators of
+      that party.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: "Of millions" in original. "Of &mdash;&mdash; millions" in
+      1775. [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 10: See "The Examiner," No. 45, and note in vol. ix. of this
+      edition, p. 295. [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In this oppressed and entangled state was the kingdom, with relation to
+      its debts, when the Queen removed the Earl of Godolphin from his office,
+      and put it into commission, of which the present treasurer was one. This
+      person had been chosen speaker successively to three Parliaments, was
+      afterwards secretary of state, and always in great esteem with the Queen
+      for his wisdom and fidelity. The late ministry, about two years before
+      their fall, had prevailed with Her Majesty, much against her inclination,
+      to dismiss him from her service; for which they cannot be justly blamed,
+      since he had endeavoured the same thing against them, and very narrowly
+      failed; which makes it the more extraordinary that he should succeed in a
+      second attempt against those very adversaries, who had such fair warning
+      by the first. He is firm and steady in his resolutions, not easily
+      diverted from them after he hath once possessed himself of an opinion that
+      they are right, nor very communicative where he can act by himself, being
+      taught by experience, that a secret is seldom safe in more than one
+      breast. That which occurs to other men after mature deliberation, offers
+      to him as his first thoughts; so that he decides immediately what is best
+      to be done, and therefore is seldom at a loss upon sudden exigencies. He
+      thinks it a more easy and safe rule in politics to watch incidents as they
+      come, and then turn them to the advantage of what he pursues, than pretend
+      to foresee them at a great distance. Fear, cruelty, avarice, and pride,
+      are wholly strangers to his nature; but he is not without ambition. There
+      is one thing peculiar in his temper, which I altogether disapprove, and do
+      not remember to have heard or met with in any other man's character: I
+      mean, an easiness and indifference under any imputation, although he be
+      never so innocent, and although the strongest probabilities and appearance
+      are against him; so that I have known him often suspected by his nearest
+      friends, for some months, in points of the highest importance, to a
+      degree, that they were ready to break with him, and only undeceived by
+      time and accident. His detractors, who charge him with cunning, are but
+      ill acquainted with his character; for, in the sense they take the word,
+      and as it is usually understood, I know no man to whom that mean talent
+      could be with less justice applied, as the conduct of affairs, while he
+      hath been at the helm, doth clearly demonstrate, very contrary to the
+      nature and principles of cunning, which is always employed in serving
+      little turns, proposing little ends, and supplying daily exigencies by
+      little shifts and expedients. But to rescue a prince out of the hands of
+      insolent subjects, bent upon such designs as must probably end in the ruin
+      of the government; to find out means for paying such exorbitant debts as
+      this nation hath been involved in, and reduce it to a better management;
+      to make a potent enemy offer advantageous terms of peace, and deliver up
+      the most important fortress of his kingdom, as a security;[11] and this
+      against all the opposition, mutually raised and inflamed by parties and
+      allies; such performances can only be called cunning by those whose want
+      of understanding, or of candour, puts them upon finding ill names for
+      great qualities of the mind, which themselves do neither possess, nor can
+      form any just conception of. However, it must be allowed, that an
+      obstinate love of secrecy in this minister seems, at distance, to have
+      some resemblance of cunning; for he is not only very retentive of secrets,
+      but appears to be so too, which I number amongst his defects. He hath been
+      blamed by his friends for refusing to discover his intentions, even in
+      those points where the wisest man may have need of advice and assistance,
+      and some have censured him, upon that account, as if he were jealous of
+      power but he hath been heard to answer, "That he seldom did otherwise,
+      without cause to repent"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 11: This is surely a piece of Swift's partiality for Oxford;
+      since it practically deprives Bolingbroke of whatever credit was his for
+      the Peace of Utrecht, and that was not a little; certainly more than may
+      be given to Oxford. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      However, so undistinguished a caution cannot, in my opinion, be justified,
+      by which the owner loseth many advantages, and whereof all men, who
+      deserved to be confided in, may with some reason complain. His love of
+      procrastination (wherein doubtless nature hath her share) may probably be
+      increased by the same means, but this is an imputation laid upon many
+      other great ministers, who, like men under too heavy a load, let fall that
+      which is of the least consequence, and go back to fetch it when their
+      shoulders are free, for time is often gained, as well as lost, by delay,
+      which at worst is a fault on the securer side.[12] Neither probably is
+      this minister answerable for half the clamour raised against him upon that
+      article: his endeavours are wholly turned upon the general welfare of his
+      country, but perhaps with too little regard to that of particular persons,
+      which renders him less amiable, than he would otherwise have been from the
+      goodness of his humour, and agreeable conversation in a private capacity,
+      and with few dependers. Yet some allowance may perhaps be given to this
+      failing, which is one of the greatest he hath, since he cannot be more
+      careless of other men's fortunes than he is of his own. He is master of a
+      very great and faithful memory, which is of mighty use in the management
+      of public affairs; and I believe there are few examples to be produced in
+      any age, of a person who hath passed through so many employments in the
+      state, endowed with a great share, both of divine and human learning.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 12: Unfortunately, procrastination too often ended for Harley in
+      very unpleasant results, and it is not too much to say, this failing was
+      the indirect cause of his downfall. Swift's character of Oxford, as given
+      in this "History," should be compared with that given of him in "An
+      Enquiry into the Behaviour of the Queen's Last Ministry" (vol v, pp
+      431-434, of present edition). Dr William King, to whom Swift had written
+      in 1736, for certain dates and official extracts to be included in this
+      "History," wrote to Swift (December 7th, 1736), referring to this very
+      matter of Oxford's character. As the letter applies to some other portions
+      of this "History," it will be better if it be given here.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "London, December 7th, 1736
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      SIR,
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      I arrived here yesterday [King had been on a visit to Paris], and I am now
+      ready to obey your commands. I hope you are come to a positive resolution
+      concerning the History. You need not hesitate about the dates, or the
+      references which are to be made to any public papers, for I can supply
+      them without the least trouble. As well as I remember, there is but one of
+      those public pieces which you determined should be inserted at length; I
+      mean Sir Thomas Hanmer's Representation; this I have now by me. If you
+      incline to publish the two tracts as an Appendix to the History, you will
+      be pleased to see if the character given of the Earl of Oxford in the
+      pamphlet of 1715 agrees with the character given of the same person in the
+      History. Perhaps on a review, you may think proper to leave one of them
+      quite out. You have (I think) barely mentioned the attempt of Guiscard,
+      and the quarrel between Rechteren and Mesnager. But as these are facts
+      which are probably now forgot or unknown, it would not be amiss if they
+      were related at large in the notes, which may be done from the Gazettes,
+      or any other newspapers of those times," etc. See Sir W. Scott's edit, vol
+      xix, pp 20-21 [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am persuaded that foreigners, as well as those at home, who live too
+      remote from the scene of business to be rightly informed, will not be
+      displeased with this account of a person, who in the space of two years,
+      hath been so highly instrumental in changing the face of affairs in
+      Europe, and hath deserved so well of his own Prince and country.[13]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 13: See also Swift's "Enquiry" (vol. v., pp. 425-476). [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In that perplexed condition of the public debts, which I have already
+      described, this minister was brought into the treasury and exchequer, and
+      had the chief direction of affairs. His first regulation was that of
+      exchequer bills, which, to the great discouragement of public credit, and
+      scandal to the crown, were three <i>per cent.</i> less in value than the
+      sums specified in them. The present treasurer, being then chancellor of
+      the exchequer, procured an Act of Parliament, by which the Bank of England
+      should be obliged, in consideration of forty-five thousand pounds, to
+      accept and circulate those bills without any discount. He then proceeded
+      to stop the depredations of those who dealt in remittances of money to the
+      army, who, by unheard of exactions in that kind of traffic, had amassed
+      prodigious wealth at the public cost, to which the Earl of Godolphin had
+      given too much way,[14] <i>possibly by neglect; for I think he cannot be
+      accused of corruption</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 14: Added in the author's own handwriting. [ORIGINAL NOTE.] P.
+      Fitzgerald gives the addition as "either through ignorance, connivance, or
+      neglect." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But the new treasurer's chief concern was to restore the credit of the
+      nation, by finding some settlement for unprovided debts, amounting in the
+      whole to ten millions, which hung on the public as a load equally heavy
+      and disgraceful, without any prospect of being removed, and which former
+      ministers never had the care or courage to inspect. He resolved to go at
+      once to the bottom of this evil; and having computed and summed up the
+      debt of the navy, and victualling, ordnance, and transport of the army,
+      and transport debentures made out for the service of the last war, of the
+      general mortgage tallies for the year one thousand seven hundred and ten,
+      and some other deficiencies, he then found out a fund of interest
+      sufficient to answer all this, which, being applied to other uses, could
+      not raise present money for the war, but in a very few years would clear
+      the debt it was engaged for. The intermediate accruing interest was to be
+      paid by the treasurer of the navy; and, as a farther advantage to the
+      creditors, they should be erected into a company for trading to the South
+      Seas, and for encouragement of fishery. When all this was fully prepared
+      and digested, he made a motion in the House of Commons (who deferred
+      extremely to his judgment and abilities) for paying the debts of the navy,
+      and other unprovided deficiencies, without entering into particulars,
+      which was immediately voted. But a sudden stop was put to this affair by
+      an unforeseen accident. The chancellor of the exchequer (which was then
+      his title) being stabbed with a penknife, the following day, at the
+      Cockpit, in the midst of a dozen lords of the council, by the Sieur de
+      Guiscard, a French papist; the circumstances of which fact being not
+      within the compass of this History, I shall only observe, that after two
+      months' confinement, and frequent danger of his life, he returned to his
+      seat in Parliament.[15]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 15: See the particular account in "The Examiner." [ORIGINAL
+      NOTE.] The reference is to Nos. 33, 41, and 42 of that paper (see vol. ix,
+      of this edition). [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The overtures made by this minister, of paying so vast a debt, under the
+      pressures of a long war, and the difficulty of finding supplies for
+      continuing it, was, during the time of his illness, ridiculed by his
+      enemies as an impracticable and visionary project: and when, upon his
+      return to the House, he had explained his proposal, the very proprietors
+      of the debt were, many of them, prevailed on to oppose it; although the
+      obtaining this trade, either through Old Spain, or directly to the Spanish
+      West Indies, had been one principal end we aimed at by this war. However,
+      the bill passed; and, as an immediate consequence, the naval bills rose to
+      about twenty <i>per cent</i>., nor ever fell within ten of their discount.
+      Another good effect of this work appeared by the parliamentary lotteries,
+      which have been since erected. The last of that kind, under the former
+      ministry, was eleven weeks in filling; whereas the first, under the
+      present, was filled in a very few hours, although it cost the government
+      less; and the others, which followed, were full before the Acts concerning
+      them could pass. And to prevent incumbrances of this kind from growing for
+      the future, he took care, by the utmost parsimony, or by suspending
+      payments, where they seemed less to press, that all stores for the navy
+      should be bought with ready money; by which <i>cent. per cent.</i> hath
+      been saved in that mighty article of our expense, as will appear from an
+      account taken at the victualling office on the 9th of August, one thousand
+      seven hundred and twelve. And the payment of the interest was less a
+      burthen upon the navy, by the stores being bought at so cheap a rate.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It might look invidious to enter into farther particulars upon this head,
+      but of smaller moment. What I have above related, may serve to shew in how
+      ill a condition the kingdom stood, with relation to its debts, by the
+      corruption as well as negligence of former management; and what prudent,
+      effectual measures have since been taken to provide for old incumbrances,
+      and hinder the running into new. This may be sufficient for the
+      information of the reader, perhaps already tired with a subject so little
+      entertaining as that of accounts: I shall therefore now return to relate
+      some of the principal matters that passed in Parliament, during this
+      session.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Upon the eighteenth of January the House of Lords sent down a bill to the
+      Commons, for fixing the precedence of the Hanover family, which probably
+      had been forgot in the Acts for settling the succession of the crown. That
+      of Henry VIII. which gives the rank to princes of the blood, carries it no
+      farther than to nephews, nieces, and grandchildren of the crown, by virtue
+      of which the Princess Sophia is a princess of the blood, as niece to King
+      Charles I of England, and precedes accordingly, but this privilege doth
+      not descend to her son the Elector, or the electoral prince. To supply
+      which defect, and pay a compliment to the presumptive heirs of the crown,
+      this bill, as appeareth by the preamble, was recommended by Her Majesty to
+      the House of Lords, which the Commons, to shew their zeal for every thing
+      that might be thought to concern the interest or honour of that
+      illustrious family, ordered to be read thrice, passed <i>nemine
+      contradicente</i> and returned to the Lords, without any amendment, on the
+      very day it was sent down.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But the House seemed to have nothing more at heart than a strict inquiry
+      into the state of the nation, with respect to foreign alliances. Some
+      discourses had been published in print, about the beginning of the
+      session, boldly complaining of certain articles in the Barrier Treaty,
+      concluded about three years since by the Lord Viscount Townshend, between
+      Great Britain and the States General, and shewing, in many particulars,
+      the unequal conduct of these powers in our alliance, in furnishing their
+      quotas and supplies. It was asserted by the same writers, "That these
+      hardships, put upon England, had been countenanced and encouraged by a
+      party here at home, in order to preserve their power, which could be no
+      otherwise maintained than by continuing the war, as well as by Her
+      Majesty's general abroad, upon account of his own peculiar interest and
+      grandeur." These loud accusations spreading themselves throughout the
+      kingdom, delivered in facts directly charged, and thought, whether true or
+      not, to be but weakly confuted, had sufficiently prepared the minds of the
+      people, and, by putting arguments into every body's mouth, had filled the
+      town and country with controversies, both in writing and discourse. The
+      point appeared to be of great consequence, whether the war continued or
+      not for, in the former case, it was necessary that the allies should be
+      brought to a more equal regulation, and that the States in particular, for
+      whom Her Majesty had done such great things, should explain and correct
+      those articles in the Barrier Treaty which were prejudicial to Britain,
+      and, in either case, it was fit the people should have at least the
+      satisfaction of knowing by whose counsels, and for what designs, they had
+      been so hardly treated.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In order to this great inquiry, the Barrier Treaty, with all other
+      treaties and agreements entered into between Her Majesty and her allies,
+      during the present war, for the raising and augmenting the proportions for
+      the service thereof, were, by the Queen's directions, laid before the
+      House.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Several resolutions were drawn up, and reported at different times, upon
+      the deficiencies of the allies in furnishing their quotas, upon certain
+      articles in the Barrier Treaty, and upon the state of the war; by all
+      which it appeared, that whatever had been charged by public discourses in
+      print against the late ministry, and the conduct of the allies, was much
+      less than the truth. Upon these resolutions (by one of which the Lord
+      Viscount Townshend, who negotiated and signed the Barrier Treaty, was
+      declared an enemy to the Queen and kingdom), and upon some farther
+      directions to the committee, a Representation was formed; and soon after
+      the Commons in a body presented it to the Queen, the endeavours of the
+      adverse party not prevailing to have it re-committed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This Representation (supposed to be the work of Sir Thomas Hanmer's[16]
+      pen) is written with much energy and spirit, and will be a very useful
+      authentic record, for the assistance of those who at any time shall
+      undertake to write the history of the present times.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 16: But to which the Dean himself contributed a large share.
+      [S.] Swift writes in his "Journal," under date February 21st: "I left them
+      at 7, being engaged to go to Sir Tho. Hanmer, who desired I would see him
+      at that hour. His business was, that I would help him to draw up the
+      representation, which I consented to do" (vol. ii., p. 340). [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I did intend, for brevity sake, to have given the reader only an abstract
+      of it; but, upon trial, found myself unequal to such a task, without
+      injuring so excellent a piece. And although I think historical relations
+      are but ill patched up with long transcripts already printed, which, upon
+      that account, I have hitherto avoided; yet this being the sum of all
+      debates and resolutions of the House of Commons in that great affair of
+      the war, I conceived it could not well be omitted.[1]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 17: This "Representation" was printed by S. Keble by order of
+      the Speaker, and is also to be found in the "Journals of the House of
+      Commons," vol. xvii., pp. 119-123. [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      "MOST GRACIOUS SOVEREIGN,
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      "We your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the Commons of Great
+      Britain in Parliament assembled, having nothing so much at heart, as to
+      enable your Majesty to bring this long and expensive war to an honourable
+      and happy conclusion, have taken it into our most serious consideration,
+      how the necessary supplies to be provided by us may be best applied, and
+      the common cause may in the most effectual manner be carried on, by the
+      united force of the whole confederacy; we have thought ourselves obliged,
+      in duty to your Majesty, and in discharge of the trust reposed in us, to
+      inquire into the true state of the war, in all its parts; we have examined
+      what stipulations have been entered into between your Majesty and your
+      allies; and how far such engagements have on each side been made good. We
+      have considered the different interests which the confederates have in the
+      success of this war, and the different shares they have contributed to its
+      support: we have with our utmost care and diligence endeavoured to
+      discover the nature, extent, and charge of it, to the end, that by
+      comparing the weight thereof with our own strength, we might adapt the one
+      to the other in such measure, as neither to continue your Majesty's
+      subjects under a heavier burden, than in reason and justice they ought to
+      bear; nor deceive your Majesty, your allies, and ourselves, by undertaking
+      more than the nation in its present circumstances is able to perform.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Your Majesty has been graciously pleased, upon our humble applications,
+      to order such materials to be laid before us, as have furnished us with
+      the necessary information upon the particulars we have inquired into; and
+      when we shall have laid before your Majesty our observations, and humble
+      advice upon this subject, we promise to ourselves this happy fruit from
+      it, that if your Majesty's generous and good purposes, for the procuring a
+      safe and lasting peace, should, through the obstinacy of the enemy, or by
+      any other means, be unhappily defeated, a true knowledge and understanding
+      of the past conduct of the war will be the best foundation for a more
+      frugal and equal management of it for the time to come.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "In order to take the more perfect view of what we proposed, and that we
+      might be able to set the whole before your Majesty in a true light, we
+      have thought it necessary to go back to the beginning of the war, and beg
+      leave to observe the motives and reasons, upon which his late Majesty King
+      William engaged first in it. The treaty of the Grand Alliance, explains
+      those reasons to be for the supporting the pretensions of his Imperial
+      Majesty, then actually engaged in a war with the French King, who had
+      usurped the entire Spanish monarchy for his grandson the Duke of Anjou;
+      and for the assisting the States General, who, by the loss of their
+      barrier against France, were then in the same, or a more dangerous
+      condition, than if they were actually invaded. As these were the just and
+      necessary motives for undertaking this war, so the ends proposed to be
+      obtained by it, were equally wise and honourable; for as they are set
+      forth in the eighth article of the same treaty, they appear to have been
+      <i>the procuring an equitable and reasonable satisfaction to his Imperial
+      Majesty, and sufficient securities for the dominions, provinces,
+      navigation, and commerce of the King of Great Britain, and the States
+      General, and the making effectual provision, that the two kingdoms of
+      France and Spain should never be united under the same government;</i> and
+      particularly, that the French should never get into the possession of the
+      Spanish West Indies, or be permitted to sail thither, upon the account of
+      traffic, under any pretence whatsoever; and lastly, the securing to the
+      subjects of the King of Great Britain, and the States General, all the
+      same privileges, and rights of commerce, throughout the whole dominions of
+      Spain, as they enjoyed before the death of Charles the Second King of
+      Spain, by virtue of any treaty, agreement, or custom, or any other way
+      whatsoever. For the obtaining these ends, the three confederated powers
+      engaged to assist one another with their whole force, according to such
+      proportions as should be specified in a particular convention, afterwards
+      to be made for that purpose: we do not find that any such convention was
+      ever ratified; but it appears, that there was an agreement concluded,
+      which, by common consent, was understood to be binding upon each party
+      respectively, and according to which the proportions of Great Britain were
+      from the beginning regulated and founded. The terms of that agreement
+      were, That for the service at land, his Imperial Majesty should furnish
+      ninety thousand men, the King of Great Britain forty thousand, and the
+      States General one hundred and two thousand, of which there were forty-two
+      thousand intended to supply their garrisons, and sixty thousand to act
+      against the common enemy in the field; and with regard to the operations
+      of the war at sea, they were agreed to be performed jointly by Great
+      Britain and the States General, the quota of ships to be furnished for
+      that service being five-eighths on the part of Great Britain, and
+      three-eighths on the part of the States General.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Upon this foot, the war began in the year one thousand seven hundred and
+      two, at which time the whole yearly expense of it to England amounted to
+      three millions, seven hundred and six thousand four hundred ninety-four
+      pounds; a very great charge, as it was then thought by your Majesty's
+      subjects, after the short interval of ease they had enjoyed from the
+      burden of the former war, but yet a very moderate proportion, in
+      comparison with the load which hath since been laid upon them: for it
+      appears, by estimates given in to your Commons, that the sums necessary to
+      carry on the service for this present year, in the same manner as it was
+      performed the last year, amount to more than six millions nine hundred and
+      sixty thousand pounds, besides interest for the public debts, and the
+      deficiencies accruing the last year, which two articles require one
+      million one hundred and forty-three thousand pounds more: so that the
+      whole demands upon your Commons are arisen to more than eight millions for
+      the present annual supply. We know your Majesty's tender regard for the
+      welfare of your people, will make it uneasy to you to hear of so great a
+      pressure as this upon them; and as we are assured, it will fully convince
+      your Majesty of the necessity of our present inquiry; so we beg leave to
+      represent to you, from what causes, and by what steps, this immense charge
+      appears to have grown upon us.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The service at sea, as it has been very large and extensive in itself, so
+      it has been carried on, through the whole course of the war, in a manner
+      highly disadvantageous to your Majesty and your kingdom: for the necessity
+      of affairs requiring that great fleets should be fitted out every year, as
+      well for the maintaining a superiority in the Mediterranean, as for
+      opposing any force which the enemy might prepare, either at Dunkirk, or in
+      the ports of West France, your Majesty's example and readiness in fitting
+      out your proportion of ships, for all parts of that service, have been so
+      far from prevailing with the States General to keep pace with you, that
+      they have been deficient every year to a great degree, in proportion to
+      what your Majesty hath furnished; sometimes no less than two-thirds, and
+      generally more than half of their quota: from hence your Majesty has been
+      obliged, for the preventing disappointments in the most pressing services,
+      to supply those deficiencies by additional reinforcements of your own
+      ships; nor hath the single increase of such a charge been the only ill
+      consequence that attended it; for by this means the debt of the navy hath
+      been enhanced, so that the discounts arising upon the credit of it have
+      affected all other parts of the service. From the same cause, your
+      Majesty's ships of war have been forced in greater numbers to continue in
+      remote seas, and at unseasonable times of the year, to the great damage
+      and decay of the British navy. This also hath been the occasion that your
+      Majesty hath been straitened in your convoys for trade; your coasts have
+      been exposed, for want of a sufficient number of cruisers to guard them;
+      and you have been disabled from annoying the enemy, in their most
+      beneficial commerce with the West Indies, from whence they received those
+      vast supplies of treasure, without which they could not have supported the
+      expenses of this war.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That part of the war which hath been carried on in Flanders, was at first
+      immediately necessary to the security of the States General, and hath
+      since brought them great acquisitions, both of revenue and dominion; yet
+      even there the original proportions have been departed from, and, during
+      the course of the war, have been sinking by degrees on the part of
+      Holland; so that in this last year, we find the number in which they fell
+      short of their three-fifths, to your Majesty's two-fifths, have been
+      twenty thousand eight hundred and thirty-seven men: we are not unmindful,
+      that in the year one thousand seven hundred and three, a treaty was made
+      between the two nations, for a joint augmentation of twenty thousand men,
+      wherein the proportions were varied, and England consented to take half
+      upon itself. But it having been annexed as an express condition to the
+      grant of the said augmentation in Parliament, that the States General
+      should prohibit all trade and commerce with France, and that condition
+      having not been performed by them, the Commons think it reasonable, that
+      the first rule of three to two ought to have taken place again, as well in
+      that as in other subsequent augmentations, more especially when they
+      consider, that the revenues of those rich provinces which have been
+      conquered, would, if they were duly applied, maintain a great number of
+      new additional forces against the common enemy; notwithstanding which, the
+      States General have raised none upon that account, but make use of those
+      fresh supplies of money, only to ease themselves in the charge of their
+      first established quota.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "As in the progress of the war in Flanders, a disproportion was soon
+      created to the prejudice of England; so the very beginning of the war in
+      Portugal, brought an unequal share of burden upon us; for although the
+      Emperor and the States General were equally parties with your Majesty in
+      the treaty with the King of Portugal, yet the Emperor neither furnishing
+      his third part of the troops and subsidies stipulated for, nor the Dutch
+      consenting to take an equal share of his Imperial Majesty's defect upon
+      themselves, your Majesty hath been obliged to furnish two-thirds of the
+      entire expense created by that service. Nor has the inequality stopped
+      there; for ever since the year one thousand seven hundred and six, when
+      the English and Dutch forces marched out of Portugal into Castile, the
+      States General have entirely abandoned the war in Portugal, and left your
+      Majesty to prosecute it singly at your own charge, which you have
+      accordingly done, by replacing a greater number of troops there, than even
+      at first you took upon you to provide. At the same time your Majesty's
+      generous endeavours for the support and defence of the King of Portugal,
+      have been but ill seconded by that Prince himself; for notwithstanding
+      that by his treaty he had obliged himself to furnish twelve thousand foot,
+      and three thousand horse, upon his own account, besides eleven thousand
+      foot, and two thousand horse more, in consideration of a subsidy paid him;
+      yet, according to the best information your Commons can procure, it
+      appears, that he hath scarce at any time furnished thirteen thousand men
+      in the whole.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "In Spain the war hath been yet more unequal, and burdensome to your
+      Majesty, than in any other branch of it; for being commenced without any
+      treaty whatsoever, the allies have almost wholly declined taking any part
+      of it upon themselves. A small body of English and Dutch troops were sent
+      thither in the year one thousand seven hundred and five, not as being
+      thought sufficient to support a regular war, or to make the conquest of so
+      large a country; but with a view only of assisting the Spaniards to set
+      King Charles upon the throne; occasioned by the great assurances which
+      were given of their inclinations to the House of Austria: but this
+      expectation failing, England was insensibly drawn into an established war,
+      under all the disadvantages of the distance of the place, and the feeble
+      efforts of the other allies. The account we have to lay before your
+      Majesty, upon this head, is, that although the undertaking was entered
+      upon at the particular and earnest request of the imperial court, and for
+      a cause of no less importance and concern to them, than the reducing the
+      Spanish monarchy to the House of Austria; yet neither the late emperors,
+      nor his present Imperial Majesty, have ever had any forces there on their
+      own account, till the last year; and then, only one regiment of foot,
+      consisting of two thousand men. Though the States General have contributed
+      something more to this service, yet their share also hath been
+      inconsiderable; for in the space of four years, from one thousand seven
+      hundred and five, to one thousand seven hundred and eight, both inclusive,
+      all the forces they have sent into that country have not exceeded twelve
+      thousand two hundred men; and from the year one thousand seven hundred and
+      eight to this time, they have not sent any forces or recruits whatsoever.
+      To your Majesty's care and charge the recovery of that kingdom hath been
+      in a manner wholly left, as if none else were interested or concerned in
+      it. And the forces which your Majesty hath sent into Spain, in the space
+      of seven years, from one thousand seven hundred and five to one thousand
+      seven hundred and eleven, both inclusive, have amounted to no less than
+      fifty-seven thousand nine hundred seventy-three men; besides thirteen
+      battalions and eighteen squadrons, for which your Majesty hath paid a
+      subsidy to the Emperor.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "How great the established expense of such a number of men hath been, your
+      Majesty very well knows, and your Commons very sensibly feel; but the
+      weight will be found much greater, when it is considered how many heavy
+      articles of unusual and extraordinary charge have attended this remote and
+      difficult service, all which have been entirely defrayed by your Majesty,
+      except that one of transporting the few forces, which were sent by the
+      States General, and the victualling of them during their transportation
+      only. The accounts delivered to your Commons shew, that the charge of your
+      Majesty's ships and vessels, employed in the service of the war in Spain
+      and Portugal, reckoned after the rate of four pounds a man <i>per</i>
+      month, from the time they sailed from hence, till they returned, were
+      lost, or put upon other services, hath amounted to six millions five
+      hundred and forty thousand nine hundred and sixty-six pounds fourteen
+      shillings: the charge of transports on the part of Great Britain, for
+      carrying on the war in Spain and Portugal, from the beginning of it till
+      this time, hath amounted to one million three hundred thirty-six thousand
+      seven hundred and nineteen pounds, nineteen shillings, and elevenpence;
+      that of victualling land forces for the same service, to five hundred
+      eighty-three thousand seven hundred and seventy pounds, eight shillings,
+      and sixpence; and that of contingencies, and other extraordinaries for the
+      same service, to one million eight hundred and forty thousand three
+      hundred and fifty-three pounds.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "We should take notice to your Majesty of several sums paid upon account
+      of contingencies, and extraordinaries in Flanders, making together the sum
+      of one million one hundred and seven thousand and ninety-six pounds: but
+      we are not able to make any comparison of them, with what the States
+      General have expended upon the same head, having no such state of their
+      extraordinary charge before us. There remains therefore but one particular
+      more for your Majesty's observation, which arises from the subsidies paid
+      to foreign princes. These, at the beginning of the war, were borne in
+      equal proportion by your Majesty, and the States General; but in this
+      instance also, the balance hath been cast in prejudice of your Majesty:
+      for it appears, that your Majesty hath since advanced more than your equal
+      proportion, three millions one hundred and fifty-five thousand crowns[18],
+      besides extraordinaries paid in Italy, and not included in any of the
+      foregoing articles, which arise to five hundred thirty-nine thousand five
+      hundred and fifty-three pounds.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 18: In the "Journals of the House of Commons," vol. xvii., p.
+      48, is an exact state of all the subsidies and extra expenses, from 1702
+      to 1711. [N.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "We have laid these several particulars before your Majesty in the
+      shortest manner we have been able; and by an estimate grounded on the
+      preceding facts, it does appear, that over and above the quotas on the
+      part of Great Britain, answering to those contributed by your allies, more
+      than nineteen millions have been expended by your Majesty, during the
+      course of this war, by way of surplusage, or exceeding in balance, of
+      which none of the confederates have furnished any thing whatsoever.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "It is with very great concern, that we find so much occasion given us, to
+      represent how ill an use hath been made of your Majesty's and your
+      subjects' zeal for the common cause; that the interest of that cause hath
+      not been proportionably promoted by it, but others only have been eased at
+      your Majesty's and your subjects' costs, and have been connived at, in
+      laying their part of the burden upon this kingdom, although they have upon
+      all accounts been equally, and in most respects, much more nearly
+      concerned than Britain in the issue of the war. We are persuaded your
+      Majesty will think it pardonable in us, with some resentment to complain
+      of the little regard, which some of those, whom your Majesty of late years
+      intrusted, have shewn to the interests of their country, in giving way, at
+      least, to such unreasonable impositions upon it, if not in some measure
+      contriving them. The course of which impositions hath been so singular and
+      extraordinary, that the more the wealth of this nation hath been
+      exhausted, and the more your Majesty's arms have been attended with
+      success, the heavier hath been the burden laid upon us; whilst on the
+      other hand, the more vigorous your Majesty's efforts have been, and the
+      greater the advantages which have redounded thence to your allies, the
+      more those allies have abated in their share of the expense.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "At the first entrance into this war, the Commons were induced to exert
+      themselves in the extraordinary manner they did, and to grant such large
+      supplies, as had been unknown to former ages, in hopes thereby to prevent
+      the mischiefs of a lingering war, and to bring that, in which they were
+      necessarily engaged, to a speedy conclusion; but they have been very
+      unhappy in the event, whilst they have so much reason to suspect, that
+      what was intended to shorten the war, hath proved the very cause of its
+      long continuance; for those, to whom the profits of it have accrued, have
+      been disposed not easily to forgo them. And your Majesty will from thence
+      discern <i>the true reason, why so many have delighted in a war, which
+      brought in so rich an harvest yearly from Great Britain</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "We are as far from desiring, as we know your Majesty will be from
+      concluding any peace, but upon safe and honourable terms; and we are far
+      from intending to excuse ourselves from raising all necessary and possible
+      supplies, for an effectual prosecution of the war, till such a peace can
+      be obtained: all that your faithful Commons aim at, all that they wish, is
+      an equal concurrence from the other powers, engaged in alliance with your
+      Majesty; and a just application of what hath been already gained from the
+      enemy, towards promoting the common cause. Several large countries and
+      territories have been restored to the house of Austria, such as the
+      kingdom of Naples, the duchy of Milan, and other places in Italy; others
+      have been conquered, and added to their dominions, as the two electorates
+      of Bavaria and Cologne, the duchy of Mantua, and the bishopric of Liège;
+      these having been reduced in great measure by our blood and treasure, may,
+      we humbly conceive, with great reason, be claimed to come in aid towards
+      carrying on the war in Spain. And therefore we make it our earnest request
+      to your Majesty, that you will give instructions to your ministers, to
+      insist with the Emperor, that the revenues of those several places,
+      excepting only such a portion thereof as is necessary for their defence,
+      be actually so applied: and as to the other parts of the war, to which
+      your Majesty hath obliged yourself by particular treaties to contribute,
+      we humbly beseech your Majesty, that you will be pleased to take effectual
+      care, that your allies do perform their parts stipulated by those
+      treaties; and that your Majesty will, for the future, no otherwise furnish
+      troops, or pay subsidies, than in proportion to what your allies shall
+      actually furnish and pay. When this justice is done to your Majesty, and
+      to your people, there is nothing which your Commons will not cheerfully
+      grant, towards supporting your Majesty in the cause in which you are
+      engaged. And whatever farther shall appear to be necessary for carrying on
+      the war, either at sea or land, we will effectually enable your Majesty to
+      bear your reasonable share of any such expense, and will spare no supplies
+      which your subjects are able, with their utmost efforts to afford.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "After having enquired into, and considered the state of the war, in which
+      the part your Majesty has borne, appears to have been, not only superior
+      to that of any one ally, but even equal to that of the whole confederacy;
+      your Commons naturally inclined to hope, that they should find care had
+      been taken of securing some particular advantages to Britain, in the terms
+      of a future peace; such as might afford a prospect of making the nation
+      amends, in time, for that immense treasure which has been expended, and
+      those heavy debts which have been contracted, in the course of so long and
+      burdensome a war. This reasonable expectation could no way have been
+      better answered, than by some provision made for the further security, and
+      the greater improvement of the commerce of Great Britain; but we find
+      ourselves so very far disappointed in these hopes, that in a treaty not
+      long since concluded between your Majesty and the States General, under
+      colour of a mutual guarantee, given for two points of the greatest
+      importance to both nations, the Succession, and the Barrier; it appears,
+      the interest of Great Britain hath been not only neglected, but
+      sacrificed; and that several articles in the said treaty, are destructive
+      to the trade and welfare of this kingdom, and therefore highly
+      dishonourable to your Majesty.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Your Commons observe, in the first place, that several towns and places
+      are, by virtue of this treaty, to be put into the hands of the States
+      General, particularly Nieuport, Dendermonde, and the castle of Ghent,
+      which can in no sense be looked upon as part of a barrier against France,
+      but being the keys of the Netherlands towards Britain, must make the trade
+      of your Majesty's subjects in those parts precarious, and whenever the
+      States think fit, totally exclude them from it. The pretended necessity of
+      putting these places into the hands of the States General, in order to
+      secure to them a communication with their barrier, must appear vain and
+      groundless; for the sovereignty of the Low Countries being not to remain
+      to an enemy, but to a friend and an ally, that communication must be
+      always secure and uninterrupted; besides that, in case of a rupture, or
+      any attack, the States have full liberty allowed them to take possession
+      of all the Spanish Netherlands, and therefore needed no particular
+      stipulation for the towns above mentioned.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Having taken notice of this concession made to the States General, for
+      seizing upon the whole ten provinces; we cannot but observe to your
+      Majesty, that in the manner this article is framed, it is another
+      dangerous circumstance which attends this treaty; for had such a provision
+      been confined to the case of an apparent attack from France only, the
+      avowed design of this treaty had been fulfilled, and your Majesty's
+      instructions to your ambassador had been pursued: but this necessary
+      restriction hath been omitted, and the same liberty is granted to the
+      States, to take possession of all the Netherlands, whenever they shall
+      think themselves attacked by any other neighbouring nation, as when they
+      shall be in danger from France; so that if it should at any time happen
+      (which your Commons are very unwilling to suppose) that they should
+      quarrel, even with your Majesty, the riches, strength, and advantageous
+      situation of these countries, may be made use of against yourself, without
+      whose generous and powerful assistance they had never been conquered.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "To return to those ill consequences which relate to the trade of your
+      kingdoms, we beg leave to observe to your Majesty, that though this treaty
+      revives, and renders your Majesty a party to the fourteenth and fifteenth
+      articles of the Treaty of Munster,[19] by virtue of which, the impositions
+      upon all goods and merchandises brought into the Spanish Low Countries by
+      the sea, are to equal those laid on goods and merchandises imported by the
+      Scheldt, and the canals of Sass and Swyn, and other mouths of the sea
+      adjoining; yet no care is taken to preserve that equality upon the
+      exportation of those goods out of the Spanish provinces, into those
+      countries and places, which, by virtue of this treaty, are to be in the
+      possession of the States; the consequence of which must in time be, and
+      your Commons are informed, that in some instances it has already proved to
+      be the case, that the impositions upon goods carried into those countries
+      and places, by the subjects of the States General, will be taken off,
+      while those upon the goods imported by your Majesty's subjects remain: by
+      which means, Great Britain will entirely lose this most beneficial branch
+      of trade, which it has in all ages been possessed of, even from the time
+      when those countries were governed by the house of Burgundy, one of the
+      most ancient, as well as the most useful allies to the crown of England.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 19: Concluded June 30th, 1643. See note in vol. v., p. 150, of
+      present edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "With regard to the other dominions and territories of Spain, your
+      Majesty's subjects have always been distinguished in their commerce with
+      them, and both by ancient treaties, and an uninterrupted custom, have
+      enjoyed greater privileges and immunities of trade, than either the
+      Hollanders, or any other nation whatsoever. And that wise and excellent
+      treaty of the Grand Alliance, provides effectually for the security and
+      continuance of these valuable privileges to Britain, in such a manner, as
+      that each nation might be left, at the end of war, upon the same foot as
+      it stood at the commencement of it: but this treaty we now complain of,
+      instead of confirming your subjects' rights, surrenders and destroys them;
+      for although by the sixteenth and seventeenth articles of the Treaty of
+      Munster, made between his Catholic Majesty and the States General, all
+      advantages of trade are stipulated for, and granted to the Hollanders,
+      equal to what the English enjoyed; yet the crown of England not being a
+      party to that treaty, the subjects of England have never submitted to
+      those articles of it, nor even the Spaniards themselves ever observed
+      them; but this treaty revives those articles in prejudice of Great
+      Britain, and makes your Majesty a party to them, and even a guarantee to
+      the States General, for privileges against your own people.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "In how deliberate and extraordinary a manner your Majesty's ambassador
+      consented to deprive your subjects of their ancient rights, and your
+      Majesty of the power of procuring to them any new advantage, most
+      evidently appears from his own letters, which, by your Majesty's
+      directions, have been laid before your Commons:[20] for when matters of
+      advantage to your Majesty, and to your kingdom, had been offered, as
+      proper to be made parts of this treaty, they were refused to be admitted
+      by the States General, upon this reason and principle, that nothing
+      foreign to the guaranties of the Succession, and of the Barrier, should be
+      mingled with them; notwithstanding which, the States General had no sooner
+      received notice of a treaty of commerce concluded between your Majesty and
+      the present Emperor, but they departed from the rule proposed before, and
+      insisted upon the article, of which your Commons now complain; which
+      article your Majesty's ambassador allowed of, although equally foreign to
+      the Succession, or the Barrier; and although he had for that reason
+      departed from other articles, which would have been for the service of his
+      own country.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 20: Printed in the "Journals," vol. xvii., pp. 87-89. [N.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "We have forborne to trouble your Majesty with general observations upon
+      this treaty, as it relates to and affects the empire, and other parts of
+      Europe. The mischiefs which arise from it to Great Britain, are what only
+      we have presumed humbly to represent to you, as they are very evident, and
+      very great: and as it appears, that the Lord Viscount Townshend had not
+      any orders, or authority, for concluding several of those articles, which
+      are most prejudicial to your Majesty's subjects; we have thought we could
+      do no less than declare your said ambassador, who negotiated and signed,
+      and all others who advised the ratifying of this treaty, enemies to your
+      Majesty and to your kingdom.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Upon these faithful informations, and advices from your Commons, we
+      assure ourselves your Majesty, in your great goodness to your people, will
+      rescue them from those evils, which the private counsels of ill-designing
+      men have exposed them to; and that in your great wisdom you will find some
+      means for the explaining, and amending, the several articles of this
+      treaty, so as that they may consist with the interest of Great Britain,
+      and with real and lasting friendship between your Majesty and the States
+      General."[21]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 21: This Representation was presented to Her Majesty March 4th,
+      171-1/2 and answered March 5th. [N.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Between the Representation and the first debates upon the subject of it,
+      several weeks had passed; during which time the Parliament had other
+      matters likewise before them, that deserve to be mentioned. For on the
+      ninth of February was repealed the Act for Naturalizing Foreign
+      Protestants, which had been passed under the last ministry, and, as many
+      people thought, to very ill purposes. By this Act any foreigner, who would
+      take the oaths to the government, and profess himself a Protestant, of
+      whatever denomination, was immediately naturalized, and had all the
+      privileges of an English born subject, at the expense of a shilling.[22]
+      Most Protestants abroad differ from us in the points of church government;
+      so that all the acquisitions by this Act would increase the number of
+      Dissenters; and therefore the proposal, that such foreigners should be
+      obliged to conform to the established worship, was rejected. But because
+      several persons were fond of this project, as a thing that would be of
+      mighty advantage to the kingdom, I shall say a few words upon it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 22: See "The Examiner," Nos. 26 and 45, in vol. ix. of this
+      edition. [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The maxim, "That people are the riches of a nation," hath been crudely
+      understood by many writers and reasoners upon that subject. There are
+      several ways by which people are brought into a country. Sometimes a
+      nation is invaded and subdued; and the conquerors seize the lands, and
+      make the natives their under-tenants or servants. Colonies have been
+      always planted where the natives were driven out or destroyed, or the land
+      uncultivated and waste. In those countries where the lord of the soil is
+      master of the labour and liberty of his tenants, or of slaves bought by
+      his money, men's riches are reckoned by the number of their vassals. And
+      sometimes, in governments newly instituted, where there are not people to
+      till the ground, many laws have been made to encourage and allure numbers
+      from the neighbouring countries. And, in all these cases, the new comers
+      have either lands allotted them, or are slaves to the proprietors. But to
+      invite helpless families, by thousands, into a kingdom inhabited like
+      ours, without lands to give them, and where the laws will not allow that
+      they should be part of the property as servants, is a wrong application of
+      the maxim, and the same thing, in great, as infants dropped at the doors,
+      which are only a burthen and charge to the parish. The true way of
+      multiplying mankind to public advantage, in such a country as England, is
+      to invite from abroad only able handicraftsmen and artificers, or such who
+      bring over a sufficient share of property to secure them from want; to
+      enact and enforce sumptuary laws against luxury, and all excesses in
+      clothing, furniture, and the like; to encourage matrimony, and reward, as
+      the Romans did, those who have a certain number of children. Whether
+      bringing over the Palatines were a mere consequence of this law for a
+      general naturalization; or whether, as many surmised, it had some other
+      meaning, it appeared manifestly, by the issue, that the public was a loser
+      by every individual among them; and that a kingdom can no more be the
+      richer by such an importation, than a man can be fatter by a wen, which is
+      unsightly and troublesome, at best, and intercepts that nourishment, which
+      would otherwise diffuse itself through the whole body.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      About a fortnight after, the Commons sent up a bill for securing the
+      freedom of Parliaments, by limiting the number of Members in that House
+      who should be allowed to possess employments under the crown.[23] Bills to
+      the same effect, promoted by both parties, had, after making the like
+      progress, been rejected in former Parliaments; the court and ministry, who
+      will ever be against such a law, having usually a greater influence in the
+      House of Lords, and so it happened now. Although that influence were less,
+      I am apt to think that such a law would be too thorough a reformation in
+      one point, while we have so many corruptions in the rest; and perhaps the
+      regulations, already made on that article, are sufficient, by which
+      several employments incapacitate a man from being chosen a Member, and all
+      of them bring it to a new election.[24]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 23: This self-denying ordinance easily passed through the House
+      of Commons, where probably men were ashamed of opposing it; and in such a
+      temper were the Peers, in whose House the ministry proposed to make the
+      stand, that it was very likely to have passed there also. But an amendment
+      was ingeniously thrown in, to suspend the operation of the proposed Act
+      until after the Queen's death; so that it was evaded for the present, and
+      never again revived. [S.] The Bill was rejected February 29th, 171-1/2.
+      [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 24: P. Fitzgerald adds, "Neither do I believe any man who truly
+      understands and loves our constitution will imagine that the prerogative
+      hath not been sufficiently humbled within twenty years past." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For my own part, when I consider the temper of particular persons, and by
+      what maxims they have acted (almost without exception) in their private
+      capacities, I cannot conceive how such a bill should obtain a majority,
+      unless every man expected to be one of the fifty, which, I think, was the
+      limitation intended.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      About the same time, likewise, the House of Commons advanced one
+      considerable step towards securing us against farther impositions from our
+      allies, resolving that the additional forces should be continued; but with
+      a condition, that the Dutch should make good their proportion of
+      three-fifths to two-fifths, which those confederates had so long, and in
+      so great degree, neglected. The Duke of Marlborough's deduction of two and
+      a half <i>per cent.</i>, from the pay of the foreign troops, was also
+      applied for carrying on the war.[25]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 25: In the "Journals of the House of Commons," vol. xvii., pp.
+      15-18, the Report of the Commissioners is printed, in which is included
+      the Duke's justification of his conduct. See above, p. 85. [N.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Lastly, within this period is to be included the Act passed to prevent the
+      disturbing those of the Episcopal Communion in Scotland[26] in the
+      exercise of their religious worship, and in the use of the liturgy of the
+      Church of England.[27] It is known enough, that the most considerable of
+      the nobility and gentry there, as well as great numbers of the people,
+      dread the tyrannical discipline of those synods and presbyteries; and at
+      the same time have the utmost contempt for the abilities and tenets of
+      their teachers. It was besides thought an inequality, beyond all
+      appearance of reason or justice, that Dissenters of every denomination
+      here, who are the meanest and most illiterate part amongst us, should
+      possess a toleration by law, under colour of which they might, upon
+      occasion, be bold enough to insult the religion established, while those
+      of the Episcopal Church in Scotland[28] groaned under a real persecution.
+      The only specious objection against this bill was, that it set the
+      religion by law, in both parts of the island, upon a different foot,
+      directly contrary to the Union; because, by an Act passed this very
+      session against occasional conformity, our Dissenters were shut out from
+      all employments. A petition from Carstares, and other Scotch professors,
+      against this bill, was offered to the House, but not accepted; and a
+      motion made by the other party, to receive a clause that should restrain
+      all persons, who have any office in Scotland,[28] from going to episcopal
+      meetings, passed in the negative. It is manifest, that the promoters of
+      this clause were not moved by any regard for Scotland,[28] which is by no
+      means their favourite at present; only they hoped, that, if it were made
+      part of a law, it might occasion such a choice of representatives in both
+      Houses, from Scotland,[28] as would be a considerable strength to their
+      faction here. But the proposition was in itself extremely absurd, that so
+      many lords, and other persons of distinction, who have great employments,
+      pensions, posts in the army, and other places of profit, many of whom are
+      in frequent or constant attendance at the court, and utterly dislike their
+      national way of worship, should be deprived of their liberty of conscience
+      at home; not to mention those who are sent thither from hence to take care
+      of the revenue, and other affairs, who would ill digest the changing of
+      their religion for that of Scotland.[28]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With a farther view of favour towards the episcopal clergy of
+      Scotland,[28] three Members of that country were directed to bring in a
+      bill for restoring the patrons to their ancient rights of presenting
+      ministers to the vacant churches there, which the kirk, during the height
+      of their power, had obtained for themselves[29] And, to conclude this
+      subject at once, the Queen, at the close of the session, commanded Mr
+      Secretary St John to acquaint the House, "That, pursuant to their address,
+      the profits arising from the bishops' estates in Scotland, which remained
+      in the crown, should be applied to the support of such of the episcopal
+      clergy there, as would take the oaths to Her Majesty."[30]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 26: P. Fitzgerald says "North Britain." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 27: The "Act to prevent," etc. (10 Ann. c. 10) was ordered
+      January 21st, and received the Royal Assent March 3rd, 171-1/2, [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 28: P. Fitzgerald says "North Britain." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 29: The Scotch Patronage Bill was ordered March 13th, [1711],
+      passed April 7th, and received the Royal Assent May 22nd, 1712 (10 Ann c
+      21). It did not refer to the Episcopal Church. [W.S.J.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Church of Scotland viewed the bills for restoring to the gentry the
+      right of patronage, and for tolerating the exercise of the Episcopal
+      persuasion, with great jealousy. The Reverend Mr William Carstares, who
+      had been secretary to King William, and was Principal of the College of
+      Edinburgh, was deputed to go to London at the head of a commission of the
+      church, to oppose the bills while in dependence. His biographer has justly
+      remarked, that these enactments considered at the time as fatal to the
+      interests of Presbytery in Scotland, have, upon experience, proved her
+      best security.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Upon the one hand, the Act of Toleration, by taking the weapon of offence
+      out of the hands of the Presbyterians, removed the chief grounds of those
+      resentments which the friends of prelacy entertained against them, and in
+      a few years almost annihilated Episcopacy in Scotland Upon the other hand,
+      the Act restoring Patronages, by restoring the nobility and gentlemen of
+      property to then wonted influence in the settlement of the clergy,
+      reconciled numbers of them to the established church, who had conceived
+      the most violent prejudices against that mode of election, and against the
+      Presbyterian clergy, who were settled upon it. It is likewise an
+      incontestable fact, that, from the date of these two Acts, the Church of
+      Scotland has enjoyed a state of tranquillity to which she was an utter
+      stranger before." (Life of Carstares, prefixed to Carstares's "State
+      Papers," 1774, p 85) [S]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 30: This message was reported to the House of Commons June 19th,
+      1712. [W.S.J]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Nothing could more amply justify the proceedings of the Queen and her
+      ministers, for two years past, than that famous Representation above at
+      large recited, the unbiassed wisdom of the nation, after the strictest
+      inquiry, confirming those facts upon which Her Majesty's counsels were
+      grounded and many persons, who were before inclined to believe that the
+      allies and the late ministry had been too much loaded by the malice,
+      misrepresentations, or ignorance of writers, were now fully convinced of
+      their mistake by so great an authority. Upon this occasion I cannot
+      forbear doing justice to Mr. St. John,[31] who had been secretary of war,
+      for several years, under the former administration, where he had the
+      advantage of observing how affairs were managed both at home and abroad.
+      He was one of those who shared in the present treasurer's fortune,
+      resigning his employment at the same time; and upon that minister's being
+      again taken into favour, this gentleman was some time after made secretary
+      of state. There he began afresh, by the opportunities of his station, to
+      look into past miscarriages; and, by the force of an extraordinary genius,
+      and application to public affairs, joined with an invincible eloquence,
+      laid open the scene of miscarriages and corruptions through the whole
+      course of the war, in so evident a manner, that the House of Commons
+      seemed principally directed in their resolutions, upon this inquiry, by
+      his information and advice. In a short time after the Representation was
+      published, there appeared a memorial in the Dutch "Gazette," as by order
+      of the States, reflecting very much upon the said Representation, as well
+      as the resolutions on which it was founded, pretending to deny some of the
+      facts, and to extenuate others. This memorial, translated into English, a
+      common writer of news had the boldness to insert in one of his papers. A
+      complaint being made thereof to the House of Commons, they voted the
+      pretended memorial to be a false, scandalous, malicious libel, and ordered
+      the printer to be taken into custody.[32]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 31: See his character in Swift's "Enquiry," vol. v., pp.
+      430-431, of this edition. [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 32: The memorial appeared in the "Daily Courant" of 7th and 8th
+      April, for which Samuel Buckley, the writer and printer, was ordered by
+      the House of Commons to be taken into custody on April 11th. [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was the misfortune of the ministers, that while they were baited by
+      their professed adversaries of the discontented faction, acting in
+      confederacy with emissaries of foreign powers, to break the measures Her
+      Majesty had taken towards a peace, they met at the same time with frequent
+      difficulties from those who agreed and engaged with them to pursue the
+      same general end; but sometimes disapproved the methods as too slack and
+      remiss, or, in appearance, now and then perhaps a little dubious. In the
+      first session of this Parliament, a considerable number of gentlemen, all
+      members of the House of Commons, began to meet by themselves, and consult
+      what course they ought to steer in this new world. They intended to revive
+      a new country party in Parliament, which might, as in former times, oppose
+      the court in any proceedings they disliked. The whole body was of such who
+      profess what is commonly called high-church principles, upon which account
+      they were irreconcilable enemies to the late ministry and all its
+      adherents. On the other side, considering the temper of the new men in
+      power, that they were persons who had formerly moved between the two
+      extremes, those gentlemen, who were impatient for an entire change, and to
+      see all their adversaries laid at once as low as the dust, began to be
+      apprehensive that the work would be done by halves. But the juncture of
+      affairs at that time, both at home and abroad, would by no means admit of
+      the least precipitation, although the Queen and her first minister had
+      been disposed to it, which certainly they were not. Neither did the court
+      seem at all uneasy at this league, formed in appearance against it, but
+      composed of honest gentlemen who wished well to their country, in which
+      both were entirely agreed, although they might differ about the means; or
+      if such a society should begin to grow resty, nothing was easier than to
+      divide them, and render all their endeavours ineffectual.[33]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 33: See Swift's "Advice to Members of the October Club," vol.
+      v., pp. 207-225. [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But in the course of that first session, many of this society became
+      gradually reconciled to the new ministry, whom they found to be greater
+      objects of the common enemy's hatred than themselves; and the attempt of
+      Guiscard, as it gained farther time for deferring the disposal of
+      employments, so it much endeared that person to the kingdom, who was so
+      near falling a sacrifice to the safety of his country. Upon the last
+      session of which I am now writing, this October Club (as it was called)
+      renewed their usual meetings, but were now very much altered from their
+      original institution, and seemed to have wholly dropped the design, as of
+      no further use. They saw a point carried in the House of Lords against the
+      court, that would end in the ruin of the kingdom; and they observed the
+      enemy's whole artillery directly levelled at the treasurer's head. In
+      short, the majority of the club had so good an understanding with the
+      great men at court, that two of the latter,[34] to shew to the world how
+      fair a correspondence there was between the court and country party,
+      consented to be at one of their dinners; but this intercourse had an event
+      very different from what was expected: for immediately the more zealous
+      members of that society broke off from the rest, and composed a new one,
+      made up of gentlemen, who seemed to expect little of the court; and
+      perhaps, with a mixture of others who thought themselves disappointed, or
+      too long delayed.[35] Many of these were observed to retain an incurable
+      jealousy of the treasurer, and to interpret all delays, which they could
+      not comprehend, as a reserve of favour in this minister to the persons and
+      principles of the abandoned party.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 34: Mr. St. John and Mr. Bromley. [N.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 35: This was called the March Club, but did not long subsist. It
+      seems probable that it included those <i>Tories</i> whose principles went
+      the length of Jacobitism. [S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Upon an occasion offered about this time, some persons, out of distrust to
+      the treasurer, endeavoured to obtain a point, which could not have been
+      carried without putting all into confusion. A Bill was brought into the
+      House of Commons, appointing commissioners to examine into the value of
+      all lands, and other interests granted by the crown since the thirteenth
+      day of February, one thousand six hundred and eighty-eight, and upon what
+      considerations such grants had been made. The united country interest in
+      the House was extremely set upon passing this Bill. They had conceived an
+      opinion from former precedents, that the court would certainly oppose all
+      steps towards a resumption of grants; and those who were apprehensive that
+      the treasurer inclined the same way, proposed the Bill should be tacked to
+      another, for raising a fund by duties upon soap and paper, which hath been
+      always imputed, whether justly or no, as a favourite expedient of those
+      called the Tory party. At the same time it was very well known, that the
+      House of Lords had made a fixed and unanimous resolution against giving
+      their concurrence to the passing such united bills: so that the
+      consequences of this project must have been to bring the ministry under
+      difficulties, to stop the necessary supplies, and endanger the good
+      correspondence between both Houses; notwithstanding all which the majority
+      carried it for a tack; and the committee was instructed accordingly to
+      make the two Bills into one, whereby the worst that could happen would
+      have followed, if the treasurer had not convinced the warm leaders in this
+      affair, by undeniable reasons, that the means they were using would
+      certainly disappoint the end; that neither himself, nor any other of the
+      Queen's servants, were at all against this enquiry; and he promised his
+      utmost credit to help forward the bill in the House of Lords. He prevailed
+      at last to have it sent up single; but their lordships gave it another
+      kind of reception. Those who were of the side opposite to the court,
+      withstood it to a man, as in a party case: among the rest, some very
+      personally concerned, and others by friends and relations, which they
+      supposed a sufficient excuse to be absent, or dissent. Even those, whose
+      grants were antecedent to this intended inspection, began to be alarmed as
+      men, whose neighbours' houses are on fire. A shew of zeal for the late
+      king's honour, occasioned many reflections upon the date of this enquiry,
+      which was to commence with his reign: and the Earl of Nottingham, who had
+      now flung away the mask which he had lately pulled off, like one who had
+      no other view but that of vengeance against the Queen and her friends,
+      acted consistently enough with his design, by voting as a lord against the
+      Bill, after he had directed his son in the House of Commons to vote for
+      the tack.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thus miscarried this popular Bill for appointing commissioners to examine
+      into royal grants; but whether those chiefly concerned did rightly consult
+      their own interest, hath been made a question, which perhaps time will
+      resolve. It was agreed that the Queen, by her own authority, might have
+      issued out a commission for such an enquiry, and every body believed, that
+      the intention of the Parliament was only to tax the grants with about
+      three years' purchase, and at the same time establish the proprietors in
+      possession of the remainder for ever; so that, upon the whole, the
+      grantees would have been great gainers by such an Act, since the titles of
+      those lands, as they stood then, were hardly of half value with others
+      either for sale or settlement. Besides, the examples of the Irish
+      forfeitures might have taught these precarious owners, that when the House
+      of Commons hath once engaged in a pursuit, which they think is right,
+      although it be stopped or suspended for a while, they will be sure to
+      renew it upon every opportunity that offers, and seldom fail of success:
+      for instance, if the resumption should happen to be made part of a supply,
+      which can be easily done without the objection of a tack, the grantees
+      might possibly then have much harder conditions given them; and I do not
+      see how they could prevent it. Whether the resuming of royal grants be
+      consistent with good policy or justice, would be too long a disquisition:
+      besides, the profusion of kings is not like to be a grievance for the
+      future, because there have been laws since made to provide against that
+      evil, or, indeed, rather because the crown has nothing left to give away.
+      But the objection made against the date of the intended enquiry was
+      invidious and trifling; for King James II. made very few grants: he was a
+      better manager, and squandering was none of his faults; whereas the late
+      king, who came over here a perfect stranger to our laws, and to our
+      people, regardless of posterity, wherein he was not likely to survive,
+      thought he could no way better strengthen a new title, than by purchasing
+      friends at the expense of every thing which was in his power to part with.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The reasonableness of uniting to a money bill one of a different nature,
+      which is usually called <i>tacking</i> hath been likewise much debated,
+      and will admit of argument enough. In ancient times, when a Parliament was
+      held, the Commons first proposed their grievances to be redressed, and
+      then gave their aids; so that it was a perfect bargain between the king
+      and the subject. This fully answered the ends of tacking. Aids were then
+      demanded upon occasions which would hardly pass at present; such, for
+      instance, as those for making the king's son a knight, marrying his eldest
+      daughter, and some others of the like sort. Most of the money went into
+      the king's coffers for his private use; neither was he accountable for any
+      part of it. Hence arose the form of the king's thanking his subjects for
+      their benevolence, when any subsidies, tenths, or fifteenths were given
+      him: but the supplies now granted are of another nature, and cannot be
+      properly called a particular benefit to the crown, because they are all
+      appropriated to their several uses: so that when the House of Commons tack
+      to a money bill what is foreign and hard to be digested, if it be not
+      passed, they put themselves and their country in as great difficulties as
+      the prince. On the other side, there have been several regulations made,
+      through the course of time, in parliamentary proceedings; among which it
+      is grown a rule, that a Bill once rejected shall not be brought up again
+      the same session; whereby the Commons seem to have lost the advantage of
+      purchasing a redress of their grievances, by granting supplies, which,
+      upon some emergencies, hath put them upon this expedient of tacking: so
+      that there is more to be said on each side of the case, than is convenient
+      for me to trouble the reader or myself in deducing.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Among the matters of importance during this session, we may justly number
+      the proceedings of the House of Commons with relation to the press, since
+      Her Majesty's message to the House, of January the seventeenth, concludes
+      with a paragraph, representing the great licences taken in publishing
+      false and scandalous libels, such as are a reproach to any government; and
+      recommending to them to find a remedy equal to the mischief. The meaning
+      of these words in the message, seems to be confined to these weekly and
+      daily papers and pamphlets, reflecting upon the persons and the management
+      of the ministry. But the House of Commons, in their address, which answers
+      this message, makes an addition of the blasphemies against God and
+      religion; and it is certain, that nothing would be more for the honour of
+      the legislature, than some effectual law for putting a stop to this
+      universal mischief: but as the person,[36] who advised the Queen in that
+      part of her message, had only then in his thoughts the redressing of the
+      political and factious libels, I think he ought to have taken care, by his
+      great credit in the House, to have proposed some ways by which that evil
+      might be removed; the law for taxing single papers having produced a quite
+      contrary effect, as was then foreseen by many persons, and hath since been
+      found true by experience, For the adverse party, full of rage and leisure
+      since their fall, and unanimous in defence of their cause, employ a set of
+      writers by subscription, who are well versed in all the topics of
+      defamation, and have a style and genius levelled to the generality of
+      readers; while those who would draw their pens on the side of their prince
+      and country, are discouraged by this tax, which exceeds the intrinsic
+      value both of the materials and the work; a thing, if I be not mistaken,
+      without example.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 36: Mr. Secretary St. John, now Lord Viscount Bolingbroke.
+      [ORIGINAL NOTE.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It must be acknowledged, that the bad practices of printers have been
+      such, as to deserve the severest animadversions of the public; and it is
+      to be wished, the party quarrels of the pen were always managed with
+      decency and truth: but in the mean time, to open the mouths of our enemies
+      and shut our own, is a turn of politics that wants a little to be
+      explained. Perhaps the ministry now in possession, because they are in
+      possession, may despise such trifles as this; and it is not to be denied,
+      that acting as they do upon a national interest, they may seem to stand in
+      less need of such supports, or may safely fling them down as no longer
+      necessary. But if the leaders of the other party had proceeded by this
+      maxim, their power would have been none at all, or of very short duration:
+      and had not some active pens fallen in to improve the good dispositions of
+      the people, upon the late change, and continued since to overthrow the
+      falsehood, plentifully, and sometimes not unplausibly, scattered by the
+      adversaries, I am very much in doubt, whether those at the helm would now
+      have reason to be pleased with their success. A particular person may,
+      with more safety, despise the opinion of the vulgar, because it does a
+      wise man no real harm or good, but the administration a great deal; and
+      whatever side has the sole management of the pen, will soon find hands
+      enough to write down their enemies as low as they please. If the people
+      had no other idea of those whom Her Majesty trusts in her greatest
+      affairs, than what is conveyed by the passions of such as would compass
+      sea and land for their destruction, what could they expect, but to be torn
+      in pieces by the rage of the multitude? How necessary therefore was it,
+      that the world should, from time to time, be undeceived by true
+      representations of persons and facts, which have kept the kingdom steady
+      to its interest, against all the attacks of a cunning and virulent
+      faction.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      However, the mischiefs of the press were too exorbitant to be cured, by
+      such a remedy as a tax upon the smaller papers; and a Bill for a much more
+      effectual regulation of it was brought into the House of Commons, but so
+      late in the session, that there was no time to pass it: for there hath
+      hitherto always appeared, an unwillingness to cramp overmuch the liberty
+      of the press, whether from the inconveniencies apprehended from doing too
+      much, or too little; or whether the benefit proposed by each party to
+      themselves, from the service of their writers, towards recovering or
+      preserving of power, be thought to outweigh the disadvantages. However it
+      came about, this affair was put off from one week to another, and the Bill
+      not brought into the House till the eighth of June. It was committed three
+      days, and then heard of no more. In this Bill there was a clause inserted,
+      (whether industriously with design to overthrow it) that the author's
+      name, and place of abode, should be set to every printed book, pamphlet,
+      or paper; which I believe no man, who hath the least regard to learning,
+      would give his consent to: for, besides the objection to this clause from
+      the practice of pious men, who, in publishing excellent writings for the
+      service of religion, have chosen, out of an humble Christian spirit, to
+      conceal their names; it is certain, that all persons of true genius or
+      knowledge have an invincible modesty and suspicion of themselves, upon
+      their first sending their thoughts into the world; and that those who are
+      dull or superficial, void of all-taste and judgment, have dispositions
+      directly contrary: so that if this clause had made part of a law, there
+      would have been an end, in all likelihood, of any valuable production for
+      the future, either in wit or learning: and that insufferable race of
+      stupid people, who are now every day loading the press, would then reign
+      alone, in time destroy our very first principles of reason, and introduce
+      barbarity amongst us, which is already kept out with so much difficulty by
+      so few hands.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Having given an account of the several steps made towards a peace, from
+      the first overtures begun by France, to the commencement of the second
+      session, I shall in the Fourth Book relate the particulars of this great
+      negotiation, from the period last mentioned to the present time; and
+      because there happened some passages in both Houses, occasioned by the
+      treaty, I shall take notice of them under that head. There only remains to
+      be mentioned one affair of another nature, which the Lords and Commons
+      took into their cognizance, after a very different manner, wherewith I
+      shall close this part of my subject.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The sect of Quakers amongst us, whose system of religion, first founded
+      upon enthusiasm, hath been many years growing into a craft, held it an
+      unlawful action to take an oath to a magistrate. This doctrine was taught
+      them by the author of their sect, from a literal application of the text,
+      "Swear not at all;" but being a body of people, wholly turned to trade and
+      commerce of all kinds, they found themselves on many occasions deprived of
+      the benefit of the law, as well as of voting at elections, by a foolish
+      scruple, which their obstinacy would not suffer them to get over. To
+      prevent this inconvenience, these people had credit enough in the late
+      reign to have an Act passed, that their solemn affirmation and declaration
+      should be accepted, instead of an oath in the usual form. The great
+      concern in those times, was to lay all religion upon a level; in order to
+      which, this maxim was advanced, "That no man ought to be denied the
+      liberty of serving his country upon account of a different belief in
+      speculative opinions," under which term some people were apt to include
+      every doctrine of Christianity: however, this Act, in favour of the
+      Quakers, was only temporary, in order to keep them in constant dependence,
+      and expired of course after a certain term, if it were not continued.
+      Those people had, therefore, very early in the session, offered a petition
+      to the House of Commons for a continuance of the Act, which was not
+      suffered to be brought up; upon this they applied themselves to the Lords,
+      who passed a Bill accordingly, and sent it down to the Commons, where it
+      was not so much as allowed a first reading.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And indeed it is not easy to conceive upon what motives the legislature of
+      so great a kingdom could descend so low, as to be ministerial and
+      subservient to the caprices of the most absurd heresy that ever appeared
+      in the world; and this in a point, where those deluding or deluded people
+      stand singular from all the rest of mankind who live under civil
+      government: but the designs of an aspiring party, at that time were not
+      otherwise to be compassed, than by undertaking any thing that would humble
+      and mortify the Church; and I am fully convinced, that if a sect of
+      sceptic philosophers (who profess to doubt of every thing) had been then
+      among us, and mingled their tenets with some corruptions of Christianity,
+      they might have obtained the same privilege; and that a law would have
+      been enacted, whereby the solemn doubt of the people called sceptics,
+      should have been accepted instead of an oath in the usual form; so absurd
+      are all maxims formed upon the inconsistent principles of faction, when
+      once they are brought to be examined by the standard of truth and reason.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      ***** ***** ***** ***** *****
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0007" id="link2H_4_0007"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      THE HISTORY OF THE FOUR LAST
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      YEARS OF THE QUEEN.
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      BOOK IV.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      We left the plenipotentiaries of the allies, and those of the enemy,
+      preparing to assemble at Utrecht on the first of January, N.S., in order
+      to form a congress for negotiating a general peace; wherein although the
+      Dutch had made a mighty merit of their compliance with the Queen, yet they
+      set all their instruments at work to inflame both Houses against Her
+      Majesty's measures. Mons. Bothmar, the Hanover envoy, took care to print
+      and disperse his Memorial, of which I have formerly spoken: Hoffman, the
+      Emperor's resident, was soliciting for a yacht and convoys to bring over
+      Prince Eugene at this juncture, fortified, as it was given out, with great
+      proposals from the Imperial court: the Earl of Nottingham became a
+      convert, for reasons already mentioned: money was distributed where
+      occasion required; and the Dukes of Somerset and Marlborough, together
+      with the Earl of Godolphin, had put themselves at the head of the junto,
+      and their adherents, in order to attack the court.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Some days after the vote passed the House of Lords for admitting into the
+      address the Earl of Nottingham's clause, against any peace without Spain;
+      Mons. Buys, the Dutch envoy, who had been deep in all the consultations
+      with the discontented party for carrying that point, was desired to meet
+      with the lord privy seal, the Earl of Dartmouth, and Mr. Secretary St.
+      John, in order to sign a treaty between the Queen and the States, to
+      subsist after a peace. There the envoy took occasion to expostulate upon
+      the advantages stipulated for Britain with France; said "It was his
+      opinion, that those ministers ought, in respect of the friendship between
+      both nations, to acquaint him what these advantages were; and that he
+      looked upon his country to be entitled, by treaty, to share them equally
+      with us: That there was now another reason why we should be more disposed
+      to comply with him upon this head; for since the late resolution of the
+      House of Lords, he took it for granted, it would be a dangerous step in us
+      to give Spain to a prince of the house of Bourbon; and therefore, that we
+      should do well to induce the States, by such a concession, to help us out
+      of this difficulty."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. St. John made answer, "That there was not a man in the Queen's council
+      capable of so base a thought: That if Buys had any thing to complain of,
+      which was injurious to Holland, or justly tending to hurt the good
+      correspondence between us and the States, he was confident Her Majesty
+      would at all times be ready to give it up; but that the ministers scorned
+      to screen themselves at the expense of their country: That the resolution
+      Buys mentioned, was chiefly owing to foreign ministers intermeddling in
+      our affairs, and would perhaps have an effect the projectors did not
+      foresee: That, if the peace became impracticable, the House of Commons
+      would certainly put the war upon another foot, and reduce the public
+      expense within such a compass as our treaties required in the strictest
+      sense, and as our present condition would admit, leaving the partisans for
+      war to supply the rest."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Although the secretary believed this answer would put an end to such
+      infamous proposals, it fell out otherwise; for shortly after, Mons. Buys
+      applied himself to the treasurer, promising to undertake, "That his
+      masters should give up the article of Spain, provided they might share
+      with us in the Assiento for negroes." To which the treasurer's answer was
+      short, "That he would rather lose his head than consent to such an offer."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is manifest, by this proceeding, that whatever schemes were forming
+      here at home, in this juncture, by the enemies to the peace, the Dutch
+      only designed to fall in with it as far as it would answer their own
+      account; and, by a strain of the lower politics, wherein they must be
+      allowed to excel every country in Christendom, lay upon the watch for a
+      good bargain, by taking advantage of the distress they themselves had
+      brought upon their nearest neighbour and ally.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But the Queen highly resented this indignity from a republic, upon whom
+      she had conferred so many obligations. She could not endure that the Dutch
+      should employ their instruments to act in confederacy with a cabal of
+      factious people, who were prepared to sacrifice the safety of their prince
+      and country to the recovery of that power they had so long possessed and
+      abused. Her Majesty knew very well, that whatever were the mistaken or
+      affected opinion of some people at home, upon the article of Spain, it was
+      a point the States had long given up, who had very openly told our
+      ministry, "That the war in that country was only our concern, and what
+      their republic had nothing to do with." It is true, the party-leaders were
+      equally convinced, that the recovery of Spain was impracticable; but many
+      things may be excused in a professed adversary, fallen under disgrace,
+      which are highly criminal in an ally, upon whom we are that very instant
+      conferring new favours. Her Majesty therefore thought it high time to
+      exert herself, and at length put a stop to foreign influence upon British
+      counsels; so that, after the Earl of Nottingham's clause against any
+      peace, without Spain, was carried in the House of Lords, directions were
+      immediately sent to the Earl of Strafford at The Hague, to inform the
+      Dutch, "That it was obtained by a trick, and would consequently turn to
+      the disappointment and confusion of the contrivers and the actors." He was
+      likewise instructed to be very dry and reserved to the pensionary and
+      Dutch ministers; to let them know, "The Queen thought herself ill treated;
+      and that they would soon hear what effects those measures would have upon
+      a mild and good temper, wrought up to resentment by repeated provocations:
+      That the States might have the war continued, if they pleased; but that
+      the Queen would not be forced to carry it on after their manner, nor would
+      suffer them to make her peace, or to settle the interests of her
+      kingdoms."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To others in Holland, who appeared to be more moderate, the Earl was
+      directed to say, "That the States were upon a wrong scent: That their
+      minister here mistook every thing that we had promised: That we would
+      perform all they could reasonably ask from us, in relation to their
+      barrier and their trade; and that Mons. Buys dealt very unfairly, if he
+      had not told them as much. But that Britain proceeded, in some respects,
+      upon a new scheme of politics; would no longer struggle for
+      impossibilities, nor be amused by words: That our people came more and
+      more to their senses; and that the single dispute now was, whether the
+      Dutch would join with a faction, against the Queen, or with the nation,
+      for her?"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The court likewise resolved to discourage Prince Eugene from his journey
+      to England, which he was about this time undertaking, and of which I have
+      spoken before. He was told, "That the Queen wanted no exhortations to
+      carry on the war; but the project of it should be agreed abroad, upon
+      which Her Majesty's resolutions might soon be signified: but until she saw
+      what the Emperor and allies were ready to do, she would neither promise
+      nor engage for any thing." At the same time Mr. St. John told Hoffman, the
+      Emperor's resident here, "That if the Prince had a mind to divert himself
+      in London, the ministers would do their part to entertain him, and be sure
+      to trouble him with no manner of business."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This coldness retarded the Prince's journey for some days; but did not
+      prevent it, although he had a second message by the Queen's order, with
+      this farther addition, "That his name had lately been made use of, on many
+      occasions, to create a ferment, and stir up sedition; and that Her Majesty
+      judged it would be neither safe for him, nor convenient for her, that he
+      should come over at this time." But all would not do: it was enough that
+      the Queen did not absolutely forbid him, and the party-confederates, both
+      foreign and domestic, thought his presence would be highly necessary for
+      their service.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Towards the end of December, the lord privy seal[1] set out for Holland.
+      He was ordered to stop at The Hague, and, in conjunction with the Earl of
+      Stafford, to declare to the States, in Her Majesty's name, "Her
+      resolutions to conclude no peace, wherein the allies in general, and each
+      confederate in particular, might not find their ample security, and their
+      reasonable satisfaction: That she was ready to insist upon their barrier,
+      and advantages in their trade, in the manner the States themselves should
+      desire; and to concert with them such a plan of treaty, as both powers
+      might be under mutual engagements never to recede from: That nothing could
+      be of greater importance, than for the ministers of Great Britain and
+      Holland to enter the congress under the strictest ties of confidence, and
+      entirely to concur throughout the course of these negotiations: To which
+      purpose, it was Her Majesty's pleasure, that their lordships should adjust
+      with the Dutch ministers, the best manner and method for opening and
+      carrying on the conferences, and declare themselves instructed to
+      communicate freely their thoughts and measures to the plenipotentiaries of
+      the States, who, they hoped, had received the same instructions."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: Dr. Robinson had already had diplomatic experience as
+      political agent at the Court of Stockholm, when Marlborough had found him
+      of great service. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Lastly, the two lords were to signify to the pensionary, and the other
+      ministers, "That Her Majesty's preparations for the next campaign were
+      carried on with all the dispatch and vigour, which the present
+      circumstances would allow; and to insist, that the same might be done by
+      the States; and that both powers should join in pressing the Emperor, and
+      other allies, to make greater efforts than they had hitherto done; without
+      which the war must languish, and the terms of peace become every day more
+      disadvantageous."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The two British plenipotentiaries went to Utrecht with very large
+      instructions, and, after the usual manner, were to make much higher
+      demands from France (at least in behalf of the allies) than they could
+      have any hope to obtain. The sum of what they had in charge, besides
+      matter of form, was, to concert with the ministers of the several powers
+      engaged against France, "That all differences arising among them should be
+      accommodated between themselves, without suffering the French to
+      interfere: That whatever were proposed to France by a minister of the
+      alliance, should be backed by the whole confederacy: That a time might be
+      fixed for the conclusion, as there had been for the commencement, of the
+      treaty." Spain was to be demanded out of the hands of the Bourbon family,
+      as the most effectual means for preventing the union of that kingdom with
+      France; and whatever conditions the allies could agree upon for hindering
+      that union, their lordships were peremptorily to insist on.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As to the interests of each ally in particular, the plenipotentiaries of
+      Britain were to demand "Strasbourg, the fort of Kehl, with its
+      dependencies, and the town of Brisach, with its territory, for the
+      Emperor: That France should possess Alsatia, according to the Treaty of
+      Westphalia, with the right of the prefecture only over the ten imperial
+      cities in that country: That the fortifications of the said ten cities be
+      put into the condition they were in at the time of the said treaty, except
+      Landau, which was to be demanded for the Emperor and empire, with liberty
+      of demolishing the fortifications: That the French King should at a
+      certain time, and at his own expense, demolish the fortresses of Huningen,
+      New Brisach, and Fort Lewis, never to be rebuilt.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That the town and fortress of Rhinfels should be demanded for the
+      landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, until that matter be otherwise settled.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That the clause relating to religion, in the fourth article of the Treaty
+      of Ryswyck, and contrary to that of Westphalia, should be annulled, and
+      the state of religion in Germany restored to the tenor of the Treaty of
+      Westphalia.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That France should acknowledge the King of Prussia, and give him no
+      disturbance in Neufchatel and Vallengin.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That the principality of Orange, and other estates belonging to the late
+      King William, should be restored, as law should direct.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That the Duke of Hanover should be acknowledged elector.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That the King of Portugal should enjoy all the advantages stipulated
+      between him and the allies.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That the States should have for their barrier Furnes, Fort Knokke, Menin,
+      Ypres, Lille, Tournay, Condé, Valenciennes, Maubeuge, Douay, Bethune,
+      Aire,[2] St. Venant, and Bouchain, with their cannon, &amp;c. That the
+      French King should restore all the places belonging to Spain, now or
+      during this war in his possession, in the Netherlands: That such part of
+      them as should be thought fit, might be allowed likewise for a barrier to
+      the States: That France should grant the tariff of one thousand six
+      hundred and sixty-four to the States, and exemption of fifty pence <i>per</i>
+      tun upon Dutch goods trading to that kingdom. But that these articles in
+      favour of the States should not be concluded, till the Barrier Treaty were
+      explained to the Queen's satisfaction.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote: 2 "Bethune Avie" in original: a manifest misprint. "Aire" is
+      the name of a place near Bethune, which has since been connected with it
+      by a canal. [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That the Duke of Savoy should be put in possession of all taken from him
+      in this war, and enjoy the places yielded to him by the Emperor, and other
+      allies: That France should likewise yield to him Exilles, Fenestrelle,
+      Chaumont, the valley of Pragelas, and the land lying between Piedmont and
+      Mount Genu.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That the article about demolishing of Dunkirk should be explained."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As to Britain, the plenipotentiaries were to insist, "That Nieuport,
+      Dendermonde, Ghent, and all places which appear to be a barrier rather
+      against England than France, should either not be given to the Dutch, or
+      at least in such a manner, as not to hinder the Queen's subjects free
+      passage to and from the Low Countries.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That the seventh article of the Barrier Treaty, which empowers the
+      States, in case of an attack, to put troops at discretion in all the
+      places of the Low Countries, should be so explained as to be understood
+      only of an attack from France.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That Britain should trade to the Low Countries with the same privileges
+      as the States themselves.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That the Most Christian King should acknowledge the succession of
+      Hanover, and immediately oblige the Pretender to leave France; and that
+      the said King should promise, for himself and his heirs, never to
+      acknowledge any person for King or Queen of England, otherwise than
+      according to the settlements now in force.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That a treaty of commerce should be commenced, as soon as possible,
+      between France and Britain; and in the mean time, the necessary points
+      relating to it be settled.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That the Isle of St. Christopher's should be surrendered to the Queen,
+      Hudson's Bay restored, Placentia and the whole island of Newfoundland
+      yielded to Britain by the Most Christian King; who was likewise to quit
+      all claim to Nova Scotia and Annapolis Royal.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That Gibraltar and Minorca should be annexed to the British crown.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That the Assiento should be granted to Britain for thirty years, with the
+      same advantage as to France; with an extent of ground on the river of
+      Plata, for keeping and refreshing the negroes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That Spain should grant to the subjects of Britain as large privileges as
+      to any other nation whatsoever; as likewise an exemption of duties,
+      amounting to an advantage of at least fifteen <i>per cent</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That satisfaction should be demanded for what should appear to be justly
+      due to Her Majesty, from the Emperor and the States.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Lastly, That the plenipotentiaries should consult with those of the
+      Protestant allies, the most effectual methods for restoring the
+      Protestants of France to their religious and civil liberties, and for the
+      immediate release of those who are now in the galleys."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      What part of these demands were to be insisted on, and what were to be
+      given up, will appear by the sequel of this negotiation. But there was no
+      difficulty of moment enough to retard the peace, except a method for
+      preventing the union of France and Spain under one prince, and the
+      settling the barrier for Holland; which last, as claimed by the States,
+      could, in prudence and safety, be no more allowed by us than by France.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The States General having appointed Mons. Buys to be one of their
+      plenipotentiaries at Utrecht, that minister left England a few days after
+      the lord privy seal. In his last conference with the lords of the council,
+      he absolutely declared, "That his masters had done their utmost, both by
+      sea and land: That it was unreasonable to expect more: That they had
+      exceeded their proportion, even beyond Britain; and that as to the
+      Emperor, and other allies, he knew no expedient left for making them act
+      with more vigour, than to pursue them with pathetical exhortations."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This minister was sent over hither, instructed and empowered by halves.
+      The ferment raised by the united endeavours of our party leaders, among
+      whom he was a constant fellow-labourer to the utmost of his skill, had
+      wholly confounded him; and thinking to take the advantage of negotiating
+      well for Holland at the expense of Britain, he acted but ill for his own
+      country, and worse for the common cause. However, the Queen's ministers
+      and he parted with the greatest civility; and Her Majesty's present was
+      double the value of what is usual to the character he bore.[3]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: Compare this passage with one in Bolingbroke's
+      "Correspondence" (vol. ii., pp. 108-109): "He [Buys] came over instructed
+      and empowered by halves. The ferment which had been created by the joint
+      efforts of the faction here, and of that in Holland, confounded him; and
+      thinking to take this advantage of negotiating well for Holland at the
+      expense of Britain, he has negotiated ill for both and ill for the common
+      cause. We parted in terms of the greatest civility, and Her Majesty's
+      present to him was a thousand pounds, which is double the value of what is
+      ever given here to an envoy-extraordinary." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As the Queen was determined to alter her measures in making war, so she
+      thought nothing would so much convince the States of the necessity of a
+      peace, as to have them frequently put in mind of this resolution, which
+      her ambassador Strafford, then at The Hague, was accordingly directed to
+      do: and if they should object, of what ill consequence it would be for the
+      enemy to know Her Majesty designed to lessen her expenses, he might
+      answer, "That the ministers here were sorry for it; but the Dutch could
+      only blame themselves, for forcing into such a necessity a princess, to
+      whose friendship they owed the preservation and grandeur of their
+      republic, and choosing to lean on a broken faction, rather than place
+      their confidence in the Queen."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was Her Majesty's earnest desire, that there should be a perfect
+      agreement at this treaty between the ministers of all the allies, than
+      which nothing could be more effectual to make France comply with their
+      just demands: above all, she directed her plenipotentiaries to enter into
+      the strictest confidence with those of Holland; and that, after the States
+      had consented to explain the Barrier Treaty to her reasonable
+      satisfaction, both powers should form between them a plan of general
+      peace, from which they would not recede, and such as might secure the
+      quiet of Europe, as well as the particular interests of each confederate.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Dutch were accordingly pressed, before the congress opened, to come to
+      some temperament upon that famous treaty; because the ministers here
+      expected it would be soon laid before the House of Commons, by which the
+      resentment of the nation would probably appear against those who had been
+      actors and advisers in it: but Mons. Buys, who usually spoke for his
+      colleagues, was full of opposition, began to expostulate upon the
+      advantages Britain had stipulated with France; and to insist, that his
+      masters ought to share equally in them all, but especially the Assiento
+      contract: so that no progress was made in fixing a previous good
+      correspondence between Britain and the States, which Her Majesty had so
+      earnestly recommended.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Certain regulations having been agreed upon, for avoiding of ceremony and
+      other inconveniencies, the conferences began at Utrecht, upon the
+      twenty-ninth of January, N.S. one thousand seven hundred and
+      eleven-twelve, at ten in the morning. The ministers of the allies going
+      into the town-house at one door, and those of France, at the same instant,
+      at another, they all took their seats without distinction; and the Bishop
+      of Bristol, lord privy seal, first plenipotentiary of Britain, opened the
+      assembly with a short speech, directed to the ministers of France, in
+      words to the following effect:
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      "MESSIEURS,
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      "We are here to meet to-day, in the name of God, to enter upon a treaty of
+      general peace, between the high allies and the King your master. We bring
+      sincere intentions, and express orders from our superiors, to concur, on
+      their part, with whatever may advance and perfect so salutary and
+      Christian a work. On the other side, we hope you have the same
+      disposition; and that your orders will be so full, as to be able, without
+      loss of time, to answer the expectation of the high allies, by explaining
+      yourselves clearly and roundly upon the points we shall have to settle in
+      these conferences; and that you will perform this in so plain and specific
+      a manner, as every prince and state in the confederacy may find a just and
+      reasonable satisfaction."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The French began, by promising to explain the overtures which Mons.
+      Mesnager had delivered to the Queen some months before, and to give in a
+      specific project of what their master would yield, provided the allies
+      would each give a specific answer, by making their several demands; which
+      method, after many difficulties, and affected delays in the Dutch, was at
+      length agreed to.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But the States, who had, with the utmost discontent, seen Her Majesty at
+      the head of this negotiation, where they intended to have placed
+      themselves, began to discover their ill-humour upon every occasion; they
+      raised endless difficulties about settling the Barrier Treaty, as the
+      Queen desired; and in one of the first general conferences, they would not
+      suffer the British secretary to take the minutes, but nominated some Dutch
+      professor for that office, which the Queen refused, and resented their
+      behaviour as an useless cavil, intended only to shew their want of
+      respect. The British plenipotentiaries had great reason to suspect, that
+      the Dutch were, at this time, privately endeavouring to engage in some
+      separate measures with France, by the intervention of one Molo, a busy
+      factious agent at Amsterdam, who had been often employed in such
+      intrigues: that this was the cause which made them so litigious and slow
+      in all their steps, in hopes to break the congress, and find better terms
+      for their trade and barrier, from the French, than we ever could think fit
+      to allow them. The Dutch ministers did also apply themselves with
+      industry, to cultivate the imperial plenipotentiary's favour, in order to
+      secure all advantages of commerce with Spain and the West Indies, in case
+      those dominions could be procured for the Emperor: for this reason they
+      avoided settling any general plan of peace, in concert with the
+      plenipotentiaries of Britain, which Her Majesty desired; and Mons. Buys
+      plainly told their lordships, that it was a point, which neither he nor
+      his colleagues could consent to, before the States were admitted equal
+      sharers with Britain in the trade of Spain.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The court having notice of this untractable temper in the Dutch, gave
+      direct orders to the plenipotentiaries of Britain, for pressing those of
+      the States to adjust the gross in equalities of the Barrier Treaty, since
+      nothing was more usual or agreeable to reason than for princes, who find
+      themselves aggrieved by prejudicial contracts, to expect they should be
+      modified and explained. And since it now appeared by votes in the House of
+      Commons, that the sense of the nation agreed with what Her Majesty
+      desired, if the Dutch ministers would not be brought to any moderate terms
+      upon this demand, their lordships were directed to improve and amend the
+      particular concessions made to Britain by France, and form them into a
+      treaty, for the Queen was determined never to allow the States any share
+      in the Assiento, Gibraltar, and Port Mahon, nor could think it reasonable,
+      that they should be upon an equal foot with her in the trade of Spain, to
+      the conquest whereof they had contributed so little.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Nor was the conduct of the imperial minister at this time less perplexing
+      than that of the States, both those powers appearing fully bent, either
+      upon breaking off the negotiation, or, upon forcing from the Queen those
+      advantages she expected by it for her own kingdoms. Her Majesty therefore
+      thought fit, about the beginning of March, to send Mr. Thomas Harley, a
+      near relation of the treasurer's, to Utrecht, fully informed of her mind,
+      which he was directed to communicate to the plenipotentiaries of Britain.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Harley stopped in his way to Utrecht at The Hague, and there told the
+      pensionary, "That nothing had happened lately in England but what was long
+      ago foretold him, as well as the other ministers of the allies. That the
+      proceedings of the House of Commons, particularly about the Barrier
+      Treaty, must chiefly be ascribed to the manner in which the Queen and the
+      nation had been treated by Mons. Bothmar, Count Gallas, Buys, and other
+      foreign ministers. That if the States would yet enter into a strict union
+      with the Queen, give her satisfaction in the said treaty, and join in
+      concert with her plenipotentiaries at Utrecht, a safe and advantageous
+      peace might be obtained for the whole alliance; otherwise Her Majesty must
+      save her own country, and join with such of her allies as would join with
+      her.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "As to the war, that the conduct of the allies, and their opposition to
+      the Queen, by private intrigues carried on among her own subjects, as well
+      as by open remonstrances, had made the House of Commons take that matter
+      out of the hands of the ministers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Lastly, that in case the present treaty were broken off by the Dutch
+      refusing to comply, Her Majesty thought it reasonable to insist, that some
+      cautionary places be put into her hands as pledges, that no other
+      negotiation should be entered into by the States General, without her
+      participation."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Harley's instructions to the Queen's plenipotentiaries were, "That
+      they should press those of France, to open themselves as far as possible,
+      in concerting such a plan of a general peace, as might give reasonable
+      satisfaction to all the confederates, and such as her Parliament would
+      approve: That the people of England believed France would consent to such
+      a plan; wherein if they found themselves deceived, they would be as eager
+      for prosecuting the war as ever."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Their lordships were to declare openly to the Dutch, "That no extremity
+      should make Her Majesty depart from insisting to have the Assiento for her
+      own subjects, and to keep Gibraltar and Port Mahon; but if the States
+      would agree with her upon these three heads, she would be content to
+      reduce the trade of Spain and the West Indies, to the condition it was in
+      under the late Catholic King Charles II."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The French were farther to be pressed, "That the Pretender should be
+      immediately sent out of that kingdom; and that the most effectual method
+      should be taken, for preventing the union of France and Spain under one
+      prince."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      About this time Her Majesty's ministers, and those of the allies at
+      Utrecht, delivered in the several <i>postulata</i> or demands of their
+      masters to the French plenipotentiaries, which having been since made
+      public, and all of them, except those of Britain, very much varying in the
+      course of the negotiation, the reader would be but ill entertained with a
+      transcript of them here.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Upon intelligence of the last dauphin's death, the father, son, and
+      grandson, all of that title,[4] dying within the compass of a year, Mons.
+      Gaultier went to France with letters to the Marquis de Torcy, to propose
+      Her Majesty's expedient for preventing the union of that kingdom with
+      Spain; which, as it was the most important article to be settled, in order
+      to secure peace for Europe, so it was a point that required to be speedily
+      adjusted under the present circumstances and situation of the Bourbon
+      family, there being only left a child of two years old to stand between
+      the Duke of Anjou and his succeeding to the crown of France.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: These princes were the grandfather, the father, and the
+      brother, of Louis XV., who was then Duke of Anjou, and supposed to be at
+      the point of death. [N.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Her Majesty likewise pressed France by the same dispatches, to send full
+      instructions to their plenipotentiaries, empowering them to offer to the
+      allies such a plan of peace, as might give reasonable satisfaction to all
+      her allies.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Queen's proposal for preventing an union between France and Spain was,
+      "that Philip should formally renounce the kingdom of France for himself
+      and his posterity; and that this renunciation should be confirmed by the
+      Cortes or states of Spain, who, without question, would heartily concur
+      against such an union, by which their country must become a province to
+      France." In like manner, the French princes of the blood were severally to
+      renounce all title to Spain.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The French raised many difficulties upon several particulars of this
+      expedient; but the Queen persisted to refuse any plan of peace before this
+      weighty point were settled in the manner she proposed, which was
+      afterwards submitted to, as in proper place we shall observe. In the mean
+      time, the negotiation at Utrecht proceeded with a very slow pace; the
+      Dutch interposing all obstructions they could contrive, refusing to come
+      to any reasonable temper upon the Barrier Treaty, or to offer a plan, in
+      concert with the Queen, for a general peace. Nothing less would satisfy
+      them, than the partaking in those advantages we had stipulated for
+      ourselves, and which did no ways interfere with their trade or security.
+      They still expected some turn in England; their friends on this side had
+      ventured to assure them, that the Queen could not live many months, which,
+      indeed, from the bad state of Her Majesty's health, was reasonable to
+      expect. The British plenipotentiaries daily discovered new endeavours of
+      Holland to treat privately with France; and, lastly, those among the
+      States, who desired the war should continue, strove to gain time, until
+      the campaign should open; and by resolving to enter into action with the
+      first opportunity, render all things desperate, and break up the congress.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This scheme did exactly fall in with Prince Eugene's dispositions, whom
+      the States had chosen for their general, and of whose conduct, in this
+      conjuncture, the Queen had too much reason to be jealous; but Her Majesty,
+      who was resolved to do her utmost towards putting a good and speedy end to
+      this war, having placed the Duke of Ormonde at the head of her forces in
+      Flanders, whither he was now arrived, directed him to keep all the troops
+      in British pay, whether subjects or foreigners, immediately under his own
+      command; and to be cautious, for a while, in engaging in any action of
+      importance, unless upon a very apparent advantage. At the same time the
+      Queen determined to make one thorough trial of the disposition of the
+      States, by allowing them the utmost concessions that could any way suit
+      either with her safety or honour. She therefore directed her ministers at
+      Utrecht, to tell the Dutch, "That, in order to shew how desirous she was
+      to live in perfect amity with that republic, she would resign up the
+      fifteen <i>per cent.</i>, advantage upon English goods sent to the Spanish
+      dominions, which the French King had offered her by a power from his
+      grandson,[5] and be content to reduce that trade to the state in which it
+      was under the late King of Spain. She would accept of any tolerable
+      softening of these words in the seventh article of the Barrier Treaty,
+      where it is said, 'The States shall have power, in case of an apparent
+      attack, to put as many troops as they please into all the places of the
+      Netherlands,' without specifying an attack from the side of France, as
+      ought to have been done; otherwise, the Queen might justly think they were
+      preparing themselves for a rupture with Britain. Her Majesty likewise
+      consented, that the States should keep Nieuport, Dendermonde, and the
+      Castle of Ghent, as an addition to their barrier, although she were
+      sensible how injurious those concessions would be to the trade of her
+      subjects; and would waive the demand of Ostend being delivered into her
+      hands, which she might with justice insist on. In return for all this,
+      that the Queen only desired the ministers of the States would enter into a
+      close correspondence with hers, and settle between them some plan of a
+      general peace, which might give reasonable content to all her allies, and
+      which Her Majesty would endeavour to bring France to consent to. She
+      desired the trade of her kingdoms to the Netherlands, and to the towns of
+      their barrier, might be upon as good a foot as it was before the war
+      began: That the Dutch would not insist to have share in the Assiento, to
+      which they had not the least pretensions, and that they would no longer
+      encourage the intrigues of a faction against her government. Her Majesty
+      assured them in plain terms, that her own future measures, and the conduct
+      of her plenipotentiaries, should be wholly governed by their behaviour in
+      these points; and that her offers were only conditional, in case of their
+      compliance with what she desired."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: Philip V., King of Spain. [W. S, J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But all these proofs of the Queen's kindness and sincerity could not
+      avail. The Dutch ministers pleaded, they had no power to concert the plan
+      of general peace with those of Britain: however, they assured the latter,
+      that the Assiento was the only difficulty which stuck with their masters.
+      Whereupon, at their desire, a contract for that traffic was twice read to
+      them; after which they appeared very well satisfied, and said they would
+      go to The Hague for further instructions. Thither they went, and, after a
+      week's absence, returned the same answer, "That they had no power to
+      settle a scheme of peace; but could only discourse of it, when the
+      difficulties of the Barrier Treaty were over." And Mons. Buys took a
+      journey to Amsterdam, on purpose to stir up that city, where he was
+      pensionary, against yielding the Assiento to Britain; but was unsuccessful
+      in his negotiation; the point being yielded up there, and in most other
+      towns in Holland.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It will have an odd sound in history, and appear hardly credible, that in
+      several petty republics of single towns, which make up the States General,
+      it should be formally debated, whether the Queen of Great Britain, who
+      preserved the commonwealth at the charge of so many millions, should be
+      suffered to enjoy, after a peace, the liberty granted her by Spain of
+      selling African slaves in the Spanish dominions of America! But there was
+      a prevailing faction at The Hague, violently bent against any peace, where
+      the Queen must act that part which they had intended for themselves. These
+      politicians, who held constant correspondence with their old dejected
+      friends in England, were daily fed with the vain hopes of the Queen's
+      death, or the party's restoration. They likewise endeavoured to spin out
+      the time, till Prince Eugene's activity had pushed on some great event,
+      which might govern or perplex the conditions of peace. Therefore the Dutch
+      plenipotentiaries, who proceeded by the instructions of those mistaken
+      patriots, acted in every point with a spirit of litigiousness, than which
+      nothing could give greater advantage to the enemy; a strict union between
+      the allies, but especially Britain and Holland, being doubtless the only
+      means for procuring safe and honourable terms from France.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But neither was this the worst; for the Queen received undoubted
+      intelligence from Utrecht, that the Dutch were again attempting a separate
+      correspondence with France. And by letters, intercepted here, from Vienna,
+      it was found, that the imperial court, whose ministers were in the utmost
+      confidence with those of Holland, expressed the most furious rage against
+      Her Majesty, for the steps she had taken to advance a peace.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This unjustifiable treatment, the Queen could not digest from an ally,
+      upon whom she had conferred so many signal obligations, whom she had used
+      with so much indulgence and sincerity during the whole course of the
+      negotiation, and had so often invited to go along with her in every motion
+      towards a peace. She apprehended likewise, that the negotiation might be
+      taken out of her hands, if France could be secure of easier conditions in
+      Holland, or might think that Britain wanted power to influence the whole
+      confederacy. She resolved therefore, on this occasion, to exert herself
+      with vigour, steadiness, and dispatch; and, in the beginning of May, sent
+      her commands to the Earl of Strafford to repair immediately to England, in
+      order to consult with her ministers what was proper to be done.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The proposal above mentioned, for preventing the union of France and
+      Spain, met with many difficulties; Mons. de Torcy raising objections
+      against several parts of it. But the Queen refused to proceed any farther
+      with France, until this weighty point were fully settled to her
+      satisfaction; after which, she promised to grant a suspension of arms,
+      provided the town and citadel of Dunkirk might be delivered as a pledge
+      into her hands: and proposed that Ypres might be surrendered to the Dutch,
+      if they would consent to come into the suspension. France absolutely
+      refused the latter; and the States General having acted in perpetual
+      contradiction to Her Majesty, she pressed that matter no farther; because
+      she doubted they would not agree to a cessation of arms. However, she
+      resolved to put a speedy end, or at least intermission, to her own share
+      in the war: and the French having declared themselves ready to agree to
+      her expedients, for preventing the union of the two crowns, and consented
+      to the delivery of Dunkirk; positive orders were sent to the Duke of
+      Ormonde to avoid engaging in any battle or siege, until he had further
+      instructions; but he was directed to conceal his orders, and to find the
+      best excuses he could, if any pressing occasion should offer.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The reasons for this unusual proceeding, which made a mighty noise, were
+      of sufficient weight to justify it; for, pursuant to the agreement made
+      between us and France, a courier was then dispatched from Fontainebleau to
+      Madrid, with the offer of an alternative to Philip, either of resigning
+      Spain immediately to the Duke of Savoy, upon the hopes of succeeding to
+      France, and some present advantage, which, not having been accepted, is
+      needless to dilate on; or of adhering to Spain, and renouncing all future
+      claim to France for himself and his posterity.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Until it could be known which part Philip would accept, the Queen would
+      not take possession of Dunkirk, nor suffer an armistice to be declared.
+      But, however, since the Most Christian King had agreed that his grandson
+      should be forced, in case of a refusal, to make his choice immediately,
+      Her Majesty could not endure to think, that perhaps some thousands of
+      lives of her own subjects and allies might be sacrificed, without
+      necessity, if an occasion should be found or sought for fighting a battle;
+      which, she very well knew, Prince Eugene would eagerly attempt, and put
+      all into confusion, to gratify his own ambition, the enmity of his new
+      masters the Dutch, and the rage of his court.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But the Duke of Ormonde, who, with every other quality that can accomplish
+      or adorn a great man, inherits all the valour and loyalty of his
+      ancestors, found it very difficult to acquit himself of his commission;[6]
+      for Prince Eugene, and all the field deputies of the States, had begun
+      already to talk either of attacking the enemy, or besieging Quesnoy, the
+      confederate army being now all joined by the troops they expected; and
+      accordingly, about three days after the Duke had received those orders
+      from court, it was proposed to his grace, at a meeting with the prince and
+      deputies, that the French army should be attacked, their camp having been
+      viewed, and a great opportunity offering to do it with success; for the
+      Marechal de Villars, who had notice sent him by Mons. de Torcy of what was
+      passing, and had signified the same by a trumpet to the Duke, shewed less
+      vigilance than was usual to that general, taking no precautions to secure
+      his camp, or observe the motions of the allies, probably on purpose to
+      provoke them, the Duke said, "That the Earl of Strafford's sudden
+      departure for England, made him believe there was something of consequence
+      now transacting, which would be known in four or five days; and therefore
+      desired they would defer this or any other undertaking, until he could
+      receive fresh letters from England." Whereupon the prince and deputies
+      immediately told the Duke, "That they looked for such an answer as he had
+      given them: That they had suspected our measures for some time, and their
+      suspicions were confirmed by the express his grace had so lately received,
+      as well as by the negligence of Mons. Villars". They appeared extremely
+      dissatisfied; and the deputies told the Duke, that they would immediately
+      send an account of his answer to their masters, which they accordingly
+      did; and soon after, by order from the States, wrote him an expostulating
+      letter, in a style less respectful than became them; desiring him, among
+      other things, to explain himself, whether he had positive orders not to
+      fight the French; and afterwards told him, "They were sure he had such
+      orders, otherwise he could not answer what he had done." But the Duke
+      still waived the question, saying, "he would be glad to have letters from
+      England, before he entered upon action, and that he expected them daily."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: For an estimate of Ormonde's character see Swift's "Enquiry
+      into the Behaviour of the Queen's Last Ministry," vol. v. of present
+      edition (pp. 428-430). Ormonde had done very little to deserve succeeding
+      such a soldier as Marlborough. Indeed, his name was associated with the
+      disgraceful expedition to Cadiz, in which he was in command of the English
+      troops. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Upon this incident, the ministers and generals of the allies immediately
+      took the alarm, venting their fury in violent expressions against the
+      Queen, and those she employed in her councils: said, they were betrayed by
+      Britain, and assumed the countenance of those who think they have received
+      an injury, and are disposed to return it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Duke of Ormonde's army consisted of eighteen thousand of Her Majesty's
+      subjects, and about thirty thousand hired from other princes, either
+      wholly by the Queen, or jointly by her and the States. The Duke
+      immediately informed the court of the dispositions he found among the
+      foreign generals upon this occasion; and that, upon an exigency, he could
+      only depend on the British troops adhering to him; those of Hanover having
+      already determined to desert to the Dutch, and tempted the Danes to do the
+      like, and that he had reason to suppose the same of the rest.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Upon the news arriving at Utrecht, that the Duke of Ormonde had refused to
+      engage in any action against the enemy, the Dutch ministers there went
+      immediately to make their complaints to the lord privy seal; aggravating
+      the strangeness of this proceeding, together with the consequence of it,
+      in the loss of a most favourable opportunity for ruining the French army,
+      and the discontent it must needs create in the whole body of the
+      confederates. Adding, how hard it was that they should be kept in the
+      dark, and have no communication of what was done in a point which so
+      nearly concerned them. They concluded, that the Duke must needs have acted
+      by orders; and desired his lordship to write both to court, and to his
+      grace, what they had now said.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The bishop answered, "That he knew nothing of this fact, but what they had
+      told him; and therefore was not prepared with a reply to their
+      representations: only, in general, he could venture to say, that this case
+      appeared very like the conduct of their field-deputies upon former
+      occasions: That if such orders were given, they were certainly built upon
+      very justifiable foundations, and would soon be so explained as to
+      convince the States, and all the world, that the common interest would be
+      better provided for another way, than by a battle or siege: That the want
+      of communication which they complained of, could not make the States so
+      uneasy as their declining to receive it had made the Queen, who had used
+      her utmost endeavours to persuade them to concur with her in concerting
+      every step towards a general peace, and settling such a plan as both sides
+      might approve and adhere to; but, to this day, the States had not thought
+      fit to accept those offers, or to authorize any of their ministers to
+      treat with Her Majesty's plenipotentiaries upon that affair, although they
+      had been pressed to it ever since the negotiation began: That his
+      lordship, to shew that he did not speak his private sense alone, took this
+      opportunity to execute the orders he had received the evening before, by
+      declaring to them, that all Her Majesty's offers for adjusting the
+      differences between her and the States were founded upon this express
+      condition, That they should come immediately into the Queen's measures,
+      and act openly and sincerely with her; and that, from their conduct, so
+      directly contrary, she now looked upon herself to be under no obligation
+      to them."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mons. Buys and his colleagues were stunned with this declaration, made to
+      them at a time when they pretended to think the right of complaining to be
+      on their side, and had come to the bishop upon that errand. But after
+      their surprise was abated, and Buys's long reasonings at an end, they
+      began to think how matters might be retrieved; and were of opinion, that
+      the States should immediately dispatch a minister to England, unless his
+      lordship were empowered to treat with them; which, without new commands,
+      he said he was not. They afterwards desired to know of the bishop, what
+      the meaning was of the last words in his declaration, "That Her Majesty
+      looked upon herself to be under no obligation to them." He told them his
+      opinion, "That as the Queen was bound by treaty to concert with the States
+      the conditions of a peace, so, upon their declining the concert so
+      frequently offered, she was acquitted of that obligation: but that he
+      verily believed, whatever measures Her Majesty should take, she would
+      always have a friendly regard to the interest of their commonwealth; and
+      that as their unkindness had been very unexpected and disagreeable to Her
+      Majesty, so their compliance would be equally pleasing."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have been the more circumstantial in relating this affair, because it
+      furnished abundance of discourse, and gave rise to many wild conjectures
+      and misrepresentations, as well here as in Holland, especially that part
+      which concerned the Duke of Ormonde;[7] for the angry faction in the House
+      of Commons, upon the first intelligence, that the Duke had declined to act
+      offensively against France, in concurrence with the allies, moved for an
+      address, wherein the Queen should be informed of "the deep concern of her
+      Commons for the dangerous consequences to the common cause, which must
+      arise from this proceeding of her general; and to beseech her, that speedy
+      instructions might be given to the Duke to prosecute the war with vigour,
+      in order to quiet the minds of her people, &amp;c." But a great majority
+      was against this motion, and a resolution drawn up and presented to the
+      Queen by the whole House of a quite contrary tenor, "That they had an
+      entire confidence in Her Majesty's most gracious promise, to communicate
+      to her Parliament the terms of the peace, before the same should be
+      concluded; and that they would support Her Majesty, in obtaining an
+      honourable and safe peace, against all such persons, either at home or
+      abroad, who have endeavoured, or shall endeavour, to obstruct the same."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: This determination on the part of England to cease
+      hostilities at this juncture has been most severely criticized. The matter
+      formed, afterwards, the chief article in the impeachment of Bolingbroke,
+      and an important article in the impeachment of Oxford. According to the
+      "Report of the Committee of Secrecy," and the Earl of Oxford's answer to
+      this charge in his impeachment, it seems as if St. John had instructed
+      Ormonde so to act, without in any way consulting the council, and
+      apparently purposely concealing the fact from his colleagues. Mr. Walter
+      Sichel, however, in a note on p. 380 of his "Bolingbroke and his Times,"
+      clearly traces the order to the desire of the Queen herself, and in his
+      text lays on the Queen the blame that was visited on the heads of her
+      ministers. See also note on p. 156. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The courier sent with the alternative to Spain was now returned, with an
+      account that Philip had chosen to renounce France for himself and his
+      posterity, whereof the Queen having received notice, Her Majesty, upon the
+      sixth of June, in a long speech to both Houses of Parliament, laid before
+      them the terms of a general peace, stipulated between her and France. This
+      speech, being the plan whereby both France and the allies have been
+      obliged to proceed in the subsequent course of the treaty, I shall desire
+      the reader's leave to insert it at length, although I believe it hath been
+      already in most hands.[7]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: This speech was printed by John Baskett, 1712. [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      "MY LORDS AND GENTLEMEN,
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      "The making peace and war is the undoubted prerogative of the crown; yet
+      such is the just confidence I place in you, that at the opening of this
+      session, I acquainted you that a negotiation for a general peace was
+      begun; and afterwards, by messages, I promised to communicate to you the
+      terms of peace, before the same should be concluded.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "In pursuance of that promise, I now come to let you know upon what terms
+      a general peace may be made.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I need not mention the difficulties which arise from the very nature of
+      this affair; and it is but too apparent, that these difficulties have been
+      increased by other obstructions, artfully contrived to hinder this great
+      and good work.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Nothing, however, has moved me from steadily pursuing, in the first
+      place, the true interests of my own kingdoms, and I have not omitted any
+      thing, which might procure to all our allies what is due to them by
+      treaties, and what is necessary for their security.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The assuring of the Protestant succession, as by law established in the
+      House of Hanover, to these kingdoms; being what I have nearest at heart,
+      particular care is taken not only to have that acknowledged in the
+      strongest terms, but to have an additional security, by the removal of
+      that person out of the dominions of France, who has pretended to disturb
+      this settlement.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The apprehension that Spain and the West Indies might be united to
+      France, was the chief inducement to begin this war; and the effectual
+      preventing of such an union, was the principle I laid down at the
+      commencement of this treaty. Former examples, and the late negotiations,
+      sufficiently shew how difficult it is to find means to accomplish this
+      work. I would not content myself with such as are speculative, or depend
+      on treaties only: I insisted on what was solid, and to have at hand the
+      power of executing what should be agreed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I can therefore now tell you, that France at last is brought to offer,
+      that the Duke of Anjou shall, for himself and his descendants, renounce
+      for ever all claim to the crown of France; and that this important article
+      may be exposed to no hazard, the performance is to accompany the promise.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "At the same time the succession to the crown of France is to be declared,
+      after the death of the present dauphin and his sons, to be in the Duke of
+      Berry and his sons, in the Duke of Orleans and his sons, and so on to the
+      rest of the House of Bourbon.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "As to Spain and the Indies, the succession to those dominions, after the
+      Duke of Anjou and his children, is to descend to such prince as shall be
+      agreed upon at the treaty, for ever excluding the rest of the House of
+      Bourbon.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "For confirming the renunciations and settlements before mentioned, it is
+      further offered, that they should be ratified in the most strong and
+      solemn manner, both in France and Spain; and that those kingdoms, as well
+      as all the other powers engaged in the present war, shall be guarantees to
+      the same.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The nature of this proposal is such, that it executes itself: the
+      interest of Spain is to support it; and in France, the persons to whom
+      that succession is to belong, will be ready and powerful enough to
+      vindicate their own right.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "France and Spain are now more effectually divided than ever. And thus, by
+      the blessing of God, will a real balance of power be fixed in Europe, and
+      remain liable to as few accidents as human affairs can be exempted from.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "A treaty of commerce between these kingdoms and France has been entered
+      upon; but the excessive duties laid on some goods, and the prohibitions of
+      others, make it impossible to finish this work so soon as were to be
+      desired. Care is however taken to establish a method of settling this
+      matter; and in the mean time provision is made, that the same privileges
+      and advantages, as shall be granted to any other nation by France, shall
+      be granted in like manner to us.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The division of the Island of St. Christopher, between us and the French,
+      having been the cause of great inconveniency and damage to my subjects, I
+      have demanded to have an absolute cession made to me of that whole island,
+      and France agrees to this demand.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Our interest is so deeply concerned in the trade of North America, that I
+      have used my utmost endeavours to adjust that article in the most
+      beneficial manner. France consents to restore to us the whole Bay and
+      Straits of Hudson, to deliver up the Island of Newfoundland, with
+      Placentia; and to make an absolute cession of Annapolis, with the rest of
+      Nova Scotia, or Acadie.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The safety of our home trade will be better provided for, by the
+      demolition of Dunkirk.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Our Mediterranean trade, and the British interest and influence in those
+      parts, will be secured by the possession of Gibraltar and Port Mahon, with
+      the whole island of Minorca, which are offered to remain in my hands.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The trade to Spain and to the West Indies may in general be settled, as
+      it was in the time of the late King of Spain, Charles the Second; and a
+      particular provision be made, that all advantages, rights, or privileges,
+      which have been granted, or which may hereafter be granted, by Spain to
+      any other nation, shall be in like manner granted to the subjects of Great
+      Britain.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "But the part which we have borne in the prosecution of this war,
+      entitling us to some distinction in the terms of peace, I have insisted,
+      and obtained, that the Assiento, or contract for furnishing the Spanish
+      West Indies with negroes, shall be made with us for the term of thirty
+      years, in the same manner as it has been enjoyed by the French for ten
+      years past.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have not taken upon me to determine the interests of our confederates;
+      these must be adjusted in the congress at Utrecht, where my best
+      endeavours shall be employed, as they have hitherto constantly been, to
+      procure to every one of them all just and reasonable satisfaction. In the
+      mean time, I think it proper to acquaint you, that France offers to make
+      the Rhine the barrier of the empire; to yield Brissac, the fort of Kehl,
+      and Landau, and to raze all the fortresses, both on the other side of the
+      Rhine, and in that river.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "As to the Protestant interest in Germany, there will be on the part of
+      France no objection to the resettling thereof, on the foot of the treaty
+      of Westphalia.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The Spanish Low Countries may go to his Imperial Majesty: the kingdoms of
+      Naples and Sardinia, the duchy of Milan, and the places belonging to Spain
+      on the coast of Tuscany, may likewise be yielded by the treaty of peace to
+      the Emperor.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "As to the kingdom of Sicily, though there remains no dispute concerning
+      the cession of it by the Duke of Anjou, yet the disposition thereof is not
+      yet determined.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The interests of the States General, with respect to commerce, are agreed
+      to, as they have been demanded by their own ministers, with the exception
+      only of some very few species of merchandise; and the entire barrier, as
+      demanded by the States in one thousand seven hundred and nine from France,
+      except two or three places at most.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "As to these exceptions, several expedients are proposed; and I make no
+      doubt but this barrier may be so settled, as to render that republic
+      perfectly secure against any enterprise on the part of France; which is
+      the foundation of all my engagements upon this head with the States.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The demands of Portugal depending on the disposition of Spain, and that
+      article having been long in dispute, it has not been yet possible to make
+      any considerable progress therein; but my plenipotentiaries will now have
+      an opportunity to assist that king in his pretensions.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Those of the King of Prussia are such as, I hope, will admit of little
+      difficulty on the part of France; and my utmost endeavours shall not be
+      wanting to procure all I am able to so good an ally.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The difference between the barrier demanded for the Duke of Savoy in one
+      thousand seven hundred and nine, and the offers now made by France, is
+      very inconsiderable: but that prince having so signally distinguished
+      himself in the service of the common cause, I am endeavouring to procure
+      for him still farther advantages.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "France has consented, that the Elector Palatine shall continue his
+      present rank among the electors, and remain in possession of the Upper
+      Palatinate.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The electoral dignity is likewise acknowledged in the House of Hanover,
+      according to the article inserted at that prince's desire in my demands.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "And as to the rest of the allies, I make no doubt of being able to secure
+      their several interests.
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      "MY LORDS AND GENTLEMEN,
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      "I have now communicated to you, not only the terms of peace, which may,
+      by the future treaty, be obtained for my own subjects; but likewise the
+      proposals of France, for satisfying our allies.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The former are such as I have reason to expect, to make my people some
+      amends for that great and unequal burden which they have lain under,
+      through the whole course of this war; and I am willing to hope, that none
+      of our confederates, and especially those to whom so great accessions of
+      dominion and power are to accrue by this peace, will envy Britain her
+      share in the glory and advantage of it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The latter are not yet so perfectly adjusted, as a little more time might
+      have rendered them; but the season of the year making it necessary to put
+      an end to this session, I resolved no longer to defer communicating these
+      matters to you.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I can make no doubt but you are all fully persuaded, that nothing will be
+      neglected on my part, in the progress of this negotiation, to bring the
+      peace to an happy and speedy issue; and I depend on your entire confidence
+      in me, and your cheerful concurrence with me."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The discontented party in the House of Commons, finding the torrent
+      against them not to be stemmed, suspended their opposition; by which means
+      an address was voted, <i>nemine contradicente</i>, to acknowledge Her
+      Majesty's condescension, to express their satisfaction in what she had
+      already done, and to desire she would please to proceed with the present
+      negotiations for obtaining a speedy peace.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      During these transactions at home, the Duke of Ormonde[8] was in a very
+      uneasy situation at the army, employed in practising those arts which
+      perhaps are fitter for a subtle negotiator than a great commander.[9] But
+      as he had always proved his obedience, where courage or conduct could be
+      of use; so the duty he professed to his prince, made him submit to
+      continue in a state of inactivity at the head of his troops, however
+      contrary to his nature, if it were for Her Majesty's service. He had sent
+      early notice to the ministers, that he could not depend upon the foreign
+      forces in the Queen's pay, and he now found some attempts were already
+      begun to seduce them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: James Butler, Duke of Ormonde, succeeded his grandfather in
+      that title in July, 1688, was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in 1703, and
+      again in 1710. He succeeded the Duke of Marlborough as captain general,
+      and had the first regiment of Guards. Bishop Burnet says, "he had the same
+      allowances that had been lately voted criminal in the Duke of
+      Marlborough." ("History," vol. ii., p. 602). [N.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: Bolingbroke had written a letter to Ormonde (dated May 10th,
+      1712) in which he informed the commander-in-chief that it was the "Queen's
+      positive command to your Grace, that you avoid engaging in any siege or
+      hazarding a battle till you have farther orders from Her Majesty." How to
+      do this with dignity was not an easy matter. The continuation of this
+      letter from Bolingbroke suggested the spirit, though it left to Ormonde
+      the details of his procedure in so delicate a situation: "I am, at the
+      same time, directed to let your Grace know that the Queen would have you
+      disguise the receipt of this order; and her Majesty thinks that you cannot
+      want pretences for conducting yourself so as to answer her ends, without
+      owning that which might at present have an ill effect if it was publicly
+      known." (Bolingbroke, "Correspondence," ii. 320). This is what Swift means
+      by being: "employed in practicing those arts which perhaps are fitter for
+      a subtle negotiator than a great commander." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      While the courier was expected from Madrid, the Duke had orders to inform
+      the Maréchal de Villars of the true state of this affair; and that his
+      grace would have decisive orders in three or four days. In the mean time,
+      he desired the marechal would not oblige him to come to any action, either
+      to defend himself, or to join with Prince Eugene's army; which he must
+      necessarily do, if the prince were attacked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When the courier was arrived with the account, that Philip had chosen to
+      accept of Spain, Her Majesty had proposed to France a suspension of arms
+      for two months (to be prolonged to three or four), between the armies now
+      in Flanders, upon the following conditions:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "That, during the suspension, endeavours should be used for concluding a
+      general peace; or, at least, the article for preventing the union of
+      France and Spain, should be punctually executed by Philip's renouncing
+      France, for himself and his posterity; and the princes of Bourbon, in like
+      manner, renouncing Spain: and that the town, citadel, and forts of
+      Dunkirk, should be immediately delivered into the Queen's hands." Her
+      Majesty at the same time endeavoured to get Cambray for the Dutch,
+      provided they would come into the suspension. But this was absolutely
+      rejected by France; which that court would never have ventured to do, if
+      those allies could have been prevailed on to have acted with sincerity and
+      openness in concert with Her Majesty, as her plenipotentiaries had always
+      desired. However, the Queen promised, that, if the States would yield to a
+      suspension of arms, they should have some valuable pledge put into their
+      possession.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But now fresh intelligence daily arrived, both from Utrecht and the army,
+      of attempts to make the troops in Her Majesty's pay desert her service;
+      and a design even of seizing the British forces, was whispered about, and
+      with reason suspected.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When the Queen's speech was published in Holland, the lord privy seal told
+      the Dutch ministers at Utrecht, "That what Her Majesty had laid before her
+      Parliament could not, according to the rules of treaty, be looked on as
+      the utmost of what France would yield in the course of a negotiation; but
+      only the utmost of what that crown would propose, in order to form the
+      plan of a peace: That these conditions would certainly have been better,
+      if the States had thought fit to have gone hand in hand with Her Majesty,
+      as she had so frequently exhorted them to do: That nothing but the want of
+      harmony among the allies had spirited the French to stand out so long:
+      That the Queen would do them all the good offices in her power, if they
+      thought fit to comply; and did not doubt of getting them reasonable
+      satisfaction, both in relation to their barrier and their trade." But this
+      reasoning made no impression: the Dutch ministers said, the Queen's speech
+      had deprived them of the fruits of the war. They were in pain, lest Lille
+      and Tournay might be two of the towns to be excepted out of their barrier.
+      The rest of the allies grew angry, by the example of the Dutch. The
+      populace in Holland began to be inflamed: they publicly talked, that
+      Britain had betrayed them. Sermons were preached in several towns of their
+      provinces, whether by direction or connivance, filled with the highest
+      instances of disrespect to Her Britannic Majesty, whom they charged as a
+      papist, and an enemy to their country. The lord privy seal himself
+      believed something extraordinary was in agitation, and that his own person
+      was in danger from the fury of the people.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is certain, that the States appeared but a few days before very much
+      disposed to comply with the measures the Queen had taken, and would have
+      consented to a general armistice, if Count Zinzendorf, one of the
+      plenipotentiaries for the Emperor, had not, by direct orders from his
+      court, employed himself in sowing jealousies between Britain and the
+      States; and at the same time made prodigious offers to the latter, as well
+      as to the ministers of Prussia, the Palatinate, and Hanover, for
+      continuing the war. That those three electors, who contributed nothing,
+      except bodies of men in return of pay and subsidies, should readily accept
+      the proposals of the Emperor, is easy to be accounted for. What appears
+      hardly credible is, that a grave republic, usually cautious enough in
+      making their bargains, should venture to reject the thoughts of a peace
+      upon the promises of the House of Austria, the little validity whereof
+      they had so long experienced; and especially when they counted upon losing
+      the support of Britain, their most powerful ally; but the false hopes
+      given them by their friends in England of some new change in their favour,
+      or an imagination of bringing France to better terms by the appearance of
+      resolution, added to the weakness or corruption of some, who administered
+      their affairs, were the true causes which first created, and afterwards
+      inflamed, this untractable temper among them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Dutch ministers were wholly disconcerted and surprised, when the lord
+      privy seal told them, "That a suspension of arms in the Netherlands would
+      be necessary; and that the Duke of Ormonde intended very soon to declare
+      it after he had taken possession of Dunkirk." But his lordship endeavoured
+      to convince them, that this incident ought rather to be a motive for
+      hastening the States into a compliance with Her Majesty. He likewise
+      communicated to the ministers of the allies the offers made by France, as
+      delivered in the speech from the throne, which Her Majesty thought to be
+      satisfactory, and hoped their masters would concur with her in bringing
+      the peace to a speedy conclusion, wherein each, in particular, might be
+      assured of her best offices for advancing their just pretensions.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the mean time the Duke of Ormonde was directed to send a body of troops
+      to take possession of Dunkirk, as soon as he should have notice from the
+      Maréchal de Villars, that the commandant of the town had received orders
+      from his court to deliver it; but the Duke foresaw many difficulties in
+      the executing of this commission. He could trust such an enterprise to no
+      forces, except those of Her Majesty's own subjects. He considered the
+      temper of the States in this conjuncture, and was loth to divide a small
+      body of men, upon whose faithfulness alone he could depend. He thought it
+      not prudent to expose them to march through the enemy's country, with whom
+      there was yet neither peace nor truce; and he had sufficient reasons to
+      apprehend, that the Dutch would either not permit such a detachment to
+      pass through their towns (as themselves had more than hinted to him) or
+      would seize them as they passed: besides, the Duke had very fairly
+      signified to Maréchal de Villars, that he expected to be deserted by all
+      the foreign troops in Her Majesty's pay, as soon as the armistice should
+      be declared; at which the maréchal appearing extremely disappointed, said,
+      "The King his master reckoned, that all the troops under his grace's
+      command should yield to the cessation; and wondered how it should come to
+      pass, that those who might be paid for lying still, would rather choose,
+      after a ten years' war, to enter into the service of new masters, under
+      whom they must fight on for nothing." In short, the opinion of Mons.
+      Villars was, that this difficulty cancelled the promise of surrendering
+      Dunkirk; which therefore he opposed as much as possible, in the letters he
+      writ to his court.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Upon the Duke of Ormonde's representing those difficulties, the Queen
+      altered her measures, and ordered forces to be sent from England to take
+      possession of Dunkirk. The Duke was likewise commanded to tell the foreign
+      generals in Her Majesty's service, how highly she would resent their
+      desertion; after which, their masters must give up all thoughts of any
+      arrears, either of pay or subsidy. The lord privy seal spoke the same
+      language at Utrecht, to the several ministers of the allies; as Mr.
+      Secretary St. John did to those who resided here; adding, "That the
+      proceeding of the foreign troops would be looked upon as a declaration for
+      or against Her Majesty: and that, in case they desert her service, she
+      would look on herself as justified, before God and man, to continue her
+      negotiation at Utrecht, or any other place, whether the allies concur or
+      not." And particularly the Dutch were assured, "That if their masters
+      seduced the forces hired by the Queen, they must take the whole pay,
+      arrears, and subsidies on themselves."[10]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 10: Compare this language of Bishop Robinson with the letter
+      Bolingbroke had previously written to Thomas Harley (letter of May 17,
+      1712): "On the report which my Lord Strafford, who arrived here the day
+      before yesterday, has made by word of mouth, as well as upon the contents
+      of the latter dispatches from Utrecht, her Majesty is fully determined to
+      let all negotiations sleep in Holland; since they have neither sense, nor
+      gratitude, nor spirit enough to make a suitable return to the offers
+      lately sent by the Queen, and communicated by the plenipotentiaries, her
+      Majesty will look on herself as under no obligation towards them, but
+      proceed to make the peace either with or without them."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When the States-General addressed a complaint to the Queen of the manner
+      in which England was deserting them, Bolingbroke had their letter formally
+      condemned by a resolution of the House of Commons. He was determined to
+      bring this peace about, and the Dutch might "kick and flounce like wild
+      beasts caught in a toil; yet the cords are too strong for them to break."
+      (Report from the Committee of Secrecy.) [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Earl of Strafford, preparing about this time to return to Utrecht,
+      with instructions proper to the present situation of affairs, went first
+      to the army, and there informed the Duke of Ormonde of Her Majesty's
+      intentions. He also acquainted the States deputies with the Queen's
+      uneasiness, lest, by the measures they were taking, they should drive her
+      to extremities, which she desired so much to avoid. He farther represented
+      to them, in the plainest terms, the provocations Her Majesty had received,
+      and the grounds and reasons for her present conduct. He likewise declared
+      to the commanders in chief of the foreign troops, in the Queen's pay, and
+      in the joint pay of Britain and the States, with how much surprise Her
+      Majesty had heard, "That there was the least doubt of their obeying the
+      orders of the Duke of Ormonde; which if they refused, Her Majesty would
+      esteem it not only as an indignity and affront, but as a declaration
+      against her; and, in such a case, they must look on themselves as no
+      farther entitled either to any arrear, or future pay or subsidies."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Six regiments, under the command of Mr. Hill,[11] were now preparing to
+      embark, in order to take possession of Dunkirk; and the Duke of Ormonde,
+      upon the first intelligence sent him, that the French were ready to
+      deliver the town, was to declare he could act no longer against France.
+      The Queen gave notice immediately of her proceedings to the States. She
+      let them plainly know, "That their perpetual caballing with her factious
+      subjects, against her authority, had forced her into such measures, as
+      otherwise she would not have engaged in. However, Her Majesty was willing
+      yet to forget all that had passed, and to unite with them in the strictest
+      ties of amity, which she hoped they would now do; since they could not but
+      be convinced, by the late dutiful addresses of both Houses, how far their
+      High Mightinesses had been deluded, and drawn in as instruments to serve
+      the turn, and gratify the passions, of a disaffected party: That their
+      opposition, and want of concert with Her Majesty's ministers, which she
+      had so often invited them to, had encouraged France to except towns out of
+      their barrier, which otherwise might have been yielded: That, however, she
+      had not precluded them, or any other ally, from demanding more; and even
+      her own terms were but conditional, upon supposition of a general peace to
+      ensue: That Her Majesty resolved to act upon the plan laid down in her
+      speech;" and she repeated the promise of her best offices to promote the
+      interest of the States, if they would deal sincerely with her.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 11: John Hill, brother to Mrs. Masham. It is not difficult to
+      guess at the reason for this appointment. Here was a chance for Jack Hill
+      to achieve some glory and wipe away the disgrace of the ill-starred Quebec
+      expedition. As there was also no danger attached to the enterprise, all
+      the more likely that he would succeed. Hill sailed with Admiral Sir John
+      Leake and took peaceable possession of the town and forts. For this he was
+      appointed Governor of Dunkirk, and while there he sent Swift a gold
+      snuff-box as a present, "the finest that ever you saw," as Swift wrote to
+      Stella: See also vol. v., p. 80, of this edition. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Some days before the Duke of Ormonde had notice, that orders were given
+      for the surrender of Dunkirk, Prince Eugene of Savoy sent for the generals
+      of the allies, and asked them severally, whether, in case the armies
+      separated, they would march with him, or stay with the Duke? All of them,
+      except two, who commanded but small bodies, agreed to join with the
+      prince; who thereupon, about three days after, sent the Duke word, that he
+      intended to march the following day (as it was supposed) to besiege
+      Landrecies. The Duke returned an answer, "That he was surprised at the
+      prince's message, there having been not the least previous concert with
+      him, nor any mention in the message, which way, or upon what design, the
+      march was intended: therefore, that the Duke could not resolve to march
+      with him; much less could the prince expect assistance from the Queen's
+      army, in any design undertaken after this manner." The Duke told this
+      beforehand, that he (the prince) might take his measures accordingly, and
+      not attribute to Her Majesty's general any misfortune that might happen.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the sixteenth of July, N.S. the several generals of the allies joined
+      Prince Eugene's army, and began their march, after taking leave of the
+      Duke and the Earl of Strafford, whose expostulations could not prevail on
+      them to stay; although the latter assured them, that the Queen had made
+      neither peace nor truce with France, and that her forces would now be left
+      exposed to the enemy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The next day after this famous desertion, the Duke of Ormonde received a
+      letter from Mons. de Villars, with an account, that the town and citadel
+      of Dunkirk should be delivered to Mr. Hill. Whereupon a cessation of arms
+      was declared, by sound of trumpet, at the head of the British army; which
+      now consisted only of about eighteen thousand men, all of Her Majesty's
+      subjects, except the Holsteiners, and Count Wallis's dragoons.[12] With
+      this small body of men the general began his march; and, pursuant to
+      orders from court, retired towards the sea, in the manner he thought most
+      convenient for the Queen's service. When he came as far as Flines, he was
+      told by some of his officers, that the commandants of Bouchain, Douay,
+      Lille, and Tournay, had refused them passage through those towns, or even
+      liberty of entrance, and said it was by order of their masters.[13] The
+      Duke immediately recollected, that when the deputies first heard of his
+      resolution to withdraw his troops, they told him, they hoped he did not
+      intend to march through any of their towns. This made him conclude, that
+      the orders must be general, and that his army would certainly meet with
+      the same treatment which his officers had done. He had likewise, before
+      the armies separated, received information of some designs that concerned
+      the safety, or at least the freedom of his own person, and (which he much
+      more valued) that of those few British troops entrusted to his care. No
+      general was ever more truly or deservedly beloved by his soldiers, who, to
+      a man, were prepared to sacrifice their lives in his service; and whose
+      resentments were raised to the utmost, by the ingratitude, as they termed
+      it, of their deserters.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 12: Barner, who commanded the troops of Holstein, being two
+      battalions and eight squadrons, and Walef or Waless, who commanded the
+      dragoons of Liège, both followed Ormonde. [S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 13: At Bouchain, the British officers were told at the gates,
+      that the commandant had positive orders to let no Englishman into the
+      town; and at Douay, where the English had large stores and magazines, the
+      same thing happened with considerable aggravation. Indeed, it was with
+      difficulty and precaution that the commandant of the latter town would
+      permit the body of an English colonel to be interred there. The same
+      difficulties occurred at Tournay, Oudenarde, and Lille; and the Duke of
+      Ormonde having sent an officer express to England on the 17th, he was
+      stopped and interrupted at Haspre, misguided at Courtray, and refused
+      admission at Bruges. (See "The Conduct of his Grace the Duke of Ormonde,
+      in the Campagne of 1712," 1715, pp. 46-50.) [S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Upon these provocations, he laid aside all thoughts of returning to
+      Dunkirk, and began to consider how he might perform, in so difficult a
+      conjuncture, something important to the Queen, and at the same time find a
+      secure retreat for his forces. He formed his plan without communicating it
+      to any person whatsoever; and the disposition of the army being to march
+      towards Warneton, in the way to Dunkirk, he gave sudden orders to
+      Lieutenant-General Cadogan to change his route, according to the military
+      phrase, and move towards Orchies, a town leading directly to Ghent.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When Prince Eugene and the States deputies received news of the Duke's
+      motions, they were alarmed to the utmost degree, and sent Count Nassau, of
+      Woudenbourg, to the general's camp near Orchies, to excuse what had been
+      done, and to assure his grace, that those commandants, who had refused
+      passage to his officers, had acted wholly without orders. Count Hompesch,
+      one of the Dutch generals, came likewise to the Duke with the same story;
+      but all this made little impression on the general, who held on his march,
+      and on the twenty-third of July, N.S., entered Ghent, where he was
+      received with great submission by the inhabitants, and took possession of
+      the town, as he likewise did of Bruges, a few days after.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Duke of Ormonde thought, that considering the present disposition of
+      the States towards Britain, it might be necessary for the Queen to have
+      some pledge from that republic in her hands, as well as from France, by
+      which means Her Majesty would be empowered to act the part that best
+      became her, of being mediator at least; and that while Ghent was in the
+      Queen's hands, no provisions could pass the Scheldt or the Lys without her
+      permission, by which he had it in his power to starve their army. The
+      possession of these towns might likewise teach the Dutch and Imperialists,
+      to preserve a degree of decency and civility to Her Majesty, which both of
+      them were upon some occasions too apt to forget: and besides, there was
+      already in the town of Ghent, a battalion of British troops and a
+      detachment of five hundred men in the citadel, together with a great
+      quantity of ammunition stores for the service of the war, which would
+      certainly have been seized or embezzled; so that no service could be more
+      seasonable or useful in the present juncture than this, which the Queen
+      highly approved, and left the Duke a discretionary power to act as he
+      thought fit on any future emergency.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have a little interrupted the order of time, in relating the Duke of
+      Ormonde's proceedings, who, after having placed a garrison at Bruges, and
+      sent a supply of men and ammunition to Dunkirk, retired to Ghent, where he
+      continued some months, till he had leave to return to England.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Upon the arrival of Colonel Disney[14] at court, with an account that Mr.
+      Hill had taken possession of Dunkirk, an universal joy spread over the
+      kingdom, this event being looked on as the certain forerunner of a peace:
+      besides, the French faith was in so ill a reputation among us, that many
+      persons, otherwise sanguine enough, could never bring themselves to
+      believe, that the town would be delivered, till certain intelligence came
+      that it was actually in our hands. Neither were the ministers themselves
+      altogether at ease, or free from suspicion, whatever countenance they
+      made; for they knew very well, that the French King had many plausible
+      reasons to elude his promise, if he found cause to repent it. One
+      condition of surrendering Dunkirk, being a general armistice of all the
+      troops in the British pay, which Her Majesty was not able to perform; and
+      upon this failure, the Maréchal de Villars (as we have before related)
+      endeavoured to dissuade his court from accepting the conditions: and in
+      the very interval, while those difficulties were adjusting, the Maréchal
+      d'Uxelles, one of the French plenipotentiaries at Utrecht (whose
+      inclinations, as well as those of his colleague Mons. Mesnager, led him to
+      favour the States more than Britain) assured the lord privy seal, that the
+      Dutch were then pressing to enter into separate measures with his master:
+      and his lordship, in a visit to the Abbé de Polignac, observing a person
+      to withdraw as he entered the abbé's chamber, was told by this minister,
+      that the person he saw was one Molo, of Amsterdam, mentioned before, a
+      famous agent for the States with France, who had been entertaining him
+      (the abbé) upon the same subject, but that he had refused to treat with
+      Molo, without the privity of England.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 14: Colonel Disney or Desnée, called "Duke" Disney, was one of
+      the members of the Brothers Club, a boon companion of Bolingbroke, and, as
+      Swift says, "not an old man, but an old rake." From various sources we
+      gather that he was a high liver, and not very nice in his ways of high
+      living. In spite, however, of his undoubted profligacy, he must have been
+      a man of good nature and a kindly heart, since he received affectionate
+      record from Gay, Pope, and Swift. Mr. Walter Sichel quotes from "an
+      unfinished sketch of a larger poem," by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, in
+      which Disney's worst characteristics are held up to ridicule.
+      ("Bolingbroke and his Times," pp. 288-290). Swift often refers to him in
+      his "Journal." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Harley, whom we mentioned above to have been sent early in the spring
+      to Utrecht, continued longer in Holland than was at first expected; but
+      having received Her Majesty's farther instructions, was about this time
+      arrived at Hanover. It was the misfortune of his Electoral Highness, to be
+      very ill served by Mons. Bothmar, his envoy here, who assisted at all the
+      factious meetings of the discontented party, and deceived his master by a
+      false representation of the kingdom, drawn from the opinion of those to
+      whom he confined his conversation. There was likewise at the Elector's
+      court a little Frenchman, without any merit or consequence, called
+      Robethon,[15] who, by the assistance and encouragement of the last
+      ministry, had insinuated himself into some degree of that prince's favour,
+      which he used in giving his master the worst impressions he was able, of
+      those whom the Queen employed in her service; insinuating, that the
+      present ministers were not in the interest of his Highness's family; that
+      their views were towards the Pretender; that they were making an unsecure
+      and dishonourable peace; that the weight of the nation was against them;
+      and that it was impossible for them to preserve much longer their credit
+      or power.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 15: One of the Elector's privy councillors. See note, vol. v.,
+      p. 468. "As little a fellow as Robethon is," wrote Bolingbroke to Thomas
+      Harley, "I have reason to believe that most of the ill impressions which
+      have been given at that court have chiefly come from him; and as I know
+      him to be mercenary, I doubt not but he has found his account in this his
+      management." (Bol., "Correspondence," vol. ii., p. 385). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Earl Rivers had, in the foregoing year, been sent to Hanover, in order
+      to undeceive the Elector, and remove whatever prejudices might be infused
+      into his Highness against Her Majesty's proceedings; but it should seem
+      that he had no very great success in his negotiation: for soon after his
+      return to England, Mons. Bothmar's "Memorial" appeared in the manner I
+      have already related, which discovered the sentiments of his electoral
+      Highness (if they were truly represented in that "Memorial") to differ not
+      a little from those of the Queen. Mr. Harley was therefore directed to
+      take the first opportunity of speaking to the Elector in private, to
+      assure him, "That although Her Majesty had thought herself justly provoked
+      by the conduct of his minister, yet such was her affection for his
+      Highness, and concern for the interests of his family, that instead of
+      showing the least mark of resentment, she had chosen to send him (Mr.
+      Harley) fully instructed to open her designs, and shew his Highness the
+      real interest of Britain in the present conjuncture." Mr. Harley was to
+      give the Elector a true account of what had passed in England, during the
+      first part of this session of Parliament; to expose to his Highness the
+      weakness of those with whom his minister had consulted, and under whose
+      directions he had acted; to convince him how much lower that faction must
+      become, when a peace should be concluded, and when the natural strength of
+      the kingdom, disencumbered from the burthen of the war, should be at
+      liberty to exert itself; to shew him how his interest in the succession
+      was sacrificed to that of a party: that his Highness had been hitherto a
+      friend to both sides, but that the measures taken by his ministers, had
+      tended only to set him at the head of one in opposition to the other: to
+      explain to the Elector, how fully the safety of Europe was provided for by
+      the plan of peace in Her Majesty's speech; and how little reason those
+      would appear to have, who complained the loudest of this plan, if it were
+      compared either with our engagements to them when we began the war, or
+      with their performances in the course of it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Upon this occasion Mr, Harley was to observe to the Elector, "That it
+      should rather be wondered at, how the Queen had brought France to offer so
+      much, than yet to offer no more; because, as soon as ever it appeared,
+      that Her Majesty would be at the head of this treaty, and that the
+      interests of Britain were to be provided for, such endeavours were used to
+      break off the negotiation, as are hardly to be paralleled; and the
+      disunion thereby created among the allies, had given more opportunities to
+      the enemy, of being slow in their concessions, than any other measures
+      might possibly have done: That this want of concert among the allies,
+      could not in any sort be imputed to the Queen, who had all along invited
+      them to it with the greatest earnestness, as the surest means to bring
+      France to reason: That she had always, in a particular manner, pressed the
+      States General to come into the strictest union with her, and opened to
+      them her intentions with the greatest freedom; but finding, that instead
+      of concurring with Her Majesty, they were daily carrying on intrigues to
+      break off the negotiation, and thereby deprive her of the advantages she
+      might justly expect from the ensuing peace, having no other way left, she
+      was forced to act with France as she did, by herself: That, however, the
+      Queen had not taken upon herself to determine the interests of the allies,
+      who were at liberty of insisting on farther pretensions, wherein Her
+      Majesty would not be wanting to support them as far as she was able, and
+      improve the concessions already made by France; in which case, a good
+      understanding and harmony among the confederates, would yet be of the
+      greatest use for making the enemy more tractable and easy."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have been more particular in reciting the substance of Mr. Harley's
+      instructions, because it will serve as a recapitulation of what I have
+      already said upon this subject, and seems to set Her Majesty's intentions,
+      and proceedings at this time, in the clearest light.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After the cessation of arms declared by the Duke of Ormonde, upon the
+      delivery of Dunkirk, the British plenipotentiaries very earnestly pressed
+      those of Holland to come into a general armistice; for if the whole
+      confederacy acted in conjunction, this would certainly be the best means
+      for bringing the common enemy to reasonable terms of peace: but the
+      States, deluded by the boundless promises of Count Zinzendorf, and the
+      undertaking talent of Prince Eugene, who dreaded the conclusion of the
+      war, as the period of his glory, would not hear of a cessation. The loss
+      of eighteen thousand Britons was not a diminution of weight in the balance
+      of such an ally as the Emperor, and such a general as the Prince. Besides,
+      they looked upon themselves to be still superior to France in the field;
+      and although their computation was certainly right in point of number,
+      yet, in my opinion, the conclusion drawn from it, was grounded upon a
+      great mistake. I have been assured by several persons of our own country,
+      and some foreigners of the first rank, both for skill and station in arms,
+      that in most victories obtained in the present war, the British troops
+      were ever employed in the post of danger and honour, and usually began the
+      attack (being allowed to be naturally more fearless than the people of any
+      other country), by which they were not only an example of courage to the
+      rest, but must be acknowledged, without partiality, to have governed the
+      fortune of the day; since it is known enough, how small a part of an army
+      is generally engaged in any battle. It may likewise be added, that nothing
+      is of greater moment in war than opinion. The French, by their frequent
+      losses, which they chiefly attributed to the courage of our men, believed
+      that a British general, at the head of British troops, was not to be
+      overcome; and the Maréchal de Villars was quickly sensible of the
+      advantage he had got; for, in a very few days after the desertion of the
+      allies, happened the Earl of Albemarle's disgrace at Denain, by a feint of
+      the Maréchal's, and a manifest failure somewhere or other, both of courage
+      and conduct on the side of the confederates. The blame of which was
+      equally shared between Prince Eugene and the Earl; although it is certain,
+      the Duke of Ormonde gave the latter timely warning of his danger,
+      observing he was neither intrenched as he ought, nor provided with bridges
+      sufficient for the situation he was in, and at such a distance from the
+      main army.[16]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 16: It is alleged by the continuator of Rapin, that the surprise
+      and defeat of the confederated troops under the Earl of Albemarle, at
+      Denain, was, in a great measure, owing to the Duke of Ormonde having, in
+      spite of all remonstrance, reclaimed and carried off certain pontoons
+      which had been lent to the allies. For Prince Eugene having received
+      intelligence of the design against Albemarle, marched to his succour; but
+      the bridge having broken under the quantity of the baggage which had been
+      transported across the Scheldt, he could only remain the spectator of
+      their misfortune. [S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Marquis de Torcy had likewise the same sentiments, of what mighty
+      consequence those few British battalions were to the confederate army;
+      since he advised his master to deliver up Dunkirk, although the Queen
+      could not perform the condition understood, which was a cessation of arms
+      of all the foreign forces in her pay.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It must be owned, that Mons. de Torcy made great merit of this confidence
+      that his master placed in the Queen; and observing Her Majesty's
+      displeasure against the Dutch, on account of their late proceedings,
+      endeavoured to inflame it with aggravations enough; insinuating, "That,
+      since the States had acted so ungratefully, the Queen should let her
+      forces join with those of France, in order to compel the confederates to a
+      peace." But although this overture were very tenderly hinted from the
+      French court, Her Majesty heard it with the utmost abhorrence; and ordered
+      her secretary, Mr. St. John (created about this time Viscount
+      Bolingbroke),[17] to tell Mons. de Torcy, "That no provocations whatever
+      should tempt her to distress her allies; but she would endeavour to bring
+      them to reason by fair means, or leave them to their own conduct: That if
+      the former should be found impracticable, she would then make her own
+      peace, and content herself with doing the office of a mediator between
+      both parties: but if the States should at any time come to a better mind,
+      and suffer their ministers to act in conjunction with hers, she would
+      assert their just interests to the utmost, and make no farther progress in
+      any treaty with France, until those allies received all reasonable
+      satisfaction, both as to their barrier and their trade." The British
+      plenipotentiaries were directed to give the same assurances to the Dutch
+      ministers at Utrecht, and withal to let them know, "That the Queen was
+      determined, by their late conduct, to make peace either with or without
+      them; but would much rather choose the former."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 17: Bolingbroke had understood that he would not lose rank on
+      his promotion, from which he concluded that the earldom of Bolingbroke,
+      extinct in his family, would be revived in his favour. His indignation,
+      however, was very keen when he was created only a Viscount. He wrote to
+      Strafford at Utrecht, that his promotion had been a mortification to him.
+      "In the House of Commons," he said, "I may say that I was at the head of
+      business. ... There was, therefore, nothing to flatter my ambition in
+      removing me from thence, but giving me the title which had been many years
+      in my family, and which reverted to the Crown about a year ago, by the
+      death of the last of the elder house. ... I own to you that I felt more
+      indignation than ever in my life I had done." (Letter to the Earl of
+      Strafford, July 23, 1712). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      There was, however, one advantage which Her Majesty resolved to make by
+      this defection of her foreigners. She had been led, by the mistaken
+      politics of some years past, to involve herself in several guaranties with
+      the princes of the north, which were, in some sort, contradictory to one
+      another; but this conduct of theirs wholly annulled all such engagements,
+      and left her at liberty to interpose in the affairs of those parts of
+      Europe, in such a manner as would best serve the interests of her own
+      kingdoms, as well as that of the Protestant religion, and settle a due
+      balance of power in the north.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The grand article for preventing the union of France and Spain, was to be
+      executed during a cessation of arms. But many difficulties arising about
+      that, and some other points of great importance to the common cause, which
+      could not easily be adjusted either between the French and British
+      plenipotentiaries at Utrecht, or by correspondence between Mons. de Torcy
+      and the ministry here; the Queen took the resolution of sending the Lord
+      Viscount Bolingbroke immediately to France, fully instructed in all her
+      intentions, and authorized to negotiate every thing necessary for settling
+      the treaty of peace in such a course, as might bring it to a happy and
+      speedy conclusion. He was empowered to agree to a general suspension of
+      arms, by sea and land, between Great Britain, France and Spain, to
+      continue for four months, or until the conclusion of the peace; provided
+      France and Spain would previously give positive assurances to make good
+      the terms demanded by Her Majesty for the Duke of Savoy, and would
+      likewise adjust and determine the forms of the several renunciations to be
+      made by both those crowns, in order to prevent their being ever united.
+      The Lord Bolingbroke was likewise authorized to settle some differences
+      relating to the Elector of Bavaria, for whose interests France was as much
+      concerned as Her Majesty was for those of the Duke of Savoy; to explain
+      all doubtful articles which particularly related to the advantages of
+      Britain; to know the real <i>ultimatum</i>, as it is termed, of France
+      upon the general plan of peace; and lastly, to cut off all hopes from that
+      court of ever bringing the Queen to force her allies to a disadvantageous
+      peace; Her Majesty resolving to impose no scheme at all upon them, or to
+      debar them from the liberty of endeavouring to obtain the best conditions
+      they could.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Lord Bolingbroke went to France in the beginning of August,[18] was
+      received at court with particular marks of distinction and respect; and in
+      a very few days, by his usual address and ability, performed every part of
+      his commission, extremely to the Queen's content and his own honour. He
+      returned to England before the end of the month; but Mr. Prior, who went
+      along with him, was left behind, to adjust whatever differences might
+      remain or arise between the two crowns.[19]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 18: "Lord Bolingbroke and Prior set out for France last
+      Saturday. My lord's business is to hasten the peace before the Dutch are
+      too much mauled, and hinder France from carrying the jest of beating them
+      too far." ("Journal to Stella," August 7th, 1712. See vol. ii., p. 381 of
+      present edition). The result of Bolingbroke's visit was the signing, on
+      August 19th, of an agreement for the suspension of arms for four months.
+      Torcy's reception of Bolingbroke was so managed that the <i>bon vivant</i>
+      peer had as pleasant a time as he could well have wished. How much
+      influence that had on Bolingbroke we can only speculate; but it is certain
+      that he would have made a separate peace with France, after his return,
+      had Oxford been willing. See Torcy's "Mémoires" (vol. ii., p. 202).
+      "Bolingbroke avoit conseillé à la Reine sa maîtresse de préférer une paix
+      particulière à la suspension d'armes, et d'assurer au plus tôt à ses
+      sujets la jouissance de toutes les conditions dont le Roi étoit convenu en
+      faveur de l'Angleterre." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 19: There is a long letter from Lord Bolingbroke to Mr. Prior,
+      on the subject of this negotiation, printed in Scott's edition of Swift,
+      vol. xv., pp. 524-529. [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the mean time the general conferences at Utrecht, which for several
+      weeks had been let fall, since the delivery of Dunkirk, were now resumed.
+      But the Dutch still declaring against a suspension of arms, and refusing
+      to accept the Queen's speech as a plan to negotiate upon, there was no
+      progress made for some time in the great work of the peace. Whereupon the
+      British plenipotentiaries told those of the States, "That if the Queen's
+      endeavours could not procure more than the contents of her speech, or if
+      the French should ever fall short of what was there offered, the Dutch
+      could blame none but themselves, who, by their conduct, had rendered
+      things difficult, that would otherwise have been easy." However, Her
+      Majesty thought it prudent to keep the States still in hopes of her good
+      offices, to prevent them from taking the desperate course of leaving
+      themselves wholly at the mercy of France; which was an expedient they
+      formerly practised, and which a party among them was now inclined to
+      advise.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Whilst the congress at Utrecht remained in this inactive state, the Queen
+      proceeded to perfect that important article for preventing the union of
+      France and Spain. It was proposed and accepted, that Philip should
+      renounce France, for himself and his posterity; and that the Most
+      Christian King, and all the princes of his blood, should, in the like
+      manner, renounce Spain.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It must be confessed, that this project of renunciation lay under a great
+      disrepute, by the former practices of this very King, Lewis XIV. pursuant
+      to an absurd notion among many in that kingdom, of a divine right, annexed
+      to proximity of blood, not to be controlled by any human law.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But it is plain, the French themselves had recourse to this method, after
+      all their infractions of it, since the Pyrenean treaty; for the first
+      dauphin, in whom the original claim was vested, renounced, for himself and
+      his eldest son, which opened the way to Philip Duke of Anjou; who would
+      however hardly have succeeded, if it had not been for the will made in his
+      favour by the last King, Charles II.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is indeed hard to reflect, with any patience, upon the unaccountable
+      stupidity of the princes of Europe for some centuries past, who left a
+      probability to France of succeeding in a few ages to all their dominions;
+      whilst, at the same time, no alliance with that kingdom could be of
+      advantage to any prince, by reason of the salique law. Should not common
+      prudence have taught every sovereign in Christendom to enact a salique
+      law, with respect to France; for want of which, it is almost a miracle,
+      that the Bourbon family hath not possessed the universal monarchy by right
+      of inheritance? When the French assert a proximity of blood gives a divine
+      right, as some of their ministers, who ought to be more wise or honest,
+      have lately advanced in this very case, to the title of Spain; do they
+      not, by allowing a French succession, make their own kings usurpers? Or,
+      if the salique law be divine, is it not of universal obligation, and
+      consequently of force, to exclude France from inheriting by daughters? Or,
+      lastly, if that law be of human institution, may it not be enacted in any
+      state, with whatever extent or limitation the legislature shall think fit?
+      For the notion of an unchangeable human law is an absurdity in government,
+      to be believed only by ignorance, and supported by power. From hence it
+      follows, that the children of the late Queen of France, although she had
+      renounced, were as legally excluded from succeeding to Spain, as if the
+      salique law had been fundamental in that kingdom; since that exclusion was
+      established by every power in Spain, which could possibly give a sanction
+      to any law there; and therefore the Duke of Anjou's title is wholly
+      founded upon the bequest of his predecessor (which hath great authority in
+      that monarchy, as it formerly had in ours), upon the confirmation of the
+      Cortes, and the general consent of the people.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is certain, the faith of princes is so frequently subservient to their
+      ambition, that renunciations have little validity, otherwise than from the
+      powers and parties whose interest it is to support them. But this
+      renunciation, which the Queen hath exacted from the French King and his
+      grandson, I take to be armed with all the essential circumstances that can
+      fortify such an act. For as it is necessary, for the security of every
+      prince in Europe, that those two great kingdoms should never be united; so
+      the chief among them will readily consent to be guarantees for preventing
+      such a misfortune.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Besides, this proposal (according to Her Majesty's expression in her
+      speech) is of such a nature, that it executes itself; because the
+      Spaniards, who dread such an union, for every reason that can have weight
+      among men, took care that their king should not only renounce, in the most
+      solemn manner; but likewise, that the act should be framed in the
+      strongest terms themselves could invent, or we could furnish them with. As
+      to France, upon supposal of the young dauphin's dying in a few years, that
+      kingdom will not be in a condition to engage in a long war against a
+      powerful alliance, fortified with the addition of the Spaniards, and the
+      party of the Duke of Berry, or whoever else shall be next claimer: and the
+      longer the present dauphin lives, the weaker must Philip's interest be in
+      France; because the princes, who are to succeed by this renunciation, will
+      have most power and credit in the kingdom.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The mischiefs occasioned by the want of a good understanding between the
+      allies, especially Britain and Holland, were raised every day; the French
+      taking the advantage, and raising difficulties, not only upon the general
+      plan of peace, but likewise upon the explanation of several articles in
+      the projected treaty between them and Her Majesty: They insisted to have
+      Lille, as the equivalent for Dunkirk; and demanded Tournay, Maubeuge, and
+      Condé, for the two or three towns mentioned in the Queen's speech; which
+      the British plenipotentiaries were so far from allowing, that they refused
+      to confer with those of France upon that foot; although, at the same time,
+      the former had fresh apprehensions that the Dutch, in a fit of despair,
+      would accept whatever terms the enemy pleased to offer, and, by
+      precipitating their own peace, prevent Her Majesty from obtaining any
+      advantages, both for her allies and herself.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is most certain, that the repeated losses suffered by the States, in
+      little more than two months after they had withdrawn themselves from the
+      Queen's assistance, did wholly disconcert their counsels;[20] and their
+      prudence (as it is usual) began to forsake them with their good fortune.
+      They were so weak as to be still deluded by their friends in England, who
+      continued to give them hopes of some mighty and immediate resource from
+      hence; for when the Duke of Ormonde had been about a month in Ghent, he
+      received a letter from the Maréchal de Villars, to inform him, that the
+      Dutch generals, taken at Denain, had told the maréchal publicly, of a
+      sudden revolution expected in Britain; that particularly the Earl of
+      Albemarle and Mons. Hompesch discoursed very freely of it, and that
+      nothing was more commonly talked of in Holland. It was then likewise
+      confidently reported in Ghent, that the Queen was dead; and we all
+      remember what rumour flew about here at the very same time, as if Her
+      Majesty's health were in a bad condition.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 20: The Dutch had been defeated at Douay, and the Allies had
+      suffered reverses by the reduction of Quesnoy and Bouchain. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Whether such vain hopes as these gave spirit to the Dutch; whether their
+      frequent misfortunes made them angry and sullen; whether they still
+      expected to overreach us by some private stipulations with France, through
+      the mediation of the Elector of Bavaria, as that prince afterwards gave
+      out; or whatever else was the cause, they utterly refused a cessation of
+      arms; and made not the least return to all the advances and invitations
+      made by Her Majesty, until the close of the campaign.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was then the States first began to view their affairs in another light;
+      to consider how little the vast promises of Count Zinzendorf were to be
+      relied on; to be convinced that France was not disposed to break with Her
+      Majesty, only to gratify their ill humour, or unreasonable demands; to
+      discover that their factious correspondents on this side the water had
+      shamefully misled them; that some of their own principal towns grew
+      heartily weary of the war, and backward in their loans; and, lastly, that
+      Prince Eugene, their new general, whether his genius or fortune had left
+      him, was not for their turn. They, therefore, directed their ministers at
+      Utrecht to signify to the lord privy seal and the Earl of Strafford, "That
+      the States were disposed to comply with Her Majesty, and to desire her
+      good offices with France; particularly, that Tournay and Condé might be
+      left to them as part of their barrier, without which they could not be
+      safe: That the Elector of Bavaria might not be suffered to retain any town
+      in the Netherlands, which would be as bad for Holland as if those places
+      were in the hands of France: Therefore the States proposed, that
+      Luxembourg, Namur, Charleroy, and Nieuport, might be delivered to the
+      Emperor. Lastly, That the French might not insist on excepting the four
+      species of goods out of the tariff of one thousand six hundred and
+      sixty-four: That if Her Majesty could prevail with France to satisfy their
+      masters on these articles, they would be ready to submit in all the rest."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When the Queen received an account of this good disposition in the States
+      General, immediately orders were sent to Mr. Prior, to inform the
+      ministers of the French court, "That Her Majesty had now some hopes of the
+      Dutch complying with her measures; and therefore she resolved, as she had
+      always declared, whenever those allies came to themselves, not to make the
+      peace without their reasonable satisfaction." The difficulty that most
+      pressed, was about the disposal of Tournay and Condé. The Dutch insisted
+      strongly to have both, and the French were extremely unwilling to part
+      with either.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Queen judged the former would suffice, for completing the barrier of
+      the States. Mr. Prior was therefore directed to press the Marquis de Torcy
+      effectually on this head, and to terminate all that minister's objections,
+      by assuring him of Her Majesty's resolutions to appear openly on the side
+      of the Dutch, if this demand were refused. It was thought convenient to
+      act in this resolute manner with France, whose late success, against
+      Holland, had taught the ministers of the Most Christian King to resume
+      their old imperious manner of treating with that republic; to which they
+      were farther encouraged by the ill understanding between Her Majesty and
+      the allies.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This appeared from the result of an idle quarrel that happened, about the
+      end of August,[21] at Utrecht, between a French and a Dutch
+      plenipotentiary, Mons. Mesnager and Count Rechteren;[22] wherein the court
+      of France demanded such abject submissions, and with so much haughtiness,
+      as plainly shewed they were pleased with any occasion of mortifying the
+      Dutch.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 21: July. [S]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 22: See note on p. 95. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Besides, the politics of the French ran at this time very opposite to
+      those of Britain: They thought the ministers here durst not meet the
+      Parliament without a peace; and that, therefore, Her Majesty would either
+      force the States to comply with France, by delivering up Tournay, which
+      was the principal point in dispute, or would finish her own peace with
+      France and Spain, leaving a fixed time for Holland to refuse or accept the
+      terms imposed on them. But the Queen, who thought the demand of Tournay by
+      the States to be very necessary and just, was determined to insist upon
+      it, and to declare openly against France, rather than suffer her ally to
+      want a place so useful for their barrier. And Mr. Prior was ordered to
+      signify this resolution of Her Majesty to Mons. de Torcy, in case that
+      minister could not be otherwise prevailed on.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The British plenipotentiaries did likewise, at the same time, express to
+      those of Holland Her Majesty's great satisfaction, that the States were at
+      last disposed to act in confidence with her: "That she wished this
+      resolution had been sooner taken, since nobody had gained by the delay,
+      but the French King; that, however, Her Majesty did not question the
+      procuring a safe and honourable peace, by united counsels, reasonable
+      demands, and prudent measures; that she would assist them in getting
+      whatever was necessary to their barrier, and in settling, to their
+      satisfaction, the exceptions made by France out of the tariff of one
+      thousand six hundred and sixty-four; that no other difficulties remained
+      of moment to retard the peace, since the Queen had obtained Sicily for the
+      Duke of Savoy; and, in the settlement of the Low Countries, would adhere
+      to what she delivered from the throne: That as to the empire, Her Majesty
+      heartily wished their barrier as good as could be desired; but that we
+      were not now in circumstances to expect every thing exactly according to
+      the scheme of Holland: France had already offered a great part, and the
+      Queen did not think the remainder worth the continuance of the war."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Her Majesty conceived the peace in so much forwardness, that she thought
+      fit, about this time, to nominate the Duke of Hamilton and the Lord
+      Lexington for ambassadors in France and Spain, to receive the
+      renunciations in both courts, and adjust matters of commerce.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The duke[23] was preparing for his journey, when he was challenged to a
+      duel[24] by the Lord Mohun,[25] a person of infamous character. He killed
+      his adversary upon the spot, though he himself received a wound; and,
+      weakened by the loss of blood, as he was leaning in the arms of his
+      second, was most barbarously stabbed in the breast by Lieutenant-General
+      Macartney,[26] who was second to Lord Mohun. He died a few minutes after
+      in the field, and the murderer made his escape. I thought so surprising an
+      event might deserve barely to be related, although it be something foreign
+      to my subject.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 23: James, Duke of Hamilton, was a gentleman of the bed-chamber
+      to King Charles II. He succeeded his father in the title, April 18th,
+      1694, and was sent the same year envoy extraordinary to France; ... he was
+      killed, November 15th, 1712. [S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 24: Swift's account of the duel is exactly agreeable to the
+      depositions of Colonel Hamilton before a committee of the council. [S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 25: Charles Lord Mohun was the last offspring of a very noble
+      and ancient family, of which William de Mohun, who accompanied the Norman
+      conqueror, was the first founder in England. [S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 26: General Macartney was tried, at the King's Bench bar, for
+      the murder, June 13th, 1716; and the jury found him guilty of
+      man-slaughter. [S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Earl of Strafford, who had come to England in May last,[27] in order
+      to give Her Majesty an account of the disposition of affairs in Holland,
+      was now returning with her last instructions, to let the Dutch minister
+      know, "That some points would probably meet with difficulties not to be
+      overcome, which once might have been easily obtained: To shew what evil
+      consequences had already flowed from their delay and irresolution, and to
+      entreat them to fix on some proposition, reasonable in itself, as well as
+      possible to be effected: That the Queen would insist upon the cession of
+      Tournay by France, provided the States would concur in finishing the
+      peace, without starting new objections, or insisting upon farther points:
+      That the French demands, in favour of the Elector of Bavaria, appeared to
+      be such as, the Queen was of opinion, the States ought to agree to; which
+      were, to leave the Elector in possession of Luxembourg, Namur, and
+      Charleroy, subject to the terms of their barrier, until he should be
+      restored to his electorate; and to give him the kingdom of Sardinia, to
+      efface the stain of his degradation in the electoral college: That the
+      earl had brought over a project of a new Treaty of Succession and Barrier,
+      which Her Majesty insisted the States should sign, before the conclusion
+      of the peace; the former treaty having been disadvantageous to her
+      subjects, containing in it the seeds of future dissensions, and condemned
+      by the sense of the nation. Lastly, That Her Majesty, notwithstanding all
+      provocations, had, for the sake of the Dutch, and in hopes of their
+      recovery from those false notions which had so long misled them, hitherto
+      kept the negotiations open: That the offers now made them were her last,
+      and this the last time she would apply to them: That they must either
+      agree, or expect the Queen would proceed immediately to conclude her
+      treaty with France and Spain, in conjunction with such of her allies as
+      would think fit to adhere to her.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 27: "Come to England in ... last" in original edition. The word
+      "May" was supplied in the edition of 1775. [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "As to Savoy, that the Queen expected the States would concur with her in
+      making good the advantages stipulated for that duke, and in prevailing
+      with the Emperor to consent to an absolute neutrality in Italy, until the
+      peace should be concluded."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The governing party in Holland, however in appearance disposed to finish,
+      affected new delays, and raised many difficulties about the four species
+      of goods, which the French had excepted out of the tariff. Count
+      Zinzendorf, the Emperor's plenipotentiary, did all that was possible to
+      keep up this humour in the Dutch, in hopes to put them under a necessity
+      of preparing for the next campaign; and some time after went so far in
+      this pursuit, that he summoned the several ministers of the empire, and
+      told them he had letters from his master, with orders to signify to them,
+      "That his Imperial Majesty resolved to begin the campaign early, with all
+      his forces united against France; of which he desired they would send
+      notice to all their courts, that the several princes might be ready to
+      furnish their contingents and recruits." At the same time Zinzendorf
+      endeavoured to borrow two millions of florins upon the security of some
+      imperial cities; but could not succeed either amongst the Jews or at
+      Amsterdam.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When the Earl of Strafford arrived at Utrecht, the lord privy seal and he
+      communicated to the Dutch ministers the new Treaty for a Succession and
+      Barrier, as the Queen had ordered it to be prepared here in England,
+      differing from the former in several points of the greatest moment,
+      obvious to any who will be at the pains to compare them. This was
+      strenuously opposed for several weeks by the plenipotentiaries of the
+      States; but the province of Utrecht, where the congress was held,
+      immediately sent orders to their representatives at The Hague, to declare
+      their province thankful to the Queen; that they agreed the peace should be
+      made on the terms proposed by France, and consented to the new projected
+      Treaty of Barrier and Succession: and about the close of the year, one
+      thousand seven hundred and twelve, four of the seven provinces, had
+      delivered their opinions for putting an end to the war.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This unusual precipitation in the States, so different from the whole
+      tenor of their former conduct, was very much suspected by the British
+      plenipotentiaries. Their Lordships had received intelligence, that the
+      Dutch ministers held frequent conferences with those of France, and had
+      offered to settle their interests with that crown, without the concurrence
+      of Britain. Count Zinzendorf, and his colleagues, appeared likewise, all
+      on the sudden, to have the same dispositions, and to be in great haste to
+      settle their several differences with the States. The reasons for this
+      proceeding were visible enough; many difficulties were yet undetermined in
+      the treaty of commerce between Her Majesty and France, for the adjusting
+      of which, and some other points, the Queen had lately dispatched the Duke
+      of Shrewsbury to that court. Some of these were of hard digestion, with
+      which the Most Christian King would not be under a necessity of complying,
+      when he had no farther occasion for us, and might, upon that account,
+      afford better terms to the other two powers. Besides, the Emperor and the
+      States could very well spare Her Majesty the honour of being arbitrator of
+      a general peace; and the latter hoped by this means, to avoid the new
+      Treaty of Barrier and Succession, which we were now forcing on them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To prevent the consequences of this evil, there fortunately fell out an
+      incident, which the two lords at Utrecht knew well how to make use of: the
+      quarrel between Mons. Mesnager and Count Rechteren (formerly mentioned)
+      had not yet been made up. The French and Dutch differing in some
+      circumstances, about the satisfaction to be given by the count for the
+      affront he had offered, the British plenipotentiaries kept this dispute on
+      foot for several days; and, in the mean time, pressed the Dutch to finish
+      the new Treaty of Barrier and Succession between Her Majesty and them,
+      which, about the middle of January, was concluded fully to the Queen's
+      satisfaction.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But while these debates and differences continued at the congress, the
+      Queen resolved to put a speedy end to her part in the war; she therefore
+      sent orders to the lord privy seal, and the Earl of Stafford, to prepare
+      every thing necessary for signing her own treaty with France. This she
+      hoped might be done against the meeting of her Parliament, now prorogued
+      to the third of February; in which time, those among the allies, who were
+      really inclined towards a peace, might settle their several interests by
+      the assistance and support of Her Majesty's plenipotentiaries; and as for
+      the rest, who would either refuse to comply, or endeavour to protract the
+      negotiation, the heads of their respective demands, which France had
+      yielded by Her Majesty's intervention, and agreeable to the plan laid down
+      in her speech, should be mentioned in the treaty, and a time limited for
+      the several powers concerned to receive or reject them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Pretender was not yet gone out of France, upon some difficulties
+      alleged by the French, about procuring him a safe conduct to Bar-le-duc,
+      in the Duke of Lorraine's dominions, where it was then proposed he should
+      reside. The Queen, altogether bent upon quieting the minds of her
+      subjects, declared, she would not sign the peace till that person were
+      removed; although several wise men believed he could be no where less
+      dangerous to Britain, than in the place where he was.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The argument which most prevailed on the States to sign the new Treaty of
+      Barrier and Succession with Britain, was Her Majesty's promise to procure
+      Tournay for them from France; after which, no more differences remained
+      between us and that republic, and consequently they had no farther
+      temptations to any separate transactions with the French, who thereupon
+      began to renew their litigious and haughty manner of treating with the
+      Dutch. The satisfaction they extorted for the affront given by Count
+      Rechteren to Mons. Mesnager, although somewhat softened by the British
+      ministers at Utrecht, was yet so rigorous, that Her Majesty could not
+      forbear signifying her resentment of it to the Most Christian King. Mons.
+      Mesnager, who seemed to have more the genius of a merchant than a
+      minister, began, in his conferences with the plenipotentiaries of the
+      States, to raise new disputes upon points which both we and they had
+      reckoned upon as wholly settled. The Abbé de Polignac, a most accomplished
+      person, of great generosity and universal understanding, was gone to
+      France to receive the cardinal's cap; and the Maréchal d'Uxelles was
+      wholly guided by his colleague, Mons. Mesnager, who kept up those
+      brangles, that for a time obstructed the peace; some of which were against
+      all justice, and others of small importance, both of very little advantage
+      to his country, and less to the reputation of his master or himself. This
+      low talent in business, which the Cardinal de Polignac used, in contempt,
+      to call a "spirit of negotiating," made it impossible for the two lords
+      plenipotentiaries, with all their abilities and experience, to bring
+      Mesnager to reason, in several points both with us and the States: his
+      concessions were few and constrained, serving only to render him more
+      tenacious of what he refused. In several of the towns, which the States
+      were to keep, he insisted that France should retain the chatellanies, or
+      extent of country depending on them, particularly that of Tournay; a
+      demand the more unjustifiable, because he knew his master had not only
+      proceeded directly contrary, but had erected a court in his kingdom, where
+      his own judges extended the territories about those towns he had taken, as
+      far as he pleased to direct them. Mons. Mesnager showed equal obstinacy in
+      what his master expected for the Elector of Bavaria, and in refusing the
+      tariff of one thousand six hundred and sixty-four: so that the Queen's
+      plenipotentiaries represented these difficulties as what might be of
+      dangerous consequence, both to the peace in general, and to the States in
+      particular, if they were not speedily prevented.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Upon these considerations Her Majesty thought it her shortest and safest
+      course to apply directly to France, where she had then so able a minister
+      as the Duke of Shrewsbury.[28]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 28: Shrewsbury had been appointed the Duke of Hamilton's
+      successor. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Marquis de Torcy, secretary to the Most Christian King, was the
+      minister with whom the Duke was to treat, as having been the first who
+      moved his master to apply to the Queen for a peace, in opposition to a
+      violent faction in that kingdom, who were as eagerly bent to continue the
+      war, as any other could be either here or in Holland.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It would be very unlike a historian, to refuse this great minister the
+      praise he so justly deserveth, of having treated, through the whole course
+      of so great a negotiation, with the utmost candour and integrity; never
+      once failing in any promise he made, and tempering a firm zeal to his
+      master's interest, with a ready compliance to what was reasonable and
+      just. Mr. Prior, whom I have formerly mentioned, resided likewise now at
+      Paris, with the character of minister plenipotentiary, and was very
+      acceptable to that court, upon the score of his wit and humour.[29]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 29: P. Fitzgerald adds, "as well as useful to Her Majesty by his
+      knowledge and dexterity in the management of affairs." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Duke of Shrewsbury was directed to press the French court upon the
+      points yet unsettled in the treaty of commerce between both crowns; to
+      make them drop their unreasonable demands for the Elector of Bavaria; to
+      let them know, that the Queen was resolved not to forsake her allies who
+      were now ready to come in; that she thought the best way of hastening the
+      general peace, was to determine her own particular one with France, until
+      which time she could not conveniently suffer her Parliament to meet.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The States were, by this time, so fully convinced of the Queen's sincerity
+      and affection to their republic, and how much they had been deceived by
+      the insinuations of the factious party in England, that they wrote a very
+      humble letter to Her Majesty, to desire her assistance towards settling
+      those points they had in dispute with France, and professing themselves
+      ready to acquiesce in whatever explanation Her Majesty would please to
+      make of the plan proposed in her speech to the Parliament.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But the Queen had already prevented their desires; and in the beginning of
+      February, one thousand seven hundred and twelve-thirteen, directed the
+      Duke of Shrewsbury to inform the French court, "That since she had
+      prevailed on her allies, the Dutch, to drop the demand of Condé, and the
+      other of the four species of goods, which the French had excepted out of
+      the tariff of one thousand six hundred and sixty-four, she would not sign
+      without them: That she approved of the Dutch insisting to have the
+      chatellanies restored, with the towns, and was resolved to stand or fall
+      with them, until they were satisfied in this point."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Her Majesty had some apprehensions, that the French created these
+      difficulties on purpose to spin out the treaty, until the campaign should
+      begin. They thought it absolutely necessary, that our Parliament should
+      meet in a few weeks, which could not well be ventured, until the Queen
+      were able to tell both Houses, that her own peace was signed: That this
+      would not only facilitate what remained in difference between Britain and
+      France, but leave the Dutch entirely at the mercy of the latter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Queen, weary of these refined mistakes in the French politics, and
+      fully resolved to be trifled with no longer, sent her determinate orders
+      to the Duke of Shrewsbury, to let France know, "That Her Majesty had
+      hitherto prorogued her Parliament, in hopes of accommodating the
+      difficulties in her own treaties of peace and commerce with that crown, as
+      well as settling the interests of her several allies; or, at least, that
+      the differences in the former being removed, the Most Christian King would
+      have made such offers for the latter, as might justify Her Majesty in
+      signing her own peace, whether the confederates intended to sign theirs or
+      no. But several points being yet unfinished between both crowns, and
+      others between France and the rest of the allies, especially the States,
+      to which the plenipotentiaries of that court at Utrecht had not thought
+      fit to give satisfaction; the Queen was now come to a final determination,
+      both with relation to her own kingdoms, and to the whole alliance: That
+      the campaign approaching, she would not willingly be surprised in case the
+      war was to go on: That she had transmitted to the Duke of Shrewsbury her
+      last resolutions, and never would be prevailed on to reduce her own
+      demands, or those of her allies, any lower than the scheme now sent over,
+      as an explanation of the plan laid down in her speech: That Her Majesty
+      had sent orders to her plenipotentiaries at Utrecht, to assume the
+      character of ambassadors, and sign the peace immediately with the
+      ministers of the Most Christian King, as soon as the Duke of Shrewsbury
+      should have sent them notice that the French had complied: That the Queen
+      had therefore farther prorogued her Parliament to the third of March, in
+      hopes to assure them, by that time, of her peace being agreed on; for if
+      the two Houses should meet, while any uncertainty remained, supplies must
+      be asked as for a war."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Duke of Shrewsbury[30] executed this important commission with that
+      speed and success, which could only be expected from an able minister. The
+      French King immediately yielded to the whole scheme Her Majesty proposed;
+      whereupon directions were sent to the lord privy seal, and the Earl of
+      Strafford, to sign a peace between Great Britain and France, without
+      delay.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 30: Swift writes to Abp. King, October 20th, 1713, that the Duke
+      of Shrewsbury "is the finest gentleman we have, and of an excellent
+      understanding and capacity for business" (Scott's edition, xvi. 71). See
+      also Swift's remarks in "The Examiner," No. 27 (vol. ix, of this edition,
+      p. 171), and note in vol. v., p. 377. [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Upon the second day of March, the two British plenipotentiaries met those
+      of the allies in the town-house at Utrecht; where the lord privy seal
+      addressed himself to them in a short speech, "That the negotiation had now
+      continued fourteen months with great slowness, which had proved very
+      injurious to the interests of the allies: That the Queen had stayed thus
+      long, and stopped the finishing of her own peace, rather than leave her
+      allies in any uncertainty: That she hoped they would now be all prepared
+      to put an end to this great work; and therefore had commanded her
+      plenipotentiaries to tell those of the allies, That she found it necessary
+      to conclude her own treaty immediately; and it was her opinion, that the
+      confederates ought to finish theirs at the same time, to which they were
+      now accordingly invited by Her Majesty's orders." And lastly, his lordship
+      declared, in the Queen's name, "That whoever could not be ready on the day
+      prefixed, should have a convenient time allowed them to come in."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Although the orders sent by the Queen to her plenipotentiaries were very
+      precise, yet their lordships did not precipitate the performance of them.
+      They were directed to appoint as short a day for the signing as they
+      conveniently could; but, however, the particular day was left to their
+      discretion. They hoped to bring over the Dutch, and most of the other
+      allies, to conclude at the same time with the Queen; which, as it would
+      certainly be more popular to their country, so they conceived it would be
+      more safe for themselves: besides, upon looking over their commission, a
+      scruple sprang in their minds, that they could not sign a particular peace
+      with France; their powers, as they apprehended, authorizing them only to
+      sign a general one. Their lordships therefore sent to England to desire
+      new powers,[31] and, in the mean time, employed themselves with great
+      industry, between the ministers of France and those of the several allies,
+      to find some expedient for smoothing the way to an agreement among them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 31: "Lord Bolingbroke, who says he has not sagacity enough to
+      find the objections that the plenipotentiaries had made to their first
+      full powers, for their satisfaction, sends them a new commission, and
+      repeats to them positive orders to sign and conclude with France.... These
+      difficulties of the plenipotentiaries made my lord treasurer, who never
+      failed to exert himself when he found it absolutely necessary, think it
+      high time to interpose his authority;.... and as his lordship never yet
+      appeared in vain, all further obstructions at Utrecht were after this soon
+      removed." ("Report from the Committee of Secrecy," 1715, pp. 103, 104.)
+      [N.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Earl of Strafford went for a few days to The Hague, to inform the
+      States of Her Majesty's express commands to his colleague and himself, for
+      signing the peace as soon as possible; and to desire they would be ready
+      at the same time: which the pensionary promised; and that their
+      plenipotentiaries should be empowered accordingly, to the great
+      contentment of Mons. Buys, who was now so much altered, either in reality,
+      or appearance, that he complained to the Earl of Mons. Heinsius's
+      slowness; and charged all the delays and mismanagements of a twelvemonth
+      past to that minister's account.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      While the Earl of Strafford stayed at The Hague, he discovered that an
+      emissary of the Duke of Marlborough's had been there some days before,
+      sent by his grace to dissuade the Dutch from signing at the same time with
+      the ministers of the Queen, which, in England, would at least have the
+      appearance of a separate peace, and oblige their British friends, who knew
+      how to turn so short a delay to very good account, as well as gratify the
+      Emperor; on whom, it was alleged, they ought to rely much more than on Her
+      Majesty. One of the States likewise told the Earl, "That the same person,
+      employed by the Duke, was then in conference with the magistrates of
+      Rotterdam (which town had declared for the continuance of the war), to
+      assure them, if they would hold off a little, they should see an
+      unexpected turn in the British Parliament: That the Duke of Marlborough
+      had a list of the discontented members in both Houses, who were ready to
+      turn against the court; and, to crown all, that his grace had certain
+      intelligence of the Queen being in so ill a state of health, as made it
+      impossible for her to live above six weeks." So restless and indefatigable
+      is avarice and ambition, when inflamed by a desire of revenge.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But representations, which had been so often tried, were now offered too
+      late. Most of the allies, except the Emperor, were willing to put an end
+      to the war upon Her Majesty's plan; and the further delay of three weeks
+      must be chiefly imputed to that litigious manner of treating, peculiar to
+      the French; whose plenipotentiaries at Utrecht insisted with obstinacy
+      upon many points, which at Paris Mons. de Torcy had given up.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Emperor expected to keep all he already possessed in Italy; that Port
+      Longue,[32] on the Tuscan coast, should be delivered to him by France;
+      and, lastly, that he should not be obliged to renounce Spain. But the
+      Queen, as well as France, thought that his Imperial Majesty ought to sit
+      down contented with his partage of Naples and Milan; and to restore those
+      territories in Italy, which he had taken from the rightful proprietors,
+      and by the possession of which he was grown dangerous to the Italian
+      princes, by reviving antiquated claims upon them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 32: Portolongone, in the island of Elba, opposite the Tuscan
+      coast. [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This Prince had likewise objected to Her Majesty's expedient of suffering
+      the Elector of Bavaria to retain Luxembourg, under certain conditions, by
+      way of security, until his electorate were restored. But the Queen,
+      supposing that these affected delays were intended only with a view of
+      continuing the war, resolved to defer the peace no longer on the Emperor's
+      account.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the middle of March, one thousand seven hundred and twelve-thirteen, a
+      courier arrived at Utrecht from France, with the plan of a general peace,
+      as it had been agreed between the Duke of Shrewsbury and Mons. de Torcy;
+      wherein every particular, relating to the interests and pretensions of the
+      several allies, was brought so near to what each of them would accept,
+      that the British plenipotentiaries hoped the peace would be general in ten
+      or twelve days. The Portuguese and Dutch were already prepared, and others
+      were daily coming in, by means of their lordships' good offices, who found
+      Mons. Mesnager and his colleague very stubborn to the last. Another
+      courier was dispatched to France, upon some disputes about inserting the
+      titles of Her Majesty and the Most Christian King, and to bring a general
+      plan for the interests of those allies, who should not be ready against
+      the time prefixed. The French renunciations were now arrived at Utrecht,
+      and it was agreed, that those, as well as that of the King of Spain,
+      should be inserted at length in every treaty, by which means the whole
+      confederacy would become guaranties of them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The courier, last sent to France, returned to Utrecht on the
+      twenty-seventh of March, with the concessions of that court upon every
+      necessary point; so that, all things being ready for putting a period to
+      this great and difficult work, the lord privy seal and the Earl of
+      Strafford gave notice to the ministers of the several allies, "That their
+      lordships had appointed Tuesday the thirty-first instant, wherein to sign
+      a treaty of peace, and a treaty of commerce, between the Queen of Great
+      Britain, their mistress, and the Most Christian King; and hoped the said
+      allies would be prepared, at the same time, to follow their example."
+      Accordingly their lordships employed the three intervening days, in
+      smoothing the few difficulties that remained between the French ministers
+      and those of the several confederate powers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The important day being now come, the Lord Bishop of Bristol and the Earl
+      of Strafford, having assumed the character of ambassadors
+      extraordinary,[33] gave a memorial in behalf of the French Protestants to
+      the Maréchal d'Uxelles and his colleague, who were to transmit it to their
+      court; and these delivered to the British ambassadors a declaration in
+      writing, that the Pretender was actually gone out of France.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 33: To avoid the parade of ceremony, they had hitherto been
+      considered only as <i>plenipotentiaries</i>. [N.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The conditions of peace to be allowed the Emperor and the empire, as
+      adjusted between Britain and France, were now likewise delivered to the
+      Count Zinzendorf. These and some other previous matters of smaller
+      consequence being finished, the treaties of peace and commerce between Her
+      Majesty of Britain and the Most Christian King, were signed at the lord
+      privy seal's house between two and three of the clock in the afternoon.
+      The ministers of the Duke of Savoy signed about an hour after. Then the
+      assembly adjourned to the Earl of Stafford's, where they all went to
+      dinner; and about nine at night the peace was signed by the ministers of
+      Portugal, by those of Prussia at eleven, and when it was near midnight by
+      the States.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thus after all the opposition raised by a strong party in France, and by a
+      virulent faction in Britain; after all the artifices of those who presided
+      at The Hague, and, for their private interest, endeavoured, in conjunction
+      with their friends in England, to prolong the war; after the restless
+      endeavours of the imperial court to render the treaty ineffectual; the
+      firm steady conduct of the Queen, the wisdom and courage of her ministry,
+      and the abilities of those whom she employed in her negotiations abroad,
+      prevailed to have a peace signed in one day by every power concerned,
+      except that of the Emperor and the empire; for his Imperial Majesty liked
+      his situation too well to think of a peace, while the drudgery and
+      expenses of the war lay upon other shoulders, and the advantages were to
+      redound only to himself.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      During this whole negotiation, the King of Spain, who was not acknowledged
+      by any of the confederates, had consequently no minister at Utrecht; but
+      the differences between Her Majesty and that prince were easily settled by
+      the Lord Lexington at Madrid, and the Marquis of Monteleon here: so that
+      upon the Duke d'Ossuna's arrival at the congress, some days after the
+      peace, he was ready to conclude a treaty between the Queen and his master.
+      Neither is it probable that the Dutch, or any other ally, except the
+      Emperor, will encounter any difficulties of moment, to retard their
+      several treaties with his Catholic Majesty.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The treaties of peace and commerce between Britain and France, were
+      ratified here on the seventh of April; on the twenty-eighth the
+      ratifications were exchanged; and on the fifth of May the peace was
+      proclaimed in the usual manner; but with louder acclamations, and more
+      extraordinary rejoicings of the people, than had ever been remembered on
+      the like occasion.[34]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote: 34 The treaty was brought to England by George St. John,
+      Bolingbroke's young brother, who arrived with it in London on Good Friday,
+      3rd April, 1713. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [It need hardly be observed, that this history is left incomplete by the
+      author. [S.] Sir Walter Scott's note hardly agrees with Swift's own
+      statement to Stella. Writing under date May 16th, 1713, he says: "I have
+      just finished my Treatise, and must be ten days correcting it." It is
+      evident that Swift did not intend to write a "History of the Four Last
+      Years of Queen Anne's Reign." A better title for this work would be the
+      title originally given it, namely, "History of the Peace of Utrecht." In
+      the letter already quoted from Erasmus Lewis, Swift's account of the
+      negotiations for the peace are thus remarked upon: "That part of it which
+      relates to the negotiations of peace, whether at London or at Utrecht,
+      they admire exceedingly, and declare they never yet saw that, or any other
+      transaction, drawn up with so much perspicuity, or in a style so
+      entertaining and instructive to the reader in every respect." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      ***** ***** ***** ***** *****
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0008" id="link2H_4_0008"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      AN ABSTRACT
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      OF THE
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      HISTORY OF ENGLAND,
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THE INVASION OF IT BY JULIUS CAESAR
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      TO THE REIGN OF HENRY THE SECOND.
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      NOTE.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The Abstract of the History of England here reprinted calls for little or
+      no comment. It is but a dry relation of events with no touch in the
+      recital of any of those qualities which characterize Swift's writings. The
+      facts were evidently obtained from the old chroniclers. What object Swift
+      had in writing this Abstract is not known. If the dedication to the Count
+      de Gyllenborg truly states his intention, it must be confessed that the
+      "foreigners, and gentlemen of our own country" had not much upon which to
+      congratulate themselves. Why Swift should have chosen the Count de
+      Gyllenborg to whom to address the dedication must also remain a matter for
+      conjecture. The Count had been sent out of the British Isles for
+      instigating a conspiracy for a Jacobite insurrection in Great Britain.
+      Swift wrote his dedication three years after the Count's expulsion.
+      Knowing that the Count's master, Charles XII. of Sweden, had been a party
+      to the plot, he yet writes in a most amiable tone of friendliness towards
+      both, with a parenthetical sneer at "his present Britannic Majesty."
+      Undoubtedly this dedication might easily and fairly be taken as strong
+      presumptive evidence of a leaning on Swift's part towards the Pretender.
+      It will, however, be more truly interpreted, if it be considered as an
+      expression of contempt for the King of England and the ministry in power.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The text of the present reprint is that given by Deane Swift from his
+      edition of his kinsman's works issued in 1765 and 1768 (4to edit, vols.
+      viii. and xiii.). Deane Swift thought that the narratives of Rufus, Henry
+      I. and Stephen, would "appear to be such a model of English history, as
+      will make all men of taste, and especially foreigners, regret that he
+      pursued his plan no further."
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      [T.S.]
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      TO THE COUNT DE GYLLENBORG.[1]
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: Charles, Count Gyllenborg (1679-1746), was Swedish Ambassador
+      at London 1710-16. He then joined in a Jacobite plot, was arrested in
+      January, 1716-7, and expelled the kingdom in August, 1717. He afterwards
+      filled high offices in his own country. [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dublin in Ireland, Nov. 2, 1719.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      SIR,
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      It is now about sixteen years since I first entertained the design of
+      writing a History of England, from the beginning of William Rufus to the
+      end of Queen Elizabeth; such a History, I mean, as appears to be most
+      wanted by foreigners, and gentlemen of our own country; not a voluminous
+      work, nor properly an abridgement, but an exact relation of the most
+      important affairs and events, without any regard to the rest. My intention
+      was to inscribe it to the King[2] your late master, for whose great
+      virtues I had ever the highest veneration, as I shall continue to bear to
+      his memory. I confess it is with some disdain that I observe great authors
+      descending to write any dedications at all: and for my own part, when I
+      looked round on all the princes of Europe, I could think of none who might
+      deserve that distinction from me, besides the King your master; (for I say
+      nothing of his present Britannic Majesty, to whose person and character I
+      am an utter stranger, and like to continue so) neither can I be suspected
+      of flattery on this point, since it was some years after that I had the
+      honour of an invitation to his court, before you were employed as his
+      minister in England, which I heartily repent that I did not accept;
+      whereby, as you can be my witness, I might have avoided some years'
+      uneasiness and vexation, during the last four years of our late excellent
+      Queen, as well as a long melancholy prospect since, in a most obscure
+      disagreeable country, and among a most profligate and abandoned people.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: Charles XII., King of Sweden, who was killed in 1718. [D.
+      S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I was diverted from pursuing this History, partly by the extreme
+      difficulty, but chiefly by the indignation I conceived at the proceedings
+      of a faction, which then prevailed; and the papers lay neglected in my
+      cabinet until you saw me in England; when you know how far I was engaged
+      in thoughts and business of another kind. Upon Her Majesty's lamented
+      death, I returned to my station in this kingdom; since which time there is
+      not a northern curate among you who hath lived more obscure than myself,
+      or a greater stranger to the commonest transactions of the world. It is
+      but very lately that I found the following papers, which I had almost
+      forgotten. I publish them now, for two reasons; first, for an
+      encouragement to those who have more youth,[3] and leisure, and good
+      temper than I, towards pursuing the work as far as it was intended by me,
+      or as much further as they please; the second reason is, to have an
+      opportunity of declaring the profound respect I have for the memory of
+      your royal master, and the sincere regard and friendship I bear to
+      yourself; for I must bring to your mind how proud I was to distinguish you
+      among all the foreign ministers, with whom I had the honour to be
+      acquainted. I am a witness of the zeal you shewed not only for the honour
+      and interest of your master, but for the advantage of the Protestant
+      religion in Germany, and how knowingly and feelingly you often spoke to me
+      upon that subject. We all loved you, as possessed of every quality that
+      could adorn an English gentleman, and esteemed you as a faithful subject
+      to your prince, and an able negotiator; neither shall any reverse of
+      fortune have power to lessen you either in my friendship or esteem: and I
+      must take leave to assure you further, that my affection towards persons
+      hath not been at all diminished by the frown of power upon them. Those
+      whom you and I once thought great and good men, continue still so in my
+      eyes and my heart; only with a * * * * * *
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Caetera desiderantur</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: The author was then in his fifty-second year. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      AN ABSTRACT OF THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND, FROM THE INVASION OF IT BY JULIUS
+      CAESAR TO WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR.
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      Britons. Heathens.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The most ancient account we have of Britain is, that the island was full
+      of inhabitants, divided into several petty kingdoms, as most nations of
+      the world appear to have been at first. The bodies of the Britons were
+      painted with a sky-coloured blue, either as an ornament or else for terror
+      to their enemies. In their religion they were heathens, as all the world
+      was before Christ, except the Jews.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      Druids.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Their priests were called Druids: These lived in hollow trees, and
+      committed not their mysteries to writing, but delivered them down by
+      tradition, whereby they were in time wholly lost.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Britons had wives in common, so many to a particular tribe or society,
+      and the children were in common to that society.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      About fifty years before Christ, Julius Caesar, the first Roman Emperor,
+      having conquered Gaul or France, invaded Britain rather to increase his
+      glory than conquests; for having overcome the natives in one or two
+      battles, he returned.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      Claudius. Nero.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The next invasion of Britain by the Romans (then masters of most of the
+      known world) was in the reign of the Emperor Claudius; but it was not
+      wholly subdued till that of Nero. It was governed by lieutenants, or
+      deputies, sent from Rome, as Ireland is now by deputies from England; and
+      continued thus under the Romans for about 460 years; till that empire
+      being invaded by the Goths and Vandals, the Romans were forced not only to
+      recall their own armies, but also to draw from hence the bravest of the
+      Britons, for their assistance against those barbarians.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      Picts. Picts' Wall.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The Roman conquests in this island reached no further northward than to
+      that part of Scotland where Stirling and Glasgow are seated: The region
+      beyond was held not worth the conquering: It was inhabited by a barbarous
+      people, called Caledonians and Picts; who, being a rough fierce nation,
+      daily infested the British borders. Therefore the Emperor Severus built a
+      wall, from Stirling to Glasgow, to prevent the invasions of the Picts: It
+      is commonly called the Picts' Wall.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      A.D. 455. Saxons.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      These Picts and Caledonians, or Scots, encouraged by the departure of the
+      Romans, do now cruelly infest and invade the Britons by sea and land: The
+      Britons choose Vortigern for their king, who was forced to invite the
+      Saxons (a fierce Northern people) to assist him against those barbarians.
+      The Saxons came over, and beat the Picts in several battles; but, at last,
+      pick quarrels with the Britons themselves; and, after a long war, drive
+      them into the mountains of Wales and Cornwall, and establish themselves in
+      seven kingdoms in Britain, (by them now called England). These seven
+      kingdoms are usually styled the Saxon Heptarchy.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      A.D. 460. Arthur.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      About this time lived King Arthur (if the whole story be not a fable) who
+      was so famous for beating the Saxons in several battles.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      A.D. 600. Austin.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The Britons received Christianity very early, and, as is reported, from
+      some of the Disciples themselves: So that, when the Romans left Britain,
+      the Britons were generally Christians. But the Saxons were heathens, till
+      Pope Gregory the Great sent over hither Austin the monk, by whom Ethelbert
+      king of the South-Saxons, and his subjects, were converted to
+      Christianity; and the whole island soon followed the example.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      A.D. 819. Egbert.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: The edition of 1765 gives the date as 819, but according to
+      Dr. Stubbs, Egbert became <i>bretwalda</i> in 828. [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After many various revolutions in this island among the kingdoms of the
+      Saxons, Egbert, descended from the West-Saxon kings, became sole monarch
+      of England.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      Angles.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The language in Britain was British, (now called Welsh) or Latin; but,
+      with the Saxons, English came in (although extremely different from what
+      it is now). The present names of towns, shires, &amp;c. were given by
+      them; and the whole kingdom was called England from the Angles, who were a
+      branch of the Saxons.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      Danes.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      As soon as the Saxons were settled, the Danes began to trouble and invade
+      them, as they (the Saxons) had before done the Britons.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      These Danes came out of Germany, Denmark, and Norway, a rough warlike
+      people, little different from the Saxons to whom they were nigh
+      neighbours.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      Edgar.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      After many invasions from the Danes, Edgar King of England sets forth the
+      first navy. He was entitled King of all Albion, (an old name of this
+      island) and was the first absolute monarch.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He made peace with the Danes, and allowed them to live in his dominions
+      mixed with the English.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In this prince's time there were five kings in Wales, who all did him
+      homage for their country.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      A.D. 978. Danes massacred.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      These Danes began first to make their invasions here about the year 800,
+      which they after renewed at several times, and under several leaders, and
+      were as often repulsed. They used to come with vast numbers of ships, burn
+      and ravage before them, as the cities of London, Winchester, &amp;c.
+      Encouraged by success and prey, they often wintered in England, fortifying
+      themselves in the northern parts, from whence they cruelly infested the
+      Saxon kings. In process of time they mixed with the English (as was said
+      before) and lived under the Saxon government: But Ethelred, then King of
+      England, growing weary of the Danish insolence, a conspiracy is formed,
+      and the Danes are massacred in one day all over England.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      Sweyn.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Four years after, Sweyn, King of Denmark, to revenge the death of his
+      subjects, invades England; and, after battles fought and much cruelty
+      exercised, he subdues the whole kingdom, forcing Ethelred to fly into
+      Normandy.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      Canutus.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Sweyn dying, his son Canutus succeeds in the kingdom; but Ethelred
+      returning with an army, Canutus is forced to withdraw to Denmark for
+      succour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ethelred dies, and his son Edmond Ironside succeeds; but, Canutus
+      returning with fresh forces from Denmark, after several battles, the
+      kingdom is parted between them both. Edmond dying, his sons are sent
+      beyond sea by Canutus, who now is sole King of England.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      King's evil.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Hardicanute, the last Danish king, dying without issue, Edward, son of
+      Ethelred, is chosen king. For his great holiness, he was surnamed the
+      Confessor, and sainted after his death. He was the first of our princes
+      that attempted to cure the king's evil by touching. He first introduced
+      what is now called the Common Law. In his time began the mode and humour
+      among the English gentry, of using the French tongue and fashions, in
+      compliance with the king, who had been bred up in Normandy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Danish government in England lasted but twenty-six years, under three
+      kings.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      Harold.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Edward the Confessor married the daughter of Earl Godwin, an English
+      nobleman of great power, but of Danish extraction; but, wanting issue, he
+      appointed Edgar Atheling, grandson to his brother, to succeed him, and
+      Harold, son of Earl Godwin, to be governor of the young prince. But, upon
+      Edward's death, Harold neglected Edgar Atheling, and usurped the crown for
+      himself.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Edward, while he was in Normandy, met so good reception, that it was said
+      he made a promise to that duke, that, in case he recovered his kingdom,
+      and died without issue, he would leave it to him. Edward dying, William
+      Duke of Normandy sends to Harold to claim the crown; but Harold, now in
+      possession, resolves to keep it. Upon which Duke William, having prepared
+      a mighty fleet and army, invades England, lands at Hastings, and sets fire
+      to his fleet, to cut off all hope from his men of returning. To Harold he
+      sent his messenger, demanding the kingdom and his subjection: But Harold
+      returned him this answer, "That, unless he departed his land, he would
+      make him sensible of his just displeasure." So Harold advanced his forces
+      into Sussex, within seven miles of his enemy. The Norman Duke, to save the
+      effusion of blood, sent these offers to Harold; either wholly to resign
+      the kingdom to him, or to try the quarrel with him in single combat. To
+      this Harold did not agree.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      A.D. 1066.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Then the battle joined. The Normans had gotten the worst, if it had not
+      been for a stratagem they invented, which got them the day. In this
+      engagement Harold was killed, and William Duke of Normandy became King of
+      England, under the name of William the Conqueror.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      THE REIGN OF WILLIAM THE SECOND,
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      SURNAMED RUFUS.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      At the time of the Conqueror's death, his eldest son Robert, upon some
+      discontent with his father, being absent in France,[5] William, the second
+      son, made use of this juncture, and without attending his father's
+      funeral, hastened to England, where, pursuant to the will of the deceased
+      prince,[6] the nobility, although more inclined to favour Robert, were
+      prevailed with to admit him King, partly by his promises to abate the
+      rigour of the late reign, and restore the laws and liberties which had
+      been then abolished, but chiefly by the credit and solicitations of
+      Lanfranc; for that prelate had formerly a share in his education, and
+      always a great affection for his person. At Winchester he took possession
+      of his father's treasure,[7] in obedience to whose command, as well as to
+      ingratiate himself with the people, he distributed it among churches and
+      religious houses, and applied it to the redeeming of prisoners, and other
+      acts of popularity.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: He was then at Abbeville in Picardy. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: William the Conqueror left Normandy to his son Robert; but
+      said of England: "So it pleased God, he should be glad that William, his
+      obedient and best beloved son, should enjoy it after his death." [D. S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: Which was sixty thousand pounds in silver, besides gold,
+      jewels, and plate.&mdash;BROMPTON. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the mean time Robert returned to Normandy, took possession of that
+      duchy, with great applause and content of his people, and, spited at the
+      indignity done him by his father, and the usurpation of his brother in
+      consequence thereof, prepared a great fleet and army to invade England;
+      nor did there want an occasion to promote his interest, if the slowness,
+      the softness, and credulity of his nature, could have suffered him to make
+      a right improvement of it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Odo Bishop of Bayeux,[8] of whom frequent mention is made in the preceding
+      reign,[9] a prelate of incurable ambition, either on account of his age or
+      character being restored to his liberty and possessions in England, grew
+      into envy and discontent, upon seeing Lanfranc preferred before him by the
+      new King in his favour and ministry. He therefore formed a conspiracy with
+      several nobles of Norman birth to depose the King, and sent an invitation
+      to Robert to hasten over. Mean time the conspirators, in order to distract
+      the King's forces, seized on several parts of England at once; Bristol,
+      Norwich, Leicester, Worcester, Shrewsbury, Bath, and Durham, were secured
+      by several noblemen: Odo himself seized Rochester, reduced the coasts of
+      Kent, and sent messages to Robert to make all possible speed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: Odo was half brother to William the Conqueror. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: Sir W. Temple wrote "An Introduction to the History of
+      England." As it only extended to the death of William the Conqueror it is
+      probable that it is what is here referred to. It will be found in vol. ii.
+      of Sir W. Temple's "Works," edited by Swift. [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The King alarmed at these many and sudden defections, thought it his best
+      course to begin his defence by securing the good will of the people. He
+      redressed many grievances, eased them of certain oppressive taxes and
+      tributes, gave liberty to hunt in his forest, with other marks of
+      indulgence, which however forced from him by the necessity of the time, he
+      had the skill or fortune so to order as they neither lost their good grace
+      nor effect; for immediately after he raised great forces both by land and
+      sea, marched into Kent, where the chief body of his enemies was in arms,
+      recovered Tunbridge and Pevensey, in the latter of which Odo himself was
+      taken prisoner, and forced to accompany the King to Rochester. This city
+      refusing to surrender at the King's summons, Odo undertook to prevail with
+      the obstinacy of the inhabitants; but being admitted into the town, was
+      there detained, either by a real or seeming force; however, the King
+      provoked at their stubbornness and fraud, soon compelled them to yield,
+      retook his prisoner, and forcing him for ever to abjure England, sent him
+      into Normandy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      By these actions, performed with such great celerity and success, the
+      preparations of Duke Robert were wholly disappointed, himself, by the
+      necessity of his affairs, compelled to a treaty with his brother, upon the
+      terms of a small pension, and a mutual promise of succeeding to each
+      other's dominions on failure of issue, forced to resign his pretensions,
+      and return with a shattered fleet to Normandy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      About this time died Archbishop Lanfranc; by whose death the King, loosed
+      from that awe and constraint he was under, soon began to discover those
+      irregularities of his nature, which till then he had suppressed and
+      disguised, falling into those acts of oppression and extortion that have
+      made his name and memory infamous. He kept the see of Canterbury four
+      years vacant, and converted the revenues to his own use, together with
+      those of several other bishoprics and abbeys, and disposed all church
+      preferments to the highest bidder. Nor were his exactions less upon the
+      laity, from whom he continually extorted exorbitant fines for pretended
+      transgression of certain penal laws, and entertained informers to observe
+      men's actions and bring him intelligence.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is here worth observation, that these corrupt proceedings of the prince
+      have, in the opinion of several learned men, given rise to two customs,
+      which are a long time grown to have the force of laws. For, first the
+      successors of this King, continuing the custom of seizing on the accruing
+      rents in the vacancy of sees and abbeys, it grew in process of time to be
+      exacted as a right, or acknowledgment to the King as founder; whence the
+      revenues of vacant bishoprics belong at this day to the crown. The second
+      custom had an original not unlike. Several persons, to avoid the
+      persecutions of the King's informers, and other instruments of oppression,
+      withdrew themselves and their effects to foreign countries; upon which the
+      King issued a proclamation, forbidding all men to leave the kingdom
+      without his licence; from whence, in the judgment of the same authors, the
+      writ <i>ne exeat regno</i> had its beginning.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      By these and the like arbitrary methods having amassed great treasures,
+      and finding all things quiet at home, he raised a powerful army to invade
+      his brother in Normandy; but upon what ground or pretext, the writers of
+      that age are not very exact; whether it were from a principle frequent
+      among unjust princes, That old oppressions are best justified by new; or,
+      whether having a talent for sudden enterprises, and justly apprehending
+      the resentments of Duke Robert, he thought it the wiser course to prevent
+      injuries than to revenge them. In this expedition he took several cities
+      and castles from his brother, and would have proceeded further, if Robert
+      had not desired and obtained the assistance of Philip King of France, who
+      came with an army to his relief. King William not thinking it safe or
+      prudent to proceed further against his enemy supported by so great an
+      ally, yet loth to lose the fruits of his time and valour, fell upon a
+      known and old expedient, which no prince ever practised oftener, or with
+      greater success, and that was, to buy off the French King with a sum of
+      money. This had its effect; for that prince not able to oppose such
+      powerful arms, immediately withdrew himself and his forces, leaving the
+      two brothers to concert the measures of a peace.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This was treated and agreed with great advantages on the side of King
+      William; for he kept all the towns he had taken, obliged his brother to
+      banish Edgar Atheling out of Normandy, and, for a further security,
+      brought over with him to England the Duke himself to attend him in his
+      expedition against Malcolm King of Scotland, who during his absence had
+      invaded the borders. The King having raised great forces both by sea and
+      land, went in person to repel the inroads of the Scots: but the enterprise
+      was without success; for the greatest part of his fleet was destroyed by a
+      tempest, and his army very much diminished by sickness and famine, which
+      forced him to a peace of little honour; by which, upon the condition of
+      homage from that prince, the King of England agreed to deliver him up
+      those twelve towns (or manors) in England which Malcolm had held under
+      William the Conqueror; together with a pension of twelve thousand marks.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At this time were sown the seeds of another quarrel between him and Duke
+      Robert, who soliciting the King to perform some covenants of the last
+      peace, and meeting with a repulse, withdrew in great discontent to
+      Normandy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      King William, in his return from Scotland, fell dangerously sick at
+      Gloucester, where, moved by the seasonable exhortations of his clergy, or
+      rather by the fears of dying, he began to discover great marks of
+      repentance, with many promises of amendment and retribution, particularly
+      for his injuries to the Church. To give credit to which good resolutions,
+      he immediately filled several vacant sees, giving that of Canterbury to
+      Anselm, a foreigner of great fame for piety and learning. But as it is the
+      disposition of men who derive their vices from their complexions, that
+      their passions usually beat strong and weak with their pulses, so it fared
+      with this prince, who upon recovery of his health soon forgot the vows he
+      had made in his sickness, relapsing with greater violence into the same
+      irregularities of injustice and oppression, whereof Anselm, the new
+      archbishop, felt the first effects. This prelate, soon after his
+      promotion, offered the King a sum of money by way of present; but took
+      care it should be so small, that none might interpret it to be a
+      consideration of his late preferment. The King rejected it with scorn; and
+      as he used but little ceremony in such matters, insisted in plain terms
+      for more. Anselm would not comply; and the King enraged, sought all
+      occasions to make him uneasy; until at length the poor archbishop, tired
+      out with perpetual usurpations (or at least what was then understood to be
+      such) upon his jurisdiction, privileges, and possessions, desired the King
+      licence for a journey to Rome; and upon a refusal, went without it. As
+      soon as he was withdrawn, the King seized on all his revenues, converting
+      them to his own use, and the archbishop continued an exile until the
+      succeeding reign.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The particulars of this quarrel between the King and archbishop are not,
+      in my opinion, considerable enough to deserve a place in this brief
+      collection, being of little use to posterity, and of less entertainment;
+      neither should I have mentioned it at all, but for the occasion it gives
+      me of making a general observation, which may afford some light into the
+      nature and disposition of those ages. Not only this King's father and
+      himself, but the princes for several successions, of the fairest
+      character, have been severely taxed for violating the rights of the
+      clergy, and perhaps not altogether without reason. It is true, this
+      character hath made the lighter impression, as proceeding altogether from
+      the party injured, the cotemporary writers being generally churchmen: and
+      it must be confessed, that the usurpations of the Church and court of Rome
+      were in those ages risen to such heights, as to be altogether inconsistent
+      either with the legislature or administration of any independent state;
+      the inferior clergy, both secular and regular, insisting upon such
+      immunities as wholly exempted them from the civil power; and the bishops
+      removing all controversies with the crown by appeal to Rome: for they
+      reduced the matter to this short issue, That God was to be obeyed rather
+      than men; and consequently the Bishop of Rome, who is Christ's
+      representative, rather than an earthly prince. Neither doth it seem
+      improbable that all Christendom would have been in utter vassalage, both
+      temporal and spiritual, to the Roman see, if the Reformation had not put a
+      stop to those exorbitancies, and in a good measure opened the eyes even of
+      those princes and states who still adhere to the doctrines and discipline
+      of that church.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      While the King continued at Gloucester, Malcolm King of Scotland came to
+      his court, with intentions to settle and confirm the late peace between
+      them. It happened that a controversy arose about some circumstances
+      relating to the homage which Malcolm was to pay, in the managing whereof
+      King William discovered so much haughtiness and disdain, both in words and
+      gestures, that the Scottish prince, provoked by such unworthy treatment,
+      returned home with indignation; but soon came back at the head of a
+      powerful army, and, entering Northumberland with fire and sword, laid all
+      waste before him. But as all enterprises have in the progress of them a
+      tincture of those passions by which they were spirited at first, so this
+      invasion begun upon private revenge, which is a blind ungovernable
+      passion, was carried on with equal precipitation, and proved to be ruinous
+      in the event; for Robert Mowbray, Earl of Northumberland, to prevent the
+      destruction of his own country, where he had great possessions, gathering
+      what forces he could suddenly raise, and without waiting any directions
+      from the King, marched against the Scots, who were then set down before
+      Alnwick Castle: there, by an ambush, Malcolm and his eldest son Edward
+      were slain, and the army, discouraged by the loss of their princes,
+      entirely defeated. This disaster was followed in a few days by the death
+      of Queen Margaret, who, not able to survive her misfortunes, died for
+      grief. Neither did the miseries of that kingdom end till, after two
+      usurpations, the surviving son of Malcolm, who had fled to England for
+      refuge, was restored to his crown by the assistance of King William.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      About this time the hidden sparks of animosity between the two brothers,
+      buried but not extinguished in the last peace, began to flame out into new
+      dissensions. Duke Robert had often sent his complaints to the King for
+      breach of articles, but without redress, which provoked him to expostulate
+      in a rougher manner, till at length he charged the King in plain terms
+      with injustice and perjury, but no men are found to endure reproaches with
+      less temper than those who most deserve them, the King, at the same time
+      filled with indignation, and stung with guilt, invaded Normandy a second
+      time, resolving to reduce his brother to such terms as might stop all
+      further complaints. He had already taken several strong holds, by force
+      either of arms or of money, and intending entirely to subdue the duchy,
+      gave orders to have twenty thousand men immediately raised in England, and
+      sent over to him. The Duke, to defend himself against these formidable
+      preparations, had recourse again to his old ally the King of France, who
+      very readily advanced with an army to his assistance, as an action wherein
+      he could every way find his own accounts, for, beside the appearance of
+      glory and justice by protecting the injured, he fought indeed his own
+      battle, by preserving his neighbouring state in the hands of a peaceful
+      prince, from so powerful and restless an enemy as the King of England, and
+      was largely paid for his trouble into the bargain, for King William,
+      either loth to engage in a long and dangerous war, or hastened back by
+      intelligence of some troubles from Wales, sent offers to his army, just
+      ready to embark for Normandy, that upon payment of ten shillings a man
+      they might have leave to return to their own homes.[10] This bargain was
+      generally accepted, the money was paid to the King of France, who
+      immediately withdrew his troops, and King William, now master of the
+      conditions, forced his brother to a peace upon much harder terms than
+      before.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 10: See reference to this incident in "The Examiner," No. 21
+      (vol. ix of this edition, p. 123) [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In this passage there are some circumstances which may appear odd and
+      unaccountable to those who will not give due allowance for the difference
+      of times and manners: that an absent prince, engaged in an unjust war with
+      his own brother, and ill-beloved at home, should have so much power and
+      credit, as by his commission to raise twenty thousand men on a sudden,
+      only as a recruit to the army he had already with him; that he should have
+      a fleet prepared ready, and large enough to transport so great a number;
+      that upon the very point of embarking he should send them so disgraceful
+      an offer; and that so great a number of common soldiers should be able and
+      willing to pay such a sum of money, equal to at least twelve time as much
+      in our times; and that, after being thus deluded and spoiled at once, they
+      should peaceably disband and retire to their several homes. But all this
+      will be less difficult to comprehend, when we reflect on the method of
+      raising and supporting armies, very different from ours, which was then in
+      use, and so continued for many ages after. All men who had lands <i>in
+      capite</i> were bound to attend the King in his wars with a proportioned
+      number of soldiers, who were their tenants on easy rents in consideration
+      of military service. This was but the work of a few days, and the troops
+      consisted of such men as were able to maintain their own charges either at
+      home or abroad: neither was there any reason to apprehend that soldiers
+      would ever become instruments for introducing slavery, who held so great a
+      share in the property.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The King, upon his return from Normandy, made an unsuccessful expedition
+      against the Welsh, who upon the advantages of his absence had, according
+      to their usual custom, made cruel inroads upon the adjoining counties of
+      Chester, Shrewsbury, and Hereford. Upon the King's approach they fled into
+      their fastnesses among the mountains, where he pursued them for some time
+      with great rage and vexation, as well as the loss of great numbers of his
+      men, to no purpose. From hence he was recalled by a more formidable enemy
+      nearer home: for Robert Earl of Northumberland, overrating his late
+      services against the Scots, as much perhaps and as unjustly as they were
+      undervalued by the King, refused to come to his court, which, in those
+      days, was looked on as the first usual mark of discontent in a nobleman;
+      and was often charged by princes as a formal accusation. The earl having
+      disobeyed the King's summons, and concerted matters with other
+      accomplices, broke out into open rebellion, with intentions to depose King
+      William, and set up Stephen Earl of Albemarle, son of a sister to William
+      the Conqueror: but all was prevented by the celerity of this active
+      prince; who, knowing that insurrections are best quelled in their
+      beginnings, marched with incredible speed, and surprised the rebels at
+      Newcastle, took the castles of Tynemouth and Bamburgh; where the obstinacy
+      of the defendants provoked him, contrary to his nature, to commit
+      cruelties upon their persons, by cutting off their hands and ears, and
+      other the like inhumanities. The earl himself was taken prisoner as he
+      endeavoured to make his escape; but suffered no other punishment than to
+      be confined for the rest of his life.[11]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 11: Which was thirty years. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      About this time began the Holy War for recovering of Palestine; which
+      having not been the enterprise of any one prince or state, but that
+      wherein most in Christendom had a share, it cannot with justice be
+      silently passed over in the history of any nation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Pope Urban the Second, in a council at Clermont, made a pathetic
+      exhortation, shewing with what danger and indignity to Christendom the
+      Turks and Saracens had, for some ages, not only overrun all Asia and
+      Africa, where Christianity had long flourished; but had also made
+      encroachments into Europe, where they had entirely subdued Spain, and some
+      other parts; that Jerusalem, the holy city, where our Saviour did so many
+      miracles, and where His sepulchre still remained, to the scandal of the
+      Christian name, lay groaning under the tyranny of infidels; that the
+      swords which Christian princes had drawn against each other, ought to be
+      turned against the common enemy of their name and religion; that this
+      should be reckoned an ample satisfaction for all their past sins; that
+      those who died in this expedition should immediately go to Heaven, and the
+      survivors would be blessed with the sight of our Lord's sepulchre.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Moved by these arguments, and the influence of the person who delivered
+      them, several nobles and prelates immediately took upon them the cross;
+      and the council dissolving in this high fit of zeal, the clergy, upon
+      their return home, prevailed so far in their several countries, that in
+      most parts of Europe some great prince or lord became a votary for the
+      Holy Land; as Hugh the Great, brother to the King of France; Godfrey Duke
+      of Lorraine; Reimond Count of Toulouse; Robert Duke of Normandy, and many
+      others. Neither ought it to be forgotten, that most of these noble and
+      generous princes, wanting money to maintain the forces they had raised,
+      pawned their dominions to those very prelates who had first engaged them
+      in this enterprise: doubtless a notable mark of the force of oratory in
+      the churchmen of those ages, who were able to inspire that devotion into
+      others, whereof they seemed so little sensible themselves.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But a great share in the honour of promoting this religious war, is
+      attributed to the zeal and industry of a certain French priest, commonly
+      called Peter the Hermit; who being at Jerusalem upon pilgrimage some time
+      before, and entering often into private treaty with the patriarch of that
+      city, came back fully instructed in all the measures necessary for such a
+      war: to these was joined the artifice of certain dreams and visions that
+      might pass for divine admonition: all which, added to the piety of his
+      exhortations, gave him such credit with the Pope, and several princes of
+      Christendom, that he became in his own person the leader of a great army
+      against the infidels, and was very instrumental for engaging many others
+      in the same design.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      What a spirit was thus raised in Christendom among all sorts of men,
+      cannot better be conceived than from the vast numbers of these warlike
+      pilgrims; who, at the siege of Nice, are said to have consisted of 600,000
+      foot, and 100,000 horse: and the success at first was answerable to the
+      greatness of their numbers, the valour of their leaders, and the universal
+      opinion of such a cause; for, besides several famous victories in the
+      field, not to mention the towns of less importance, they took Nice,
+      Antioch, and at last Jerusalem, where Duke Godfrey was chosen king without
+      competition. But zeal, with a mixture of enthusiasm, as I take this to
+      have been, is a composition only fit for sudden enterprises, like a great
+      ferment in the blood, giving double courage and strength for the time,
+      until it sink and settle by nature into its old channel: for, in a few
+      years the piety of these adventurers began to slacken, and give way to
+      faction and envy, the natural corruptions of all confederacies: however,
+      to this spirit of devotion there succeeded a spirit of honour, which long
+      continued the vein and humour of the times; and the Holy Land became
+      either a school, wherein young princes went to learn the art of war, or a
+      scene wherein they affected to shew their valour, and gain reputation,
+      when they were weary of peace at home.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Christians held possession of Jerusalem above eighty years,[12] and
+      continued their expeditions to the Holy Land almost as many more, with
+      various events; and after they were entirely driven out of Asia, the popes
+      have almost in every age endeavoured in vain to promote new crusades
+      neither does this spirit seem quite extinct among us even to this day; the
+      usual projects of sanguine men for uniting Christendom against the Turk,
+      being without doubt a traditional way of talk derived to us from the same
+      fountain.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 12: They held it eighty-eight years; from July, 1099, to
+      October, 1187. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Robert, in order to furnish himself out for this war, pawned his duchy to
+      the King for 10,000 marks of gold;[13] which sum was levied with so many
+      circumstances of rigour and exaction, towards the Church and laity, as
+      very much increased the discontents of both against the prince.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 13: Equal to £1,400,000, as money passes now. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      1099.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      I shall record one act of this king's, which being chiefly personal, may
+      pass rather for a part of his character, than a point of history.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As he was hunting one day in the New Forest, a messenger express from
+      Normandy, brought him intelligence, that Hélie, Count de la Flèche, had
+      laid close siege to Mans, and expected to carry the town in a few days;
+      the King leaving his chase, commanded some about him to point whereabout
+      Mans lay; and so rode straight on without reflection, until he came to the
+      coast. His attendants advised him to wait until he had made preparations
+      of men and money; to which he only returned; "They that love me, will
+      follow me." He entered the ship in a violent storm; which the mariners
+      beholding with astonishment, at length in great humility gave him warning
+      of the danger; but the King commanded them instantly to put off to sea,
+      and not be afraid; for he had never in his life heard of any King that was
+      drowned. In a few days he drove the enemy from before the city, and took
+      the count himself prisoner, who raging at his defeat and captivity,
+      exclaimed,[14] "That this blow was from Fortune; but Valour could make
+      reprisals, as he should shew, if ever he regained his liberty." This being
+      told the King, he sent for the count, let him understand that he had heard
+      of his menaces, then gave him a fine horse, bid him begone immediately,
+      and defied him to do his worst.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 14: There is so much pleasantry and humour, as well as spirit
+      and heroism in this story, as we have it recorded by William de
+      Malmesbury, who represents the menace as thrown out in the King's
+      presence, that I shall make no apology for setting down his words at
+      length. "Auctor turbarum Helias capitur; cui ante se adducto rex
+      ludibundus, 'Habeo te, magister,' inquit. At ille, cujus alta nobilitas
+      nesciret in tanto etiam periculo sapere; 'Fortuitu,' inquit, 'me cepisti:
+      sed si possem evadere, novi quid facerem.' Tum Willelmus, prae furore ferè
+      extra se positus, et obuncans Heliam, 'Tu,'inquit, 'nebulo! tu, quid
+      faceres? Discede; abi; fuge! Concede tibi ut facias quicquid poteris: et,
+      per vultum de Luca! nihil, si me viceris, pro hâc veniâ tecum paciscar."
+      <i>I.e.</i> By the face of St. Luke, if thou shouldst have the fortune to
+      conquer me, I scorn to compound with thee for my release. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It would have been an injury to this prince's memory, to let pass an
+      action, by which he acquired more honour than from any other in his life,
+      and by which it appeared that he was not without some seeds of
+      magnanimity, had they been better cultivated, or not overrun by the number
+      or prevalency of his vices.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have met with nothing else in this King's reign that deserved to be
+      remembered; for, as to an unsuccessful expedition or two against Wales,
+      either by himself or his generals; they were very inconsiderable both in
+      action and event, nor attended with any circumstances that might render a
+      relation of them of any use to posterity, either for instruction or
+      example.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      His death was violent and unexpected, the effect of casualty; although
+      this perhaps is the only misfortune of life to which the person of a
+      prince is generally less subject than that of other men. Being at his
+      beloved exercise of hunting in the New Forest in Hampshire, a large stag
+      crossed the way before him, the King hot on his game, cried out in haste
+      to Walter Tyrrel, a knight of his attendants, to shoot; Tyrrel,
+      immediately let fly his arrow, which glancing against a tree, struck the
+      King through the heart, who fell dead to the ground without speaking a
+      word. Upon the surprise of this accident, all his attendants, and
+      Tyrrel[15] among the rest, fled different ways; until the fright being a
+      little over, some of them returned, and causing the body to be laid in a
+      collier's cart, for want of other conveniency, conveyed it in a very
+      unbecoming contemptuous manner to Winchester, where it was buried the next
+      day without solemnity, and which is worse, without grief.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 15: Yet Eadmer saith, that Tyrrel told him, he had not been in
+      the Forest that day. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I shall conclude the history of this prince's reign, with a description
+      and character of his body and mind, impartially from the collections I
+      have made; which method I shall observe likewise in all the succeeding
+      reigns.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He was in stature somewhat below the usual size, and big-bellied, but he
+      was well and strongly knit. His hair was yellow or sandy; his face red,
+      which got him the name of Rufus; his forehead flat; his eyes were spotted,
+      and appeared of different colours; he was apt to stutter in speaking,
+      especially when he was angry; he was vigorous and active, and very hardy
+      to endure fatigues, which he owed to a good constitution of health, and
+      the frequent exercise of hunting; in his dress he affected gaiety and
+      expense, which having been first introduced by this prince into his court
+      and kingdom, grew, in succeeding reigns, an intolerable grievance. He also
+      first brought in among us the luxury and profusion of great tables. There
+      was in him, as in all other men, a mixture of virtues and vices, and that
+      in a pretty equal degree, only the misfortune was, that the latter,
+      although not more numerous, were yet much more prevalent than the former.
+      For being entirely a man of pleasure, this made him sacrifice all his good
+      qualities, and gave him too many occasions of producing his ill ones. He
+      had one very singular virtue for a prince, which was that of being true to
+      his word and promise: he was of undoubted personal valour, whereof the
+      writers in those ages produce several instances; nor did he want skill and
+      conduct in the process of war. But, his peculiar excellency, was that of
+      great dispatch, which, however usually decried, and allowed to be only a
+      happy temerity, does often answer all the ends of secrecy and counsel in a
+      great commander, by surprising and daunting an enemy when he least expects
+      it; as may appear by the greatest actions and events upon the records of
+      every nation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He was a man of sound natural sense, as well as of wit and humour, upon
+      occasion. There were several tenets in the Romish Church he could not
+      digest; particularly that of the saints' intercession; and living in an
+      age overrun with superstition, he went so far into the other extreme, as
+      to be censured for an atheist. The day before his death, a monk relating a
+      terrible dream, which seemed to forebode him some misfortune, the King
+      being told the matter, turned it into a jest; said, "The man was a monk,
+      and dreamt like a monk, for lucre sake;" and therefore commanded Fitzhamon
+      to give him an hundred shillings, that he might not complain he had dreamt
+      to no purpose.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      His vices appear to have been rather derived from the temper of his body,
+      than any original depravity of his mind; for being of a sanguine
+      complexion, wholly bent upon his pleasures, and prodigal in his nature, he
+      became engaged in great expenses. To supply these, the people were
+      perpetually oppressed with illegal taxes and exactions; but that sort of
+      avarice which arises from prodigality and vice, as it is always needy, so
+      it is much more ravenous and violent than the other, which put the King
+      and his evil instruments (among whom Ralph, Bishop of Durham, is of
+      special infamy) upon those pernicious methods of gratifying his
+      extravagances by all manner of oppression; whereof some are already
+      mentioned, and others are too foul to relate.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He is generally taxed by writers for discovering a contempt of religion in
+      his common discourse and behaviour; which I take to have risen from the
+      same fountain, being a point of art, and a known expedient, for men who
+      cannot quit their immoralities, at least to banish all reflections that
+      may disturb them in the enjoyment, which must be done either by not
+      thinking of religion at all; or, if it will obtrude, by putting it out of
+      countenance.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yet there is one instance that might shew him to have some sense of
+      religion as well as justice. When two monks were outvying each other in
+      canting[16] the price of an abbey, he observed a third at some distance,
+      who said never a word; the King demanded why he would not offer; the monk
+      said, he was poor, and besides, would give nothing if he were ever so
+      rich; the King replied, "Then you are the fittest person to have it," and
+      immediately gave it him. But this is, perhaps with reason enough, assigned
+      more to caprice than conscience; for he was under the power of every
+      humour and passion that possessed him for the present; which made him
+      obstinate in his resolves, and unsteady in the prosecution.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 16: An Irish phrase for selling or buying by auction. It is
+      somewhat remarkable that so severe a critic should have used such a word
+      in historical composition. [S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He had one vice or folly that seemed rooted in his mind, and of all
+      others, most unbefitting a prince: This was, a proud disdainful manner,
+      both in his words and gesture; and having already lost the love of his
+      subjects by his avarice and oppression, this finished the work, by
+      bringing him into contempt and hatred among his servants; so that few
+      among the worst of princes have had the luck to be so ill beloved, or so
+      little lamented.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He never married, having an invincible abhorrence for the state, although
+      not for the sex.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He died in the thirteenth year of his reign, the forty-third of his age,
+      and of Christ 1100, August 2.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      His works of piety were few, but in buildings he was very expensive,
+      exceeding any King of England before or since, among which Westminster
+      Hall, Windsor Castle, the Tower of London, and the whole city of Carlisle,
+      remain lasting monuments of his magnificence.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      THE REIGN OF HENRY THE FIRST.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      This prince was the youngest son of William the Conqueror, and bred to
+      more learning than was usual in that age, or to his rank, which got him
+      the surname of Beauclerk; the reputation whereof, together with his being
+      born in England, and born son of a king, although of little weight in
+      themselves, did very much strengthen his pretensions with the people.
+      Besides, he had the same advantage of his brother Robert's absence, which
+      had proved before so successful to Rufus, whose treasures he likewise
+      seized on immediately at his death, after the same manner, and for the
+      same end, as Rufus did those of his father the Conqueror. Robert had been
+      now five years absent in the Holy War, where he acquitted himself with
+      great glory; and although he was now in Apulia, upon his return homeward,
+      yet the nobles pretending not to know what was become of him, and others
+      giving out that he had been elected King of Jerusalem, Henry laid hold of
+      the occasion, and calling together an assembly of the clergy, nobles, and
+      people of the realm at London, upon his promises to restore King Edward's
+      laws, and redress the grievances which had been introduced by his father
+      and brother, they consented to elect him king. Immediately after his
+      coronation, he proceeded upon reforming the abuses of the late reign: he
+      banished dissolute persons from the court, who had long infested it under
+      the protection and example of Rufus: he restored the people to the use of
+      lights in the night, which the Conqueror had forbidden, after a certain
+      hour, by the ringing of a bell. Then he published his charter, and ordered
+      a copy thereof to be taken for every county in England. This charter was
+      in substance; The freedom of Mother Church from former oppressions; leave
+      to the heirs of nobles to succeed in the possession of their lands,
+      without being obliged to redeem them, only paying to the king a moderate
+      relief; abolition of fines for licence of marriage to their heiresses; a
+      promise of not refusing such licence unless the match proposed be with the
+      king's enemy,[17] &amp;c.; the next of kin to be guardians of the lands of
+      orphans; punishments for coiners of false money; a confirmation of St.
+      Edward's laws; and a general amnesty.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 17: <i>i.e.</i> with a traitor or malcontent. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      About the same time he performed two acts of justice, which, by gratifying
+      the revenge and the love of the people, gained very much upon their
+      affections to his person: the first was, to imprison Ralph Bishop of
+      Durham,[18] who having been raised by the late king from a mean and sordid
+      birth to be his prime confidant and minister, became the chief instrument,
+      as well as contriver, of all his oppressions: the second was, in recalling
+      and restoring Archbishop Anselm, who having been forced by the continual
+      persecutions of the same prince, to leave England, had lived ever since in
+      banishment, and deprived of all his revenues.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 18: Le Neve says that Ralph Flambard, Bishop of Durham, was
+      imprisoned in the Tower, September, 1100, but escaped in February of the
+      following year, and fled to Normandy. ("Fasti," iii. 282-3). [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The King had not been many months on his throne, when the news came that
+      Duke Robert, returned from the Holy Land, was received by his subjects
+      with great marks of joy and honour, and in universal reputation for his
+      valour and success against the infidels: soon after which, Ralph Bishop of
+      Durham, either by the negligence or corruption of his keepers, escaped out
+      of prison, and fled over to the Duke; whom he stirred up to renew and
+      solicit his pretensions to the crown of England, by writing to several
+      nobles, who, either through old friendship, or new discontent, or an
+      opinion of his title, gave him promises of their assistance, as soon as he
+      should land in England: but the Duke having returned exceeding poor from
+      the Holy Land, was not yet in a condition for such an undertaking, and
+      therefore thought fit to defer it to a more seasonable opportunity.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As the King had hitherto, with great industry, sought all occasions to
+      gratify his people, so he continued to do in the choice of a wife. This
+      was Matilda, daughter of Malcolm the late King of Scots; a lady of great
+      piety and virtue, who, by the power or persuasion of her friends, was
+      prevailed with to leave her cloister for a crown, after she had, as some
+      writers report, already taken the veil. Her mother was sister to Edgar
+      Atheling, the last heir-male of the Saxon race; of whom frequent mention
+      hath been made in the two preceding reigns: and thus the Saxon line, to
+      the great contentment of the English nation, was again restored.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Duke Robert, having now with much difficulty and oppression of his
+      subjects, raised great forces, and gotten ready a fleet to convey them,
+      resolved once more to assert his title to the crown of England: to which
+      end he had for some time held a secret correspondence with several nobles,
+      and lately received fresh invitations. The King, on the other side, who
+      had received timely intelligence of his brother's preparations, gave
+      orders to his admirals to watch the sea-ports, and endeavour to hinder the
+      enemy's landing: but the commanders of several ships, whether Robert had
+      won them by his bribes, or his promises, instead of offering resistance,
+      became his guides, and brought his fleet safe into Portsmouth, where he
+      landed his men, and from thence marched to Winchester, his army hourly
+      increasing by great numbers of people, who had either an affection for his
+      person, an opinion of his title, or a hatred to the King. In the mean time
+      Henry advanced with his forces, to be near the Duke, and observe his
+      motions; but, like a wise general, forbore offering battle to an invader,
+      until he might do it with manifest advantage. Besides, he knew very well
+      that his brother was a person whose policy was much inferior to his
+      valour, and therefore to be sooner overcome in a treaty than a fight: to
+      this end, the nobles on both sides began to have frequent interviews; to
+      make overtures; and at last concert the terms of a peace; but wholly to
+      the advantage of the King, Robert renouncing his pretensions in
+      consideration of a small pension, and of succeeding to the crown on
+      default of male issue in his brother.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The defection of nobles and other people to the Duke was so great, that
+      men generally thought if it had come to a battle, the King would have lost
+      both the victory and his crown. But Robert, upon his return to Normandy
+      after this dishonourable peace, grew out of all reputation with the world,
+      as well as into perfect hatred and contempt among his own subjects, which
+      in a short time was the cause of his ruin.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The King having thus by his prudence got rid of a dangerous and
+      troublesome rival, and soon after by his valour quelled the insurrections
+      of the Earls of Shrewsbury and Mortaigne, whom he forced to fly into
+      Normandy, found himself in full peace at home and abroad, and therefore
+      thought he might venture a contention with the Church about the right of
+      investing bishops; upon which subject many other princes at that time had
+      controversy with their clergy: but, after long struggling in vain, were
+      all forced to yield at last to the decree of a synod in Rome, and to the
+      pertinacy of the bishops in the several countries. The form of investing a
+      bishop, was by delivery of a ring and a pastoral staff; which, at Rome,
+      was declared unlawful to be performed by any lay hand whatsoever; but the
+      princes of Christendom pleaded immemorial custom to authorize them: and
+      King Henry, having given the investiture to certain bishops, commanded
+      Anselm to consecrate them. This the archbishop refused with great
+      firmness, pursuant to what he understood to be his duty, and to several
+      immediate commands of the Pope. Both sides adhering to their own
+      sentiments, the matter was carried to Rome, where Anselm went in person,
+      by the King's desire; who, at the same time, sent ambassadors thither to
+      assert and defend his cause; but the Pope still insisting, Anselm was
+      forbidden to return to England. The King seized on all his revenues, and
+      would not restore him, until upon other concessions of the Pope, Henry was
+      content to yield up his pretensions to the investiture; but, however, kept
+      the right of electing still in his own hands.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Whatever might have been the method of electing bishops, in the more
+      primitive ages, it seems plain to me that in these times, and somewhat
+      before, although the election was made <i>per clerum et populum</i>, yet
+      the king always nominated at first, or approved afterwards, and generally
+      both, as may be seen by the style in which their elections ran, as well as
+      by the persons chosen, who were usually Churchmen of the court, or in some
+      employment near the King. But whether this were a gradual encroachment of
+      the regal upon the spiritual power, I had rather leave others to dispute.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      1104. 1105.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      About this time Duke Robert came to England, upon a visit to the King,
+      where he was received with much kindness and hospitality; but, at the same
+      time, the Queen had private directions to manage his easy temper, and work
+      him to a consent of remitting his pension: this was compassed without much
+      difficulty; but, upon the Duke's return to Normandy, he was severely
+      reproved for his weakness by Ralph Bishop of Durham, and the two Earls of
+      Mortaigne and Shrewsbury. These three having fled from England for
+      rebellion, and other treasons, lived exiles in Normandy; and, bearing an
+      inveterate hatred to the King, resolved to stir up the Duke to a
+      resentment of the injury and fraud of his brother. Robert, who was various
+      in his nature, and always under the power of the present persuader, easily
+      yielded to their incitements: reproached the King in bitter terms, by
+      letters and messages, that he had cozened and circumvented him; demanding
+      satisfaction, and withal threatening revenge. At the same time, by the
+      advice of the three nobles already mentioned, he began to arm himself as
+      formidably as he could, with design to seize upon the King's possessions
+      in Normandy: but as this resolution was rashly taken up, so it was as
+      faintly pursued, and ended in his destruction: neither hath any prince
+      reason to expect better fortune, that engages in a war against a powerful
+      neighbour upon the counsel or instigation of exiles, who having no further
+      view than to serve their private interest, or gratify their revenge, are
+      sure to succeed in one or t'other, if they can embark princes in their
+      quarrel, whom they fail not to incite by the falsest representations of
+      their own strength, and the weakness of their enemy: for as the King was
+      now settled in his throne too firm to be shaken, so Robert had wholly lost
+      all credit and friendship in England; was sunk in reputation at home; and,
+      by his unlimited profuseness, reduced so low, that, having pawned most of
+      his dominions, he had offered Rouen, his capital city, in sale to the
+      inhabitants. All this was very well known to the King, who, resolving to
+      make his advantage thereof, pretended to be highly provoked at the
+      disgraceful speeches and menaces of his brother; which he made the formal
+      occasion of a quarrel: therefore he first sent over some forces to ravage
+      his country; and, understanding that the Duke was coldly supported by his
+      own subjects, many of whom came over to the King's army, he soon followed
+      in person with more; took several towns; and, placing garrisons therein,
+      came back to England, designing with the first pretext or opportunity to
+      return with a more potent army, and wholly subdue the duchy to his
+      obedience.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Robert, now grown sensible of his weakness, became wholly dispirited; and
+      following his brother into England, in a most dejected manner begged for
+      peace: but the King, now fully determined upon his ruin, turned away in
+      disdain, muttering at the same time some threatening words. This indignity
+      roused up once more the sinking courage of the Duke; who, with bitter
+      words, detesting the pride and insolence of Henry, withdrew in a rage, and
+      hasting back to Normandy, made what preparations he could for his own
+      defence. The King observing his nobles very ready to engage with him in
+      this expedition; and being assured that those in Normandy would, upon his
+      approach, revolt from the Duke, soon followed with a mighty army, and the
+      flower of his kingdom. Upon his arrival he was attended, according to his
+      expectation, by several Norman lords; and, with this formidable force, sat
+      down before Tinchebray: the Duke, accompanied by the two exiled earls,
+      advanced with what strength he had, in hopes to draw the enemy from the
+      siege of so important a place, although at the hazard of a battle. Both
+      armies being drawn out in battalia, that of the King's, trusting to their
+      numbers, began to charge with great fury, but without any order.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      1106.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The Duke, with forces far inferior, received the enemy with much firmness;
+      and, finding they had spent their first heat, advanced very regularly
+      against their main body, before they could recover themselves from the
+      confusion they were in. He attacked them with so much courage, that he
+      broke their whole body, and they began to fly on every side. The King
+      believing all was lost, did what he could by threats and gentle words to
+      stop the flight of his men, but found it impossible: then he commanded two
+      bodies of horse, which were placed on either wing, to join, and, wheeling
+      about, to attack the enemy in rear. The Duke, who thought himself so near
+      a victory, was forced to stop his pursuit; and ordering his men to face
+      about, began the fight anew; mean time the scattered parts of the main
+      body, which had so lately fled, began to rally, and pour in upon the
+      Normans behind, by which Duke Robert's army was almost encompassed; yet
+      they kept their ground awhile, and made several charges, until at length,
+      perfectly overborne by numbers, they were utterly defeated. There Duke
+      Robert, doing all the parts of a great captain, was taken prisoner,
+      together with the Earl of Mortaigne, and almost his whole army: for being
+      hemmed in on all sides, few of them could make their escape. Thus, in the
+      space of forty years; Normandy subdued England, and England Normandy;
+      which are events perhaps hardly to be paralleled in any other ages or
+      parts of the world.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      1107.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The King, having stayed a while to settle the state of Normandy, returned
+      with his brother into England, whom he sent prisoner to Cardiff Castle,
+      with orders that he should be favourably used, which, for some time, were
+      duly observed; until being accused of attempting to make his escape
+      (whether it were real or feigned) he had his eyes put out with a burning
+      basin, by the King's express commands; in which miserable condition he
+      lived for six-and-twenty years.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is believed the King would hardly have engaged in this unnatural and
+      invidious war, with so little pretence or provocation, if the Pope had not
+      openly approved and sanctified his cause, exhorting him to it as a
+      meritorious action; which seems to have been but an ill return from the
+      Vicar of CHRIST to a prince who had performed so many brave exploits for
+      the service of the Church, to the hazard of his person, and ruin of his
+      fortune. But the very bigoted monks, who have left us their accounts of
+      those times, do generally agree in heavily taxing the Roman court for
+      bribery and corruption. And the King had promised to remit his right of
+      investing bishops, which he performed immediately after his reduction of
+      Normandy, and was a matter of much more service to the Pope, than all the
+      achievements of Duke Robert in the Holy Land, whose merits, as well as
+      pretensions, were now antiquated and out of date.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      1109.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      About this time the Emperor Henry V. sent to desire Maud, the King's
+      daughter in marriage, who was then a child about eight years old: that
+      prince had lately been embroiled in a quarrel with the see of Rome, which
+      began upon the same subject of investing bishops, but was carried to great
+      extremities: for invading Italy with a mighty army, he took the Pope
+      prisoner, forced him to yield to whatever terms he thought fit to impose,
+      and to take an oath of fidelity to him between his hands: however, as soon
+      as Henry had withdrawn his forces, the Pope assembling a council, revoked
+      all his concessions, as extorted by compulsion, and raised great troubles
+      in Germany against the Emperor, who, in order to secure himself, sought
+      this alliance with the King.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      About this time likewise died Archbishop Anselm, a prelate of great piety
+      and learning, whose zeal for the see of Rome, as well as for his own
+      rights and privileges, should in justice be imputed to the errors of the
+      time, and not of the man. After his death, the King, following the steps
+      of his brother, held the see vacant five years, contenting himself with an
+      excuse, which looked like a jest, That he only waited until he could find
+      another so good a man as Anselm.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the fourteenth year of this King's reign, the Welsh, after their usual
+      manner, invaded the Marches with great fury and destruction; but the King,
+      hoping to put a final end to those perpetual troubles and vexations given
+      to his kingdom by that unquiet people, went in person against them with a
+      powerful army; and to prevent their usual stratagem of retreating to their
+      woods and mountains, and other fastnesses, he ordered the woods to be cut
+      down, beset all their places of security, and hunting them like wild
+      beasts, made so terrible a slaughter, that at length observing them to
+      fling down their arms, and beg for quarter, he commanded his soldiers to
+      forbear; then receiving their submissions, and placing garrisons where he
+      thought necessary, he returned, in great triumph and satisfaction, to
+      London.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      1114.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The Princess Maud being now marriageable, was delivered to the Emperor's
+      ambassador; and for a portion to the young lady a tax was imposed of three
+      shillings upon every hide of land in England, which grew afterwards into a
+      custom,[19] and was in succeeding times confirmed by Acts of Parliament,
+      under the name of "Reasonable Aid for marrying the King's Daughter,"
+      although levied after a different manner.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 19: This was the first occasion of the feudal tax called scutage
+      being levied in England. [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As the institution of Parliaments in England is agreed by several writers
+      to be owing to this King, so the date of the first hath been assigned by
+      some to the fifteenth year of his reign; which however is not to be
+      affirmed with any certainty: for great councils were convoked not only in
+      the two preceding reigns, but for time immemorial by the Saxon princes,
+      who first introduced them into this island, from the same original with
+      the other Gothic forms of government in most parts of Europe. These
+      councils or assemblies were composed according to the pleasure of the
+      prince who convened them, generally of nobles and bishops, sometimes were
+      added some considerable commoners; but they seldom met, except in the
+      beginning of a reign, or in times of war, until this King came to the
+      crown; who being a wise and popular prince, called these great assemblies
+      upon most important affairs of his reign, and ever followed their advice,
+      which, if it proved successful, the honour and advantage redounded to him,
+      and if otherwise, he was free from the blame: thus when he chose a wife
+      for himself, and a husband for his daughter, when he designed his
+      expedition against Robert, and even for the election of an archbishop to
+      the see of Canterbury, he proceeded wholly by the advice of such general
+      assemblies, summoned for the purpose. But the style of these conventions,
+      as delivered by several authors, is very various; sometimes it is <i>comites,
+      barones, et cleri</i>;[20] his marriage was agreed on, <i>consilio majorum
+      natu et magnatum terrae</i>. One author[21] calls it <i>concilium
+      principum, sacerdotum, et reliqui populi.</i> And for the election of an
+      archbishop, the Saxon Chronicle says, That he commanded by letters all
+      bishops, abbots, and thanes to meet him at Gloucester <i>ad procerum
+      conventum</i>. Lastly, some affirm these assemblies to have been an
+      imitation of the three estates in Normandy. I am very sensible how much
+      time and pains have been employed by several learned men to search out the
+      original of Parliaments in England, wherein I doubt they have little
+      satisfied others or themselves. I know likewise that to engage in the same
+      enquiry, would neither suit my abilities nor my subject. It may be
+      sufficient for my purpose, if I be able to give some little light into
+      this matter, for the curiosity of those who are less informed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 20: Brompton. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 21: Polydore Virgil. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The institution of a state or commonwealth out of a mixture of the three
+      forms of government received in the schools, however it be derided as a
+      solecism and absurdity by some late writers on politics, hath been very
+      ancient in the world, and is celebrated by the gravest authors of
+      antiquity. For although the supreme power cannot properly be said to be
+      divided, yet it may be so placed in three several hands, as each to be a
+      check upon the other; or formed into a balance, which is held by him that
+      has the executive power, with the nobility and people in counterpoise in
+      each scale. Thus the kingdom of Media is represented by Xenophon before
+      the reign of Cyrus; so Polybius tells us, the best government is a mixture
+      of the three forms, <i>regno, optimatium, et populi imperio</i>: the same
+      was that of Sparta in its primitive institution by Lycurgus, made up of <i>reges,
+      seniores, et populus</i>; the like may be asserted of Rome, Carthage, and
+      other states: and the Germans of old fell upon the same model, from whence
+      the Goths their neighbours, with the rest of those northern people, did
+      perhaps borrow it. But an assembly of the three estates is not properly of
+      Gothic institution: for these fierce people, when upon the decline of the
+      Roman Empire they first invaded Europe, and settled so many kingdoms in
+      Italy, Spain, and other parts, were all Heathens; and when a body of them
+      had fixed themselves in a tract of land left desolate by the flight or
+      destruction of the natives, their military government by time and peace
+      became civil; the general was king, his great officers were his nobles and
+      ministers of state, and the common soldiers the body of the people; but
+      these were freemen, and had smaller portions of land assigned them. The
+      remaining natives were all slaves; the nobles were a standing council; and
+      upon affairs of great importance, the freemen were likewise called by
+      their representatives to give their advice. By which it appears, that the
+      Gothic frame of government consisted at first but of two states or
+      assemblies, under the administration of a single person. But after the
+      conversion of these princes and their people to the Christian faith, the
+      Church became endowed with great possessions, as well by the bounty of
+      kings, as the arts and industry of the clergy, winning upon the devotion
+      of their new converts: and power, by the common maxim, always accompanying
+      property, the ecclesiastics began soon to grow considerable, to form
+      themselves into a body, and to call assemblies or synods by their own
+      authority, or sometimes by the command of their princes, who in an
+      ignorant age had a mighty veneration for their learning as well as piety.
+      By such degrees the Church arrived at length, by very justifiable steps,
+      to have her share in the commonwealth, and became a third estate in most
+      kingdoms of Europe; but these assemblies, as we have already observed,
+      were seldom called in England before the reign of this prince, nor even
+      then were always composed after the same manner: neither does it appear
+      from the writers who lived nearest to that age, that the people had any
+      representative at all, beside the barons and other nobles, who did not sit
+      in those assemblies by virtue of their birth or creation, but of the lands
+      or baronies they held. So that the present constitution of the English
+      Parliament hath, by many degrees and alterations, been modelled to the
+      frame it is now in; which alterations I shall observe in the succeeding
+      reigns as exactly as I can discover them by a diligent search into the
+      histories of the several ages, without engaging in the controverted points
+      of law about this matter, which would rather perplex the reader than
+      inform him.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      1116.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      But to return, Louis the Gross King of France, a valiant and active
+      prince, in the flower of his age, succeeding to that crown that Robert was
+      deprived of, Normandy, grew jealous of the neighbourhood and power of King
+      Henry, and begun early to entertain designs either of subduing that duchy
+      to himself, or at least of making a considerable party against the King in
+      favour of William son of Robert, whom for that end he had taken into his
+      protection. Pursuant to these intentions, he soon found an occasion for a
+      quarrel: expostulating with Henry, that he had broken his promise by not
+      doing homage for the Duchy of Normandy, as well as by neglecting to raze
+      the castle of Gisors,[22] which was built on the French side of the river
+      Epte, the common boundary between both dominions.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 22: Father Daniel says that for some years past it had been
+      agreed that Gisors "should be sequestered in the hands of a lord called
+      Pagan or Payen, who was to receive into it neither English or Norman, nor
+      French troops; and in case it should fall into the hands of either of the
+      two kings, it was stipulated, that the walls should be razed within the
+      space of forty days" ("Hist. of France," i. 369). [W.S.J.] ]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But an incident soon offered, which gave King Henry a pretext for
+      retaliating almost in the same manner: for it happened that upon some
+      offence taken against his nephew Theobald Count of Blois by the French
+      King, Louis in great rage sent an army to invade and ravage the earl's
+      territories. Theobald defended himself for a while with much valour; but
+      at length in danger to be overpowered, requested aid of his uncle the King
+      of England, who supported him so effectually with men and money, that he
+      was able not only to defend his own country, but very much to infest and
+      annoy his enemy. Thus a war was kindled between the two kings; Louis now
+      openly asserted the title of William the son of Robert, and entering into
+      an alliance with the Earls of Flanders and Anjou, began to concert
+      measures for driving King Henry out of Normandy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The King having timely intelligence of his enemy's designs, began with
+      great vigour and dispatch to prepare himself for war: he raised, with much
+      difficulty and discontent of his people, the greatest tax that had ever
+      been known in England; and passing over into Normandy with a mighty army,
+      joined his nephew Theobald. The King of France, who had entertained hopes
+      that he should overrun the duchy before his enemy could arrive, advanced
+      with great security towards the frontiers of Normandy; but observing an
+      enemy of equal number and force already prepared to engage him, he
+      suddenly stopped his march. The two armies faced one another for some
+      hours, neither side offering battle; the rest of the day was spent in
+      light skirmishes begun by the French, and repeated for some days following
+      with various success; but the remainder of the year passed without any
+      considerable action.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      1119.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      At length the violence of the two princes brought it to a battle: for
+      Louis, to give a reputation to his arms, advanced towards the frontiers of
+      Normandy, and after a short siege took Gué Nicaise;[23] there the King met
+      him, and the fight began, which continued with great obstinacy on both
+      sides for nine hours. The French army was divided into two bodies, and the
+      English into three; by which means, that part where the King fought in
+      person, being attacked by a superior number, began to give way; and
+      William Crispin, a Norman baron, singling out the King of England (whose
+      subject he had been, but banished for treason) struck him twice in the
+      head with so much violence, that the blood gushed out of his mouth. The
+      King inflamed with rage and indignation, dealt such furious blows, that he
+      struck down several of his enemies, and Crispin among the rest, who was
+      taken prisoner at his horse's feet. The soldiers encouraged by the valour
+      of their prince, rallied and fell on with fresh vigour, and the victory
+      seemed doubtful, when William the son of King Henry, to whom his father
+      had entrusted the third body of his army, which had not yet engaged, fell
+      on with this fresh reserve upon the enemy, who was already very much
+      harassed with the toil of the day: this quickly decided the matter; for
+      the French, though valiantly fighting, were overcome, with the slaughter
+      of several thousand men; their King quitted the field, and withdrew to
+      Andely; but the King of England recovering Gué Nicaise, returned
+      triumphant to Rouen.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 23: At that time reckoned an important fortress on the river
+      Epte. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This important victory was followed by the defection of the Earl of Anjou
+      to King Henry, and the Earl of Flanders fell in the battle; by which the
+      King of France was at once deprived of two powerful allies. However, by
+      the intercession of the former, a peace was soon after made between both
+      crowns. William the King's son did homage to Louis for the Dukedom of
+      Normandy; and the other William, following the fortunes of his father, was
+      left to his pretensions and complaints.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is here observable, that from this time until Wales was subdued to the
+      English crown, the eldest sons of England were called Dukes of Normandy,
+      as they are now Princes of Wales.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      1120.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The King having stayed some time in Normandy, for the settlement of his
+      duchy after the calamities and confusions of a war, returned to England,
+      to the very great satisfaction of his people and himself. He had enlarged
+      his dominions by the conquest of Normandy; he had subdued all his
+      competitors, and forced even the King of France, their great protector,
+      after a glorious victory, to his own conditions of a peace; he was upon
+      very good terms with the Pope, who had a great esteem and friendship for
+      his person, and made him larger concessions than was usual from that see,
+      and in those ages. At home he was respected by the clergy, reverenced by
+      the nobles, and beloved by the people; in his family he was blessed with a
+      son of much hopes, just growing to years of manhood, and his daughter was
+      an empress; so that he seemed to possess as great a share of happiness as
+      human life is capable to admit. But the felicity of man depends upon a
+      conjunction of many circumstances, which are all subject to various
+      accidents, and every single accident is able to dissolve the whole
+      contexture; which truth was never verified more than in this prince, who
+      by one domestic misfortune, not to be prevented or foreseen, found all the
+      pleasure and content he proposed to himself by his prudence, his industry,
+      and his valour, wholly disappointed and destroyed: for William the young
+      prince having embarked at Barfleur some time after his father, the
+      mariners being all drunk, suffered the ship to run upon a rock, where it
+      was dashed to pieces: the prince made a shift to get into the boat, and
+      was making to the shore, until forced back by the cries of his sister,
+      whom he received into the boat, so many others crowded in at the same
+      time, that it was immediately overturned. There perished, beside the
+      prince, a natural son and daughter of the King's, his niece, and many
+      other persons of quality, together with all their attendants and servants,
+      to the number of a hundred and forty, beside fifty mariners, but one
+      person escaping.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Although the King survived this cruel misfortune many years, yet he could
+      never recover his former humour, but grew melancholy and morose; however,
+      in order to provide better for the peace and settlement of the kingdom
+      after his death, about five months after the loss of his son, his former
+      Queen having died three years before, he married Adeliza, a beautiful
+      young lady of the family of Lorraine,[24] in hopes of issue by her, but
+      never had any.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 24: She was daughter of Godfrey Duke of Louvain, or the Lower
+      Lorraine. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      1124.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The death of the prince gave occasion to some new troubles in Normandy;
+      for the Earls of Meulant and Evreux, Hugh de Montfort, and other
+      associates, began to raise insurrections there, which were thought to be
+      privately fomented by the French King, out of enmity to King Henry, and in
+      favour of William the son of Robert, to whom the Earl of Anjou had lately
+      given his daughter in marriage. But William of Tankerville, the King's
+      lieutenant in Normandy, surprising the enemy's forces by an ambush,
+      entirely routed them, took both the earls prisoners, and sent one of them
+      (Meulant) to his master; but the Count d'Evreux made his escape.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      1126.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      King Henry having now lost hope of issue by his new Queen, brought with
+      him, on his return to England, his daughter Maud, who by the Emperor's
+      death had been lately left a widow and childless; and in a Parliament or
+      general assembly which he had summoned at Windsor, he caused the crown to
+      be settled on her and her children, and made all his nobles take a solemn
+      oath to defend her title. This was performed by none with so much
+      forwardness as Stephen Earl of Boulogne, who was observed to shew a more
+      than ordinary zeal in the matter. This young lord was the King's nephew,
+      being second son of the Earl of Blois by Adela the Conqueror's daughter:
+      he was in high favour with the King his uncle, who had married him to the
+      daughter and heiress of the Earl of Boulogne, given him great possessions
+      in England, and made him indeed too powerful for a subject.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The King having thus fixed the succession of the crown in his daughter by
+      an Act of Settlement and an oath of fealty, looked about to provide her
+      with a second husband, and at length determined his choice in Geoffrey
+      Plantagenet Earl of Anjou, the son of Fulk lately deceased.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This prince, whose dominions confined on France and Normandy, was usually
+      courted for an ally by both Kings in their several quarrels; but having
+      little faith or honour, he never scrupled to change sides as often as he
+      saw or conceived it for his advantage. After the great victory over the
+      French, he closed in with King Henry, and gave his daughter to the young
+      prince William; yet at the same time, by the private encouragement of
+      Louis, he prevailed on the King of England to be easy in the conditions of
+      a peace. Upon the unfortunate loss of the prince, and the troubles in
+      Normandy thereupon, he fell again from the King, gave his other daughter
+      to William the son of Robert, and struck up with France to take that
+      prince again into protection. But dying soon after, and leaving his son
+      Geoffrey to succeed in that earldom, the King was of opinion he could not
+      anywhere bestow his daughter with more advantage, both for the security
+      and enlargement of his dominions, than by giving her to this earl; by
+      which marriage Anjou would become an acquisition to Normandy, and this be
+      a more equal match to so formidable a neighbour as France. In a short time
+      the marriage was concluded; and this Earl Geoffrey had the honour to
+      introduce into the royal family of England the surname of Plantagenet,
+      borne by so many succeeding Kings, which began with Henry II. who was the
+      eldest son of this marriage.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But the King of France was in great discontent at this match: he easily
+      foresaw the dismal consequences to himself and his successors from such an
+      increase of dominion united to the crown of England: he knew what
+      impressions might be made in future times to the shaking of his throne by
+      an aspiring and warlike king, if they should happen in a weak reign, or
+      upon any great discontents in that kingdom. Which conjectures being highly
+      reasonable (and since often verified by events) he cast about to find some
+      way of driving the King of England entirely out of France; but having
+      neither pretext nor stomach in the midst of a peace to begin an open and
+      formal quarrel, there fell out an accident which gave him plausible
+      occasion of pursuing his design.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Charles the Good Earl of Flanders having been lately murdered by some of
+      his subjects, upon private revenge, the King of France went in person to
+      take revenge of the assassins; which he performed with great justice and
+      honour. But the late earl leaving no heir of his body, and several
+      competitors appearing to dispute the succession, Louis rejected some
+      others who seemed to have a fairer title, and adjudged it to William the
+      son of Robert, the better to secure him to his interests upon any design
+      he might engage in against the King of England. Not content with this, he
+      assisted the Earl in person, subdued his rivals, and left him in peaceable
+      possession of his new dominion.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      King Henry, on the other side, was very apprehensive of his nephew's
+      greatness, well knowing to what end it was directed; however, he seemed
+      not to regard it, contenting himself to give the Earl employment at home
+      by privately nourishing the discontents of his new subjects, and abetting
+      underhand another pretender: for William had so entirely lost the hearts
+      of his people, by his intolerable avarice and exactions, that the
+      principal towns in Flanders revolted from him, and invited Thierri Earl of
+      Alsace to be their governor. But the King of France generously resolved to
+      appear once more in his defence, and took his third expedition into
+      Flanders for that purpose. He had marched as far as Artois, when he was
+      suddenly recalled to defend his own dominions from the fury of a powerful
+      and provoked invader: for Henry King of England, moved with indignation to
+      see the French King in the midst of a peace so frequently and openly
+      supporting his most dangerous enemy, thought it the best way to divert
+      Louis from kindling a fire against him abroad, by forcing him to
+      extinguish one at home: he therefore entered into the bowels of France,
+      ravaging and laying waste all before him, and quickly grew so formidable,
+      that the French King to purchase a peace was forced to promise never more
+      to assist or favour the Earl of Flanders; however, as it fell out, this
+      article proved to be wholly needless; for the young Earl soon after gave
+      battle to Thierri, and put his whole army to the rout; but pursuing his
+      victory, he received a wound in his wrist, which, by the unskilfulness of
+      a surgeon, cost him his life.[24]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 24: The lance passed through or under the ball of his thumb into
+      his wrist. The wound gangrening, he died within five days. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This one slight inconsiderable accident did, in all probability, put a
+      stop to very great events; for if that young prince had survived his
+      victory, it is hardly to be doubted but through the justness of his cause,
+      the reputation of his valour, and the assistance of the King of France, he
+      would in a little time have recovered Normandy, and perhaps his father's
+      liberty, which were the two designs he had in agitation; nor could he well
+      have missed the crown of England after the King's death, who was now in
+      his decline, when he had so fair a title, and no competitors in view but a
+      woman and an infant.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      1129.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Upon the King's return from Normandy, a great council of the clergy was
+      held at London, for the punishing of priests who lived in concubinage,
+      which was the great grievance of the Church in those ages, and had been
+      condemned by several canons. This assembly thinking to take a more
+      effectual course against that abomination, as it was called, decreed
+      severe penalties upon those who should be guilty of breaking it,
+      entreating the King to see the law put in execution; which he very readily
+      undertook, but performed otherwise than was expected, eluding the force of
+      the law by an evasion to his own advantage: for exacting fines of the
+      delinquent priests, he suffered them to keep their concubines without
+      further disturbance. A very unaccountable step in so wise a body for their
+      own concernments, as the clergy of those times is looked upon to have
+      been; and although perhaps the fact be not worth recording, it may serve
+      as a lesson to all assemblies never to trust the execution of a law in the
+      hands of those who will find it more to their interests to see it broken
+      than observed.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      1132.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The Empress Maud was now happily delivered of a son, who was afterwards
+      King of England by the name of Henry the Second: and the King calling a
+      Parliament, had the oath of fealty repeated by the nobles and clergy to
+      her and her issue, which in the compass of three years they all broke or
+      forgot.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      1134.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      I think it may deserve a place in this history to mention the last scene
+      of Duke Robert's life, who, either through the poorness or greatness of
+      spirit, having outlived the loss of his honour, his dominions, his
+      liberty, his eyesight, and his only son, was at last forced to sink under
+      the load of eighty years, and must be allowed for the greatest example
+      either of insensibility or contempt of earthly things, that ever appeared
+      in a sovereign or private person. He was a prince hardly equalled by any
+      in his time for valour, conduct, and courtesy; but his ruin began from the
+      easiness of his nature, which whoever knew how to manage, were sure to be
+      refused nothing they could ask. By such profusion he was reduced to those
+      unhappy expedients of remitting his rights for a pension, of pawning his
+      towns, and multiplying taxes, which brought him into hatred and contempt
+      with his subjects; neither do I think any virtue so little commendable in
+      a sovereign as that of liberality, where it exceeds what his ordinary
+      revenues can supply; where it passes those bounds, his subjects must all
+      be oppressed to shew his bounty to a few flatterers, or he must sell his
+      towns, or basely renounce his rights, by becoming pensioner to some
+      powerful prince in the neighbourhood; all which we have lived to see
+      performed by a late monarch in our own time and country.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      1135.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Since the reduction of Normandy to the King's obedience, he found it
+      necessary for his affairs to spend in that duchy some part of his time
+      almost every year, and a little before the death of Robert he made his
+      last voyage there. It was observable in this prince, that having some
+      years past very narrowly escaped shipwreck in his passage from Normandy
+      into England, the sense of his danger had made very deep impressions on
+      his mind, which he discovered by a great reformation in his life, by
+      redressing several grievances, and doing many acts of piety; and to shew
+      the steadiness of his resolutions, he kept them to the last, making a
+      progress through most parts of Normandy, treating his subjects in all
+      places with great familiarity and kindness, granting their petitions,
+      easing their taxes, and, in a word, giving all possible marks of a
+      religious, wise, and gracious prince.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Returning to St. Denys le Ferment from his progress a little indisposed,
+      he there fell into a fever upon a surfeit of lamprey, which in a few days
+      ended his life. His body was conveyed to England, and buried at Reading in
+      the abbey-church himself had founded.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is hard to affirm anything peculiar of this prince's character; those
+      authors who have attempted it mentioning very little but what was common
+      to him with thousands of other men; neither have they recorded any of
+      those personal circumstances or passages, which only can discover such
+      qualities of the mind as most distinguish one man from another. These
+      defects may perhaps appear in the stories of many succeeding kings; which
+      makes me hope I shall not be altogether blamed for sometimes disappointing
+      the reader in a point wherein I could wish to be the most exact.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As to his person, he is described to be of middle stature; his body strong
+      set and fleshy; his hair black; his eyes large; his countenance amiable,
+      and very pleasant, especially when he was merry. He was temperate in meat
+      and drink, and a hater of effeminacy, a vice or folly much complained of
+      in his time, especially that circumstance of long artificial hair, which
+      he forbade upon severe penalties. His three principal virtues were
+      prudence, valour, and eloquence. These were counterbalanced by three great
+      vices; avarice, cruelty, and lust; of which the first is proved by the
+      frequency of his taxes; the second by his treatment of Duke Robert; and
+      the last was notorious. But the proof of his virtues doth not depend on
+      single instances, manifesting themselves through the whole course of a
+      long reign, which was hardly attended by any misfortune that prudence,
+      justice, or valour could prevent. He came to the crown at a ripe age, when
+      he had passed thirty years, having learned, in his private life, to
+      struggle with hardships, whereof he had his share, from the capriciousness
+      and injustice of both his brothers; and by observing their failures, he
+      had learned to avoid them in himself, being steady and uniform in his
+      whole conduct, which were qualities they both seemed chiefly to want. This
+      likewise made him so very tenacious as he was observed to be in his love
+      and hatred. He was a strict observer of justice, which he seems never to
+      have violated, but in that particular case, which political casuists are
+      pleased to dispense with, where the dispute is about a crown. In that
+      he[25] * * * * * *
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 25: Here the sentence breaks off short, and is left unfinished.
+      [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Consider him as a private man, he was perhaps the most accomplished person
+      of his age, having a facetious wit, cultivated by learning, and advanced
+      with a great share of natural eloquence, which was his peculiar talent:
+      and it was no doubt the sense he had of this last perfection in himself,
+      that put him so often upon calling together the great councils of the
+      nation, where natural oratory is of most figure as well as use.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      THE REIGN OF STEPHEN.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The veneration which people are supposed naturally to pay to a right line,
+      and a lawful title in their kings, must be upheld by a long uninterrupted
+      succession, otherwise it quickly loses opinion, upon which the strength of
+      it, although not the justice, is entirely founded: and where breaches have
+      been already made in the lineal descent, there is little security in a
+      good title (though confirmed by promises and oaths) where the lawful heir
+      is absent, and a popular aspiring pretender near at hand. This, I think,
+      may pass for a maxim, if any consequences drawn from history can pretend
+      to be called so, having been verified successively three times in this
+      kingdom, I mean by the two preceding kings, and by the prince whose reign
+      we are now writing. Neither can this observation be justly controlled by
+      any instances brought of future princes, who being absent at their
+      predecessor's death, have peaceably succeeded, the circumstances being
+      very different in every case, either by the weakness or justice of
+      pretenders, or else by the long establishment of lineal succession.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      1135.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Stephen Earl of Boulogne, whose descent hath been already shewn in the
+      foregoing reign, was the second of three brothers, whereof the eldest was
+      Theobald Earl of Blois, a sovereign prince, and Henry the youngest was
+      Bishop of Winchester, and the Pope's legate in England. At the time of
+      King Henry's death, his daughter the Empress was with her husband the Earl
+      of Anjou, a grave and cautious prince, altogether unqualified for sudden
+      enterprises: but Earl Stephen, who had attended the King in his last
+      expedition, made so great dispatch for England,[26] that the council had
+      not time to meet and make any declaration about a successor. When the
+      lords were assembled, the legate had already, by his credit and influence
+      among them, brought over a great party to his brother's interests; and the
+      Earl himself, knowing with what success the like methods were used by his
+      two last predecessors, was very liberal of his promises to amend the laws,
+      support the Church, and redress grievances: for all which the bishop
+      undertook to be guarantee. And thus was Stephen elected by those very
+      persons who had so lately, and in so solemn a manner, more than once sworn
+      fealty to another.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 26: Stephen was at Boulogne when he received the news of Henry's
+      death. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The motives whereby the nobility was swayed to proceed after this manner,
+      were obvious enough. There had been a perpetual struggle between them and
+      their former kings in the defence of their liberties; for the security
+      whereof, they thought a king elected without other title, would be readier
+      to enter into any obligations, and being held in constant dependence,
+      would be less tempted to break them: therefore, as at his coronation they
+      obtained full security by his taking new and additional oaths in favour of
+      their liberties, their oath of fealty to him was but conditional, to be of
+      force no longer than he should be true to those stipulations.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But other reasons were contrived and given out to satisfy the people: they
+      were told it was an indignity for so noble a nation to be governed by a
+      woman; that the late King had promised to marry his daughter within the
+      realm, and by consent of Parliament, neither of which was observed: and
+      lastly, Hugh Bigod, steward to King Henry, took a voluntary oath, before
+      the Archbishop of Canterbury, that his master, in his last sickness, had,
+      upon some displeasure, disinherited his daughter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He received the crown with one great advantage that could best enable him
+      to preserve it: this was the possession of his uncle's treasures,
+      amounting to one hundred thousand pounds, and reckoned as a prodigious sum
+      in those days; by the help of which, without ever raising one tax upon the
+      people, he defended an unjust title against the lawful heir during a
+      perpetual contest of almost twenty years.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In order to defend himself against any sudden invasion, which he had cause
+      enough to expect, he gave all men licence to build castles upon their
+      lands, which proved a very mistaken piece of politics, although grounded
+      upon some appearance of reason. The King supposed that no invader would
+      venture to advance into the heart of his country without reducing every
+      castle in his way, which must be a work of much time and difficulty, nor
+      would be able to afford men to block them up, and secure his retreat:
+      which way of arguing may be good enough to a prince of an undisputed
+      title, and entirely in the hearts of his subjects: but numerous castles
+      are ill defenders of an usurpation, being the common retreat of
+      malcontents, where they can fly with security, and discover their
+      affections as they please: by which means the enemy, although beaten in
+      the field, may still preserve his footing in the bowels of a country; may
+      wait supplies from abroad; and prolong a war for many years: nor, while he
+      is master of any castles, can he ever be at mercy by any sudden
+      misfortune; but may be always in a condition of demanding terms for
+      himself. These, and many other effects of so pernicious a counsel, the
+      King found through the whole course of his reign; which was entirely spent
+      in sieges, revolts, surprises, and surrenders, with very few battles, but
+      no decisive action: a period of much misery and confusion, which affords
+      little that is memorable for events, or useful for the instruction of
+      posterity.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      1136.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The first considerable enemy that appeared against him was David King of
+      Scots, who having taken the oath of fealty to Maud and her issue, being
+      further engaged by the ties of blood, and stirred up through the
+      persuasions of several English nobles, began to take up arms in her cause;
+      and invading the northern parts, took Carlisle and Newcastle; but upon the
+      King's speedy approach with his forces, a peace was presently made, and
+      the towns restored. However, the Scottish prince would, by no means,
+      renounce his fidelity to the Empress, by paying homage to Stephen; so that
+      an expedient was found to have it performed by his eldest son: in
+      consideration of which the King gave, or rather restored, to him the
+      Earldom of Huntingdon.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Upon his return to London from this expedition, he happened to fall sick
+      of a lethargy, and it was confidently given out that he was dead. This
+      report was, with great industry and artifice, dispersed by his enemies,
+      which quickly discovered the ill inclination of several lords, who,
+      although they never believed the thing, yet made use of it for an occasion
+      or pretext to fortify their castles, which they refused to surrender to
+      the King himself; but Stephen was resolved, as he said, to convince them
+      that he was alive and well; for coming against them before he was
+      expected, he recovered Exeter, Norwich,[27] and other fortified places,
+      although not without much difficulty.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 27: Hugh Bigod had seized Norwich Castle. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is obvious enough to wonder how a prince of so much valour, and other
+      excellent endowments, elected by the Church and State, after a compliance
+      with all conditions they could impose on him, and in an age when so little
+      regard was had to the lineal descent, lastly confirmed by the Pope
+      himself, should be soon deserted and opposed by those very persons who had
+      been the most instrumental to promote him. But, beside his defective
+      title, and the undistinguished liberty of building castles, there were
+      three circumstances which very much contributed to those perpetual revolts
+      of the nobles against him: first, that upon his coming to the crown he was
+      very liberal in distributing lands and honours to several young gentlemen
+      of noble birth, who came to make their court, whereby he hoped to get the
+      reputation of a generous prince, and to strengthen his party against the
+      Empress: but, by this encouragement, the number of pretenders quickly grew
+      too fast upon him; and when he had granted all he was able, he was forced
+      to dismiss the rest with promises and excuses, who, either out of envy or
+      discontent, or else to mend their fortunes, never failed to become his
+      enemies upon the first occasion that offered. Secondly, when he had
+      reduced several castles and towns which had given the first example of
+      disaffection from him, he hardly inflicted the least punishment on the
+      authors; which unseasonable mercy, that in another prince and another age
+      would have been called greatness of spirit, passed in him for
+      pusillanimity and fear, and is reckoned, by the writers of those times to
+      have been the cause of many succeeding revolts. The third circumstance was
+      of a different kind: for, observing how little good effect he had found by
+      his liberality and indulgence, he would needs try the other extreme, which
+      was not his talent. He began to infringe the articles of his charter; to
+      recall or disown the promises he had made; and to repulse petitioners with
+      rough treatment, which was the more unacceptable by being new and
+      unexpected.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      1137.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Mean time the Earl of Anjou, who was not in a condition to assert his
+      wife's title to England, hearing Stephen was employed at home, entered
+      Normandy with small force, and found it no difficult matter to seize
+      several towns. The Normans, in the present distraction of affairs, not
+      well knowing what prince to obey, at last sent an invitation to Theobald
+      Earl of Blois, King Stephen's eldest brother, to accept their dukedom upon
+      the condition of protecting them from the present insults of the Earl of
+      Anjou. But before this matter could come to an issue, Stephen, who, upon
+      reduction of the towns already mentioned, had found a short interval of
+      quiet from his English subjects, arrived with unexpected speed into
+      Normandy; where Geoffrey of Anjou soon fled before him, and the whole
+      duchy came over to his obedience; for the further settlement whereof he
+      made peace with the King of France; constituted his son Eustace Duke of
+      Normandy; and made him swear fealty to that Prince, and do him homage. His
+      brother Theobald, who began to expostulate upon this disappointment, he
+      pacified with a pension of two thousand marks:[28] and even the Earl of
+      Anjou himself, who, in right of his wife, made demands of Stephen for the
+      kingdom of England, finding he was no equal match at present, was
+      persuaded to become his pensioner for five thousand more.[29]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 28: The mark of Normandy is to be understood here. Such a
+      pension in that age was equivalent to one of £31,000 sterling in the
+      present. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 29: Five thousand marks of silver coin was, in this reign, of
+      the same value as the sum of £77,500 modern currency, is now. Here again
+      the Norman mark seems to be used. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Stephen, upon his return to England, met with an account of new troubles
+      from the north; for the King of Scots, under pretence of observing his
+      oath of fealty to the Empress, infested the Borders, and frequently making
+      cruel inroads, plundered and laid waste all before him.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      1138.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      In order to revenge this base and perfidious treatment, the King, in his
+      march northward, sat down before Bedford, and took it after a siege of
+      twenty days. This town was part of the Earldom of Huntingdon, given by
+      Stephen in the late peace to the eldest son of the Scottish King, for
+      which the young prince did homage to him; and it was upon that account
+      defended by a garrison of Scots. Upon intelligence of this surrender, King
+      David, overcome with fury, entered Northumberland, where, letting loose
+      the rage of his soldiers, he permitted and encouraged them to commit all
+      manner of inhumanities; which they performed in so execrable a manner as
+      would scarce be credible, if it were not attested by almost the universal
+      consent of writers: they ripped up women with child, drew out the infants,
+      and tossed them upon the points of their lances: they murdered priests
+      before the altars; then cutting the heads from off the crucifixes, in
+      their stead put on the heads of those they had murdered: with many other
+      instances of monstrous barbarity too foul to relate: but cruelty being
+      usually attended with cowardice, this perfidious prince, upon the approach
+      of King Stephen, fled into places of security. The King of England,
+      finding no enemy on whom to employ his revenge, marched forward into the
+      country, destroying with fire and sword all the southern parts; and would,
+      in all probability, have made terrible impressions into the heart of
+      Scotland, if he had not been suddenly recalled by a more dangerous fire at
+      home, which had been kindled in his absence, and was now broken out into a
+      flame.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Robert Earl of Gloucester, natural son of the late King, came into England
+      some time after the advancement of Stephen to the crown; and, yielding to
+      the necessity of the time, took the oath of fealty upon the same condition
+      used by the other nobles, to be of force so long as the King should keep
+      his faith with him, and preserve his dignity inviolate: but, being in his
+      heart wholly devoted to the interests of the Empress his sister, and moved
+      by the persuasions of several religious men, he had, with great secrecy
+      and application, so far practised upon the levity or discontents of
+      several lords, as to gain them to his party: for the King had, of late,
+      very much alienated the nobles against him; first, by seizing several of
+      their persons, and dispossessing them of their lands; and, secondly, by
+      taking into his favour William d'Ypres, a Flemish commander, of noble
+      birth, but banished by his prince. This man, with many of his followers,
+      the King employed chiefly both in his councils and his armies, and made
+      him Earl of Kent, to the great envy and displeasure of his English
+      subjects. The Earl of Gloucester, therefore, and his accomplices, having
+      prepared all things necessary for an insurrection, it was agreed among
+      them, that while the King was engaged against the Scots, each of them
+      should secure what towns and castles they could, and openly declare for
+      the Empress. Accordingly Earl Robert suddenly fortified himself in
+      Bristol; the rest followed his example; Hereford, Shrewsbury, Ludlow,
+      Dover,[30] and many other places, were seized by several lords, and the
+      defection grew so formidable, that the King, to his great grief, was
+      forced to leave his Scottish expedition unfinished, and return with all
+      possible speed to suppress the rebellion begun by his subjects; having
+      first left the care of the north to Thurstan Archbishop of York; with
+      orders carefully to observe the motions of the Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 30: Robert Earl of Gloucester had been entrusted by Stephen with
+      the custody of Dover Castle: but Robert lying now under heavy suspicion,
+      the King sent Matilda his queen to besiege it, in which she was
+      successful. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Whilst the King was employed in the south in reducing his discontented
+      lords, and their castles, to his obedience, David, presuming upon the
+      distance between them, reentered England with more numerous forces, and
+      greater designs, than before: for, without losing more time than what was
+      necessary to pillage and destroy the country as he marched, he resolved to
+      besiege York, which, if he could force to surrender, would serve as a
+      convenient frontier against the English. To this end, advancing near the
+      city, and having pitched his tents, he sat down before it with his whole
+      army. In the mean time Archbishop Thurstan, having already summoned the
+      nobles and gentry of the shire and parts adjacent, had, by powerful
+      persuasions incited them to defend their country against a treacherous,
+      bloody, and restless enemy: so that before the King of Scotland could make
+      any progress in the siege, the whole power of the north was united against
+      him, under the Earl of Albemarle, and several other nobles. Archbishop
+      Thurstan happening to fall sick, could not go in person to the army, but
+      sent the Bishop of Durham in his stead; by whose encouragements the
+      English, although in number far inferior, advanced boldly towards the
+      enemy, and offered them battle, which was as readily accepted by the
+      Scots, who, sending out a party of horse to secure the rising ground, were
+      immediately attacked by the English, and, after a sharp dispute, entirely
+      defeated. In the heat of the battle the King of Scots, and his son Henry
+      Earl of Huntingdon, gave many proofs of great personal valour. The young
+      prince fell with such fierceness upon a body of the English, that he
+      utterly broke and dispersed them; and was pursuing his victory, when a
+      certain man, bearing aloft the head of an enemy he had cut off, cried out,
+      It was the head of the Scottish King, which being heard and believed on
+      both sides, the English, who had lately fled, rallied again, assaulting
+      their enemies with new vigour; the Scots, on the other side, discouraged
+      by the supposed death of their Prince, began to turn their backs: the King
+      and his son used all endeavours to stop their flight, and made several
+      brave stands against the enemy; but the greatest part of their army being
+      fled, and themselves almost encompassed, they were forced to give way to
+      fortune, and with much difficulty made their escape.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The loss on the English side was inconsiderable; but of Scots, by general
+      consent of writers, ten thousand were slain. And thus ended the War of the
+      Standard, as it was usually called by the authors of that age, because the
+      English, upon a certain engine, raised the mast of a ship, on the top
+      whereof, in a silver box, they put the consecrated wafer, and fastened the
+      standards of St. Peter and other saints: this gave them courage, by
+      remembering they were to fight in the presence of God; and served likewise
+      for a mark where to reassemble when they should happen to be dispersed by
+      any accident or misfortune.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      1139
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Mean time the King was equally successful against his rebellious lords at
+      home, having taken most of their castles and strong-holds; and the Earl of
+      Gloucester himself, no longer able to make any resistance, withdrew into
+      Normandy, to concert new measures with the Empress his sister. Thus the
+      King had leisure and opportunity for another expedition into Scotland, to
+      pursue and improve his victory, where he met with no opposition: however,
+      he was at length persuaded with much difficulty to accept his own
+      conditions of a peace; and David delivered up to him his eldest son Henry,
+      as hostage for performance of articles between them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The King, in his return homeward, laid siege to Ludlow Castle, which had
+      not been reduced with the rest: here Prince Henry of Scotland, boiling
+      with youth and valour, and exposing his person upon all occasions, was
+      lifted from his horse by an iron grapple let down from the wall, and would
+      have been hoisted up into the castle, if the King had not immediately
+      flown to his assistance, and brought him off with his own hands by main
+      force from the enemy, whom he soon compelled to surrender the castle.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      1140
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Stephen having thus subdued his inveterate enemies the Scots, and reduced
+      his rebellious nobles, began to entertain hopes of enjoying a little ease.
+      But he was destined to the possession of a crown with perpetual
+      disturbance; for he was hardly returned from his northern expedition, when
+      he received intelligence that the Empress, accompanied by her brother the
+      Earl of Gloucester, was preparing to come for England, in order to dispute
+      her title to the kingdom. The King, who knew by experience what a powerful
+      party she already had to espouse her interests, very reasonably concluded,
+      the defection from him would be much greater, when she appeared in person
+      to countenance and reward it; he therefore began again to repent of the
+      licence he had granted for building castles, which were now like to prove
+      so many places of security for his enemies, and fortifications against
+      himself; for he knew not whom to trust, vehemently suspecting his nobles
+      ever since their last revolt. He therefore cast about for some artifice to
+      get into his hands as many of their castles as he could: in the strength
+      and magnificence of which kind of structures, the bishops had far outdone
+      the rest, and were upon that, as well as other accounts, very much
+      maligned and envied by the temporal lords, who were extreme jealous of the
+      Church's increasing power, and glad upon all occasions to see the prelates
+      humbled. The King, therefore, having formed his project, resolved to make
+      trial where it would be least invidious, and where he could foresee least
+      danger in the consequences. At a Parliament or assembly of nobles at
+      Oxford, it was contrived to raise a quarrel between the servants of some
+      bishops and those of Alan Count of Dinan in Bretagne, upon a contention of
+      rooms in their inns. Stephen took hold of this advantage, sent for the
+      bishops, taxed them with breaking his peace, and demanded the keys of
+      their castles, adding threats of imprisonment if they dared to disobey.
+      Those whom the King chiefly suspected, or rather who had built the most
+      and strongest castles, were Roger Bishop of Salisbury, with his nephew and
+      natural son the Bishops of Ely and Lincoln, whom the King, by many
+      circumstances of rigour, compelled to surrender, going himself in person
+      to seize the Devizes, then esteemed the noblest structure of Europe, and
+      built by the forementioned Bishop Roger, whose treasure, to the value of
+      forty thousand marks,[31] there likewise deposited, fell, at the same
+      time, into the King's hand, which in a few days broke the bishop's heart,
+      already worn with age and infirmity.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 31: This prelate's treasure is doubtless computed by the smaller
+      or Saxon mark; the use of which still prevailed in England: and even thus
+      computed, it amounts to a vast sum, equal to about £116,350 of modern
+      money. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It may, perhaps, not be thought a digression to say something of the
+      fortunes of this prelate, who, from the lowest beginnings, came to be,
+      without dispute, the greatest churchman of any subject in his age. It
+      happened that the late King Henry, in the reign of his brother, being at a
+      village in Normandy, wanted a priest to say mass before him and his train,
+      when this man, who was a poor curate thereabouts, offered his service, and
+      performed it with so much dexterity and speed, that the soldiers who
+      attended the prince recommended him to their master, upon that account, as
+      a very proper chaplain for military men; but it seems he had other
+      talents; for having gotten into the prince's service, he soon discovered
+      great application and address, much order and economy in the management of
+      his master's fortunes, which were wholly left to his care. After Henry's
+      advancement to the crown, this chaplain grew chief in his favour and
+      confidence; was made Bishop of Salisbury, Chancellor of England, employed
+      in all his most weighty affairs, and usually left vicegerent of the realm
+      while the King was absent in Normandy. He was among the first that swore
+      fealty to Maud and her issue; and among the first that revolted from her
+      to Stephen, offering such reasons in council for setting her aside, as, by
+      the credit and opinion of his wisdom, were very prevalent. But the King,
+      in a few years, forgot all obligations, and the bishop fell a sacrifice in
+      his old age to those treasures he had been so long heaping up for its
+      support. A just reward for his ingratitude towards the Prince that raised
+      him, to be ruined by the ingratitude of another, whom he had been so very
+      instrumental to raise.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But Henry Bishop of Winchester, the Pope's legate, not able to endure this
+      violation of the Church, called a council of all the prelates to meet at
+      Winchester, where the King being summoned, appeared by his advocate, who
+      pleaded his cause with much learning; and the Archbishop of Rouen coming
+      to the council, declared his opinion, That although the canons did allow
+      the bishops to possess castles, yet in dangerous times they ought to
+      deliver them up to the King. This opinion Stephen followed very steadily,
+      not yielding a tittle, although the legate his brother used all means,
+      both rough and gentle, to work upon him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The council of bishops broke up without other effect than that of leaving
+      in their minds an implacable hatred to the King, in a very opportune
+      juncture for the interests of Maud, who, about this time, landed at
+      Portsmouth with her brother Robert Earl of Gloucester. The whole force she
+      brought over for this expedition consisted but of one hundred and forty
+      knights;[32] for she trusted altogether in her cause and her friends. With
+      this slender attendance she went to Arundel, and was there received into
+      the castle by the widow of the late King; while Earl Robert, accompanied
+      only by twenty men, marched boldly to his own city of Gloucester, in order
+      to raise forces for the Empress, where the townsmen turned out the King's
+      garrison as soon as they heard of his approach.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 32: In these times none served on horseback but gentlemen or
+      knights, in right of their fiefs, or their representatives, called <i>Men-at-arms;</i>
+      and each of these was attended by at least two servants or retainers
+      mounted and armed. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      King Stephen was not surprised at the news of the Empress's arrival, being
+      a thing he had always counted upon, and was long preparing himself
+      against. He was glad to hear how ill she was provided, and resolved to use
+      the opportunity of her brother's absence; for, hasting down to Arundel
+      with a sufficient strength, he laid siege to the castle, in hopes, by
+      securing her person, to put a speedy end to the war.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But there wanted not some very near about the King, who, favouring the
+      party of Maud, had credit enough to prevail with him not to venture time
+      and reputation against an impregnable fortress, but rather, by withdrawing
+      his forces, permit her to retire to some less fortified place, where she
+      might more easily fall into his hands. This advice the King took against
+      his own opinion; the Empress fled out of Arundel by night; and, after
+      frequent shifting her stages through several towns, which had already
+      declared in her favour, fixed herself at last at Lincoln; where, having
+      all things provided necessary for her defence, she resolved to continue,
+      and expect either a general revolt of the English to her side, or the
+      decision of war between the King and her brother.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But Stephen, who had pursued the Empress from place to place, hearing she
+      had shut herself up in Lincoln, resolved to give her no rest; and to help
+      on his design, it fell out that the citizens in hatred to the Earl of
+      Chester, who commanded there for the Empress, sent a private invitation to
+      the King, with promise to deliver the town and their governor into his
+      hands. The King came accordingly, and possessed himself of the town; but
+      Maud and the Earl made their escape a few days before. However, many great
+      persons of Maud's party remained prisoners to the King, and among the rest
+      the Earl of Chester's wife, who was daughter to the Earl of Gloucester.
+      These two Earls resolving to attempt the relief of their friends, marched
+      with all their forces near Lincoln, where they found the enemy drawn up
+      and ready to receive them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The next morning, after battle offered by the lords, and accepted by the
+      King, both sides made ready to engage. The King having disposed his
+      cavalry on each wing, placed himself at the head of his foot, in whom he
+      reposed most confidence. The army of the lords was divided in three
+      bodies; those whom King Stephen had banished were placed in the middle,
+      the Earl of Chester led the van, and the Earl of Gloucester commanded the
+      rear. The battle was fought at first with equal advantage, and great
+      obstinacy on both sides; at length the right wing of the King's horse,
+      pressed by the Earl of Chester, galloped away, not without suspicion of
+      treachery; the left followed the example. The King beheld their flight,
+      and encouraging those about him, fell with undaunted valour upon the
+      enemy; and being for some time bravely seconded by his foot, did great
+      execution. At length overpowered by numbers, his men began to disperse,
+      and Stephen was left almost alone with his sword in his hand, wherewith he
+      opposed his person against a whole victorious army, nor durst any be so
+      hardy to approach him; the sword breaking, a citizen of Lincoln put into
+      his hands a Danish battle-axe,[33] with which he struck to the ground the
+      Earl of Chester,[34] who presumed to come within his reach. But this
+      weapon likewise flying in pieces with the force of those furious blows he
+      dealt on all sides, a bold knight of the Empress's party, named William de
+      Keynes, laid hold on his helmet, and immediately cried out to his fellows,
+      "I have got the King." Then the rest ran in, and he was taken
+      prisoner.[35]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 33: Sim. Dunelmensis. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 34: The Earl of Chester lived nevertheless to fight other
+      battles, and died twelve years afterwards by poison. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 35: Gervase. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The King being thus secured, was presented to the Empress, then at
+      Gloucester, and by her orders conveyed to Bristol, where he continued in
+      strict custody nine months, although with honourable treatment for some
+      time, until either upon endeavouring to make his escape, or in malice to
+      the Londoners, who had a great affection for their King, he was, by
+      express command from the Empress, laid in irons, and used with other
+      circumstances of severity.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This victory was followed by a general defection of almost the whole
+      kingdom; and the Earl of Anjou, husband to the Empress, upon the fame of
+      the King's defeat and imprisonment, reduced without any difficulty the
+      whole Duchy of Normandy to his obedience.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The legate himself, although brother to King Stephen, received her at
+      Winchester with great solemnity, accepted her oath for governing with
+      justice, redressing grievances, and supporting the rights of the Church,
+      and took the old conditional one of fealty to her; then in an assembly of
+      bishops and clergy convoked for the purpose, he displayed the miscarriages
+      of his brother, and declared his approbation of the Empress to be Queen;
+      to which they unanimously agreed. To complete all, he prevailed by his
+      credit with the Londoners, who stood out the last of any, to acknowledge
+      and receive her into the city, where she arrived at length in great pomp,
+      and with general satisfaction.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But it was the misfortune of this Princess to possess many weaknesses that
+      are charged to the sex, and very few of its commendable qualities: she was
+      now in peaceable possession of the whole kingdom, except the county of
+      Kent, where William d'Ypres pretended to keep up a small party for the
+      King; when by her pride, wilfulness, indiscretion, and a disobliging
+      behaviour, she soon turned the hearts of all men against her, and in a
+      short time lost the fruits of that victory and success which had been so
+      hardly gained by the prudence and valour of her excellent brother. The
+      first occasion she took to discover the perverseness of her nature, was in
+      the treatment of Maud, the wife of King Stephen, a lady of great virtue,
+      and courage above her sex, who, coming to the Empress an humble suitor in
+      behalf of her husband, offered, as a price of his liberty, that he should
+      resign all pretensions to the crown, and pass the rest of his life in
+      exile, or in a convent: but this request was rejected with scorn and
+      reproaches; and the Queen finding all entreaties to no purpose, writ to
+      her son Eustace to let him understand the ill success of her negotiation,
+      that no relief was to be otherwise hoped for than by arms, and therefore
+      advised him to raise immediately what forces he could for the relief of
+      his father.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Her next miscarriage was towards the Londoners, who presented her a
+      petition for redressing certain rigorous laws of her father, and restoring
+      those of Edward the Confessor. The Empress put them off for a time with
+      excuses, but at last discovered some displeasure at their importunity. The
+      citizens, who had with much difficulty been persuaded to receive her
+      against their inclinations, which stood wholly for the King, were moved
+      with indignation at her unreasonable refusal of their just demands, and
+      entered into a conspiracy to seize her person. But she had timely notice
+      of their design, and leaving the city by night in disguise, fled to
+      Oxford.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A third false step the Empress made,[36] was in refusing her new powerful
+      friend the legate a favour he desired in behalf of Eustace, the King's
+      son, to grant him the lands and honours held by his father before he came
+      to the crown. She had made large promises to this prelate, that she would
+      be directed in all things by his advice, and to be refused upon his first
+      application a small favour for his own nephew, stung him to the quick;
+      however, he governed his resentments a while, but began at the same time
+      to resume his affection for his brother. These thoughts were cultivated
+      with great address by Queen Maud, who prevailed at last so far upon the
+      legate, that private measures were agreed between them for restoring
+      Stephen to his liberty and crown. The bishop took leave of the Empress,
+      upon some plausible pretence, and retired to Winchester, where he gave
+      directions for supplying with men and provisions several strong castles he
+      had built in his diocese, while the Queen with her son Eustace prevailed
+      with the Londoners and men of Kent to rise in great numbers for the King;
+      and a powerful army was quickly on foot, under the command of William
+      d'Ypres Earl of Kent.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 36: William of Malmesbury. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the mean time the Empress began to be sensible of the errors she had
+      committed; and in hope either to retrieve the friendship of the legate, or
+      take him prisoner, marched with her army to Winchester, where being
+      received and lodged in the castle, she sent immediately for the legate,
+      spoke much in excuse of what was past, and used all endeavours to regain
+      him to her interests. Bishop Henry, on the other side, amused her with
+      dubious answers, and kept her in suspense for some days; but sent
+      privately at the same time to the King's army, desiring them to advance
+      with all possible speed; which was executed with so much diligence, that
+      the Empress and her brother had only time with their troops to march a
+      back way out of the town. They were pursued by the enemy so close in the
+      rear, that the Empress had hardly time, by counterfeiting herself dead, to
+      make her escape; in which posture she was carried as a corpse to
+      Gloucester; but the Earl her brother, while he made what opposition he
+      could, with design to stop her pursuers, was himself taken prisoner, with
+      great slaughter of his men. After the battle, the Earl was in his turn
+      presented to Queen Maud, and by her command sent to Rochester to be
+      treated in the same manner with the King.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thus the heads of both parties were each in the power of his enemy, and
+      Fortune seemed to have dealt with great equality between them. Two
+      factions divided the whole kingdom, and, as it usually happens, private
+      animosities were inflamed by the quarrel of the public; which introduced a
+      miserable face of things throughout the land, whereof the writers of our
+      English story give melancholy descriptions, not to be repeated in this
+      history; since the usual effects of civil war are obvious to conceive, and
+      tiresome as well as useless to relate. However, as the quarrel between the
+      King and Empress was grounded upon a cause that in its own nature little
+      concerned the interests of the people, this was thought a convenient
+      juncture for transacting a peace, to which there appeared an universal
+      disposition. Several expedients were proposed; but Earl Robert would
+      consent upon no other terms than the deposing of Stephen, and immediate
+      delivery of the crown to his sister. These debates lasted for some months,
+      until the two prisoners, weary of their long constraint, by mutual consent
+      were exchanged for each other, and all thoughts of agreement laid aside.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The King, upon recovery of his freedom, hastened to London, to get
+      supplies of men and money for renewing the war. He there found that his
+      brother of Winchester had, in a council of bishops and abbots, renounced
+      all obedience to the Empress, and persuaded the assembly to follow his
+      example. The legate, in excuse for this proceeding, loaded her with
+      infamy, produced several instances wherein she had broken the oath she
+      took when he received her as Queen, and upon which his obedience was
+      grounded; said, he had received information that she had a design upon his
+      life.[37]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 37: William of Malmesbury. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It must be confessed that oaths of fealty in this Prince's reign were
+      feeble ties for binding the subject to any reasonable degree of obedience;
+      and the warmest advocates for liberty cannot but allow, from those
+      examples here produced, that it is very possible for people to run upon
+      great extremes in this matter, that a monarch may be too much limited, and
+      a subject too little; whereof the consequences have been fully as
+      pernicious for the time as the worst that can be apprehended from
+      arbitrary power in all its heights, although not perhaps so lasting or so
+      hard to be remedied; since all the miseries of this kingdom, during the
+      period we are treating of, were manifestly owing to that continual
+      violation of such oaths of allegiance, as appear to have been contrived on
+      purpose by ambitious men to be broken at pleasure, without the least
+      apprehension of perjury, and in the mean time keep the prince in a
+      continual slavish dependence.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Earl of Gloucester, soon after his release, went over into Normandy,
+      where he found the Earl of Anjou employed in completing the conquest of
+      that duchy; there he delivered him the sons of several English noblemen,
+      to be kept as hostages for their fathers' fidelity to the Empress, and
+      used many arguments for persuading him to come over in person with an army
+      to her assistance: but Geoffrey excused himself by the importance of other
+      affairs, and the danger of exposing the dominions he had newly acquired to
+      rebellions in his absence. However, he lent the Earl of Gloucester a
+      supply of four hundred men, and sent along with him his eldest son Henry,
+      to comfort his mother, and be shewn to the people.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      During the short absence of the Earl of Gloucester, the Empress was
+      closely besieged in Oxford by the King; and provisions beginning to fail,
+      she was in cruel apprehensions of falling into his hands. This gave her
+      occasion to put in practice the only talent wherein she seemed to excel,
+      which was that of contriving some little shift or expedient to secure her
+      person upon any sudden emergency. A long season of frost had made the
+      Thames passable upon the ice, and much snow lay on the ground; Maud with
+      some few attendants clad all in white, to avoid being discovered from the
+      King's camp, crossed the river at midnight on foot, and travelling all
+      night, got safe to Wallingford Castle, where her brother and young son
+      Henry, newly returned from France, arrived soon after, to her great
+      satisfaction: but Oxford, immediately upon the news of her flight,
+      surrendered to the King.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      However, this disgrace was fully compensated soon after by another of the
+      same kind, which happened to King Stephen; for whilst he and his brother
+      of Winchester were fortifying a nunnery at Wilton, to bridle his enemies
+      at Salisbury, who very much harassed those parts by their frequent
+      excursions, the Earl of Gloucester, who watched all opportunities, came
+      unaware with a strong body of men, and set fire on the nunnery while the
+      King himself was in it. Stephen, upon the sudden surprise of the thing,
+      wholly lost or forgot his usual courage, and fled shamefully away, leaving
+      his soldiers to be cut in pieces by the Earl.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      During the rest of the war, although it lasted nine years longer, there is
+      little memorable recorded by any writer; whether the parties being pretty
+      equal, and both sufficiently tired with so long a contention, wanted
+      vigour and spirit to make a thorough conquest, and only endeavoured to
+      keep what they had, or whether the multitude of strong castles, whose
+      number daily increased, made it very difficult to end a war between two
+      contending powers almost in balance; let the cause be what it will, the
+      whole time passed in mutual sieges, surprises, revolts, surrenders of
+      fortified places, without any decisive action, or other event of
+      importance to be related. By which at length the very genius of the people
+      became wholly bent upon a life of spoil, robbery, and plunder; many of the
+      nobles, although pretending to hold their castles for the King or the
+      Empress, lived like petty independent princes in a perpetual state of war
+      against their neighbours; the fields lay uncultivated, all the arts of
+      civil life were banished, no veneration left for sacred persons or things;
+      in short, no law, truth, or religion among men, but a scene of universal
+      misery, attended with all the consequences of an embroiled and distracted
+      state.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      About the eleventh year of the King's reign, young Henry, now growing
+      towards a man, was sent for to France by a message from his father, who
+      was desirous to see him; but left a considerable party in England, to
+      adhere to his interests; and in a short time after (as some write[38]) the
+      Empress herself grown weary of contending any longer in a cause where she
+      had met with nothing but misfortunes of her own procuring, left the
+      kingdom likewise, and retired to her husband. Nor was this the only good
+      fortune that befell Stephen; for before the year ended, the main prop and
+      pillar of his enemies was taken away by death; this was Robert Earl of
+      Gloucester, than whom there have been few private persons known in the
+      world that deserve a fairer place and character in the registers of time,
+      for his inviolable faith, disinterested friendship, indefatigable zeal,
+      and firm constancy to the cause he espoused, and unparalleled generosity
+      in the conduct thereof: he adhered to his sister in all her fortunes, to
+      the ruin of his own; he placed a crown on her head; and when she had lost
+      it by her folly and perverseness refused the greatest offers from a
+      victorious enemy, who had him in his power, and chose to continue a
+      prisoner rather than recover his liberty by any hazard to her pretensions:
+      he bore up her sinking title in spite of her own frequent miscarriages,
+      and at last died in her cause by a fever contracted with perpetual toils
+      for her service. An example fit to be shewn the world, although few
+      perhaps are like to follow it; but however, a small tribute of praise,
+      justly due to extraordinary virtue, may prove no ill expedient to
+      encourage imitation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 38: Gervase. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But the death of this lord, together with the absence of the Empress and
+      her son in France, added very little to the quiet or security of the King.
+      For the Earl of Gloucester, suspecting the fidelity of the lords, had,
+      with great sagacity, delivered their sons to the Earl of Anjou, to be kept
+      as pledges for their fathers' fidelity, as we have before related: by
+      which means a powerful party was still kept up against Stephen, too strong
+      to be suddenly broken. Besides, he had, by an unusual strain of his
+      conduct, lately lost much good-will, as well as reputation, in committing
+      an act of violence and fraud on the person of the Earl of Chester, a
+      principal adherent of the Empress. This nobleman, of great power and
+      possessions, had newly reconciled himself to Stephen, and came to his
+      court at Northampton, where, against all laws of hospitality, as well as
+      common faith and justice, he was committed to prison, and forced to buy
+      his liberty with the surrender of Lincoln, and all his other places, into
+      the King's hands.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      1149. 1150.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Affairs continued in this turbulent posture about two years, the nobles
+      neither trusting the King nor each other. The number of castles still
+      increased, which every man who had any possessions was forced to build, or
+      else become a prey to his powerful neighbours. This was thought a
+      convenient juncture, by the Empress and her friends, for sending young
+      Prince Henry to try his fortune in England, where he landed at the head of
+      a considerable number of horse and foot, although he was then but sixteen
+      years old. Immediately after his arrival he went to Carlisle, where he met
+      his cousin David King of Scots, by whom he was made knight, after the
+      usual custom of young princes and noblemen in that age. The King of
+      England, who had soon intelligence of Henry's landing and motions, marched
+      down to secure York, against which he expected the first attempt of his
+      enemy was designed. But, whatever the cause might be (wherein the writers
+      of those ages are either silent or unsatisfactory) both armies remained at
+      that secure distance for three months, after which Henry returned back to
+      Normandy, leaving the kingdom in the state of confusion he found it at his
+      coming.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The fortunes of this young prince Henry Fitz-Empress now began to advance
+      by great and sudden steps, whereof it will be no digression to inform the
+      reader, as well upon the connection they have with the affairs at home
+      about this time, as because they concern the immediate successor to the
+      crown.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      1151.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Prince Henry's voyage to France was soon followed by the death of his
+      father Geoffrey Earl of Anjou, whereby the son became possessed of that
+      earldom, together with the Duchy of Normandy; but in a short time after he
+      very much enlarged his dominions by a marriage, in which he consulted his
+      reputation less than his advantage. For Louis the Young, King of France,
+      was lately divorced from his wife Eleanor, who, as the French writers
+      relate, bore a great contempt and hatred to her husband, and had long
+      desired such a separation. Other authors give her not so fair a character:
+      but whatever might be the real cause, the pretext was consanguinity in the
+      fourth degree.[39] Henry was content to accept this lady with all her
+      faults, and in her right became Duke of Aquitaine, and Earl of Poitou,
+      very considerable provinces, added to his other dominions.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 39: Louis VII., after living fourteen years with his Queen,
+      obtained a dissolution of the marriage on the plea of relationship within
+      the prohibited degrees. See Bouchet, "Annalles d'Acquitaine." [W.S.J.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But the two Kings of France and England began to apprehend much danger
+      from the sudden greatness of a young ambitious prince; and their interests
+      were jointly concerned to check his growth. Duke Henry was now ready to
+      sail for England, in a condition to assert his title upon more equal
+      terms; when the King of France, in conjunction with Eustace, King
+      Stephen's son, and Geoffrey, the Duke's own brother, suddenly entered into
+      his dominions with a mighty army; took the Castle of Neufmarché by storm,
+      and laid siege to that of Angers. The Duke, by this incident, was forced
+      to lay aside his thoughts of England, and marching boldly towards the
+      enemy, resolved to relieve the besieged; but finding they had already
+      taken the castle, he thought it best to make a diversion, by carrying the
+      war into the enemy's country, where he left all to the mercy of his
+      soldiers, surprised and burnt several castles, and made great devastations
+      wherever he came. This proceeding answered the end for which it was
+      designed; the King of France thought he had already done enough for his
+      honour, and began to grow weary of a ruinous war, which was likely to be
+      protracted. The conditions of a peace, by the intervention of some
+      religious men, were soon agreed. The Duke, after some time spent in
+      settling his affairs, and preparing all things necessary for his intended
+      expedition, set sail for England, where he landed[40] the same year in the
+      depth of winter, with a hundred and forty knights, and three thousand
+      foot.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 40: The place where he landed is not mentioned by our
+      historians. It was probably in the West of England, as the first
+      garrisoned town he attacked was Malmesbury. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Some time before Henry landed, the King had conceived a project to
+      disappoint his designs, by confirming the crown upon himself and his own
+      posterity.[41] He sent for the Archbishop of Canterbury, with several
+      other prelates, and proposed that his son Eustace should be crowned King
+      with all the usual solemnity: but the bishops absolutely refused to
+      perform the office, by express orders from the Pope, who was an enemy to
+      Stephen, partly upon account of his unjust or declining cause, but chiefly
+      for his strict alliance with the King of France, who was then engaged in a
+      quarrel against that See, upon a very tender point relating to the
+      revenues of vacant churches. The King and his son were both enraged at the
+      bishops' refusal, and kept them prisoners in the chamber where they
+      assembled, with many threats to force them to a compliance, and some other
+      circumstances of rigour; but all to no purpose, so that he was at length
+      forced to desist. But the archbishop, to avoid further vexation, fled the
+      realm.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 41: Gervase, Hen. Huntingdon. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This contrivance of crowning the son during the life and reign of the
+      father, which appears so absurd in speculation, was actually performed in
+      the succeeding reign, and seems to have been taken up by those two princes
+      of French birth and extraction, in imitation of the like practice in their
+      native country,[42] where it was usual for kings grown old and infirm, or
+      swayed by paternal indulgence, to receive their eldest son into a share of
+      the administration, with the title of King; a custom borrowed, no doubt,
+      from the later emperors of Rome, who adopted their Caesars after the like
+      manner.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 42: Mezeray. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      1153
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The King was employed in his usual exercise of besieging castles when the
+      news was brought of Henry's arrival. He left the work he was about, and
+      marched directly against the Duke, who was then sat down before
+      Malmesbury. But Stephen forced him to raise the siege, and immediately
+      offered him battle. The Duke, although his army was much increased by
+      continual revolts, thought it best to gain time, being still in number far
+      inferior to the King, and therefore kept himself strongly entrenched.
+      There is some difference among writers about the particulars of this war:
+      however, it is generally agreed, that in a short time after, the two
+      armies met, and were prepared for battle, when the nobles on both sides,
+      either dreading the consequences, or weary of a tedious war, prevailed
+      with the King and Duke to agree to a truce for some days in order to a
+      peace; which was violently opposed by Eustace, the King's son, a youth of
+      great spirit and courage, because he knew very well it could not be built
+      but upon the ruin of his interests; and therefore finding he could not
+      prevail, he left the army in a rage, and, attended by some followers,
+      endeavoured to satiate his fury, by destroying the country in his march:
+      But in a few days, as he sat at dinner in a castle of his own, he fell
+      suddenly dead, either through grief, madness, or poison.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The truce was now expired, and the Duke began to renew the war with fresh
+      vigour; but the King was wholly dispirited upon this fatal accident, and
+      now first began to entertain real thoughts of a peace. He had lost a son
+      whom he dearly loved, and with him he likewise lost the alliance of the
+      French King, to whose sister the young prince was married. He had indeed
+      another son left, but little esteemed by the nobles and people; nor, as it
+      appears, much regarded by his father. He was now in the decline of his
+      age, decayed in his health, forsaken by his friends, who, since the death
+      of Eustace, fell daily from him; and having no further care at heart for
+      his posterity, he thought it high time to seek repose for his person. The
+      nobles soon observed this disposition in their King, which was so
+      agreeable to their own; therefore, by general consent, Theobald Archbishop
+      of Canterbury was appointed mediator between both princes. All matters
+      were soon agreed; an assembly of lords was convened at Winchester, where
+      the King received the Duke with great marks of courtesy and kindness.
+      There the peace was confirmed by the King's charter, wherein are expressed
+      the terms of agreement. But I shall relate only the principal.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The King, by this charter, acknowledged Henry for lawful successor to the
+      crown; in which capacity all the nobles paid him homage: and Henry
+      himself, with his party, paid homage to Stephen. There is likewise a
+      reservation for William, the King's son, of all the honours possessed by
+      his father before he came to the crown. The King likewise acknowledges the
+      obedience of his subjects to be no longer due to him than he shall observe
+      the conditions of this charter. And for the performance of these articles,
+      the archbishops and bishops were appointed guarantees. There were some
+      other articles agreed on, which are not mentioned in the charter; as, a
+      general pardon; a restitution, to the right owners, of those lands and
+      possessions, which had been usurped in the time of the troubles; that all
+      castles built during the war should be razed to the ground, which are said
+      to have been above eleven hundred; that the rights of the Church should be
+      preserved; with other matters of less moment.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thus, by the prudence of Archbishop Theobald, the moderation of the two
+      princes engaged, and the universal inclination of the people, a happy
+      period was put to this tedious and troublesome war: men began to have the
+      prospect of a long peace; nor was it easy to foresee what could possibly
+      arise to disturb it; when discovery was made, by accident, of a most
+      horrible piece of treachery, which, if it had met with success, would have
+      once more set the whole nation in a flame. The Duke, after the peace,
+      attended the King to London, to be shewn to the people as the undoubted
+      successor to the crown; and having made a progress together through some
+      other parts of the kingdom, they came to Canterbury; where Henry received
+      private notice of a design upon his life. It hath been already observed,
+      that the King employed in his wars a body of Flemings, to the great
+      discontent of his own subjects, with whom they were very ungracious. These
+      foreigners were much discontented at the peace, whereby they were likely
+      to become useless and burthensome to the present King, and hateful to the
+      successor. To prevent which, the commanders among them began to practise
+      upon the levity and ambition of William the King's son. They urged the
+      indignity he had received in being deprived of his birthright; offered to
+      support his title by their valour, as they had done that of his father;
+      and, as an earnest of their intentions, to remove the chief impediment by
+      dispatching his rival out of the world, The young prince was easily
+      wrought upon to be at the head of this conspiracy; time and place were
+      fixed; when, upon the day appointed, William broke his leg by a fall from
+      his horse; and the conspirators wanting their leader immediately
+      dispersed. This disappointment and delay, as it usually happens among
+      conspirators, were soon followed by a discovery of the whole plot, whereof
+      the Duke, with great discretion, made no other use than to consult his own
+      safety; therefore, without any shew of suspicion or displeasure, he took
+      leave of the King, and returned to Normandy.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      1154.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Stephen lived not above a year to share the happiness of this peace with
+      his people, in which time he made a progress through most parts of the
+      kingdom, where he gained universal love and veneration, by a most affable
+      and courteous behaviour to all men. A few months after his return he went
+      to Dover, to have an interview with the Earl of Flanders;[43] where, after
+      a short sickness, he died of the iliac passion, together with his old
+      distemper the hemorrhoids, upon the twenty-fifth day of October, in the
+      forty-ninth year of his age, and the nineteenth of his reign.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 43: The Earl of Flanders was a potent sovereign on the
+      continent, and had landed at Dover, in order to meet and confer with the
+      King. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He was a prince of wonderful endowments, both in body and mind: in his
+      person tall and graceful, of great strength as well as vigour: he had a
+      large portion of most virtues that can be useful in a King towards the
+      happiness of his subjects or himself; courtesy and valour, liberality and
+      clemency, in an eminent degree; especially the last, which he carried to
+      an extreme, though very pardonable, yet hardly consisting with prudence,
+      or his own safety. If we except his usurpation of the crown, he must be
+      allowed a prince of great justice, which most writers affirm to have been
+      always unblemished, except in that single instance: for, as to his
+      treatment of the bishops and the Earl of Chester, it seems very excusable
+      by the necessity of the time; and it was the general opinion, if he had
+      not used that proceeding with the latter, it would have cost him his
+      crown. Perhaps his injustice to the Empress might likewise admit a little
+      extenuation. Four kings successively had sat on the throne without any
+      regard to lineal descent; a period beyond the memory of most men then
+      alive; whereby the people had lost much of that devotion they were used to
+      bear towards an established succession: besides, the government of a woman
+      was then a thing unknown, and for that reason disliked by all who
+      professed to hate innovations.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But the wisdom of this prince was by no means equal to the rest of his
+      virtues. He came to the crown upon as fair a title as his predecessor,
+      being elected by the general consent of the nobles, through the credit of
+      his brother, and his own personal merit. He had no disturbance for some
+      time, which he might easily have employed in settling the kingdom, and
+      acquiring the love of his people. He had treasure enough to raise and pay
+      armies, without burthening the subject. His competitor was a woman, whose
+      sex was the least of her infirmities, and with whom he had already
+      compounded for his quiet by a considerable pension: yet with all these
+      advantages he seldom was master of above half the kingdom at once, and
+      that by the force of perpetual struggling, and with frequent danger of
+      losing the whole. The principal difficulties he had to encounter, appear
+      to have been manifest consequences of several most imprudent steps in his
+      conduct, whereof many instances have been produced in the history of his
+      reign; such as, the unlimited permission of building castles; his raising
+      the siege of a weak place where the Empress was shut up, and must, in a
+      few days, have fallen into his hands; his employing the Flemings in his
+      wars, and favouring them above his own subjects; and lastly, that abortive
+      project of crowning his son, which procured him at once the hatred and
+      contempt of the clergy, by discovering an inclination to violence and
+      injustice that he durst not pursue: whereas, it was nothing else but an
+      effect of that hasty and sudden disposition usually ascribed to those of
+      his country, and in a peculiar manner charged to this prince: for authors
+      give it as a part of his character, to be hot and violent in the beginning
+      of an enterprise, but to slacken and grow cold in the prosecution.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He had a just sense of religion, and was frequent in attending the service
+      of the Church, yet reported to be no great friend of the clergy; which,
+      however, is a general imputation upon all the kings of this realm in that
+      and some succeeding reigns, and by no means personal to this prince, who
+      deserved it as little as any.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I do not find any alterations during this reign in the meetings of general
+      assemblies, further than that the Commons do not seem to have been
+      represented in any of them; for which I can assign no other reason than
+      the will of the King, or the disturbance of the time.[44] I observed the
+      word Parliament is used promiscuously among authors, for a general
+      assembly of nobles, and for a council of bishops, or synod of the clergy;
+      which renders this matter too perplexed to ascertain anything about it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 44: The rise and history of Parliaments had not been cleared up
+      when the Doctor writ in the beginning of this current century. It is
+      certain, that the Commons had as yet never been represented. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As for affairs of the Church, that deserve particular mention, I have not
+      met with any; unless it should be worth relating, that Henry Bishop of
+      Winchester, the Pope's legate, who held frequent synods during this reign,
+      was the first introducer of appeals to Rome, in this kingdom, for which he
+      is blamed by all the monkish historians who give us the account.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      THE REIGN OF HENRY THE SECOND
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      A FRAGMENT
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      1154.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The spirit of war and contention, which had for a long time possessed the
+      nation, became so effectually laid during the last year of King Stephen's
+      reign, that no alteration or disturbance ensued upon his death, although
+      the new King,[45] after he had received intelligence of it, was detained
+      six weeks[46] by contrary winds: besides, the opinion of this prince's
+      power and virtues, had already begotten so great an awe and reverence for
+      him among the people, that upon his arrival he found the whole kingdom in
+      a profound peace. He landed at Hostreham,[47] about the beginning of
+      December, was received at Winchester by a great number of the nobility,
+      who came there to attend and swear fealty to him, and three weeks after
+      was crowned at Westminster, about the twenty-third year of his age.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 45: Henry was at that time besieging a castle on the frontiers
+      of Normandy. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 46: Five weeks at the most; a month, saith Brompton. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 47: At Hostreham, saith Gervase. This place is not easy to be
+      found; however, it must be on the Sussex or Hampshire coast, because the
+      King went directly from the place of his landing to Winchester. Carte says
+      he landed December 8th, near Hurst Castle in the New Forest. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For the further settling of the kingdom, after the long distractions in
+      the preceding reign, he seized on all the castles which remained
+      undestroyed since the last peace between him and King Stephen; whereof
+      some he demolished, and trusted others to the government of persons in
+      whom he could confide.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But that which most contributed to the quiet of the realm, and the general
+      satisfaction of his subjects, was a proclamation published, commanding all
+      foreigners to leave England, enforced with a most effectual clause,
+      whereby a day was fixed, after which it should be capital for any of them
+      to appear; among these was William d'Ypres Earl of Kent, whose possessions
+      the King seized into his own hands.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      These foreigners, generally called Flemings by the writers of the English
+      story, were a sort of vagabond soldiers of fortune, who in those ages,
+      under several denominations, infested other parts of Europe as well as
+      England: they were a mixed people, natives of Arragon, Navarre, Biscay,
+      Brabant, and other parts of Spain and Flanders. They were ready to be
+      hired to whatever prince thought fit to employ them, but always upon
+      condition to have full liberty of plunder and spoil. Nor was it an easy
+      matter to get rid of them, when there was no further need of their
+      service. In England they were always hated by the people, and by this
+      prince in particular, whose continual enemies they had been.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After the expulsion of these foreigners, and the forcing a few refractory
+      lords to a surrender of their castles, King Henry, like a wise prince,
+      began to consider that a time of settled peace was the fittest juncture to
+      recover the rights of the crown, which had been lost by the war. He
+      therefore resumed, by his royal authority, all crown lands that had been
+      alienated by his predecessor; alleging that they were unalienable in
+      themselves, and besides, that the grants were void, as coming from an
+      usurper. Whether such proceedings are agreeable with justice, I shall not
+      examine; but certainly a prince cannot better consult his own safety than
+      by disabling those whom he renders discontent, which is effectually done
+      no other way but by depriving them of their possessions.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      1156.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      While the King was thus employed at home, intelligence came that his
+      brother Geoffrey was endeavouring by force to possess himself of the
+      Earldom of Anjou, to which he had fair pretensions; for their father
+      considering what vast dominions would fall to his eldest son, bequeathed
+      that earldom to the second in his last sickness, and commanded his nobles
+      then about him, to take an oath that they would not suffer his body to be
+      buried until Henry (who was then absent) should swear to observe his will.
+      The Duke of Normandy, when he came to assist at his father's obsequies,
+      and found that without his compliance he must draw upon himself the
+      scandal of keeping a father unburied, took the oath that was exacted for
+      observance of his will, though very much against his own. But after he was
+      in possession of England, whether it were that his ambition enlarged with
+      his dominions, or that from the beginning he had never intended to observe
+      what he had sworn, he prevailed with Pope Adrian (of English birth) to
+      dispense with his oath, and in the second year of his reign went over into
+      Normandy, drove his brother entirely out of Anjou, and forced him to
+      accept a pension for his maintenance. But the young prince, through the
+      resentment of this unnatural dealing, in a short time died of grief.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Nor was his treatment more favourable to the King of Scots, whom, upon a
+      slight pretence, he took occasion to dispossess of Carlisle, Newcastle,
+      and other places granted by the Empress to that prince's father, for his
+      services and assistance in her quarrel against Stephen.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Having thus recovered whatever he had any title to demand, he began to
+      look out for new acquisitions. Ireland was in that age a country little
+      known in the world. The legates sent sometimes thither from the Court of
+      Rome, for urging the payment of annats, or directing other Church affairs,
+      represented the inhabitants as a savage people, overrun with barbarism and
+      superstition: for indeed no nation of Europe, where the Christian religion
+      received so early and universal admittance, was ever so late or slow in
+      feeling its effects upon their manners and civility.[48] Instead of
+      refining their manners by their faith, they had suffered their faith to be
+      corrupted by their manners; true religion being almost defaced, both in
+      doctrine and discipline, after a long course of time, among a people
+      wholly sunk in ignorance and barbarity. There seem to have been two
+      reasons why the inhabitants of that island continued so long uncultivated;
+      first, their subjection or vassalage to so many petty kings, whereof a
+      great number is mentioned by authors, besides those four or five usually
+      assigned to the several provinces. These princes were engaged in perpetual
+      quarrels, in doing or revenging injuries of violence, or lust, or
+      treachery, or injustice, which kept them all in a continual state of war.
+      And indeed there is hardly any country, how renowned soever in ancient or
+      modern story, which may not be traced from the like original. Neither can
+      a nation come out from this state of confusion, until it is either reduced
+      under one head at home, or by force or conquest becomes subject to a
+      foreign administration.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 48: The Irish had been very learned in former ages, but had
+      declined for several centuries before the reign of Henry II. <i>Vide</i>
+      Bede. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The other reason why civility made such late entrances into that island,
+      may be imputed to its natural situation, lying more out of the road of
+      commerce or conquest than any other part of the known world. All the
+      intercourse the inhabitants had, was only with the western coasts of Wales
+      and Scotland, from whence, at least in those ages, they were not like to
+      learn very much politeness.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      1155.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The King, about the second year of his reign, sent ambassadors to Pope
+      Adrian, with injunctions to desire his licence for reducing the savage
+      people of Ireland from their brutish way of living, and subjecting them to
+      the crown of England. The King proceeded thus, in order to set up a title
+      to the island, wherein the Pope himself pretended to be lord of the see;
+      for in his letter, which is an answer and grant to the King's requests, he
+      insists upon it, that all islands, upon their admitting the Christian
+      faith, become subject to the See of Rome; and the Irish themselves avowed
+      the same thing to some of the first conquerors. In that forementioned
+      letter, the Pope highly praises the King's generous design,[49] and
+      recommends to him the civilizing the natives, the protection of the
+      Church, and the payment of Peter-pence. The ill success of all past
+      endeavours to procure from a people so miserable and irreligious this
+      revenue to the holy see was a main inducement with the Pope to be easy and
+      liberal in his grant; for the King professed a design of securing its
+      regular payment. However, this expedition was not undertaken until some
+      years after, when there happened an incident to set it forward, as we
+      shall relate in its place.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 49: Radulphus de Diceto. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      HENRY THE SECOND'S CHARACTER
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      EXTRACTED FROM THE MONKS
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Hard to gather his character from such bad authors.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A wise prince, to whom other princes referred their differences; and had
+      ambassadors from both empires, east and west, as well as others, at once
+      in his court.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Strong and brawny body, patient of cold and heat, big head, broad breast,
+      broken voice, temperate in meat, using much exercise, just stature, <i>forma
+      elegantissima, colore sub-rufo, oculis glaucis</i>, sharp wit, very great
+      memory, constancy in adversity [and] in felicity, except at last he
+      yielded, because almost forsaken of all; liberal, imposed few tributes,
+      excellent soldier and fortunate, wise and not unlearned. His vices: mild
+      and promising in adversity, fierce and hard, and a violator of faith in
+      prosperity; covetous to his domestics and children, although liberal to
+      soldiers and strangers, which turned the former from him; loved profit
+      more than justice; very lustful, which likewise turned his sons and others
+      from him. Rosamond and the labyrinth at Woodstock. Not very religious;[50]
+      <i>mortuos milites lugens plus quam vivos amans, largus in publico, parcus
+      in privato</i>. Constant in love and hatred, false to his word, morose, a
+      lover of ease. Oppressor of nobles, sullen, and a delayer of justice; <i>verbo
+      varius et versutus</i>&mdash;Used churchmen well after Becket's death;
+      charitable to the poor, levied few taxes, hated slaughter and cruelty.[51]
+      A great memory, and always knew those he once saw.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 50: Brompton. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 51: Giraldus. [D.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Very indefatigable in his travels backwards and forwards to Normandy,
+      &amp;c. of most endless desires to increase his dominions.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Caetera desiderantur</i>.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      ***** ***** ***** ***** *****
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0009" id="link2H_4_0009"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      SWIFT'S REMARKS ON THE CHARACTERS
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      OF THE COURT OF QUEEN ANNE.
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      FROM "MEMOIRS OF THE SECRET SERVICES OF JOHN MACKY, ESQ."
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      NOTE.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      JOHN MACKY, the author of the "Characters," was, for many years, in the
+      employ of the English government, as an agent for obtaining information as
+      to the movements of the French. He published, in 1696, "A View of the
+      Court of St. Germains from the Year 1690 to 1695." The information
+      embodied in this work he obtained from personal observation while in
+      Paris. About 1709, however, he aroused the government's suspicions, and
+      was imprisoned. He was kept confined until the accession of George I. On
+      his release he attempted to establish a packet-service between England and
+      Ireland, to Dublin; but the venture failed. He died at Rotterdam in 1726.
+      The "Characters" was first published in 1733, with the title:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Memoirs of the Secret Services of John Macky, Esq., during the Reigns of
+      King William, Queen Anne, and King George I. Including also the true
+      Secret History of the Rise, Promotions, etc., of the English and Scots
+      Nobility; Officers, Civil, Military, Naval, and other Persons of
+      distinction from the Revolution. In their respective Characters at large:
+      drawn up by Mr. Macky pursuant to the direction of Her Royal Highness the
+      Princess Sophia. Published from his original manuscript, as attested by
+      his son, Spring Macky, Esq. London, 1733." The work was prepared for the
+      press by a Mr. Davis, an officer in the Customs.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It has been questioned whether Swift did really make the "remarks"
+      attributed to him by his various editors; but there can be little doubt
+      about their authenticity. Thomas Birch seems to have transcribed the
+      "remarks" in 1753, if we are to believe a note in a copy of Macky's book
+      in the British Museum, which says: "The MS. notes on the Characters in
+      this Book were written by Dr. Swift, and transcribed by Tho. Birch. Aug.
+      15, 1753." Isaac Reed's copy is also in the British Museum, but his notes
+      were transcribed from another copy in the possession of J. Putland, and
+      Putland's copy, Reed notes, was "formerly in the possession of Philip
+      Carteret Webb, Esq., now [1770] of Thomas Astle, Esq." J. Ritson's copy,
+      which is at the South Kensington Museum, had the "remarks" transcribed to
+      it from Reed's copy, but Ritson notes that Reed copied the "remarks" from
+      J. Putland's transcript of the Dean's own original. Ritson, however, does
+      not say how he knew that Putland had the "Dean's own original." In "Notes
+      and Queries" (3, ii. 430) the Rev. J. Jebb, Rector of Peterstow, states he
+      had (in 1862) a copy of the "Characters" with transcript of Swift's
+      "remarks" by Bishop Jebb. Mr. Edward Solly has an interesting paper on
+      this matter in the "Bibliographer" for March, 1883. He suggests that Mr.
+      Putland may have written them down himself from remarks made by Swift.
+      "The Crypt" for December, 1829, published Swift's "remarks" from a copy in
+      the possession of Mr. Pickering, the bookseller.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A careful collation of all the available copies has been made for this
+      edition, and the text of Macky's work has been read with the first
+      edition. Where neither Reed nor Birch give no remarks, they have been
+      omitted from this reprint. "The Crypt" and Nichols in his quarto edition
+      (vol. xiv.) often differ, but these differences have been adjusted.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is almost needless to say that Sir Walter Scott's text and notes have
+      been very much altered by this process.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      [T.S.]
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      REMARKS ON THE CHARACTERS OF THE COURT OF QUEEN ANNE.
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      JOHN, DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A tall, handsome man for his age, with a very obliging address; of a
+      wonderful presence of mind, so as hardly ever to be discomposed; of a very
+      clean head, and sound judgment; ... every way capable of being a great
+      man, if the great success of his arms, and the heaps of favours thrown
+      upon him by his sovereign, does not raise his thoughts above the rest of
+      the nobility, and consequently draw upon him the envy of the people of
+      England. He is turned of 50 years of age.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Detestably
+      covetous.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      JAMES, DUKE OF ORMONDE.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He hath all the qualities of a great man, except that one of
+      a statesman, hating business. ... He is about 40 years old.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Fairly enough writ.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      CHARLES, DUKE OF SOMERSET.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. Is of a middle stature, well shaped, a very black
+      complexion, a lover of music and poetry; of good judgment.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Not a grain; hardly common sense.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      JOHN, DUKE OF BUCKINGHAMSHIRE.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky.</i> He is a nobleman of learning, and good natural parts, but of
+      no principles. Violent for the high-church, yet seldom goes to it. Very
+      proud, insolent, and covetous, and takes all advantages. In paying his
+      debts, unwilling; and is neither esteemed nor beloved.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      This character is the truest of any.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      DANIEL, EARL OF NOTTINGHAM [AFTERWARDS EARL OF WINCHILSEA].
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He hath the exterior air of business, and application enough
+      to make him very capable. In his habit and manners very formal; a tall,
+      thin, very black man, like a Spaniard or Jew, about 50 years old.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      He fell in with the Whigs, was an endless talker.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      HENRY, EARL OF ROMNEY.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He was indeed the great wheel on which the Revolution
+      rolled.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. He had not a wheel to turn a mouse.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He is a gentleman that hath lived up [<i>Swift</i>, down] to
+      the employments the King gave him; of great honour and honesty, with a
+      moderate capacity.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. None at all.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      JOHN, DUKE OF NEWCASTLE.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He hath one only daughter, who will be the richest heiress
+      in Europe.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Now Countess of Oxford; cheated by her
+      father.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      CHARLES [LENNOX], DUKE OF RICHMOND.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He is a gentleman good-natured to a fault; very well bred,
+      and hath many valuable things in him; is an enemy to business, very
+      credulous, well shaped, black complexion, much like King Charles; not 30
+      years old.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A shallow coxcomb.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      CHARLES, DUKE OF BOLTON.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. Does not now make any figure at court.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Nor anywhere else. A great booby.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      GEORGE, DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLAND.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He is a man of honour, nice in paying his debts, and living
+      well with his neighbours in the country; does not much care for the
+      conversation of men of quality, or business. Is a tall black man, like his
+      father the King, about 40 years old.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. He was a most
+      worthy person, very good-natured, and had very good sense.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      CHARLES [FITZROY], DUKE OF GRAFTON.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. Grandson to King Charles II.; ... a very pretty gentleman,
+      hath been abroad in the world; zealous for the constitution of his
+      country. A tall black man, about 25 years old.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Almost
+      a slobberer; without one good quality.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      SIR NATHAN WRIGHT, LORD KEEPER.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. Is son of a clergyman,[1] a good common lawyer, a slow
+      chancellor, and no civilian. Chance more than choice brought him the
+      seals.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Very covetous.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: His father had the living of Thurcaston, in Leicestershire.
+      [S.]]
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      RALPH, DUKE OF MONTAGU.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He is a great supporter of the French, and other Protestants
+      ... an admirer of learning.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. As arrant a knave as any
+      in his time.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      WILLIAM, MARQUESS OF HARTINGTON.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. One of the best beloved gentlemen, by the country party, in
+      England.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A very poor understanding.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      JOHN, LORD SOMERS.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. Of a creditable family, in the city of Worcester.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Very mean; his father was a noted rogue.&mdash;<i>Macky</i>. He is
+      believed to be the best chancellor that ever sat in the chair.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      I allow him to have possessed all excellent qualifications except virtue.
+      He had violent passions, and hardly subdued them by his great prudence.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      CHARLES, LORD HALIFAX [AFTERWARDS EARL OF HALIFAX].
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He is a great encourager of learning and learned men, is the
+      patron of the muses, of very agreeable conversation, a short fair man, not
+      40 years old.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. His encouragements were only good words
+      and dinners; I never heard him say one good thing, or seem to taste what
+      was said by another.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      CHARLES, EARL OF DORSET.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. One of the finest gentlemen, in England, in the reign of
+      King Charles II.; of great learning [<i>Swift</i>. small, or none],
+      extremely witty, and hath been the author of some of the finest poems in
+      the English language, especially satire.... One of the pleasantest
+      companions in the world [<i>Swift</i>. not of late years, but a very dull
+      one], when he likes his company.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      RICHARD, EARL RIVERS.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He was one of the greatest rakes in England in his younger
+      days, but always a lover of the constitution of his country; is a
+      gentleman of very good sense, and very cunning.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. An
+      arrant knave in common dealings, and very prostitute.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      ARNOLD, EARL OF ALBEMARLE.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He was King William's constant companion in all his
+      diversions and pleasures.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Very infamous pleasures.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      ALGERNON, EARL OF ESSEX.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. Is son to that earl whose throat was cut in the Tower.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Cut his own throat.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      WILLIAM, EARL OF PORTLAND.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He is supposed to be the richest subject in Europe, very
+      profuse in gardening, birds, and household furniture, but mighty frugal
+      and parsimonious in everything else; of a very lofty mien, and yet not
+      proud; of no deep understanding.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. As great a dunce as
+      ever I knew.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      JAMES, EARL OF DERBY.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. On his brothers death he came to the House of Peers, where
+      he never will make any great figure, the sword being more his profession;
+      he is a fair-complexioned man, well shaped, taller than the ordinary size,
+      and a man of honour.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. As arrant a scoundrel as his
+      brothers.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      CHARLES, EARL OF PETERBOROUGH.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He affects popularity, and loves to preach in coffee-houses,
+      and public places; is an open enemy to revealed religion; brave in his
+      person; hath a good estate; does not seem expensive, yet always in debt,
+      and very poor.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. This character is for the most part
+      true.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      CHARLES, EARL OF SUNDERLAND.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. This gentleman is endued with a great deal of learning,
+      virtue [<i>Swift</i>, no], and good sense.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      THOMAS, EARL OF STAMFORD.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. Is one of the first branches of the Greys, a noble family in
+      England.... He doth not want sense; but by reason of a defect in his
+      speech, wants elocution.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. He looked and talked like a
+      very weak man; but it was said he spoke well at council.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      THOMAS [TUFTON], EARL OF THANET.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He is a good country gentleman, a great assertor of the
+      prerogatives of the monarchy and the Church.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Of great
+      piety and charity.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      EDWARD [MONTAGU], EARL OF SANDWICH.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. Of very ordinary parts; married the witty Lord Rochester's
+      daughter, who makes him very expensive.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. As much a
+      puppy as ever I saw; very ugly, and a fop.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      ROBERT, LORD LUCAS.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He is every way a plain man, yet took a great deal of pains
+      to seem knowing and wise; everybody pitied him when the Queen turned him
+      out, for his seeming good nature, and real poverty.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A
+      good plain humdrum.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      CHARLES, EARL OF WINCHILSEA.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He hath neither genius nor gusto for business,... and is
+      zealous for the monarchy and Church to the highest degree. He loves jests
+      and puns, [<i>Swift</i>. I never observed it,] and that sort of low wit.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Being very poor, he complied too much with the party he hated.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      JOHN, LORD POULETT OF HINTON [AFTERWARDS EARL POULETT].
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He is certainly one of the hopefullest gentlemen in England;
+      is very learned, virtuous, and a man of honour; much esteemed in the
+      country, for his generous way of living with the gentry, and his charity
+      to the poorest sort.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. This character is fair enough.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      CHARLES, LORD [VISCOUNT] TOWNSHEND.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. Is a gentleman of great learning, attended with a sweet
+      disposition; a lover of the constitution of his country; is beloved by
+      everybody that knows him.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. I except one.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      WILLIAM, LORD DARTMOUTH [AFTERWARDS EARL OF DARTMOUTH].
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He sets up for a critic in conversation, makes jests, and
+      loves to laugh at them; takes a great deal of pains in his office, and is
+      in a fair way of rising at court.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. This is right
+      enough, but he has little sincerity.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      THOMAS, LORD WHARTON [AFTERWARDS EARL OF WHARTON].
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. One of the completest gentlemen in England, hath a very
+      clear understanding, and manly expressions, with abundance of wit. He is
+      brave in his person, much of a libertine, of a middle stature, fair
+      complexion, and 50 years old.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. The most universal
+      villain I ever knew.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      CHARLES, LORD MOHUN.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He is brave in his person, bold in his expressions, and
+      rectifies, as fast as he can, the slips of his youth by acts of honesty;
+      which he now glories in more, than he was formerly extravagant.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      He was little better than a conceited talker in company.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      HENRY, EARL OF KENT.[2]
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: Afterwards Duke of Kent.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. Is the first branch of the ancient family of Grey. The
+      present gentleman was much esteemed, when Lord Ruthen; was always very
+      moderate, has good sense, and a good estate; which, with his quality, must
+      make him always bear a considerable figure in the nation.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      He seems a good-natured man, but of very little consequence.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      ROBERT, EARL OF LINDSEY [AFTERWARDS DUKE OF ANCASTER].
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. A fine gentleman, has both wit and learning.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      I never observed a grain of either.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      MONTAGU, EARL OF ABINGDON.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. A gentleman of fine parts, makes a good figure in the
+      counties of Oxford and Buckinghamshire:... is very high for the monarchy
+      and Church.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Very covetous.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      PHILIP, EARL OF CHESTERFIELD.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He is very subtle and cunning, never entered into the
+      measures of King William, nor ever will, in all probability, make any
+      great appearance in any other reign.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. If it be old
+      Chesterfield, I have heard he was the greatest knave in England.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      CHARLES, EARL OF BERKELEY.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. A gentleman of learning, parts, and a lover of the
+      constitution of his country; a short fat man.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Intolerably lazy and indolent, and somewhat covetous.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      LOUIS, EARL OF FEVERSHAM.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. A third son of the family of Duras in France; he came over
+      with one of the Duke of York's family;... is a middle-statured brown man,
+      turned of 50 years old.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. He was a very dull old fellow.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      HENRY, EARL OF GRANTHAM.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He is a very pretty gentleman, fair complexioned, and past
+      30 years old.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. And good for nothing.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      JOHN, LORD DE LA WARR.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. A free jolly gentleman, turned of 40 years old.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Of very little sense; but formal, and well stocked with the low kind of
+      lowest politics.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      ROBERT, LORD LEXINTON.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He is of a good understanding, and very capable to be in the
+      ministry; a well-bred gentleman, and an agreeable companion.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      A very moderate degree of understanding.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      RALPH, LORD GREY OF WERKE.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. A sweet disposed gentleman; he joined King William at the
+      Revolution, and is a zealous assertor of the liberties of the people.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Had very little in him.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      JAMES, LORD CHANDOS.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. Was warm against King William's reign, and doth not make any
+      great figure in this; but, his son, Mr. Brydges[3] does, being a member of
+      the House of Commons, one of the counsellors to the prince, and a very
+      worthy gentleman.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. But a great compiler with every
+      court.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: Afterwards Duke of Chandos.]
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      FRANCIS, LORD GUILFORD.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. Is son to the lord-keeper North, hath been abroad, does not
+      want sense nor application to business, and his genius leads him that way.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      A mighty silly fellow.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      EDWARD, LORD GRIFFIN.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. Having-followed King James's fortunes, is now in France. He
+      was always a great sportsman, and brave; a good companion, turned of 60
+      years old.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. His son was a plain drunken fellow.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      HUGH, LORD CHOLMONDELEY [AFTERWARDS EARL OF CHOLMONDELEY].
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. This lord is a great lover of country sports; is handsome in
+      his person, and turned of 40 years old.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Good for
+      nothing, as far as ever I knew.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      CHARLES, LORD BUTLER OF WESTON.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. Earl of Arran in Ireland, and brother to the Duke of
+      Ormonde;... of very good sense, though seldom shows it.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      This is right; but he is the most negligent of his own affairs.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      MR. THOMAS MANSELL [AFTERWARDS LORD MANSELL].
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He is a gentleman of a great deal of wit and good nature, a
+      lover of the ladies, and a pleasant companion.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Of very
+      good nature, but a very moderate capacity.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ROBERT HARLEY, ESQ. [AFTERWARDS EARL OF OXFORD], SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF
+      COMMONS.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He is skilled in most things, and very eloquent, [<i>Swift</i>,
+      a great lie;] was bred a Presbyterian, yet joins with the Church party in
+      everything; and they do nothing without him.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. He could
+      not properly be called eloquent, but he knew how to prevail on the House
+      with few words and strong reasons.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      THE HON. HENRY BOYLE [AFTERWARDS LORD CARLETON], CHANCELLOR OF THE
+      EXCHEQUER.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. Is a good companion in conversation; agreeable amongst the
+      ladies; serves the Queen very assiduously in council; makes a considerable
+      figure in the House of Commons; by his prudent administration, obliges
+      everybody in the exchequer; and in time may prove a great man.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      He had some very scurvy qualities, particularly avarice.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      SIR THOMAS FRANKLAND, POST-MASTER-GENERAL.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He is a gentleman of a very sweet, easy, affable
+      disposition; of good sense, extremely zealous for the constitution of his
+      country, yet does not seem over forward; keeps an exact unity amongst the
+      officers under him, and encourages them in their duty, through a peculiar
+      familiarity, by which he obliges them, and keeps up the dignity of being
+      master.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A fair character.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      THE RT. HON. JOHN SMITH, ONE OF HER MAJESTY'S PRIVY-COUNCIL.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. A gentleman of much honour, a lover of the constitution of
+      his country; a very agreeable companion in conversation, a bold orator in
+      the House of Commons,[4] when the interest of his country is at stake; of
+      a good address.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. I thought him a heavy man.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: He was Speaker of the House of Commons, 1705-1708. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      CHARLES D'AVENANT, LL.D.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He was very poor at the Revolution, had no business to
+      support him all the reign of King William, yet made a good figure. He is a
+      very cloudy-looked man, fat, of middle stature, about 50 years old.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      He was used ill by most ministries; he ruined his own estate, which put
+      him under a necessity to comply with the times.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      MATTHEW PRIOR, ESQ., COMMISSIONER OF TRADE.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. On the Queen's accession to the throne, he was continued in
+      his office, is very well at court with the ministry, and is an entire
+      creature of my Lord Jersey's, whom he supports by his advice. Is one of
+      the best poets in England, but very factious in conversation; a thin
+      hollow-looked man, turned of 40 years old.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. This is
+      near the truth.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      THOMAS TENISON, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. A plain, good, heavy man, now much in years, and wearing
+      out; very tall, of a fair complexion, and 70 years old.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      The most good-for-nothing prelate I ever knew.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      GILBERT BURNET. BISHOP OF SALISBURY.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. Of a very good family in Scotland, of the name of Burnet,
+      his father was Lord [<i>Swift</i>, laird] of Cremont.... He is one of the
+      greatest [<i>Swift</i>, Scotch] orators of the age he lives in. His
+      "History of the Reformation," and his "Exposition of the Thirty-nine
+      Articles," show him to be a man of great learning; but several of his
+      other works show him to be a man neither of prudence nor temper; his
+      sometimes opposing, and sometimes favouring, the Dissenters, hath much
+      exposed him to the generality of the people of England; yet he is very
+      useful in the House of Peers, and proves a great pillar, both of the civil
+      and ecclesiastical constitution, against the encroachments of a party
+      which would destroy both.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. His true character would
+      take up too much time for me (who knew him well) to describe it.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      GEORGE STEPNEY, ESQ., ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY TO THE EMPEROR [OF AUSTRIA].
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. A gentleman of admirable natural parts, very learned, one of
+      the best poets [<i>Swift</i>, scarce of a third rate] now in England.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      MR. [AFTERWARDS SIR PAUL] METHUEN, AMBASSADOR TO THE KING OF PORTUGAL.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. A man of intrigue, but very muddy in his conceptions, and
+      not quickly understood in anything. In his complexion and manners, much of
+      a Spaniard.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A profligate rogue, without religion or
+      morals; but cunning enough, yet without abilities of any kind.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      THOMAS, LORD RABY [AFTERWARDS EARL OF STRAFFORD], ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY TO
+      THE KING OF PRUSSIA.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He is a young gentleman, <i>de bon naturel</i>, handsome, of
+      fine understanding, [<i>Swift</i>, very bad, and can't spell,] and, with
+      application, may prove a man of business. He is of low stature [<i>Swift</i>,
+      he is tall].
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      MR. [RICHARD] HILL, ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY TO THE DUKE OF SAVOY.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. Is a gentleman of a good family in Shropshire. He was
+      designed for the church, and took deacon's [<i>Swift</i>, priest's]
+      orders; but having a genius for business, and falling into the
+      acquaintance of my Lord Ranelagh, when tutor to my Lord Hyde, he was sent
+      into Flanders as paymaster to the English troops there. ... He is a
+      gentleman of very clear parts, and affects plainness and simplicity [<i>Swift,
+      au contraire</i>] in his dress, and conversation especially. He is a
+      favourite to both parties [<i>Swift</i>, to neither]; and is beloved for
+      his easy access, and affable way by those he has business to do with. He
+      is a thin, tall man, [<i>Swift,</i> short, if I remember right,] taller
+      than the ordinary stature, near 50 years old.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      SIR LAMBERT BLACKWELL, ENVOY TO THE GREAT DUKE OF TUSCANY.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He affects much the gentleman in his dress, and the minister
+      in his conversation: Is very lofty, yet courteous, when he knows his
+      people; much envied by his fellow merchants.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. He seemed
+      to be a very good-natured man.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      MR. <i>[Dr.]</i> AGLIONBY, ENVOY TO THE SWISS CANTONS.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He hath abundance of wit, and understands most of the modern
+      languages well; knows how to tell a story to the best advantage; but has
+      an affected manner of conversation; is thin, splenetic, and tawny
+      complexioned, turned of 60 years old.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. He had been a
+      Papist.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      MR. D'AVENANT, AGENT AT FRANKFORT.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. A very giddy-headed young fellow, with some wit; about 25
+      years old.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. He is not worth mentioning.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      JOHN, LORD CUTTS.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He hath abundance of wit, but too much seized with vanity
+      and self-conceit; he is affable, familiar, and very brave; ... towards 50
+      years old.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. The vainest old fool alive.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      HENRY, EARL OF GALWAY.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. One of the finest gentlemen in the army, with a head fitted
+      for the cabinet, as well as the camp; is very modest, vigilant, and
+      sincere; a man of honour and honesty, [<i>Swift</i>, in all directly
+      otherwise;] without pride or affectation; wears his own hair, is plain in
+      his dress and manners, towards 60 years old.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A
+      deceitful, hypocritical, factious knave; a damnable hypocrite, of no
+      religion.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      GEORGE, EARL OF ORKNEY.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He is a very well-shaped black man; is brave; but, by reason
+      of a hesitation in his speech wants expression.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. An
+      honest good-natured gentleman, and hath much distinguished himself as a
+      soldier.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      MR. JAMES STANHOPE [AFTERWARDS EARL STANHOPE], ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY TO THE
+      STATES GENERAL.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He is a man of honour,... and pleases the Dutch. His son,
+      Colonel Stanhope, is one of the finest young gentlemen we have; is very
+      learned, with a great deal of wit. ... A handsome [<i>Swift</i>, ugly]
+      black man.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      SIR CHARLES O'HARA [AFTERWARDS LORD TYRAWLEY], LIEUTENANT-GENERAL.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. At the Revolution he had a company in the foot-guards; was
+      afterwards lieutenant-colonel to that regiment; was made colonel to the
+      fusileers, and gradually advanced to the post he now hath, which he well
+      deserves, being of good understanding, and abundance of learning; fit to
+      command, if not too covetous; he is a short, black man, 50 years old.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      His father was a groom; he was a man of sense, without one grain of
+      honesty.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      COLONEL MATTHEW AYLMER [AFTERWARDS LORD AYLMER], VICE-ADMIRAL OF THE
+      FLEET.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He hath a very good head, indefatigable and designing; is
+      very zealous for the liberties of the people, makes a good figure in the
+      Parliament, as well as the fleet.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A virulent party
+      man, born in Ireland.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      JAMES, DUKE OF HAMILTON.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. On the Queen's accession to the throne, he made strong
+      efforts to get into the administration, but hath not yet succeeded, though
+      he is well received at court; he is brave in his person, with a rough air
+      of boldness; of good sense, very forward and hot for what he undertakes;
+      ambitious and haughty, a violent enemy; hath been very extravagant in his
+      manner of living; but now grows covetous.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. He was made
+      master of the ordnance; a worthy good-natured person, very generous, but
+      of a middle understanding; he was murdered by that villain Macartney, an
+      Irish Scot.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      ARCHIBALD, DUKE OF ARGYLL.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. Few of his years hath a better understanding, nor a more
+      manly behaviour. He hath seen most of the courts of Europe, is very
+      handsome in his person, fair complexioned; about 25 years old.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Ambitious, covetous, cunning Scot; has no principle, but his own interest
+      and greatness. A true Scot in his whole conduct.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      JAMES, MARQUESS OF MONTROSE [AFTERWARDS DUKE OF MONTROSE].
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. Representative of the ancient and noble family of Graham;
+      great-grandson to that famous Montrose, who was hanged and quartered for
+      Charles I.; and grandson, by the mother, to the Duke of Rothes. He
+      inherits all the great qualities of those two families, with a sweetness
+      of behaviour, which charms all those who know him; hath improved himself
+      in most foreign courts; is very beautiful in his person, and about 25
+      years old.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Now very homely, and makes a sorry
+      appearance.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      JOHN, EARL OF SUTHERLAND.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. A very honest man, a great assertor of the liberties of the
+      people; hath a good, rough sense; is open and free; a great lover of his
+      bottle and his friend; brave in his person, which he hath shown in several
+      duels; too familiar for his quality, and often keeps company below it.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      A blundering, rattle-pated, drunken sot.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      SECRETARY [JAMES] JOHNSTOUN, NOW LORD-REGISTER.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. Is a younger son of my Lord Warriston, who was beheaded. ...
+      He is very honest, [<i>Swift</i>, a treacherous knave,] yet something too
+      credulous and suspicious; endued with a great deal of learning and virtue;
+      is above little tricks, free from ceremony; and would not tell a lie for
+      the world.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> One of the greatest knaves even in
+      Scotland.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      MR. [WILLIAM] CARSTAIRS.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He is the cunningest, subtle dissembler in the world, with
+      an air of sincerity, a dangerous enemy, because always hid. An instance of
+      which was Secretary Johnstoun, to whom he pretended friendship, till the
+      very morning he gave him a blow, though he had been worming him out of the
+      King's favour for many months before; he is a fat, sanguine-complexioned
+      fair man, always smiling, where he designs most mischief, a good friend
+      when he is sincere; turned of 50 years old.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A true
+      character; but not strong enough by a fiftieth part.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      JOHN, EARL OF MAR.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He is a very good manager in his private affairs, which were
+      in disorder when his father died, and is a stanch countryman, fair
+      complexioned, low stature, and 30 years old.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. He is
+      crooked; he seemed to me to be a gentleman of good sense and good nature,
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      ANDREW FLETCHER, OF SALTON.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. A gentleman of a fair estate in Scotland, attended with the
+      improvement of a good education. ... He hath written some excellent
+      tracts, but not published in his name; and hath a very fine genius; is a
+      low, thin man, brown complexion, full of fire, with a stern, sour look,
+      and 50 years old.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A most arrogant, conceited pedant in
+      politics; cannot endure the least contradiction in any of his visions or
+      paradoxes.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      CHARLES, EARL OF MIDDLETON.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He is one of the politest gentlemen in Europe; hath a great
+      deal of wit, mixed with a sound judgment, and a very clear understanding;
+      of an easy, indifferent access, but a careless way of living. ... He is a
+      black man, of a middle stature, with a sanguine complexion; and one of the
+      pleasantest companions in the world. Towards 60 years old.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Sir William Temple told me, he was a very valuable man, and a good
+      scholar. I once saw him.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      DAVID, EARL OF WEEMS.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Macky</i>. He hath not yet been in the administration; is a fine
+      personage, and very beautiful; hath good sense, and is a man of honour.
+      About 30 years old.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. He was a black man, and handsome
+      for a Scot.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      NOTE.&mdash;The characters on the Duke of Shrewsbury, the Duke of
+      Devonshire, the Earl of Ranelagh, and Rear-Admiral Byng, have been
+      entirely omitted. The first is not given by Reed, and includes in Birch
+      the single word "none"; the second is not given either by Birch or Reed,
+      but appears only in "The Crypt"; the third is given only by Nichols; and
+      the last is not given by Birch or Reed.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      ***** ***** ***** ***** *****
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0010" id="link2H_4_0010"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      REMARKS ON
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      LORD CLARENDON'S HISTORY OF
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      THE REBELLION
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      OXFORD EDITION, 1707, 3 VOLS.
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      FROM THE ORIGINAL, IN ST. PATRICK'S LIBRARY.
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      NOTE.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The text of this edition of Swift's notes on Clarendon has been founded on
+      the careful transcript made by Mr. Percy Fitzgerald. This transcript is
+      now in the Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington. Mr. Fitzgerald
+      refers to Dr. Rowan's collation, but I have been unable to find the
+      original of this. Rowan's additions, however, were noted by Mr.
+      Fitzgerald, and they have been included here. Mr. Fitzgerald says:
+      "Scott's notes, subject to the corrections just given [by himself], are
+      correct, and would serve as the base of the new edition. The additions I
+      have given and the few given by Dr. Rowan (which are given here a little
+      further on) will have to be inserted in their proper places and will make
+      the whole complete." This has been done, and the present reprint is a very
+      careful following out of this suggestion.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After the following pages were in type, however, I have had the
+      opportunity, through the kindness of Dr. Bernard, the Dean of St.
+      Patrick's Cathedral, of examining the original copy in the Marsh Library
+      at Dublin. Assisted by the Rev. Newport J.D. White, the librarian of the
+      Marsh Library, I have been able to correct several of Mr. Percy
+      Fitzgerald's transcripts, and to add some "remarks" omitted both by him
+      and Scott.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. White, in an article in "Hermathena" (No. xxvii., 1901), suggests that
+      the successive perusals by Swift account "for the fact that some of the
+      notes are in ink, though most are in pencil; while in one or two cases
+      Swift seems to have retraced in ink a remark originally in pencil."
+      Although Swift finished his fourth reading of the "History" in 1741, it is
+      undoubted that he had already annotated the volumes at a much earlier
+      date. The copy of the "History," now in the Marsh Library, was presented
+      to it by Archbishop King, though the exact date of this presentation can
+      only be guessed. "In the register of benefactions," writes Mr. White in
+      "Hermathena," "the first list, which was evidently written at one time and
+      by one hand, contains the names of all books presented by King. Two of
+      these were published as late as 1723. The next entry is dated April 12th,
+      1726. It is probable, therefore, that these volumes came into their
+      present abode between 1723 and 1726. As Dean of St. Patrick's, Swift was
+      one of the governors of the library, and in that capacity attended many of
+      the annual visitations between 1718 and 1736. It is natural to suppose
+      that he was a constant reader." It follows, therefore, that Swift borrowed
+      the volumes from the library for his re-perusal; and perhaps retraced his
+      annotations at that time and added new ones.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is worth while to reprint a sentence from Scott's note on these
+      "Remarks" of Swift's, if only to continue a record of retort against
+      Swift's intemperance of feeling against the Scottish nation: "The
+      ludicrous virulence of his execrations against the Scottish nation, go a
+      great way to remove the effect of his censure; and a native of Scotland
+      may be justified in retaining them, were it but for that reason."
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      [T.S.]
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      REMARKS ON CLARENDON'S HISTORY OF THE REBELLION.
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      VOL. I.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      On the first board: Finished the 4th time, April 18, 1741. Judicium de
+      authore.[1]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote: 1 The note "Finished the 4th time April 18, 1741," which Scott
+      and Fitzgerald record as written on the first board of vol. i., is not now
+      to be traced, the volume having been rebound since their transcripts were
+      made.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The cursed, hellish villainy, treachery, treasons of the Scots, were the
+      chief grounds and causes of that execrable rebellion.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The word of a king." This phrase is repeated some hundred times; but is
+      ever foolish, and too often false.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_PREF" id="link2H_PREF"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      PREFACE.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      P. v. [p. xxi.[2]] <i>Clarendon</i>. We might give instances ... of those
+      points ... which have brought the prince, sometimes, under the
+      disadvantageous suspicion of being inclined to the love of arbitrary
+      power.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. What king doth not love, and endeavour at it?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote: 2 The references in square brackets apply to the recent Oxford
+      edition of Clarendon's "Rebellion" (6 vols., cr. 8vo, 1888). The prefaces
+      can only be referred to by the page, but throughout the body of the work
+      the <i>paragraphs</i> are separately numbered for each book. [T. S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P, vi. [p. xxii.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The people may not always be
+      restrained from attempting by force to do themselves right, though they
+      ought not.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. They <i>ought!</i>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      BOOK I.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      P. 9. [par. 12.] <i>Clarendon</i>. All men being inhibited, by the
+      proclamation at the dissolution of the Parliament in the fourth year, so
+      much as to mention or speak as if a Parliament should be called.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Great weakness.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 47. [par. 128.] <i>Clarendon</i>. He [the Earl of Montgomery] had not
+      sat many years in that sunshine, when a new comet appeared in court,
+      Robert Carr, a Scotsman, quickly after declared favourite.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      A Scottish king makes a Scottish favourite.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 48. [par. 133.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The Earl of Carlisle ... wrought
+      himself into ... greater affection and esteem with the whole English
+      nation, than any other of that country; by choosing their friendships, and
+      conversation, and really preferring it to any of his own&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      A miracle in a Scot!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 58. [par. 159.] <i>Clarendon</i>. During the whole time that these
+      pressures were exercised, and those new, and extraordinary ways were run,
+      that is, from the dissolution of the Parliament in the fourth year, to the
+      beginning of this Parliament, which was above twelve years, this kingdom
+      ... enjoyed the greatest calm, and the fullest measure of felicity, that
+      any people in any age, for so long time together, have been blessed with.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Partial.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 59. [par. 162.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The kingdoms, we now lament, were
+      alone looked upon as the garden of the world; Scotland (which was but the
+      wilderness of that garden), etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. The <i>dunghill!</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>, [par. 163.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Those rough courses, which made
+      him [the King] perhaps less loved at home, made him more feared abroad; by
+      how much the power of kingdoms is more reverenced than their justice by
+      their neighbours: and it may be this consideration might not be the least
+      motive, and may not be the worst excuse for those counsels.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>
+      Too arbitrary.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 60. [par. 163.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Nerva was deified for uniting, <i>Imperium
+      et Libertas</i>.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. "Libertas" underlined and "<i>nego</i>"
+      written in the margin.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 165.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Wise men knew that that which
+      looked like pride in some, would, etc. [Swift places a condemnatory pencil
+      mark beneath "that."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 75. [par. 201.] <i>Clarendon</i>. A book so full of good learning,[3] [<i>i
+      e.,</i> Bp. John Williams (of Lincoln) against Innovations in Religion].&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Is that book to be bought or borrowed?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: Again referred to on p. 271. <i>See</i> Scott's note <i>in
+      loco</i> (p. 297). [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      BOOK II.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      P. 88. [par. 18.] <i>Clarendon</i>. There was so little curiosity either
+      in the court, or the country, to know anything of Scotland, or what was
+      done there, that when the whole nation was solicitous to know what passed
+      weekly in Germany, and Poland, and all other parts of Europe, no man ever
+      enquired what was doing in Scotland, nor had that kingdom a place or
+      mention in one page of any gazette.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Should Bridewell
+      news be in any gazette?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.88. [par 18.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The people [the Scotch] after they had
+      once begun, pursued the business vigorously, and with all imaginable
+      contempt of the government.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Scottish scoundrels!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 94. [par. 38.] <i>Clarendon</i> in the address of the Scots to the
+      King:&mdash;Lamenting "their ill fortune that their enemies had so great
+      credit with the King, as to persuade him to believe that they were or
+      could be disobedient to him, a thing that could never enter into their
+      loyal hearts."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Scotch dogs!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 39.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Into Scotland ... as far as a
+      place called Dunce.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. "Dunce" underlined.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 95. [par. 42.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The Covenanters ... were very
+      reasonably exalted with this success, [the retreat of the Earl of Holland
+      from Dunse,] and scattered their letters abroad amongst the noblemen at
+      court, according to the humours of the men to whom they writ.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Cursed Scots for ever!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 96. [par. 46.] <i>Clarendon</i>, speaking of the Marquess of Hamilton.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      A cursed true Scot!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 100. [par. 55] <i>Clarendon</i> The Scots got so much benefit and
+      advantage by it [the treaty of pacification], that they brought all their
+      other mischievous devices to pass, with ease.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Confounded Scots!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 101. [par. 58.] Marginal note to Clarendon: The Earl of Argyle joins
+      with the Covenanters, notwithstanding his great obligations to the King.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      All Argyles, cursed Scottish hell-hounds for ever!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 103. [par. 60.] <i>Clarendon</i>, on the letter from the Scotch
+      nobility to the French King, which was intercepted, and upon Lord Lowden,
+      in his examination:&mdash;refusing to give any other answer, than that it
+      was writ before the agreement ... and never sent; that if he had committed
+      any offence, he ought to be questioned for it in Scotland, and not in
+      England.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Scottish traitors!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 61.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The opinion of the prejudice and
+      general aversion over the whole kingdom to the Scots, and the indignation
+      they had at their presumption in their design of invading England, made it
+      believed that a Parliament would express a very sharp sense of their
+      insolence and carriage towards the King.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Cursed
+      hellish Scots for ever!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 104. [par. 62.] <i>Clarendon</i>, on the calling together of the
+      Parliament in 1640:&mdash;The King ... directed the lord-keeper to issue
+      out writs for the meeting of a Parliament upon the third day of April then
+      next ensuing.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. April 3d for knaves; the 1st for fools!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 114. [par, 90.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The Scots army ... were always
+      beaten.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. "Always beaten" trebly underlined.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 116. [par. 97.] <i>Clarendon</i> The convocation-house (the regular and
+      legal assembling of the clergy) customarily beginning and ending with
+      Parliaments, was, after the determination of the last, by a new writ
+      continued.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Convocations of the clergy are as legal and
+      as necessary as those of the laity.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 122. [par 108.] <i>Clarendon</i>, on the commissioners who met at
+      Ripon:&mdash;When these commissioners from the King arrived at Ripon,
+      there came others from the Scots army of a quality much inferior&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      A cursed committee!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 108.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Alexander Henderson.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      A cursed fanatic! (Written in pencil, and partially rubbed out.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 123. [par. 109.] <i>Clarendon</i>. There was not a man of all the
+      English, etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Cursed hellish Scots!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 124. [par. 111.] <i>Clarendon</i>. They brought them with them and
+      presented them to the King [Swift underscores <i>them</i>.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 113.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Three of the commissioners, and
+      no more, were of the King's council, the Earls of Pembroke, Salisbury, and
+      Holland.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Bad counsellors.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 125. [par. 116.] <i>Clarendon</i> The commissioners at Ripon quickly
+      agreed upon the cessation; and were not unwilling to have allowed fifty
+      thousand pounds a month for the support of the Scots army, when they did
+      assign but thirty thousand pounds a month for the payment of the King's.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Greedy Scotch rebellious dogs.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 129. [par. 126.] <i>Clarendon</i>. It must not be doubted that there
+      were many particular persons of honour of that nation who abhorred the
+      outrages which were committed.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. I doubt it; for they
+      were Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 130. [par. 128.] <i>Clarendon</i>. It can hardly be conceived, with
+      what entire confidence in each other, the numerous and <i>not very rich</i>
+      nobility of Scotland ... concurred in the carrying on this rebellion.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Beggarly, beggarly!
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      BOOK III.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      P. 148. [par. 32.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Mr. Saint-John ... a natural son of
+      the house of Bullingbrook.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A bastard.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 151. [par. 38.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The Earl of Rothes ... was a man very
+      well bred, of very good parts, and great address.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A
+      Scotch freethinker.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 152. [par. 42.] <i>Clarendon</i>, on the order of the Houses of
+      Parliament, to use the appellation of "our brethren of Scotland" towards
+      the Scotch commissioners.&mdash;<i>Swift</i> Cursed Scots, brethren in
+      iniquity.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 153 [par 44] <i>Clarendon</i> The allegation was, "That the charge
+      against the Earl of Stafford was of an extraordinary nature, being to make
+      a treason evident out of a complication of several ill acts, That he must
+      be traced through many dark paths," etc.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> As a boy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i> [par 45] <i>Clarendon</i> It was alleged, "That at his coming
+      from Ireland the Earl had said in council there, That if ever he returned
+      to that sword again, he would not leave a Scottishman in that kingdom".&mdash;<i>Swift</i>
+      And it was a good resolution.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P 153 [par 45] <i>Clarendon</i> &mdash;&mdash; "And at his arrival in this
+      kingdom, the lord mayor and some aldermen of London attending the board
+      about the loan of moneys, and not giving that satisfaction was expected,
+      that he should tell the King, That it would never be well till he hanged
+      up a Lord Mayor of London in the City to terrify the rest".&mdash;<i>Swift</i>
+      At worst, only a rash expression.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P 155 [par 50] <i>Clarendon</i> Hereupon, in one day, were sworn privy
+      councillors, much to the public joy, the Earl of Hertford (whom the King
+      afterwards made marquess), the Earl of Bedford, the Earl of Essex, the
+      Earl of Bristol, the Lord Say, the Lord Saville, and the Lord Kimbolton,
+      and within two or three days after, the Earl of Warwick.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>
+      All [<i>rogues,</i> perhaps,[4]] but the first.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote: 4 P Fitzgerald says <i>[sworn,</i> more likely] [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P 161 [par 67] <i>Clarendon</i>, on the method of procuring signatures to
+      one petition, and then cutting them off, and affixing them to a petition
+      of quite a different tendency.&mdash;<i>Swift</i> Dogs, villains, almost
+      as bad as the cursed Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P 366 [par 85] <i>Clarendon</i> The Earl of Bedford prevailed with the
+      King ... to make Oliver Saint-John ... his solicitor-general, which His
+      Majesty readily consented to: ... being a gentleman of an honourable
+      extraction (if he had been legitimate).&mdash;<i>Swift</i> The bastard
+      before mentioned.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P 183 [par 140] <i>Clarendon</i>, trial of Strafford&mdash;Mr Solicitor
+      Saint-John ... argued for the space of near an hour the matter of law. Of
+      the argument itself I shall say little, it being in print, and in many
+      hands, I shall only remember two notable propositions, which are
+      sufficient characters of the person and the time.&mdash;<i>Swift</i> Bp.
+      A[tterbury]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P 187 [par 156] <i>Clarendon</i>, on the bill for extirpating bishops,
+      deans, and chapters, etc.&mdash;Though the rejecting it, was earnestly
+      urged by very many, ... yet, all the other people, as violently pressed
+      the reading it; and none so importunately, as Saint-John.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      The bastard!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 195. [par. 179.] <i>Clarendon</i>. It being always their custom, when
+      they found the heat and distemper of the House (which they endeavoured to
+      keep up, by the sharp mention and remembrance of former grievances and
+      pressures) in any degree allayed, by some gracious act, or gracious
+      profession of the King's, to warm and inflame them again with a discovery,
+      or promise of a discovery, of some notable plot and conspiracy against
+      themselves.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> King George I.'s reign.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 199. [par. 189.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Whereas some doubts, etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      True Popish evasion.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Clarendon</i>, on the explanation of the Protestation for the
+      Church of England:&mdash;concerning the meaning of these words ... "<i>viz</i>
+      The true reformed Protestant religion, expressed in the doctrine of the
+      Church of England, against all Popery and Popish innovations within this
+      realm, contrary to the same doctrine," This House doth declare, that by
+      those words, was and is meant, only the public doctrine professed in the
+      said Church, so far as it is opposite to Popery, etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Fanatic dogs!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 202. [par. 198.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The Archbishop of York.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Williams, before of Lincoln.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 200.] <i>Clarendon</i>, on the letter of Strafford to
+      the King, persuading him no longer to delay the order for his execution.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Great magnanimity!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 203. [par. 201.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The delivery of this letter being
+      quickly known, new arguments were applied; "that this free consent of his
+      own, clearly absolved the King from any scruple that could remain with
+      him."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Weak, and wrong.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 202.] <i>Clarendon</i>. There was reason enough to
+      believe, their impious hands would be lifted up against his own person,
+      and (which he much more apprehended) against the person of his royal
+      consort.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A most unhappy marriage.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 204. [par. 206.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Together with that of attainder of
+      the Earl of Strafford, another Bill was passed by the King, of almost as
+      fatal a consequence both to the King and kingdom, ... "the Act for the
+      perpetual Parliament;" as it is since called.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Cursed
+      stupidity! <i>Hinc illae lachrymae</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 205. [par. 207.] <i>Clarendon</i>. No way could be thought of so sure,
+      as an Act of Parliament, "that this Parliament should not be adjourned,
+      prorogued, or dissolved, but by Act of Parliament, which, upon this
+      occasion, His Majesty would never deny to pass."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. The
+      fatal stroke.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 210.] <i>Clarendon</i>, on the King's passing this
+      Bill. &mdash;<i>Swift</i>. I wish the author had enlarged here upon what
+      motives the King passed that Bill.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P 205 [par 210] <i>Clarendon</i>, on the same.&mdash;<i>Swift</i> The King
+      by this act utterly ruined.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P 207 [par 217] <i>Clarendon</i>, on the passing of the tonnage and
+      poundage bill&mdash;And so in expectation and confidence, that they would
+      make glorious additions to the state and revenue of the crown, His Majesty
+      suffered himself to be stripped of all that he had left.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>
+      Great weakness in the King.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P 225 [par 271] <i>Clarendon</i> These Acts of Parliament, etc will be
+      acknowledged, by an uncorrupted posterity, to be everlasting monuments of
+      the King's princely and fatherly affection to his people.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>
+      Rather of his weakness.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      BOOK IV
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      P 237 [par 24] <i>Clarendon</i> A general insurrection of the Irish,
+      spread itself over the whole country, in such an inhumane and barbarous
+      manner, that there were forty or fifty thousand of the English Protestants
+      murdered.&mdash;<i>Swift</i> At least.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P 243 [par 43] <i>Clarendon</i> That which should have been an act of
+      oblivion, was made a defence and justification of whatsoever they [the
+      Scotch] had done.&mdash;<i>Swift</i> Scot, Scot, Scot, for ever Scot.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P 244 [par 47] <i>Clarendon</i> His Majesty having never received any
+      considerable profit from Scotland, etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i> How could he,
+      from Scottish rebels and beggars?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P 245 [par 47] <i>Clarendon</i> Surely he had then very hard thoughts of a
+      great part of the nation [the Scotch].&mdash;<i>Swift</i> Who can doubt of
+      it?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P 257 [par 87] <i>Clarendon</i> The propositions made from Scotland, "for
+      the sending ten thousand men from thence, into Ulster, to be paid by the
+      Parliament," were consented to, whereby some soldiers were dispatched
+      thither, to defend their own plantation, and did in truth, at our charge,
+      as much oppress the English that were there, as the rebels could have
+      done.&mdash;<i>Swift</i> Send cursed rebel Scots, who oppressed the
+      English in that kingdom as the Irish rebels did, and were governors of
+      that province, etc.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P 271 [par 130] <i>Clarendon</i>, Doctor Williams, Archbishop of York&mdash;had
+      himself published, by his own authority, a book against the using those
+      ceremonies [which were countenanced by Laud], in which there was much good
+      learning, and too little gravity for a bishop.&mdash;<i>Swift</i> Where is
+      that book to be had?[5]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: The book is extant, and was written in answer to Dr Heyhn's
+      "Coal from the Altar". Even the title page contains a punning allusion to
+      his adversary's work, rather too facetious for the subject of his own. It
+      is entitled "The Holy Table, name and thing, more anciently, properly, and
+      literally used under the New Testament, than that of Altar."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 272. [par. 130.] <i>Clarendon</i>, Archbishop Williams:&mdash;appeared
+      to be a man of a very corrupt nature, whose passions could have
+      transported him into the most unjustifiable actions.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      This character I think too severe.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 275. [par. 138.] <i>Clarendon</i>, the same:&mdash;The great hatred of
+      this man's person and behaviour, was the greatest invitation to the House
+      of Commons so irregularly to revive that Bill to remove the bishops.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      How came he to be so hated by that faction he is so said to favour?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 277. [par. 140.] <i>Clarendon</i>, petition and protestation of the
+      bishops.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. I see no fault in this protestation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 280. [par. 149.] <i>Clarendon</i>, on the articles of high treason
+      against Lord Kimbolton, Pym, Hampden, Hollis, Haslerigg, and Strode.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      It proved a long and vexatious affair.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 281. [par. 152.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The next day in the afternoon, the
+      King ... came to the House of Commons.... Himself, with his nephew, the
+      Prince Elector, went into the House, to the great amazement of all.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Too rash and indiscreet; the second great and fatal error.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 282. [par. 152.] <i>Clarendon</i>. He assured them in the word of a
+      King, etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Never to be relied upon.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 284. [par. 157.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The King ... published, the next
+      day, a proclamation, for the apprehension of all those, whom he had
+      accused of high treason, forbidding any person to harbour them; the
+      articles of their charge being likewise printed, and dispersed.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      A very weak and wrong proceeding in the King, which had very bad
+      consequences.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Clarendon</i>, on the same proceeding.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. What
+      was their crime?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 322. [par. 264.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The humble petition of many
+      thousands of poor people in and about the city of London.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Who was the author?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 334. [par. 302.] <i>Clarendon</i>, on the King's passing the bills
+      against the bishops' votes, and about pressing.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Too
+      great a weakness, and attended by a heap of gross follies.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 336. [par. 307.] <i>Clarendon</i>, on:&mdash;An Ordinance of both
+      Houses of Parliament for the ordering of the Militia of the kingdom of
+      England, and dominion of Wales.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. The most ruinous
+      consequence of the King's weakness and cowardice.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      BOOK V.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      P. 364. [par. 6.] <i>Clarendon,</i> in the King's Declaration, March 9,
+      164-1/2:&mdash;For the Lord Digby, he assured them in the word of a King,
+      etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. I cannot endure that phrase any more.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Written long ago by a minister in Lincolnshire, in answer to D. Coal, a
+      judicious divine of Q. Marie's dayes. 1637. [S.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 365. [par. 9.] <i>Clarendon</i>, in the same:&mdash;What greater
+      earnest of his trust, and reliance on his Parliament could he give, than
+      the passing the Bill for the continuance of this present Parliament?&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Like a very weak prince.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Clarendon</i>, in the same:&mdash;The length of which
+      [Parliament] he said, he hoped, would never alter the nature of
+      Parliaments, and the constitution of this kingdom; or invite his subjects
+      so much to abuse his confidence, as to esteem anything fit for this
+      Parliament to do, which were not fit, if it were in his power to dissolve
+      it to-morrow.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Yet, that was his ruin.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 366. [par. 11.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The factious party [persuaded the
+      people] ... that there was a design to send the prince beyond the seas,
+      and to marry him to some Papist.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. As it fell out.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 384. [par. 56.] <i>Clarendon</i>, in the King's answer to the petition
+      to remove the magazine from Hull:&mdash;We have ... most solemnly
+      promised, in the word of a king, etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. How long is that
+      phrase to last?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 415. [par. 136] <i>Clarendon</i>. Whoever concurred, voted, and sided
+      with them, in their extravagant conclusions, let the infamy of his former
+      life, or present practice be what it would; his injustice and oppression
+      never so scandalous, and notorious; he was received, countenanced, and
+      protected with marvellous demonstrations of affection.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      King George's reign.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 419. [par. 148.] <i>Clarendon</i>, in the King's answer to the petition
+      to dissolve his Guards:&mdash;He asked them, "when they had so many months
+      together not contented themselves to rely for security, as their
+      predecessors had done, upon the affection of the people, but by their own
+      single authority had raised to themselves a guard ... and yet all those
+      pikes and protestations, that army, on one side, and that navy, on the
+      other, had not persuaded His Majesty to command them to disband their
+      forces," etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. What are those pikes?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 427. [par. 162.] <i>Clarendon</i>, in the Declaration of the Lords and
+      Commons, May 19, 1642&mdash;That, in the word of a King, <i>etc.&mdash;Swift.</i>
+      A frequent foolish word, battered as a phrase.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 472. [par. 269.] <i>Clarendon</i>. He divested himself of the power of
+      dissolving this Parliament.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Proved his ruin.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 543. [par. 425.] <i>Clarendon</i>, on the deposition of Sir Richard
+      Gurney, lord mayor.&mdash;<i>Swift</i> Dogs!
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      VOL. II.&mdash;BOOK VI.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      P. 7. [par. 11.] <i>Clarendon</i>, Message of the King, Aug. 25th, 1642:&mdash;"Wherein,
+      as we promise, in the word of a King, all safety and encouragement to such
+      as shall be sent unto us ... for the treaty."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Very
+      weak.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 10. [par. 18.] <i>Clarendon</i>, answer of the Parliament to the King's
+      message received the 5th of September, 1642.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> I do not
+      much dislike this answer.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 17. [par. 38.] <i>Clarendon.</i> The same rabble entered the house of
+      the Countess of Rivers near Colchester; for no other ground, than that she
+      was a Papist; and in few hours disfurnished it of all the goods.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      As bad as Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 18. [par. 40.] <i>Clarendon.</i> There are monuments enough in the
+      seditious sermons at that time printed ... of such wresting, and
+      perverting of Scripture to the odious purposes of the preacher.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      I wish I could find them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 20. [par. 43.] <i>Clarendon.</i> Scottish officers.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Dogs.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 31 [par. 74.] <i>Clarendon.</i>. A thousand at the most. Most of the
+      persons of quality, etc. [Swift underscores <i>most.</i>]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 33. [par. 78.] <i>Clarendon,</i> on the exemption of Prince Rupert from
+      being under the command of the general, Lord Lindsey:&mdash;When the King
+      at midnight, being in his bed, and receiving intelligence of the enemy's
+      motion, commanded the Lord Falkland, his principal secretary of state, to
+      direct Prince Rupert, what he should do, his Highness took it very ill,
+      and expostulated with the Lord Falkland, for giving him orders.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      A great mistake in the King, by too much indulgence to Prince Rupert.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 40. [par. 90.] <i>Clarendon.</i> The King's preferring the Prince's
+      [Rupert's] opinion in all matters relating to the war before his [Lord
+      Lindsey's].&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> I blame the King's Partiality.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 48, line 28.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Cursed Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 50. [par. 109.] <i>Clarendon.</i> His Majesty had, from time to time,
+      given his council of that kingdom [Scotland] full relations of all his
+      differences with his Parliament.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Cursed Scots for
+      ever.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 51. [par. 112.] <i>Clarendon.</i> The chief managers and governors in
+      the first war, by their late intercourse, and communication of guilt,
+      having a firm correspondence with the Marquess of Argyle, the Earl of
+      Lowden, and that party.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Always a cursed family of
+      Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 59. [par. 142.] <i>Clarendon.</i> As the inviting the Scots, etc.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Too long a parenthesis.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 62. [par. 154.] <i>Clarendon.</i> For the better recruiting whereof
+      [the Parliament's army], two of their most eminent chaplains, Dr. Downing
+      and Mr. Marshal, publicly avowed, "that the soldiers lately taken
+      prisoners at Brentford, and discharged, and released by the King upon
+      their oaths that they would never again bear arms against him, were not
+      obliged by that oath;" but, by their power, absolved them thereof.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Perfect Popery.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 65. [par. 161.] <i>Clarendon,</i> the King's message to the privy
+      council of Scotland:&mdash;"Of all ... the ... indignities, which had been
+      offered to him, he doubted not the duty and affection of his Scottish
+      subjects would have so just a resentment, that they would express to the
+      world the sense they had of his sufferings."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Cursed
+      Scots; to trust them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 66. [par. 163.] <i>Clarendon</i>, the same;&mdash;"There could not be a
+      clearer argument to his subjects of Scotland that he had no such thought,
+      [of bringing in foreign forces,] than that he had hitherto forborne to
+      require the assistance of that his native kingdom; from whose obedience,
+      duty, and affection, he should confidently expect it, if he thought his
+      own strength here too weak to preserve him."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. In vain.
+      <i>Clarendon</i>. "And of whose courage, and loyalty, he should look to
+      make use."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. And never find.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 164.] <i>Clarendon</i>, the same:&mdash;"He could not
+      doubt, a dutiful concurrence in his subjects of Scotland, in the care of
+      his honour, and just rights, would draw down a blessing upon that nation
+      too."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A Scot's blessing.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 67. [par. 165.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Other fruit of their [the Scots']
+      allegiance he [the King] expected not, than that they should not rebel.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      But they did.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 81. [par. 204,] <i>Clarendon</i>, the King's declaration:&mdash;"These
+      are the men who ... at this time invite, and solicit our subjects of
+      Scotland, to enter this land with an army against us."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Damnable Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 91. [par. 231, sec. 4.] <i>Clarendon</i>, humble desires and
+      propositions of the Lords and Commons:&mdash;"That your Majesty will be
+      pleased to give your royal assent unto the Bill ... for the utter
+      abolishing, and taking away of all archbishops, bishops, their
+      chancellors, and commissaries, deans, sub-deans, deans and chapters,
+      archdeacons, canons, and prebendaries, and all chanters, chancellors,
+      treasurers, sub-treasurers, succentors, and sacrists, and all vicars
+      choral, choristers, old vicars, and new vicars of any cathedral, or
+      collegiate church, and all other their under officers, out of the Church
+      of England."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A thorough sweep. <i>Clarendon</i>. "To
+      the Bill against scandalous ministers; to the Bill against pluralities;
+      and to the Bill for consultation to be had with godly, religious, and
+      learned divines."&mdash;<i>Swift. i.e.</i> cursed fanatics.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 99. [par. 243.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Sir Ralph Hopton ... marched to
+      Saltash, a town in Cornwall ... where was a garrison of two hundred Scots;
+      who, [upon his approach,] as kindly quit Saltash, as the others had
+      Launceston before.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Loyal Scots&mdash;ever cursed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 101. [par 247.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Ruthen, a Scotchman, the governor of
+      Plymouth.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A cursed Scottish dog.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 103. [par. 250.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The Earl of Stamford.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      A rogue, half as bad as a Scot.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 134. [par. 338.] <i>Clarendon</i>, Petition of the Kirk of Scotland:&mdash;"A
+      chief praise of the Protestant religion (and thereby our not vain, but
+      just gloriation)."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Scotch phrase.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Clarendon</i>, the same:&mdash;"[The Papists] are openly declared
+      to be not only good subjects,... but far better subjects than
+      Protestants."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Scotch (Protestants).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 135. [par. 339.] <i>Clarendon</i>, the same:&mdash;"That your Majesty
+      ... may timeously and speedily," etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Scotch.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 340.] <i>Clarendon</i>, the same:&mdash;"We are, with
+      greater earnestness than before, constrained <i>to fall down again</i>
+      before your Majesty."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Rise against.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Clarendon</i>, the same. They petition:&mdash;"for a meeting of
+      some divines to be holden in England, unto which ... some commissioners
+      may be sent from this <i>kirk</i>."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Hell!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 136. [par. 342.] <i>Clarendon</i>, the same:&mdash;"The strongest let,
+      till it be taken out of the way, is the mountain of prelacy."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Scottish dogs.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Clarendon</i>, the same:&mdash;"How many, from the experience of
+      the tyranny of the prelates, are afraid to discover themselves ... whereas
+      prelacy being removed, they would openly profess what they are, and join
+      with <i>others</i> in the way of reformation."&mdash;<i>Swift. i.e.</i>
+      Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 344.] <i>Clarendon</i>, the same:&mdash;"The national
+      assembly of this kirk, from which we have our commission."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      From Satan.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 138. [par. 347.] <i>Clarendon</i>, the King's answer:&mdash;"Our Church
+      of Scotland."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Kirk.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 139. [par. 348.] <i>Clarendon</i>, the same:&mdash;"We do believe that
+      the petitioners, when they shall consider how ... unbecoming [it is] in
+      itself, for them to require, the ancient, happy, and established
+      government of the Church of England to be altered, and conformed to the
+      laws, and constitutions of <i>another church,</i> will find themselves
+      misled," etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A Scotch kirk.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 140. [par. 351.] <i>Clarendon</i>, the same:&mdash;"To which [synod] we
+      shall be willing that some learned divines of our Church of Scotland may
+      be likewise sent."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. To confound all.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 142. [par. 356.] <i>Clarendon</i>, the same:&mdash;"We conceived, we
+      had not left it possible, for any man to ... suspect, that the conversion
+      of <i>our dearest consort</i> was not so much our desire, that the
+      accession of as many crowns as God hath already bestowed on us, would not
+      be more welcome to us than that day."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A thorough
+      Papist.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      BOOK VII.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      P. 199. [par. 71.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Being this way secure from any future
+      clamours for peace, they proceeded to try Mr. Tomkins, Mr. Chaloner, ...
+      Mr. Hambden, who brought the last message from the King, etc.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Which Hambden? Not the rebel Hambden? No, it was one Alexander Hambden.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 201. [par. 75.] <i>Clarendon</i>. In the beginning of the war, the army
+      in Scotland having been lately disbanded, many officers of that nation,
+      who had served in Germany and in France, betook themselves to the service
+      of the Parliament.&mdash;<i>Swift</i> Cursed Scots for ever. <i>Clarendon</i>.
+      Whereof divers were men of good conduct, and courage; though there were
+      more as bad as the cause, in which they engaged. Of the former sort
+      Colonel Hurry was a man of name, and reputation.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> A
+      miracle! Colonel Urrie was an honest, valiant, loyal Scot, repenting his
+      mistakes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 203. [par. 78.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The man [Hurry] was in his nature
+      proud, and imperious.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A mixture of the Scot.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 219. [par. 106.] <i>Clarendon</i>. On the brow of the hill there were
+      breast-works, on which were pretty bodies of small shot, and some cannon;
+      on either flank grew a pretty thick wood.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Silly style.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 244. [par. 162.] <i>Clarendon</i>. "We, the Inhabitants, Magistrates,"
+      etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Cursed rogues.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 261. [par. 199.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, a young
+      gentleman ... of a fair and plentiful fortune.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Earl of
+      Shaftesbury by Charles II. A great villain.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 262. [par. 199.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The flexibility and instability of
+      that gentleman's nature, not being then understood, or suspected.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Shaftesbury, an early rogue.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 200.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The express returned without
+      effect [from the King], and the Marquess [of Hertford] was as sensibly
+      touched as could be imagined; and said, "that he was fallen from all
+      credit with the King," etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Too fond of those nephews.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 271. [par. 221.] <i>Clarendon</i>. [Lord Falkland] writ two large
+      discourses against the principal positions of that [the Roman Catholic]
+      religion, with that sharpness of style, and full weight of reason, that
+      the Church is deprived of great jewels in the concealment of them, and
+      that they are not published to the world.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Ten thousand
+      pities that they are not to be recovered!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 277. [par. 234.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Thus fell that incomparable young
+      man, [Lord Falkland,] in the four-and-thirtieth year of his age, having so
+      much dispatched the true business of life, that the eldest rarely attain
+      to that immense knowledge, and the youngest enter not into the world with
+      more innocency: Whosoever leads such a life needs be the less anxious upon
+      how short warning it is taken from him.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. It moves grief
+      to the highest excess.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 277. [par. 236.] <i>Clarendon</i>, on the jealousy between Essex and
+      Waller:&mdash;The passion and animosity which difference of opinion had
+      produced between any members, was totally laid aside and forgotten, and no
+      artifice omitted to make the world believe, that they were a people newly
+      incorporated, and as firmly united to one and the same end, as their
+      brethren the Scots.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Deceitful Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 282. [par. 246.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Earl of Holland.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Treacherous.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 283 [par. 247.] <i>Clarendon</i>, the Earl of Holland, on his return
+      from Oxford, published a Declaration, in which he announced:&mdash;that he
+      found the court so indisposed to peace ... that he resolved to make what
+      haste he could back to the Parliament, and to spend the remainder of his
+      life in their service: which action, so contrary to his own natural
+      discretion and generosity, etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Treachery.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 249.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The committee from the two
+      Houses of Parliament, which was sent into Scotland in July before ...
+      found that kingdom in so good and ready a posture for their reception,
+      that they had called an assembly of their kirk; and a convention of their
+      estates, without, and expressly against, the King's consent.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Diabolical Scots for ever.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 284. [par. 250.] <i>Clarendon</i>, the Scotch said to the English
+      commissioners.&mdash;that there were many well-wishers to him [the King],
+      and maligners, in their hearts, of the present reformation.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Cursed Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 252.] <i>Clarendon</i>. A form of words was quickly
+      agreed on between them, for a perfect combination and <i>marriage</i>
+      between the Parliament and the Scots.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Satan was
+      parson.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 285. [par. 254.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The Assembly, besides ... execute
+      execute his commands. [19 lines in one sentence.]&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A
+      long confounding period.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 288. [par. 259, sec. 3.] <i>Clarendon</i>. A Solemn League and
+      Covenant. "To preserve ... liberties of the Kingdoms."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Damnable rebel Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [sec. 6.] <i>Clarendon</i>, the same:&mdash;"And the honour
+      of the King."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. By martyrdom.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 289. [par. 259, conclusion.] <i>Clarendon</i>, the same:&mdash;"We have
+      not as we ought valued the inestimable benefit of the Gospel."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      All very true.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 291. [par. 264.] <i>Clarendon</i>. They very devoutly extolled the
+      Covenant, magnified the Scottish nation, with all imaginable attributes of
+      esteem and reverence,... a nation that had reformed their lives for so
+      small a time, more than ever any people, that they knew of, in the world
+      had done.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Most diabolical Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 292. [par. 267.] <i>Clarendon</i>. [Sir Harry Vane the younger.] There
+      need no more be said of his ability, than that he was chosen to cozen, and
+      deceive a whole nation which was thought to excel in craft and cunning.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Could out-cheat a Scot.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 293. [par. 269.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Those of the nobility and gentry,
+      who did really desire to serve the King, applied themselves to Duke
+      Hamilton.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. That duke was a hellish, treacherous villain
+      of a Scot.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 316. [par. 322.] <i>Clarendon</i>. At this time, nothing troubled the
+      King so much, as the intelligence he received from Scotland, that they had
+      already formed their army, and resolved to enter England in the winter
+      season.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Cursed Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>., line 37.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Scottish Dogs.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 318. [par. 328.] <i>Clarendon</i>, on the proclamation for a Parliament
+      at Oxford.&mdash;A proclamation was issued out, containing the true
+      grounds and motives, and mentioning the league of Scotland to invade the
+      kingdom; which was the most universally odious, and detestable.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Hellish Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 339 [Par. 373.] <i>Clarendon</i>, Letter from the Parliament of Oxford
+      to the Earl of Essex. They conjure him to lay to heart:&mdash;"the inward
+      bleeding condition of your country, and the outward more menacing
+      destruction by a foreign nation."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Cursed Scotland.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 340. [par. 377.] <i>Clarendon</i>, Essex's answer to the Earl of Forth.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Essex was a cursed rebel.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 341. [par. 379.] <i>Clarendon</i>, on the Declaration of the Scots on
+      entering England.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Abominable, damnable, Scotch hellish
+      dogs for ever. Let them wait for Cromwell to plague them, and enslave
+      their scabby nation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 380.] <i>Clarendon</i>, the same.&mdash;They said, "the
+      question was not,... whether they might propagate their religion by arms?"
+      etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Diabolical Scots for ever.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 342. [par. 383.] <i>Clarendon</i>. This war was of God.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      An error mistaking the Devil for God.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 384.] <i>Clarendon</i>, Declaration of England and
+      Scotland:&mdash;They gave now "public warning to all men to rest no longer
+      upon their neutrality,... but that they address themselves speedily to
+      take the Covenant."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. The Devil made that damnable Scots
+      Covenant.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 343. [par. 385] <i>Clarendon</i>. Then they proclaimed a pardon to all
+      those who would before such a day desert the King, and adhere to them, and
+      take the Covenant.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. The Devil to take the Covenant.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 386.] <i>Clarendon</i>. I cannot but observe, that
+      after this time that the Earl [of Essex] declined this opportunity of
+      declaring himself, he never did prosperous act in the remainder of his
+      life.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. I am heartily glad of that.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 343. [par. 388.] <i>Clarendon</i>. There wanted not a just indignation
+      at the return of this trumpet; and yet the answer being so much in that
+      popular road, of saying something plausibly to the people, it was thought
+      fit again to make an attempt, that at least the world might see, that they
+      did, in plain <i>English</i> refuse to admit of any peace.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Scotch.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 347. [par. 398, sec. 2.] <i>Clarendon</i>, Declaration of the
+      Parliament at Oxford:&mdash;"All his Majesty's subjects of the kingdom of
+      England and dominion of Wales, are both by their allegiance, and the Act
+      of Pacification, bound to resist and repress all those of Scotland as had,
+      or should enter upon any part of his Majesty's realm."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Execrable Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 348. [<i>ibid,</i> sec. 5.] <i>Clarendon</i> the same:&mdash;"That the
+      Lords and Commons remaining at Westminster, who had given their consents
+      to the present coming in of the Scots in a warlike manner, had therein
+      committed high treason."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Rebel Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 400.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The invasion, which the Scots
+      made in the depth of winter, and the courage the enemy took from thence,
+      deprived his Majesty even of any rest in that season.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Cursed Scots, ever inflaming.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 351. [par. 404.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The Earl of Montrose ... was so much
+      in the jealousy, and detestation of the violent party, whereof the <i>Earl
+      of Argyle</i> was the head, that there was no cause or room left to doubt
+      his sincerity to the King.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Odious dog; and so are all
+      his descendants.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 405.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Duke Hamilton.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      An arrant Scot.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Clarendon</i>. As soon as the King had had fuller intelligence.
+      [Swift alters the second <i>had to received</i>.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 352. [par. 407.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The Duke [Hamilton] had given the
+      King an account,... that though some few hot, and passionate men, desired
+      to put themselves in arms, to stop both elections of the Members, and any
+      meeting together in Parliament; yet, that all sober men ... were clearly
+      of the opinion, to take as much pains as they could to cause good
+      elections to be made.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> What! in Scotland?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 353. [par. 409.] <i>Clarendon</i>. About this time the councils at
+      Westminster lost a principal supporter, by the death of John Pym; who died
+      with great torment and agony of a disease unusual, and therefore the more
+      spoken of, <i>morbus pediculosus,</i> as was reported.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      I wish all his clan had died of the same disease.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      BOOK VIII.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      P. 382. [par. 60.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Colonel Ashburnham, then governor of
+      Weymouth, was made choice of for that command; ...and, to make way for
+      him, Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper had been, the year before, removed from
+      that charge; and was thereby so much disobliged, that he quitted the
+      King's party, and gave himself up, body and soul, to the service of the
+      Parliament, with an implacable animosity against the royal interest.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      A rogue all his life.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 385. [par. 66.] <i>Clarendon</i>, at Cropredy-bridge:&mdash;the
+      [parliamentary] general of their ordnance [was] taken prisoner. This man,
+      one Weemes, a Scotchman, had been as much obliged by the King, as a man of
+      his condition could be, and in a manner very unpopular: for he was made
+      master-gunner of England,... and having never done the King the least
+      service, he took the first opportunity to disserve him.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      A cursed, hellish Scot! Why was not the rogue hanged?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P-387. [par. 69.] <i>Clarendon</i>, Message from the King to the
+      parliamentary army:&mdash;It was agreed, that Sir Edward Walker (who was
+      both Garter king at arms, and secretary to the council of war) should be
+      sent to publish that, his Majesty's grace.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A very mean
+      author.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 388. [par. 74.] <i>Clarendon</i>, Battle of Marston-moor:&mdash;That
+      party of the King's horse which charged the Scots, so totally routed and
+      defeated their whole army, that they fled all ways for many miles
+      together.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. I am glad of that.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 420. [par. 153.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Colonel Hurry, a Scotchman, who had
+      formerly served the Parliament, and is well mentioned, in the transactions
+      of the last year, for having quitted them, and performed some signal
+      service to the King,... desired a pass to go beyond the seas, and so
+      quitted the service: but instead of embarking himself, made haste to
+      London; and put himself now into the Earl of Manchester's army, and made a
+      discovery of all he knew of the King's army.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Mentioned
+      before, and then I was deceived by him; but now I find him a cursed true
+      Scot.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 427. [par. 167.] <i>Clarendon</i>. After the battle of York, the Scots
+      returned to reduce Newcastle; which they had already done; and all other
+      garrisons which had held out for the King.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Most
+      damnable Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 168.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The King's army was less united
+      than ever; the old general was set aside, and Prince Rupert put into the
+      command, which was no popular change.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Too fond of his
+      nephews.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 169.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Wilmot loved debauchery.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Character of Wilmot and Goring.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 453. [par. 233.] <i>Clarendon</i>, Treaty at Uxbridge: Debates about
+      the militia. They insisted:&mdash;upon having the whole command of the
+      militia by sea, and land, and all the forts, and ships of the kingdom at
+      their disposal; without which they looked upon themselves as lost, and at
+      the King's mercy; not considering that he must be at theirs, if such a
+      power was committed to them.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. The case seems doubtful.
+      The point should be undecided.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 454. [par. 235.] <i>Clarendon</i>, the same: Ireland. The Chancellor of
+      the Exchequer:&mdash;put them in mind, ... [that] one hundred thousand
+      pounds, brought in by the adventurers for Ireland, had been sent in one
+      entire sum into <i>Scotland</i>, to prepare and dispose that kingdom to
+      send an army to invade this.&mdash;<i>Swift</i> Cursed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 456. [On this page two <i>ands</i> are erased.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 457. [par. 241.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The conversation ... made a great
+      discovery of the faction that was in the Parliament ... that the Scots
+      would insist <i>upon</i> the whole government of the Church, and in all
+      other matters would <i>defer</i> to the King.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. [Instead
+      of <i>upon,</i>] to destroy; [and instead of <i>defer,</i>] to betray.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 242.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Satisfied, that in the
+      particular which concerned the Church, the Scots would never depart from a
+      tittle.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Scots hell-hounds.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 466. [par. 262.] <i>Clarendon</i>. After the battle at York, ... the
+      Scotch army marched northwards, to reduce the little garrisons remaining
+      in those parts; which was easily done.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Scottish dogs.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 263.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The person whom that earl [of
+      Montrose] most hated, and contemned, was the Marquess of Argyle.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      A most damnable false dog, and so are still their family.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 478. [par. 284.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The Parliament had, some months
+      before, made an ordinance against giving quarter to any of the Irish
+      nation which should be taken prisoners. ... The Earl of Warwick, and the
+      officers under him at sea, had as often as he met with any Irish frigates,
+      ... taken all the seamen who became prisoners to them of that nation, and
+      bound them back to back, and thrown them overboard into the sea.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Barbarous villains, and rebels.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      BOOK IX.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      P. 484. [par. 2.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Persons, whose memories ought to be
+      charged with their own evil actions, rather than that the infamy of them
+      should be laid on the age wherein they lived; which did produce as many
+      men, eminent for their loyalty and incorrupted fidelity to the crown, as
+      any that had preceded it.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Not quite.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 485. [par. 4.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The Marquess of Argyle was now come
+      from Scotland.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A cursed Scotch hell-hound.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 501. [par. 29.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Prince Rupert ... disposed the King
+      to resolve to march northwards, and to fall upon the Scotch army in
+      Yorkshire, before Fairfax should be able to perfect his new model to that
+      degree, as to take the field.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Cursed Scots still.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 516. [par. 55.] <i>Clarendon,</i> on Sir Richard Greenvil hanging an
+      attorney named Brabant, as a spy, out of private revenge.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      This rogue would almost be a perfect Scot.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 521. [par. 63.] <i>Clarendon</i>. (The which had been already so
+      scandalous, ... contribution.) [61/2 lines between parentheses.] &mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Long parenthesis.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 574. [par. 164] <i>Clarendon</i>. The King ... resolved once more to
+      try another way, ... [whereby] he should discover, whether he had so many
+      friends in the Parliament, and the city, as many men would persuade him to
+      conclude; and whether the Scots had ever a thought of doing him service.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      No more than Beelzebub.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 579. [par. 175.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Monsieur Montrevil [was sent] into
+      England: ... who likewise persuaded his Majesty, to believe ... that the
+      cardinal was well assured, that the Scots would behave themselves
+      henceforwards very honestly.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Damnable Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 580. [par. 176.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The Scots were resolved to have <i>no
+      more</i> to do with his Majesty.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Gave up the King.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      VOLUME III.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      On the bastard title: That frequent expression,&mdash;<i>upon the word of
+      a king</i>, I have always despised and detested, for a thousand reasons.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dedication, 21st par. [vol. I., p. li., edit of 1888.] <i>Clarendon.</i>
+      Some very near that King ... putting him on the thoughts of marrying some
+      Roman Catholic lady.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. As he did.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      BOOK X.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      P. 2. [par. 2.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Sir Dudley Wyat had been sent expressly
+      from the Lord Jermin, to assure the prince, that such a body of five
+      thousand foot were actually raised under the command of <i>Ruvignie</i>,
+      and should be embarked for Pendennis within less than a month.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Father to Lord Galloway; a Huguenot.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 6. [par. 11.] <i>Clarendon</i>, Upon the Queen's hearing that the King
+      had gone to the Scots army, she:&mdash;renewed her command for the
+      prince's immediate repair into France; whereas the chief reason before
+      was, that he would put himself into the Scots' hands.&mdash;<i> Swift</i>.
+      He could not do worse.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 7 [par. 12] <i>Clarendon</i> The King ... was by this time known to be
+      in the Scots army&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. And these hell hounds sold him to
+      the rebels.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 11 [par. 21] <i>Clarendon</i> [The Scots] had pressed the King to do
+      many things, which he had absolutely refused to do, and that thereupon
+      they had put very strict guards upon his Majesty, ... so that his Majesty
+      looked upon himself as a prisoner&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. The cursed Scots
+      begin their new treachery.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 14 [par. 27] <i>Clarendon</i>, on "the paper Montrevil sent to the
+      King, being a promise for the Scots receiving the King, Apr 1"&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Montrevil might as safely promise for Satan as for the Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 28] <i>Clarendon</i> on Montrevil's advertising the
+      King of the change in the Scotch&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Will Montrevil trust
+      them again?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 15 [ditto] <i>Clarendon</i> [The Sots] with much ado agreed, that the
+      two princes [Rupert and Maurice] ... might follow the King, with such
+      other of his servants as were not excepted from pardon&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      And why those? Because the Scots were part of the rebels.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 16 [par. 30] <i>Clarendon</i>, in a letter from Montrevil&mdash;"They
+      tell me that they will do more than can be expressed"&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      So the Scots did, and with a vengeance.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [ditto] <i>Clarendon</i>, in the same&mdash;"The hindering
+      his Majesty from falling into the hands of the English is of so great
+      importance to them, that it cannot be believed but that they will do all
+      that lies in their power to hinder it"&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. By delivering
+      him up for money. Hellish Scottish dogs!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 31] <i>Clarendon</i>. If he [Montrevil] were too
+      sanguine ... when he signed that engagement upon the first of April, etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      April fool.[6]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: The words quoted are the side note, which is not printed in
+      the edition of 1888 [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 17 [par. 33] <i>Clarendon</i>. In this perplexity, he [the King] chose
+      rather to commit himself to the Scots army&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. To be
+      delivered up for money.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [ditto] <i>Clarendon</i>. He left Oxford, ... leaving those
+      of his council in Oxford who were privy to his going out, not informed
+      whether he would go to the Scots army, etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Which
+      would betray him, though his countrymen.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [ditto] <i>Clarendon</i> [The King,] in the end, went into
+      the Scots army before Newark&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Prodigious weakness, to
+      trust the malicious Scotch hell-hounds.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 17. [par. 34.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The Scottish commissioners at London
+      [assured the Parliament] ... that all their orders would meet with an
+      absolute obedience in their army.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. No doubt of it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 18. [par. 35.] <i>Clarendon</i>, in the text of the sermon preached at
+      Newark before the King:&mdash;"And all <i>the men of Judah</i> answered
+      the men of Israel, Because the King is near of kin to us: wherefore then
+      be ye angry for this matter?"&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Scotch, (opposite to
+      Judah).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 21. [par. 41.] <i>Clarendon</i>, Lord Digby and Lord Jermin said:&mdash;that
+      there should be an army of thirty thousand men immediately transported
+      into England, with the Prince of Wales in the head of them.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Gasconade.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 23. [par. 50.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The Parliament made many sharp
+      instances that the King might be delivered into their hands; and that the
+      Scots army would return into their own country, having done what they were
+      sent for, and the war being at an end.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. By the event
+      they proved true Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 51.] <i>Clarendon</i>. [The Scots] made as great
+      profession to him [the King,] of their duty and good purposes, which they
+      said they would manifest as soon as it should be <i>seasonable</i>.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      See the event;&mdash;still Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 52.] <i>Clarendon</i>, the Marquess of Montrose.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>
+      The only honest Scot.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 24. [par. 53.] <i>Clarendon</i>. [It] is still believed, that if his
+      Majesty would have been induced to have satisfied them in that particular
+      [the extirpation of Episcopacy in England,] they would ... thereupon have
+      declared for the King.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Rather declare for the Devil.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 26. [par. 60.] <i>Clarendon</i>. When the Scots, etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Cursed Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 27. [par. 62.] <i>Clarendon</i>. That all Governors of any Garrisons,
+      etc. &mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Cursed, abominable, hellish, Scottish villains,
+      everlasting traitors, etc., etc., etc.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 28. [par. 64.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The Scots, who were enough convinced
+      that his Majesty could never be wrought upon to sacrifice the Church ...
+      used all the rude importunity and threats to his Majesty, to persuade him
+      freely to consent to all.&mdash;__Swift _. Most damnable Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 65.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The Chancellor of Scotland told
+      him, etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Cursed Scots Chancellor [this remark
+      obliterated].
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 66.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The General Assembly ... had
+      petitioned the conservators of the peace of the kingdom, that if the King
+      should refuse to give satisfaction to his Parliament, he might not be
+      permitted to come into Scotland.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Scots inspired by
+      Beelzebub.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 29. [par. 68.] <i>Clarendon</i>. They agreed; and, upon the payment of
+      two hundred thousand pounds in hand, and security for as much more upon
+      days agreed upon, the Scots delivered the King up.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Cursed Scot! sold his King for a groat. Hellish Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 69.] <i>Clarendon</i>. In this infamous manner that
+      excellent prince was ... given up, by his Scots subjects, to those of his
+      English who were intrusted by the Parliament to receive him.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      From this period the English Parliament were turned into Scotch devils.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 31. [par. 76.] <i>Clarendon</i>, Sir Harry Killigrew:&mdash;When the
+      Earl of Essex was chosen general, and the several members of the House
+      stood up, and declared, what horse they would raise, ... one saying he
+      would raise ten horses, and another twenty, he stood up and said, "he
+      would provide a good horse, and a good buff coat, and a good pair of
+      pistols, and then he doubted not but he should find a good cause;" and so
+      went out of the House, and rode post into Cornwall.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Another loyall man used the like saying.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 53. [par. 118.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Many years after, when he [the Duke
+      of York] ... made the full relation of all the particulars to me, with
+      that commotion of spirit, that it appeared to be deeply rooted in him;
+      [speaking of the King's injunctions to the duke].&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Yet
+      he lived and died a rank Papist, and lost his kingdom.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 55. [par. 121.] <i>Clarendon</i>. No men were fuller of professions of
+      duty [to the King], ... than the Scottish commissioners.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>
+      The Scots dogs delivered up their King. False-hearted Scots. [This
+      addition obliterated.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 122.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The agitators, and council of
+      officers, sent some propositions to the King.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Detestable villains, almost as bad as Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 64 [par. 136] <i>Clarendon</i>. Mr. Ashburnham had so great a
+      detestation of the Scots.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. So have I.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 68. [par. 144.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Hammond,&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A detes
+      Villain, almost as wicked as a Scot.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 76. [par. 159.] <i>Clarendon</i>, Marquess of Argyle.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Always a cursed family.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 77 [par. 159.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The commissioners ... were confident
+      that all Scotland would rise as one man for his Majesty's defence and
+      vindication.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A strange stupidity, to trust Scots at
+      any time.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 160.] <i>Clarendon</i>. They required ... "that the
+      Prince of Wales should be present with them, and march in the head of
+      their army." ... The King would by no means consent that the prince should
+      go into Scotland.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. The King acted wisely not to trust
+      the Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 79. [par. 162.] <i>Clarendon</i>, Treaty signed, Dec. 26, 1647. They
+      (the Scotch) required:&mdash;that an effectual course should be taken ...
+      for the suppressing the opinions and practices of anti-trinitarians,
+      arians, socinians, anti-scripturists, anabaptists, antinomians, arminians,
+      familists, brownists, separatists, independents, libertines, and seekers.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      What a medley of religions! in all thirteen.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 80. [par. 163.] <i>Clarendon</i>, the same:&mdash;They would assert the
+      right that belonged to the crown, in the power of the militia, the great
+      seal, bestowing of honours and offices of trust, choice of the
+      privy-councillors, and the right of the King's negative voice in
+      Parliament.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. They would rather be hanged than agree.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>, [ditto.] <i>Clarendon</i>, the same:&mdash;An army should be
+      sent out of Scotland ... for making a firm union between the kingdoms
+      under his Majesty, and his posterity.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Scotch
+      impudence.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 81. [par. 165.] <i>Clarendon</i>, the same:&mdash;The King engaged
+      himself to employ those of the Scots nation equally with the English in
+      all foreign employments, and negotiations; and that a third part of all
+      the offices and places about the King, Queen, and Prince, should be
+      conferred upon some persons of that nation.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Impudent
+      Scottish scoundrels.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 83. [par. 169.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The Presbyterians, by whom I mean the
+      Scots, formed all their counsels by the inclinations, and affections of
+      the people.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Hellish Scotch dogs.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 85. [par. 171.] <i>Clarendon</i>. With this universal applause, he
+      [Fairfax] compelled the Scots army to depart the kingdom, with that
+      circumstance as must ever after render them odious and infamous.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      He out-cunninged the Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 86. [par. 172.] <i>Clarendon</i>. But the delivery of the King up,
+      besides the infamy of it, etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. That infamy is in the
+      scurvy nature of a <i>Scot</i>, and the best ... of their false hearts.
+      [Written in pencil and rubbed out&mdash;one word is illegible.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 89. [par. 179.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The vile artifices of the Scottish
+      commissioners to draw the King into their hands.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Vile,
+      treacherous Scots for ever.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      BOOK XI.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      P. 97. [par. 13.] <i>Clarendon</i>, on the discourses against the English
+      in the Scottish Parliament:&mdash;This discourse ... was entertained by
+      the rest with so general a reception, that Argyle found it would be to no
+      purpose directly to contradict or oppose it.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. An
+      infamous dog, like all his family.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 108. [par. 35.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The Prince [Charles II.] set sail
+      first for Yarmouth road, then for the Downs, having sent his brother, the
+      Duke of York, with all his family, to The Hague.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A
+      sorry admiral.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 109 [ditto] <i>Clarendon</i>. The Prince determining to engage his own
+      person, he [the Duke] submitted to the determination&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Popery and cowardice stuck with him all his life.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 36] <i>Clarendon</i>. The Prince came prepared to
+      depend wholly upon the Presbyterian party, which, besides the power of the
+      <i>Scots army,</i> which was every day expected to invade England, was
+      thought to be possessed of all the strength of the City of London.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Curse on the rogues!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [same par.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Sent from the Scots[7]&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      So much the worse to rely on the cursed Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: The words are "sent from thence" in edition of 1888. [T. S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 112 [par. 43] <i>Clarendon</i>. Argyle took notice of Sir Marmaduke
+      Langdale's, and Sir Philip Musgrave's being in the town.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      That Scotch dog.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 113 [par. 45] <i>Clarendon</i>. They entreated them with all imaginable
+      importunity, that they would take the Covenant.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Their
+      damned Covenant.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 117 [par. 53] <i>Clarendon</i>. Sir Philip Musgrave, that it might
+      appear that they did not exclude any who had taken the Covenant, etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Confound their damnable Covenant!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 129 [par. 85] <i>Clarendon</i>. Defeat of the Scots army&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      I cannot be sorry.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [pars. 86, 87] <i>Clarendon</i>, after the defeat of the
+      Scottish army, the Earl of Lauderdale had been sent to The Hague The
+      Prince of Wales&mdash;thought fit, that the earl should give an account of
+      his commission at the board, ... and, that all respect might be shewed to
+      the Parliament of Scotland, he had a chair allowed him to sit upon&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Respect to a Scotch Parliament, with a pox.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 130 [par. 87] <i>Clarendon</i>. Redeem His Majesty's person from that
+      captivity, which they held themselves obliged ... to endeavour to do&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Not to do.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 133 [par. 96] <i>Clarendon</i>. Within a short time after, orders were
+      sent out of Scotland for the delivery of Berwick and Carlisle to the
+      Parliament&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Cursed Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 98] <i>Clarendon</i>. It was generally believed, that
+      the Marquess of Argyle earnestly invited him [Cromwell] to this progress
+      [into Scotland]&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. That eternal dog, Argyle.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 141 [par. 114] <i>Clarendon</i>. By the time that the commissioners
+      returned from the Isle of Wight, and delivered this answer to the
+      Parliament, news was brought of the defeat of the Scots army, and Cromwell
+      had written to his friends, etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A cursed hell hound.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 142. [par. 116.] <i>Clarendon</i>. When there appeared some hopes that
+      the Scots would raise an army for the relief and release of the King.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Trust them not, for they are Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 145. [par. 120.] <i>Clarendon</i>. And himself a prisoner.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Base.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 155. [par. 141.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The Duke [of York], who was not yet
+      above fifteen years of age, was so far from desiring to be with the fleet,
+      that, when there was once a proposition, upon occasion of a sudden mutiny
+      amongst the seamen, that he should go ... amongst them, who professed
+      great duty to his Highness, he was so offended at it that he would not
+      hear of it.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. The Duke's courage was always doubtful.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 157. [par. 146.] <i>Clarendon</i>. (Many persons of honour ... the rest
+      had done.)&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Parenthesis eleven lines.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 167. [par. 169.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Two of them [the ministers] very
+      plainly and fiercely told the King, "that if he did not consent to the
+      utter abolishing of the Episcopacy, he would be damned."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Very civil.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 168. [par. 172.] <i>Clarendon</i>. [The King] did, with much
+      reluctancy, offer ... "to suspend Episcopacy for three years," etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Prudent concessions.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [ditto.] <i>Clarendon</i>, he consented:&mdash;likewise,
+      "that money should be raised upon the sale of the Church lands, and only
+      the old rent should be reserved to the just owners and their successors."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Scotch principles.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 173.] <i>Clarendon</i>. They required farther, "that in
+      all cases, when the Lords and Commons shall declare the safety of the
+      kingdom to be concerned, unless the King give his royal assent to such a
+      Bill as shall be tendered to him for raising money, the Bill shall have
+      the force of an Act of Parliament, as if he had given his royal assent."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      English dogs, as bad as Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 170. [par. 176.] <i>Clarendon</i>, on the King's concessions.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      After so many concessions, the commissioners shewed themselves most
+      damnable villains.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 172. [par. 181.] <i>Clarendon</i>. [The King] confessed, "If they would
+      preserve the Scripture Bishop he would take away the Bishop by Law."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Indeed! a great concession.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 174. [par. 187.] <i>Clarendon</i>. For Scotland, they demanded "the
+      King's consent, to confirm by Act of Parliament such agreements as should
+      be made by both Houses with that kingdom ... for the settling and
+      preserving a happy and durable peace between the two nations, and for the
+      mutual defence of each other."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A most diabolical
+      alliance.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 175. [par. 189.] <i>Clarendon</i>, on the letter from the King to his
+      son, concerning the treaty.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. The whole letter is a most
+      excellent performance.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 176. [par. 189.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The major part of both Houses of
+      Parliament was, at that time, so far from desiring the execution of all
+      those concessions, that, if they had been able to have resisted the wild
+      fury of <i>the army</i>, they would have been themselves suitors to have
+      declined the greatest part of them.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Diabolical
+      villains.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 177. [par. 193.] <i>Clarendon</i>. It cannot be imagined how
+      wonderfully fearful some persons in France were that he [the King] should
+      have made his escape, and the dread they had of his coming thither.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      French villains.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 180. [par. 198.] <i>Clarendon</i>, the Commons sent to Winchester:&mdash;their
+      well tried Serjeant Wild, to be the sole judge of that circuit.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      An infernal dog.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 200.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Young Sir Harry Vane had begun
+      the debate [upon the treaty] with the highest insolence, and provocation.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      A cursed insolent villain, worse than even a Scot, or his own father.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 183. [par. 206.] <i>Clarendon</i>, on the seizure of many Members
+      entering into the House, by the soldiers.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Damnable
+      proceeding.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 184. [ditto.] <i>Clarendon</i>, the remaining Members vote the contrary
+      to their former votes:&mdash;that the answer the King had given to their
+      propositions was not satisfactory.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Cursed rogues.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 189. [par. 221.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Harrison was the son of a butcher.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      The fitter for that office.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 195. [par. 233.] <i>Clarendon</i>, Trial of the King:&mdash;The King
+      ... told them, "he would first know of them, by what authority they
+      presumed by force to bring him before them, and who gave them power to
+      judge of his actions, for which he was accountable to none but God."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Very weak.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 198. [par. 241] <i>Clarendon</i>. [The King] was always a great lover
+      of the Scottish nation.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. There I differ from him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [ditto.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Having not only been born there,
+      but educated by that people, and besieged by them always.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Who were the cause of his destruction, like abominable Scotch dogs.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 199. [par. 244] <i>Clarendon</i>. In that very hour when he was thus
+      wickedly murdered in the sight of the sun, he had as great a share in the
+      hearts and affections of his subjects ... as any of his predecessors.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Only common pity for his death, and the manner of it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 208. [par. 261] <i>Clarendon</i>, Lord Capel's trial:&mdash;<i>Cromwell,</i>
+      who had known him very well, spoke so much good of him, and professed to
+      have so much kindness and respect for him, that all men thought he was now
+      safe.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Cursed dog.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      BOOK XII.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      P. 217. [par. 4.] <i>Clarendon</i>, Charles II. proclaimed in Scotland:
+      &mdash;upon condition of "his good behaviour, and strict observation of
+      the Covenant, and his entertaining no other persons about him but such as
+      were godly men, and faithful to that obligation."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>
+      Cursed Scots in every circumstance.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 5.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The new Duke [of Hamilton].&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      A Scotch duke, celebrated by the author: a perfect miracle.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [ditto.] <i>Clarendon</i>. A rare virtue in the men of that
+      time. &mdash;<i>Swift.</i> [Of that] nation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 218. [par. 7.] <i>Clarendon</i>, on the commission sent to England when
+      the King was tried:&mdash;The Marquess of Argyle had had too deep a share
+      in that wickedness [the delivery of the King], to endure the shock of a
+      new dispute, and inquisition upon that subject; and therefore gave not the
+      least opposition to their passion [of the Scots].&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A
+      true Argyle.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [continuation of the same sentence.] <i>Clarendon</i>. But
+      seemed equally concerned in the honour of the nation, to prosecute an high
+      expostulation with those of England, for the breach of faith, and the
+      promises, which had been made for the safety, and preservation of the
+      King's person, at the time he was delivered up.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. The
+      Scots were the cause and chief instruments of the King's murder by
+      delivering him up to the English rebels.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 222. [par. 13.] <i>Clarendon</i>. It was very manifest ... that the
+      Marquess of Argyle meant only to satisfy the people, in declaring that
+      they had a King ... but that such conditions should be put upon him, as he
+      knew, he would not submit to.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Most detestable villain.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 224. [par. 17.] <i>Clarendon</i>. As soon as he came into the room
+      where they were.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Abominable Scotch dogs.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 225. [ditto.] <i>Clarendon</i>. A learned and worthy Scottish divine,
+      Dr. Wishart.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A prodigious rarity.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 18.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The Earl [of Lauderdale] told
+      him [one of the council] ... that he could not imagine, or conceive the
+      barbarities and inhumanities Montrose was guilty of, in the time he made a
+      war in Scotland.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. That earl was a beast; I mean
+      Lauderdale.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>, [ditto.] <i>Clarendon</i>. That he [Montrose] had in one
+      battle killed fifteen hundred of one family, of the Campbells, of the
+      blood and name of Argyle.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Not half enough of that
+      execrable breed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 228. [par. 24.] <i>Clarendon</i>, for the embassy from the Parliament:
+      &mdash;one Dorislaus, a doctor in the civil law, was named.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      A Dutch fellow, employed by those regicides who murdered the King.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 237. [par. 41.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The Prince of Orange ... wished,
+      "that, in regard of the great differences which were in England about
+      matters of religion, the King would offer ... to refer all matters in
+      controversy concerning religion to a national synod."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      I do not approve it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 249. [par. 69.] <i>Clarendon</i>, on the defeat of the Marquess of
+      Ormonde by Jones.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Ormonde's army discomfited!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 265. [par. 119.] <i>Clarendon</i>. And that Committee of the
+      Parliament.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 119.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The council of Scotland ...
+      sent a gentleman ... to invite his Majesty again to come into his kingdom
+      of Scotland, not without a rude insinuation that it was the last
+      invitation he should receive.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Still cursed Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 267. [par. 122.] <i>Clarendon</i>, on the conditions sent from Scotland
+      to Breda, in case the King consented to come to Scotland:&mdash;The King
+      himself, and all who should attend upon him, were first to sign the
+      Covenant before they should be admitted to enter into the kingdom.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Damnable Scottish dogs.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 268. [par. 125.] <i>Clarendon</i>, some lords warned the King, that it
+      was to be feared that:&mdash;Argyle would immediately deliver up the
+      person of the King into the hands of Cromwell.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. That
+      Scotch dog was likely enough to do so, and much worse.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 126.] <i>Clarendon</i>, the ambassadors in Spain:&mdash;were
+      extremely troubled, both of them having always had a strong aversion that
+      the King should ever venture himself in the hands of that party of the
+      Scottish nation, which had treated his father so perfidiously.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Damnable nation for ever.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 269. [par. 127.] <i>Clarendon</i>. [The King] was before [in Spain]
+      looked upon as being dispossessed, and disinherited of all his dominions,
+      as if he had no more subjects than those few who were banished with him,
+      and that there was an entire defection in all the rest. But now that he
+      was possessed of one whole kingdom, etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Yet all
+      cursed villains; a possession of the Devil's kingdom, where every Scot was
+      a rebel.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 128.] <i>Clarendon</i>. There fell out at this time ...
+      an accident of such a prodigious nature, that, if Providence had not, for
+      the reproach of Scotland, determined that the King should once more make
+      experiment of the courage and fidelity of that nation, could not but have
+      diverted his Majesty from that northern expedition; which, how unsecure
+      soever it appeared to be for the King, was predestinated for a greater
+      chastisement and mortification of that people, as it shortly after proved
+      to be: [alluding to Montrose's execution.]&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. That is
+      good news.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 270. [par. 128.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The Marquess [of Montrose], who was
+      naturally full of great thoughts, and confident of success.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      He was the only man in Scotland who had ever one grain of virtue; and was
+      therefore abhorred, and murdered publicly by his hellish countrymen.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 270. [par. 129.] <i>Clarendon</i>. There were many officers of good
+      name and account in Sweden, of the Scottish nation.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Impossible.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 271. [par. 130.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Montrose knew, that of the two
+      factions there, which were not like to be reconciled, each of them were
+      equally his implacable enemies.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Very certain.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>, [ditto.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The whole kirk ... being alike
+      malicious to him.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Scots damnable kirk.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 272. [par. 131]. <i>Clarendon</i>. Many of [the nobility] ... assured
+      him [Montrose], that they would meet him with good numbers; and they did
+      prepare to do so, some really; and others, with a purpose to betray him.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Much the greater number.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 133.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The tyranny of Argyle ...
+      caused very many to be barbarously murdered, without any form of law or
+      justice, who had been in arms with Montrose.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. That
+      perpetual inhuman dog and traitor, and all his posterity, to a man,
+      damnable villains.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 273. [par 134.] <i>Clarendon</i> Most of the other officers were
+      shortly after taken prisoners, all the country desiring to merit from
+      Argyle by betraying all those into his hands which they believed to be his
+      enemies.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. The virtue and morality of the Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>, [ditto] <i>Clarendon</i>. And thus, whether <i>by the owner
+      of the house</i> or any other way, the Marquess himself became their
+      prisoner.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A tyrannical Scottish dog.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 274. [par. 137.] <i>Clarendon</i> "That for the League and Covenant, he
+      had never taken it," etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. The Devil, their God, I
+      believe had taken it. [This remark is nearly obliterated.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 138] <i>Clarendon</i>, sentence on Montrose:&mdash;That
+      he was ... to be carried to Edinburgh Cross, and there to be hanged upon a
+      gallows thirty foot high, for the space of three hours, etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Oh! if the whole nation, to a man, were just so treated! begin with
+      Argyle, and next with the fanatic dogs who teased him with their kirk
+      scurrilities.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 139.] <i>Clarendon</i>. After many such barbarities,
+      they [the ministers] offered to intercede for him to the kirk upon his
+      repentance, and to pray with him.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Most treacherous,
+      damnable, infernal Scots for ever!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 275. [par. 140] <i>Clarendon</i>. He bore it [the execution] with ill
+      the courage and magnanimity, and the greatest piety, that a good Christian
+      could manifest.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> A perfect hero; wholly un-Scotified.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>, [ditto] <i>Clarendon</i>. [He] prayed, "that they might not
+      betray him [the King], as they had done his father."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A
+      very seasonable prayer, but never performed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 275. [par. 142.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The Marquess of Argyle ... wanted
+      nothing but <i>honesty and courage</i> to be a very extraordinary man.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Trifles to a Scot.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 276. [par. 143.] <i>Clarendon</i>. They who were most displeased with
+      Argyle and his faction, were not sorry for this inhuman, and monstrous
+      prosecution [of Montrose].&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Impudent, lying Scottish
+      dogs.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      BOOK XIII.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      P. 285. [par. 1.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Without he likewise consented to
+      those.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Bad.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 286. [par. 3.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The King was received by the Marquess
+      of Argyle with all the outward respect imaginable.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      That dog of all Scotch dogs.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>, [ditto.] <i>Clarendon</i>. They did immediately banish him
+      [Daniel O'Neill] the kingdom, and obliged him to sign a paper, by which he
+      consented to be put to death, if he were ever after found in the kingdom.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      In Scotland, with a pox.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 287. [par. 5.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The King's table was well served.
+      &mdash;<i>Swift</i>. With Scotch food, etc. etc. etc.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 300. [par 36.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The King had left ... the Duke of York
+      with the Queen, with direction "that he should conform himself entirely to
+      the will and pleasure of the Queen his mother, matters of religion only
+      excepted."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Yet lost his kingdom for the sake of
+      Popery.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 301. [par. 37.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The Duke [of York] was full of spirit
+      and courage, and naturally loved designs.&mdash;<i>Swift. Quantum mutatus!</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 304. [par. 42.] <i>Clarendon</i>, on the proposed match between the
+      Duke of York, and the Duke of Lorraine's natural daughter:&mdash;Only Sir
+      George Ratcliffe undertook to speak to him about it, who could only make
+      himself understood in Latin, which the Duke cared not to speak in.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Because he was illiterate, and only read Popish Latin.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 305. [par. 44.] <i>Clarendon</i>. [The Queen] bid him [the chancellor
+      of the exchequer] "assure the Duke of York, that he should have a free
+      exercise of his religion, as he had before."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Who
+      unkinged himself for Popery.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 306. [par. 45.] <i>Clarendon</i>. It was indeed the common discourse
+      there [in Holland], "that the Protestants of the Church of England could
+      never do the King service, but that all his hopes must be in the Roman
+      Catholics, and the Presbyterians."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A blessed pair.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [par. 46.] <i>Clarendon</i>. [The Duke of York] was fortified
+      with, a firm resolution never to acknowledge that he had committed any
+      error.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. No, not when he lost his kingdom or Popery.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 311. [par. 58.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The King had ... friendship with Duke
+      Hamilton.&mdash;<i>Swift. Vix intelligo</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 318. [par. 75.] <i>Clarendon</i>, the King's defeat at Worcester, 3d of
+      September.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. September 3d, always lucky to Cromwell.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 339. [par. 122.] <i>Clarendon</i>. There was no need of spurs to be
+      employed to incite the Duke [of York]; who was most impatient to be in the
+      army.&mdash;<i>Swift</i> How old was he when he turned a Papist, and a
+      coward?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 340. [par. 123.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The Duke pressed it [his being
+      allowed to join the army] with earnestness and passion, in which he
+      dissembled not.&mdash;<i>Swift. Dubitat Augustinus</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 343. [par. 128.] <i>Clarendon</i>, the Duke, in the French army:&mdash;got
+      the reputation of a prince of very signal courage, and to be universally
+      beloved of the whole army by his affable behaviour.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      But proved a cowardly Popish king.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 348, line 50. <i>Swift</i>. Scots.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P, 349. [par. 140.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The chancellor ... told his Majesty,
+      "this trust would for ever deprive him of all hope of the Queen's favour;
+      who could not but discern it within three or four days, and, by the
+      frequent resort of the Scottish vicar [one Knox; who came with Middleton
+      to Paris,] to him" (who had the vanity to desire long conferences with
+      him) "that there was some secret in hand which was kept from her."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      The little Scottish scoundrel, conceited vicar.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      BOOK XIV.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      P. 386. [par. 41.] <i>Clarendon</i>. Scotland lying under a heavy yoke by
+      the strict government of Monk.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. I am glad of that.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 387. [par. 44.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The day of their meeting [Cromwell's
+      Parliament] was the third of September in the year 1654.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      His lucky day.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 394. [par. 56.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The Highlanders ... made frequent
+      incursions in the night into the English quarters; and killed many of
+      their soldiers, but stole more of their horses.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Rank
+      Scottish thieves.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 413. [par. 95.] <i>Clarendon</i>. A bold person to publish, etc.&mdash;
+      <i>Swift</i>. Bussy Rabutin, Amours des Gaules.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 414. [par. 96.] <i>Clarendon</i>. There was at that time in the court
+      of France, or rather in the jealousy of that court, a lady of great
+      beauty, of a presence very graceful and alluring, and a wit and behaviour
+      that captivated those who were admitted into her presence; [to whom
+      Charles II. made an offer of marriage]&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A prostitute
+      whore.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 420. [par. 109.] <i>Clarendon</i>. The chancellor of the exchequer one
+      day ... desired him [the king] "to consider upon this news, and
+      importunity from Scotland, whether in those Highlands there might not be
+      such a safe retreat and residence, that he might reasonably say, that with
+      the affections of that people, which had been always firm both to his
+      father and himself, he might preserve himself in safety, though he could
+      not hope to make any advance."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. The chancellor never
+      thought so well of the Scots before.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>, [ditto.] <i>Clarendon</i>. His Majesty discoursed very calmly
+      of that country, ... "that, if sickness did not destroy him, which he had
+      reason to expect from the ill accommodation he must be there contented
+      with, he should in a short time be betrayed and given up"&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      But the King knew them better.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 425. [par. 118.] <i>Clarendon</i>. [The King's enemies] persuaded many
+      in England, and especially of those of the reformed religion abroad, that
+      his Majesty was in truth a Papist.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Which was true.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 443.[8] <i>Clarendon</i>. The wretch [Manning], soon after, received
+      the reward due to his treason.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. In what manner?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: This sentence, which follows at the end of par. 146, is
+      omitted in the edition of 1888. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      BOOK XV.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      P. 469. [par. 53.] <i>Clarendon.</i> That which made a noise indeed, and
+      crowned his [Cromwell's] successes, was the victory his fleet, under the
+      command of Blake, had obtained over the Spaniard.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. I
+      wish he were alive, for the dogs the Spaniards' sake, instead of our
+      worthless H&mdash;&mdash;.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 495. [par. 119, sec. 3,] <i>Clarendon</i>, in the address of the
+      Anabaptists to the King:&mdash;"We ... humbly beseech your Majesty, that
+      you would engage your royal word never to erect, nor suffer to be erected,
+      any such tyrannical, Popish, and Antichristian hierarchy (Episcopal,
+      Presbyterian, or by what name soever it be called) as shall assume a power
+      over, or impose a yoke upon, the consciences of others."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Honest, though fanatics.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 501. [par. 136.] <i>Clarendon</i>, at the siege of Dunkirk:&mdash;Marshal
+      Turenne, accompanied with the Duke of York, who would never be absent upon
+      those occasions, ... spent two or three days in viewing the line round,&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      James II., a fool and a coward.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 502. [par. 137.] <i>Clarendon</i>. There was a rumour.., that the Duke
+      of York was taken prisoner by the English, ... whereupon many of the
+      French officers, and gentlemen, resolved to set him at liberty; ... So
+      great an affection that nation owned to have for his Highness.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Yet he lived and died a coward.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      BOOK XVI.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      P. 523. [par. 29.] <i>Clarendon</i>, on the discovery of the treachery of
+      Sir Richard Willis.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Doubtful.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 539. [par. 47.[9]] <i>Clarendon</i>. If it had not been for the King's
+      own <i>steadiness</i>.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Of which, in religion, he never
+      had any.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 9: This was par. 74 in the edition of 1849. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 540. [par. 75.] <i>Clarendon</i>, upon the Duke of York's being invited
+      into Spain, with the office of El Admirante del Oceano, he was warned that
+      he:&mdash;would never be suffered to go to sea under any title of command,
+      till he first changed his religion.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. As he did openly
+      in England.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 559. [par. 131.] <i>Clarendon</i>. There being scarce a bon-fire at
+      which they did not roast a rump.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. The <i>Rump</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 583. [par. 194.] <i>Clarendon</i>, Declaration of the King, April 4-1/4
+      1660:&mdash;"Let all our subjects, how faulty soever, rely upon the word
+      of a King," etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Usually good for nothing.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid</i>. [ditto.] <i>Clarendon</i>, the same:&mdash;"A free
+      Parliament; by which, upon the word of a King, we will be advised."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Provided he be an honest and sincere man.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 585. [par. 199.] <i>Clarendon</i>, Letter to the fleet:&mdash;"Which
+      gives us great encouragement and hope, that God Almighty will heal the
+      wounds by the same plaster that made the flesh raw."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A
+      very low comparison.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 586. [par. 201.] <i>Clarendon</i>, Letter to the city of London:&mdash;"Their
+      affections to us in the city of London; which hath exceedingly raised our
+      spirits, and which, no doubt, hath proceeded from the Spirit of God, and
+      His extraordinary mercy to the nation; which hath been encouraged by you,
+      and your good example ... to discountenance the imaginations of those who
+      would subject our subjects to a government they have not yet devised."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Cacofonia.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 595. [par. 222.] <i>Clarendon</i>, Proclamation of the King, May 8, by
+      the Parliament, Lord Mayor, etc.:&mdash;"We ... acknowledge, ... that ...
+      he [Charles II.] is of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, the most
+      potent, mighty, and undoubted King; and thereunto we most humbly and
+      faithfully do submit, and oblige ourselves, our heirs, and posterity for
+      ever."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Can they oblige their posterity 10,000 years to
+      come?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 596. [par. 225]. <i>Clarendon</i>, The case of Colonel Ingoldsby: After
+      he had refused to sign the death-warrant of the King:&mdash;Cromwell, and
+      others, held him by violence; and Cromwell, with a loud laughter, taking
+      his hand in his, and putting the pen between his fingers, with his own
+      hand writ Richard Ingoldsby he making all the resistance he could.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      A mistake; for it was his own hand-writ, without any restraint.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      ***** ***** ***** ***** *****
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0012" id="link2H_4_0012"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      REMARKS ON
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      "BISHOP BURNET'S HISTORY OF ['SCOTLAND
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      IN'&mdash;<i>SWIFT</i>] HIS OWN TIME,"
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      FOLIO EDITION, 1724-34.
+    </h3>
+    <h4>
+      FROM THE ORIGINAL, IN THE LIBRARY of THE LATE
+    </h4>
+    <h3>
+      MARQUESS OF LANSDOWNE.
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      NOTE.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The standard edition of Burnet's interesting "History" is that by Dr.
+      Routh, first issued in 1823 and revised in a second edition in 1833. Mr.
+      Osmund Airy is at present engaged on a new edition for the Clarendon
+      Press, but so far only two volumes have been published. It was in Dr.
+      Routh's edition that almost all of Swift's notes first appeared. In the
+      Preface to the issue of 1823, the learned editor informs us that Swift's
+      notes were taken "from his own copy of the history, which had come into
+      the possession of the first Marquis of Lansdowne." A note in the edition
+      of 1833 corrects a statement made in the previous edition that Swift's
+      copy had been burnt. It was not Swift's own copy, but a copy containing a
+      transcript of Swift's notes that was burnt.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the preparation of the present text every available reference has been
+      searched. Sir Walter Scott's reprint of Swift's "Notes" was sadly
+      inadequate. Not only did he misquote the references to Burnet's work, but
+      he could not have consulted the Lansdowne copy, since fully a third of the
+      "notes" were altogether ignored by him. It is believed that the text here
+      given contains every note accurately placed to its proper account in
+      Burnet's "History." The references are to the edition in folio issued in
+      1724-1734.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the twenty-seventh volume of the "European Magazine," and in the two
+      following volumes, a fair proportion of Swift's notes were first
+      published. These were reprinted by Dr. Burnet in 1808, in his "Essay on
+      the Earlier Part of the Life of Swift." Both these authorities have been
+      consulted. Dr. Routh's modesty forbade him including six of the notes,
+      because they were "not written with the requisite decorum." These have
+      been included here. Mr. Osmund Airy has "thought it unadvisable to
+      encumber the pages with simple terms of abuse"; but an editor of Swift's
+      works cannot permit himself this licence. His duty is to include
+      everything.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The text of the "Short Remarks" is taken from vol. viii., Part 1, of the
+      quarto edition of Swift's works, edited by Deane Swift, and published in
+      1765.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      [T.S.]
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br />
+    </p>
+    <h2>
+      SHORT REMARKS ON BISHOP BURNET'S HISTORY.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      This author is in most particulars the worst qualified for an historian
+      that ever I met with. His style is rough, full of improprieties, in
+      expressions often Scotch, and often such as are used by the meanest
+      people.[1] He discovers a great scarcity of words and phrases, by
+      repeating the same several hundred times, for want of capacity to vary
+      them. His observations are mean and trite, and very often false. His
+      secret history is generally made up of coffeehouse scandals, or at best
+      from reports at the third, fourth, or fifth hand. The account of the
+      Pretender's birth, would only become an old woman in a chimney-corner. His
+      vanity runs intolerably through the whole book, affecting to have been of
+      consequence at nineteen years old, and while he was a little Scotch parson
+      of forty pounds a year. He was a gentleman born, and, in the time of his
+      youth and vigour, drew in an old maiden daughter of a Scotch earl to marry
+      him.[2] His characters are miserably wrought, in many things mistaken, and
+      all of them detracting,[3] except of those who were friends to the
+      Presbyterians. That early love of liberty he boasts of is absolutely
+      false; for the first book that I believe he ever published is an entire
+      treatise in favour of passive obedience and absolute power; so that his
+      reflections on the clergy, for asserting, and then changing those
+      principles, come very improperly from him. He is the most partial of all
+      writers that ever pretended so much to impartiality; and yet I, who knew
+      him well, am convinced that he is as impartial as he could possibly find
+      in his heart; I am sure more than I ever expected from him; particularly
+      in his accounts of the Papist and fanatic plots. This work may be more
+      properly called "A History of Scotland during the Author's Time, with some
+      Digressions relating to England," rather than deserve the title he gives
+      it. For I believe two thirds of it relate only to that beggarly nation,
+      and their insignificant brangles and factions. What he succeeds best in,
+      is in giving extracts of arguments and debates in council or Parliament.
+      Nothing recommends his book but the recency of the facts he mentions, most
+      of them being still in memory, especially the story of the Revolution;
+      which, however, is not so well told as might be expected from one who
+      affects to have had so considerable a share in it. After all, he was a man
+      of generosity and good nature, and very communicative; but, in his ten
+      last years, was absolutely party-mad, and fancied he saw Popery under
+      every bush. He hath told me many passages not mentioned in this history,
+      and many that are, but with several circumstances suppressed or altered.
+      He never gives a good character without one essential point, that the
+      person was tender to Dissenters, and thought many things in the Church
+      ought to be amended.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: "His own opinion," says my predecessor, Mr Nichols, "was very
+      different, as appears by the original MS of his History, wherein the
+      following lines are legible, though among those which were ordered not to
+      be printed 'And if I have arrived at any faculty of writing clearly and
+      correctly, I owe that entirely to them [Tillotson and Lloyd]. For as they
+      joined with Wilkins, in that noble, though despised attempt, of an <i>universal
+      character</i>, and a philosophical language; they took great pains to
+      observe all the common errors of language in general, and of ours in
+      particular. And in the drawing the tables for that work, which was Lloyd's
+      province, he looked further into a natural purity and simplicity of style,
+      than any man I ever knew; into all which he led me, and so helped me to
+      any measure of exactness of writing, which may be thought to belong to
+      me.' The above was originally designed to have followed the words, 'I know
+      from them,' vol. i. p. 191, 1. 7, fol. ed. near the end of A.D. 1661."
+      [S]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 2: Lady Margaret Kennedy, daughter to the Earl of Cassilis.
+      [S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 3: A note in Swift's Works, vol. ix., pt. ii. [1775] says: After
+      "detracting," add "Many of which were stricken through with his own hand,
+      but left legible in the MS.; which he ordered, in his last will, 'his
+      executor to print faithfully, as he left it, without adding, suppressing,
+      or altering it in any particular.' In the second volume, Judge Burnet, the
+      Bishop's son and executor, promises that 'the original manuscript of both
+      volumes shall be deposited in the Cotton Library.' But this promise does
+      not appear to have been fulfilled; at least it certainly was not in 1736,
+      when two letters were printed, addressed to Thomas Burnet, Esq. In p. 8 of
+      the Second Letter, the writer [Philip Beach] asserted, that he had in his
+      own possession 'an authentic and complete collection of the castrated
+      passages.'" [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Setting up for a maxim, laying down for a maxim, clapt up, decency,</i>
+      and some other words and phrases, he uses many hundred times.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Cut out for a court, a pardoning planet, clapt up, left in the lurch,
+      the mob, outed, a great beauty, went roundly to work:</i> All these
+      phrases used by the vulgar, shew him to have kept mean or illiterate
+      company in his youth.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      REMARKS ON BURNET'S HISTORY OF HIS OWN TIME.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_PREF2" id="link2H_PREF2"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      PREFACE, p. 3. <i>Burnet.</i>
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      Indeed the peevishness, the ill nature, and the ambition of many clergymen
+      has sharpened my spirits perhaps too much against them; so I <i>warn</i>
+      my reader to take all that I say on these heads with some grains of
+      allowance.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> I will take his <i>warning.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 4. <i>Burnet.</i> Over and over again retouched and polished by me.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Rarely polished; I never read so ill a style.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet.</i> That thereby I may awaken the world to just
+      reflections on their own errors and follies.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> This I
+      take to be nonsense.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      BOOK I.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      P. 6. <i>Burnet.</i> That king saw that those who were most in his
+      interests were likewise jealous of his authority, and apt to encroach upon
+      it.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Nonsense.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 10. <i>Burnet</i> says that competent provision to those who served the
+      cure:&mdash;was afterwards in his son's time raised to about fifty pounds
+      a year.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Scotch pounds, I suppose.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 11. <i>Burnet.</i> Colonel Titus assured me that he had from King
+      Charles the First's own mouth, that he was well assured he [Prince Henry]
+      was poisoned by the Earl of Somerset's means.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Titus
+      was the greatest rogue in England.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 18. <i>Burnet</i> says that Gowry's conspiracy against King James was
+      confirmed to him by his father.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Melvil makes nothing
+      of it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 20. <i>Burnet.</i> I turn now to the affairs of Scotland, which are but
+      little known.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Not worth knowing.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 23. <i>Burnet,</i> Archbishop Spotswood began:&mdash;his journey as he
+      often did on a Sunday, which was a very odious thing in that country.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Poor malice.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 24. <i>Burnet,</i> Mr. Steward, a private gentleman, became:&mdash;so
+      considerable that he was raised by several degrees to be made Earl of
+      Traquair and Lord-Treasurer [of Scotland], and was in great favour; but
+      suffered afterwards such a reverse of fortune, that I saw him so low that
+      he wanted bread, ... and it was believed died of hunger.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      A strange death: perhaps it was of want of <i>meat</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 26. <i>Burnet.</i> My father ... carefully preserved the petition
+      itself, and the papers relating to the trial [of Lord Balmerinoch]; of
+      which I never saw any copy besides those which I have. ... The whole
+      record ... is indeed a very noble piece, full of curious matter.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Puppy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 28. <i>Burnet.</i> The Earl of Argyle was a more solemn sort of man,
+      grave and sober, free of all scandalous vices.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> As a
+      man is free of a corporation, he means.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 29. <i>Burnet.</i> The Lord Wharton and the Lord Howard of Escrick
+      undertook to deliver some of these; which they did, and were <i>clapt up</i>
+      upon it.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Dignity of expression.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 30. <i>Burnet.</i> [King Charles I.] was now in great straits ... his
+      treasure was now exhausted; his subjects were highly irritated; the
+      ministry were all frighted, being exposed to the anger and justice of the
+      Parliament. ... He loved high and rough methods, but had neither the skill
+      to conduct them, nor the height of genius to manage them.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Not one good quality named.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 31. <i>Burnet.</i> The Queen [of Charles I.] was a woman of great
+      vivacity in conversation, and loved all her life long to be <i>in
+      intrigues of all sorts.</i>&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Not of love, I hope.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet.</i> By the concessions that he made, especially that of
+      the triennial Parliament, the honest and quiet part of the nation was
+      satisfied, and thought their religion and liberties were secured: So they
+      broke off from those violenter propositions that occasioned the war.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Dark, or nonsense.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet.</i> He intended not to stand to them any longer than he
+      lay under that force that visibly drew them from him contrary to his own
+      inclinations.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Sad trash.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 33. <i>Burnet.</i> The first volume of the Earl of Clarendon's
+      "History" gives a faithful representation of the beginnings of the
+      troubles, though writ in favour of the court.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Writ
+      with the spirit of an historian, not of [a raker] into scandal.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 34. <i>Burnet.</i> Dickson, Blair, Rutherford, Baily, Cant, and the two
+      Gillispys ... affected great sublimities in devotion: They poured
+      themselves out in their prayers with a loud voice, and often with many
+      tears. They had but an ordinary proportion of learning among them;
+      something of Hebrew, and very little Greek: Books of controversy with
+      Papists, but above all with the Arminians, was the height of their study.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Great nonsense. Rutherford was half fool, half mad.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 40. <i>Burnet,</i> speaking of the bad effects of the Marquess of
+      Montrose's expedition and defeat, says:&mdash;It alienated the Scots much
+      from the King: It exalted all that were enemies to peace. Now they seemed
+      to have some colour for all those aspersions they had cast on the King, as
+      if he had been in a correspondence with the Irish rebels, when the worst
+      tribe of them had been thus employed by him.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Lord
+      Clarendon differs from all this.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 41. <i>Burnet.</i> The Earl of Essex told me, that he had taken all the
+      pains he could to enquire into the original of the Irish massacre, but
+      could never see any reason to believe the King had any accession to it.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      And who but <i>a beast</i> ever believed it?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 42. <i>Burnet,</i> arguing with the Scots concerning the propriety of
+      the King's death, observes:&mdash;Drummond said, "Cromwell had plainly the
+      better of them at their own weapon."&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> And Burnet
+      thought as Cromwell did.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 46. <i>Burnet.</i> They [the army] will ever keep the Parliament in
+      subjection to them, and so keep up their own authority.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Weak.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet.</i> Fairfax was much distracted in his mind, and changed
+      purposes often every day.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Fairfax had hardly common
+      sense.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 49. <i>Burnet.</i> I will not enter farther into the military part: For
+      I remember an advice of Marshal Schomberg's, never to meddle in the
+      relation of military matters.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Very foolish advice, for
+      soldiers cannot write.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 50. <i>Burnet.</i> [Laud's] defence of himself, writ ... when he was in
+      the Tower, is a very mean performance. ... In most particulars he excuses
+      himself by this, that he was but one of many, who either in council,
+      star-chamber, or high commission voted illegal things. Now though this was
+      true, yet a chief minister, and one in high favour, determines the rest so
+      much, that they are generally little better than machines acted by him. On
+      other occasions he says, the thing was proved but by one witness. Now, how
+      strong soever this defence may be in law, it is of no force in an appeal
+      to the world; for if a thing is true, it is no matter how full or how
+      defective the proof is.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> All this is full of malice and
+      ill judgement.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet,</i> speaking of the "Eikon Basilike," supposed to be
+      written by Charles the First, says:&mdash;There was in it a nobleness and
+      justness of thought with a greatness of style, that made it to be looked
+      on as the best writ book in the English language.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> I
+      think it a poor treatise, and that the King did not write it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 51. <i>Burnet.</i> Upon the King's death the Scots proclaimed his son
+      King, and sent over Sir George Wincam, <i>that married my great-aunt</i>,
+      to treat with him while he was in the Isle of Jersey.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Was that the reason he was sent?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 53. <i>Burnet.</i> I remember in one fast-day there were six sermons
+      preached without intermission. I was there myself, and not a little weary
+      of so tedious a service.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Burnet was not then eight
+      years old.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 61. <i>Burnet,</i> speaking of the period of the usurpation in
+      Scotland:&mdash;Cromwell built three citadels, at Leith, Ayr, and
+      Inverness, besides many little forts. There was good justice done, and
+      vice was suppressed and punished; so that we always reckon those eight
+      years of usurpation a time of great peace and prosperity.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      No doubt you do.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 63. <i>Burnet,</i> speaking of the Scotch preachers at sacrament times
+      during the civil wars, says:&mdash;The crowds were far beyond the capacity
+      of their churches, or the reach of their voices.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> I
+      believe the church had as much capacity as the minister.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 64. <i>Burnet.</i> The resolutioners sent up one Sharp, who had been
+      long in England, and was an active and eager man.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Afterwards archbishop, and murdered.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 66. <i>Burnet.</i> Thus Cromwell had all the King's party in a net. He
+      let them dance in it at pleasure. And upon occasions <i>clapt</i> them up
+      for a short while.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Pox of his <i>claps</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 87. <i>Burnet,</i> speaking of the Restoration:&mdash;Of all this Monk
+      had both the praise and the reward, though I have been told a very small
+      share of it belonged to him.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Malice.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      BOOK II.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      P. 92. <i>Burnet.</i> I will therefore enlarge ... on the affairs of
+      Scotland; both out of the inbred love that all men have for their native
+      country, etc.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Could not he keep his inbred love to
+      himself?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet.</i> Sharp, who was employed by the resolutioners ...
+      stuck neither at solemn protestations, ... nor at appeals to God of his
+      sincerity in acting for the presbytery both in prayers and on other
+      occasions, etc.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Sure there was some secret personal
+      cause of all this malice against Sharp.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 93. <i>Burnet,</i> speaking of Charles II. says:&mdash;He was affable
+      and easy, and loved to be made so by all about him. The great art of
+      keeping him long was, the being easy, and the making everything easy to
+      him.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Eloquence.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 99. <i>Burnet</i> says of Bennet, afterwards Earl of Arlington:&mdash;His
+      parts were solid, but not quick.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> They were very quick.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 100. <i>Burnet</i> says of the Duke of Buckingham:&mdash;Pleasure,
+      frolic, or extravagant diversion was all that he laid to heart. He was
+      true to nothing, for he was not true to himself.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> No
+      consequence. <i>Burnet.</i> He had no steadiness nor conduct: He could
+      keep no secret, nor execute any design without spoiling it.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Nonsense.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 117. <i>Burnet.</i> It was visible that neither the late King nor the
+      present were under any force when they passed ... those Acts [bringing in
+      Presbyterian government].&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Both Kings were under a
+      force.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 118. <i>Burnet.</i> To annul a Parliament was a terrible precedent,
+      which destroyed the whole security of government.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Wrong arguing.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet.</i> Distress on his affairs was really equivalent to a
+      force on his person.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> It was so.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 119. <i>Burnet.</i> We went into it, he said, as knaves, and therefore
+      no wonder if we miscarried in it as fools.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> True.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet.</i> No government was so well established, as not to be
+      liable to a revolution. This [the Rescissory Act] would cut off all hopes
+      of peace and submission, if any disorder should happen at any time
+      thereafter.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Wrong weak reasoning.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 120. <i>Burnet.</i> Such care was taken that no public application
+      should be made in favour of Presbytery. Any attempt that was made on the
+      other hand met with great encouragement.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Does the man
+      write like a bishop?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 126. <i>Burnet,</i> speaking of the execution of the Marquess of
+      Argyle:&mdash;After some time spent in his private devotions he was
+      beheaded.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> He was the greatest villain of his age.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet.</i> The kirk ... asserted all along that the doctrine
+      delivered in their sermons did not fall under the cognisance of the
+      temporal courts, till it was first judged by the church.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Popery.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 127. <i>Burnet.</i> The proceedings against Wariston were soon
+      dispatched.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Wariston was an abominable dog.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 135. <i>Burnet,</i> of Bishop Leightoun's character:&mdash;The grace
+      and gravity of his pronunciation was such, that few heard him without a
+      very sensible emotion. ... His style was rather too fine.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Burnet is not guilty of that.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 140. <i>Burnet.</i> Leightoun did not stand much upon it. He did not <i>think</i>
+      orders given without bishops were null and void. He <i>thought</i>, the
+      forms of government were not settled by such positive laws as were
+      unalterable; but only by apostolical practices, which, as he <i>thought</i>,
+      authorized Episcopacy as the best form. Yet he did not <i>think</i> it
+      necessary to the being of a church. But he <i>thought</i> that every
+      church might make such rules of ordination as they pleased.&mdash;<i>Swift.
+      Think, thought, thought, think, thought.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 154. <i>Burnet,</i> speaking of a proclamation for shutting up two
+      hundred churches in one day:&mdash;Sharp said to myself, that he knew
+      nothing of it. ... He was glad that this was done without his having any
+      share in it: For by it he was furnished with somewhat, in which he was no
+      way concerned, upon which he might cast all the blame of all that
+      followed. Yet this was suitable enough to a maxim that he and all that
+      sort of people set up, that the execution of laws was that by which all
+      governments maintained their strength, as well as their honour.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Dunce, can there be a better maxim?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 157. <i>Burnet,</i> speaking of those who enforced church discipline,
+      says:&mdash;They had a very scanty measure of learning, and a narrow
+      compass in it. They were little men, of a very indifferent size of
+      capacity, and apt to fly out into great excess of passion and
+      indiscretion.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Strange inconsistent stuff.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 160. <i>Burnet.</i> One Venner ... thought it was not enough to believe
+      that Christ was to reign on earth, and to put the saints in the possession
+      of the kingdom ... but added to this, that the saints were to take the
+      kingdom themselves.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> This wants grammar.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 163. <i>Burnet.</i> John Goodwin and Milton did also escape all
+      censure, to the surprise of all people.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> He censures
+      even mercy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet.</i> Milton ... was ... much admired by all at home for
+      the poems he writ, though he was then blind; chiefly that of "Paradise
+      Lost," in which there is a nobleness both of contrivance and execution,
+      that, though he affected to write in blank verse without rhyme, and made
+      many new and rough words, yet it was esteemed the beautifullest and
+      perfectest poem that ever was writ, at least in <i>our</i> language.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      A mistake, for it is <i>in English.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 164. <i>Burnet.</i> The great share he [Sir Henry Vane] had in the
+      attainder of the Earl Strafford, and in the whole turn of affairs to the
+      total change of government, but above all the great opinion that was had
+      of his parts and capacity to embroil matters again, made the court think
+      it was necessary to put him out of the way.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> A
+      malicious turn. Vane was a dangerous enthusiastic beast.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet.</i> When he [Sir Henry Vane] saw his death was designed,
+      he composed himself to it, with a resolution that surprised all who knew
+      how little of that was natural to him. Some instances of this were very
+      extraordinary, though they cannot be mentioned with <i>decency</i>.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      His lady <i>conceived</i> of him the night before his execution.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet.</i> Sir Henry Vane died with so much composedness, that
+      it was generally thought, the government had lost more than it had gained
+      by his death.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Vane was beheaded for new attempts, not
+      here mentioned.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 179. <i>Burnet.</i> [The Papists] seemed zealous for the Church. But at
+      the same time they spoke of toleration, as necessary both for the peace
+      and quiet of the nation, and for the encouragement of trade.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      This is inconsistent.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 180. <i>Burnet</i> says that Mr. Baxter:&mdash;was a man of great
+      piety; and, if he had not meddled in too many things, would have been
+      esteemed one of the learned men of the age: He writ near <i>two hundred
+      books.</i>&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Very sad ones.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 184. <i>Burnet.</i> The Convocation that prepared those alterations, as
+      they added some new holy days, St. Barnabas, and the Conversion of St.
+      Paul, so they took in more lessons out of the Apocrypha, in particular the
+      story of Bel and the Dragon.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> I think they acted wrong.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet.</i> Reports were spread ... of the plots of the
+      Presbyterians in several counties. Many were taken up on those reports:
+      But none were ever tried for them.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> A common practice.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet,</i> writing of the ejection of the Nonconformists on St.
+      Bartholomew's Day, 1662, says:&mdash;A severity neither practised by Queen
+      Elizabeth in the enacting her Liturgy, nor by Cromwell in ejecting the
+      Royalists.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> But by King William.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 186. <i>Burnet,</i> speaking of the great fines raised on the church
+      estates ill applied, proceeds:&mdash;If the half had been applied to the
+      buying of tithes or glebes for small vicarages, here a foundation had been
+      laid down for a great and effectual reformation.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> He
+      judges here right, in my opinion.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet,</i> continuing the same subject:&mdash;The men of merit
+      and service were loaded with many livings and many dignities. With this
+      great accession of wealth there broke in upon the Church a great deal of
+      luxury and high living, on the pretence of hospitality; while others made
+      purchases, and left great estates, most of which we have seen melt away.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Uncharitable aggravation; a base innuendo.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 189. <i>Burnet.</i> Patrick was a great preacher. He wrote ... well,
+      and chiefly on the Scriptures. He was a laborious man in his function, of
+      great strictness of life, but a little too severe against those who
+      differed from him. But that was, when he thought their doctrines struck at
+      the fundamentals of religion. He became afterwards more moderate.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Yes, for he turned a rank Whig.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 190. <i>Burnet.</i> [Archbishop Tenison] was a very learned man.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      The dullest, good-for-nothing man I ever knew.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 191. <i>Burnet,</i> condemning the bad style of preaching before
+      Tillotson, Lloyd, and Stillingfleet, says their discourses were:&mdash;long
+      and heavy, when all was <i>pie-bald</i>, full of many sayings of different
+      languages.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> A noble epithet. <i>Burnet.</i> The King
+      ... had got a right notion of style.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> How came Burnet
+      not to learn this style?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 193. <i>Burnet,</i> speaking of the first formation of the Royal
+      Society:&mdash;Many physicians, and other ingenious men went into the
+      society for natural philosophy. But he who laboured most ... was Robert
+      Boyle, the Earl of Cork's youngest son. He was looked on by all who knew
+      him as a very perfect pattern. ... He neglected his person, despised the
+      world, and lived abstracted from all pleasures, designs, and interests.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Boyle was a very silly writer.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 195. <i>Burnet.</i> Peter Walsh, ... who was the honestest and
+      learnedest man I ever knew among [the Popish clergy, often told me] ...
+      there was nothing which the whole Popish party feared more than an union
+      of those of the Church of England with the Presbyterians. ... The Papists
+      had two maxims, from which they never departed: The one was to divide us:
+      And the other was to keep themselves united.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Rogue.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 202. <i>Burnet.</i> The queen-mother had brought over from France one
+      Mrs. Steward, reckoned a very <i>great beauty.</i>&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> A
+      pretty phrase.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 203. <i>Burnet.</i> One of the first things that was done in this
+      session of Parliament [1663] was <i>the execution of my unfortunate uncle,
+      Wariston.</i>&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Was he hanged or beheaded? A fit uncle
+      for such a bishop.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 211. <i>Burnet.</i> Many were undone by it [religious persecution], and
+      went over to the Scots in Ulster, where they were well received, and had
+      all manner of liberty as to their way of religion.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> The
+      more the pity.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 214. <i>Burnet.</i> The blame of all this was cast upon Sharp..... And
+      the Lord Lauderdale, to complete his disgrace with the King, got many of
+      his letters ... and laid these before the King; So that the King looked on
+      him as one of the worst of men.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Surely there was some
+      secret cause for this perpetual malice against Sharp.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 220. <i>Burnet.</i> Pensionary De Witt had the notions of a
+      commonwealth from the Greeks and Romans. And from them he came to fancy,
+      that an army commanded by officers of their own country was both more in
+      their own power, and would serve them with the more zeal, since they
+      themselves had such an interest in their success.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> He
+      ought to have judged the contrary.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 236. <i>Burnet,</i> speaking of the slight rebellion in the west of
+      Scotland, 1666, says:&mdash;The rest [of the rebels] were favoured by the
+      darkness of the night, and the weariness of the King's troops that were
+      not in case to pursue them. ... For they were a poor harmless company of
+      men, become mad by oppression.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> A fair historian!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 237. <i>Burnet.</i> They might all have saved their lives, if they
+      would have renounced the Covenant: So they were really a sort of martyrs
+      for it.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Decent term.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 238. <i>Burnet.</i> [Sir John Cunningham] was not only very learned in
+      the civil and canon law ... [but] was above all, a man of eminent probity,
+      and of a sweet temper, and indeed one of the <i>piousest</i> men of the
+      nation.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Is that Scotch?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 242. <i>Burnet.</i> When the peace of Breda was concluded, the King
+      wrote to the Scottish council, and communicated <i>that</i> to them; and
+      with <i>that</i> signified, <i>that</i> it was his pleasure <i>that</i>
+      the army should be disbanded.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Four <i>thats</i> in one
+      line.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 243. <i>Burnet.</i> [Archbishop Burnet] saw Episcopacy was to be pulled
+      down, and ... writ upon these matters a long and sorrowful letter to
+      Sheldon: And upon that Sheldon writ a very long one to Sir R. Murray;
+      which I read, and found more temper and moderation in it than I could have
+      expected from him.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Sheldon was a very great and
+      excellent man.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 245. <i>Burnet.</i> [The Countess of Dysert] was a woman of great
+      beauty, but of far greater parts. ... She had studied not only divinity
+      and history, but mathematics and philosophy. She was violent in everything
+      she set about, a violent friend, but a much more violent enemy. ... [When
+      Lauderdale] was prisoner after Worcester fight, she made him believe he
+      was in great danger of his life, and that she saved it by her intrigues
+      with Cromwell.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Cromwell had gallantries with her.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 248. <i>Burnet.</i> The clergy ... saw designs were forming to turn
+      them all out: And, hearing that they might be better provided in Ireland,
+      they were in many places bought out, and prevailed on to desert their
+      cures.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> So Ireland was well provided.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 252. <i>Burnet.</i> The King ... suspecting that Lord Cornbury was in
+      the design, spoke to him as one in a rage that forgot all decency. ... In
+      the afternoon he heard him with more temper, as he himself told me.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Who told him?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 253. <i>Burnet,</i> speaking of Sheldon's remonstrating with the King
+      about his mistresses, adds:&mdash;From that day forward Sheldon could
+      never recover the King's confidence.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Sheldon had
+      refused the sacrament to the King for living in adultery.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet.</i> Sir Orlando Bridgman ... was a man of great
+      integrity, and had very serious impressions of religion on his mind. He
+      had been always on the side of the Church.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> What side
+      should he be of?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 256. <i>Burnet,</i> speaking of the Earl of Clarendon's banishment:&mdash;It
+      seemed against the common course of justice, to make all corresponding
+      with him treason, when he himself was not attainted of treason.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Bishop of Rochester's case.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 257. <i>Burnet.</i> Thus the Lord Clarendon fell under the common fate
+      of great ministers, whose employment exposes them to envy, and draws upon
+      them the indignation of all who are disappointed in their pretensions.
+      Their friends turning as violently against them, as they formerly fawned
+      abjectly upon them.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Stupid moralist.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet,</i> speaking of the Earl of Clarendon's eldest son, who
+      afterwards succeeded him, says:&mdash;His judgement was not to be <i>much</i>
+      depended on, for he was <i>much</i> carried by vulgar prejudices, and
+      false notions. He was <i>much</i> in the Queen's favour. <i>Swift.</i>
+      Much, much, much.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 258. <i>Burnet,</i> speaking of the Earl of Rochester, second son of
+      Lord Clarendon:&mdash;[He] is a man of far greater parts [than his
+      brother]. He has a <i>very good pen</i>, but speaks not gracefully.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      I suppose it was of gold or silver.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet.</i> [The King] told me, he had a chaplain, that was a
+      very honest man, but a very great blockhead, to whom he had given a living
+      in Suffolk, that was full of that sort of people [Nonconformists]. He had
+      gone about among them from house to house, though he could not imagine
+      what he could say to them, for he said he was a very silly fellow. But
+      that, he believed, his nonsense suited their nonsense, for he had brought
+      them all to church. And, in reward of his diligence, he had given him a
+      bishopric in Ireland.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Bishop Wolley, of Clonfert.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 259. <i>Burnet.</i> If the sectaries were humble and modest, and would
+      tell what would satisfy them, there might be some colour for granting some
+      concessions.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> I think so too.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 260. <i>Burnet.</i> The three volumes of the "Friendly Debate," though
+      writ by a very good man.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Writ by Bishop Patrick.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet.</i> After he [Samuel Parker, afterwards Bishop of Oxford]
+      had for some years entertained the nation with several virulent books,
+      writ with much life, he was attacked by the liveliest droll of the age,
+      etc.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> What is a droll? <i>Burnet.</i> That not only
+      humbled Parker, but the whole party. For the author of "The Rehearsal
+      Transposed," etc.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Andrew Marvel.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 263. <i>Burnet,</i> speaking of the King's attachment to Nell Gwyn,
+      says:&mdash;But after all he never treated her with the <i>decencies</i>
+      of a mistress.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Pray what <i>decencies</i> are those?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet.</i> The King had another mistress, that was managed by
+      Lord Shaftesbury, who was the daughter of a clergyman, Roberts, in whom
+      her first education had so deep a root, that, though she fell into many
+      scandalous disorders, with very dismal adventures in them all, yet a
+      principle of religion was so deep laid in her, that, though it did not
+      restrain her, yet it kept alive in her such a constant horror at sin, that
+      she was never easy in an ill course, and died with a great sense of her
+      former ill life. I was <i>often with her</i> the last three months of her
+      life.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Was she handsome then?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 264. <i>Burnet</i>. The King loved his [the Earl of Rochester's]
+      company for the diversion it afforded, better than his person: And there
+      was no love lost between them.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A noble phrase.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 265. <i>Burnet</i>. Sedley had a more sudden and copious wit, which
+      furnished a perpetual run of discourse: But he was not so correct as Lord
+      Dorset, nor so sparkling as Lord Rochester.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. No better
+      a critic in wit than style.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 266. <i>Burnet</i>. Lord Roberts, afterwards made Earl of Radnor, [who
+      succeeded the Duke of Ormonde in his government of Ireland,] was a morose
+      man, believed to be severely just, and as wise as a <i>cynical</i> humour
+      could allow him to be.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. How does that hinder wisdom?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 273. <i>Burnet</i>. Charles II. confessed himself a Papist to the
+      Prince of Orange:&mdash;The Prince told me, that he never spoke of this to
+      any other person, till <i>after his death</i>.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. That
+      is, <i>his own death</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 277. <i>Burnet</i> quotes an exclamation of Archbishop Sharp's, after
+      an attempt to assassinate him, and adds:&mdash;This was the single
+      expression savouring of piety, that ever fell from him in all the
+      conversation that passed between him and me.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Rank
+      malice.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 285. <i>Burnet</i>. No body could ever tell me how the word
+      "Ecclesiastical matters" was put in the Act. Leightoun thought, he was
+      sure it was put in after the draught and form of the Act was agreed on.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Nonsense.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 287. <i>Burnet</i>, speaking of Archbishop Burnet, says:&mdash;He was
+      not cut out for a court, or for the ministry.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A phrase
+      of dignity.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Burne</i>, mentioning his own appointment as Professor of
+      Divinity at Glasgow University, says:&mdash;There was no sort of artifice
+      or management to bring this about: It came of themselves: And they did it
+      without any recommendation of any person whatsoever.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Modest.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 288. <i>Burnet</i>. The Episcopal party thought I intended to make
+      myself popular at their cost: So they began that strain of fury and
+      calumny that has pursued me ever since from <i>that sort of people</i>.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      A civil term for all who are Episcopal.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 298. <i>Burnet</i>. [In compiling the Memoirs of the Dukes of
+      Hamilton,] I found there materials for a very large history. I writ it
+      with great sincerity; and concealed none of their errors. I did indeed
+      conceal several things that related to the King: I left out some passages
+      that were in his letters; in some of which was too much weakness.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      The letters, if they had been published, could not have given a worse
+      character.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 300. <i>Burnet,</i> speaking of the Scotch clergy refusing to be made
+      bishops, says:&mdash;They had an ill opinion of the court, and could not
+      be brought to leave their retirement.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> For that very
+      reason they should have accepted bishoprics.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 301. <i>Burnet,</i> after mentioning the murder of the Duchess of
+      Orleans, says:&mdash;I will set down one story of her, that was told me by
+      a person of distinction, who had it from some who were well informed of
+      the matter.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Poor authority.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 303. <i>Burnet.</i> Madame [the Duchess of Orleans] had an intrigue
+      with another person, whom I knew well, the Count of Tréville. When she was
+      in her agony, she said, "Adieu, Tréville." He was so struck with this
+      accident, that it had a good effect on him; for he went and lived many
+      years among the Fathers of the Oratory, and became both a very learned,
+      and devout man. He came afterwards out into the world. I saw him often. He
+      was a man of a very sweet temper, only a little too formal for a
+      Frenchman. But he was very sincere. He was a Jansenist. He hated the
+      Jesuits.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Pretty jumping periods.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 304. <i>Burnet.</i> Lord Shaftesbury laid the blame of this chiefly on
+      the Duke of Buckingham: For he told me, ... And therefore he blamed him.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Who blamed whom.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet.</i> The Duke of Savoy was encouraged to make a conquest
+      of Genoa.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Geneva.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet.</i> When a foreign minister asked the King's leave to
+      treat with him [Lockhart] in his master's name, the King consented; but
+      with this severe reflection, That he believed he would be true to anybody
+      but himself.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Does he mean, Lockhart would not be true
+      to Lockhart?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 305. <i>Burnet.</i> They [the French] so possessed De Groot, then the
+      Dutch ambassador at Paris, or they corrupted him into a belief that they
+      had no design on them, etc.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Who on whom?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 306. <i>Burnet.</i> The Earl of Shaftesbury was the chief man in this
+      advice [recommending the King to shut up the exchequer].&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Clifford had the merit of this.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 318. <i>Burnet,</i> after mentioning the death of William II., Prince
+      of Orange, says of the Princess:&mdash;As she bore her son a week after
+      his death, in the eighth month of her time, so he came into the world
+      under great disadvantages.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> A pretty contrast.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet</i> mentions an astrological prediction of the Prince's
+      fate, and adds:&mdash;But that which <i>was</i> most particular <i>was</i>,
+      that he <i>was</i> to have a son by a widow, and <i>was</i> to die of the
+      small-pox in the twenty-fifth year of his age.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Was,
+      was, was, was.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 320. <i>Burnet</i>. They set it also up for a maxim.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      He can vary a phrase; set up for a maxim, and lay down for a maxim.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 321. <i>Burnet</i>. His oath was made to them, and by consequence it
+      was in their power to release the obligation that did arise from it to
+      themselves.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Bad casuist.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Burnet</i>. As soon as he [the Prince of Orange] was brought into
+      the command of the armies, he told me, he spoke to De Witt, and desired to
+      live in an entire confidence with him. His answer was cold: So he saw that
+      he could not depend upon him. When he told me this, he added, that he was
+      certainly one of the greatest men of the age, and he believed he served
+      his country faithfully&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Yet the Prince contrived that
+      he should be murdered.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Burnet</i>. Now I come to give an account of the fifth crisis
+      brought on the whole reformation, which has been of the longest
+      continuance, since we are yet in the agitations of it.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Under the Queen and Lord Oxford's ministry.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 322. <i>Burnet</i>. [In this famous campaign of Louis XIV. against the
+      Dutch, (1672,)] there was so little heart or judgement shewn in the
+      management of that run of success, etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A metaphor,
+      but from gamesters.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 326. <i>Burnet</i>, referring to the action of the rabble when
+      Cornelius de Witt was banished, says of the Prince of Orange:&mdash;His
+      enemies have taken advantages from thence to cast the infamy of this on
+      him, and on his party, to make them all odious; though the Prince spoke of
+      it always to me with the greatest horror possible.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Yet
+      he was guilty enough.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 328. <i>Burnet</i>. Prince Waldeck was their chief general: A man of a
+      great compass.&mdash;<i>Swift, i.e.</i> very fat.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 330. <i>Burnet</i>. He broke twice with the Prince, after he came into
+      a confidence with him. He employed me to reconcile him to him for the
+      third time&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Perspicuity.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Burnet.</i> The actions sinking on the sudden on the breaking out
+      of a new war, that sunk him into a melancholy, which quite distracted him.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Eloquent.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 335. <i>Burnet</i>. I will complete the transactions of this memorable
+      year:&mdash;P. 337. Thus I have gone far into the state of affairs of
+      Holland in this memorable year.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Why, you called it so
+      but just now before.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 337. <i>Burnet</i>. It seems, the French made no great account of their
+      prisoners, for they released 25,000 Dutch for 50,000 crowns&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      What! ten shillings a piece! By much too dear for a Dutchman.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Burnet</i>. This year [1672] the King declared a new mistress,
+      and made her Duchess of Portsmouth. She had been maid of honour to Madame,
+      the King's sister, and had come over with her to Dover; where the King had
+      expressed such a regard to her, that the Duke of Buckingham, who hated the
+      Duchess of Cleveland, intended to <i>put her on the King</i>.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Surely he means the contrary.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 341. <i>Burnet</i>. [The Duke of Lauderdale] called for me all on the
+      sudden, and put me in mind of the project I had laid before him, of
+      putting all the outed ministers by <i>couples</i> into parishes: So that
+      instead of wandering about the country to hold conventicles in all places,
+      they might be fixed to a certain abode, and every one might have the half
+      of a benefice.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> A sottish project; instead of feeding
+      <i>fifty</i>, you starve a <i>hundred</i>.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      BOOK III.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      P. 346. <i>Burnet</i>. It was believed, if the design had succeeded, he
+      [Lord Clifford] had agreed with his wife to take orders, and to aspire to
+      a cardinal's hat.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Was he or she to take orders?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 362. <i>Burnet</i>. I told him, what afterwards happened, that most of
+      these would make their own terms, and leave him in the lurch.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      True sublime.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 370. <i>Burnet</i>. I was ever of Nazianzen's opinion, who never wished
+      to see any more synods of the clergy.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Dog!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 372. <i>Burnet</i>, when he was struck out of the list of chaplains,
+      says:&mdash;The King said, he was afraid I had been too busy; and wished
+      me to go home to Scotland, and be more quiet.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. The King
+      knew him right.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Burnet</i>. I preached in many of the churches of London; and was
+      so well received, that it was probable I might be accepted of in any that
+      was to be disposed of by <i>a popular election.</i>&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Much to his honour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 373. <i>Burnet</i>. This violent and groundless prosecution lasted some
+      months. And during that time I said to some, that Duke Lauderdale had gone
+      so far in opening some wicked designs to me, that I perceived he could not
+      be satisfied, unless I was undone. So I told what was mentioned before of
+      the discourses that passed between him and me.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Scotch
+      dog!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 374. <i>Burnet</i>. He [Lord Howard] went over in the beginning of the
+      war, and offered to serve De Witt. But he told me, he found him a dry man.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Who told who? I guess Howard told Burnet.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 378. <i>Burnet</i>. At least he [Sir William Temple] thought religion
+      was fit only for the mob.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A word of dignity for an
+      historian. <i>Burnet.</i> He was a corrupter of all that came near him.
+      And he delivered himself up wholly to study, ease, and pleasure.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Sir William Temple was a man of virtue, to which Burnet was a stranger.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 380. <i>Burnet</i>, speaking of his being pressed, before Parliament,
+      to reveal what passed between him and the Duke of Lauderdale <i>in private</i>;
+      and the Parliament, in case of refusal, threatening him, says:&mdash;Upon
+      this I yielded, and gave an account of the discourse formerly mentioned.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Treacherous villain.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Burnet</i>. My love to my country, and my private friendships
+      carried me perhaps too far.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Right.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 382. <i>Burnet</i>. [Sir Harbottle Grimstone] had always <i>a
+      tenderness to the Dissenters</i>.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Burnet's test of all
+      virtues.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Burnet</i>. [Lady Grimstone] was the humblest, the devoutest, and
+      best tempered person I ever <i>knew of that sort</i> [having high notions
+      for Church and Crown].&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Rogue.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 384. <i>Burnet</i>, the country party maintained that:&mdash;if a
+      Parliament thought any law inconvenient for the good of the whole, they
+      must be supposed still free to alter it: And no previous limitation could
+      bind up their legislature.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Wrong arguing.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 387. <i>Burnet</i>. It was said, a standing Parliament changed the
+      constitution of England.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. The present case under King
+      George.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Burnet</i>. It was moved, that an address should be made to the
+      King for dissolving the Parliament.&mdash;<i>Swift. Tempora mutantur</i>;
+      for nothing now will do but septennial Parliaments.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 388 <i>Burnet</i>. He [Lord Russell] had from his first education an
+      inclination to favour the Non-conformists.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. So have all
+      the author's favourites.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 392. <i>Burnet</i>. But with these good qualities Compton was a weak
+      man, wilful, and strangely wedded to a party.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> He
+      means, to the Church.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Burnet</i>. Bancroft, Dean of St. Paul's, was raised to [the see
+      of Canterbury]. ... He was a man of solemn deportment, had a sullen
+      gravity in his looks, and was considerably learned. He had put on a
+      monastic strictness, and lived abstracted from company. ... He was a dry,
+      cold man, reserved, and peevish; so that none loved him, and few esteemed
+      him.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. False and detracting.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 396. <i>Burnet</i>. My way of writing history pleased him [Sir William
+      Jones].&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Very modest.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 399. <i>Burnet</i>. Men were now though silent, not quiet.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Nonsense, or printer's mistake. It should be, "Silent, though not quiet."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid, Burnet</i>. One Carstairs, a loose and vicious gentleman.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Epithets well placed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 404. <i>Burnet</i>. It was an extraordinary thing that a random cannon
+      shot should have killed him [Turenne].&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. How
+      extraordinary? Might it not kill him as well as another man?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 406. <i>Burnet</i>, in the battle at St. Omer between the Prince of
+      Orange (afterwards King William) and the Duke of Orleans:&mdash;some
+      regiments of marines, on whom the Prince depended much, did basely run
+      away. Yet the other bodies fought so well, that he lost not much, besides
+      the <i>honour of the day</i>.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. He was used to that.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 407. <i>Burnet</i>. These leading men did so entangle the debates, and
+      over-reached those on whom he had practised, that they, working on the
+      aversion that the English nation naturally has to a French interest,
+      spoiled the hopefullest session the court had had of a great while, before
+      the court was well aware of it.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Rare style!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 409. <i>Burnet</i>, Lord Danby, speaking to King Charles II., said:&mdash;If
+      they saw his [the Duke of York's] daughter given to one that was at the
+      head of the Protestant interest, it would very much soften those
+      apprehensions, when it did appear that his religion was only a personal
+      thing, not to be derived to his children after him. With all this the King
+      was convinced.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Then how was the King for bringing in
+      Popery?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 413. <i>Burnet</i>. His friend answered, He hoped he did not intend to
+      make use of him to trepan a man to his ruin. Upon that, with lifted up
+      hands, Sharp promised by the living God, that no hurt should come to him,
+      if he made a full discovery.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Malice.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet</i>, upon the examination of Mitchell before the
+      privy-council for the intended assassination of Archbishop Sharp, it being
+      first proposed to cut off the prisoner's right hand, and then his left:&mdash;Lord
+      Rothes, who was a pleasant man, said, "How shall he wipe his breech then?"
+      This is not very <i>decent</i> to be mentioned in such a work, if it were
+      not necessary.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. As decent as a thousand other passages;
+      so he might have spared his apology.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 414. <i>Burnet</i>, in the last article of the above trial, observes:&mdash;
+      But the judge, who hated Sharp, as he went up to the bench, passing by the
+      prisoner said to him, "Confess nothing, unless you are sure of your limbs
+      as well as of your life."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A rare judge.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet</i>, mentioning Mackenzie's appointment as king's
+      advocate, says of him:&mdash;He has published many books, some of law, but
+      all full of faults; for he was a slight and superficial man.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Envious and base.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 416. <i>Burnet</i>, speaking of the execution of the above Mitchell for
+      the attempt against Sharp, says:&mdash;Yet Duke Lauderdale had a chaplain,
+      Hickes, afterwards Dean of Worcester, who published a false and partial
+      relation of this matter, in order to the justifying of it&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      A learned, pious man.[4]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 4: The "Ravillac [<i>sic</i>] Redivivus" of Hickes, is,
+      notwithstanding his learning and piety, in every respect deserving of the
+      censures passed upon it by Burnet. [S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 425. <i>Burnet</i>. [Titus Oates] got to be a chaplain in one of the
+      king's ships, from which he was dismissed upon complaint of some unnatural
+      practices, not to be named.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Only sodomy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 434. <i>Burnet</i>. He [Staley] was cast.&mdash;<i>Swift. Anglicê</i>,
+      found guilty.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 441. <i>Burnet</i>, on the impeachment of Lord Danby:&mdash;Maynard, an
+      ancient and eminent lawyer, explained the words of the statute of 25
+      Edward III. that the courts of law could not proceed but upon one of the
+      crimes there enumerated: But the Parliament had still a power, by the
+      clause in that Act, to declare what they thought was treason.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Yes, by a new Act, but not with a retrospect; therefore Maynard was a <i>knave
+      or a fool, with all his law</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 442. <i>Burnet</i>. This indeed would have justified the King, if it
+      had been demanded above board.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Style of a gamester.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 451. <i>Burnet</i>. Yet many thought, that, what doctrines soever men
+      might by a subtlety of speculation be earned into, the approaches of
+      death, with the seriousness that appeared in their deportment, must needs
+      work so much on the probity and candour which seemed footed in human
+      nature, etc.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Credat Judaeus Apella.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 455. <i>Burnet</i>, the Bill of Exclusion disinherited:&mdash;the next
+      heir, which certainly the King and Parliament might do, as well as any
+      private man might disinherit his next heir.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> That is
+      not always true. Yet it was certainly in the power of King and Parliament
+      to exclude the next heir.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 457. <i>Burnet</i>. Government was appointed for those that were to be
+      governed, and not for the sake of governors themselves.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      A true maxim and infallible.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 458. <i>Burnet</i>. It was a maxim among our lawyers, that even an Act
+      of Parliament against <i>Magna Charta</i> was null of itself.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      A sottish maxim.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 459. <i>Burnet</i>. For a great while I thought the accepting the
+      limitations [proposed in the Exclusion Bill] was the wisest and best
+      method.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. It was the wisest, because it would be less
+      opposed; and the King would consent to it; otherwise an <i>exclusion</i>
+      would have done better.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 471. <i>Burnet</i>. The guards having lost thirty of their number were
+      forced to run for it.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. For what?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 475. <i>Burnet</i>. Dangerfield, a subtle and dexterous man, who ...
+      was a false coiner, undertook now to coin a plot for the ends of the
+      Papists.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Witty.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 479. <i>Burnet</i>. Godolphin ... had true principles of religion and
+      virtue, and was free from all vanity, and never heaped up wealth: So that
+      all things being laid together, he was one of the worthiest and wisest men
+      that has been employed in our time.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. All this very
+      partial to my knowledge.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 483. <i>Burnet</i>. I laid open the cruelties of the Church of Rome in
+      many instances that happened in Queen Mary's reign, which were not then
+      known: And I <i>aggravated</i>, though <i>very truly</i>, the danger of
+      falling under the power of that religion.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A BULL!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Burnet</i>. Sprat had studied a polite style much: But there was
+      little strength in it: He had the beginnings of learning laid well in him:
+      But he has allowed himself in a course of some years in much sloth and too
+      many liberties.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Very false.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 489. <i>Burnet</i>. Here was a justice to be done, and a service to
+      truth, towards the saving a man's life.... He advised with all his
+      friends, and with my self in particular. The much greater number were of
+      opinion that he ought to be silent.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Damned advice.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 496. <i>Burnet</i>. Jones stood upon a point of law, of the
+      unseparableness of the prerogative from the person of the King.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      A lawyer's way of arguing, very weak.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 509. <i>Burnet</i>, speaking of the grand juries in the latter end of
+      King Charles's reign returning <i>ignoramus</i> so frequently on bills of
+      indictment, states that:&mdash;in defence of these <i>ignoramus juries</i>
+      it was said, that by the express words of their oath they were bound to
+      make true presentments of what should appear true to them: And therefore,
+      if they did not believe the evidence, they could not find a bill, though
+      sworn to. A book was writ to support that, in which both law and reason
+      were brought to confirm it: It passed as writ by Lord Essex, though I
+      understood afterwards it was writ by Somers.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Lord
+      Somers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 516. <i>Burnet</i> says, on the imposition of a Test Act:&mdash;The
+      bishops were earnest for this, which they thought would secure them for
+      ever from a Presbyterian Parliament. It was carried in the vote: And that
+      made many of the court more zealous than ever for carrying through the
+      Act.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. And it was very reasonable.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 519. <i>Burnet</i> mentions that, when the Test Act was passed:&mdash;about
+      eighty of the most learned and pious of their clergy left all rather than
+      comply with the terms of this law.... About twenty of them came up to
+      England.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Enough to corrupt England.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 523. <i>Burnet</i>, describing the death of the Duke of Lauderdale,
+      says&mdash;His heart seemed quite spent: There was not left above the
+      bigness of a walnut of firm substance: The rest was spongy, liker the
+      lungs than the heart.&mdash;<i>Swift. Anglicé</i>, more like.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 525. <i>Burnet</i>, Home was convicted on the credit of one infamous
+      evidence:&mdash;Applications were made to the Duke [of York] for saving
+      his life: But he was not born under <i>a pardoning planet</i>.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Silly fop.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 526. <i>Burnet</i> All the Presbyterian party saw they were now
+      disinherited of a main part of their birth-right.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. As
+      much of Papists as of Presbyterians.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 527. <i>Burnet</i>, speaking of the surrender of the charters in 1682:&mdash;It
+      was said, that those who were in the government in corporations, and had
+      their charters and seals trusted to their keeping, were not the
+      proprietors nor masters of those rights. They could not extinguish those
+      corporations, nor part with any of their privileges. Others said, that
+      whatever might be objected to the reason and equity of the thing, yet,
+      when the seal of a corporation was put to any deed, such a deed was good
+      in law. The matter goes beyond my skill in law to determine it.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      What does he think of the surrenders of the charters of abbeys?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 528. <i>Burnet</i> The Non-conformists were now persecuted with much
+      eagerness. This was visibly set on by the Papists: And it was wisely done
+      of them, for they knew how much the <i>Non-conformists were set against
+      them</i>.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Not so much as they are against the Church.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 531. <i>Burnet</i> Lord Hyde was the person that disposed the Duke to
+      it: Upon that Lord Halifax and he fell to be in ill terms; for he hated
+      Lord Sunderland beyond expression, though he had married his sister.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Who married whose sister?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 536. <i>Burnet</i> The truth is, juries became at that time the shame
+      of the nation, as well as a reproach to religion: For they were packed,
+      and prepared to bring in verdicts as they were directed and not as matters
+      appeared on the evidence.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. So they are now.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 538. <i>Burnet</i> He [Algernon Sidney] was ambassador in Denmark at
+      the time of the Restoration.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. For Cromwell.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 543. <i>Burnet</i>, on Rumbold's proposal to shoot the King at Hodsdon,
+      in his way to Newmarket, adds:&mdash;They [the conspirators] ran into much
+      <i>wicked talk</i> about the way of executing that. But nothing was ever
+      fixed on: All was <i>but talk</i>.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. All plots begin
+      with talk.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 548. <i>Burnet</i>. At the time of Lord Russell's plot, Baillie being
+      asked by the King whether they had any design against his person? he
+      frankly said not; but being asked:&mdash;if they had been in any
+      consultations with lords or others in England, in order to an insurrection
+      in Scotland? Baillie faltered at this. For his <i>conscience</i>
+      restrained him from <i>lying</i>;&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> The author and his
+      <i>cousins</i> could <i>not tell lies</i>, but they <i>could plot</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 549. <i>Burnet.</i> Next morning he went with him to the Tower gate,
+      the messenger being again fast asleep.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Is this a
+      blunder?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 553. <i>Burnet,</i> speaking of Lord Essex's suicide (1683)&mdash;His
+      man, thinking he stayed longer than ordinary in his <i>closet</i>, looked
+      through the key hole, and there saw him lying dead.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> He
+      was on the close stool.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 555. <i>Burnet,</i> on Lord Russell's trial&mdash;Finch summed up the
+      evidence against him. But ... shewed more of a vicious eloquence, in
+      turning matters with some subtlety against the prisoners, than of solid or
+      sincere reasoning.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Afterwards Earl of Aylesford, an
+      arrant rascal.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 562. <i>Burnet.</i> I offered to take my oath, that the speech [of Lord
+      Russell] was penned by himself, and not by me.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Jesuitical.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 567. <i>Burnet.</i> I knew Spanheim particularly, <i>who was</i> envoy
+      from the Elector of Brandenburg, <i>who is</i> the greatest critic of the
+      age in all ancient learning.&mdash;<i>Swift. Who was&mdash;who is</i>,
+      pure nonsense.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 568. <i>Burnet.</i> All people were apprehensive of very black designs,
+      when they saw Jeffreys made Lord Chief Justice, who ... run out upon all
+      occasions into declamations, that did not become the bar, much less the
+      bench. He was not learned in his profession: And his eloquence, though
+      viciously copious, yet was neither correct nor agreeable.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Like Burnet's eloquence.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 572. <i>Burnet,</i> on Algernon Sidney's trial, observes, that:&mdash;Finch
+      aggravated the matter of the book, as a proof of his intentions,
+      pretending it was an overt act, for he said, <i>Scribere est agere</i>.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Yet this Finch was made Earl of Aylesford by King George.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet,</i> when Sidney charged the sheriffs who brought him the
+      execution-warrant with having packed the jury&mdash;one of the sheriffs
+      ... wept. He told it to a person, from whom Tillotson had it, who told it
+      me.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Admirable authority.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 577. <i>Burnet.</i> So that it was plain, that after all the story they
+      had made of the [Rye-house] Plot, it had gone no further, than that a
+      company of seditious and inconsiderable persons were framing among
+      themselves some treasonable schemes, that were never likely to come to
+      anything.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Cursed partiality.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 579. <i>Burnet</i>. The King [Charles II.] had published a story all
+      about the court, ... as the reason of this extreme severity against
+      Armstrong: He said, that he was sent over by Cromwell to murder him beyond
+      sea; ... and that upon his confessing it he had promised him never to
+      speak of it any more as long as he lived. So the King, counting him now
+      dead in law, thought he was free from that promise.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. If
+      the King had a mind to lie, he would have stayed till Armstrong was
+      hanged.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 583. <i>Burnet</i>. It ended in dismissing Lord Aberdeen, and making
+      Lord Perth chancellor, to which he had been long aspiring in a most
+      indecent manner.&mdash;<i>Swift. Decent</i> and <i>indecent</i>, very
+      useful words to this author.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 585. <i>Burnet</i>. I saved myself out of those difficulties by saying
+      to all my friends, that I would not be involved in any such confidence;
+      for as long as I thought our circumstances were such that resistance was
+      not lawful, I thought the concealing any design in order to it was
+      likewise unlawful.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Jesuitical.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Burnet</i> says, after relating how the thumb-screws were applied
+      to Spence and Carstairs:&mdash;Upon what was thus screwed out of these two
+      persons, etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Witty the second time.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 586. <i>Burnet</i>, Baillie suffered several hardships and fines for
+      being supposed to be in the Rye-house Plot; yet:&mdash;seemed all the
+      while so composed, and even so cheerful, that his behaviour looked like
+      the reviving of the spirit of the noblest of the old Greeks or Romans.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      For he was our <i>cousin</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 587. <i>Burnet</i>, speaking of Baillie's execution, says:&mdash;The
+      only excuse that was ever pretended for this infamous prosecution was,
+      that they were sure he was guilty.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Bishop of
+      Rochester.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 588. <i>Burnet</i>, Lord Perth wanting to see Leightoun, I writ so
+      earnestly to him, that he came to London; and, on&mdash;his coming to me,
+      I was amazed to see him at above seventy look so fresh and well.... [Two
+      days afterwards] Leightoun sunk so, that both speech and sense went away
+      of a sudden: And he continued panting about twelve hours; and then died
+      without pangs or convulsions.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Burnet killed him by
+      bringing him to London.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Burnet</i> Leightoun ... retained still a peculiar inclination to
+      Scotland.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Yet he chose to live in England.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 589. <i>Burnet</i>, speaking of Leightoun's views of the Church of
+      England, says:&mdash;As to the administration, both with relation to the
+      ecclesiastical courts, and the pastoral care, he looked on it as one of
+      the most corrupt he had ever seen.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Very civil.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Burnet</i>. There were two remarkable circumstances in his
+      [Leightoun's] death. He used often to say, that if he were to choose a
+      place to die in, it should be an inn; it looking like a pilgrim's going
+      home, to whom this world was all as an inn, and who was weary of the noise
+      and confusion in it.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Canting puppy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 590. <i>Burnet</i>. Sterne, Archbishop of York, died in the 86th year
+      of his age: He was a sour ill-tempered man, and minded chiefly the
+      enriching his family.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Yet thought author of "The Whole
+      Duty of Man."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 591. <i>Burnet</i> says of Bishop Mew:&mdash;Though he knew very little
+      of divinity, or of any other learning, and was weak to a childish degree,
+      yet obsequiousness and zeal raised him through several steps to this great
+      see [Bath and Wells].&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. This character is true.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 595. <i>Burnet</i>. And now the tables were turned&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Style of a gamester.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 596. <i>Burnet</i>, being appointed to preach the sermon on the
+      Gunpowder Plot, (1684,) at the Rolls Chapel:&mdash;I chose for my text
+      these words: "Save me from the lion's mouth, thou hast heard me from the
+      horns of the unicorns." I made no reflection in my thoughts on the lion
+      and unicorn, as being the two supporters of the King's scutcheon.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      I doubt that.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 600. <i>Burnet</i> relates a story of a quarrel between three
+      gentlemen, one of whom was killed. He says that one of the others:&mdash;was
+      prevailed on to confess the indictment, and to let sentence pass on him
+      for murder; a pardon being promised him if he should do so. [After this he
+      had to pay £16,000 for his pardon.]&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. The story is wrong
+      told.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 604. <i>Burnet</i> mentions a scheme to raise dissensions between
+      Charles II. and the Duke of York, and adds:&mdash;Mr. May of the privy
+      purse told me, that he was told there was a design to break out, with
+      which he himself would be well pleased.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. The bishop
+      told me this with many more particulars.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 609. <i>Burnet</i>, speaking of the suspicion of Charles II. being
+      poisoned, says that:&mdash;Lower and Needham, two famous physicians, ...
+      [noticed some] blue spots on the outside of the stomach. Needham called
+      twice to have it opened: but the surgeons seemed not to hear him. And when
+      he moved it the second time, he, as he told me, heard Lower say to one
+      that stood next him, "Needham will undo us, calling thus to have the
+      stomach opened, for he may see they will not do it." ... Le Fevre, a
+      French physician, told me, he saw a blackness in the shoulder; Upon which
+      he made an incision, and saw it was all mortified. Short, another
+      physician, who was a Papist, but after a form of his own, did very much
+      suspect foul dealing.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. One physician told me this from
+      Short himself.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 611. <i>Burnet</i>, describing the behaviour of Charles II. when in
+      hiding after the battle of Worcester, says:&mdash;Under all the
+      apprehensions he had then upon him, he shewed a temper so careless, and so
+      much turned to levity, that he was then diverting himself with little
+      household sports, in as unconcerned a manner, as if he had made no loss,
+      and had been in no danger at all.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> This might admit a
+      more favourable turn.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 613. <i>Burnet,</i> in his character of Charles II., says:&mdash;His
+      person and temper, his vices as well as his fortunes, resemble the
+      character that we have given us of Tiberius so much, that it were easy to
+      draw the parallel between them. Tiberius's banishment, and his coming
+      afterwards to reign, makes the comparison in that respect come pretty
+      near. His hating of business, and his love of pleasures, his raising of
+      favourites, and trusting them entirely; and his pulling them down, and
+      hating them excessively; his art of covering deep designs, particularly of
+      revenge, with an appearance of softness, brings them so near a likeness,
+      that I did not wonder much to observe the resemblance of their face and
+      person.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Malicious, and in many circumstances false.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 615. <i>Burnet</i> concludes his character of Charles II. with these
+      words:&mdash;How ungrateful soever this labour has proved to my self, and
+      how unacceptable soever it may be to some, who are either obliged to
+      remember him gratefully, or by the engagement of parties and interests are
+      under other biasses, yet I have gone through all that I knew relating to
+      his life and reign with that regard to truth, and what I think may be
+      instructive to mankind, which became an impartial writer of history, and
+      one who believes, that he must give an account to God of what he writes,
+      as well as of what he says and does.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> He was certainly
+      a very bad prince, but not to the degree described in this character,
+      which is poorly drawn, and mingled with malice very unworthy an historian,
+      and the style abominable, as in the whole history, and the observations
+      trite and vulgar.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      BOOK IV.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      P. 623. <i>Burnet.</i> Because Chudleigh the envoy there had openly broken
+      with the Prince [of Orange], (for he not only waited no more on him, but
+      acted openly against him; and once in the Vorhaut had affronted him, while
+      he was driving the Princess upon the snow in a <i>trainau</i>, according
+      to the German manner, and pretending they were masked, and that he did not
+      know them, had ordered his coachman to keep his way, as they were coming
+      towards the place where he drove;) the King recalled him.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      A pretty parenthesis.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 626. <i>Burnet.</i> This gave all thinking men a melancholy prospect.
+      England now seemed lost, unless some happy accident should save it. All
+      people saw the way for packing a Parliament now laid open.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Just our case at the Queen's death.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 638. <i>Burnet</i> says that Musgrave and others pretended:&mdash;when
+      money was asked for just and necessary ends, to be frugal patriots, and to
+      be careful managers of the public treasure.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> A party
+      remark,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 651. <i>Burnet.</i> Goodenough, who had been under-sheriff of London
+      when Cornish was sheriff, offered to swear against Cornish; and also said,
+      that Rumsey had not discovered all he knew. So Rumsey to save himself
+      joined with Goodenough, to swear Cornish guilty of that for which the Lord
+      Russell had suffered. And this was driven on so fast, that Cornish was
+      seized on, tried, and executed within the week.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Goodenough went to Ireland, practised law, and died there.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet.</i> It gave a general horror to the body of the nation:
+      And it let all people see, what might be expected from a reign that seemed
+      to delight in blood.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> The same here since the Queen's
+      death.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 654. <i>Burnet.</i> The Archbishop of Armagh[5] [1685,] had continued
+      Lord Chancellor of Ireland, and was in all points so compliant to the
+      court, that even his religion came to be suspected on that account.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      False.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 5: Michael Boyle, who, when Archbishop of Dublin, was made
+      chancellor soon after the Restoration (1665), and continued in that office
+      to January, 1686, during which time he was raised to the Archbishopric of
+      Armagh.&mdash;SEWARD.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid <i>Burnet,</i> and yet this archbishop:&mdash;was not thought
+      thorough-paced. So Sir Charles Porter, who was a zealous promoter of
+      everything that the King proposed, and was a man of ready wit, and being
+      poor was thought a person fit to be made a tool of, was declared Lord
+      Chancellor of Ireland.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> False and scandalous.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 669. <i>Burnet.</i> Solicitor-general Finch ... was presently after
+      turned out. And Powis succeeded him, who was a compliant young aspiring
+      lawyer, though in himself he was no ill natured man.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Sir Thomas Powis, a good dull lawyer.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 670. <i>Burnet,</i> speaking of the power claimed for the King to
+      dispense with the sacramental test, says:&mdash;It was an overturning the
+      whole government, ... to say that laws, ... where one of the penalties was
+      an incapacity, which by a maxim of law cannot be taken away even by a
+      pardon, should at the pleasure of the prince be dispensed with: A fine was
+      also set by the Act on offenders, but not given to the King, but to the
+      informer, which thereby became his. So that the King could no more pardon
+      that, than he could discharge the debts of the subjects, and take away
+      property.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Wrong reasoning.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 672. <i>Burnet.</i> Intimations were everywhere given, that the King
+      would not have them [Dissenters], or their meetings, to be disturbed. Some
+      of them began to grow insolent upon this shew of favour.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      The whole body of them grew insolent, and complying to the King.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 675. <i>Burnet.</i> Sancroft lay silent at Lambeth. He seemed zealous
+      against Popery in private discourse: But he was of such a timorous temper,
+      and <i>so set on the enriching his nephew,</i> that he shewed no sort of
+      courage.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> False as hell.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 681. <i>Burnet,</i> referring to the revived national zeal against
+      Popery, says:&mdash;The Episcopal clergy were in many places so sunk into
+      sloth and ignorance, that they were not capable of conducting this zeal:
+      ... But the Presbyterians, though they were now freed from the great
+      severities they had long smarted under, yet expressed on all occasions
+      their unconquerable aversion to Popery.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Partial dog!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 682. <i>Burnet.</i> He made the Earl of Tyrconnell Lord Lieutenant.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Lord deputy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 688. <i>Burnet.</i> Nor were the clergy more diligent in their labours
+      among their people, in which respect it must be confessed that the English
+      clergy are the most remiss of any.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Civil that.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 690. <i>Burnet,</i> speaking of King William's character, says:&mdash;he
+      had no vice, but of one sort, in which he was very <i>cautious</i> and <i>secret</i>.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      It was of two sorts&mdash;<i>male</i> and <i>female</i>&mdash;in the <i>former</i>
+      he was neither cautious nor secret.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 691. <i>Burnet,</i> in a conversation with the Prince of Orange at The
+      Hague, (1686):&mdash;When he found I was in my opinion for toleration, he
+      said, that was all he would ever desire to bring us to, for quieting our
+      contentions at home.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> It seems the Prince even then
+      thought of being King.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 692. <i>Burnet,</i> the advice I gave the Princess of Orange, when she
+      should be Queen of England, was, to:&mdash;endeavour effectually to get it
+      [the real authority] to be legally vested in him [the Prince] during life:
+      This would lay the greatest obligation on him possible, and lay the
+      foundation of a perfect union between them, which had been of late a
+      little embroiled.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> By Mrs. Villiers, now Lady Orkney;
+      but he proved a <i>d&mdash;&mdash;d husband for all that.</i>[6]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 6: Lady Orkney was a favourite of Swift, as appears from several
+      passages in the Journal. [S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 693. <i>Burnet,</i> having told the Princess of Orange that her
+      succession to the throne would not make her husband king, and given her
+      the advice just quoted, says:&mdash;she in a very frank manner told him,
+      that she did not know that the laws of England were so contrary to the
+      laws of God, as I had informed her: she did not think that the husband was
+      ever to be obedient to the wife.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Foolish.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 693. <i>Burnet.</i> [Penn, the Quaker,] was a talking vain man, who had
+      been long in the King's favour, he being the vice-admiral's son. ... He
+      had a tedious luscious way, that was not apt to overcome a man's reason,
+      though it might tire his patience.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> He spoke very
+      agreeably, and with much spirit.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 695. <i>Burnet.</i> Cartwright was promoted to Chester. He was a man of
+      good capacity, and had made some progress in learning. He was ambitious
+      and servile, cruel and boisterous: And, by the great liberties he allowed
+      himself, he fell under much scandal of the <i>worst sort</i>.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Only sodomy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 696. <i>Burnet.</i> [Cartwright] was looked on as a man that would more
+      effectually advance the design of Popery, than if he should turn over to
+      it. And indeed, bad as he was, he never made that step, even in the most
+      desperate state of his affairs.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> He went to Ireland
+      with King James, and there died neglected and poor.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 697. <i>Burnet.</i> In all nations the privileges of colleges and
+      universities are esteemed such sacred things, that few will venture to
+      dispute these, much less to disturb them.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Yet in King
+      George's reign, Oxford was bridled and insulted with troops, for no manner
+      of cause but their steadiness to the Church.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 699. <i>Burnet.</i> It was much observed, that this university
+      [Oxford], that had asserted the King's prerogative in the highest strains
+      of the most abject flattery possible, etc.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> And their
+      virtue and steadiness ought equally to be observed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 701. <i>Burnet,</i> speaking of King James's proceedings against the
+      universities, and that several of the clergy wrote over to the Prince of
+      Orange to engage in their quarrel, adds:&mdash;When that was communicated
+      to me, I was still of opinion, that, though this was indeed an act of
+      despotical and arbitrary power, yet I did not think it struck at the
+      whole: So that it was not in my opinion a lawful case of resistance.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      He was a better <i>Tory</i> than I, if he spoke as he thought.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet.</i> The main difference between these [the Presbyterians
+      and the Independents] was, that the Presbyterians seemed reconcilable to
+      the Church; <i>for they loved Episcopal ordination and a liturgy.</i>&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      A damnable lie.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 702. <i>Burnet.</i> [Both Presbyterians and Independents] were enemies
+      to this high prerogative, that the King was assuming, and were very averse
+      to Popery.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Style.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet.</i> So the more considerable among them [the Dissenters]
+      resolved not to stand at too great a distance from the court, nor provoke
+      the King so far, as to give him cause to think they were irreconcilable to
+      him, lest they should provoke him to make up matters on any terms with the
+      Church party.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> They all complied most shamefully and
+      publicly, as is well known.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 703. <i>Burnet.</i> The King's choice of Palmer, Earl of Castlemain,
+      was liable to great exception.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Duchess of Cleveland's
+      husband.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 705. <i>Burnet.</i> Since what an ambassador says is understood as said
+      by the prince whose character he bears, this gave the States a right to
+      make use of all advantages that might offer themselves.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Sophistry.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 710. <i>Burnet.</i> The restless spirit of some of that religion
+      [Popery], and of their clergy in particular, shewed they could not be at
+      quiet till they were masters.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> All sects are of that
+      spirit.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 716. <i>Burnet,</i> speaking of "the fury that had been driven on for
+      many years by a Popish party," adds:&mdash;When some of those who had been
+      always moderate told these, who were putting on another temper, that they
+      would perhaps forget this as soon as the danger was over, they promised
+      the contrary very solemnly. It shall be told afterwards, how well they
+      remembered this.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> False and spiteful.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 726. <i>Burnet.</i> That which gave the crisis to the King's anger was
+      that he heard I was to be married to a considerable fortune at The Hague.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      A phrase of the rabble.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet,</i> when a prosecution was commenced against Burnet in
+      Scotland, he obtained naturalization for himself in Holland, after which
+      he wrote to the Earl of Middleton, saying that:&mdash;being now
+      naturalized in Holland, my allegiance was, during my stay in these parts,
+      transferred from His Majesty to the States.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Civilians
+      deny that, but I agree with him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 727. <i>Burnet.</i> I come now to the year 1688, which proved
+      memorable, and produced an extraordinary and <i>unheard</i>-of revolution.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      The Devil's in that, sure all Europe <i>heard</i> of it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 730. <i>Burnet,</i>after saying that he had been naturalized in
+      Holland, upon marrying one of the subjects of the States, goes on:&mdash;The
+      King took the matter very ill, and said, it was an affront to him, and a
+      just cause of war.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Vain fop.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 731. <i>Burnet.</i> I never possessed my own soul in a more perfect
+      calm, and in a clearer cheerfulness of spirit, than I did during all those
+      threatenings, and the apprehensions that others were in concerning me.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      A modest account of his own magnanimity.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 746. <i>Burnet.</i> But after all, though soldiers were <i>bad
+      Englishmen and worse Christians</i>, yet the court [of James II.] found
+      them too good Protestants to trust much to them.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Special doctrine.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 748. <i>Burnet</i>, speaking of the Queen's expectation of a child,
+      says:&mdash;I will give as full and as distinct an account of all that
+      related to that matter, as I could gather up either at that time or
+      afterwards.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. All coffee-house chat.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 751. <i>Burnet</i>. Now a resolution was taken for the Queen's lying in
+      at St. James's.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Windsor would have been more
+      suspicious.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 752. <i>Burnet</i>, doubting of the legitimacy of the Pretender, and
+      describing the Queen's manner of lying-in, says:&mdash;The Queen lay all
+      the while a-bed: And, in order to the warming one side of it, a
+      warming-pan was brought. But it was not opened, that it might be seen that
+      there was fire and nothing else in it.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. This, the
+      ladies say, is foolish.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 753. <i>Burnet</i>. Hemings, a very worthy man,... was reading in his
+      parlour late at night, when he heard one coming into the neighbouring
+      parlour, and say with a doleful voice, "The Prince of Wales is dead"; Upon
+      which ... it was plain, they were in a great consternation.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      A most foolish story, hardly worthy of a coffee-house.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet</i>. It was said, that the child was strangely revived of
+      a sudden. Some of the physicians told Lloyd, Bishop of St. Asaph, that it
+      was not possible for them to think it was the same child. They looked on
+      one another, but durst not speak what they thought.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. So
+      here are three children.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 762. <i>Burnet</i>. The Lord Mordaunt was the first of all the English
+      nobility that came over openly to see the Prince of Orange.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Now Earl of Peterborough.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet</i>. The Earl of Shrewsbury ... seemed to be a man of
+      great probity, and to have a high sense of honour.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Quite contrary.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 763. <i>Burnet</i>. Lord Lumley, who was a late convert from Popery,
+      and had stood out very firmly all this reign.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. He was a
+      knave and a coward.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet</i>. Mr. Sidney,[7] brother to the Earl of Leicester and
+      to Algernon Sidney. He was a graceful man, and had lived long in the
+      court, where he had some adventures that became very public. He was a man
+      of a sweet and caressing temper, had no malice in his heart, but too great
+      a love of pleasure.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. An idle, drunken, ignorant rake,
+      without sense, truth, or honour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 7: Henry Sidney, afterwards Earl of Romney. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 764. <i>Burnet</i>. But, because he [Mr. Sidney] was lazy, and the
+      business required an active man, who could both run about, and write over
+      long and full accounts of all matters, I recommended a kinsman of my own,
+      Johnstoune, whom I had formed, and knew to be both faithful and diligent.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      An arrant Scotch rogue.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 764. <i>Burnet</i>. The Earl of Nottingham ... had great credit with
+      the whole Church party; For he was a man possessed with their notions.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      That is, Church notions.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 765. <i>Burnet</i>. Lord Churchill [afterwards Duke of Marlborough] ...
+      was a man of a noble and graceful appearance, bred up in the court with no
+      literature: But he had a solid and clear understanding, with a constant
+      presence of mind. He knew the arts of living in a court better than any
+      man in it. He caressed all people with a soft and obliging deportment, and
+      was always ready to do good offices.... It must be acknowledged, that he
+      is one of the greatest men the age has produced.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A
+      composition of perfidiousness and avarice.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ibid. <i>Burnet</i>, still speaking of Lord Churchill:&mdash;He was also
+      very doubtful as to the pretended birth. So he resolved, when the Prince
+      should come over, to go in to him; but to betray no post, nor do anything
+      more than the withdrawing himself, with such officers as he could trust
+      with such a secret.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. What could he do more to a mortal
+      enemy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 769. <i>Burnet</i>. [Skelton's] rash folly might have procured the
+      order from the court of France, to own this alliance [with England]; He
+      thought it would terrify the States; And so he pressed this officiously,
+      which they easily granted.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. And who can blame him, if
+      in such a necessity he made that alliance?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 772. <i>Burnet</i>. The King of France thought himself tied by no
+      peace; but that, when he suspected his neighbours were intending to make
+      war upon him, he might upon such a suspicion begin a war on his part.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      The common maxim of princes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 776. <i>Burnet</i>, speaking of the Declaration prepared for Scotland,
+      says that the:&mdash;Presbyterians, had drawn it so, that, by many
+      passages in it, the Prince by an implication declared in favour of
+      Presbytery. He did not see what the consequences of those were, till I
+      explained them. So he ordered them to be altered. And by the Declaration
+      that matter was still entire.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. The more shame for King
+      William, who changed it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 782. <i>Burnet</i>, three days before the Prince of Orange embarked, he
+      visited the States General, and:&mdash;took God to witness, he went to
+      England with no other intentions, but those he had set out in his
+      Declaration.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Then he was perjured; for he designed to
+      get the crown, which he denied in the Declaration.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 783. <i>Burnet</i>, after describing the storm which put back the
+      Prince of Orange's fleet, observes:&mdash;In France and England ... they
+      triumphed not a little, as if God had fought against us, and defeated the
+      whole design. We on our part, who found our selves delivered out of so
+      great a storm and so vast a danger, looked on it as a mark of God's great
+      care of us, Who, ... had preserved us.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Then still it
+      must be a <i>miracle</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 785. <i>Burnet</i>, when matters were coming to a crisis at the
+      Revolution, an order was:&mdash;sent to the Bishop of Winchester, to put
+      the President of Magdalen College again in possession, ... [But when the
+      court heard] the Prince and his fleet were blown back, it was
+      countermanded; which plainly shewed what it was that drove the court into
+      so much compliance, and how long it was like to last.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      The Bishop of Winchester assured me otherwise.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Burnet</i>. The court thought it necessary, now in an <i>after-game</i>
+      to offer some satisfaction in that point [of the legitimacy of the Prince
+      of Wales].&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. And this was the proper time.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 786. <i>Burnet</i>. Princess Anne was not present [at the Queen's
+      delivery]. She indeed excused herself. She thought she was breeding: And
+      all motion was forbidden her. None believed that to be the true reason....
+      So it was looked on as a colour that shewed she did not believe the thing,
+      and that therefore she would not by her being present seem to give any
+      credit to it.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. I have reason to believe this to be true
+      of the Princess Anne.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 790. <i>Burnet</i>. [The Prince of Orange's army] stayed a week at
+      Exeter, before any of the gentlemen of the country about came in to the
+      Prince. Every day some person of condition came from other parts. The
+      first were the Lord Colchester the eldest son of the Earl of Rivers, and
+      the Lord Wharton.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Famous for his cowardice in the
+      rebellion of 1642.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 791. <i>Burnet</i>. Soon after that. Prince George, the Duke of
+      Ormonde, and the Lord Dramlanrig, the Duke of Queensberry's eldest son,
+      left him [King James], and came over to the Prince.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Yet how has he been since used? [referring to the Duke of Ormonde.]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 792. <i>Burnet</i>. In a little while a small army was formed about her
+      [Princess Anne], who chose to be commanded by the Bishop of London; of
+      which he too easily accepted.&mdash;<i>Swift,</i> And why should he not?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Burnet</i>. A foolish ballad was made at that time, treating the
+      Papists, and chiefly the Irish, in a very ridiculous manner, which had a
+      burden, said to be Irish words, "Lero, Lero, Lilibulero," that made an
+      impression on the army, that cannot be well imagined by those who saw it
+      not.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. They are not Irish words, but better than Scotch.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 795. <i>Burnet</i>. The Queen took up a sudden resolution of going to
+      France with the child. The midwife, together with all who were assisting
+      at the birth, were also carried over, or so disposed of, that it could
+      never be learned what became of them afterwards.&mdash;<i>Swift</i> That
+      is strange and incredible.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 796. <i>Burnet</i>, speaking of King James's first attempt to leave the
+      kingdom, says:&mdash;With this his reign ended: For this was a plain
+      deserting his people, and the exposing the nation to the pillage of an
+      army, which he had ordered the Earl of Feversham to disband.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Abominable assertion, and false consequence.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 797. <i>Burnet</i>, the incident of the King's being retaken at
+      Feversham, and the subsequent stragglings, gave rise to the party of
+      Jacobites:&mdash;-For, if he had got clear away, by all that could be
+      judged, he would not have had a party left: All would have agreed, that
+      here was a desertion, and that therefore the nation was free, and at
+      liberty to secure itself. But what followed upon this gave them a colour
+      to say, that he was forced away, and driven out.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. So he
+      certainly was, both now and afterwards.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Burnet</i>. None were killed, no houses burnt, nor were any
+      robberies committed.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Don Pedro de Ronquillo's house
+      was plundered and pulled down; he was Spanish ambassador.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Burnet</i>. Jeffreys, finding the King was gone, saw what reason
+      he had to look to himself: And, apprehending that he was now exposed to
+      the rage of the people, whom he had provoked with so particular a
+      brutality, he had disguised himself to make his escape. But he fell into
+      the hands of some who knew him. He was insulted by them with as much scorn
+      and rudeness as they could invent. And, after many hours tossing him
+      about, he was carried to the Lord Mayor; whom they charged to commit him
+      to the Tower.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. He soon after died in the Tower by
+      drinking strong liquors.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 798. <i>Burnet</i>, when the Prince heard of King James's flight:&mdash;he
+      sent to Oxford, to excuse his not coming thither, and to offer the
+      association to them, which was signed by almost all the heads, and the
+      chief men of the University; even by those, who, being disappointed in the
+      preferments they aspired to, became afterwards his most implacable
+      enemies.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Malice.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 799. <i>Burnet</i>, when I heard of King James's flight and capture:&mdash;I
+      was affected with this dismal reverse of the fortune of a great prince,
+      more than I think fit to express.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Or than I will
+      believe.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 800. <i>Burnet</i>, after relating that King James "sent the Earl of
+      Feversham to Windsor, without demanding any passport," describes his
+      reception, and adds:&mdash;Since the Earl of Feversham, who had commanded
+      the army against the Prince, was come without a passport, he was for some
+      days put in arrest.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Base and villainous.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 801. <i>Burnet</i>, when it was thought prudent for King James to leave
+      London, the Earl of Middleton suggested that he:&mdash;should go to
+      Rochester; for "since the Prince was not pleased with his coming up from
+      Kent, it might be perhaps acceptable to him, if he should go thither
+      again." It was very visible, that this was proposed in order to a second
+      escape.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. And why not?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 802. <i>Burnet</i>. Some said, he [James] was now a prisoner, and
+      remembered the saying of King Charles the First, that the prisons and the
+      graves of princes lay not far distant from one another: The person of the
+      King was now struck at, as well as his government: And this specious
+      undertaking would now appear to be only a disguised and designed
+      usurpation.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> All this is certainly true.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 803. <i>Burnet</i>. Now that the Prince was come, all the bodies about
+      the town came to welcome him.... Old Serjeant Maynard came with the men of
+      the law. He was then near ninety, and yet he said the liveliest thing that
+      was heard of on that occasion. The Prince took notice of his great age,
+      and said, "that he had outlived all the men of the law of his time:" He
+      answered, "He had like to have outlived the law itself, if his Highness
+      had not come over."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. He was an old rogue for all that.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 805. <i>Burnet</i>, speaking of the first effects of the Revolution
+      upon the Presbyterians in Scotland, says:&mdash;They generally broke in
+      upon the Episcopal clergy with great insolence and much cruelty. They
+      carried them about the parishes in a mock procession: They tore their
+      gowns, and drove them from their churches and houses. Nor did they treat
+      those of them, who had appeared very zealously against Popery, with any
+      distinction.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. To reward them for which, King William
+      abolished Episcopacy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Burnet</i>, The Episcopal party in Scotland saw themselves under
+      a great cloud: So they resolved all to adhere to the Earl of Dundee, who
+      had served some years in Holland, and was both an able officer, and a man
+      of good parts, and of some very valuable virtues.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. He
+      was the best man in Scotland.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 806. <i>Burnet</i>, speaking of Londonderry and Inniskilling, says:&mdash;Those
+      two small unfurnished and unfortified places, resolved to stand to their
+      own defence, and at all perils to stay till supplies should come to them
+      from England.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. He should have mentioned Doctor Walker,
+      who defended Derry.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 807. <i>Burnet</i>. Those, who were employed by Tyrconnell to deceive
+      the Prince, made their applications by Sir William Temple, who had a long
+      and well established credit with him.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> A lie of a Scot;
+      for Sir William Temple did not know Tyrconnell.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 807. <i>Burnet.</i> Others thought, that the leaving Ireland in that
+      dangerous state, might be a mean to bring the convention to a more speedy
+      settlement of England; and that therefore the Prince ought not to make too
+      much haste to relieve Ireland.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> That is agreed to be
+      the true reason, and it was a wicked one.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 810. <i>Burnet</i>, speaking of Archbishop Sancroft, says:&mdash;He was
+      a poor spirited, and fearful man; and acted a very mean part in all this
+      great transaction.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Others think very differently.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 811. <i>Burnet</i>, speaking of the proposal to establish a regency,
+      says:&mdash;The much greater part of the House of Lords was for this, and
+      stuck long to it: And so was about a third part of the House of Commons.
+      The greatest part of the clergy declared themselves for it.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      And it was certainly much the best expedient.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Burnet.</i> The third party was made up of those, who thought
+      that there was an original contract between the King and the people of
+      England; by which the kings were bound to defend their people, and to
+      govern them according to law, in lieu of which the people were bound to
+      obey and serve the king.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> I am of this party, and yet I
+      would have been for a regency.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 813. <i>Burnet</i>, it was argued that this scheme of a regency was:&mdash;both
+      more illegal; and more unsafe, than the method they proposed. The law of
+      England had settled the point of the subject's security in obeying the
+      king in possession, in the statute made by Henry the Seventh. So every man
+      knew he was safe under a king, and so would act with zeal and courage. But
+      all such as should act under a <i>prince-regent</i>, created by this
+      convention, were upon a bottom that had not the necessary forms of law for
+      it.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> There is something in this argument.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 814. <i>Burnet.</i> It was believed, that those of his [King James's]
+      party, who were looked on as men of conscience, had secret orders from him
+      to act upon this pretence; since otherwise they offered to act clearly in
+      contradiction to their own oaths and principles,&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> This
+      is malice.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Burnet.</i> [Others thought] that in our present circumstances
+      the extremity of affairs, by reason of the late ill government, and by
+      King James's flying over to the enemy of the nation, rather than submit to
+      reasonable terms, had put the people of England on the necessity of
+      securing themselves upon a legal bottom.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> This was the
+      best reason.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 815. <i>Burnet.</i> There were good authorities brought, by which it
+      appeared, that when a person did a thing upon which his leaving any office
+      ought to follow, he was said to abdicate. But this was a critical dispute:
+      And it scarce became the greatness of that assembly, or the importance of
+      the matter.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> It was a very material point.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 815. <i>Burnet.</i> It was urged, that, by the law, the king did never
+      die; but that with the last breath of the dying king the regal authority
+      went to the next heir.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> This is certainly true.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 816. <i>Burnet.</i> An heir was one that came in the room of a person
+      that was dead: it being a maxim that no man can be the heir of a living
+      man&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> This is sophistry.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Burnet.</i> It was proposed, that the birth of the pretended
+      prince might be examined into.... I was ordered to gather together all the
+      presumptive proofs that were formerly mentioned:.... It is true, these did
+      not amount to a full and legal proof: Yet they seemed to be such violent
+      presumptions, that, when they were all laid together, they were more
+      convincing than plain and downright evidence: For that was liable to the
+      suspicion of subornation: Whereas the other seemed to carry on them very
+      convincing characters of truth and certainty.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Well
+      said, Bishop.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 817. <i>Burnet.</i> If there was no clear and positive proof made of an
+      imposture, the pretending to examine into it, and then the not being able
+      to make it out beyond the possibility of contradiction, would really give
+      more credit to the thing, than it then had, and, instead of weakening it,
+      would strengthen the pretension of his birth.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Wisely
+      done.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Burnet.</i> [Some people] thought, it would be a good security
+      for the nation, to have a dormant title to the crown lie as it were
+      neglected, to oblige our princes to govern well, while they would
+      apprehend the danger of a revolt to a Pretender still in their eye.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      I think this was no ill design; yet it hath not succeeded in mending
+      kings.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Burnet.</i> I have used more than ordinary care to gather
+      together all the particulars that were then laid before me as to that
+      matter [the birth of the Pretender].&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> And where are
+      they?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 818. <i>Burnet</i>, after relating a long conversation with Bentinck
+      [afterwards Earl of Portland], adds&mdash;Next morning I came to him, and
+      desired my <i>congé</i>. I would oppose nothing in which the Prince seemed
+      to be concerned, as long as I was his servant. And therefore I desired to
+      be disengaged, that I might be free to oppose this proposition [to offer
+      him the crown] with all the strength and credit I had. He answered me,
+      that I might desire that when I saw a step made: But till then he wished
+      me to stay where I was.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Is all this true?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 819. <i>Burnet.</i> I heard no more of this; in which the Marquess of
+      Halifax was single among the peers: For I did not find there was any one
+      of them of his mind; unless it was the Lord Colepeper, who was a vicious
+      and corrupt man, but made a figure in the debates that were now in the
+      House of Lords, and died about the end of them.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Yet
+      was not the same thing done in effect, while the King had the sole
+      administration?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 819. <i>Burnet.</i> The Princess continued all the while in Holland,
+      being shut in there during the east winds, by the freezing of the rivers,
+      and by contrary winds after the thaw came. So that she came not to England
+      till all the debates were over.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Why was she [not] sent
+      for till the matter was agreed? This clearly shews the Prince's original
+      design was to be king, against what he professed in his Declaration.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 820. <i>Burnet.</i> [The Prince of Orange] said, he came over, being
+      invited, to save the nation: He had now brought together a free and true
+      representative of the kingdom: He left it therefore to them to do what
+      they thought best for the good of the kingdom: And, when things were once
+      settled, he should be well satisfied to go back to Holland again.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      Did he tell truth?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Burnet.</i> He thought it necessary to tell them, that he would
+      not be the Regent: So, if they continued in that design, they must look
+      out for some other person to be put in that post.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Was
+      not this a plain confession of what he came for?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 821. <i>Burnet.</i> In the end he said, that he could not resolve to
+      accept of a dignity, so as to hold it only the life of another: Yet he
+      thought, that the issue of Princess Anne should be preferred, in the
+      succession, to any issue that he might have by any other wife than the
+      Princess.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> A great concession truly.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 822. <i>Burnet.</i> The poor Bishop of Durham [Lord Crewe], who had
+      absconded for some time, ... was now prevailed on to come, and by voting
+      the new settlement to merit at least a pardon for all that he had done:
+      Which, all things considered, was thought very indecent in him, yet not
+      unbecoming the rest of his life and character.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> This is
+      too hard, though almost true.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Burnet.</i> Then the power of the Crown to grant a <i>non-obstante</i>
+      to some statutes was objected.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Yet the words continue
+      in patents.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 824. <i>Burnet.</i> A notion was started, which ... was laid thus: "The
+      Prince had a just cause of making war on the King." In that most of them
+      agreed. In a just war, in which an appeal is made to God, success is
+      considered as the decision of Heaven. So the Prince's success against King
+      James gave him the right of conquest over him. And by it all his rights
+      were transferred to the Prince.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> The author wrote a
+      paper to prove this, and it was burnt by the hangman, and is a very
+      foolish scheme.[8]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 8: "A Pastoral Letter writ by ... Gilbert, Lord Bishop of Sarum,
+      to the clergy of his Diocess" [dated May 15th, 1689] was condemned by the
+      House of Commons on Jan. 23rd, 169-2/3, and ordered to "be burnt by the
+      hand of the common hangman." [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      BOOK VII.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      P. 525 (second volume). <i>Burnet</i>, speaking of the Act for the General
+      Naturalization of Protestants, and the opposition made against it by the
+      High Church, adds:&mdash;This was carried in the House of Commons, with a
+      great majority; but all those, who appeared for this large and
+      comprehensive way, were reproached for their coldness and indifference in
+      the concerns of the Church: And in that I had a large share.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Dog.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 526. <i>Burnet</i>. The faction here in England found out proper
+      instruments, to set the same humour on foot [in Ireland], during the Earl
+      of Rochester's government, and, as was said, by his directions:... So the
+      clergy were making the same bold claim there, that had raised such
+      disputes among us.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Dog, dog, dog.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 580. <i>Burnet</i>, speaking of the interruption in the negotiations
+      for a peace consequent on the Earl of Jersey's death, adds:&mdash;<i>One
+      Prior</i>, who had been Jersey's secretary, upon his death, was employed
+      to prosecute that, which the other did not live to finish. Prior had been
+      taken a boy, out of a tavern, by the Earl of Dorset, who accidentally
+      found him reading Horace; and he, being very generous, gave him an
+      education in literature.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Malice.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 581. <i>Burnet</i>. Many mercenary pens were set on work, to justify
+      our proceedings, and to defame our allies, more particularly the Dutch;
+      this was done with much art, but <i>with no regard to truth</i>, in a
+      pamphlet entitled "The Conduct of the Allies, and of the late Ministry."&mdash;<i>Swift
+      It was all true</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Ibid. Burnet</i>. The Jacobites did, with the greater joy entertain
+      this prospect of peace, because the Dauphin had, in a visit to St.
+      Germains, congratulated that court upon it; which made them conclude, that
+      it was to have a happy effect, with relation to the Pretender's affairs.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      The Queen hated and despised the Pretender, to my knowledge.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 583. <i>Burnet</i>, in a conference I had with the Queen on the subject
+      of peace.&mdash;she hoped bishops would not be against peace: I said, a
+      good peace was what we prayed daily for, but ... any treaty by which Spain
+      and the West Indies were left to King Philip, must in a little while
+      deliver up all Europe into the hands of France; and, if any such peace
+      should be made, she was betrayed, and we were all ruined; in less than
+      three years' time, she would be murdered, and the fires would be again
+      raised in Smithfield.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A false prophet in every
+      particular.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 589. <i>Burnet</i>, the Queen having sent a message to the Lords to
+      adjourn, it was debated:&mdash;that the Queen could not send a message to
+      any one House to adjourn, when the like message was not sent to both
+      Houses: the pleasure of the Prince, in convening, dissolving, proroguing,
+      or ordering the adjournment of Parliaments, was always directed to both
+      Houses; but never to any one House, without the same intimation was made,
+      at the same time, to the other.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Modern nonsense.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 591. <i>Burnet</i>. The House of Commons, after the recess, entered on
+      the observations of the commissioners for taking the public accounts; and
+      began with [Sir Robert] Walpole, whom they resolved to put out of the way
+      of disturbing them in the House.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. He began early, and
+      has been thriving <i>twenty-seven years</i>, to January 1739.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 609. <i>Burnet</i>. A new set of addresses ran about.... Some of these
+      addresses mentioned the Protestant succession, and the House of Hanover,
+      with zeal; others did it more coldly; and some made no mention at all of
+      it. And it was universally believed, that no addresses were so acceptable
+      to the ministers, as those of <i>the last sort</i>.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Foolish and factious.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 610. <i>Burnet</i>. The Duke of Ormonde had given the States such
+      assurances, of his going along with them through the whole campaign, that
+      he was let into the secrets of all their counsels, which by that
+      confidence were all known to the French: And, if the auxiliary German
+      troops had not been prepared to disobey his orders, it was believed he, in
+      conjunction with the French army, would have forced the States to come
+      into the new measures.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Vile Scot, dare to touch
+      Ormonde's honour, and so falsely.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 612. <i>Burnet</i>, the Duke of Hamilton and Lord Mohun were engaged in
+      litigation; and:&mdash;upon a very high provocation, the Lord Mohun sent
+      him [the Duke] a challenge, which he tried to decline: but both being
+      hurried, by those false points of honour, they fatally went out to Hyde
+      Park, in the middle of November, and fought with so violent an animosity,
+      that neglecting the rules of art, they seemed to run on one another, as if
+      they tried who should kill first; in which they were both so unhappily
+      successful, that the Lord Mohun was killed outright, and Duke Hamilton
+      died in a few minutes after.[9]&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Wrongly told.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote: 9: A footnote to the 1833 edition of Burnet says that "the duke
+      in the belief of some was killed by General Macartney, the Lord Mohun's
+      second." See also Chesterfield's letter quoted in Introduction, and
+      Swift's own version in the "Four Last Years," p. 178. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 614. <i>Burnet</i> says of the Earl of Godolphin:&mdash;After having
+      been thirty years in the Treasury, and during nine of those Lord
+      Treasurer, as he was never once suspected of corruption, or of suffering
+      his servants to grow rich under him, so in all that time his estate was
+      not increased by him to the value of £4,000. <i>Swift</i>. A great lie.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      THE CONCLUSION.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      P. 669. <i>Burnet</i>, speaking of the progress of his own life, says:&mdash;The
+      pleasures of sense I did soon nauseate.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Not so soon
+      with the wine of some elections.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      THE LIFE OF THE AUTHOR, BY THOMAS BURNET, ESQ.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Opposite to the title-page:&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A rude violent party
+      jackanapes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the Life, p. 719, is printed a letter from Archbishop Tillotson, dated
+      October 23, 1764 [sic, the volume was printed in 1734, the date should be
+      1694], in which he says: "The account given of Athanasius's Creed, seems
+      to me no-wise satisfactory; I wish we were well rid of it."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>
+      has drawn a finger in the margin of his copy of Burnet's History pointing
+      to this passage.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 722. <i>Thomas Burnet</i>. The character I have given his wives, will
+      scarce make it an addition to his, that he was a most affectionate
+      husband. His tender care of the <i>first</i>, during a course of sickness,
+      that lasted for many years; and <i>his fond love to the other two</i>, and
+      the deep concern he expressed for their loss, were no more than their just
+      due, from one of his humanity, gratitude and discernment.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Three wives.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P. 723. <i>Thomas Burnet</i>. The bishop was a kind and bountiful master
+      to his servants, whom he never changed, but with regret and through
+      necessity: Friendly and obliging to all in employment under him, and
+      peculiarly happy in the choice of them; especially in that of the steward
+      to the bishopric and his courts, William Wastefield, Esq. (a gentleman of
+      a plentiful fortune, at the time of his accepting this post) and in that
+      of his domestic steward, Mr. <i>Mackney</i>.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A Scot,
+      his own countryman.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      ***** ***** ***** ***** *****
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_NOTE" id="link2H_NOTE"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NOTES ON THE FREE-HOLDER.
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      NOTE
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      "THE FREE HOLDER" was a political periodical written in the form of
+      essays. It continued for fifty five numbers from Friday, December 23rd,
+      1715, to Friday, June 29th, 1716. Its purpose was to reconcile the English
+      nation to the Hanoverian succession. "These papers," notes Scott, "while
+      they exhibit the exquisite humour and solid sense peculiar to the author,
+      show also, even amid the strength of party, that philanthropy and
+      gentleness of nature, which were equally his distinguishing attributes.
+      None of these qualities would have conciliated his great opponent, Swift,
+      had the field of combat yet remained open to him. But as he withdrew from
+      it in sullen indignation, he seems to have thrown out the following
+      flashes of satire, as brief examples of what he would have done had the
+      hour of answer been yet current."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Scott obtained these "notes" from a transcription of the original in
+      Swift's own hand, in a copy of "The Free holder" which belonged to Dr.
+      Bernard, Bishop of Limerick. The present text is a reprint of Scott's, but
+      the text of "The Free holder" has been read with the octavo and duodecimo
+      editions of that periodical issued by Midwinter in 1716. The titles to the
+      essays were not given in the original issue, except that to No. 9. They
+      were added as a "Contents" to the re-issue in volume form.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      [T.S.]
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_NOTE1" id="link2H_NOTE1"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      NOTES ON THE FREE-HOLDER.[1]
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      No. 2. <i>Dec. 26, 1715</i>.&mdash;<i>Of His Majesty's Character.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote 1: "The Free-holder," conducted by Addison, was published on
+      Mondays and Fridays from December 23rd, 1715, till June 29th, 1716;
+      fifty-five numbers were issued altogether. [T.S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was by this [this firmness of mind] that he surmounted those many
+      difficulties which lay in the way to his succession.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      What difficulties were those, or what methods did he take to surmount
+      them?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. It is observed by Sir William Temple, that the English are
+      particularly fond of a king who is valiant: Upon which account His Majesty
+      has a title to all the esteem that can be paid the most warlike prince;
+      though at the same time, for the good of his subjects, he studies to
+      decline all occasions of military glory.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. This seems to
+      be a discovery.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. I might here take notice of His Majesty's more private
+      virtues, but have rather chosen to remind my countrymen of the public
+      parts of his character.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. This is prudent.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. But the most remarkable interpositions of Providence, in
+      favour of him, have appeared in removing those seemingly invincible
+      obstacles to his succession; in taking away, at so critical a juncture,
+      the person who might have proved a dangerous enemy; etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      False, groundless, invidious, and ungrateful. Was that person the Queen?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      No. 3. <i>Dec. 30, 1715</i>.&mdash;<i>The Memoirs of a Preston Rebel.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [<i>A Ludicrous Account of the Principles of the Northumberland
+      Insurgents, and the Causes of their taking Arms</i>.]&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Could this author, or his party, offer as good reasons for their infamous
+      treatment of our blessed Queen's person, government, and majesty?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The same. <i>Addison</i>. Having been joined by a considerable
+      reinforcement of Roman Catholics, whom we could rely upon, as knowing them
+      to be the best Tories in the nation, and avowed enemies to
+      Presbyterianism.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. By this irony, the best Whigs are
+      professed friends to fanatics.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The same. <i>Addison</i>. But before we could give the word [to retreat],
+      the trainbands, taking advantage of our delay, fled first.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      An argument for a standing army.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      No. 6. <i>Jan. 9, 1715-16</i>.&mdash;<i>The Guilt of Perjury.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. Though I should be unwilling to pronounce the man who is
+      indolent, or indifferent in the cause of his prince, to be absolutely
+      perjured; I may venture to affirm, that he falls very short of that
+      allegiance to which he is obliged by oath.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Suppose a
+      king grows a beast, or a tyrant, after I have taken an oath: a 'prentice
+      takes an oath; but if his master useth him barbarously, the lad may be
+      excused if he wishes for a better.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      No. 7. <i>Jan. 13, 1715-16</i>.&mdash;<i>Of Party Lies.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. If we may credit common report, there are several remote
+      parts of the nation in which it is firmly believed, that all the churches
+      in London are shut up; and that if any clergyman walks the streets in his
+      habit, 'tis ten to one but he is knocked down by some sturdy schismatic.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      No&mdash;but treated like a dog.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      No. 8. <i>Jan. 16, 1715-16</i>.&mdash;<i>The Female Association.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. It is therefore to be hoped that every fine woman will
+      make this laudable use of her charms; and that she may not want to be
+      frequently reminded of this great duty, I will only desire her to think of
+      her country every time she looks in her glass.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. By no
+      means, for if she loves her country, she will not be pleased with the
+      sight.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. Every wife ought to answer for her man. If the husband be
+      engaged in a seditious club or drinks mysterious healths ... let her look
+      to him, and keep him out of harm's way; etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Will they
+      hang a man for that.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      No. 9. <i>Jan. 20, 1715-16</i>.&mdash;<i>Answer of the Free-holders of
+      Great Britain to the Pretender's Declaration.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The Declaration of the Free-holders of Great Britain, in Answer to that
+      of the Pretender</i>.&mdash;<i>Addison</i>. Can you in conscience think us
+      to be such fools as to rebel against the King, for ... having removed a
+      general [the Duke of Ormonde] who is now actually in arms against him,
+      etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Driven out by tyranny, malice, and faction.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. The next grievance, which you have a mighty mind to
+      redress among us, is the Parliament of Great Britain, against whom you
+      bring a stale accusation which has been used by every minority in the
+      memory of man; namely, that it was procured by unwarrantable influences
+      and corruptions.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> The freeholders will never sign this
+      paragraph.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. How comes it to pass that the Electorate of Hanover is
+      become all of a sudden one of the most inconsiderable provinces of the
+      empire?&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. It is indeed grown considerable by draining of
+      England.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      No. 12. <i>Jan</i>. 30, 1715-16.&mdash;<i>The Guilt of Rebellion in
+      general, and of the late Rebellion in particular</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. The present rebellion [1715] is formed against a king, ...
+      who has not been charged with one illegal proceeding.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>
+      Are you serious?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      No. 13. <i>Feb</i>. 3, 1715-16.&mdash;<i>Of those who are indifferent in a
+      time of Rebellion</i>,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. In such a juncture [a rebellion], though a man may be
+      innocent of the great breach which is made upon government, he is highly
+      culpable, if he does not use all the means that are suitable to his
+      station for reducing the community into its former state of peace and good
+      order.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. He speaks at his ease, but those who are ill
+      used will be apt to apply what the boy said to his mother, who told him
+      the enemy was approaching.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. This law [one of Solon's] made it necessary for every
+      citizen to take his party, because it was highly probable the majority
+      would be so wise as to espouse that cause which was most agreeable to the
+      public weal.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. No&mdash;for, in England, a faction that
+      governs a weak, or honours a wicked prince, will carry all against a
+      majority in the kingdom, as we have seen by sad experience.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      No. 14. <i>Feb.</i> 6, 1715-16.&mdash;<i>The Political Creed of a Tory
+      Malcontent.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. Article XIII, That there is an unwarrantable faction in
+      this island, consisting of King, Lords, and Commons.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      This article is too true, with a little alteration.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The same. <i>Addison</i>. Article XV. That an Act of Parliament to empower
+      the King to secure suspected persons in times of rebellion, is the means
+      to establish the sovereign on the throne, and consequently a great
+      infringement of the liberties of the subject.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. No&mdash;but
+      to destroy liberty.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      No. 21. <i>Mar</i>. 2, 1715-16.&mdash;<i>The Birthday of Her Royal
+      Highness the Princess of Wales</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. When this excellent princess was yet in her father's
+      court, she was so celebrated for the beauty of her person, etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      I have bad eyes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. There is no part of her Royal Highness's character which
+      we observe with greater pleasure, than that behaviour by which she has so
+      much endeared herself to His Majesty.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> What would he
+      say now?[2]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [Footnote: 2: The prince and his father, George I., were now [1727, just
+      before George I. died] at variance. [S.]]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      No. 24. <i>Mar</i>. 12, 1715-16.&mdash;<i>The Designs of His Majesty's
+      Enemies impracticable</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. To this we may add ... that submissive deference of his
+      Royal Highness both from duty and inclination to all the measures of his
+      Royal father.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Which still continues.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. There is no question but His Majesty will be as generally
+      valued and beloved in his British as he is in his German dominions, when
+      he shall have time to make his royal virtues equally known among us.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      How long time does he require?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      No. 26. <i>Mar</i>. 19, 1715-16.&mdash;<i>Considerations offered to the
+      disaffected part of the Fair Sex</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. Several inconveniencies which those among them undergo,
+      who have not yet surrendered to the government.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Would
+      he pimp for the court?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      No. 29. <i>Mar</i>. 30, 1716.&mdash;<i>The Practice of Morality necessary
+      to make a Party flourish</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. Those of our fellow-subjects, who are sensible of the
+      happiness they enjoy in His Majesty's accession to the throne, are
+      obliged, by all the duties of gratitude, to adore that Providence which
+      has so signally interposed in our behalf, by clearing a way to the
+      Protestant succession through such difficulties as seemed insuperable&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      I wish he had told us any one of those difficulties.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. It is the duty of an honest and prudent man, to sacrifice
+      a doubtful opinion to the concurring judgement of those whom he believes
+      to be well intentioned to their country, and who have better opportunities
+      of looking into all its most complicated interests.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A
+      motion to make men go every length with their party. I am sorry to see
+      such a principle in this author.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      No. 31. <i>Apr</i>. 6, 1716.&mdash;<i>Answer to a celebrated Pamphlet
+      entitled "An Argument to prove the Affections of the People of England to
+      be the best Security of the Government; etc."</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. This middle method [of tempering justice with mercy] ...
+      has hitherto been made use of by our sovereign.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. In
+      trifles.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. Would it be possible for him [the reader] to imagine, that
+      of the several thousands openly taken in arms, and liable to death by the
+      laws of their country, not above forty have yet suffered?&mdash;<i>Swift.</i>
+      A trifle!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. Has not His Majesty then shewn the least appearance of
+      grace in that generous forgiveness which he has already extended to such
+      great numbers of his rebellious subjects, who must have died by the laws
+      of their country, had not his mercy interposed in their behalf?&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Prodigious clemency, not to hang all the common soldiers who followed
+      their leaders!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. Those who are pardoned would not have known the value of
+      grace, if none had felt the effects of justice.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> And
+      only hanging the lords and gentlemen, and some of the rabble.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. Their [the last ministry's] friends have ever since made
+      use of the most base methods to infuse those groundless discontents into
+      the minds of the common people, etc.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Hath experience
+      shown those discontents groundless?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. If the removal of these persons from their posts has
+      produced such popular commotions, the continuance of them might have
+      produced something much more fatal to their king and country.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Very false reasoning.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. No man would make such a parallel, [between the treatment
+      of the rebels, and that of the Catalans under King Philip,] unless his
+      mind be so blinded with passion and prejudice, as to assert, in the
+      language of this pamphlet, "That no instances can be produced of the least
+      lenity under the present administration from the first hour it commenced
+      to this day."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Nor to this, 1727.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. God be thanked we have a king who punishes with
+      reluctancy.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. A great comfort to the sufferers!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. It would be well if all those who ... are clamorous at the
+      proceedings of His present Majesty, would remember, that notwithstanding
+      that rebellion [the Duke of Monmouth's] ... had no tendency ... to destroy
+      the national religion, etc.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. To introduce fanaticism,
+      and destroy monarchy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. No prince has ever given a greater instance of his
+      inclinations to rule without a standing army.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. We find
+      this true by experience.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. What greater instances could His Majesty have given of his
+      love to the Church of England, than those he has exhibited by his most
+      solemn declarations; by his daily example; and by his promotions of the
+      most eminent among the clergy to such vacancies as have happened in his
+      reign.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> Most undeniable truth, as any in Rabelais.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      No. 44. <i>May</i> 21, 1716.&mdash;<i>Tory Foxhunter's Account of the
+      Masquerade on the Birth of the Arch-Duke.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. What still gave him greater offence was a drunken bishop,
+      who reeled from one side of the court to the other, and was very sweet
+      upon an Indian Queen.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Then, that story is true?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      No. 45. <i>May</i> 25, 1716.&mdash;<i>The Use and Advantage of Wit and
+      Humour under proper Regulations</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. I have lately read with much pleasure, the "Essays upon
+      several Subjects" published by Sir Richard Blackmore.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      I admire to see such praises from this author to so insipid a scoundrel,
+      whom I know he despised.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      No. 51. <i>June</i> 15, 1716.&mdash;<i>Cautions to be observed in the
+      reading of ancient Greek and Roman Historians</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. "History of Free-thinking."&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Writ by
+      Collins.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. The greatest theorists ... among those very people [the
+      Greeks and Romans,] have given the preference to such a form of
+      government, as that which obtains in this kingdom.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>.
+      Yet, this we see is liable to be wholly corrupted.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      No. 52. <i>June</i> 18, 1716.&mdash;<i>Of State Jealousy</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. It is plain, ... that such a base ungenerous race of men
+      could rely upon nothing for their safety in this affront to His Majesty,
+      [wearing a mark on the Pretender's birth-day,] but the known gentleness
+      and lenity of his government.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. Then the devil was in
+      them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      No. 54. <i>June</i> 25, 1716.&mdash;<i>Preference of the Whig Scheme to
+      that of the Tories</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. The Whigs tell us ... that the Tory scheme would terminate
+      in Popery and arbitrary government.&mdash;<i>Swift.</i> But Tories never
+      writ or spoke so gently and favourably of Popery, as Whigs do of
+      Presbytery. Witness a thousand pamphlets on both sides.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. I shall not impute to any Tory scheme the administration
+      of King James the Second, on condition that they do not reproach the Whigs
+      with the usurpation of Oliver.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. I will not accept that
+      condition, nor did I ever see so unfair a one offered.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      No. 55. <i>June</i> 29, 1716.&mdash;<i>Conclusion</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. The enemies of His present Majesty ... find him in a
+      condition to visit his dominions in Germany, without any danger to
+      himself, or to the public; whilst his dutiful subjects would be in no
+      ordinary concern upon this occasion, had they not the consolation to find
+      themselves left under the protection of a prince who makes it his ambition
+      to copy out his Royal Father's example.&mdash;<i>Swift</i> Then, why was
+      he never trusted a second time?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. It would indeed have been an unpardonable insolence for a
+      fellow-subject to treat in a vindictive and cruel style, those persons
+      whom His Majesty has endeavoured to reduce to obedience by gentle methods,
+      which he has declared from the throne to be most agreeable to his
+      inclinations.&mdash;<i>Swift</i>. And is that enough?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Addison</i>. May we not hope that all of this kind, who have the least
+      sentiments of honour or gratitude, will be won over to their duty by so
+      many instances of Royal clemency?&mdash;<i>Swift</i> Not one instance
+      produced.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      ***** ***** ***** ***** *****
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      <br /><br />
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <a name="link2H_4_0016" id="link2H_4_0016"> </a>
+    </p>
+    <div style="height: 4em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+    <h2>
+      INDEX.
+    </h2>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+     ABINGDON, Earl of, character of, 279.
+     Addison, Joseph, Swift and, 15;
+       Swift's Notes on the Freeholder, 371-377.
+     Aglionby, Mr., character of, 284.
+     Albemarle, Earl of, defeated at Denain, 169, 175;
+       character of, 276.
+     Allies, the, unfair treatment of England by, 104 <i>et seq</i>.
+     Ancaster, Duke of, character of, 279.
+     Anne, the Princess, her behaviour at the birth of the Pretender, 360.
+       <i>See</i> Anne, Queen.
+     Anne, Queen, her treatment of Swift, 10 and <i>n</i>., 15;
+       offers a reward for discovery of author of
+          the "Public Spirit of the Whigs," 15;
+       her change of ministry, 19, 31;
+       her overtures with regard to peace, 31, 50;
+       creates twelve new peers, 38, 39;
+       stated to have pressed Marlborough
+           to become general for life, 40;
+       dismisses Marlborough, 48, 49;
+       her conduct of the peace negotiations, <i>see</i> Utrecht, Congress of;
+       speech on the terms of peace with France, 151 <i>et seq</i>.
+     Argyle, the family of, Swift on,
+        293, 300, 306, 308, 312, 313, 314, 317, 318, 319, 332, 335.
+     Argyle, Archibald, Duke of, character of, 286.
+     Arlington, Earl of, character of, 334.
+     Assiento, the, demanded by England, 63, 67, 136, 144, 145, 153;
+       the Dutch demand a share in, 130, 138, 140, 141.
+     Aylesford, Earl of, Swift on, 350.
+     Aylmer, Colonel Matthew (Lord), character of, 284.
+
+     Baillie, Robert, 349-350;
+       his execution, 351.
+     Barrier Treaty, the, 41, 80-82;
+       inquiry into, 99;
+       laid before the House, 100;
+       interests of Great Britain sacrificed by, 110-114;
+       peace proposals affecting, 134, 135, 138, 140, 143;
+       new treaty signed, 180-182.
+     Bavaria, Elector of, peace proposals affecting,
+       79, 171, 176, 179, 183, 184, 188.
+     Baxter, Richard, 337.
+     Berkeley, Earl of, character of, 279.
+     Berry, Duke of, declared heir to the French throne, 152, 174.
+     Blackmore, Sir Richard, 376.
+     Blackwell, Sir Lambert, character of, 284.
+     Blunt, Sir John, on the National Debt, 91, 92.
+     Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, Lord, his estrangement from Harley, 13, 16;
+       information given to Swift by, 18 <i>n</i>.;
+       and the Duke of Somerset, 33;
+       his interview with Bothmar, 43;
+       introduces Prince Eugene to the Queen, 43;
+       hated by Eugene, 45;
+       his attacks on Walpole, 84 and <i>n</i>.;
+       his energy in instituting an enquiry into the war, 119;
+       his negotiations with Buys, 130;
+       orders Ormonde not to fight, 150 <i>n</i>., 156 <i>n</i>.;
+       letter to Thomas Harley on the conduct of the Dutch, 160 <i>n</i>.;
+       his opinion of Rebellion, 166 <i>n</i>.;
+       created Viscount, 170;
+       his indignation at not being made an Earl, 170 <i>n</i>.;
+       his mission to France, 171, 172;
+       mentioned, 76, 77, 121.
+     Bolton, Charles, Duke of, character of, 274;
+     Bothmar, M., Hanover Envoy,
+       memorial of, 42, 43, 129, 167;
+       his interview with Bolingbroke, 43, 45, 48;
+       deceives his master by false representations, 166.
+     Boyle, Archbishop Michael, 354.
+     Boyle, Hon. Henry (Lord Carleton),
+       character of, 281.
+     Boyle, Robert, 338.
+     Bristol, John Digby, 3rd Earl of, 27 <i>n</i>.
+     Bromley, William, 121.
+     Brydges, Mr. (Duke of Chandos), character of, 280.
+     Buckingham, Duke of, character of, 334, 335.
+     Buckinghamshire, John Duke of, character of, 273.
+     Burnet, Gilbert, Bishop of Salisbury, 16,
+       the originator of the National Debt, 88;
+       character of, 282;
+       Swift's remarks on his "History," 325-368;
+       appointed Professor of Divinity at Glasgow, 341;
+       his "Lives of the Dukes of Hamilton," 341;
+       settled in Holland, 357;
+       and the Earl of Portland, 364;
+       his "Pastoral Letter," 365, 366;
+       his criticism of "The Conduct of the Allies," 366;
+       his opinion on the peace, 366, 367;
+       his wives, 368.
+     Burnet, Thomas, his life of Bishop Burnet, 368.
+     Butler of Weston, Lord, character of, 281.
+     Buys, Pensionary,
+       Dutch envoy in London, 38, 41-43, 48, 60,74-76, 80-82, 129;
+       account of, 41, 42;
+       on national debts, 88;
+       his unreasonable proposals, 130;
+       goes to Utrecht, 136;
+       his hostile  attitude to England, 136-139, 144;
+       his altered behaviour, 187;
+       charges all delays to Heinsius, 187.
+
+     Cadogan, General, 164.
+     Cardonnell, Adam, secretary to the Duke of Marlborough,
+       expelled the house, 87.
+     Carstairs, William, character of, 287, 345.
+     Carstares, Rev. W., 117, 118 <i>n</i>.
+     Cartwright, Bishop, 356.
+     Chandos, Lord, character of, 280.
+     Charles II., his mistresses, 339, 340, 344;
+       Burnet's character of, 353.
+     Charles VI., Emperor, averse from ending the war, 42;
+       his proposals, 43, 44;
+       how affected by Treaty of Utrecht, 188;
+       does not sign the Treaty, 190.
+     Charles XII., King of Sweden, Swift's veneration for, 195.
+     Chesterfield, Earl of, character of, 279.
+     Cholmondeley, Earl of, 19; character of, 280.
+     Church of Rome, the, usurpations of, 207.
+     Churches, suggestion for building fifty new, 20.
+     Clarendon, Earl of, 16;
+       Swift's remarks on his "History of the Rebellion," 291-323, 332;
+       Burnet on his banishment, 339, 340.
+     Congreve, William, Swift and, 15.
+     Cowper, Lord, character of, 28, 29.
+     Craggs, father of the Secretary, 40.
+
+     Crewe, Lord, Bishop of Durham, 365.
+     Croissy, Chevalier de, 54.
+     Cromwell, Oliver, Swift on, 314, 316, 333, 334;
+       and the Countess of Dysert, 339.
+     Cutts, Lord, character of, 284.
+
+     Dartmouth, Earl of, 129;
+       character of, 278.
+     D'Avenant, Charles, character of, 282.
+     D'Avenant, Mr., agent at Frankfort, character of, 284.
+     De La Warr, Lord, character of, 280.
+     Denain, battle of, 52, 169.
+     Derby, Earl of, character of, 276.
+     De Witt, Pensionary, 338;
+       the Prince of Orange and, 343.
+     Disney, Colonel, 165.
+     Dorislaus, Dr., 317.
+     Dorset, Earl of, character of, 276.
+     Dundee, Earl of, Swift on, 362.
+     Dunkirk, proposed demolition of, 62, 67, 68, 70, 74, 135, 153;
+       Hill takes possession of, 161, 163, 165.
+     Dutch, the, the French affect resentment against, 55 and <i>n.</i>;
+       negotiate secretly with France, 55 <i>n.</i>, 60, 61, 139, 143, 145;
+       their answer to the French proposals, 59;
+       French and English preliminaries submitted to, 71;
+       their object in sending M. Buys to London, 76;
+       agree to Congress of Utrecht, 79;
+       their treaty with England, 80-82, 129;
+       fail to observe their agreements, 104, 105;
+       unreasonable demands of, 130;
+       misled by factions in England, 131, 137, 142, 145, 158, 161, 175;
+       the Queen's indignation with, 131;
+       hostile attitude of, to England, 138, 139, 144, 145;
+       English concessions to, 143;
+       protest against Ormonde's refusal to fight, 159, 160, 162;
+       refuse Ormonde passage through their towns, 163;
+       refuse to join England in the armistice, 168;
+       their consequent losses, 175;
+       discover they have been deceived, 176, 184;
+       their proposals, 176;
+       last English offers to, 179;
+       new Succession and Barrier treaty concluded with, 180, 181, 182;
+       convinced of the Queen's sincerity, 184.
+     Dysert, Countess of, and Cromwell, 339.
+
+     "Eikon Basilike," Swift on, 333.
+     England, Abstract of the History of, 195-270.
+     Essex, Earl of, 276, 303, 305;
+       Swift on, 305;
+       suicide of, 350.
+     Eugene, Prince, in England, 43;
+       design of his visit, 44, 45, 132;
+       his hatred of Bolingbroke, 45;
+       his action in Flanders, 147;
+       deserts Ormonde, 162.
+
+     Fairfax, Lord, 333.
+     Falkland, Lord, and Prince Rupert, 300;
+     his discourses against the Roman Catholic religion, 303;
+     character of, 303.
+     Feversham, Earl of, character of, 279;
+       Burnet on, 361.
+     Fitzgerald, Percy, his collation of the "Four Last Years," xxi;
+       his collation of Swift's remarks on Clarendon, 290.
+     "Four Last Years of the Queen,"
+       History of the, editor's advertisement to, 5;
+       editor's motives in publishing, 7;
+       editor's criticism of Swift, 8-11;
+       Swift's reasons for writing, 13, 14;
+       Swift's materials for, 14.
+       <i>See also</i> Introduction.
+     Fletcher, Andrew, of Saltoun, character of, 287.
+     France, offers terms of peace, 51;
+       refuses the British demands, 51, 53;
+       anxious for peace, 53;
+       affects resentment against the Dutch, 55 and <i>n.</i>;
+       negotiations between the Allies and, 56 <i>et seq.,
+          see</i> Utrecht, Congress of;
+       renounces the succession In Spain, 152, 173, 174.
+     Frankland, Sir Thomas, character of, 281.
+     "Free Thoughts on the Present State of Affairs,"
+       publication of, delayed by Bolingbroke, 21 <i>n</i>.
+
+     Gallas, Count, Austrian Ambassador, 44, 54;
+       forbidden the Court, 77, 78.
+     Galway, Earl of, character of, 284.
+     Gaultier, Abbé, employed in peace negotiations, 53 and <i>n</i>., 54 <i>et
+       seq</i>., 78, 142.
+     George I., Addison on, 374, 375, 376, 377.
+     Gertruydenberg, conference at, 54, 55, 56, 59, 76.
+     Gibraltar, to be annexed to Britain, 136, 140, 141, 153.
+     Godolphin, Earl of, character of, 26, 27;
+       nicknamed "Volpone," 27;
+       his treatment of the Duke of Somerset, 33;
+       in need of protection, 41;
+       debt incurred under his administration, 92, 93, 96;
+       at the head of the Junto, 129;
+       Burnet on, 348, 368.
+     Goodenough, under-sheriff of London, 354.
+     Grafton, Duke of, character of, 275.
+     Grand Alliance, the, 70, 83.
+     Grantham, Earl of, character of, 279.
+     Greenvil, Sir Richard, Swift on, 309.
+     Grey of Werke, Lord, character of, 280.
+     Griffin, Lord, character of, 280.
+     Guernsey, Heneage Finch, Lord, 30.
+     Guilford, Lord, character of, 280.
+     Guiscard, Marquis de, 97, 120.
+     Gyllenborg, Count de, the "Abstract of the History of England,"
+       dedicated to, 194, 195.
+
+     Hague, The, conference at, 51, 54, 55, 59, 65.
+     Halifax, Lord, character of, 275.
+
+     Hamilton, 3rd Marquess, afterwards Duke of,
+       Swift on, 293,305, 306, 317, 321.
+     Hamilton, James Douglas, 4th Duke of,
+       his duel with Lord Mohun, 178, 179, 286, 367;
+       character of, 286.
+     Hanmer, Sir Thomas, his "Representation," 100.
+     Hanover, the Elector of, 34, 42;
+       his "Memorial to the Queen," 42, 43 and <i>n</i>.;
+       deceived by Robethon and Bothmar, 166, 167;
+       T. Harley's mission to, 167, 168.
+     Hanover, House of, Bill for fixing the precedence of the, 98, 99.
+     Harley, Robert, Earl of Oxford,
+       his estrangement from Bolingbroke, 13, 16;
+       information given to Swift by, 18 <i>n</i>.;
+       his financial measures, 20, 96-98;
+       blamed in connection with Nottingham's amendment to the address, 38;
+       advises the Queen to create new peers, 38;
+       character of, 93-96, 281.
+     Harley, Thomas, his mission to Utrecht, 140;
+       sent to Hanover, 166, 167, 168.
+     Hartington, Marquess of, character of, 275.
+     Hedges, Sir Charles, 86.
+     Heinsius, Pensionary, 60;
+       charged by Bays with all delays, 187.
+     Henderson, Alexander, "a cursed fanatic," 294.
+     Henry I., history of reign of, 217-237;
+       his character and person, 236.
+     Henry II., history of the reign of, 265-268;
+       character of, 269.
+     Hickes, Dean, 346, 347.
+     Hill, John, takes Dunkirk, 161, 163, 165.
+     Hill, Richard, character of, 283.
+     Hoffman, the Emperor's Resident in England, 129, 132.
+     Holland, Earl of, Swift on, 304.
+     Hompesch, Count, Dutch General, 164, 175.
+     Hurry, Colonel, character of, 302, 303, 307.
+
+     Ingoldsby, Colonel, 323.
+     Ireland, "a most obscure disagreeable country," 196;
+       slow growth of civilization in, 267, 268.
+
+     James II, the "abdicated king," 10, 11, 26;
+       flight and capture of, 361.
+     Jeffreys, Judge, his death in the Tower, 361.
+     Jersey, Earl of, 35;
+       and the Abbe Gaultier, 54.
+     Johnstoun, James, character of, 287.
+     Junto, Lords of the, 32, 39, 129.
+
+     Kennedy, Lady Margaret, married Bishop Burnet, 328.
+     Kent, Earl (afterwards Duke) of, character of, 279.
+
+     Land, Bill appointing Commissioners to examine into Crown grants of, 121.
+     Lauderdale, Earl of, Swift on, 317.
+     Leightoun, Bishop, Burnet on, 335;
+       death of, 351, 352.
+     Leopold, the Emperor, fails to observe his agreements, 105.
+     Lewis, Erasmus, letter of, to Swift, on the "Four Last Years,"
+        quoted, x, 25 <i>n</i>., 30 <i>n</i>., 33 <i>n</i>., 42 <i>n</i>., 45 <i>n</i>.
+     Lexington, Lord, appointed Ambassador in Spain, 178, 190;
+       character of, 280;
+     Lindsey, Earl of <i>See</i> Ancaster, Duke of.
+     Louis XIV., King of France, his negotiations for peace, 51 <i>et seq</i>.,
+       <i>See</i> Utrecht, Congress of.
+     Lorraine, Duke of, 61.
+     Lucas, Dr. Charles, Editor of the "Four Last Years," 5 <i>n</i>.
+     Lucas, Lord; character of, 277.
+     Lumley, Lord, character of, 358.
+
+     Macartney, General, kills the Duke of Hamilton, 178, 179, 286.
+     Macky, John, account of, 272;
+       "Memoirs of the Secret Services of," 272;
+       his characters of the Court of Queen Anne, 273, 288.
+     Mansell, Thomas (afterwards Lord), character of, 281.
+     Mar, Earl of, character of, 287.
+     March Club, the, 121.
+     Marlborough, Duke of, 19, 58;
+       character of, 24, 25, 273;
+       insinuations against his courage, 25 and <i>n</i>., 48;
+       fears an inquiry, 40;
+       his demand to be made general for life, 40, 41;
+       fall of, 46, 49;
+       accused of corruption, 84, 86;
+       his deduction of 2-1/2 per cent from the pay of foreign troops, 85, 116;
+       at the head of the Junto, 129;
+       endeavours to dissuade the Dutch from concluding peace, 187, 188;
+       "detestably covetous," 273;
+       Burnet on, 359.
+     Marlborough, Duchess of, character of, 25, 26.
+     Masham, Mrs., her hostility to the Duke of Marlborough, 87.
+     Maynard, Sir John, 347, 362.
+     Mesnager, M., his mission to London, 66, 67;
+       appointed plenipotentiary at Utrecht, 80;
+       favours the Dutch, 165;
+       quarrels with Count Rechteren, 177, 181, 182;
+       his unreasonable attitude, 182, 183, 189.
+     Methuen, Sir Paul, character of, 283.
+     Mew, Bishop, character of, 352.
+     Middleton, Earl of, character of, 287.
+     Milton's "Paradise Lost," Burnet's criticism of, 336.
+     Mohun, Lord, his duel with the  Duke of Hamilton, 178, 367;
+       character of, 278.
+     Molo, Dutch agent, 139, 166.
+     Montagu, Duke of, character of, 275.
+     Monteleon, Marquis of, Spanish ambassador in London, 190.
+     Montrevil, M., 310, 311.
+     Montrose, Marquess (afterwards Duke) of, character of, 286, 311, 318, 333.
+     Munster, Treaty of, 112.
+
+     Nassau, Count, 164.
+     National Debt, the, origin of, 87.
+     Newcastle, Duke of, 35;
+       character of, 274.
+     Newfoundland, to be restored to England, 63, 68, 136, 153;
+       French fishing rights in, 68.
+     Northumberland, George, Duke of, character of, 274.
+     Nottingham, Earl of, character of, 29, 30;
+       his nicknames, 30 <i>n</i>.;
+       his amendment to the address with reference to the peace,
+            34 <i>n</i>., 36, 129, 131;
+       out of favour at Court, 34;
+       his disappointment, 35;
+       goes over to the Whigs, 35, 48, 129;
+       his bill against Occasional Conformity, 35, 37, 39, 40;
+       votes against the Bill for appointing Commissioners to examine
+            into Crown grants of land, 122;
+       character of, 274.
+
+     Occasional Conformity, Bill against, 35, 37, 39, 40.
+     October Club, the, 120.
+     O'Hara, Sir Charles. <i>See</i> Tyrawley, Lord.
+     Orange, Prince of. <i>See</i> William III.
+     Orkney, Earl of, character of, 284.
+     Orkney, Lady, 355.
+     Ormonde, Duke of, succeeds Marlborough in Flanders, 46, 143;
+       ordered to avoid fighting, 146, 150 <i>n</i>., 156 and <i>n</i>.;
+       refuses to fight, 147;
+       anger of the Dutch against, 147, 148;
+       why unable to take Dunkirk, 159;
+       deserted by the allies, 162;
+       declares an armistice, 163;
+       refused passage through Dutch towns, 163;
+       takes possession of Ghent and Bruges, 164, 165;
+       character of, 273;
+       Burnet on, 360, 367;
+       Addison on, 372.
+     Ossuna, Duke d', 190.
+     Oxford, Countess of, "cheated by her father," 274.
+     Oxford, Earl of. <i>See</i> Harley.
+
+     Palatines, the, 115.
+     Parker, Chief Justice, 38.
+     Parliament, origin of, in England, 225-227.
+     Patrick, Bishop, character of, 337, 340.
+     Peace, desire for, 19, 20;
+       the Queen's overtures in favour of, 31, 50;
+       amendment to the address with reference to, carried, 36;
+       history of the negotiations for, 51 <i>et seq.
+       See</i> Utrecht, Congress of.
+     Penn, William, Swift on, 356.
+     Petecum, M., 56 <i>n</i>.;
+       his negotiations with Torcy, 60.
+     Peterborough, Earl of, a spy in the service of, 77;
+       character of, 277.
+     Philip V., King of Spain,
+       renounces the Kingdom of France, 142, 143, 146, 151, 157.
+     Polignac, Abbé de, one of the plenipotentiaries at Utrecht, 79, 82, 166;
+       made a cardinal, 182.
+     Porter, Sir Charles, 354.
+     Portland, Earl of, character of, 276.
+     Poulett, Lord, character of, 278.
+     Powis, Sir Thomas, 354.
+     Press, licence of the, 124;
+       Bill for regulation of, not passed, 126.
+     Pretender, the, sent out of France, 189;
+       Burnet on the birth of, 358, 364;
+       taken to France, 360, 361;
+       hated by the Queen, 366.
+     Prior, M., his "History of his own Time," quoted, 55 <i>n</i>., 61;
+       mission to Versailles, 56 <i>n</i>., 61, 63;
+       his return, 66;
+       mission to France with Bolingbroke, 172, 176, 184;
+       character of, 282;
+       Burnet on, 366.
+     Protestant religion, meaning of the words, 296.
+     Protestants, Act for naturalizing foreign, 114.
+     Pym, John, Swift on the death of, 306.
+
+     Quakers, their objection to oaths, 127, 128.
+     Queen Elizabeth's Day, 47 and <i>n</i>.
+
+     Raby, Lord. <i>See</i> Strafford, Earl of.
+     Rechteren, Count, his quarrel with M. Mesnager, 177, 181, 182.
+     Report of the Commissioners for inspecting public accounts, 84-87.
+     "Representation," the, on the war presented to the Queen, 100-114, 118;
+       Dutch memorial in answer to, 119.
+     Richmond, Duke of, character of, 274.
+     Rivers, Earl, his mission to Hanover, 166, 167;
+       character of, 276.
+     Robethon, a Frenchman in the Elector of Hanover's service, 166.
+     Robinson, Dr., Bishop of Bristol, made Lord Privy Seal, 20, 35;
+       plenipotentiary at Utrecht, 31, 82;
+       goes to Holland, 132;
+       opens the Congress, 138 <i>et seq</i>.
+     Rochester, Earl of, 32, 35;
+       Burnet on, 340, 341.
+     Romney, Henry, Earl of, character of, 274, 358.
+     Ronquillo, Don Pedro de, Spanish Ambassador, his house pulled down, 361.
+     Rothes, Earl of, character of, 294;
+       a remark of, quoted, 346.
+     Rouille, M., 52.
+     Roxburgh, Duke of, and the Earl of Nottingham, 35.
+
+     Sacheverell, Dr., trial of, 20, 24, 53;
+       nicknames Godolphin "Volpone," 27.
+     St. John, George, 191 <i>n</i>.
+     St. John, Henry. <i>See</i> Bolingbroke.
+     St. John, Oliver, 294, 295, 296.
+     Sancroft, Archbishop, Burnet on, 345, 355, 363.
+     Sandwich, Earl of, character of, 277.
+     Savoy, Duke of,
+       peace proposals affecting, 62, 63, 76, 78, 79, 135, 155, 171, 178, 180.
+     Scarborough, Earl of, 36.
+     Scotch, the, Swift's hatred of. <i>See</i> Remarks on Clarendon's History
+       and Burnet's History, 291-368 <i>passim</i>.
+     Scotland, Act of Toleration with,
+       regard to the Episcopal Church of, 116, 117, 118 <i>n</i>.;
+       Act restoring Patronage in the Church of, 117, 118, and <i>n</i>.
+     Shaftesbury (Sir A.A. Cooper), Earl of, character of, 303, 306.
+     Sharp, Archbishop, 334, 336, 338, 341, 346.
+     Sheldon, Archbishop, character of, 339.
+     Shrewsbury, Earl of, character of, 358.
+     Shrewsbury, Duke of, 54;
+       appointed Ambassador at Paris, 181 <i>et seq</i>.;
+       Swift's opinion of, 186 <i>n</i>.
+     Shower, Rev. Mr., letter to Harley from, 39.
+     Sichel, Walter, his "Bolingbroke and his Times," quoted, 77 <i>n</i>.
+     Sidney, Henry. <i>See</i> Romney, Earl of.
+     Smith, Rt. Hon. John, character of, 282.
+     Somers, Lord, character of, 22-24, 275.
+     Somerset, Duke of, 19, 48;
+       the hope of the Whigs, 31;
+       in favour with the Queen, 32;
+       and Lord Godolphin, 32, 33;
+       his breach with the Tories, 33;
+       at the head of the Junto, 129.
+     Somerset, Duke of, character of, 273.
+     Spain, the war in, 106;
+       peace proposals affecting, 134, 135;
+       not represented at the Congress of Utrecht, 190;
+       treaty between Great Britain and, 190.
+     Sprat, Bishop, Burnet on, 348.
+     Stamford, Earl of, character of, 277, 301.
+     Stanhope, Colonel, character of, 284.
+     Stanhope, Earl, character of, 284.
+     Steele, Sir R., Swift and, 15 and <i>n</i>.
+     Stephen, King, history of the reign of, 238-264;
+       his character and person, 262.
+     Stepney, George, character of, 283.
+     Sterne, Archbishop, character of, 352.
+     Strafford, Earl of, attainder of, 295, 296.
+     Strafford (Lord Raby), Earl of,
+       plenipotentiary at Utrecht, 31, 82, 131 <i>et seq</i>.;
+       his negotiations at the Hague, 57, 58, 71;
+       character of, 283.
+     Sunderland, Earl of, character of, 27, 28;
+       his library, 27 and <i>n</i>.;
+       character of, 277.
+     Sutherland, Earl of, character of, 286.
+     Swift, Jonathan, avowal of his independence, 15;
+       endeavours to reconcile Harley and Bolingbroke, 16;
+       on the Hanoverian succession, 16, 17;
+       his suggestion for building new churches in London, 20 <i>n</i>.;
+       his definition of Whig and Tory, 21 <i>n</i>.;
+       helped Sir Thos. Hanmer with the "Representation," 100;
+       his remarks on characters of the court of Queen Anne, 273-288;
+       his remarks on Clarendon's "History of the Rebellion," 291-323, 330;
+       his remarks on Burnet's "History," 323-368;
+       his notes on the "Free-holder," 371-377.
+
+     <i>Tacking</i>, explained, 123.
+     Temple, Sir William, Burnet on, 344, 345, 362.
+     Tenison, Archbishop, character of, 282, 337.
+     Thanet, Earl of, character of, 277.
+     Titus, Colonel, Swift on, 331.
+     Torcy, Marquis de,
+       his conduct of the peace negotiations, 51 <i>et seq</i>., 142, 146, 147;
+       his opinion of the British army, 169;
+       suggests that the Queen should join with France in compelling the Dutch
+         to a peace, 170;
+       the prime mover in favour of peace, 183;
+       testimony to his candour and integrity, 183, 184.
+     Tory principles, Swift's definition of, 21 <i>n</i>.
+     Townshend, Lord, on Dr. Lucas, 5 <i>n</i>.;
+       and the Barrier Treaty, 41, 58, 99;
+       declared an enemy to the Queen and kingdom, 100, 113;
+       character of, 278.
+     Trimnel, Dr., Bishop of Norwich, 27 <i>n</i>.
+     Tyrawley, Lord, character of, 284.
+
+     Utrecht, Congress at, 20, 31, 50;
+       negotiations leading to, 51-82;
+       French overtures to England, 56;
+       transmitted to Holland, 57;
+       the Dutch reply, 59;
+       English preliminary demands sent to France, 62;
+       the French reply, 67;
+       preliminaries signed by France and England, 69;
+       communicated to Holland, 71;
+       Dutch objections, 74;
+       the Congress agreed to, 79;
+       instructions of the English plenipotentiaries, 133;
+       opening of the Congress, 138;
+       Dutch obstruction, 139 <i>et seq.</i>;
+       result of Ormonde's refusal to fight, 148, 149;
+       England declares herself under no obligation to the Dutch, 149, 150;
+       terms of peace between England and France, 151-155;
+       proposed armistice, 157;
+       anger of the Dutch, 158;
+       the conference resumed, 172;
+       difficulties caused by dissensions with the Dutch, 175;
+       the Dutch change their attitude, 176, 184;
+       English ultimatum, 185;
+       the French yield, 186;
+       further delay caused by French "litigious manner of treating," 188;
+       Treaty of Utrecht signed, 190.
+     Uxelles, Marechal d', one of the plenipotentiaries at Utrecht, 79;
+       favours the Dutch, 165, 183.
+
+     Vanderdussen, M., 60.
+     Vane, Sir Harry, the younger, character of, 305, 316;
+       execution of, 336, 337.
+     Villars, Marechal de, 147, 156, 159, 165, 169.
+
+     Walker, Dr., defended Londonderry, 362.
+     Walker, Sir Edward, 306.
+     Wallis, Count, 163.
+     Walpole, Horatio, 52.
+     Walpole, Sir Robert, 37;
+       committed  to the Tower, 84;
+       attacked by Bolingbroke, 84 <i>n</i>.
+     Walsh, Peter, 338.
+     Wariston, Swift on, 335-338.
+     Weems, Earl of, character of, 288.
+     Wharton, Earl of, 38;
+       character of, 28, 278;
+       his Irish administration, 41.
+     "Whigs, Public Spirit of the,"
+       a reward offered by the Queen for discovery of the author of, 15.
+     Whig and Tory, distinction between, 20, 21 <i>n</i>.
+     Wild Serjeant, 316.
+     William Rufus, history of the reign of, 202, 216;
+       his character and person, 214.
+     William III., King, character of, 355;
+       his Declaration, 359;
+       comes to England, 359, 360, 365;
+       Addison on, 371.
+     Williams, Archbishop, 292, 296, 297, 298.
+     Wincam, Sir George, married Burnet's great aunt, 333.
+     Winchilsea, Earl of, character of, 277.
+     Wolley, Bishop, of Clonfert, 340.
+     Wright, Sir Nathan, character of, 275.
+
+     York, Duke of (afterwards James II.),
+       Swift on, 312, 314, 315, 320, 321, 322, 323.
+
+     Zinzendorf, Count, Austrian Envoy at the Hague, 77, 78;
+       sows jealousies between England and Holland, 158;
+       deludes the Dutch with promises, 168, 176, 180.
+</pre>
+    <div style="height: 6em;">
+      <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />
+    </div>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+
+
+
+
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+</pre>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/old/13040.txt b/old/13040.txt
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, Vol. X.
+by Jonathan Swift
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, Vol. X.
+
+Author: Jonathan Swift
+
+Release Date: July 28, 2004 [EBook #13040]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JONATHAN SWIFT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Terry Gilliland and PG Distributed Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+
+BOHN'S STANDARD LIBRARY
+
+THE PROSE WORKS OF JONATHAN SWIFT
+
+VOL. X
+
+
+[Illustration: _Jonathan Swift on the bust by Rouldiac in Trinity
+College Dublin]
+
+
+THE PROSE WORKS
+
+OF
+
+JONATHAN SWIFT, D.D.
+
+EDITED BY
+
+TEMPLE SCOTT
+
+VOL. X
+
+HISTORICAL WRITINGS
+
+1902
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+Of late years, that is to say, within the last thirty odd years, there
+has existed a certain amount of doubt as to whether or no the work known
+to us as "The History of the Four Last Years of the Queen," was really
+the product of Swift's pen. That a work of this nature had occupied
+Swift during his retirement at Windsor in 1713, is undoubted. That the
+work here reprinted from the edition given to the world in 1758, "by an
+anonymous editor from a copy surreptitiously taken by an anonymous
+friend" (to use Mr. Churton Collins's summary), is the actual work upon
+which Swift was engaged at Windsor, is not so certain. Let us for a
+moment trace the history of what is known of what Swift did write, and
+then we shall be in a better position to judge of the authenticity of
+what we have before us.
+
+All that we know of this work is gathered from Swift's correspondence,
+as published by Sir Walter Scott in his edition of Swift's Works issued
+in 1824. The first reference there made is in a note from Dr. William
+King to Mrs. Whiteway, from which we gather that Swift, towards the end
+of the year 1736, was meditating the publication of what he had written
+in 1713. "As to the History," writes King, "the Dean may be assured I
+will take care to supply the dates that are wanting, and which can
+easily be done in an hour or two. The tracts, if he pleases, may be
+printed by way of appendix. This will be indeed less trouble than the
+interweaving them in the body of the history, and will do the author as
+much honour, and answer the purpose full as well."
+
+This was written from Paris, under date November 9th, O.S., 1736. It can
+easily be gathered from this that the tracts referred to are the tracts
+on the same period which Swift wrote at the time in defence of the
+Oxford ministry. They are given in the fifth volume of this edition.
+
+On December 7th, 1736, King was in London, and he immediately writes to
+Swift himself on the matter of the History. "I arrived here yesterday,"
+he says, "and I am now ready to obey your commands. I hope you are come
+to a positive resolution concerning the History. You need not hesitate
+about the dates, or the references which are to be made to any public
+papers; for I can supply them without the least trouble. As well as I
+remember, there is but one of those public pieces which you determined
+should be inserted at length; I mean Sir Thomas Hanmer's Representation;
+this I have now by me. If you incline to publish the two tracts as an
+Appendix to the History, you will be pleased to see if the character
+given of the Earl of Oxford in the pamphlet of 1715 agrees with the
+character given of the same person in the History.[1] Perhaps on a
+review you may think proper to leave one of them quite out. You have (I
+think) barely mentioned the attempt of Guiscard, and the quarrel between
+Rechteren and Mesnager. But as these are facts which are probably now
+forgot or unknown, it would not be amiss if they were related at large
+in the notes; which may be done from the gazettes, or any other
+newspapers of those times. This is all I have to offer to your
+consideration...."
+
+[Footnote 1: See note on page 95 of this volume.]
+
+There is thus no doubt left as to which were the tracts referred to by
+King, and as to the desire of Swift to include Sir Thomas Hanmer's
+Representation--two points that are important as evidence for the
+authenticity of the edition issued by Lucas in 1758.
+
+Towards the middle of 1737, it must have become common knowledge among
+Swift's friends in London, that he was preparing for publication his
+"History of the Four Last Years of Queen Anne's Reign." Possibly King
+may have dropped a hint of it; possibly Swift may have written to others
+for information and assistance. Be that as it may, on April 7th, 1737,
+the Earl of Oxford (son of Swift's old friend) wrote to Swift as
+follows:
+
+    "... One reason of my writing to you now is, (next to my asking
+    your forgiveness) this: I am told that you have given leave and
+    liberty to some one or more of your friends to print a history
+    of the last four years of Queen Anne's reign, wrote by you.
+
+    "As I am most truly sensible of your constant regard and sincere
+    friendship for my father, even to partiality, (if I may say so,)
+    I am very sensible of the share and part he must bear in such a
+    history; and as I remember, when I read over that history of
+    yours, I can recollect that there seemed to me a want of some
+    papers to make it more complete, which was not in our power to
+    obtain; besides there were some severe things said, which might
+    have been very currently talked of; but now will want a proper
+    evidence to support; for these reasons it is that I do entreat
+    the favour of you, and make it my earnest request, that you will
+    give your positive directions, that this history be not printed
+    and published, until I have had an opportunity of seeing it;
+    with a liberty of showing it to some family friends, whom I
+    would consult upon this occasion. I beg pardon for this; I hope
+    you will be so good as to grant my request: I do it with great
+    deference to you. If I had the pleasure of seeing you, I would
+    soon say something to you that would convince you I am not
+    wrong: they are not proper for a letter as you will easily
+    guess...."
+
+It is evident that Swift had gone so far as to consult with Faulkner on
+the matter of the printing of the "History," because he was present when
+Oxford's letter arrived, and he tells us that Swift answered the letter
+immediately, and made him read the answer, the purport of which was:
+"That although he loved his lordship's father more than he ever did any
+man; yet, as a human creature, he had his faults, and therefore, as an
+impartial writer, he could not conceal them."
+
+On the 4th of June, 1737, Swift wrote at length to Oxford a letter in
+which he details the circumstances and the reasons which moved him to
+write the History. The letter is important, and runs as follows:
+
+    "MY LORD,
+
+    "I had the honour of a letter from your lordship, dated April
+    the 7th, which I was not prepared to answer until this time.
+    Your lordship must needs have known, that the History you
+    mention, of the Four last Years of the Queen's Reign, was
+    written at Windsor, just upon finishing the peace; at which
+    time, your father and my Lord Bolingbroke had a misunderstanding
+    with each other, that was attended with very bad consequences.
+    When I came to Ireland to take this deanery (after the peace was
+    made) I could not stay here above a fortnight, being recalled by
+    a hundred letters to hasten back, and to use my endeavours in
+    reconciling those ministers. I left them the history you
+    mention, which I finished at Windsor, to the time of the peace.
+    When I returned to England, I found their quarrels and coldness
+    increased. I laboured to reconcile them as much as I was able: I
+    contrived to bring them to my Lord Masham's, at St. James's. My
+    Lord and Lady Masham left us together. I expostulated with them
+    both, but could not find any good consequences. I was to go to
+    Windsor next day with my lord-treasurer; I pretended business
+    that prevented me, expecting they would come to some
+    [agreement?]. But I followed them to Windsor; where my Lord
+    Bolingbroke told me, that my scheme had come to nothing. Things
+    went on at the same rate; they grew more estranged every day. My
+    lord-treasurer found his credit daily declining. In May before
+    the Queen died, I had my last meeting with them at my Lord
+    Masham's. He left us together; and therefore I spoke very freely
+    to them both; and told them, 'I would retire, for I found all
+    was gone'. Lord Bolingbroke whispered me, 'I was in the right'.
+    Your father said, 'All would do well'. I told him, 'That I would
+    go to Oxford on Monday, since I found it was impossible to be of
+    any use'. I took coach to Oxford on Monday, went to a friend in
+    Berkshire, there stayed until the Queen's death, and then to my
+    station here, where I stayed twelve years, and never saw my lord
+    your father afterward. They could not agree about printing the
+    History of the Four last Years and therefore I have kept it to
+    this time, when I determine to publish it in London, to the
+    confusion of all those rascals who have accused the queen and
+    that ministry of making a bad peace, to which that party
+    entirely owes the Protestant succession. I was then in the
+    greatest trust and confidence with your father the
+    lord-treasurer, as well as with my Lord Bolingbroke, and all
+    others who had part in the administration I had all the letters
+    from the secretary's office, during the treaty of peace out of
+    those, and what I learned from the ministry, I formed that
+    History, which I am now going to publish for the information of
+    posterity, and to control the most impudent falsehoods which
+    have been published since. I wanted no kind of materials. I knew
+    your father better than you could at that time, and I do
+    impartially think him the most virtuous minister, and the most
+    able, that ever I remember to have read of. If your lordship has
+    any particular circumstances that may fortify what I have said
+    in the History, such as letters or materials, I am content they
+    should be printed at the end, by way of appendix. I loved my
+    lord your father better than any other man in the world,
+    although I had no obligation to him on the score of preferment,
+    having been driven to this wretched kingdom, to which I was
+    almost a stranger, by his want of power to keep me in what I
+    ought to call my own country, although I happened to be dropped
+    here, and was a year old before I left it, and to my sorrow did
+    not die before I came back to it again. As to the History, it
+    is only of affairs which I know very well and had all the
+    advantages possible to know, when you were in some sort but a
+    lad. One great design of it is, to do justice to the ministry at
+    that time, and to refute all the objections against them, as if
+    they had a design of bringing in Popery and the Pretender: and
+    farther to demonstrate, that the present settlement of the crown
+    was chiefly owing to my lord your father...."
+
+The Earl of Oxford had failed to extract the manuscript from Swift for
+the purpose he had expressed in his letter. But his friend and Swift's
+old friend, Erasmus Lewis, who had been Under-Secretary of State during
+Lord Oxford's administration, came to the Earl's assistance. He had not
+written to Swift for many years, but on June 30th, 1737, he took
+occasion to renew the correspondence and referred to the proposal for
+publishing the History in a manner which leaves no doubt as to who
+suggested to him to write:
+
+    " ... Now I name him, I mean Lord Oxford, let me ask you if it
+    be true, that you are going to print a History of the Four Last
+    Years of the Queen? if it is, will not you let me see it before
+    you send it to the press? Is it not possible that I may suggest
+    some things that you may have omitted, and give you reasons for
+    leaving out others? The scene is changed since that period of
+    time: the conditions of the peace of Utrecht have been applauded
+    by most part of mankind, even in the two Houses of Parliament:
+    should not matters rest here, at least for some time? I presume
+    your great end is to do justice to truth; the second point may
+    perhaps be to make a compliment to the Oxford family: permit me
+    to say as to the first, that though you know perhaps more than
+    any one man, I may possibly contribute a mite; and, with the
+    alteration of one word, viz. by inserting _parva_ instead of
+    _magna_, apply to myself that passage of Virgil, _et quorum pars
+    parva fui_. As to the second point, I do not conceive your
+    compliment to Lord Oxford to be so perfect as it might be,
+    unless you lay the manuscript before him, that it may be
+    considered here."
+
+On the 4th of July, 1737, Oxford replied to Swift's letter of the 4th of
+June (referring to it as of the 14th of June), and emphasizes his
+earnest wish to see the manuscript. He also asks that it may be
+permitted him to show it to some friends:
+
+    "GOOD MR. DEAN,
+
+    "Your letter of June 14th, in answer to mine of the 7th of
+    April, is come to my hands; and it is with no small concern that
+    I have read it, and to find that you seem to have formed a
+    resolution to put the History of the Four last Years of the
+    Queen to the press; a resolution taken without giving your
+    friends, and those that are greatly concerned, some notice, or
+    suffering them to have time and opportunity to read the papers
+    over, and to consider them. I hope it is not too late yet, and
+    that you will be so good as to let some friends see them, before
+    they are put to the press; and, as you propose to have the work
+    printed here, it will be easy to give directions to whom you
+    will please to give the liberty of seeing them; I beg I may be
+    one: this request I again repeat to you, and I hope you will
+    grant it. I do not doubt that there are many who will persuade
+    you to publish it; but they are not proper judges: their reasons
+    may be of different kinds, and their motives to press on this
+    work may be quite different, and perhaps concealed from you.
+
+    "I am extremely sensible of the firm love and regard you had for
+    my father, and have for his memory; and upon that account it is
+    that I now renew my request, that you would at least defer this
+    printing until you have had the advice of friends. You have
+    forgot that you lent me the History to read when you were in
+    England, since my father died; I do remember it well. I would
+    ask your pardon for giving you this trouble; but upon this
+    affair I am so nearly concerned, that, if I did not my utmost to
+    prevent it, I should never forgive myself."
+
+While this correspondence was in progress, Swift had given the
+manuscript to Lord Orrery to hand over to Dr. King. On June 24th, 1737,
+King wrote to Swift stating that he had received a letter from Mrs.
+Whiteway in which he was told to expect the manuscript from the hands of
+Lord Orrery. To Mrs. Whiteway he replied, on the same day, that he would
+wait on Lord Orrery to receive the papers. On July 23rd, 1737, Lord
+Orrery wrote to Swift informing him that "Dr. King has his cargo."
+
+With the knowledge that the manuscript was on its way to King, Swift
+wrote the following reply to Lewis's letter:
+
+    July 23, 1737.
+
+    "DEAR FRIEND,
+
+    "While any of those who used to write to me were alive, I always
+    inquired after you. But, since your secretaryship in the queen's
+    time, I believed you were so glutted with the office, that you
+    had not patience to venture on a letter to an absent useless
+    acquaintance; and I find I owe yours to my Lord Oxford. The
+    History you mention was written above a year before the queen's
+    death. I left it with the treasurer and Lord Bolingbroke, when I
+    first came over to take this deanery. I returned in less than a
+    month; but the ministry could not agree about printing it. It
+    was to conclude with the peace. I staid in London above nine
+    months; but not being able to reconcile the quarrels between
+    those two, I went to a friend in Berkshire, and, on the queen's
+    death, came hither for good and all. I am confident you read
+    that History; as this Lord Oxford did, as he owns in his two
+    letters, the last of which reached me not above ten days ago.
+    You know, on the queen's death, how the peace and all
+    proceedings were universally condemned. This I knew would be
+    done; and the chief cause of my writing was, not to let such a
+    queen and ministry lie under such a load of infamy, or posterity
+    be so ill-informed, &c. Lord Oxford is in the wrong to be in
+    pain about his father's character, or his proceedings in his
+    ministry; which is so drawn, that his greatest admirers will
+    rather censure me for partiality; neither can he tell me
+    anything material out of his papers, which I was not then
+    informed of; nor do I know anybody but yourself who could give
+    me more light than what I then received; for I remember I often
+    consulted with you, and took memorials of many important
+    particulars which you told me, as I did of others, for four
+    years together. I can find no way to have the original delivered
+    to Lord Oxford, or to you; for the person who has it will not
+    trust it out of his hands; but, I believe, would be contented to
+    let it be read to either of you, if it could be done without
+    letting it out of his hands, although, perhaps, that may be too
+    late."
+
+Swift is evidently about to accede to the desires of his two friends,
+and Lewis, in his reply, takes it for granted that the manuscript will
+soon be in his possession for perusal and examination:
+
+    London, Aug. 4, 1737.
+
+    "I assure you, my dear Dean, 'twas matter of joy to me to
+    receive a letter from you, and I hope 'tis an earnest of many
+    more I may have hereafter, before you and I leave this world;
+    though I must tell you, that if you and I revive our former
+    Correspondence, you must indulge me the liberty of making use of
+    another hand; for whether it be owing to age, or writing
+    formerly whole nights by candle-light, or to both those causes,
+    my sight is so far impaired, that I am not able, without much
+    pain, to scratch out a letter.
+
+    "I do not remember ever to have read your History. I own my
+    memory is much decayed; but still I think I could not have
+    forgotten a matter of so much consequence, and which must have
+    given me so great a pleasure. It is fresh in my mind, that Lord
+    Oxford and the Auditor desired you to confer with me upon the
+    subject matter of it; that we accordingly did so; and that the
+    conclusion was, you would bury everything in oblivion. We
+    reported this to those two, I mean to his lordship and his
+    uncle, and they acquiesced in it. Now I find you have finished
+    that piece. I ask nothing but what you grant in your letter of
+    July 23d, viz. That your friend shall read it to me, and forbear
+    sending it to the press, till you have considered the
+    objections, if any should be made.
+
+    "In the meantime, I shall only observe to you in general, that
+    three and twenty years, for so long it is since the death of
+    Queen Anne, having made a great alteration in the world, and
+    that what was sense and reason then, is not so now; besides, I
+    am told you have treated some people's characters with a
+    severity which the present times will not bear, and may possibly
+    bring the author into much trouble, which would be matter of
+    great uneasiness to his friends. I know very well it is your
+    intention to do honour to the then treasurer. Lord Oxford knows
+    it; all his family and friends know it; but it is to be done
+    with great circumspection. It is now too late to publish a
+    pamphlet, and too early to publish a History.
+
+    "It was always my opinion, that the best way of doing honour to
+    the treasurer, was to write a History of the Peace of Utrecht,
+    beginning with a short preamble concerning the calamitous state
+    of our debt, and ending with the breaking our army, and
+    restoring the civil power; that these great things were
+    completed under the administration of the Earl of Oxford, and
+    this should be his epitaph. Lord Bolingbroke is undoubtedly
+    writing a History, but I believe will not live to finish it,
+    because he takes it up too high, viz. from the Restoration. In
+    all probability he'll cut and slash Lord Oxford. This is only my
+    guess. I don't know it...."
+
+    King must have taken the manuscript to Lord Oxford and Lewis,
+    and been present at its reading. When that reading actually took
+    place is not ascertainable; but there is no doubt that before
+    March 15th, 1738, King was aware of the criticisms made on it.
+    On that day he writes to Mr. Deane Swift, explaining that he has
+    been obliged to defer the publication until he has received
+    Swift's answers to the objections made by the friends who read
+    it. On April 25th, 1738, King wrote again to Mr. Deane Swift,
+    regretting that he could not see him, "because I might have
+    talked over with you all the affair of this History, about which
+    I have been much condemned: and no wonder, since the Dean has
+    continually expressed his dissatisfaction that I have so long
+    delayed the publication of it. However, I have been in no fault:
+    on the contrary, I have consulted the Dean's honour, and the
+    safety of his person. In a word, the publication of this work,
+    as excellent as it is, would involve the printer, publisher,
+    author, and everyone concerned, in the greatest difficulties, if
+    not in a certain ruin; and therefore it will be absolutely
+    necessary to omit some of the characters...."
+
+From which we gather that Lewis and the friends had been able to show
+King the extreme inadvisability of publishing the work. Swift knew
+nothing of this at the time, but Lewis did not long keep him in doubt,
+and the letter Lewis wrote Swift on April 8th, 1738, sets forth at
+length the objections and criticisms which had so changed King's
+attitude.
+
+    "London, April 8, 1738.
+
+    "I can now acquaint you, my dear Dean, that I have at last had
+    the pleasure of reading your History, in the presence of Lord
+    O------d, and two or three more, who think, in all political
+    matters, just as you do, and are as zealous for your fame and
+    safety as any persons in the world. That part of it which
+    relates to the negotiations of peace, whether at London or at
+    Utrecht, they admire exceedingly, and declare they never yet saw
+    that, or any other transaction, drawn up with so much
+    perspicuity, or in a style so entertaining and instructive to
+    the reader, in every respect; but I should be wanting to the
+    sincerity of a friend, if I did not tell you plainly, that it
+    was the unanimous opinion of the company a great deal of the
+    first part should be retrenched, and many things altered.
+
+    "1st, They conceive the first establishment of the South Sea
+    Company is not rightly stated, for no part of the debt then
+    unprovided for was paid: however the advantages arising to the
+    public were very considerable; for, instead of paying for all
+    provisions cent. per cent. dearer than the common market-price,
+    as we did in Lord Godolphin's times, the credit of the public
+    was immediately restored, and, by means of this scheme, put upon
+    as good a footing as the best private security.
+
+    "2d, They think the transactions with Mr. Buys might have been
+    represented in a more advantageous light, and more to the honour
+    of that administration; and, undoubtedly they would have been so
+    by your pen, had you been master of all the facts.
+
+    "3d, The D----  of M----'s courage not to be called in question.
+
+    "4th, The projected design of an assassination they believe
+    true, but that a matter of so high a nature ought not to be
+    asserted without exhibiting the proofs.
+
+    "5th, The present ministers, who are the rump of those whose
+    characters you have painted, shew too plainly that they have not
+    acted upon republican, or, indeed, any other principles, than
+    those of interest and ambition.
+
+    "6th, Now I have mentioned characters, I must tell you they were
+    clearly of opinion, that if those you have drawn should be
+    published as they now stand, nothing could save the author's
+    printer and publishers from some grievous punishment. As we have
+    no traces of liberty now left but the freedom of the press, it
+    is the most earnest desire of your friends that you would strike
+    out all that you have said on that subject.
+
+    "Thus, my dear Dean, I have laid before you, in a plain manner
+    the sentiments of those who were present when your History was
+    read; if I have mistaken in anything, I ask pardon of you and
+    them.
+
+    "I am not at liberty to name those who were present, excepting
+    only the E----  of O----d, who has charged me to return you his
+    thanks for what you have said of his father.
+
+    "What I have to say from myself is, that there were persons in
+    the company to whose judgment I should pay entire deference. I
+    had no opportunity of paying any on this occasion, for I
+    concurred in the same opinion with them, from the bottom of my
+    heart, and therefore conjure you as you value your own fame as
+    an author, and the honour of those who were actors in the
+    important affairs that make the subject of your History, and as
+    you would preserve the liberty of your person, and enjoyment of
+    your fortune, you will not suffer this work to go to the press
+    without making some, or all the amendments proposed. I am, my
+    dear Dean, most sincerely and affectionately yours,
+
+    "E.L.
+
+    "I thank you for your kind mention of me in your letter to Lord
+    Oxford.
+
+    "I had almost forgot to tell you, you have mistaken the case of
+    the D---- of S----, which, in truth, was this, that his grace
+    appearing at court, in the chamber next to the council-chamber,
+    it was apprehended he would come into the cabinet-council; and
+    therefore the intended meeting was put off: whereas one would
+    judge, by your manner of stating it, that the council had met,
+    and adjourned abruptly upon his taking his place there.
+
+    "I must add, that if you would so far yield to the opinions of
+    your friends, as to publish what you have writ concerning the
+    peace, and leave out everything that savours of acrimony and
+    resentment, it would, even now, be of great service to this
+    nation in general, and to them in particular, nothing having
+    been yet published on the peace of Utrecht in such a beautiful
+    and strong manner as you have done it. Once more, my dear Dean,
+    adieu; let me hear from you."
+
+It is to be presumed that Swift was again persuaded to abandon the
+publication of his History. Nothing further is heard of it, except a
+slight reference by Pope in a letter he wrote to Swift, under date May
+17th, 1739, in which Pope informed him that Bolingbroke (who is writing
+his History of his own Time) has expressed his intention of differing
+from Swift's version, as he remembers it when he read the History in
+1727. The variation would relate in particular to the conduct of the
+Earl of Oxford.
+
+Slight as this reference is, there is yet enough in it to suggest
+another reason why Swift should withhold the publication of his work. It
+might be that this expressed intention of Bolingbroke's to animadvert on
+his dear friend's conduct, would just move Swift to a final rejection of
+his intention, and so, possibly, prevent Bolingbroke from publishing his
+own statement. However, the manuscript must have been returned, for
+nothing more was heard of it during Swift's lifetime.
+
+Swift died in 1745, and thirteen years later appeared the anonymously
+edited "History of the Four Last Years." Is this the work which Swift
+wrote in 1713, which he permitted Pope and Bolingbroke to read in 1727,
+and which he prepared for publication in 1737?
+
+In 1758 there was no doubt whatever raised, although there were at least
+two persons alive then--Lord Orrery and Dr. William King--who could
+easily have proved any forgery, had there been one.
+
+The first suspicion cast on the work came from Dr. Johnson. Writing, in
+his life of Swift, of the published version, he remarks, "that it seemed
+by no means to correspond with the notions that I had formed of it from
+a conversation that I once heard between the Earl of Orrery and old Mr.
+Lewis." In what particulars this want of correspondence was made evident
+Johnson does not say. In any case, his suspicion cannot be received with
+much consideration, since the conversation he heard must have taken
+place at least twenty years before he wrote the poet's life, and his
+recollection of such a conversation must at least have been very hazy.
+Johnson's opinion is further deprived of weight when we read what he
+wrote of the History in the "Idler," in 1759, the year after its
+publication, that "the history had perished had not a straggling
+transcript fallen into busy hands." If the straggling manuscript were
+worth anything, it must have had some claims to authenticity; and if it
+had, then Johnson's recollection of what he heard Orrery and Lewis say,
+twenty years or more after they had said it, goes for very little.
+
+Sir Walter Scott concludes, from the fact that Swift sent the manuscript
+to Oxford and Lewis, that it was afterwards altered in accordance with
+Lewis's suggestions. But a comparison of Lucas's text with Lewis's
+letter shows that nothing of the kind was done.
+
+Lord Stanhope had "very great reason to doubt" the authenticity of the
+History, and considered it as "falsely ascribed to Swift." What this
+"very great reason" was, his lordship nowhere stated.
+
+Macaulay, in a pencilled note in a copy of Orrery's "Remarks" (now in
+the British Museum) describes the History as "Wretched stuff; and I
+firmly believe not Swift's." But Macaulay could scarcely have had much
+ground for his note, since he took a description of Somers from the
+History, and embodied it in his own work as a specimen of what Somers's
+enemies said of him. If the History were a forgery, what object was
+gained in quoting from it, and who were the enemies who wrote it?
+
+When, in 1873, Lord Beaconsfield, then Mr. Disraeli, made a speech at
+Glasgow, in which he quoted from the History and spoke of the words as
+by Swift, a correspondent in the "Times" criticised him for his
+ignorance in so doing. But the discussion which followed in the columns
+of that periodical left the matter just where it was, and, indeed,
+justified Beaconsfield. The matter was taken up by Mr. Edward Solly in
+"Notes and Queries;" but that writer threw no new light whatever on the
+subject.
+
+But the positive evidence in favour of the authenticity is so strong,
+that one wonders how there could have been any doubt as to whether Swift
+did or did not write the History.
+
+In the first place we know that Swift was largely indebted for his facts
+to Bolingbroke, when that statesman was the War Secretary of Queen Anne.
+A comparison of those portions of Swift's History which contain the
+facts with the Bolingbroke Correspondence, in which the same facts are
+embodied, will amply prove that Swift obtained them from this source,
+and as Swift was the one man of the time to whom such a favour was
+given, the argument in favour of Swift's authorship obtains an added
+emphasis.
+
+In the second place, a careful reading of the correspondence between
+Swift and his friends on the subject of the publication of the History
+enables us to identify the references to the History itself. The
+"characters" are there; Sir Thomas Hanmer's Representation is also
+there, and all the points raised by Erasmus Lewis may be told off, one
+by one.
+
+In the third place, Dr. Birch, the careful collector, had, in 1742,
+access to what he considered to be the genuine manuscript. This was
+three years before Swift's death. He made an abstract of this manuscript
+at the time, and this abstract is now preserved in the British Museum.
+Comparing the abstract with the edition published in 1758, there is no
+doubt that the learned doctor had copied from a manuscript which, if it
+were not genuine, was certainly the text of the work published in 1758
+as "The History of the Four Last Years." But Dr. Birch's language
+suggests that he believed the manuscript he examined to be in Swift's
+own handwriting. If that be so, there is no doubt whatever of the
+authenticity. Birch was a very careful person, and had he had any doubts
+he could easily have settled them by applying to the many friends of the
+Dean, if not to the Dean himself. Moreover, it is absurd to believe that
+a forged manuscript of Swift's would be shown about during Swift's
+lifetime without it being known as a forgery. Mrs. Whiteway alone would
+have put a stop to its circulation had she suspected of the existence of
+such a manuscript.
+
+Finally, it must be remembered that when the History was published in
+1758, Lord Orrery was still living. If the work were a forgery, why did
+not Lord Orrery expose it? Nothing would have pleased him more. He had
+read the manuscript referred to in the Correspondence. He had carried it
+to Oxford and given it to King, at Swift's request. He knew all about
+it, and he said nothing.
+
+These considerations, both negative and positive, lead us to the final
+conclusion that the History published in 1758 is practically the History
+referred to in Swift's Correspondence, and therefore the authentic work
+of Swift himself. We say practically,  because there are some
+differences between it and the text published here. The differences have
+been recorded from a comparison between Lucas's version and the
+transcript of a manuscript discovered in Dublin in 1857, and made by Mr.
+Percy Fitzgerald. Mr. Fitzgerald found that this manuscript contained
+many corrections in Swift's own handwriting. At the time he came across
+it the manuscript was in the possession of two old ladies named Greene,
+grand-daughters of Mrs. Whiteway, and grand-nieces of Swift himself. On
+the title-page there was the following note:
+
+"This is the originall manuscript of the History, corrected by me, and
+given into the custody of Mrs. Martha Whiteway by me Jonathan Swift,
+June 15, 1737. seven.
+
+"I send a fair copy of this History by the Earl of Orrery to be printed
+in England.
+
+"JONATH. SWIFT."
+
+Mr. Fitzgerald was permitted to make a collation of this manuscript, and
+his collation he sent to the late John Forster. It is now in the
+Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington.[2]
+
+[Footnote 2: I regret that I have been unable to trace the existence of
+this manuscript of Swift's "History." Mr. Fitzgerald himself has no
+recollection of having made the collation. "Forty-five years ago," he
+writes, "is a long time to look back to," and he cannot recall the
+fact.]
+
+If this manuscript be what, on the face of it, it claims to be, then the
+question of authenticity is for ever settled. As we have no doubt on
+this point, the corrections and variations between this manuscript, as
+collated by Mr. Percy Fitzgerald and the Lucas version, have been noted
+in the present edition.
+
+In 1752 Lord Orrery issued his "Remarks" on the life and character of
+Swift. The work obtained for him a certain notoriety, and brought down
+upon him some severe censure from the friends of Swift who were still
+alive. But, whatever may have been Orrery's private opinion of Swift,
+that should not invalidate any information as to fact of which he had
+the knowledge to speak. Writing in that book of the History, he says:
+"Dr. Swift left behind him few manuscripts. Not one of any consequence,
+except an account of the peace of Utrecht, which he called 'An History
+of the four last Years of Queen Anne.' The title of an history is too
+pompous for such a performance. In the historical style, it wants
+dignity and candour: but as a pamphlet it will appear the best defence
+of Lord Oxford's administration, and the clearest account of the Treaty
+of Utrecht, that has hitherto been written."[3]
+
+[Footnote 3: Second edition, pp. 206-207.]
+
+The most ardent and devoted of Swift's admirers could hardly find a
+juster criticism of the work. It should satisfy any unprejudiced reader
+of the printed History as we now have it, and to that extent emphasize
+the authenticity.
+
+An interesting sidelight on Swift's History is thrown by Chesterfield in
+a letter he wrote to Dr. Chenevix, Bishop of Waterford, on May 23rd,
+1758. We must believe that the noble lord wrote in good faith and
+certainly in the full belief that the work he was criticising was the
+work of Swift. Chesterfield's criticism points directly to Swift as the
+author, since his justification for Bolingbroke's story is to be found
+in the work as Lucas printed it in 1758. Speaking of the History,
+Chesterfield calls it "a party pamphlet, founded on the lie of the day,
+which, as lord Bolingbroke who had read it often assured me, was coined
+and delivered out to him, to write Examiners, and other political papers
+upon. That spirit remarkably runs through it. Macarteney, for instance,
+murdered duke Hamilton;[4] nothing is falser, for though Macarteney was
+very capable of the vilest actions, he was guiltless of that, as I
+myself can testify, who was at his trial on the king's bench, when he
+came over voluntarily to take it, in the late king's time. There did not
+appear even the least ground for a suspicion of it; nor did Hamilton,
+who appeared in court, pretend to tax him with it, which would have been
+in truth accusing himself of the utmost baseness, in letting the
+murderer of his friend go off from the field of battle, without either
+resentment, pursuit, or even accusation, till three days afterwards.
+This _lie_ was invented to inflame the Scotch nation against the Whigs;
+as the other, that prince Eugene intended to murder lord Oxford, by
+employing a set of people called Mohocks, which society, by the way,
+never existed, was calculated to inflame the mob of London. Swift took
+those hints _de la meilleure foi du monde_, and thought them materials
+for history. So far he is blameless."[5]
+
+[Footnote 4: See page 178 of this volume.]
+
+[Footnote 5: "Chesterfield's Works," pp. 498-499.]
+
+Ignoring Chesterfield's indignation, we must believe that the references
+made by him to Macartney and Eugene, must have been in the manuscript
+Bolingbroke read; else how could Bolingbroke tell Chesterfield of their
+meaning? If this be so, we have a still further warrant for a strong
+presumption in favour of authenticity. There can really be very little
+doubt on the matter.
+
+What we may doubt, however, is not the authenticity, but the value of
+the History as an historical document. Without question, Swift wrote in
+good faith; but he also wrote as a partisan, and a partisan with an
+affectionate leaning for the principal character in the drama he was
+describing. Orrery was right when he called it "a pamphlet," and "the
+best defence of Lord Oxford's administration." As a pamphlet and as a
+defence it has some claim on our attention. As a contribution to the
+history of the treaty of Utrecht it is of little account. Swift could
+not, had he even known everything, write the true story of the
+negotiations for publication at the time. In the first place, he would
+never have attempted it--the facts would have been demoralizing; and in
+the second place, had he accomplished it, its publication would have
+been a matter for much more serious consideration than was given even to
+the story he did write. For Swift's purpose, it was much better that he
+did not know the full extent of the ministry's perfidy. His affection
+for Oxford and his admiration for Bolingbroke would have received a
+great shock. He knew their weaknesses of character, though not their
+infidelity to honour. There can be no defence of the Oxford
+administration, for the manner in which it separated England from its
+allies and treated with a monarch who was well known to it as a
+political chicaner. The result brought a treaty by which Louis XIV.
+gained and the allies lost, and this in spite of the offers previously
+made by the bankrupt monarch at Gertruydenberg.
+
+The further contents of this volume deal with what might better be
+called Swiftiana. They include a collection of very interesting
+annotations made by Swift in his copies of Macky's "Characters,"
+Clarendon's "History of the Rebellion," Burnet's "History of his Own
+Time," and Addison's "Freeholder." The notes to Clarendon and Burnet
+have always found an important place in the many editions of these
+well-known works which have been issued from time to time. As here
+reprinted, however, they have in all cases been compared with the
+originals themselves. It will be found that very many additions have
+been made, the result of careful comparison and collation with the
+originals in Swift's handwriting.
+
+My obligations are again due to Mr. W. Spencer Jackson for very valuable
+assistance in the collation of texts; to Mr. George Ravenscroft Dennis
+for several important suggestions; to Mr. Percy Fitzgerald for the use I
+have made of his transcriptions; and to Mr. Strickland of the National
+Gallery of Ireland for his help in the matter of Swift portraits.
+
+I am greatly indebted to Mr. C. Litton Falkiner of Killiney, co.
+Wicklow, for his untiring assistance to me during my stay in Dublin; to
+the Very Rev. the Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral for permission to
+consult the Marsh collection; and to the Rev. Newport J.D. White, the
+courteous librarian of the Marsh Library, for enthusiastic aid in my
+researches. I also owe very hearty thanks to Mr. Stanley Lane-Poole for
+introductions to the librarians of Trinity College and the Royal Irish
+Academy.
+
+The portrait prefixed to this volume is a reproduction of the bust by
+Roubiliac in the Library of Trinity College, Dublin.
+
+TEMPLE SCOTT.
+
+DUBLIN,
+
+_August 14th_, 1902.
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+THE HISTORY OF THE FOUR LAST YEARS OF THE QUEEN
+
+AN ABSTRACT OF THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND:
+  From the invasion of it by Julius Caesar to the Reign of Henry the Second
+
+REMARKS ON THE CHARACTERS OF THE COURT OF QUEEN ANNE
+
+REMARKS ON LORD CLARENDON'S "HISTORY OF THE REBELLION"
+
+REMARKS ON BISHOP BURNET'S "HISTORY OF HIS OWN TIME"
+
+NOTES ON THE "FREEHOLDER"
+
+INDEX
+
+
+
+
+THE  HISTORY OF
+
+THE FOUR LAST YEARS
+
+OF THE QUEEN.
+
+
+By the late
+
+JONATHAN SWIFT,
+
+D.D.  D.S.P.D.
+
+Published from the
+
+Last MANUSCRIPT Copy, Corrected and
+
+Enlarged by the Author's OWN HAND.
+
+LONDON:
+
+Printed for A. MILLAR, in the Strand:
+
+MDCCLVIII.
+
+
+
+
+_ADVERTISEMENT_
+
+_PREFIXED TO THE EDITION OF_ 1758.[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: This advertisement was written by the editor, Dr. Charles
+Lucas of Dublin. This Lucas was the patriot who created such a stir in
+Irish politics between the years 1743 and 1750. Lord Townshend, in a
+letter to the Marquis of Granby, called him "the Wilkes of Ireland." As
+an author he seems to have been very prolific, though of no polish in
+his writings. Lucas's disclaimers of sympathy with the opinions
+contained in the work he edited are somewhat over-stated, and his
+criticisms are petty. A full account of this hot-headed physician may be
+found in the Dictionary of National Biography. It was Dr. Johnson, in
+his life of Swift, who first published the information that Lucas edited
+this "History." [T.S.]]
+
+_Thus, the long wished for_ History of the Four Last Years of the
+Queen's Reign _is at length brought to light, in spite of all attempts
+to suppress it_!
+
+As this publication is not made under the sanction of the name, or
+names, which the author and the world had a right to expect; it is fit
+some account of the works appearing in this manner should be here given.
+
+Long before the Dean's apparent decline, some of his intimate friends,
+with concern, foresaw the impending fate of his fortune and his works.
+To this it is owing, that these sheets, which the world now despaired of
+ever seeing, are rescued from obscurity, perhaps from destruction.
+
+For this, the public is indebted to a gentleman, now in Ireland, of the
+greatest probity and worth, with whom the Dean long lived in perfect
+intimacy. To this gentleman's hands the Dean entrusted a copy of his
+History, desiring him to peruse and give his judgment of it, with the
+last corrections and amendments the author had given it, in his own
+hand.
+
+His friend read, admired, and approved. And from a dread of so valuable
+and so interesting a work's being by any_ _accident lost or effaced, as
+was probable by its not being intended to be published in the author's
+lifetime; he resolved to keep this copy, till the author should press
+him for it; but with a determined purpose, it should never see the
+light, while there was any hopes of the author's own copy being
+published, or even preserved.
+
+This resolution he inviolably kept, till he and the world had full
+assurance, that the Dean's executors, or those into whose hands the
+original copy fell, were so far from intending to publish it, that it
+was actually suppressed, perhaps destroyed.
+
+Then, he thought himself not only at liberty, but judged it his duty to
+his departed friend, and to the public, to let this copy, which he had
+now kept many years most secretly, see the light.
+
+Thus it has at length fallen into the hands of a person, who publishes
+it for the satisfaction of the public, abstracted from all private
+regards; which are never to be permitted to come in competition with the
+common good.
+
+Every judicious eye will see, that the author of these sheets wrote with
+strong passions, but with stronger prepossessions and prejudices in
+favour of a party. These, it may be imagined, the editor, in some
+measure, may have adopted, and published this work as a kind of support
+of that party, or some surviving remnant thereof.
+
+It is but just to undeceive the reader, and inform him from what kind of
+hand he has received this work. A man may regard a good piece of
+painting, while he despises the subject; if the subject be ever so
+despicable, the masterly strokes of the painter may demand our
+admiration, while he, in other respects, is entitled to no portion of
+our regard.
+
+In poetry, we carry our admiration still farther; and like the poet,
+while we actually contemn the man. Historians share the like fate; hence
+some, who have no regard to propriety or truth, are yet admired for
+diction, style, manner, and the like.
+
+The editor considers this work in another light. He long knew the
+author, and was no stranger to his politics, connections, tendencies,
+passions, and the whole economy of his life. He has long been hardily
+singular in condemning this great man's conduct amid the admiring
+multitude, nor ever could have thought of making an interest in a man,
+_whose principles and manners he could by no rule of reason or honour
+approve, however he might have admired his parts and wit_.
+
+_Such was judged the disposition of the man, whose history of the most
+interesting period of time in the annals of Britain are now, herein,
+offered to the reader. He may well ask from what motives? The answer is
+easily, simply given_.
+
+_The causes assigned for delaying the publication of this history were
+principally these:_[2] _That the manuscript fell into the hands of men,
+who, whatever they might have been by the generality deemed, were by the
+Dean believed to be of his party, though they did not, after his death,
+judge it prudent to avow his principles, more than to deny them in his
+lifetime. These men, having got their beavers, tobacco-boxes, and other
+trifling remembrances of former friendship, by the Dean's will, did not
+choose publicly to avow principles, that had marred their friend's
+promotion, and might probably put a stop to theirs. Therefore, they gave
+the inquisitive world to understand, that there was something too strong
+against many great men, as well as the succeeding system of public
+affairs in general, in the Dean's_ History of the Four Last Years of the
+Queen's Reign, _to admit of a publication, in our times; and, with this
+poor insinuation, excused themselves, and satisfied the weakly
+well-affected, in suppressing the manifestation of displeasing truths,
+of however great importance to society_.
+
+[Footnote 2: The causes for the delay in the publication of the
+"History" are given at length by the present editor in the Introduction.
+[T.S.]]
+
+_This manuscript has now fallen into the hands of a man, who never could
+associate with, or even approve, any of the parties or factions, that
+have differently distracted, it might be said disgraced, these kingdoms;
+because he has as yet known none, whose motives or rules of action were
+truth and the public good alone; of one, who judges, that perjured
+magistrates of all denominations, and their most exalted minions, may be
+exposed, deprived, or cut off, by the fundamental laws of his country;
+and who, upon these principles, from his heart approves and glories in
+the virtues of his predecessors, who revived the true spirit of the
+British polity, in laying aside a priest-ridden, an hen-pecked,
+tyrannical tool, who had overturned the political constitution of his
+country, and in reinstituting the dissolved body politic, by a
+revolution supported by the laws of nature and the realm, as the only
+means of preserving the natural and legal, the civil and religious
+liberties of the members of the commonwealth_.
+
+_Truth, in this man's estimation, can hurt no good cause. And falsehood
+and fraud, in religion and politics, are ever to be detected, to be
+exploded_.
+
+_Insinuations, that this History contained something injurious to the
+present establishment, and therefore necessary to be suppressed, serve
+better the purposes of mistaken or insidious malcontents than the real
+publication can. And, if any thing were by this, or any other, History
+to be shown essentially erroneous in our politics, who, that calls
+himself a Briton, can be deemed such an impious slave, as to conceal the
+destructive evil? The editor of this work disdains and abhors the
+servile thought, and wishes to live no longer than he dares to think,
+speak, write, and, in all things, to act worthy of a Briton_.
+
+_From this regard to truth and to his country, the editor of this
+History was glad of an opportunity of rescuing such a writing from those
+who meant to suppress it. The common cause, in his estimation, required
+and demanded it should be done; and the sooner it is published, he
+judged, the better: for, if the conduct of the Queen and her ministers
+does not deserve the obloquy that has been long industriously cast upon
+it, what is more just than to vindicate it? What more reasonable than
+that this should be done, while living witnesses may yet be called, to
+prove or disprove the several allegations and assertions; since, in a
+few years more, such witnesses may be as much wanting as to prevent a
+canonization, which is therefore prudently procrastinated for above an
+age? Let us then coolly hear what is to be said on this side the
+question, and judge like Britons._
+
+_The editor would not be thought to justify the author of this History,
+in all points, or even to attempt to acquit him of unbecoming prejudices
+and partiality. Without being deeply versed in history or politics, he
+can see his author, in many instances, blinded with passions that
+disgrace the historian; and blending, with phrases worthy of a Caesar or
+a Cicero, expressions not to be justified by truth, reason, or common
+sense, yet think him a most powerful orator, and a great historian._
+
+_No unprejudiced person will blame the Dean for doing all that is
+consistent with truth and decency to vindicate the government of the
+Queen, and to exculpate the conduct of her ministers and her last
+general; all good men would rejoice at such a vindication. But, if he
+meant no more than this, his work would ill deserve the title of an
+History. That he generally tells truths, and founds his most material
+assertions upon fact, will, I think be found very evident. But there is
+room to suspect, that, while he tells no more than the truth, he does
+not tell the whole truth. However, he makes it very clear, that the
+Queen's allies, especially our worthy friends the Dutch, were much to
+blame for the now generally condemned conduct of the Queen, with regard
+to the prosecution of the war and the bringing about the peace_.
+
+_The authors drawings of characters are confessedly partial: for he
+tells us openly, he means not to give characters entire, but such parts
+of each man's particular passions, acquirements, and habits, as he was
+most likely to transfer into his political schemes. What writing, what
+sentence, what character, can stand this torture?--What extreme
+perversion may not, let me say, does not, this produce? Yet thus does he
+choose to treat all men, that were not favourers of the latest measures
+of the Queen, when the best that has been said for her, shows no more
+than that she was blindfolded and held in leading-strings by her
+ministers_.
+
+_He does not spare a man, confessed by all the world to have discharged
+the duties of his function like a soldier, like an hero. But charges
+Prince Eugene with raising and keeping up a most horrible mob, with
+intent to assassinate Harley. For all which odious charges he offers not
+one individual point of proof_.
+
+_He is not content with laying open again the many faults already
+publicly proved upon the late Duke of Marlborough, but insinuates a new
+crime, by seeming to attempt to acquit him of aspiring at the throne.
+But this is done in a manner peculiar to this author_.
+
+_On the other hand, he extols the ministers, and minions of the Queen,
+in the highest terms; and while he robs their antagonists of every good
+quality, generally gives those wisdom and every virtue that can adorn
+human nature_.
+
+_He is not ashamed to attempt to justify, what all thinking good men
+must condemn, the Queen's making twelve peers at once, to serve a
+particular turn_.
+
+_All these may be ascribed to the strength of his passions, and to the
+prejudices, early imbibed, in favour of his indulgent royal mistress and
+her favourites and servants.[3] The judicious will look through the
+elegant clothing, and dispassionately consider these as mere human
+errors, to which no well-informed mind can assent. The editor thinks
+himself bound to protest against them_.
+
+[Footnote 3: That Swift should have a strong partiality to Harley and
+St. John, by whom he was respected and trusted to a most uncommon
+degree, is natural and obvious; but upon what ground Queen Anne, who
+disliked his person, and obstructed his preferment, is here termed his
+_indulgent_ mistress, the author of this preface ought to have
+condescended to explain. [S.]]
+
+
+_He makes a few lapses on the other side, without being as clear as an
+impartial historian would choose to appear. He more than hints at the
+Queen's displeasure at its being moved in Parliament, that the Prince
+Elector should be invited to reside in England, to whose crown he was by
+law declared presumptive heir, but is always open upon the Queen's
+insisting on the Pretender's being sent out of France.--It is easy to
+see how incompatible these things appear. Nothing could tend more to
+secure the Hanover succession, and to enlarge its benefits to Britain,
+than the bringing over the successor, who should, in every country, be
+well instructed in the language, customs, manners, religion, and laws of
+his future subjects, before he comes to hold the reins of government.
+And our author does not take the proper care to inform us how far the
+French thought fit to comply with banishing the Pretender their
+dominions, since many still live in doubt, that if he was sent out of
+France, he was sent into England_.
+
+_But there is one expression of our author too perverse, too grossly
+abused, to admit of any apology, of any palliation. It is not to be
+supposed, that he was ignorant of any word in the English language. And
+least of all can he be supposed ignorant of the meaning of a word,
+which, had it been ever so doubtful before, had a certain meaning
+impressed upon it by the authority of Parliament, of which no sensible
+subject can be ignorant_.
+
+_Notwithstanding this, where our author speaks of the late King James,
+he calls him the_ abdicated King, _and gives the same epithet even to
+his family. Though this weak, ill-advised, and ill-fated prince, in
+every sense of the word, with Romans and English, and to all intents and
+purposes_, abdicated, _yet can he, in no sense, be called_ abdicated;
+_unless the people's asserting their rights, and defending themselves
+against a king, who broke his compact with his subjects, and overturned
+their government, can be called_ abdication _in them; which no man in
+his senses can be hardy enough to support upon any principle of reason
+or the laws of England. Let the reader judge which this is most likely
+to be, error or design_.
+
+_These exceptions the editor thought himself bound to make to some parts
+of this work, to keep clear of the disagreeable imputations of being of
+a party, of whatsoever denomination, in opposition to truth and the
+rights and liberties of the subject._
+
+_These laid aside, the work will be found to have many beauties, many
+excellencies. Some have of late affected to depreciate this History,
+from an insinuation, made only since the author's death, to wit, that he
+was never admitted into the secrets of the administration, but made to
+believe he was a confident, only to engage him in the list of the
+ministerial writers of that reign_.
+
+_The falsehood of this will readily appear upon perusal of the work.
+This shows he knew the most secret springs of every movement in the
+whole complicated machine. That he states facts, too well known to be
+contested, in elegant simplicity, and reasons upon them with the talents
+of the greatest historian. And thus makes an History, composed rather of
+negotiations than actions, most entertaining, affecting, and
+interesting, instead of being, as might be expected, heavy, dull, and
+disagreeable_.
+
+_It is now fit to apologize for some errors, which the judicious must
+discover upon a perusal of this work. It is for this, among other
+reasons, much to be lamented, that this History was not published under
+the author's own inspection. It is next to impossible to copy or print
+any work without faults, and most so where the author's eye is wanting_.
+
+_It is not to be imagined, that even our author, however accurate,
+however great, was yet strictly and perfectly correct in his writings.
+Yet, where some seeming inaccuracies in style or expression have been
+discovered, the deference due to the author made any alteration too
+presumptuous a task for the editor. These are, therefore, left to the
+amending hand of every sensible and polite reader; while the editor
+hopes it will suffice, that he should point out some of those errors,
+which are to be ascribed either to transcribers or the press, and which
+may be rectified in the manner following, in reading the work._[4]
+
+[Footnote 4: Here follows list of _errata_. (These errors have been
+corrected in the present edition.)]
+
+_And thus; with these and perhaps some few such like corrections, it is
+hoped this work will be found completely correct._
+
+
+
+
+THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE.[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: The time when it was written does not appear; but it was
+probably many years after the Queen's death. [N.] First published in
+1765. [W.S.J.]]
+
+
+Having written the following History at Windsor, in the happy reign of
+Her Majesty Queen Anne, of ever glorious, blessed, and immortal memory;
+I resolved to publish it, for the satisfaction of my fellow-subjects, in
+the year 1713; but, being under a necessity of going to Ireland, to take
+possession of the deanery of St. Patrick's, Dublin, I left the original
+with the ministers; and having stayed in that kingdom not above a
+fortnight, I found, at my return, that my Lord Treasurer Oxford, and the
+secretary my Lord Bolingbroke, who were then unhappily upon very ill
+terms with each other, could not agree upon publishing it, without some
+alterations which I would not submit to. Whereupon I kept it by me until
+Her Majesty's death, which happened about a year after.
+
+I have ever since preserved the original very safely; too well knowing
+what a turn the world would take upon the German family's succeeding to
+the crown; which indeed was their undoubted right, having been
+established solemnly by the act of an undisputed Parliament, brought
+into the House of Commons by Mr. Harley, who was then Speaker.
+
+But, as I have said in another discourse,[2] it was very well
+understood, some years before Her Majesty's death, how the new King
+would act, immediately upon his entrance, in the choice of those (and
+those alone) whom he resolved to trust; and consequently what reports
+would industriously be raised, as well as spread, to expose the
+proceedings of Her Majesty herself, as well as of her servants; who have
+been ever since blasted as enemies to the present establishment, by the
+most ignorant and malicious among mankind.
+
+[Footnote 2: "Memoirs relating to the Change in the Queen's Ministry."
+See vol. v. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+Therefore, as it was my lot to have been daily conversant with the
+persons then in power; never absent in times of business or
+conversation, until a few weeks before Her Majesty's death; and a
+witness of almost every step they made in the course of their
+administration; I must have been very unfortunate not to be better
+informed than those miserable pamphleteers, or their patrons, could
+pretend to. At the same time, I freely confess, it appeared necessary,
+as well as natural, upon such a mighty change as the death of a
+sovereign, that those who were to be in power upon the succession, and
+resolved to act in every part by a direct contrary system of politics,
+should load their predecessors with as much infamy as the most
+inveterate malice and envy could suggest, or the most stupid ignorance
+and credulity in their underlings could swallow.
+
+Therefore, as I pretend to write with the utmost impartiality, the
+following History of the Four Last Years of her Majesty's Reign, in
+order to undeceive prejudiced persons at present, as well as posterity;
+I am persuaded in my own mind, as likewise by the advice of my oldest
+and wisest friends, that I am doing my duty to God and man, by
+endeavouring to set future ages right in their judgment of that happy
+reign; and, as a faithful historian, I cannot suffer falsehoods to run
+on any longer, not only against all appearance of truth as well as
+probability, but even against those happy events, which owe their
+success to the very measures then fixed in the general peace.
+
+The materials for this History, besides what I have already mentioned, I
+mean the confidence reposed in me for those four years, by the chief
+persons in power, were extracted out of many hundred letters written by
+our ambassadors abroad, and from the answers as well as instructions
+sent them by our secretaries of state, or by the first minister the Earl
+of Oxford. The former were all originals, and the latter copies entered
+into books in the secretaries' office, out of both which I collected all
+that I thought convenient; not to mention several Memorials given me by
+the ministers at home. Further, I was a constant witness and observer of
+all that passed; and entered every particular of any consequence upon
+paper.
+
+I was so far from having any obligation to the crown, that, on the
+contrary, Her Majesty issued a proclamation, offering three hundred
+pounds to any person who would discover the author of a certain short
+treatise,[3] which the Queen well knew to have been written by me. I
+never received one shilling from the minister, or any other present,
+except that of a few books; nor did I want their assistance to support
+me. I very often dined indeed with the treasurer and secretary; but, in
+those days, that was not reckoned a bribe, whatever it may have been at
+any time since. I absolutely refused to be chaplain to the Lord
+Treasurer; because I thought it would ill become me to be in a state of
+dependence.
+
+[Footnote 3: "The Public Spirit of the Whigs." [D.S.]]
+
+I say this, to shew that I had no other bias than my own opinion of
+persons and affairs. I preserved several of the opposite party in their
+employments, who were persons of wit and learning, particularly Mr.
+Addison and Mr. Congreve, neither of whom were ever in any danger from
+the treasurer, who much esteemed them both; and, by his lordship's
+commands, I brought the latter to dine with him. Mr. Steele might have
+been safe enough, if his continually repeated indiscretions, and a zeal
+mingled with scurrilities, had not forfeited all title to lenity.[4]
+
+[Footnote 4: A full account of the severance of the friendly relations
+between Swift and Steele is given in the fifth volume of the present
+edition (see pp. 276-282). [T.S.]]
+
+I know very well the numberless prejudices of weak and deceived people,
+as well as the malice of those, who, to serve their own interest or
+ambition, have cast off all religion, morality, justice, and common
+decency. However, although perhaps I may not be believed in the present
+age, yet I hope to be so in the next, by all who will bear any regard
+for the honour and liberty of England, if either of these shall then
+subsist or not.
+
+I have no interest or inclination to palliate the mistakes, or
+omissions, or want of steadiness, or unhappy misunderstandings, among a
+few of those who then presided in affairs.
+
+Nothing is more common than the virulence of superficial and ill
+informed writers, against the conduct of those who are now called prime
+ministers: And, since factions appear at present to be at a greater
+height than in any former times, although perhaps not so equally poised;
+it may probably concern those who are now in their height, if they have
+any regard for their own memories in future ages, to be less warm
+against others, who humbly differ from them in some state opinions. Old
+persons remember, at least by tradition, the horrible prejudices that
+prevailed against the first Earl of Clarendon, whose character, as it
+now stands, might be a pattern for all ministers; although even Bishop
+Burnet of Sarum, whose principles, veracity, and manner of writing, are
+so little esteemed upon many accounts, hath been at the pains to
+vindicate him.
+
+Upon that irreparable breach between the treasurer and secretary
+Bolingbroke, after my utmost endeavours, for above two years, to
+reconcile them, I retired to a friend in Berkshire, where I stayed until
+Her Majesty's death;[5] and then immediately returned to my station in
+Dublin, where I continued about twelve years without once seeing
+England. I there often reviewed the following Memoirs; neither changing
+nor adding, further than by correcting the style: And, if I have been
+guilty of any mistakes, they must be of small moment; for it was hardly
+possible I could be wrong informed, with all the advantages I have
+already mentioned.
+
+[Footnote 5: See vol. v. of the present edition--the notes on pp. 390,
+393-394, 420, 421, and 426. [T.S.]]
+
+I shall not be very uneasy under the obloquy that may, perhaps, be cast
+upon me by the violent leaders and followers of the present prevailing
+party. And yet I cannot find the least inconsistence with conscience or
+honour, upon the death of so excellent a princess as her late Majesty,
+for a wise and good man to submit, with a true and loyal heart, to her
+lawful Protestant successor; whose hereditary title was confirmed by the
+Queen and both Houses of Parliament, with the greatest unanimity, after
+it had been made an article in the treaty, that every prince in our
+alliance should be a guarantee of that succession. Nay, I will venture
+to go one step farther; that, if the negotiators of that peace had been
+chosen out of the most professed zealots for the interests of the
+Hanover family, they could not have bound up the French king, or the
+Hollanders, more strictly than the Queen's plenipotentiaries did, in
+confirming the present succession; which was in them so much a greater
+mark of virtue and loyalty, because they perfectly well knew, that they
+should never receive the least mark of favour, when the succession had
+taken place.
+
+
+
+
+  THE HISTORY OF THE FOUR LAST
+  YEARS OF THE QUEEN.
+
+BOOK I.
+
+
+I propose give the public an account of the most important affairs at
+home, during the last session of Parliament, as well as of our
+negotiations of peace abroad, not only during that period, but some time
+before and since. I shall relate the chief matters transacted by both
+Houses in that session, and discover the designs carried on by the heads
+of a discontented party,[1] not only against the ministry, but, in some
+manner, against the crown itself. I likewise shall state the debts of
+the nation, show by what mismanagement, and to serve what purposes, they
+were at first contracted, by what negligence or corruption they have so
+prodigiously grown, and what methods have since been taken to provide
+not only for their payment, but to prevent the like mischief for the
+time to come. Although, in an age like ours, I can expect very few
+impartial readers, yet I shall strictly follow truth, or what reasonably
+appeared to me to be such, after the most impartial inquiries I could
+make, and the best opportunities of being informed, by those who were
+the principal actors or advisers.[2]
+
+[Footnote 1: P. Fitzgerald says "faction." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Swift's informants were, of course, Harley and Bolingbroke,
+though the latter stated that Swift was given only such information as
+served the ministry's purpose in the work they had given him for "The
+Examiner" and the party pamphlets written in their defence. It is,
+however, quite interesting in this connection, to see how closely
+Swift's narrative follows the published political correspondence of
+Bolingbroke. [T.S.]]
+
+Neither shall I mingle panegyric or satire with an history intended to
+inform posterity, as well as to instruct those of the present age, who
+may be ignorant or misled; since facts, truly related, are the best
+applauses, or most lasting reproaches.
+
+Discourses upon subjects relating to the public usually seem to be
+calculated for London only, and some few miles about it; while the
+authors suppose their readers to be informed of several particulars, to
+which those that live remote are, for the generality, utter strangers.
+Most people, who frequent this town, acquire a sort of smattering (such
+as it is), which qualifies them for reading a pamphlet, and finding out
+what is meant by innuendoes, or hints at facts or persons, and initial
+letters of names, wherein gentlemen at a distance, although perhaps of
+much better understandings, are wholly in the dark. Wherefore, that
+these Memoirs may be rendered more generally intelligible and useful, it
+will be convenient to give the reader a short view of the state and
+disposition of affairs, when the last session of Parliament began. And
+because the party-leaders, who had lost their power and places, were,
+upon that juncture, employing all their engines, in an attempt to
+re-establish themselves, I shall venture one step further, and represent
+so much of their characters as may be supposed to have influenced their
+politics.
+
+On the seventh day of December, one thousand seven hundred and eleven,
+began the second session of Parliament. It was now above a year since
+the Queen had thought fit to put the great offices of state, and of her
+own household, into other hands; however, three of the discontented
+lords were still in possession of their places, for the Duke of
+Marlborough continued general, the Duke of Somerset master of the horse,
+and the Earl of Cholmondeley treasurer of Her Majesty's household;[3]
+likewise great numbers of the same party[4] still kept employments of
+value and importance, which had not been usual of late years upon any
+changes of ministry. The Queen, who judged the temper of her people by
+this House of Commons, which a landed interest had freely chosen, found
+them very desirous of a secure and honourable peace, and disposed[5] to
+leave the management of it to her own wisdom, and that of her own
+council. She had, therefore, several months before the session began,
+sent to inform the States General of some overtures which had been made
+her by the enemy; and, during that summer, Her Majesty took several
+farther steps in that great affair, until at length, after many
+difficulties, a congress at Utrecht, for a general peace, was agreed
+upon, the whole proceedings of which previous negotiations, between our
+court and that of France, I shall, in its proper place, very
+particularly relate.
+
+[Footnote 3: See note on p. 385 of vol. v. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 4: P. Fitzgerald says "the ejected party." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 5: P. Fitzgerald adds "(as it was their duty)." [W.S.J.]]
+
+The nation was already upon a better foot, with respect to its debts;
+for the Earl of Oxford, lord treasurer, had, in the preceeding session,
+proposed and effected ways and means, in the House of Commons (where he
+was then a member), for providing a parliamentary fund, to clear the
+heavy arrear of ten millions (whereof the greatest part lay upon the
+navy), without any new burthen (at least after a very few years) to the
+kingdom; and, at the same time, he took care to prevent farther
+incumbrances upon that article, by finding ready money for naval
+provisions, which has saved the public somewhat more than _cent. per
+cent_. in that mighty branch of our expenses.
+
+The clergy were altogether in the interests and the measures of the
+present ministry, which had appeared so boldly in their defence, during
+a prosecution against one of their members,[6] where the whole sacred
+order was understood to be concerned. The zeal shown for that most
+religious bill, to settle a fund for building fifty new churches in and
+about the city of London,[7] was a fresh obligation; and they were
+farther highly gratified, by Her Majesty's choosing one of their body to
+be a great officer of state.[8]
+
+[Footnote 6: Dr. Sacheverell. [N.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: A suggestion originally made by Swift himself. See vol.
+iii., p. 45, of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 8: Dr. Robinson, Lord Bishop of Bristol, to be Lord Privy
+Seal. [ORIGINAL NOTE.] Dr. Robinson, who was appointed Bishop of London
+in 1713, died in 1723. [W.S.J.]]
+
+By this time likewise, all disputes about these principles, which used
+originally to divide Whig and Tory, were wholly dropped; and those
+fantastical words ought in justice to have been so too, provided we
+could have found out more convenient names, whereby to distinguish
+lovers of peace from lovers of war;[9] or those who would leave Her
+Majesty some degree of freedom in the choice of her ministers, from
+others, who could not be satisfied with her choosing any, except such as
+she was most averse from. But, where a nation is once divided, interest
+and animosity will keep open the breach, without being supported by any
+other principles; or, at worst, a body of discontented people can
+change, and take up what principles they please.
+
+[Footnote 9: Swift had already, in his "Some Free Thoughts upon the
+Present State of Affairs," attempted to re-define the distinctions of
+Whig and Tory. The latter, he urged, was of that party which pronounced
+for the principles of loyalty to the Church and the preservation of the
+Protestant succession in the House of Hanover. Swift felt that the
+majority of the people at large were strong for these principles, and
+the party that would openly accept them as its "platform" would, he
+argued, be the party that would obtain the people's support. Had
+Bollngbroke not delayed the publication of this tract, it might have had
+great influence in keeping the Tories in power. See vol. v. of present
+edition, pp. 380, 393. [T.S.]]
+
+As to the disposition of the opposite party, we all remember, that the
+removal of the last ministry was brought about by several degrees;
+through which means it happened, that they and their friends were hardly
+recovered out of one astonishment, before they fell into another. This
+scene lasted for some months, and was followed by a period of rage and
+despair, natural to those who reflect that they have lost a secure game,
+by their own rashness, folly, and want of common management, when, at
+the same time, they knew by experience, that a watchful and dexterous
+adversary lay ready to take the advantage. However, some time before the
+session, the heads of that party began to recollect themselves, and
+rally their forces, like an enemy who hath been beaten out of the field,
+but finds he is not pursued; for although the chiefs of this faction
+were thought to have but little esteem or friendship for each other, yet
+they perfectly agreed in one general end, of distressing, by all
+possible methods, the new administration, wherein if they could succeed
+so far as to put the Queen under any great necessity, another Parliament
+must be called, and perhaps the power[10] devolve again into their own
+hands.
+
+[Footnote 10: P. Fitzgerald says "and the power naturally." [W.S.J.]]
+
+The issue and event of that grand confederacy appearing in both Houses,
+although under a different form, upon the very first day the Parliament
+met, I cannot better begin the relation of affairs, commencing from that
+period, than by a thorough detection of the whole intrigue, carried on
+with the greatest privacy and application, which must be acknowledged to
+have for several days disconcerted some of the ministry, as well as
+dispirited their friends; and the consequences thereof, which have in
+reality been so very pernicious to the kingdom.
+
+But because the principal leaders in this design are the same persons to
+whom, since the loss of their power, all the opposition has been owing
+which the court received, either in treaties abroad, or the
+administration at home; it may not be improper to describe those
+qualities in each of them, which few of their admirers will deny, and
+which appear chiefly to have influenced them in acting their several
+parts upon the public stage. For I do not intend to draw their
+characters entire, which would be tedious, and little to the purpose,
+but shall only single out those passions, acquirements, and habits,
+which the owners were most likely to transfer into their political
+schemes, and which were most subservient to the designs they seemed to
+have in view.
+
+The Lord Somers[11] may very deservedly be reputed the head and oracle
+of that party; he hath raised himself, by the concurrence of many
+circumstances, to the greatest employments of the state, without the
+least support from birth or fortune; he hath constantly, and with great
+steadiness, cultivated those principles under which he grew. That
+accident which first produced him into the world, of pleading for the
+bishops whom King James had sent to the Tower, might have proved a piece
+of merit, as honourable as it was fortunate, but the old republican
+spirit, which the Revolution had restored, began to teach other
+lessons--That since we had accepted a new King, from a Calvinistical
+commonwealth, we must also admit new maxims in religion and government.
+But, since the nobility and gentry would probably adhere to the
+established Church, and to the rights of monarchy, as delivered down
+from their ancestors, it was the practice of those politicians to
+introduce such men as were perfectly indifferent to any or no religion,
+and who were not likely to inherit much loyalty from those to whom they
+owed their birth. Of this number was the person I am now describing. I
+have hardly known any man, with talents more proper to acquire and
+preserve the favour of a prince; never offending in word or gesture; in
+the highest degree courteous and complaisant; wherein he set an
+excellent example to his colleagues, which they did not think fit to
+follow. But this extreme civility is universal and undistinguished, and
+in private conversation, where he observeth it as inviolably as if he
+were in the greatest assembly, it is sometimes censured as formal. Two
+reasons are assigned for this behaviour: first, from the consciousness
+of his humble original,[12] he keepeth all familiarity at the utmost
+distance, which otherwise might be apt to intrude; the second, that
+being sensible how subject he is to violent passions, he avoideth all
+incitements to them, by teaching those he converses with, from his own
+example, to keep a great way within the bounds of decency and respect.
+And it is indeed true, that no man is more apt to take fire, upon the
+least appearance of provocation; which temper he strives to subdue, with
+the utmost violence upon himself: so that his breast has been seen to
+heave, and his eyes to sparkle with rage, in those very moments when his
+words, and the cadence of his voice, were in the humblest and softest
+manner: perhaps that force upon his nature may cause that insatiable
+love of revenge, which his detractors lay to his charge, who
+consequently reckon dissimulation among his chief perfections. Avarice
+he hath none; and his ambition is gratified, by being the uncontested
+head of his party. With an excellent understanding, adorned by all the
+polite parts of learning, he hath very little taste for conversation, to
+which he prefers the pleasure of reading and thinking; and in the
+intervals of his time amuseth himself with an illiterate chaplain, an
+humble companion, or a favourite servant.
+
+[Footnote 11: See note on p. 29 of vol. i. of present edition. Swift's
+"Dedication" of "A Tale of a Tub" to Somers strikes a somewhat different
+note from that of this "character." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 12: His father, John Somers, was an attorney at law in the
+town of Worcester. [S.]]
+
+These are some few distinguishing marks in the character of that person,
+who now presideth over the discontented party, although he be not
+answerable for all their mistakes; and if his precepts had been more
+strictly followed, perhaps their power would not have been so easily
+shaken. I have been assured, and heard him profess, that he was against
+engaging in that foolish prosecution of Dr. Sacheverell, as what he
+foresaw was likely to end in their ruin; that he blamed the rough
+demeanour of some persons to the Queen, as a great failure in prudence;
+and that, when it appeared Her Majesty was firmly resolved upon a treaty
+of peace, he advised his friends not to oppose it in its progress, but
+find fault with it after it was made; which would be a copy of the like
+usage themselves had met with, after the treaty of Ryswick;[13] and the
+safest, as well as the most probable, way of disgracing the promoters
+and advisers. I have been the larger in representing to the reader some
+idea of this extraordinary genius, because, whatever attempt hath
+hitherto been made, with any appearance of conduct, or probability of
+success, to restore the dominion of that party,[14] was infallibly
+contrived by him; and I prophesy the same for the future, as long as his
+age and infirmities will leave him capable of business.
+
+[Footnote 13: See note in vol. v., p. 67, of present edition, [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 14: P. Fitzgerald says "faction." [W.S.J.]]
+
+The Duke of Marlborough's character[15] hath been so variously drawn,
+and is indeed of so mixed a nature in itself, that it is hard to
+pronounce on either side, without the suspicion of flattery or
+detraction. I shall say nothing of his military accomplishments, which
+the opposite reports, of his friends and enemies among the soldiers,
+have rendered[26] problematical: but if he be among those who delight in
+war, it is agreed to be not for the reasons common with other generals.
+Those maligners who deny him personal valour, seem not to consider that
+this accusation is charged at a venture; since the person of a wise
+general is too seldom exposed, to form any judgment in the matter: and
+that fear, which is said to have sometimes[17] disconcerted him before
+an action, might probably be more for his army than for himself.[18] He
+was bred in the height of what is called the Tory principle; and
+continued with a strong bias that way, till the other party had bid
+higher for him than his friends could afford to give. His want of
+literature is in some sort supplied by a good understanding, a degree of
+natural elocution, and that knowledge of the world which is learned in
+armies and courts. We are not to take the height of his ambition from
+his soliciting to be general for life:[19] I am persuaded his chief
+motive was the pay and perquisites, by continuing the war; and that he
+had _then_ no intentions of settling the crown in his family, his only
+son having been dead some years before.[20] He is noted to be master of
+great temper, able to govern or very well to disguise his passions,
+which are all melted down, or extinguished, in his love of wealth. That
+liberality which nature has denied him, with respect of money, he makes
+up by a great profusion of promises: but this perfection, so necessary
+in courts, is not very successful in camps among soldiers, who are not
+refined enough to understand or to relish it.[21]
+
+[Footnote 15: For further remarks on Marlborough, see Swift's "Conduct
+of the Allies," "The Learned Comment on Dr. Hare's Sermon," and "The
+Examiner." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 16: P. Fitzgerald adds "altogether." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 17: P. Fitzgerald says "usually." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 18: This reflection on Marlborough's personal courage was one
+of the points noted by Erasmus Lewis in his letter to Swift of April
+8th, 1738. The friends who had met to read and pass opinion on this
+"History" decided that in any printed form of this work it would be
+advisable not to call in question the courage of Marlborough. See Sir W.
+Scott's edition, vol. xix., pp. 133-136. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 19: See "Memoirs Relating to that Change," etc., in vol. v.,
+pp. 372-373 of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 20: See "The Conduct of the Allies," vol. v., p. 103, and also
+"A Learned Comment," etc., p. 179 of same volume of present edition.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 21: See the Letter to Marcus Crassus in "The Examiner," No. 28
+in vol. ix. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+His wife, the Duchess, may justly challenge her place in this list. It
+is to her the Duke is chiefly indebted for his greatness and his fall;
+for above twenty years she possessed, without a rival, the favours of
+the most indulgent mistress in the world, nor ever missed one single
+opportunity that fell in her way of improving it to her own
+advantage.[22] She hath preserved a tolerable court reputation, with
+respect to love and gallantry;[23] but three Furies reigned in her
+breast, the most mortal enemies of all softer passions, which were
+sordid Avarice, disdainful Pride, and ungovernable Rage; by the last of
+these often breaking out in sallies of the most unpardonable sort, she
+had long alienated her sovereign's mind, before it appeared to the
+world.[24] This lady is not without some degree of wit, and hath in her
+time affected the character of it, by the usual method of arguing
+against religion, and proving the doctrines of Christianity to be
+impossible and absurd. Imagine what such a spirit, irritated by the loss
+of power, favour, and employment, is capable of acting or attempting;
+and then I have said enough.
+
+[Footnote 22: See the "Account of the Conduct of the Duchess of
+Marlborough, in a Letter from Herself, to Lord ----," 8vo, 1742,
+_passim_. [N.] See also "Memoirs Relating to that Change," etc., in vol.
+v. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 23: P. Fitzgerald adds "(to which, however, she hath been
+thought not entirely a stranger)." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 24: See note in vol. v., p. 368, of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+The next in order to be mentioned is the Earl of Godolphin.[25] It is
+said, he was originally intended for a trade, before his friends
+preferred him to be a page at court; which some have very unjustly
+objected as a reproach. He hath risen gradually in four reigns, and was
+much more constant to his second master King James than some others, who
+had received much greater obligations; for he attended the abdicated
+King to the sea-side, and kept constant correspondence with him till the
+day of his death. He always professed a sort of passion for the Queen at
+St. Germain's; and his letters were to her in the style of what the
+French call _double entendre_. In a mixture of love and respect, he used
+frequently to send her from hence little presents of those things which
+are agreeable to ladies, for which he always asked King William's leave,
+as if without her privity; because, if she had known that circumstance,
+it was to be supposed she would not accept them. Physiognomists would
+hardly discover, by consulting the aspect of this lord, that his
+predominant passions were love and play; that he could sometimes scratch
+out a song in praise of his mistress, with a pencil and card; or that he
+hath tears at command, like a woman, to be used either in an intrigue of
+gallantry or politics. His alliance with the Marlborough family, and his
+passion for the Duchess, were the cords which dragged him into a party,
+whose principles he naturally disliked, and whose leaders he personally
+hated, as they did him. He became a thorough convert by a perfect
+trifle; taking fire at a nickname[26] delivered by Dr. Sacheverell, with
+great indiscretion, from the pulpit, which he applied to himself: and
+this is one among many instances given by his enemies, that magnanimity
+is none of his virtues.
+
+[Footnote 25: See note in vol. v., p. 68, of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 26: Volpone. [ORIGINAL NOTE.]]
+
+The Earl of Sunderland[27] is another of that alliance. It seems to have
+been this gentleman's fortune, to have learned his divinity from his
+uncle,[28] and his politics from his tutor.[29] It may be thought a
+blemish in his character, that he hath much fallen from the height of
+those republican[30] principles with which he began; for in his father's
+lifetime, while he was a Member of the House of Commons, he would often,
+among his familiar friends, refuse the title of Lord (as he hath done to
+myself), swear he would never be called otherwise than Charles Spencer,
+and hoped to see the day when there should not be a peer in England. His
+understanding, at the best, is of the middling size; neither hath he
+much improved it, either in reality, or, which is very unfortunate, even
+in the opinion of the world, by an overgrown library.[31] It is hard to
+decide, whether he learned that rough way of treating his sovereign from
+the lady he is allied to,[32] or whether it be the result of his own
+nature. The sense of the injuries he hath done, renders him (as it is
+very natural) implacable towards those to whom he hath given greatest
+cause to complain; for which reason he will never forgive either the
+Queen or the present treasurer.
+
+[Footnote 27: See note in vol. v., pp. 377-378 of present edition.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 28: John Digby, third earl of Bristol. [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 29: Dr. Trimnel, since Bishop of Winton. [ORIGINAL NOTE.] He
+was Bishop of Norwich, 1708-1721, and of Winchester from 1721 till his
+death in 1723. [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 30: P. Fitzgerald says "Whiggish." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 31: The library that made such a sensation in the
+bibliographical world when it was sold at auction in the latter part of
+the last century. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 32: His lordship married the Duchess of Marlborough's second
+daughter. "Account, etc.," p. 286. [N.]]
+
+The Earl of Wharton[33] hath filled the province allotted him by his
+colleagues, with sufficiency equal to the ablest of them all. He hath
+imbibed his father's[34] principles in government; but dropped his
+religion, and took up no other in its stead: excepting that
+circumstance, he is a firm Presbyterian. He is perfectly skilled in all
+the arts of managing at elections, as well as in large baits of pleasure
+for making converts of young men of quality, upon their first
+appearance; in which public service he contracted such large debts, that
+his brethren were forced, out of mere justice, to leave Ireland at his
+mercy, where he had only time to set himself right. Although the graver
+heads of his party think him too profligate and abandoned, yet they dare
+not be ashamed of him; for, beside his talents above mentioned, he is
+very useful in Parliament, being a ready speaker, and content to employ
+his gift upon such occasions, where those who conceive they have any
+remainder of reputation or modesty are ashamed to appear. In short, he
+is an uncontestable instance to discover the true nature of faction;
+since, being overrun with every quality which produceth contempt and
+hatred, in all other commerce of the world, he hath, notwithstanding,
+been able to make so considerable a figure.
+
+[Footnote 33: See also "A Short Character," etc. in vol. v. and "The
+Examiner," Nos. 18 and 23, in vol. ix. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 34: The Earl, his father, was a rigid Presbyterian. [ORIGINAL
+NOTE.]]
+
+The Lord Cowper,[35] although his merits are later than the rest,
+deserveth a rank in this great council. He was considerable in the
+station of a practising lawyer; but, as he was raised to be a
+chancellor, and a peer, without passing through any of the intermediate
+steps, which in late times hath been the constant practice, and little
+skilled[36] in the nature of government, or the true interests of
+princes, further than the municipal or common law of England; his
+abilities, as to foreign affairs, did not equally appear in the council.
+Some former passages of his life were thought to disqualify him for that
+office, by which he was to be the guardian of the Queen's
+conscience;[37] but these difficulties were easily overruled by the
+authors of his promotion, who wanted a person that would be subservient
+to all their designs; wherein they were not disappointed. As to his
+other accomplishments, he was what we usually call a piece of a scholar,
+and a good logical reasoner; if this were not too often allayed, by a
+fallacious way of managing an argument, which made him apt to deceive
+the unwary, and sometimes to deceive himself.
+
+[Footnote 35: See vol. v., p. 372 of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 36: P. Fitzgerald says "altogether unskilled." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 37: See "The Examiner," Nos. 18 and 23, in vol. ix. of this
+edition. [W.S.J.]]
+
+The last to be spoken of in this list is the Earl of Nottingham,[38] a
+convert and acquisition to that party since their fall, to which he
+contributed his assistance; I mean his words, and probably his wishes;
+for he had always lived under the constant visible profession of
+principles, directly opposite to those of his new friends. His vehement
+and frequent speeches against admitting the Prince of Orange to the
+throne are yet to be seen; and although a numerous family gave a
+specious pretence to his love of power and money, for taking an
+employment under that monarch, yet he was allowed to have always kept a
+reserve of allegiance to his exiled master; of which his friends produce
+several instances, and some while he was secretary of state to King
+William. His outward regularity of life, his appearance of religion, and
+seeming zeal for the Church, as they are an effect, so they are the
+excuse for that stiffness and formality with which his nature[39] is
+fraught. His adust complexion disposeth him to rigour[40] and severity,
+which his admirers palliate with the name of zeal. No man had ever a
+sincerer countenance, or more truly representing his mind and manners.
+He hath some knowledge in the law, very amply sufficient to defend his
+property at least.[41] A facility of utterance, descended to him from
+his father,[42] and improved by a few sprinklings of literature, hath
+brought himself, and some few admirers, into an opinion of his
+eloquence. He is every way inferior to his brother Guernsey,[43] but
+chiefly in those talents which he most values and pretends to; over
+whom, nevertheless, he preserveth an ascendant.[44] His great ambition
+was to be the head of those who were called the Church party; and,
+indeed, his grave solemn deportment and countenance, seconded by
+abundance of professions for their service, had given many of them an
+opinion of his veracity,[45] which he interpreted as their sense of his
+judgment and wisdom;[46] and this mistake lasted till the time of his
+defection, of which it was partly the cause; but then it plainly
+appeared, that he had not credit to bring over one single proselyte, to
+keep himself in countenance.
+
+[Footnote 38: See notes in vol. v., pp. 246-248 of present edition.
+[T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 39: P. Fitzgerald says "that stiffness, pride, and formality
+with which his intractable nature." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 40: P. Fitzgerald says "to cruelty." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote: 41 P. Fitzgerald says "some smattering in the law, which
+makes it not very safe or easy to deal with him, where property is
+concerned." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 42: P. Fitzgerald adds "grafted upon a wrong understanding."
+[W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 43: Heneage Finch was created Lord Guernsey in 1703, and Earl
+of Aylesford in 1714. He died in 1719. [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 44: P. Fitzgerald adds "I suppose by the right of
+primogeniture." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 45: P. Fitzgerald says "of his honesty." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 46: He acquired, from his solemnity of deportment, the
+nickname of _Diego_ and from his gravity, that of _Dismal_. [S.]]
+
+These lineaments, however imperfectly drawn, may help the reader's
+imagination to conceive what sort of persons those were, who had the
+boldness to encounter the Queen and ministry, at the head of a great
+majority of the landed interest; and this upon a point where the quiet
+of Her Majesty's reign, the security, or at least the freedom, of her
+person, the lives of her most faithful friends, and the settling of the
+nation by a peace, were, in the consequences, deeply concerned.[47]
+
+[Footnote 47: It was these "lineaments, imperfectly drawn," that Erasmus
+Lewis specially emphasized for omission, in his letter to Swift already
+referred to. "Now I have mentioned characters," wrote Lewis, "I must
+tell you that they [the friends who had met to read the 'History' in
+manuscript] were clearly of opinion, that if those you have drawn should
+be published as they now stand, nothing could save the author's printer
+and publishers from some grievous punishment. As we have no traces of
+liberty now left but the freedom of the press, it is the most earnest
+desire of your friends that you would strike out all that you have said
+on that subject" (Sir W. Scott's edit., vol. xix., pp. 133-136). [T.S.]]
+
+During the dominion of the late men in power, addresses had been
+procured from both Houses to the Queen, representing their opinion, that
+no peace could be secure for Britain, while Spain or the West Indies
+remained in the possession of the Bourbon family. But Her Majesty
+having, for reasons which have been often told to the world, and which
+will not soon be forgotten, called a new Parliament, and chose a new set
+of servants, began to view things and persons in another light. She
+considered the necessities of her people, the distant prospect of a
+peace upon such an improbable condition, which was never mentioned or
+understood in the grand alliance; the unequal burthen she bore in the
+war, by the practices of the allies upon the corruption of some whom she
+most trusted, or perhaps by the practices of these upon the allies; and,
+lastly, by the changes which death had brought about in the Austrian and
+Bourbon families. Upon all which motives she was prevailed upon to
+receive some overtures from France, in behalf of herself and the whole
+confederacy. The several steps of this negotiation, from its first rise
+to the time I am now writing, shall be related in another part of this
+History. Let it suffice for the present to say, that such proposals were
+received from France as were thought sufficient by our court whereupon
+to appoint time and place for a general treaty; and soon after the
+opening of the session, the Bishop[48] of Bristol, lord privy seal, was
+dispatched to Utrecht, where he and the Earl of Strafford were appointed
+plenipotentiaries for the Queen of Great Britain.
+
+[Footnote 48: Dr. Robinson, afterwards Bishop of London. [ORIGINAL
+NOTE.]]
+
+The managers of the discontented party, who, during the whole summer,
+had observed the motions of the court running fast towards a peace,
+began to gather up all their forces, in order to oppose Her Majesty's
+designs, when the Parliament should meet. Their only strength was in the
+House of Lords, where the Queen had a very crazy majority, made up by
+those whose hearts were in the other interest; but whose fears,
+expectations, or immediate dependence, had hitherto kept them within
+bounds. There were two lords upon whose abilities and influence, of a
+very different nature, the managers built their strongest hopes. The
+first was the Duke of Somerset, master of the horse. This duke, as well
+as his duchess, was in a good degree of favour with the Queen, upon the
+score of some civilities and respects Her Majesty had received from
+them, while she was princess.[49] For some years after the Revolution,
+he never appeared at court, but was looked upon as a favourer of the
+abdicated family; and it was the late Earl of Rochester who first
+presented him to King William. However, since the time he came into
+employment, which was towards the close of the last reign, he hath been
+a constant zealous member of the other party; but never failed in either
+attendance or respect towards the Queen's person, or, at most, only
+threatened sometimes, that he would serve no longer, while such or such
+men were employed; which, as things went then, was not reckoned any
+offence at all against duty or good behaviour. He had been much caressed
+and flattered by the Lords of the Junto,[50] who sometimes went so far
+as to give him hopes of the crown, in reversion to his family, upon
+failure of the house of Hanover. All this worked so far upon his
+imagination, that he affected to appear the head of their party, to
+which his talents were no way proportioned; for they soon grew weary of
+his indigested schemes, and his imperious manner of obtruding them: they
+began to drop him at their meetings, or contradicted him, with little
+ceremony, when he happened to be there, which his haughty nature[51] was
+not able to brook. Thus a mortal quarrel was kindled between him and the
+whole assembly of party leaders; so that, upon the Queen's first
+intentions of changing her ministry, soon after the trial of Dr.
+Sacheverell, he appointed several meetings with Mr. Harley alone, in the
+most private manner, in places and at times least liable to suspicion.
+He employed all his credit with the Queen to drive on the removal of my
+Lord Godolphin, and the rest; and, in the council, treated the small
+remainder, who continued some time longer in their places, with all
+possible marks of hatred or disdain. But when the question came for
+dissolving the Parliament, he stopped short: he had already satiated his
+resentments, which were not against things, but persons: he furiously
+opposed that counsel, and promised to undertake for the Parliament
+himself. When the Queen had declared her pleasure for the dissolution,
+he flew off in greater rage than ever; opposed the court in all
+elections, where he had influence or power; and made very humble[52]
+advances to reconcile himself with the discarded lords, especially the
+Earl of Godolphin, who is reported to have treated him at Newmarket in a
+most contemptuous manner. But the sincerity of his repentance, which
+appeared manifestly in the first session of the new Parliament, and the
+use he might be of by his own remaining credit, or rather that of his
+duchess, with the Queen, at length begat a reconcilement. He still kept
+his employment, and place in the cabinet council; but had never appeared
+there, from an avowed dislike of all persons and proceedings. It
+happened about the end of summer, one thousand seven hundred and eleven,
+at Windsor, when the cabinet council was summoned, this duke, whether by
+directions from his teachers, or the instability of his nature, took a
+fancy to resume his place, and a chair was brought accordingly; upon
+which Mr. Secretary St. John refused to assist, and gave his reasons,
+that he would never sit in council with a man who had so often betrayed
+them, and was openly engaged with a faction which endeavoured to
+obstruct all Her Majesty's measures. Thus the council was put off to
+next day, and the duke made no farther attempts to be there.[53] But,
+upon this incident, he declared open war against the ministry; and, from
+that time to the session, employed himself in spiriting up several
+depending lords to adhere to their friends, when an occasion should
+offer. The arguments he made use of, were, that those in power designed
+to make an ignominious and insecure peace, without consulting the
+allies; that this could be no otherwise prevented than by an address
+from the Lords, to signify their opinion, that no peace could be
+honourable or secure, while Spain or the West Indies remained in any of
+the Bourbon family:[54] upon which several farther resolutions and
+inquiries would naturally follow; that the differences between the two
+Houses, upon this point, must either be made up by the Commons agreeing
+with the Lords, or must end in a dissolution, which would be followed by
+a return of the old ministry, who, by the force of money and management,
+could easily get another Parliament to their wishes. He farther assured
+them boldly, that the Queen herself was at the bottom of this design,
+and had empowered him to desire their votes against the peace, as a
+point that would be for her service; and therefore they need not be in
+pain upon account of their pensions, or any farther marks of favour they
+expected. Thus, by reviving the old art of using Her Majesty's authority
+against her person, he prevailed over some, who were not otherwise in a
+station of life to oppose the crown; and his proselytes may pretend to
+some share of pity, since he offered for an argument his own example,
+who kept his place and favour, after all he had done to deserve the loss
+of both.
+
+[Footnote 49: In 1692, on a difference which the princess had with King
+William and his Queen, occasioned by her warm attachment to the Duchess
+of Marlborough, she quitted The Cockpit, and accepted the Duke of
+Somerset's offer of Sion House for a temporary residence. [N.]]
+
+[Footnote 50: A cant name given to five lords of that party. [ORIGINAL
+NOTE.]]
+
+[Footnote 51: P. Fitzgerald says "the pride of his nature." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 52: P. Fitzgerald says "the meanest." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 53: "I had almost forgot to tell you," writes Lewis to Swift
+in the same letter, "you have mistaken the case of the D---- of S----,
+which, in truth, was this, that his grace appearing at court, in the
+chamber next to the council chamber, it was apprehended he would come
+into the cabinet council, and therefore the intended meeting was put
+off; whereas one would judge, by your manner of stating it, that the
+council had met, and adjourned abruptly upon his taking his place
+there." Sir W. Scott's edit. vol. xix., pp. 133-136. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 54: It was Nottingham who moved this argument in the form of
+an amendment to the address on 7th December, 1711. See _infra_, and also
+vol. v., p. 444 of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+The other lord, in whom the discontented managers placed much of their
+hopes, was the Earl of Nottingham, already mentioned; than whom no man
+ever appeared to hate them more, or to be more pleased at their fall,
+partly from his avowed principles, but chiefly from the hopes he had of
+sharing in their spoils. But it fell out, that he was no way acceptable
+to the Queen or her new servants: these apprehended no little trouble
+and impediment to the public business, from his restless, talkative,
+overweening manner, if once he was suffered to have any part in affairs;
+and he stood very ill with the court, having made a motion in the House
+of Lords, and in Her Majesty's presence, that the Electoral Prince of
+Hanover might be invited to reside in England, although he had before
+declared to the Queen how much he was against that proposal, when it was
+first offered by the other party. However, some very considerable
+employments had been given to his nearest relations, and he had one or
+two offers for himself, which he thought fit to refuse, as not equal to
+his merits and character. Upon the Earl of Rochester's decease, he
+conceived that the crown would hardly overlook him for president of the
+council, and deeply resented that disappointment. But the Duke of
+Newcastle, lord privy seal, dying some time after, he found that office
+was first designed for the Earl of Jersey, and, upon this lord's sudden
+death, was actually disposed of to the Bishop of Bristol by which he
+plainly saw, that the Queen was determined against giving him any
+opportunity of directing in affairs, or displaying his eloquence in the
+cabinet council. He had now shaken off all remains of patience or
+temper, and, from the contemplation of his own disappointments, fell, as
+it is natural, to find fault with the public management, and to assure
+his neighbours in the country, that the nation was in imminent danger of
+being ruined. The discontented[55] lords were soon apprised of this
+great change, and the Duke of Roxburgh,[56] the earl's son-in-law, was
+dispatched to Burleigh on the Hill, to cultivate his present
+dispositions, and offer him whatever terms he pleased to insist on. The
+Earl immediately agreed to fall in with any measures for distressing or
+destroying the ministry but, in order to preserve his reputation with
+the Church party, and perhaps bring them over to his interests, he
+proposed, that a bill should be brought into the House of Lords for
+preventing occasional conformity, and be unanimously agreed to by all
+the peers of the low-church[57] principle, which would convince the
+world of their good intentions to the established religion,[58] and that
+their oppositions to the court wholly proceeded from their care of the
+nation, and concern for its honour and safety.[59]
+
+[Footnote 55: P. Fitzgerald says "factious." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 56: John Ker, Earl of Roxburgh, was created Earl of Kelso,
+Marquess of Cessford and Beaumont, and Duke of Roxburgh in 1707.
+[W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 57: P. Fitzgerald says "Whig." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 58: P. Fitzgerald says "established Church." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 59: Nottingham succeeded in carrying the bill against
+Occasional Conformity on December 15th, 1711. See Swift's "Letter to a
+Whig Lord," in vol. v. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+These preparations were public enough, and the ministers had sufficient
+time to arm themselves; but they seem to have acted, in this juncture,
+like men who trusted to the goodness of their cause, and the general
+inclinations of the kingdom, rather than to those arts which our
+corruptions have too often made necessary. Calculations were indeed
+taken, by which it was computed, that there would be a majority of ten
+upon the side of the court. I remember to have told my Lord Harcourt and
+Mr. Prior, that a majority of ten was only a majority of five, because
+if their adversaries could bring off five, the number would be equal:
+and so it happened to prove; for the mistake lay in counting upon the
+bare promises of those who were wholly in the interest of the old
+ministry, and were only kept in awe by the fear of offending the crown,
+and losing their subsistence, wherein the Duke of Somerset had given
+them full satisfaction.
+
+With these dispositions of both parties, and fears and hopes of the
+event, the Parliament met upon the seventh of December, one thousand
+seven hundred and eleven. The Queen's speech (excepting what related to
+supplies) was chiefly taken up in telling both Houses what progress she
+had made towards a general peace, and her hopes of bringing it to a
+speedy conclusion. As soon as Her Majesty was withdrawn, the House of
+Lords, in a committee, resolved upon an address of thanks; to which the
+Earl of Nottingham proposed an addition of the following clause.
+
+"And we do beg leave to represent it to Your Majesty, as the humble
+opinion and advice of this House, that no peace can be safe or
+honourable to Great Britain and Europe, if Spain and the West Indies are
+to be allotted to any branch of the house of Bourbon."
+
+He was seconded by the Earl of Scarborough; and, after a debate of
+several hours, the question for the clause was carried, as I remember,
+by not above two voices.[60] The next day the House agreed with the
+committee. The depending lords, having taken fresh courage from their
+principals, and some who professed themselves very humble servants to
+the present ministry, and enemies to the former, went along with the
+stream, pretending not to see the consequences that must visibly follow.
+The address was presented on the eleventh, to which Her Majesty's answer
+was short and dry. She distinguished their thanks from the rest of the
+piece; and, in return to Lord Nottingham's clause, said, She should be
+sorry that any body could think she would not do her utmost to recover
+Spain and the West Indies from the house of Bourbon.
+
+[Footnote 60: The previous question in favour of the Earl of
+Nottingham's amendment was carried by a single vote, the main question
+by a majority of no less than eight! [S.] But Bishop Burnet says "by
+three voices" ("Hist. Own Time," ii. 584), and Coxe says "by a majority
+of 64 to 52." [W.S.J.]]
+
+Upon the fifteenth of December the Earl of Nottingham likewise brought
+in the bill to prevent occasional conformity (although under a disguised
+title), which met with no opposition; but was swallowed by those very
+lords, who always appeared with the utmost violence against the least
+advantage to the established Church.
+
+But in the House of Commons there appeared a very different spirit; for
+when one Mr. Robert Walpole offered a clause of the same nature with
+that of the Earl of Nottingham, it was rejected with contempt by a very
+great majority. Their address was in the most dutiful manner, approving
+of what Her Majesty had done towards a peace, and trusting entirely to
+her wisdom in the future management of it. This address was presented to
+the Queen a day before that of the Lords, and received an answer
+distinguishedly gracious. But the other party[61] was no ways
+discouraged by either answer, which they looked upon as only matter of
+course, and the sense of the ministry, contrary to that of the Queen.
+
+[Footnote 61: P. Fitzgerald says "faction." [W.S.J.]]
+
+The Parliament sat as long as the approaching festival would allow; and
+upon the twenty-second, the land-tax and occasional bills having
+received the royal assent, the House of Commons adjourned to the
+fourteenth of January following: but the adjournment of the Lords was
+only to the second, the prevailing party there being in haste to pursue
+the consequences of the Earl of Nottingham's clause, which they hoped
+would end in the ruin of the treasurer, and overthrow the ministry; and
+therefore took the advantage of this interval, that they might not be
+disturbed by the Commons.
+
+When this address against any peace without Spain, &c. was carried in
+the House of Lords, it is not easy to describe the effects it had upon
+most men's passions. The partisans of the old ministry triumphed loudly,
+and without any reserve, as if the game were their own. The Earl of
+Wharton was observed in the House to smile, and put his hands to his
+neck when any of the ministry was speaking, by which he would have it
+understood that some heads were in danger. Parker, the chief justice,
+began already with great zeal and officiousness to prosecute authors and
+printers of weekly and other papers, writ in defence of the
+administration: in short, joy and vengeance sat visible in every
+countenance of that party.[62]
+
+[Footnote 62: See "Journal to Stella," December 13th (vol. ii., p. 299
+of present edition). [W.S.J.]]
+
+On the other side, all well-wishers to the Queen, the Church, or the
+peace, were equally dejected; and the treasurer stood the foremost mark
+both of his enemies' fury, and the censure of his friends: among the
+latter, some imputed this fatal miscarriage to his procrastinating
+nature; others, to his unmeasurable public thrift: both parties agreed,
+that a first minister, with very moderate skill in affairs, might easily
+have governed the event: and some began to doubt, whether the great fame
+of his abilities, acquired in other stations, were what he justly
+deserved: all this he knew well enough, and heard it with great phlegm;
+neither did it make any alteration in his countenance or humour. He told
+Monsieur Buys, the Dutch envoy, two days before the Parliament sat, that
+he was sorry for what was like to pass, because the States would be the
+first sufferers, which he desired the envoy to remember: and to his
+nearest friends, who appeared in pain about the public or themselves, he
+only said that all would be well, and desired them not to be
+frighted.[63]
+
+[Footnote 63: See Swift's account of an interview with the lord
+treasurer in his "Journal to Stella," December 8th (_ibid.,_ p. 296).
+[W.S.J.]]
+
+It was, I conceive, upon these motives, that the treasurer advised Her
+Majesty to create twelve new lords,[64] and thereby disable the sting of
+faction for the rest of her lifetime: this promotion was so ordered,
+that a third part were of those on whom, or their posterity, the peerage
+would naturally devolve; and the rest were such, whose merit, birth, and
+fortune, could admit of no exception.
+
+[Footnote 64: See note, vol. ii., p. 308, and note, vol. v., p. 446.
+[W.S.J.]]
+
+The adverse party, being thus driven down by open force, had nothing
+left but to complain, which they loudly did; that it was a
+pernicious[65] example set for ill princes to follow, who, by the same
+rule, might make at any time an hundred as well as twelve, and by these
+means become masters of the House of Lords whenever they pleased, which
+would be dangerous to our liberties. To this it was answered, that ill
+princes seldom trouble themselves to look for precedents; that men of
+great estates will not be less fond of preserving their liberties when
+they are created peers; that in such a government as this, where the
+Prince holds the balance between two great powers, the nobility and
+people, it is the very nature of his office to remove from one scale
+into the other, or sometimes put his own weight in the lightest, so as
+to bring both to an equilibrium; and lastly, that the other party had
+been above twenty years corrupting the nobility with republican
+principles, which nothing but the royal prerogative could hinder from
+overspreading us.
+
+[Footnote 65: P. Fitzgerald says "dangerous." [W.S.J.]]
+
+The conformity bill above mentioned was prepared by the Earl of
+Nottingham before the Parliament met, and brought in at the same time
+with the clause against peace, according to the bargain made between him
+and his new friends: this he hoped would not only save his credit with
+the Church party, but bring them over to his politics, since they must
+needs be convinced, that instead of changing his own principles, he had
+prevailed on the greatest enemies to the established religion to be the
+first movers in a law for the perpetual settlement of it. Here it was
+worth observing, with what resignation the Junto Lords (as they were
+then called) were submitted to by their adherents and followers; for it
+is well known, that the chief among the dissenting teachers in town were
+consulted upon this affair, and such arguments used, as had power to
+convince them, that nothing could be of greater advantage to their cause
+than the passing this bill. I did, indeed, see a letter at that time
+from one of them to a great[66] man, complaining, that they were
+betrayed and undone by their pretended friends; but they were in general
+very well satisfied upon promises that this law should soon be repealed,
+and others more in their favour enacted, as soon as their friends should
+be re-established.
+
+[Footnote 66: It was to the Treasurer himself. [ORIGINAL NOTE.] Scott
+says that it was written by Mr. Shower on December 20th, and that the
+writer complained that the Dissenters had "been shamefully abandoned,
+sold, and sacrificed, by their professed friends." [W.S.J.]]
+
+But nothing seemed more extraordinary than the event of this refined
+management, by which the Earl of Nottingham was so far from bringing
+over proselytes (wherein his abilities fell very short even of the Duke
+of Somerset's); or preserving the reputation of a firm churchman, that
+very few people did so much as imagine he had any such design; only when
+he brought in the bill, they conceived it was some wonderful deep reach
+of politics, which they could not comprehend: however, they liked the
+thing, and without troubling themselves about the persons or motives
+from whence it rose, it had a very speedy passage through both Houses.
+It must be confessed, that some attempt of this nature was much more
+necessary to the leaders of that party, than is generally thought. The
+desire of power and revenge was common to them all; but several among
+them were also conscious that they stood in need of protection, whose
+safety was therefore concerned in the design of ruining the ministry, as
+well as their ambition. The Duke of Marlborough foresaw those
+examinations, which were afterwards made into some parts of his
+management, and was apprehensive of a great deal more; that the
+Parliament would perhaps enquire into the particulars of the negotiation
+at The Hague in one thousand seven hundred and nine; for what ends, and
+by whose advice the propositions of peace from France were rejected:
+besides, he dreaded lest that mysterious policy might be laid open to
+the world, of desiring the Queen to constitute him general for life,
+which was a very tender point, and would admit of much proof. It is
+true, indeed, that whilst the Duke's affair was under the consideration
+of the House of Commons, one of his creatures[67] (whether by direction
+or otherwise) assured the Speaker, with a very serious countenance, that
+the world was mistaken in censuring his lord upon this article; for it
+was the Queen who pressed the Duke to accept that commission; and upon
+his humble refusal conceived her first displeasure against him. How such
+a defence would have passed, if it had been offered in form, is easier
+to be conceived, than how any person in his wits could have the
+confidence to affirm it; which last it would indeed be hard to believe,
+if there were any room left for doubt.
+
+[Footnote 67: Craggs, father to the secretary. [ORIGINAL NOTE.]]
+
+The Earl of Godolphin wanted protection, notwithstanding the act of
+general pardon, which had been procured by his credit, and was
+principally calculated for his own security. He knew that his long
+neglect of compelling the accomptants to pass their accompts, might be
+punished as a breach of trust. He had run the kingdom into immense
+debts, by taking up stores for the navy upon a vast discount, without
+parliamentary security; for which he could be able to plead neither law
+nor necessity: and he had given way, at least, to some proceedings, not
+very justifiable, in relation to remittances of money, whereby the
+public had suffered considerable losses. The Barrier Treaty sat heavy
+upon the Lord Townshend's spirits, because if it should be laid before
+the House of Commons, whoever negotiated that affair, might be subject
+to the most severe animadversions: and the Earl of Wharton's
+administration in Ireland was looked upon as a sufficient ground to
+impeach him, at least, for high crimes and misdemeanours.
+
+The managers in Holland were sufficiently apprised of all this; and
+Monsieur Buys, their minister here, took care to cultivate that good
+correspondence between his masters and their English friends, which
+became two confederates, pursuing the same end.
+
+This man[68] had been formerly employed in England from that republic,
+and understood a little of our language. His proficiency in learning has
+been such, as to furnish now and then a Latin quotation, of which he is
+as liberal as his stock will admit. His knowledge in government reaches
+no farther than that of his own country, by which he forms and
+cultivates matters of state for the rest of the world. His reasonings
+upon politics are with great profusion at all meetings; and he leaves
+the company with entire satisfaction that he hath fully convinced them.
+He is well provided with that inferior sort of cunning, which is the
+growth of his country, of a standard with the genius of the people, and
+capable of being transferred into every condition of life among them,
+from the boor to the burgomaster. He came into England with
+instructions, authorizing him to accommodate all differences between Her
+Majesty and the States; but having first advised with the confederate
+lords, he assured the ministry he had powers to hear their proposals,
+but none to conclude: and having represented to his masters what had
+been told him by the adverse party, he prevailed with them to revoke his
+powers. He found the interest of those who withstood the court, would
+exactly fall in with the designs of the States, which were to carry on
+the war as they could, at our expense, and to see themselves at the head
+of a treaty of peace, whenever they were disposed to apply to France, or
+to receive overtures from thence.[69]
+
+[Footnote 68: P. Fitzgerald says "gentleman." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 69:  Erasmus Lewis, in the letter already cited, refers to
+Buys, and gives the opinion of the gentlemen who had read the "History,"
+on this matter, as follows: "They think the transactions with Mr. Buys
+might have been represented in a more advantageous light, and more to
+the honour of that administration; and, undoubtedly they would have been
+so by your pen, had you been master of all the facts." And yet the facts
+as related by Swift in this and the last book of this "History" are
+substantially the facts as disclosed in Bolingbroke's Political
+Correspondence. [T.S.]]
+
+The Emperor, upon many powerful reasons, was utterly averse from all
+counsels which aimed at putting an end to the war, without delivering
+him the whole dominion of Spain; nay, the Elector of Hanover himself,
+although presumptive heir to the crown of England, and obliged by all
+sorts of ties to cultivate Her Majesty's friendship, was so far deceived
+by misrepresentations from hence, that he seemed to suffer Monsieur
+Bothmar, his envoy here, to print and publish a Memorial in English,
+directly disapproving all Her Majesty's proceedings; which Memorial, as
+appeareth by the style and manner of it, was all drawn up, or at least
+digested, by some party pen on this side of the water.[70]
+
+[Footnote 70: See Swift's "Some Free Thoughts upon the Present State of
+Affairs," and the note on p. 410 of vol. v. of present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+Cautious writers, in order to avoid offence or danger, and to preserve
+the respect even[71] due to foreign princes, do usually charge the wrong
+steps in a court altogether upon the persons employed; but I should have
+taken a securer method, and have been wholly silent in this point, if I
+had not then conceived some hope, that his Electoral Highness might
+possibly have been a stranger[72] to the Memorial of his resident: for,
+first, the manner of delivering it to the secretary of state was out of
+all form, and almost as extraordinary as the thing itself. Monsieur
+Bothmar having obtained an hour of Mr. Secretary St. John, talked much
+to him upon the subject of which that Memorial consists; and upon going
+away, desired he might leave a paper with the secretary, which he said
+contained the substance of what he had been discoursing. This paper Mr.
+St. John laid aside, among others of little consequence; and a few
+days[73] saw a Memorial in print,[74] which he found upon comparing to
+be the same with what Bothmar had left.
+
+[Footnote 71: Edition of 1775 has "ever due." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 72: P. Fitzgerald says "If I had not very good reason to
+believe that his Electoral Highness was altogether a stranger."
+[W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 73: Edition of 1775 has "a few days after." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 74: This was published as a broadside, with the title: "The
+Elector of Hanover's Memorial to the Queen of Great-Britain, relating to
+the Peace with France." It was dated 28th of Nov/9th of Dec., 1711.
+[W.S.J.]]
+
+During this short recess of Parliament, and upon the fifth day of
+January, Prince Eugene, of Savoy, landed in England. Before he left his
+ship he asked a person who came to meet him, whether the new lords were
+made, and what was their number? He was attended through the streets
+with a mighty rabble of people to St. James's, where Mr. Secretary St.
+John introduced him to the Queen, who received him with great civility.
+His arrival had been long expected, and the project of his journey had
+as long been formed here by the party leaders, in concert with Monsieur
+Buys, and Monsieur Bothmar, the Dutch and Hanover envoys. This prince
+brought over credentials from the Emperor, with offers to continue the
+war upon a new foot, very advantageous to Britain; part of which, by Her
+Majesty's commands, Mr. St. John soon after produced to the House of
+Commons; where they were rejected, not without some indignation, by a
+great majority. The Emperor's proposals, as far as they related to
+Spain, were communicated to the House in the words following.
+
+"His Imperial Majesty judges, that forty thousand men will be sufficient
+for this service, and that the whole expense of the war in Spain, may
+amount to four millions of crowns, towards which His Imperial Majesty
+offers to make up the troops, which he has in that country, to thirty
+thousand men, and to take one million of crowns upon himself".
+
+On the other side the House of Commons voted a third part of those four
+millions as a sufficient quota for Her Majesty toward that service, for
+it was supposed the Emperor ought to bear the greatest proportion in a
+point that so nearly concerned him, or at least, that Britain
+contributing one third, the other two might be paid by his Imperial
+Majesty and the States, as they could settle it between them.
+
+The design of Prince Eugene's journey, was to raise a spirit in the
+Parliament and people for continuing the war, for nothing was thought
+impossible to a prince of such high reputation in arms, in great favour
+with the Emperor, and empowered to make such proposals from his master,
+as the ministry durst not reject. It appeared by an intercepted letter
+from Count Gallas, (formerly the Emperor's envoy here) that the prince
+was wholly left to his liberty of making what offers he pleased in the
+Emperor's name, for if the Parliament could once be brought to raise
+funds, and the war go on, the ministry here must be under a necessity of
+applying and expending those funds, and the Emperor could afterwards
+find twenty reasons and excuses, as he had hitherto done, for not
+furnishing his quota; therefore Prince Eugene, for some time, kept
+himself within generals, until being pressed to explain himself upon
+that particular of the war in Spain, which the house of Austria
+pretended to have most at heart, he made the offer above mentioned, as a
+most extraordinary effort, and so it was, considering how little they
+had ever done before, towards recovering that monarchy to themselves;
+but shameful as these proposals were, few believed the Emperor would
+observe them, or, indeed, that he ever intended to spare so many men, as
+would make up an army of thirty thousand men, to be employed in Spain.
+
+Prince Eugene's visit to his friends in England continued longer than
+was expected; he was every day entertained magnificently by persons of
+quality of both parties; he went frequently to the treasurer, and
+sometimes affected to do it in private; he visited the other ministers
+and great officers of the court, but on all occasions publicly owned the
+character and appellation of a Whig; and in secret, held continual
+meetings with the Duke of Marlborough, and the other discontented lords,
+where M. Bothmar usually assisted. It is the great ambition of this
+prince to be perpetually engaged in war, without considering the cause
+or consequence; and to see himself at the head of an army, where only he
+can make any considerable figure. He is not without a natural tincture
+of that cruelty, sometimes charged upon the Italians; and being nursed
+in arms, hath so far extinguished pity and remorse, that he will at any
+time sacrifice a thousand men's lives, to a caprice of glory or revenge.
+He had conceived an incurable hatred for the treasurer, as the person
+who principally opposed this insatiable passion for war; said he had
+hopes of others, but that the treasurer was _un mechant diable_, not to
+be moved; therefore, since it was impossible for him or his friends to
+compass their designs, while that minister continued at the head of
+affairs, he proposed an expedient, often practised by those of his
+country, that the treasurer (to use his own expression) should be taken
+off, _a la negligence_; that this might easily be done, and pass for an
+effect of chance, if it were preceded by encouraging some proper people
+to commit small riots in the night: and in several parts of the town, a
+crew of obscure ruffians were accordingly employed about that time, who
+probably exceeded their commission; and mixing themselves with those
+disorderly people that often infest the streets at midnight, acted
+inhuman outrages on many persons, whom they cut and mangled in the face
+and arms, and other parts of the body, without any provocation; but an
+effectual stop was soon put to these enormities, which probably
+prevented the execution of the main design.[75]
+
+[Footnote 75: Erasmus Lewis, Lord Oxford, and the others who read the
+MS., advised the elimination of this insinuation against Prince Eugene.
+They thought there was truth in it, but "a matter of so high a nature,"
+as Lewis expressed it to Swift, "ought not to be asserted without
+exhibiting  the proofs." The paragraph following the one in the text,
+containing the imputation, seems as if it had been written after Swift
+had received Lewis's strictures. [T.S.]]
+
+I am very sensible, that such an imputation ought not to be charged upon
+any person whatsoever, upon slight grounds or doubtful surmises; and
+that those who think I am able to produce no better, will judge this
+passage to be fitter for a libel than a history; but as the account was
+given by more than one person who was at the meeting, so it was
+confirmed past all contradiction by several intercepted letters and
+papers: and it is most certain, that the rage of the defeated party,
+upon their frequent disappointments, was so far inflamed, as to make
+them capable of some counsels yet more violent and desperate than this,
+which, however, by the vigilance of those near the person of Her
+Majesty, were happily prevented.
+
+On the thirtieth day of December, one thousand seven hundred and eleven,
+the Duke of Marlborough was removed from all his employments: the Duke
+of Ormonde succeeding him as general, both here and in Flanders. This
+proceeding of the court (as far as it related to the Duke of
+Marlborough) was much censured both at home and abroad, and by some who
+did not wish ill to the present situation of affairs. There were few
+examples of a commander being disgraced, after an uninterrupted course
+of success for many years against a formidable enemy, and this before a
+period was put to the war: those who had least esteem for his valour and
+conduct, thought it not prudent to remove a general, whose troops were
+perpetually victorious, while he was at their head; because this had
+infused into his soldiers an opinion that they should always conquer,
+and into the enemy that they should always be beaten; than which,
+nothing is to be held of greater moment, either in the progress of a
+war, or upon the day of battle; and I have good grounds to affirm, that
+these reasons had sufficient weight with the Queen and ministry to have
+kept the Duke of Marlborough in his post, if a way could have been found
+out to have done it with any assurance of safety to the nation. It is
+the misfortune of princes, that the effects of their displeasure make
+usually much more noise than the causes: thus, the sound of the Duke's
+fall was heard farther than many of the reasons which made it necessary;
+whereof, though some were visible enough, yet others lay more in the
+dark. Upon the Duke's last return from Flanders, he had fixed his
+arrival to town (whether by accident or otherwise) upon the seventeenth
+of November, called Queen Elizabeth's day, when great numbers of his
+creatures and admirers had thought fit to revive an old ceremony among
+the rabble, of burning the Pope in effigy; for the performance of which,
+with more solemnity, they had made extraordinary preparations.[76] From
+the several circumstances of the expense of this intended pageantry, and
+of the persons who promoted it, the court, apprehensive of a design to
+inflame the common people, thought fit to order, that the several
+figures should be seized as popish trinkets; and guards were ordered to
+patrol, for preventing any tumultuous assemblies. Whether this frolic
+were only intended for an affront to the court, or whether it had a
+deeper meaning, I must leave undetermined. The Duke, in his own nature,
+is not much turned to be popular; and in his flourishing times, whenever
+he came back to England upon the close of a campaign, he rather affected
+to avoid any concourse of the _mobile_, if they had been disposed to
+attend him; therefore, so very contrary a proceeding at this juncture,
+made it suspected as if he had a design to have placed himself at their
+head. "France," "Popery," "The Pretender," "Peace without Spain," were
+the words to be given about at this mock parade; and if what was
+confidently asserted be true, that a report was to have been spread at
+the same time of the Queen's death, no man can tell what might have been
+the event.
+
+[Footnote 76: See Swift's "Journal to Stella," Letter xxxv. (vol. ii.,
+pp. 283-84), and "A True Relation of the Intended Riot," printed in
+Scott's edition, vol. v., pp. 399-413. [W.S.J.]
+
+"The burning of a Pope in effigy," notes Scott--in his reprint of what
+Swift called "the Grub Street account of the tumult"--"upon the 17th
+November, the anniversary of Queen Elizabeth's coronation, was a
+favourite pastime with the mob of London, and often employed by their
+superiors as a means of working upon their passions and prejudices." A
+full account of this ceremony is given in his edition of Dryden's Works,
+1808, vol. vi., p. 222. An account of the attempt "to revive an old
+ceremony," referred to by Swift, was published also in "The Post Boy"
+for November 20th, 1711. [T.S.]]
+
+But this attempt, to whatever purposes intended, proving wholly abortive
+by the vigilance of those in power, the Duke's arrival was without any
+noise or consequence; and upon consulting with his friends, he soon fell
+in with their new scheme for preventing the peace. It was believed by
+many persons, that the ministers might, with little difficulty, have
+brought him over, if they had pleased to make a trial; for as he would
+probably have accepted any terms to continue in a station of such
+prodigious[77] profit, so there was sufficient room to work upon his
+fears, of which he is seldom unprovided[78] (I mean only in his
+political capacity) and his infirmity very much increased by his
+unmeasurable possessions, which have rendered him, _ipsique[79] onerique
+timentem;_ but reason, as well as the event, proved this to be a
+mistake: for the ministers being determined to bring the war to as
+speedy an issue as the honour and safety of their country would permit,
+could not possibly recompense the Duke for the mighty incomes he held by
+the continuance of it. Then the other party had calculated their
+numbers; and by the accession of the Earl of Nottingham, whose example
+they hoped would have many followers, and the successful solicitations
+of the Duke of Somerset, found they were sure of a majority in the House
+of Lords: so that in this view of circumstances, the Duke of Marlborough
+thought he acted with security, as well as advantage: he therefore
+boldly fell, with his whole weight, into the design of ruining the
+ministry, at the expense of his duty to his sovereign, and the welfare
+of his country, after the mighty obligations he had received from both.
+WHIG and TORY were now no longer the dispute, but THE QUEEN or THE DUKE
+OF MARLBOROUGH: He was at the head of all the cabals and consults with
+Bothmar, Buys, and the discontented lords. He forgot that government of
+his passion, for which his admirers used to celebrate him, fell into all
+the impotencies of anger and violence upon every party debate: so that
+the Queen found herself under a necessity, either on the one side to
+sacrifice those friends, who had ventured their lives in rescuing her
+out of the power of some, whose former treatment she had little reason
+to be fond of, to put an end[80] to the progress she had made towards a
+peace, and dissolve her Parliament; or, on the other side, by removing
+one person from so great a trust, to get clear of all her difficulties
+at once: Her Majesty therefore determined upon the latter, as the
+shorter and safer course; and during the recess at Christmas, sent the
+Duke a letter, to tell him she had no farther occasion for his
+service.[81]
+
+[Footnote 77: P. Fitzgerald says "immense." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 78: P. Fitzgerald adds "being in his nature the most timorous
+person alive." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 79: P. Fitzgerald says "sibique." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 80: P. Fitzgerald says "to complete." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 81: See the Duchess of Marlborough's narrative of this
+transaction in the "Account of her Conduct," etc., pp. 264-269, where
+his Grace's letter to the Queen, on his dismission from her service, is
+printed. [N.]]
+
+There hath not perhaps in the present age been a clearer instance to
+shew the instability of greatness which is not founded upon virtue; and
+it may be an instruction to princes, who are well in the hearts of their
+people, that the overgrown power of any particular person, although
+supported by exorbitant wealth, can by a little resolution be reduced in
+a moment, without any dangerous consequences. This lord, who was, beyond
+all comparison, the greatest subject in Christendom, found his power,
+credit, and influence, crumble away on a sudden; and, except a few
+friends or followers, by inclination, the rest dropped off in course.
+From directing in some manner the affairs of Europe, he descended to be
+a member of a faction, and with little distinction even there: that
+virtue of subduing his resentments, for which he was so famed when he
+had little or no occasion to exert it, having now wholly forsaken him
+when he stood most in need of its assistance; and upon trial was found
+unable to bear a reverse of fortune, giving way to rage, impatience,
+envy, and discontent.
+
+
+*****       *****       *****       *****       *****
+
+
+
+
+THE HISTORY OF THE FOUR LAST
+
+YEARS OF THE QUEEN.
+
+
+BOOK II.
+
+The House of Lords met upon the second day of January, according to
+their adjournment; but before they could proceed to business, the twelve
+new-created peers were, in the usual form, admitted to their seats in
+that assembly, who, by their numbers, turned the balance on the side of
+the court, and voted an adjournment to the same day with the Commons.
+Upon the fourteenth of January the two Houses met; but the Queen, who
+intended to be there in person, sent a message to inform them, that she
+was prevented by a sudden return of the gout, and to desire they would
+adjourn for three days longer, when Her Majesty hoped she should be able
+to speak to them. However, her indisposition still continuing, Mr.
+Secretary St. John brought another message to the House of Commons from
+the Queen, containing the substance of what she intended to have spoken;
+"That she could now tell them, her plenipotentiaries were arrived at
+Utrecht; had begun, in pursuance of her instructions, to concert the
+most proper ways of procuring a just satisfaction to all powers in
+alliance with her, according to their several treaties, and particularly
+with relation to Spain and the West Indies; that she promised to
+communicate to them the conditions of peace, before the same should be
+concluded; that the world would now see how groundless those reports
+were, and without the least colour, that a separate peace had been
+treated; that her ministers were directed to propose, that a day might
+be fixed for the finishing, as was done for the commencement of this
+treaty; and that, in the mean time, all preparations were hastening for
+an early campaign," etc.
+
+Her Majesty's endeavours towards this great work having been in such a
+forwardness at the time that her message was sent, I shall here, as in
+the most proper place, relate the several steps by which the intercourse
+between the courts of France and Britain was begun and carried on.
+
+The Marquis de Torcy,[1] sent by the Most Christian King to The Hague,
+had there, in the year one thousand seven hundred and nine, made very
+advantageous offers to the allies, in his master's name; which our
+ministers, as well as those of the States, thought fit to refuse, and
+advanced other proposals in their stead, but of such a nature as no
+prince could digest, who did not lie at the immediate mercy of his
+enemies. It was demanded, among other things, "That the French King
+should employ his own troops, in conjunction with those of the allies,
+to drive his grandson out of Spain." The proposers knew very well, that
+the enemy would never consent to this; and if it were possible they
+could at first have any such hopes, Mons. de Torcy assured them to the
+contrary, in a manner which might well be believed; for then the British
+and Dutch plenipotentiaries were drawing up their demands. They desired
+that minister to assist them in the style and expression; which he very
+readily did, and made use of the strongest words he could find to please
+them. He then insisted to know their last resolution, whether these were
+the lowest terms the allies would accept; and having received a
+determinate answer in the affirmative, he spoke to this effect:
+
+[Footnote 1: Jean Baptiste Colbert (1665-1746), Marquis de Torcy, was
+nephew of the celebrated Colbert. [W.S.J.]]
+
+"That he thanked them heartily for giving him the happiest day he had
+ever seen in his life: that, in perfect obedience to his master, he had
+made concessions, in his own opinion, highly derogatory to the King's
+honour and interest: that he had not concealed the difficulties of his
+court, or the discontents of his country, by a long and unsuccessful
+war, which could only justify the large offers he had been empowered to
+make: that the conditions of peace, now delivered into his hands by the
+allies, would raise a new spirit in the nation, and remove the greatest
+difficulty the court lay under, putting it in his master's power to
+convince all his subjects how earnestly His Majesty desired to ease them
+from the burthen of the war; but that his enemies would not accept of
+any terms, which could consist either with their safety or his honour."
+Mons. Torcy assured the pensionary, in the strongest manner, and bid him
+count upon it, that the King his master would never sign those articles.
+
+It soon appeared, that the Marquis de Torcy's predictions were true; for
+upon delivering to his master the last resolutions of the allies, that
+Prince took care to publish them all over his kingdom, as an appeal to
+his subjects against the unreasonableness and injustice of his enemies:
+which proceeding effectually answered the utmost he intended by it; for
+the French nation, extremely jealous of their monarch's glory, made
+universal offers of their lives and fortunes, rather than submit to such
+ignominious terms; and the clergy, in particular, promised to give the
+King their consecrated plate, towards continuing the war. Thus that
+mighty kingdom, generally thought to be wholly exhausted of its wealth,
+yet, when driven to a necessity by the imprudence of the allies, or by
+the corruption of particular men, who influenced their councils,
+recovered strength enough to support itself for three following
+campaigns: and in the last, by the fatal blindness or obstinacy of the
+Dutch (venturing to act without the assistance of Britain, which they
+had shamefully abandoned), was an overmatch for the whole confederate
+army.[2]
+
+[Footnote 2: Alluding to the defeat at Denain (July 24th, 1712). [S.]]
+
+Those who, in order to defend the proceedings of the allies, have given
+an account of this negotiation, do wholly omit the circumstance I have
+now related, and express the zeal of the British and Dutch ministers for
+a peace, by informing us how frequently they sent after Mons. de Torcy,
+and Mons. Rouille, for a farther conference. But in the mean time, Mr.
+Horatio Walpole, secretary to the Queen's plenipotentiaries, was
+dispatched over hither, to have those abortive articles signed and
+ratified by Her Majesty at a venture, which was accordingly done. A
+piece of management altogether absurd, and without example; contrived
+only to deceive our people into a belief that a peace was intended, and
+to shew what great things the ministry designed to do.
+
+But this hope expiring, upon the news that France had refused to sign
+those articles, all was solved by recourse to the old topic of the
+French perfidiousness. We loaded them plentifully with ignominious
+appellations; "they were a nation never to be trusted." The Parliament
+cheerfully continued their supplies, and the war went on. The winter
+following began the second and last session of the preceding Parliament,
+noted for the trial of Dr. Sacheverell, and the occasions thereby given
+to the people to discover and exert their dispositions, very opposite to
+the designs of those who were then in power. In the summer of one
+thousand seven hundred and ten, ensued a gradual change of the ministry;
+and in the beginning of that winter the present Parliament was called.
+
+The King of France, whose real interests made him sincerely desirous of
+any tolerable peace, found it impossible to treat upon equal conditions
+with either of the two maritime powers engaged against him, because of
+the prevalency of factions in both, who acted in concert to their mutual
+private advantage, although directly against the general dispositions of
+the people in either, as well as against their several maxims of
+government. But upon the great turn of affairs and councils here in
+England, the new Parliament and ministers acting from other motives, and
+upon other principles, that Prince hoped an opportunity might arise of
+resuming his endeavours towards a peace.
+
+There was at this time in England a French ecclesiastic, called the Abbe
+Gaultier,[3] who had resided several years in London, under the
+protection of some foreign ministers, in whose families he used, upon
+occasion, to exercise his function of a priest. After the battle of
+Blenheim, this gentleman went down to Nottingham, where several French
+prisoners of quality were kept, to whom he rendered those offices of
+civility suitable to persons in their condition, which, upon their
+return to France, they reported to his advantage. Among the rest, the
+Chevalier de Croissy told his brother, the Marquis de Torcy, that
+whenever the French court would have a mind to make overtures of peace
+with England, Mons. Gaultier might be very usefully employed in handing
+them to the ministers here. This was no farther thought on at present.
+In the mean time the war went on, and the conferences at The Hague and
+Gertruydenberg miscarried, by the allies insisting upon such demands as
+they neither expected, nor perhaps desired, should be granted.
+
+[Footnote 3: See note prefixed to "A New Journey to Paris" in vol. v. of
+present edition. Gaultier, although a priest, was nothing more than a
+superior spy in the pay of the French Court. He had been chaplain to
+Tallard and the disgraced Count Gallas, and was a sort of _protege_ of
+the Earl of Jersey; but his character does not bear very close scrutiny.
+The Duke of Berwick could not have had any high opinion either of the
+man or his abilities, since in the "Memoires de Berwick" (vol. ii., p.
+122, edit. 1780) he is thus referred to: "Sa naissance etoit toute des
+plus ordinaires, et ses facultes a l'avenant, c'est a dire, tres
+pauvre." St. John called Gaultier his "Mercury," and De Torcy styled him
+"the Angel of Peace" (Torcy's "Memoires," vol. ii., p. 148, edition of
+1828). [T.S.]]
+
+Some time in July, one thousand seven hundred and ten, Mons. Gaultier
+received a letter from the Marquis de Torcy, signifying, that a report
+being spread of Her Majesty's intentions to change her ministry, to take
+Mr. Harley into her councils, and to dissolve her Parliament, the Most
+Christian King thought it might be now a favourable conjuncture to offer
+new proposals of a treaty: Mons. Gaultier was therefore directed to
+apply himself, in the Marquis's name, either to the Duke of Shrewsbury,
+the Earl of Jersey, or Mr. Harley, and inform the French court how such
+a proposition would be relished. Gaultier chose to deliver his message
+to the second of those, who had been ambassador from the late king to
+France; but the Earl excused himself from entering into particulars with
+a stranger, and a private person, who had no authority for what he said,
+more than a letter from Mons. de Torcy. Gaultier offered to procure
+another from that minister to the Earl himself; and did so, in a month
+after: but obtained no answer till December following, when the Queen
+had made all necessary changes, and summoned a free Parliament to her
+wishes. About the beginning of January, the abbe (after having procured
+his dismission from Count Gallas, the emperor's envoy, at that time his
+protector) was sent to Paris, to inform Mons. Torcy, that Her Majesty
+would be willing his master should resume the treaty with Holland,
+provided the demands of England might be previously granted. Gaultier
+came back, after a short stay, with a return to his message, that the
+Dutch had used the Most Christian King and his ministers in such a
+manner, both at The Hague and Gertruydenberg, as made that Prince
+resolve not to expose himself any more to the like treatment; that he
+therefore chose to address himself to England, and was ready to make
+whatever offers Her Majesty could reasonably expect, for the advantage
+of her own kingdoms, and the satisfaction of her allies.
+
+After this message had been duly considered by the Queen and her
+ministers, Mons. Gaultier was dispatched a second time to France, about
+the beginning of March, one thousand seven hundred and ten-eleven, with
+an answer to the following purpose: "That since France had their
+particular reasons for not beginning again to treat with Holland,
+England was willing to remove that difficulty, and proposed it should be
+done in this manner: That France should send over hither the
+propositions for a treaty, which should be transmitted by England to
+Holland, to be jointly treated on that side of the water; but it was to
+be understood, that the same proposition formerly offered to Holland,
+was to be made to England, or one not less advantageous to the allies;
+for although England would enter most sincerely into such a treaty, and
+shew, in the course of it, the clearness of their intentions; yet they
+could not, with honour, entertain a less beneficial proposal than what
+was offered to the States."
+
+That Prince, as well as his minister, Mons. de Torcy, either felt, or
+affected, so much resentment of the usage the latter had met at The
+Hague and Gertruydenberg, that they appeared fully determined against
+making any application to the States, where the same persons continued
+still in power, of whose treatment they so heavily complained.[4]
+
+[Footnote 4: There can be little doubt that De Torcy's resentment
+against the Dutch, as expressed in the first of the propositions above
+cited, was an affected one, since it is well known that the Dutch were,
+at the very time these propositions were sent to England, and even for
+some time previously, engaged in separate overtures with the French
+Court. Indeed, according to Prior ("History of his Own Time"), they had
+been so engaged ever since the breaking up of the Gertruydenberg
+Conference; and when Prior arrived in France in August, 1711, he was
+shown three letters written as from the Pensionary, but probably by
+Petecum, promising Louis every advantage if the Conference so unhappily
+broken off at Gertruydenberg were renewed. "The negotiations must be
+secret and separate," reported Prior, "His Most Christian Majesty need
+only name his own terms." Swift knew of the existence of at least one of
+these letters, because he was very anxious to obtain it "to get some
+particulars for my History," as he notes in his "Journal," "one letter
+of Petecum's showing the roguery of the Dutch." See also "Portland
+Manuscripts," vol. v., p. 34 _et seq_. [T.S.]]
+
+They seemed altogether to distrust the inclination of that republic
+towards a peace; but at the same time shewed a mighty complaisance to
+the English nation, and a desire to have Her Majesty at the head of a
+treaty. This appears by the first overture in form sent from that
+kingdom, and signed by Mons. de Torcy, on the twenty-second of April,
+N.S. one thousand seven hundred and eleven, to the following effect:
+
+"That as it could not be doubted but the King was in a condition of
+continuing the war with honour, so it could not be looked on as a mark
+of weakness in His Majesty to break the silence he had kept since the
+conferences at Gertruydenberg; and that, before the opening of the
+campaign, he now gives farther proof of the desire he always had to
+procure the repose of Europe. But after what he hath found, by
+experience, of the sentiments of those persons who now govern the
+republic of Holland, and of their industry in rendering all negotiations
+without effect, His Majesty will, for the public good, offer to the
+English nation those propositions, which he thinks fit to make for
+terminating the war, and for settling the tranquillity of Europe upon a
+solid foundation. It is with this view that he offers to enter into a
+treaty of peace, founded on the following conditions.
+
+"First, The English nation shall have real securities for carrying on
+their trade in Spain, the Indies, and ports of the Mediterranean.
+
+"Secondly, The King will consent to form a sufficient barrier in the Low
+Countries, for the security of the republic of Holland; and this barrier
+shall be such as England shall agree upon and approve; His Majesty
+promising, at the same time, an entire liberty and security to the trade
+of the Dutch.
+
+"Thirdly, All reasonable methods shall be thought on, with sincerity and
+truth, for giving satisfaction to the allies of England and Holland.
+
+"Fourthly, Whereas the affairs of the King of Spain are in so good a
+condition as to furnish new expedients for putting an end to the
+disputes about that monarchy, and for settling it to the satisfaction of
+the several parties concerned, all sincere endeavours shall be used for
+surmounting the difficulties arisen upon this occasion; and the trade
+and interest of all parties engaged in the present war shall be secured.
+
+"Fifthly, The conferences, in order to treat of a peace upon these
+conditions, shall be immediately opened; and the plenipotentiaries, whom
+the King shall name to assist thereat, shall treat with those of England
+and Holland, either alone, or in conjunction with those of their allies,
+as England shall choose.
+
+"Sixthly, His Majesty proposes the towns of Aix la Chapelle or Liege,
+for the place where the plenipotentiaries shall assemble, leaving the
+choice likewise to England of either of the said towns, wherein to treat
+a general peace."
+
+These overtures, although expressing much confidence in the ministry
+here, great deference to the Queen, and displeasure against the Dutch,
+were immediately transmitted by Her Majesty's command to her ambassador
+in Holland, with orders, that they should be communicated to the
+pensionary. The Abbe Gaultier was desired to signify this proceeding to
+the Marquis de Torcy; at the same time to let that minister understand,
+that some of the above articles ought to be explained. The Lord Raby,
+now Earl of Stafford, was directed to tell the Pensionary, that Her
+Majesty being resolved, in making peace as in making war, to act in
+perfect concert with the States, would not lose a moment in transmitting
+to him a paper of this importance: that the Queen earnestly desired,
+that the secret might be kept among as few as possible; and that she
+hoped the Pensionary would advise upon this occasion with no person
+whatsoever, except such, as by the constitution of that government, are
+unavoidably necessary: that the terms of the several propositions were
+indeed too general; but, however, they contained an offer to treat: and
+that, although there appeared an air of complaisance to England through
+the whole paper, and the contrary to Holland, yet this could have no ill
+consequences, as long as the Queen and the States took care to
+understand each other, and to act with as little reserve as became two
+powers, so nearly allied in interest; which rule, on the part of
+Britain, should be inviolably observed. It was signified likewise to the
+Pensionary, that the Duke of Marlborough had no communication of this
+affair from England, and that it was supposed he would have none from
+The Hague.
+
+After these proposals had been considered in Holland, the ambassador was
+directed to send back the opinion of the Dutch ministers upon them. The
+court here was, indeed, apprehensive, that the Pensionary would be
+alarmed at the whole frame of Monsieur de Torcy's paper, and
+particularly at these expressions, "That the English shall have real
+securities for their trade, &c." and "that the barrier for the
+States-General shall be such as England shall agree upon and approve."
+It was natural to think, that the fear which the Dutch would conceive of
+our obtaining advantageous terms for Britain, might put them upon trying
+underhand for themselves, and endeavouring to overreach us in the
+management of the peace, as they had hitherto done in that of the war:
+the ambassador was therefore cautioned to be very watchful in
+discovering any workings, which might tend that way.
+
+When the Lord Raby was first sent to The Hague, the Duke of Marlborough,
+and Lord Townshend, had, for very obvious reasons, used their utmost
+endeavours to involve him in as many difficulties as they could; upon
+which, and other accounts, needless to mention, it was thought proper,
+that his Grace, then in Flanders, should not be let into the secret of
+this affair.
+
+The proposal of Aix or Liege for a place of treaty, was only a farther
+mark of their old discontent against Holland, to shew they would not
+name any town which belonged to the States.
+
+The Pensionary having consulted those who had been formerly employed in
+the negotiations of peace, and enjoined them the utmost secrecy, to
+avoid the jealousy of the foreign ministers there, desired the
+ambassador to return Her Majesty thanks, for the obliging manner of
+communicating the French overtures, for the confidence she placed in the
+States, and for her promise of making no step towards a peace, but in
+concert with them, assuring her of the like on their part: that although
+the States endeavoured to hide it from the enemy, they were as weary of
+the war as we, and very heartily desirous of a good and lasting peace,
+as well as ready to join in any method, by which Her Majesty should
+think proper to obtain it: that the States looked upon these
+propositions as very dark and general; and they observed how the enemy
+would create jealousies between the Queen, their republic, and the other
+allies; but they were satisfied it would have no effect, and relied
+entirely on the justness and prudence of Her Majesty, who they doubted
+not, would make the French explain themselves more particularly in the
+several points of their proposals, and send a plan of the particular
+conditions whereupon they would make a peace: after which, the States
+would be ready, either to join with Her Majesty, or to make their
+objections, and were prepared to bring with them all the facility
+imaginable, towards promoting so good a work.
+
+This is the sum of the verbal answer made by the Pensionary, upon
+communicating to him the French proposals; and I have chosen to set it
+down, rather than transcribe the other given to the ambassador some days
+after, which was more in form, and to the same purpose, but shorter, and
+in my opinion not so well discovering the true disposition of the Dutch
+ministers.
+
+For after the Queen had transmitted the French overtures to Holland, and
+the States found Her Majesty was bent in earnest upon the thoughts of a
+peace, they began to cast about how to get the negotiation into their
+own hands. They knew that whatever power received the first proposals,
+would be wise enough to stipulate something for themselves, as they had
+done in their own case, both at The Hague and Gertruydenberg, where they
+carved as they pleased, without any regard to the interests of their
+nearest allies. For this reason, while they endeavoured to amuse the
+British court with expostulations upon the several preliminaries sent
+from France, Monsieur Petecum, a forward meddling agent of Holstein, who
+had resided some years in Holland, negotiated with Heinsius, the Grand
+Pensionary, as well as with Vanderdussen and Buys, about restoring the
+conferences between France and that republic, broke off in
+Gertruydenberg. Pursuant to which, about the end of May, N.S. one
+thousand seven hundred and eleven, Petecum wrote to the Marquis de
+Torcy, with the privity of the Pensionary, and probably of the other
+two. The substance of his letter was to inform the Marquis, that things
+might easily be disposed, so as to settle a correspondence between that
+crown and the republic, in order to renew the treaty of peace. That this
+could be done with the greater secrecy, because Monsieur Heinsius, by
+virtue of his oath as Pensionary, might keep any affair private as long
+as he thought necessary, and was not obliged to communicate it, until he
+believed things were ripe; and as long as he concealed it from his
+masters, he was not bound to discover it, either to the ministers of the
+Emperor, or those of her British Majesty. That since England thought it
+proper for King Charles to continue the whole campaign in Catalonia,
+(though he should be chosen emperor) in order to support the war in
+Spain, it was necessary for France to treat in the most secret manner
+with the States, who were not now so violently, as formerly, against
+having Philip on the Spanish throne, upon certain conditions for
+securing their trade, but were jealous of England's design to fortify
+some trading towns in Spain for themselves. That Heinsius, extremely
+desired to get out of the war for some reasons, which he (Petecum) was
+not permitted to tell; and that Vanderdussen and Buys were impatient to
+have the negotiations with France once more set on foot, which, if
+Monsieur Torcy thought fit to consent to, Petecum engaged that the
+States would determine to settle the preliminaries, in the midway
+between Paris and The Hague, with whatever ministers the Most Christian
+King should please to employ. But Monsieur Torcy refused this overture,
+and in his answer to Monsieur Petecum, assigned for the reason the
+treatment his master's former proposals had met with at The Hague and
+Gertruydenberg, from the ministers of Holland. Britain and Holland
+seemed pretty well agreed, that those proposals were too loose and
+imperfect to be a foundation for entering upon a general treaty; and
+Monsieur Gaultier was desired to signify to the French court, that it
+was expected they should explain themselves more particularly on the
+several articles.
+
+But in the mean time the Queen was firmly resolved, that the interests
+of her own kingdoms should not be neglected at this juncture, as they
+had formerly twice been, while the Dutch were principal managers of a
+negotiation with France. Her Majesty had given frequent and early notice
+to the States, of the general disposition of her people towards a peace,
+of her own inability to continue the war upon the old foot, under the
+disadvantage of unequal quotas, and the universal backwardness of her
+allies. She had likewise informed them of several advances made to her
+on the side of France, which she had refused to hearken to, till she had
+consulted with those, her good friends and confederates, and heard their
+opinion on that subject: but the Dutch, who apprehended nothing more
+than to see Britain at the head of a treaty, were backward and sullen,
+disliked all proposals by the Queen's intervention, and said it was a
+piece of artifice of France to divide the allies; besides, they knew the
+ministry was young, and the opposite faction had given them assurances,
+that the people of England would never endure a peace without Spain, nor
+the men in power dare to attempt it, after the resolutions of one House
+of Parliament to the contrary. But, in the midst of this unwillingness
+to receive any overtures from France by the Queen's hands, the Dutch
+ministers were actually engaged in a correspondence with that court,
+where they urged our inability to begin a treaty, by reason of those
+factions which themselves had inflamed, and were ready to commence a
+negotiation upon much easier terms than what they supposed we demanded.
+For not to mention the Duke of Lorraine's interposition in behalf of
+Holland, which France absolutely refused to accept; the letters sent
+from the Dutch to that court, were shewn some months after to a British
+minister there,[5] which gave much weight to Monsieur de Torcy's
+insinuations; that he knew where to meet with more compliance, if the
+necessity of affairs should force him to it, by our refusal. And the
+violence of the States against our entertaining of that correspondence,
+was only because they knew theirs would never be accepted, at least till
+ours were thrown off.
+
+[Footnote 5: Matthew Prior. See note, _ante_, p. 55. [T.S.]] The Queen,
+sensible of all this, resolved to provide for her own kingdoms; and
+having therefore prepared such demands for her principal allies, as
+might be a ground for proceeding to a general treaty, without pretending
+to adjust their several interests, she resolved to stipulate in a
+particular manner the advantage of Britain: the following preliminary
+demands were accordingly drawn up, in order to be transmitted to France.
+
+"Great Britain will not enter into any negotiation of peace, otherwise
+than upon these conditions, obtained beforehand.
+
+"That the union of the two crowns of France and Spain shall be
+prevented: that satisfaction shall be given to all the allies, and trade
+settled and maintained.
+
+"If France be disposed to treat upon this view, it is not to be doubted
+that the following propositions will be found reasonable.
+
+"A barrier shall be formed in the Low Countries for the States-General;
+and their trade shall be secured.
+
+"A barrier likewise shall be formed for the Empire.
+
+"The pretensions of all the allies, founded upon former treaties, shall
+be regulated and determined to their general satisfaction.
+
+"In order to make a more equal balance of power in Italy, the dominions
+and territories, which in the beginning of the present war belonged to
+the Duke of Savoy, and are now in the possession of France, shall be
+restored to his Royal Highness; and such other places in Italy shall be
+yielded to him, as will be found necessary and agreeable to the sense of
+former treaties made with this prince.
+
+"As to Great Britain in particular, the succession to the crown of the
+kingdoms, according to the present establishment, shall be acknowledged.
+
+"A new treaty of commerce between Great Britain and France shall be
+made, after the most just and reasonable manner.
+
+"Dunkirk shall be demolished.
+
+"Gibraltar and Port-Mahon shall remain in the hands of the present
+possessors.
+
+"The English shall have the Assiento in the same manner the French now
+enjoy it; and such places in the Spanish West Indies shall be assigned
+to those concerned in this traffic, for the refreshment and sale of
+their negroes, as shall be found necessary and convenient.
+
+"All advantages, rights, and privileges already granted, and which may
+hereafter be granted by Spain to the subjects of France, or to any other
+nation whatsoever, shall be equally granted to the subjects of Great
+Britain.
+
+"And for better securing the British trade in the Spanish West Indies,
+certain places to be named in the treaty of peace, shall be put into
+possession of the English.
+
+"Newfoundland, with the Bay and Straits of Hudson, shall be entirely
+restored to the English; and Great Britain and France shall severally
+keep and possess all those countries and territories in North America,
+which each of the said nations shall be in possession of at the time
+when the ratification of this treaty shall be published in those parts
+of the world.
+
+"These demands, and all other proceedings between Great Britain and
+France, shall be kept inviolably secret, until they are published by the
+mutual consent of both parties."
+
+The last article was not only intended for avoiding, if possible, the
+jealousy of the Dutch, but to prevent the clamours of the abettors here
+at home, who, under the pretended fears of our doing injustice to the
+Dutch, by acting without the privity of that republic, in order to make
+a separate peace, would be ready to drive on the worst designs against
+the Queen and ministry, in order to recover the power they had lost.
+
+In June, one thousand seven hundred and eleven, Mr. Prior, a person of
+great distinction, not only on account of his wit, but for his abilities
+in the management of affairs, and who had been formerly employed at the
+French court, was dispatched thither by Her Majesty with the foregoing
+demands. This gentleman was received at Versailles with great civility.
+The King declared, that no proceeding, in order to a general treaty,
+would be so agreeable to him as by the intervention of England; and that
+His Majesty, being desirous to contribute with all his power towards the
+repose of Europe, did answer to the demands which had been made,
+
+"That he would consent freely and sincerely to all just and reasonable
+methods, for hindering the crowns of France and Spain from being ever
+united under the same prince; His Majesty being persuaded, that such an
+excess of power would be as contrary to the general good and repose of
+Europe, as it was opposite to the will of the late Catholic King Charles
+the Second. He said his intention was, that all parties in the present
+war should find their reasonable satisfaction in the intended treaty of
+peace; and that trade should be settled and maintained for the future,
+to the advantage of those nations which formerly possessed it.
+
+"That as the King will exactly observe the conditions of peace, whenever
+it shall be concluded, and as the object he proposeth to himself, is to
+secure the frontiers of his own kingdom, without giving any sort of
+disturbance to his neighbours, he promiseth to agree, that by the future
+treaty of peace, the Dutch shall be put into possession of all such
+fortified places as shall be specified in the said treaty to serve for a
+barrier to that republic, against all attempts on the side of France. He
+engages likewise to give all necessary securities, for removing the
+jealousies raised among the German princes of His Majesty's designs.
+
+"That when the conferences, in order to a general treaty, shall be
+formed, all the pretensions of the several princes and states engaged in
+the present war, shall be fairly and amicably discussed; nor shall any
+thing be omitted, which may regulate and determine them to the
+satisfaction of all parties.
+
+"That, pursuant to the demands made by England, His Majesty promiseth to
+restore to the Duke of Savoy these demesnes and territories, which
+belonged to that prince at the beginning of this war, and which His
+Majesty is now in possession of; and the King consents further, that
+such other places in Italy shall be yielded to the Duke of Savoy, as
+shall be found necessary, according to the sense of those treaties made
+between the said Duke and his allies.
+
+"That the King's sentiments of the present government of Great Britain,
+the open declaration he had made in Holland of his resolution to treat
+of peace, by applications to the English; the assurances he had given of
+engaging the King of Spain to leave Gibraltar in their hands (all which
+are convincing proofs of his perfect esteem for a nation still in war
+with him); leave no room to doubt of His Majesty's inclination to give
+England all securities and advantages for their trade, which they can
+reasonably demand. But as His Majesty cannot persuade himself, that a
+government, so clear-sighted as ours, will insist upon conditions which
+must absolutely destroy the trade of France and Spain, as well as that
+of all other nations of Europe, he thinks the demands made by Great
+Britain may require a more particular discussion.
+
+"That, upon this foundation, the King thought the best way of advancing
+and perfecting a negotiation, the beginning of which he had seen with so
+much satisfaction, would be to send into England a person instructed in
+his intention, and authorized by him to agree upon securities for
+settling the trade of the subjects of England; and those particular
+advantages to be stipulated in their favour, without destroying the
+trade of the French and Spaniards, or of other nations in Christendom.
+
+"That therefore His Majesty had charged the person chosen for this
+commission, to answer the other articles of the memorial given him by
+Mr. Prior, the secret of which should be exactly observed."
+
+Mons. de Torcy had, for some years past, used all his endeavours to
+incline his master towards a peace, pursuant to the maxim of his uncle
+Colbert, "That a long war was not for the interest of France." It was
+for this reason the King made choice of him in the conferences at The
+Hague; the bad success whereof, although it filled him with resentments
+against the Dutch, did not alter his opinion: but he was violently
+opposed by a party both in the court and kingdom, who pretended to fear
+he would sacrifice the glory of the prince and country by too large
+concessions; or perhaps would rather wish that the first offers should
+have been still made to the Dutch, as a people more likely to be less
+solicitous about the interest of Britain, than Her Majesty would
+certainly be for theirs: and the particular design of Mr. Prior was to
+find out, whether that minister had credit enough with his prince, and a
+support from others in power, sufficient to overrule the faction against
+peace.
+
+Mr. Prior's journey[6] could not be kept a secret, as the court here at
+first seemed to intend it. He was discovered at his return by an officer
+of the port at Dover, where he landed, after six weeks absence; upon
+which the Dutch Gazettes and English newspapers were full of
+speculations.
+
+[Footnote 6: See Swift's "A New Journey to Paris" (vol. v. of this
+edition, pp. 187-205). [W.S.J.]]
+
+At the same time with Mr. Prior there arrived from France Mons.
+Mesnager, knight of the order of St. Michael, and one of the council of
+trade to the Most Christian King. His commission was, in general,
+empowering him to treat with the minister of any prince engaged in the
+war against his master. In his first conferences with the Queen's
+ministers, he pretended orders to insist, that Her Majesty should enter
+upon particular engagements in several articles, which did not depend
+upon her, but concerned only the interest of the allies reciprocally
+with those of the Most Christian King; whereas the negotiation had begun
+upon this principle, that France should consent to adjust the interests
+of Great Britain in the first place, whereby Her Majesty would be
+afterwards enabled, by her good offices on all sides, to facilitate the
+general peace. The Queen resolved never to depart from this principle;
+but was absolutely determined to remit the particular interests of the
+allies to general conferences, where she would do the utmost in her
+power to procure the repose of Europe, and the satisfaction of all
+parties. It was plain, France could run no hazard by this proceeding,
+because the preliminary articles would have no force before a general
+peace was signed: therefore it was not doubted but Mons. Mesnager would
+have orders to waive this new pretension, and go on in treating upon
+that foot which was at first proposed. In short, the ministers required
+a positive and speedy answer to the articles in question, since they
+contained only such advantages and securities as Her Majesty thought she
+had a right to require from any prince whatsoever, to whom the dominions
+of Spain should happen to fall.
+
+The particular demands of Britain were formed into eight articles; to
+which Mons. Mesnager, having transmitted them to his court and received
+new powers from thence, had orders to give his master's consent, by way
+of answers to the several points, to be obligatory only after a general
+peace. These demands, together with the answers of the French King, were
+drawn up and signed by Mons. Mesnager, and Her Majesty's two principal
+secretaries of state; whereof I shall here present an extract to the
+reader.
+
+In the preamble the Most Christian King sets forth, "That being
+particularly informed by the last memorial which the British ministers
+delivered to Mons. Mesnager, of the dispositions of this crown to
+facilitate a general peace, to the satisfaction of the several parties
+concerned; and His Majesty finding, in effect, as the said memorial
+declares, that he runs no hazard by engaging himself in the manner there
+expressed, since the preliminary articles will be of no force, until the
+signing of the general peace; and being sincerely desirous to advance,
+to the utmost of his power, the repose of Europe, especially by a way so
+agreeable as the interposition of a Princess, whom so many ties of blood
+ought to unite to him, and whose sentiments for the public tranquillity
+cannot be doubted; His Majesty, moved by these considerations, hath
+ordered Mons. Mesnager, knight, &c. to give the following answers, in
+writing, to the articles contained in the memorial transmitted to him,
+intituled, 'Preliminary Demands for Great Britain in particular.'"
+
+The articles were these that follow.
+
+"First, The succession to the crown to be acknowledged, according to the
+present establishment.
+
+"Secondly, A new treaty of commerce between Great Britain and France to
+be made, after the most just and reasonable manner.
+
+"Thirdly, Dunkirk to be demolished.
+
+"Fourthly, Gibraltar and Port-Mahon to continue in the hands of those
+who now possess them.
+
+"Fifthly, The Assiento (or liberty of selling negroes to the Spanish
+West Indies) to be granted to the English, in as full a manner as the
+French possess it at present; and such places in the said West Indies to
+be assigned to the persons concerned in this trade, for the refreshment
+and sale of their negroes, as shall be found necessary and convenient.
+
+"Sixthly, Whatever advantages, privileges, and rights are already, or
+may hereafter be, granted by Spain to the subjects of France, or any
+other nation, shall be equally granted to the subjects of Great Britain.
+
+"Seventhly, For better protecting their trade in the Spanish West
+Indies, the English shall be put into possession of such places as shall
+be named in the treaty of peace.
+
+"Or, as an equivalent for this article, that the Assiento be granted to
+Britain for the term of thirty years.
+
+"That the isle of St. Christopher's be likewise secured to the English.
+
+"That the advantages and exemption from duties, promised by Monsieur
+Mesnager, which he affirms will amount to fifteen _per cent_. upon all
+goods of the growth and manufacture of Great Britain, be effectually
+allowed.
+
+"That whereas, on the side of the river of Plate, the English are not in
+possession of any colony, a certain extent of territory be allowed them
+on the said river, for refreshing and keeping their negroes, till they
+are sold to the Spaniards; subject, nevertheless, to the inspection of
+an officer appointed by Spain.
+
+"Eighthly, Newfoundland and the Bay and Straits of Hudson, shall be
+entirely restored to the English; and Great Britain and France shall
+respectively keep whatever dominions in North America each of them shall
+be in possession of, when the ratification of this treaty shall be
+published in those parts of the world."
+
+The six first articles were allowed without any difficulty, except that
+about Dunkirk, where France was to have an equivalent, to be settled in
+a general treaty.
+
+Difficulty arising upon the seventh article, the proposed equivalent was
+allowed instead thereof.
+
+The last article was referred to the general treaty of peace, only the
+French insisted to have the power of fishing for cod, and drying them on
+the island of Newfoundland.
+
+These articles were to be looked upon as conditions, which the Most
+Christian King consented to allow; and whenever a general peace should
+be signed, they were to be digested into the usual form of a treaty, to
+the satisfaction of both crowns.
+
+The Queen having thus provided for the security and advantage of her
+kingdoms, whenever a peace should be made, and upon terms no way
+interfering with the interest of her allies; the next thing in order,
+was to procure from France such preliminary articles, as might be a
+ground upon which to commence a general treaty. These were adjusted, and
+signed the same day with the former; and having been delivered to the
+several ministers residing here from the powers in alliance with
+England, were quickly made public. But the various constructions and
+censures which passed upon them, have made it necessary to give the
+reader the following transcript:
+
+"The King being willing to contribute all that is in his power, to the
+re-establishing of the general peace. His Majesty declares,
+
+"I. That he will acknowledge the Queen of Great Britain in that quality,
+as also the succession of that crown, according to the settlement,
+
+"II. That he will freely, and _bona fide_, consent to the taking all
+just and reasonable measures, for hindering that the crowns of France
+and Spain may ever be united on the head of the same prince; His Majesty
+being persuaded, that this excess of power would be contrary to the good
+and quiet of Europe.
+
+"III. The King's intention is, that all the parties engaged in the
+present war, without excepting any of them, may find their reasonable
+satisfaction in the treaty of peace, which shall be made: That commerce
+may be re-established and maintained for the future, to the advantage of
+Great Britain, of Holland, and of the other nations, who have been
+accustomed to exercise commerce.
+
+"IV. As the King will likewise maintain exactly the observance of the
+peace, when it shall be concluded, and the object, the King proposes to
+himself, being to secure the frontiers of his kingdom, without
+disturbing in any manner whatever the neighbouring states, he promises
+to agree, by the treaty which shall be made, that the Dutch shall be put
+in possession of the fortified places, which shall be mentioned, in the
+Netherlands, to serve hereafter for a barrier; which may secure the
+quiet of the republic of Holland against any enterprise from the part of
+France.
+
+"V. The King consents likewise, that a secure and convenient barrier
+should be formed for the empire, and for the house of Austria.
+
+"VI. Notwithstanding Dunkirk cost the King very great sums, as well to
+purchase it, as to fortify it; and that it is further necessary to be at
+very considerable expense for razing the works. His Majesty is willing
+however to engage to cause them to be demolished, immediately after the
+conclusion of the peace, on condition, that, for the fortifications of
+that place, a proper equivalent, that may content him, be given him:
+And, as England cannot furnish that equivalent, the discussion of it
+shall be referred to the conferences to be held for the negotiation of
+the peace.
+
+"VII. When the conferences for the negotiation of the peace shall be
+formed, all the pretensions of the princes and states, engaged in the
+present war, shall be therein discussed _bona fide_, and amicably: And
+nothing shall be omitted to regulate and terminate them, to the
+satisfaction of all the parties.
+
+"MESNAGER."
+
+These overtures are founded upon the eighth article of the Grand
+Alliance, made in one thousand seven hundred and one; wherein are
+contained the conditions, without which a peace is not to be made; and
+whoever compares both, will find the preliminaries to reach every point
+proposed in that article, which those who censured them at home, if they
+spoke their thoughts, did not understand: for nothing can be plainer,
+than what the public hath often been told, that the recovery of Spain
+from the house of Bourbon was a thing never imagined, when the war
+began, but a just and reasonable satisfaction to the Emperor. Much less
+ought such a condition to be held necessary at present, not only because
+it is allowed on all hands to be impracticable, but likewise because, by
+the changes in the Austrian and Bourbon families, it would not be safe:
+neither did those, who were loudest in blaming the French preliminaries,
+know any thing of the advantages privately stipulated for Britain, whose
+interests, they assured us, were all made a sacrifice to the corruption
+or folly of the managers; and therefore, because the opposers of peace
+have been better informed by what they have since heard and seen, they
+have changed their battery, and accused the ministers for betraying the
+Dutch.
+
+The Lord Raby, Her Majesty's ambassador at The Hague, having made a
+short journey to England, where he was created Earl of Strafford, went
+back to Holland about the beginning of October, one thousand seven
+hundred and eleven, with the above preliminaries, in order to
+communicate them to the Pensionary, and other ministers of the States.
+The Earl was instructed to let them know, "That the Queen had, according
+to their desire, returned an answer to the first propositions signed by
+Mons. Torcy, signifying, that the French offers were thought, both by
+Her Majesty and the States, neither so particular nor so full as they
+ought to be; and insisting to have a distinct project formed, of such a
+peace as the Most Christian King would be willing to conclude: that this
+affair having been for some time transacted by papers, and thereby
+subject to delays, Mons. Mesnager was at length sent over by France, and
+had signed those preliminaries now communicated to them: that the
+several articles did not, indeed, contain such particular concessions as
+France must and will make in the course of a treaty; but that, however,
+Her Majesty thought them a sufficient foundation whereon to open the
+general conferences.
+
+"That Her Majesty was unwilling to be charged with determining the
+several interests of her allies, and therefore contented herself with
+such general offers as might include all the particular demands, proper
+to be made during the treaty; where the confederates must resolve to
+adhere firmly together, in order to obtain from the enemy the utmost
+that could be hoped for, in the present circumstances of affairs; which
+rule, Her Majesty assured the States, she would, on her part, firmly
+observe."
+
+If the ministers of Holland should express any uneasiness, that Her
+Majesty may have settled the interests of her own kingdoms, in a future
+peace, by any private agreement, the ambassador was ordered to say,
+"That the Queen had hitherto refused to have the treaty carried on in
+her own kingdom, and would continue to do so, unless they (the Dutch)
+constrained her to take another measure: That by these means the States,
+and the rest of the allies, would have the opportunity of treating and
+adjusting their different pretensions; which Her Majesty would promote
+with all the zeal she had shewn for the common good, and the particular
+advantage of that republic (as they must do her the justice to confess),
+in the whole course of her reign: That the Queen had made no stipulation
+for herself, which might clash with the interests of Holland; and that
+the articles to be inserted in a future treaty, for the benefit of
+Britain, were, for the most part, such as contained advantages, which
+must either be continued to the enemy, or be obtained by Her Majesty;
+but, however, that no concession should tempt her to hearken to a peace,
+unless her good friends and allies the States General had all reasonable
+satisfaction, as to their trade and barrier, as well as in all other
+respects."
+
+After these assurances given in the Queen's name, the Earl was to
+insinuate, "That Her Majesty should have just reason to be offended, and
+to think the proceeding between her and the States very unequal, if they
+should pretend to have any further uneasiness upon this head: That being
+determined to accept no advantages to herself, repugnant to their
+interests, nor any peace, without their reasonable satisfaction, the
+figure she had made during the whole course of the war, and the part she
+had acted, superior to any of the allies, who were more concerned in
+danger and interest, might justly entitle her to settle the concerns of
+Great Britain, before she would consent to a general negotiation."
+
+If the States should object the engagements the Queen was under, by
+treaties, of making no peace but in concert with them, or the particular
+obligations of the Barrier Treaty, the ambassador was to answer, "That,
+as to the former, Her Majesty had not in any sort acted contrary
+thereto; That she was so far from making a peace without their consent,
+as to declare her firm resolution not to make it without their
+satisfaction; and that what had passed between France and her, amounted
+to no more than an introduction to a general treaty." As to the latter,
+the Earl had orders to represent very earnestly, "How much it was even
+for the interest of Holland itself, rather to compound the advantage of
+the Barrier Treaty, than to insist upon the whole, which the house of
+Austria, and several other allies, would never consent to: That nothing
+could be more odious to the people of England than many parts of this
+treaty; which would have raised universal indignation, if the utmost
+care had not been taken to quiet the minds of those who were acquainted
+with the terms of that guaranty, and to conceal them from those who were
+not: That it was absolutely necessary to maintain a good harmony between
+both nations, without which it would be impossible at any time to form a
+strength for reducing an exorbitant power, or preserving the balance of
+Europe: from whence it followed, that it could not be the true interest
+of either country to insist upon any conditions, which might give just
+apprehension to the other.
+
+"That France had proposed Utrecht, Nimeguen, Aix, or Liege, wherein to
+hold the general treaty; and Her Majesty was ready to send her
+plenipotentiaries, to whichever of those towns the States should
+approve."
+
+If the imperial ministers, or those of the other allies, should object
+against the preliminaries as no sufficient ground for opening the
+conferences, and insist that France should consent to such articles as
+were signed on the part of the allies in the year one thousand seven
+hundred and nine, the Earl of Strafford was in answer directed to
+insinuate, "That the French might have probably been brought to explain
+themselves more particularly, had they not perceived the uneasiness,
+impatience, and jealousy among the allies, during our transactions with
+that court." However, he should declare to them, in the Queen's name,
+"That if they were determined to accept of peace upon no terms inferior
+to what was formerly demanded, Her Majesty was ready to concur with
+them; but would no longer bear those disproportions of expense, yearly
+increased upon her, nor the deficiency of the confederates in every part
+of the war: That it was therefore incumbent upon them to furnish, for
+the future, such quotas of ships and forces as they were now wanting in,
+and to increase their expense, while Her Majesty reduced hers to a
+reasonable and just proportion."
+
+That if the ministers of Vienna and Holland should urge their inability
+upon this head, the Queen insisted, "They ought to comply with her in
+war or in peace; Her Majesty desiring nothing, as to the first, but what
+they ought to perform, and what is absolutely necessary: and as to the
+latter, that she had done, and would continue to do, the utmost in her
+power towards obtaining such a peace as might be to the satisfaction of
+all her allies."
+
+Some days after the Earl of Stafford's departure to Holland, Mons. Buys,
+pensionary of Amsterdam, arrived here from thence with instructions from
+his masters, to treat upon the subject of the French preliminaries, and
+the methods for carrying on the war. In his first conference with a
+committee of council, he objected against all the articles, as too
+general and uncertain; and against some of them, as prejudicial. He
+said, "The French promising that trade should be re-established and
+maintained for the future, was meant in order to deprive the Dutch of
+their tariff of one thousand six hundred and sixty-four; for the
+plenipotentiaries of that crown would certainly expound the word
+_retablir_, to signify no more than restoring the trade of the States to
+the condition it was in immediately before the commencement of the
+present war." He said, "That in the article of Dunkirk, the destruction
+of the harbour was not mentioned; and that the fortifications were only
+to be razed upon condition of an equivalent, which might occasion a
+difference between Her Majesty and the States, since Holland would think
+it hard to have a town less in their barrier for the demolition of
+Dunkirk; and England would complain to have this thorn continue in their
+side, for the sake of giving one town more to the Dutch."
+
+Lastly, he objected, "That where the French promised effectual methods
+should be taken to prevent the union of France and Spain under the same
+king, they offered nothing at all for the cession of Spain, which was
+the most important point of the war.
+
+"For these reasons, Mons. Buys hoped Her Majesty would alter her
+measures, and demand specific articles, upon which the allies might
+debate whether they would consent to a negotiation or no."
+
+The Queen, who looked upon all these difficulties, raised about the
+method of treating, as endeavours to wrest the negotiation out of her
+hands, commanded the lords of the committee to let Mons. Buys know,
+"That the experience she formerly had of proceeding by particular
+preliminaries towards a general treaty, gave her no encouragement to
+repeat the same method any more: That such a preliminary treaty must be
+negotiated either by some particular allies, or by all. The first, Her
+Majesty could never suffer, since she would neither take upon her to
+settle the interests of others, nor submit that others should settle
+those of her own kingdoms. As to the second, it was liable to Mons.
+Buys's objection, because the ministers of France would have as fair an
+opportunity of sowing division among the allies, when they were all
+assembled upon a preliminary treaty, as when the conferences were open
+for a negotiation of peace: That this method could therefore have no
+other effect than to delay the treaty, without any advantage: That Her
+Majesty was heartily disposed, both then and during the negotiation, to
+insist on every thing necessary for securing the barrier and commerce of
+the States; and therefore hoped the conferences might be opened, without
+farther difficulties.
+
+"That Her Majesty did not only consent, but desire to have a plan
+settled for carrying on the war, as soon as the negotiation of peace
+should begin; but expected to have the burthen more equally laid, and
+more agreeable to treaties; and would join with the States in pressing
+the allies to perform their parts, as she had endeavoured to animate
+them by her example."
+
+Mons. Buys seemed to know little of his masters' mind, and pretended he
+had no power to conclude upon any thing.[1] Her Majesty's minister
+proposed to him an alliance between the two nations, to subsist after a
+peace. To this he hearkened very readily, and offered to take the matter
+_ad referendum_, having authority to do no more. His intention was, that
+he might appear to negotiate, in order to gain time to pick out, if
+possible, the whole secret of the transactions between Britain and
+France; to disclose nothing himself, nor bind his masters to any
+conditions; to seek delays till the Parliament met, and then observe
+what turn it took, and what would be the issue of those frequent cabals
+between himself and some other foreign ministers, in conjunction with
+the chief leaders of the discontented faction.
+
+[Footnote 1: Buys's mission seemed to have been to act on behalf of the
+States General for the purpose of preventing England obtaining any
+commercial advantage which the States did not share, and for causing
+delays. He certainly had no powers to treat definitely, and Swift's
+remark is emphasized by the statement in the Bolingbroke Correspondence
+(vol. ii. p. 25) about him, he could "only speak as Monsieur Buys."
+[T.S.]]
+
+The Dutch hoped, that the clamours raised against the proceedings of the
+Queen's ministers towards a peace, would make the Parliament disapprove
+what had been done; whereby the States would be at the head of the
+negotiation, which the Queen did not think fit to have any more in their
+hands, where it had miscarried twice already; although Prince Eugene
+himself owned, "that France was then disposed to conclude a peace upon
+such conditions, as it was not worth the life of a grenadier to refuse
+them." As to insisting upon specific preliminaries, Her Majesty thought
+her own method much better, for each ally, in the course of the
+negotiation, to advance and manage his own pretensions, wherein she
+would support and assist them, rather than for two ministers of one ally
+to treat solely with the enemy, and report what they pleased to the
+rest, as was practised by the Dutch at Gertruydenberg.
+
+One part of Mons. Buys's instructions was to desire the Queen not to be
+so far amused by a treaty of peace, as to neglect her preparation for
+war against the next campaign. Her Majesty, who was firmly resolved
+against submitting any longer to that unequal burthen of expense she had
+hitherto lain under, commanded Mr. Secretary St. John to debate the
+matter with that minister, who said he had no power to treat; only
+insisted, that his masters had fully done their part, and that nothing
+but exhortations could be used to prevail on the other allies to act
+with greater vigour.
+
+On the other side, the Queen refused to concert any plan for the
+prosecution of the war, till the States would join with her in agreeing
+to open the conferences of peace; which therefore, by Mons. Buys's
+application to them, was accordingly done, by a resolution taken in
+Holland upon the twenty first of November, one thousand seven hundred
+and eleven, NS.
+
+About this time the Count de Gallas[7] was forbid the court, by order
+from the Queen, who sent him word, that she looked upon him no longer as
+a public minister.
+
+[Footnote 7: The Austrian ambassador [T.S.]]
+
+This gentleman thought fit to act a very dishonourable part here in
+England, altogether inconsistent with the character he bore of envoy
+from the late and present emperors, two princes under the strictest ties
+of gratitude to the Queen, especially the latter, who had then the title
+of King of Spain. Count Gallas, about the end of August, one thousand
+seven hundred and eleven, with the utmost privacy, dispatched an
+Italian, one of his clerks, to Frankfort, where the Earl of Peterborough
+was then expected. This man was instructed to pass for a Spaniard, and
+insinuate himself into the Earl's service, which he accordingly did, and
+gave constant information to the last emperor's secretary at Frankfort
+of all he could gather up in his lordship's family, as well as copies of
+several letters he had transcribed. It was likewise discovered that
+Gallas had, in his dispatches to the present emperor, then in Spain,
+represented the Queen and her ministers as not to be confided in, that
+when Her Majesty had dismissed the Earl of Sunderland, she promised to
+proceed no farther in the change of her servants, yet soon after turned
+them all out, and thereby ruined the public credit, as well as abandoned
+Spain, that the present ministers wanted the abilities and good
+dispositions of the former, were persons of ill designs, and enemies to
+the common cause, and he (Gallas) could not trust them. In his letters
+to Count Zinzendorf[8] he said, "That Mr. Secretary St John complained
+of the house of Austria's backwardness, only to make the King of Spain
+odious to England, and the people here desirous of a peace, although it
+were ever so bad one," to prevent which, Count Gallas drew up a memorial
+which he intended to give the Queen, and transmitted a draught of it to
+Zinzendorf for his advice and approbation. This memorial, among other
+great promises to encourage the continuance of the war, proposed the
+detaching a good body of troops from Hungary to serve in Italy or Spain,
+as the Queen should think fit.
+
+[Footnote 8: The Austrian envoy at The Hague, characterized by Mr Walter
+Sichel as "a martyr to etiquette, and devoured by zeal for the Holy
+Roman Empire" ("Bolingbroke and his Times," p 392)  [T.S.]]
+
+Zinzendorf thought this too bold a step, without consulting the Emperor:
+to which Gallas replied, that his design was only to engage the Queen to
+go on with the war; that Zinzendorf knew how earnestly the English and
+Dutch had pressed to have these troops from Hungary, and therefore they
+ought to be promised, in order to quiet those two nations, after which
+several ways might be found to elude that promise; and, in the mean
+time, the great point would be gained of bringing the English to declare
+for continuing the war: that the Emperor might afterwards excuse
+himself, by the apprehension of a war in Hungary, or of that between the
+Turks and Muscovites: that if these excuses should be at an end, a
+detachment of one or two regiments might be sent, and the rest deferred,
+by pretending want of money; by which the Queen would probably be
+brought to maintain some part of those troops, and perhaps the whole
+body. He added, that this way of management was very common among the
+allies; and gave for an example, the forces which the Dutch had promised
+for the service of Spain, but were never sent; with several other
+instances of the same kind, which he said might be produced.
+
+Her Majesty, who had long suspected that Count Gallas was engaged in
+these and the like practices, having at last received authentic proofs
+of this whole intrigue, from original letters, and the voluntary
+confession of those who were principally concerned in carrying it on,
+thought it necessary to show her resentment, by refusing the count any
+more access to her person or her court.
+
+Although the Queen, as it hath been already observed, was resolved to
+open the conferences upon the general preliminaries, yet she thought it
+would very much forward the peace to know what were the utmost
+concessions which France would make to the several allies, but
+especially to the States General and the Duke of Savoy: therefore, while
+Her Majesty was pressing the former to agree to a general treaty, the
+Abbe Gaultier was sent to France with a memorial, to desire that the
+Most Christian King would explain himself upon those preliminaries,
+particularly with relation to Savoy and Holland, whose satisfaction the
+Queen had most at heart, as well from her friendship to both these
+powers, as because, if she might engage to them that their just
+pretensions would be allowed, few difficulties would remain, of any
+moment, to retard the general peace.
+
+The French answer to this memorial contained several schemes and
+proposals for the satisfaction of each ally, coming up very near to what
+Her Majesty and her ministers thought reasonable. The greatest
+difficulties seemed to be about the Elector of Bavaria, for whose
+interests France appeared to be as much concerned, as the Queen was for
+those of the Duke of Savoy: however, those were judged not very hard to
+be surmounted.
+
+The States having at length agreed to a general treaty, the following
+particulars were concerted between Her Majesty and that republic:
+
+"That the congress should be held at Utrecht.
+
+"That the opening of the congress should be upon the twelfth of January,
+N.S. one thousand seven hundred and eleven-twelve.
+
+"That, for avoiding all inconveniences of ceremony, the ministers of the
+Queen and States, during the treaty, should only have the characters of
+plenipotentiaries, and not take that of ambassadors, till the day on
+which the peace should be signed.
+
+"Lastly, The Queen and States insisted, that the ministers of the Duke
+of Anjou, and the late Electors of Bavaria and Cologne, should not
+appear at the congress, until the points relating to their masters were
+adjusted; and were firmly resolved not to send their passports for the
+ministers of France, till the Most Christian King declared, that the
+absence of the forementioned ministers should not delay the progress of
+the negotiation."
+
+Pursuant to the three former articles, Her Majesty wrote circular
+letters to all the allies engaged with her in the present war: and
+France had notice, that as soon as the King declared his compliance with
+the last article, the blank passports should be filled up with the names
+of the Marechal d'Uxelles,[9] the Abbe de Polignac, and Mons. Mesnager,
+who were appointed plenipotentiaries for that crown.
+
+[Footnote 9: In his "Letter to Sir William Windham," Bolingbroke thus
+refers to M. d'Uxelles: "The minister who had the principal direction of
+foreign affairs I lived in friendship with, and I must own to his
+honour, that he never encouraged a design which he knew that his court
+had no intention of supporting" (p. 141). This was written of the time
+when Bolingbroke was in Paris, an adherent of the Pretender. [T.S.]]
+
+From what I have hitherto deduced, the reader sees the plan which the
+Queen thought the most effectual for advancing a peace. As the
+conferences were to begin upon the general preliminaries, the Queen was
+to be empowered by France to offer separately to the allies what might
+be reasonable for each to accept; and her own interests being previously
+settled, she was to act as a general mediator: a figure that became her
+best, from the part she had in the war, and more useful to the great end
+at which she aimed, of giving a safe and honourable peace to Europe.
+
+Besides, it was absolutely necessary, for the interests of Britain, that
+the Queen should be at the head of the negotiation, without which Her
+Majesty could find no expedient to redress the injuries her kingdoms
+were sure to suffer by the Barrier Treaty. In order to settle this point
+with the States, the ministers here had a conference with Mons. Buys, a
+few days before the Parliament met. He was told, how necessary it was,
+by previous concert between the Emperor, the Queen, and the States, to
+prevent any difference which might arise in the course of the treaty at
+Utrecht: That, under pretence of a barrier for the States General, as
+their security against France, infinite prejudice might arise to the
+trade of Britain in the Spanish Netherlands; for, by the fifteenth
+article of the Barrier Treaty, in consequence of what was stipulated by
+that of Minister, the Queen was brought to engage that commerce shall
+not be rendered more easy, in point of duties, by the sea-ports of
+Flanders, than it is by the river Scheldt, and by the canals on the side
+of the Seven Provinces, which, as things now stood, was very unjust;
+for, while the towns in Flanders were in the hands of France or Spain,
+the Dutch and we traded to them upon equal foot; but now, since by the
+Barrier Treaty those towns were to be possessed by the States, that
+republic might lay what duties they pleased upon British goods, after
+passing by Ostend, and make their own custom-free, which would utterly
+ruin our whole trade with Flanders.
+
+Upon this, the lords told Mons. Buys very frankly, "That if the States
+expected the Queen should support their barrier, as well as their
+demands from France and the house of Austria upon that head, they ought
+to agree, that the subjects of Britain should trade as freely to all the
+countries and places, which, by virtue of any former or future treaty,
+were to become the barrier of the States, as they did in the time of the
+late King Charles the Second of Spain; or as the subjects of the States
+General themselves shall do: and that it was hoped, their High
+Mightinesses would never scruple to rectify a mistake so injurious to
+that nation, without whose blood and treasure they would have had no
+barrier at all." Mons. Buys had nothing to answer against these
+objections, but said, he had already wrote to his masters for further
+instructions.
+
+Greater difficulties occurred about settling what should be the barrier
+to the States after a peace: the envoy insisting to have all the towns
+that were named in the Treaty of Barrier and Succession; and the Queen's
+ministers excepting those towns, which, if they continued in the hands
+of the Dutch, would render the trade of Britain to Flanders precarious.
+At length it was agreed in general, that the States ought to have what
+is really essential to the security of their barrier against France; and
+that some amicable expedient should be found, for removing the fears
+both of Britain and Holland upon this point.
+
+But at the same time Mons. Buys was told, "That although the Queen would
+certainly insist to obtain all those points from France, in behalf of
+her allies the States, yet she hoped his masters were too reasonable to
+break off the treaty, rather than not obtain the very utmost of their
+demands, which could not be settled here, unless he were fully
+instructed to speak and conclude upon that subject: That Her Majesty
+thought the best way of securing the common interest, and preventing the
+division of the allies, by the artifices of France, in the course of a
+long negotiation, would be to concert between the Queen's ministers and
+those of the States, with a due regard to the other confederates, such a
+plan as might amount to a safe and honourable peace." After which the
+Abbe Polignac, who of the French plenipotentiaries was most in the
+secret of his court, might be told, "That it was in vain to amuse each
+other any longer; that on such terms the peace would be immediately
+concluded; and that the conferences must cease, if those conditions were
+not, without delay, and with expedition, granted."
+
+A treaty between Her Majesty and the States, to subsist after a peace,
+was now signed, Mons. Buys having received full powers to that purpose.
+His masters were desirous to have a private article added, _sub spe
+rati_, concerning those terms of peace; without the granting of which,
+we should stipulate not to agree with the enemy. But neither the
+character of Buys, nor the manner in which he was empowered to treat,
+would allow the Queen to enter into such an engagement. The congress
+likewise approaching, there was not time to settle a point of so great
+importance. Neither, lastly, would Her Majesty be tied down by Holland,
+without previous satisfaction upon several articles in the Barrier
+Treaty, so inconsistent with her engagements to other powers in the
+alliance, and so injurious to her own kingdoms.
+
+The lord privy seal, and the Earl of Stafford, having, about the time
+the Parliament met, been appointed Her Majesty's plenipotentiaries for
+treating a general peace, I shall here break off the account of any
+further progress made in that great affair, until I resume it in the
+last book of this History.
+
+
+*****       *****       *****       *****       *****
+
+
+
+
+THE HISTORY OF THE FOUR LAST
+
+YEARS OF THE QUEEN.
+
+BOOK III.
+
+
+The House of Commons seemed resolved, from the beginning of the session,
+to inquire strictly not only into all abuses relating to the accounts of
+the army, but likewise into the several treaties between us and our
+allies, upon what articles and conditions they were first agreed to, and
+how these had been since observed. In the first week of their sitting,
+they sent an address to the Queen, to desire that the treaty, whereby
+Her Majesty was obliged to furnish forty thousand men, to act in
+conjunction with the forces of her allies in the Low Countries, might be
+laid before the House. To which the secretary of state brought an
+answer, "That search had been made, but no footsteps could be found of
+any treaty or convention for that purpose." It was this unaccountable
+neglect in the former ministry, which first gave a pretence to the
+allies for lessening their quotas, so much to the disadvantage of Her
+Majesty, her kingdoms, and the common cause, in the course of the war.
+It had been stipulated by the Grand Alliance, between the Emperor,
+Britain, and the States, that those three powers should assist each
+other with their whole force, and that the several proportions should be
+specified in a particular convention. But if any such convention were
+made, it was never ratified; only the parties agreed, by common consent,
+to take each a certain share of the burthen upon themselves, which the
+late King William communicated to the House of Commons by his secretary
+of state; and which afterwards the other two powers, observing the
+mighty zeal in our ministry for prolonging the war, eluded as they
+pleased.
+
+The commissioners for stating the public accounts of the kingdom, had,
+in executing their office the preceding summer, discovered several
+practices relating to the affairs of the army, which they drew up in a
+report, and delivered to the House.
+
+The Commons began their examination of the report with a member of their
+own, Mr. Robert Walpole, already mentioned; who, during his being
+secretary at war, had received five hundred guineas, and taken a note
+for five hundred pounds more, on account of two contracts for forage of
+the queen's troops quartered in Scotland. He endeavoured to excuse the
+first contract; but had nothing to say about the second. The first
+appeared so plain and so scandalous to the Commons, that they voted the
+author of it guilty of a high breach of trust, and notorious corruption,
+committed him prisoner to the Tower, where he continued to the end of
+the session, and expelled him the House.[1] He was a person much
+caressed by the opposers of the Queen and ministry, having been first
+drawn into their party by his indifference to any principles, and
+afterwards kept steady by the loss of his place. His bold, forward
+countenance, altogether a stranger to that infirmity which makes men
+bashful, joined to a readiness of speaking in public, hath justly
+entitled him, among those of his faction, to be a sort of leader of the
+second form. The reader must excuse me for being so particular about
+one, who is otherwise altogether obscure.[2]
+
+[Footnote 1: See "Part Hist," vi. 1071. [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Walpole was not too obscure, however, to be then the object
+of Bolingbroke's attack; and in 1726, when Bolingbroke had again
+attacked Walpole, this time in a letter, the latter replied: "Whatever
+contradictions these gentlemen may have observed in my character; there
+is one which I'll venture to assure you, you will never discover, which
+is my ever being alarmed at an opposition from one in the impotence of
+disgrace, who could never terrify me in the zenith of his prosperity."
+"An Answer to the Occasional Writer." [T.S.]]
+
+Another part of the report concerned the Duke of Marlborough, who had
+received large sums of money, by way of gratuity, from those who were
+the undertakers for providing the army with bread.[3] This the Duke
+excused, in a letter to the commissioners, from the like practice of
+other generals: but that excuse appeared to be of little weight, and the
+mischievous consequences of such a corruption were visible enough; since
+the money given by these undertakers were but bribes for connivance at
+their indirect dealings with the army. And as frauds, that begin at the
+top, are apt to spread through all the subordinate ranks of those who
+have any share in the management, and to increase as they circulate: so,
+in this case, for every thousand pounds given to the general, the
+soldiers at least suffered fourfold.
+
+[Footnote 3: See "The Examiner," Nos. 17 and 28, in vol. ix. of this
+edition. [W.S.J.]]
+
+Another article of this report, relating to the Duke, was yet of more
+importance. The greatest part of Her Majesty's forces in Flanders were
+mercenary troops, hired from several princes of Europe. It was found
+that the Queen's general subtracted two and a half _per cent_, out of
+the pay of those troops, for his own use, which amounted to a great
+annual sum. The Duke of Marlborough, in his letter already mentioned,
+endeavouring to extenuate the matter, told the commissioners, "That this
+deduction was a free gift from the foreign troops, which he had
+negotiated with them by the late King's orders, and had obtained the
+Queen's warrant for reserving and receiving it: That it was intended for
+secret service, the ten thousand pounds a year given by Parliament not
+proving sufficient, and had all been laid out that way." The
+commissioners observed, in answer, "That the warrant was kept dormant
+for nine years, as indeed no entry of it appeared in the secretary of
+state's books, and the deduction of it concealed all that time from the
+knowledge of Parliament: That, if it had been a free gift from the
+foreign troops, it would not have been stipulated by agreement, as the
+Duke's letter confessed, and as his warrant declared, which latter
+affirmed this stoppage to be intended for defraying extraordinary
+contingent expenses of the troops, and therefore should not have been
+applied to secret services." They submitted to the House, whether the
+warrant itself were legal, or duly countersigned. The commissioners
+added, "That no receipt was ever given for this deducted money, nor was
+it mentioned in any receipts from the foreign troops, which were always
+taken in full. And lastly, That the whole sum, on computation, amounted
+to near three hundred thousand pounds."
+
+The House, after a long debate, resolved, "That the taking several sums
+from the contractors for bread by the Duke of Marlborough, was
+unwarrantable and illegal; and that the two and a half _per cent_,
+deducted from the foreign troops, was public money, and ought to be
+accounted for:" which resolutions were laid before the Queen by the
+whole House, and Her Majesty promised to do her part in redressing what
+was complained of. The Duke and his friends had, about the beginning of
+the war, by their credit with the Queen, procured a warrant from Her
+Majesty for this perquisite of two and a half _per cent_. The warrant
+was directed to the Duke of Marlborough, and countersigned by Sir
+Charles Hedges, then secretary of state; by virtue of which the
+paymaster-general of the army was to pay the said deducted money to the
+general, and take a receipt in full from the foreign troops.
+
+It was observed, as very commendable and becoming the dignity of such an
+assembly, that this debate was managed with great temper, and with few
+personal reflections upon the Duke of Marlborough. They seemed only
+desirous to come at the truth, without which they could not answer the
+trust reposed in them by those whom they represented, and left the rest
+to Her Majesty's prudence. The attorney-general was ordered to commence
+an action against the Duke for the subtracted money, which would have
+amounted to a great sum, enough to ruin any private person, except
+himself. This process is still depending, although very moderately
+pursued, either by the Queen's indulgence to one whom she had formerly
+so much trusted, or perhaps to be revived or slackened, according to the
+future demeanour of the defendant.[4]
+
+[Footnote 4: Marlborough's defence of himself may be found in the
+"Parliamentary History," vol. vi., 1079. Writing to the Earl of
+Strafford, under date January 27, 1711, Bolingbroke speaking of this
+debate on Marlborough says: "What passed on Thursday in the House of
+Commons, will, I hope, show people abroad, as well as at home, that no
+merit, no grandeur, no riches can excuse, or save any one, who sets
+himself up in opposition to the Queen;" and, he might have added, to
+Mrs. Masham. It is to be questioned if Marlborough would have had to
+undergo the ordeal of this debate had it not been for the animosity
+against him on the part of this lady and her royal mistress, so deftly
+aroused by Harley. [T.S.]]
+
+Some time after, Mr. Cardonnell,[5] a Member of Parliament, and
+secretary to the general in Flanders, was expelled the House, for the
+offence of receiving yearly bribes from those who had contracted to
+furnish bread for the army; and met with no further punishment for a
+practice, voted to be unwarrantable and corrupt.
+
+These were all the censures of any moment which the Commons, under so
+great a weight of business, thought fit to make, upon the reports of
+their commissioners for inspecting the public accounts. But having
+promised, in the beginning of this History, to examine the state of the
+nation, with respect to its debts; by what negligence or corruption they
+first began, and in process of time made such a prodigious increase;
+and, lastly, what courses have been taken, under the present
+administration, to find out funds for answering so many unprovided
+incumbrances, as well as put a stop to new ones; I shall endeavour to
+satisfy the reader upon this important article.
+
+By all I have yet read of the history of our own country, it appears to
+me, that the national debts, secured upon parliamentary funds of
+interest, were things unknown in England before the last Revolution
+under the Prince of Orange. It is true, that in the grand rebellion the
+king's enemies borrowed money of particular persons, upon what they
+called the public faith; but this was only for short periods, and the
+sums no more than what they could pay at once, as they constantly did.
+Some of our kings have been very profuse in peace and war, and are
+blamed in history for their oppressions of the people by severe taxes,
+and for borrowing money which they never paid:[6] but national debts was
+a style, which, I doubt, would hardly then be understood. When the
+Prince of Orange was raised to the throne, and a general war began in
+these parts of Europe, the King and his counsellors thought it would be
+ill policy to commence his reign with heavy taxes upon the people, who
+had lived long in ease and plenty, and might be apt to think their
+deliverance too dearly bought: wherefore one of the first actions of the
+new government was to take off the tax upon chimneys, as a burthen very
+ungrateful to the commonalty. But money being wanted to support the war
+(which even the convention-parliament, that put the crown upon his head,
+were very unwilling he should engage in), the present Bishop of
+Salisbury[7] is said to have found out that expedient (which he had
+learned in Holland) of raising money upon the security of taxes, that
+were only sufficient to pay a large interest. The motives which
+prevailed on people to fall in with this project were many, and
+plausible; for supposing, as the ministers industriously gave out, that
+the war could not last above one or two campaigns at most, it might be
+carried on with very moderate taxes; and the debts accruing would, in
+process of time, be easily cleared after a peace. Then the bait of large
+interest would draw in a great number of those whose money, by the
+dangers and difficulties of trade, lay dead upon their hands; and
+whoever were lenders to the government, would, by surest principle, be
+obliged to support it. Besides, the men of estates could not be
+persuaded, without time and difficulty, to have those taxes laid on
+their lands, which custom hath since made so familiar; and it was the
+business of such as were then in power to cultivate a moneyed interest;
+because the gentry of the kingdom did not very much relish those new
+notions in government, to which the King, who had imbibed his politics
+in his own country, was thought to give too much way. Neither perhaps
+did that Prince think national incumbrances to be any evil at all, since
+the flourishing republic, where he was born, is thought to owe more than
+ever it will be able or willing to pay. And I remember, when I mentioned
+to Mons. Buys the many millions we owed, he would advance it as a maxim,
+that it was for the interest of the public to be in debt: which perhaps
+may be true in a commonwealth so crazily instituted, where the governors
+cannot have too many pledges of their subjects' fidelity, and where a
+great majority must inevitably be undone by any revolution, however
+brought about: but to prescribe the same rules to a monarchy, whose
+wealth ariseth from the rents and improvements of lands, as well as
+trade and manufactures, is the mark of a confined and cramped
+understanding.
+
+[Footnote 5: Adam Cardonnell, Esq., secretary to the Duke of
+Marlborough, shared in his disgrace. See "The Examiner," No. 28.
+[W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 6: P. Fitzgerald says "which they have not been able or
+willing to pay." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 7: Dr. Gilbert Burnet. [ORIGINAL NOTE.]]
+
+I was moved to speak thus, because I am very well satisfied, that the
+pernicious counsels of borrowing money upon public funds of interest, as
+well as some other state lessons, were taken indigested from the like
+practices among the Dutch, without allowing in the least for any
+difference in government, religion, law, custom, extent of country, or
+manners and dispositions of the people.
+
+But when this expedient of anticipations and mortgages was first put in
+practice, artful men, in office and credit, began to consider what uses
+it might be applied to; and soon found it was likely to prove the most
+fruitful seminary, not only to establish a faction they intended to set
+up for their own support, but likewise to raise vast wealth for
+themselves in particular, who were to be the managers and directors in
+it. It was manifest, that nothing could promote these two designs so
+much, as burthening the nation with debts, and giving encouragement to
+lenders: for, as to the first, it was not to be doubted, that moneyed
+men would be always firm to the party of those who advised the borrowing
+upon such good security, and with such exorbitant premiums and interest;
+and every new sum that was lent, took away as much power from the landed
+men, as it added to theirs: so that the deeper the kingdom was engaged,
+it was still the better for them. Thus a new estate and property sprung
+up in the hands of mortgagees, to whom every house and foot of land in
+England paid a rent-charge, free of all taxes and defalcations, and
+purchased at less than half value. So that the gentlemen of estates
+were, in effect, but tenants to these new landlords; many of whom were
+able, in time, to force the election of boroughs out of the hands of
+those who had been the old proprietors and inhabitants. This was arrived
+at such a height, that a very few years more of war and funds would have
+clearly cast the balance on the moneyed side.
+
+As to the second, this project of borrowing upon funds, was of mighty
+advantage to those who were in the management of it, as well as to their
+friends and dependants; for, funds proving often deficient, the
+government was obliged to strike tallies for making up the rest, which
+tallies were sometimes (to speak in the merchants' phrase) at above
+forty _per cent_, discount. At this price those who were in the secret
+bought them up, and then took care to have that deficiency supplied in
+the next session of Parliament, by which they doubled their principal in
+a few months; and, for the encouragement of lenders, every new project
+of lotteries or annuities proposed some farther advantage, either as to
+interest or premium.
+
+In the year one thousand six hundred and ninety-seven, a general
+mortgage was made of certain revenues and taxes already settled, which
+amounted to near a million a year. This mortgage was to continue till
+one thousand seven hundred and six, to be a fund for the payment of
+about five millions one hundred thousand pounds. In the first Parliament
+of the Queen, the said mortgage was continued till one thousand seven
+hundred and ten, to supply a deficiency of two millions three hundred
+thousand pounds, and interest of above a million; and in the
+intermediate years a great part of that fund was branched out into
+annuities for ninety-nine years; so that the late ministry raised all
+their money to one thousand seven hundred and ten, only by continuing
+funds which were already granted to their hands. This deceived the
+people in general, who were satisfied to continue the payments they had
+been accustomed to, and made the administration seem easy, since the war
+went on without any new taxes raised, except the very last year they
+were in power; not considering what a mighty fund was exhausted, and
+must be perpetuated, although extremely injurious to trade, and to the
+true interest of the nation.
+
+This great fund of the general mortgage was not only loaded, year after
+year, by mighty sums borrowed upon it, but with the interests due upon
+those sums; for which the treasury was forced to strike tallies, payable
+out of that fund, after all the money already borrowed upon it, there
+being no other provision of interest for three or four years: till at
+last the fund was so overloaded, that it could neither pay principal nor
+interest, and tallies were struck for both, which occasioned their great
+discount.
+
+But to avoid mistakes upon a subject, where I am not very well versed
+either in the style or matter, I will transcribe an account sent me by a
+person[8] who is thoroughly instructed in these affairs.
+
+[Footnote 8: Sir John Blunt. [ORIGINAL NOTE.] He was one of the first
+projectors of the South Sea Company, and died in January, 1733. [W.S.J.]]
+
+"In the year one thousand seven hundred and seven, the sum of eight
+hundred twenty-two thousand three hundred and eighty one pounds, fifteen
+shillings and sixpence, was raised, by continuing part of the general
+mortgage from one thousand seven hundred and ten to one thousand seven
+hundred and twelve; but with no provision of interest till August the
+first, one thousand seven hundred and ten, otherwise than by striking
+tallies for it on that fund, payable after all the other money borrowed.
+
+"In one thousand seven hundred and eight, the same funds were continued
+from one thousand seven hundred and twelve to one thousand seven hundred
+and fourteen, to raise seven hundred twenty-nine thousand sixty-seven
+pounds fifteen shillings and sixpence; but no provision for interest
+till August the first, one thousand seven hundred and twelve, otherwise
+than as before, by striking tallies for it on the same fund, payable
+after all the rest of the money borrowed. And the discount of tallies
+then beginning to rise, great part of that money remains still unraised;
+and there is nothing to pay interest for the money lent, till August the
+first, one thousand seven hundred and twelve. But the late lord
+treasurer struck tallies for the full sum directed by the act to be
+borrowed, great part of which have been delivered in payment to the navy
+and victualling offices, and some are still in the hands of the
+government.
+
+"In one thousand seven hundred and nine, part of the same fund was
+continued from August the first, one thousand seven hundred and
+fourteen, to August the first, one thousand seven hundred and sixteen,
+to raise six hundred and forty-five thousand pounds; and no provision
+for interest till August the first, one thousand seven hundred and
+fourteen (which was about five years), but by borrowing money on the
+same fund, payable after the sums before lent; so that little of that
+money was lent But the tallies were struck for what was unlent, some of
+which were given out for the payment of the navy and victualling, and
+some still remain in the hands of the government.
+
+"In one thousand seven hundred and ten, the sums which were before given
+from one thousand seven hundred and fourteen, to one thousand seven
+hundred and sixteen, were continued from thence to one thousand seven
+hundred and twenty, to raise one million two hundred and ninety-six
+thousand five hundred and fifty-two pounds nine shillings and
+elevenpence three farthings; and no immediate provision for interest
+till August the first, one thousand seven hundred and sixteen; only,
+after the duty of one shilling _per_ bushel on salt should be cleared
+from the money it was then charged with, and which was not so cleared
+till Midsummer one thousand seven hundred and twelve last, then that
+fund was to be applied to pay the interest till August the first, one
+thousand seven hundred and sixteen, which interest amounted to about
+seventy-seven thousand seven hundred and ninety-three pounds _per
+annum_: and the said salt fund produceth but about fifty-five thousand
+pounds _per annum_; so that no money was borrowed upon the general
+mortgage in one thousand seven hundred and ten, except one hundred and
+fifty thousand pounds lent by the Swiss cantons; but tallies were struck
+for the whole sum. These all remained in the late treasurer's hands at
+the time of his removal, yet the money was expended, which occasioned
+those great demands upon the commissioners of the treasury who succeeded
+him, and were forced to pawn those tallies to the bank, or to remitters,
+rather than sell them at twenty or twenty-five _per cent_. discount, as
+the price then was. About two hundred thousand pounds of them they paid
+to clothiers of the army, and others; and all the rest, being above
+ninety thousand pounds, have been subscribed into the South Sea Company
+for the use of the public."
+
+When the Earl of Godolphin was removed from his employment, he left a
+debt upon the navy of ---- millions,[9] all contracted under his
+administration,[10] which had no Parliament-security, and was daily
+increased. Neither could I ever learn, whether that lord had the
+smallest prospect of clearing this incumbrance, or whether there were
+policy, negligence, or despair at the bottom of this unaccountable
+management. But the consequences were visible and ruinous; for by this
+means navy-bills grew to be forty _per cent_. discount, and upwards; and
+almost every kind of stores, bought by the navy and victualling offices,
+cost the government double rates, and sometimes more: so that the public
+hath directly lost several millions upon this one article, without any
+sort of necessity, that I could ever hear assigned by the ablest
+vindicators of that party.
+
+[Footnote 9: "Of      millions" in original. "Of ---- millions" in 1775.
+[W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 10: See "The Examiner," No. 45, and note in vol. ix. of this
+edition, p. 295. [W.S.J.]]
+
+In this oppressed and entangled state was the kingdom, with relation to
+its debts, when the Queen removed the Earl of Godolphin from his office,
+and put it into commission, of which the present treasurer was one. This
+person had been chosen speaker successively to three Parliaments, was
+afterwards secretary of state, and always in great esteem with the Queen
+for his wisdom and fidelity. The late ministry, about two years before
+their fall, had prevailed with Her Majesty, much against her
+inclination, to dismiss him from her service; for which they cannot be
+justly blamed, since he had endeavoured the same thing against them, and
+very narrowly failed; which makes it the more extraordinary that he
+should succeed in a second attempt against those very adversaries, who
+had such fair warning by the first. He is firm and steady in his
+resolutions, not easily diverted from them after he hath once possessed
+himself of an opinion that they are right, nor very communicative where
+he can act by himself, being taught by experience, that a secret is
+seldom safe in more than one breast. That which occurs to other men
+after mature deliberation, offers to him as his first thoughts; so that
+he decides immediately what is best to be done, and therefore is seldom
+at a loss upon sudden exigencies. He thinks it a more easy and safe rule
+in politics to watch incidents as they come, and then turn them to the
+advantage of what he pursues, than pretend to foresee them at a great
+distance. Fear, cruelty, avarice, and pride, are wholly strangers to his
+nature; but he is not without ambition. There is one thing peculiar in
+his temper, which I altogether disapprove, and do not remember to have
+heard or met with in any other man's character: I mean, an easiness and
+indifference under any imputation, although he be never so innocent, and
+although the strongest probabilities and appearance are against him; so
+that I have known him often suspected by his nearest friends, for some
+months, in points of the highest importance, to a degree, that they were
+ready to break with him, and only undeceived by time and accident. His
+detractors, who charge him with cunning, are but ill acquainted with his
+character; for, in the sense they take the word, and as it is usually
+understood, I know no man to whom that mean talent could be with less
+justice applied, as the conduct of affairs, while he hath been at the
+helm, doth clearly demonstrate, very contrary to the nature and
+principles of cunning, which is always employed in serving little turns,
+proposing little ends, and supplying daily exigencies by little shifts
+and expedients. But to rescue a prince out of the hands of insolent
+subjects, bent upon such designs as must probably end in the ruin of the
+government; to find out means for paying such exorbitant debts as this
+nation hath been involved in, and reduce it to a better management; to
+make a potent enemy offer advantageous terms of peace, and deliver up
+the most important fortress of his kingdom, as a security;[11] and this
+against all the opposition, mutually raised and inflamed by parties and
+allies; such performances can only be called cunning by those whose want
+of understanding, or of candour, puts them upon finding ill names for
+great qualities of the mind, which themselves do neither possess, nor
+can form any just conception of. However, it must be allowed, that an
+obstinate love of secrecy in this minister seems, at distance, to have
+some resemblance of cunning; for he is not only very retentive of
+secrets, but appears to be so too, which I number amongst his defects.
+He hath been blamed by his friends for refusing to discover his
+intentions, even in those points where the wisest man may have need of
+advice and assistance, and some have censured him, upon that account, as
+if he were jealous of power but he hath been heard to answer, "That he
+seldom did otherwise, without cause to repent"
+
+[Footnote 11: This is surely a piece of Swift's partiality for Oxford;
+since it practically deprives Bolingbroke of whatever credit was his for
+the Peace of Utrecht, and that was not a little; certainly more than may
+be given to Oxford. [T.S.]]
+
+However, so undistinguished a caution cannot, in my opinion, be
+justified, by which the owner loseth many advantages, and whereof all
+men, who deserved to be confided in, may with some reason complain. His
+love of procrastination (wherein doubtless nature hath her share) may
+probably be increased by the same means, but this is an imputation laid
+upon many other great ministers, who, like men under too heavy a load,
+let fall that which is of the least consequence, and go back to fetch it
+when their shoulders are free, for time is often gained, as well as
+lost, by delay, which at worst is a fault on the securer side.[12]
+Neither probably is this minister answerable for half the clamour raised
+against him upon that article: his endeavours are wholly turned upon the
+general welfare of his country, but perhaps with too little regard to
+that of particular persons, which renders him less amiable, than he
+would otherwise have been from the goodness of his humour, and agreeable
+conversation in a private capacity, and with few dependers. Yet some
+allowance may perhaps be given to this failing, which is one of the
+greatest he hath, since he cannot be more careless of other men's
+fortunes than he is of his own. He is master of a very great and
+faithful memory, which is of mighty use in the management of public
+affairs; and I believe there are few examples to be produced in any age,
+of a person who hath passed through so many employments in the state,
+endowed with a great share, both of divine and human learning.
+
+[Footnote 12: Unfortunately, procrastination too often ended for Harley
+in very unpleasant results, and it is not too much to say, this failing
+was the indirect cause of his downfall. Swift's character of Oxford, as
+given in this "History," should be compared with that given of him in
+"An Enquiry into the Behaviour of the Queen's Last Ministry" (vol v, pp
+431-434, of present edition). Dr William King, to whom Swift had written
+in 1736, for certain dates and official extracts to be included in this
+"History," wrote to Swift (December 7th, 1736), referring to this very
+matter of Oxford's character. As the letter applies to some other
+portions of this "History," it will be better if it be given here.
+
+"London, December 7th, 1736
+
+SIR,
+
+I arrived here yesterday [King had been on a visit to Paris], and I am
+now ready to obey your commands. I hope you are come to a positive
+resolution concerning the History. You need not hesitate about the
+dates, or the references which are to be made to any public papers, for
+I can supply them without the least trouble. As well as I remember,
+there is but one of those public pieces which you determined should be
+inserted at length; I mean Sir Thomas Hanmer's Representation; this I
+have now by me. If you incline to publish the two tracts as an Appendix
+to the History, you will be pleased to see if the character given of the
+Earl of Oxford in the pamphlet of 1715 agrees with the character given
+of the same person in the History. Perhaps on a review, you may think
+proper to leave one of them quite out. You have (I think) barely
+mentioned the attempt of Guiscard, and the quarrel between Rechteren and
+Mesnager. But as these are facts which are probably now forgot or
+unknown, it would not be amiss if they were related at large in the
+notes, which may be done from the Gazettes, or any other newspapers of
+those times," etc. See Sir W. Scott's edit, vol xix, pp 20-21 [T.S.]]
+
+I am persuaded that foreigners, as well as those at home, who live too
+remote from the scene of business to be rightly informed, will not be
+displeased with this account of a person, who in the space of two years,
+hath been so highly instrumental in changing the face of affairs in
+Europe, and hath deserved so well of his own Prince and country.[13]
+
+[Footnote 13: See also Swift's "Enquiry" (vol. v., pp. 425-476).
+[W.S.J.]]
+
+In that perplexed condition of the public debts, which I have already
+described, this minister was brought into the treasury and exchequer,
+and had the chief direction of affairs. His first regulation was that of
+exchequer bills, which, to the great discouragement of public credit,
+and scandal to the crown, were three _per cent._ less in value than the
+sums specified in them. The present treasurer, being then chancellor of
+the exchequer, procured an Act of Parliament, by which the Bank of
+England should be obliged, in consideration of forty-five thousand
+pounds, to accept and circulate those bills without any discount. He
+then proceeded to stop the depredations of those who dealt in
+remittances of money to the army, who, by unheard of exactions in that
+kind of traffic, had amassed prodigious wealth at the public cost, to
+which the Earl of Godolphin had given too much way,[14] _possibly by
+neglect; for I think he cannot be accused of corruption_.
+
+[Footnote 14: Added in the author's own handwriting. [ORIGINAL NOTE.] P.
+Fitzgerald gives the addition as "either through ignorance, connivance,
+or neglect." [W.S.J.]]
+
+But the new treasurer's chief concern was to restore the credit of the
+nation, by finding some settlement for unprovided debts, amounting in
+the whole to ten millions, which hung on the public as a load equally
+heavy and disgraceful, without any prospect of being removed, and which
+former ministers never had the care or courage to inspect. He resolved
+to go at once to the bottom of this evil; and having computed and summed
+up the debt of the navy, and victualling, ordnance, and transport of the
+army, and transport debentures made out for the service of the last war,
+of the general mortgage tallies for the year one thousand seven hundred
+and ten, and some other deficiencies, he then found out a fund of
+interest sufficient to answer all this, which, being applied to other
+uses, could not raise present money for the war, but in a very few years
+would clear the debt it was engaged for. The intermediate accruing
+interest was to be paid by the treasurer of the navy; and, as a farther
+advantage to the creditors, they should be erected into a company for
+trading to the South Seas, and for encouragement of fishery. When all
+this was fully prepared and digested, he made a motion in the House of
+Commons (who deferred extremely to his judgment and abilities) for
+paying the debts of the navy, and other unprovided deficiencies, without
+entering into particulars, which was immediately voted. But a sudden
+stop was put to this affair by an unforeseen accident. The chancellor of
+the exchequer (which was then his title) being stabbed with a penknife,
+the following day, at the Cockpit, in the midst of a dozen lords of the
+council, by the Sieur de Guiscard, a French papist; the circumstances of
+which fact being not within the compass of this History, I shall only
+observe, that after two months' confinement, and frequent danger of his
+life, he returned to his seat in Parliament.[15]
+
+[Footnote 15: See the particular account in "The Examiner." [ORIGINAL
+NOTE.] The reference is to Nos. 33, 41, and 42 of that paper (see vol.
+ix, of this edition). [W.S.J.]]
+
+The overtures made by this minister, of paying so vast a debt, under the
+pressures of a long war, and the difficulty of finding supplies for
+continuing it, was, during the time of his illness, ridiculed by his
+enemies as an impracticable and visionary project: and when, upon his
+return to the House, he had explained his proposal, the very proprietors
+of the debt were, many of them, prevailed on to oppose it; although the
+obtaining this trade, either through Old Spain, or directly to the
+Spanish West Indies, had been one principal end we aimed at by this war.
+However, the bill passed; and, as an immediate consequence, the naval
+bills rose to about twenty _per cent_., nor ever fell within ten of
+their discount. Another good effect of this work appeared by the
+parliamentary lotteries, which have been since erected. The last of that
+kind, under the former ministry, was eleven weeks in filling; whereas
+the first, under the present, was filled in a very few hours, although
+it cost the government less; and the others, which followed, were full
+before the Acts concerning them could pass. And to prevent incumbrances
+of this kind from growing for the future, he took care, by the utmost
+parsimony, or by suspending payments, where they seemed less to press,
+that all stores for the navy should be bought with ready money; by which
+_cent. per cent._ hath been saved in that mighty article of our expense,
+as will appear from an account taken at the victualling office on the
+9th of August, one thousand seven hundred and twelve. And the payment of
+the interest was less a burthen upon the navy, by the stores being
+bought at so cheap a rate.
+
+It might look invidious to enter into farther particulars upon this
+head, but of smaller moment. What I have above related, may serve to
+shew in how ill a condition the kingdom stood, with relation to its
+debts, by the corruption as well as negligence of former management; and
+what prudent, effectual measures have since been taken to provide for
+old incumbrances, and hinder the running into new. This may be
+sufficient for the information of the reader, perhaps already tired with
+a subject so little entertaining as that of accounts: I shall therefore
+now return to relate some of the principal matters that passed in
+Parliament, during this session.
+
+Upon the eighteenth of January the House of Lords sent down a bill to
+the Commons, for fixing the precedence of the Hanover family, which
+probably had been forgot in the Acts for settling the succession of the
+crown. That of Henry VIII. which gives the rank to princes of the blood,
+carries it no farther than to nephews, nieces, and grandchildren of the
+crown, by virtue of which the Princess Sophia is a princess of the
+blood, as niece to King Charles I of England, and precedes accordingly,
+but this privilege doth not descend to her son the Elector, or the
+electoral prince. To supply which defect, and pay a compliment to the
+presumptive heirs of the crown, this bill, as appeareth by the preamble,
+was recommended by Her Majesty to the House of Lords, which the Commons,
+to shew their zeal for every thing that might be thought to concern the
+interest or honour of that illustrious family, ordered to be read thrice,
+passed _nemine contradicente_ and returned to the Lords, without any
+amendment, on the very day it was sent down.
+
+But the House seemed to have nothing more at heart than a strict inquiry
+into the state of the nation, with respect to foreign alliances. Some
+discourses had been published in print, about the beginning of the
+session, boldly complaining of certain articles in the Barrier Treaty,
+concluded about three years since by the Lord Viscount Townshend,
+between Great Britain and the States General, and shewing, in many
+particulars, the unequal conduct of these powers in our alliance, in
+furnishing their quotas and supplies. It was asserted by the same
+writers, "That these hardships, put upon England, had been countenanced
+and encouraged by a party here at home, in order to preserve their
+power, which could be no otherwise maintained than by continuing the
+war, as well as by Her Majesty's general abroad, upon account of his own
+peculiar interest and grandeur." These loud accusations spreading
+themselves throughout the kingdom, delivered in facts directly charged,
+and thought, whether true or not, to be but weakly confuted, had
+sufficiently prepared the minds of the people, and, by putting arguments
+into every body's mouth, had filled the town and country with
+controversies, both in writing and discourse. The point appeared to be
+of great consequence, whether the war continued or not for, in the
+former case, it was necessary that the allies should be brought to a
+more equal regulation, and that the States in particular, for whom Her
+Majesty had done such great things, should explain and correct those
+articles in the Barrier Treaty which were prejudicial to Britain, and,
+in either case, it was fit the people should have at least the
+satisfaction of knowing by whose counsels, and for what designs, they
+had been so hardly treated.
+
+In order to this great inquiry, the Barrier Treaty, with all other
+treaties and agreements entered into between Her Majesty and her allies,
+during the present war, for the raising and augmenting the proportions
+for the service thereof, were, by the Queen's directions, laid before
+the House.
+
+Several resolutions were drawn up, and reported at different times, upon
+the deficiencies of the allies in furnishing their quotas, upon certain
+articles in the Barrier Treaty, and upon the state of the war; by all
+which it appeared, that whatever had been charged by public discourses
+in print against the late ministry, and the conduct of the allies, was
+much less than the truth. Upon these resolutions (by one of which the
+Lord Viscount Townshend, who negotiated and signed the Barrier Treaty,
+was declared an enemy to the Queen and kingdom), and upon some farther
+directions to the committee, a Representation was formed; and soon after
+the Commons in a body presented it to the Queen, the endeavours of the
+adverse party not prevailing to have it re-committed.
+
+This Representation (supposed to be the work of Sir Thomas Hanmer's[16]
+pen) is written with much energy and spirit, and will be a very useful
+authentic record, for the assistance of those who at any time shall
+undertake to write the history of the present times.
+
+[Footnote 16: But to which the Dean himself contributed a large share.
+[S.] Swift writes in his "Journal," under date February 21st: "I left
+them at 7, being engaged to go to Sir Tho. Hanmer, who desired I would
+see him at that hour. His business was, that I would help him to draw up
+the representation, which I consented to do" (vol. ii., p. 340). [W.S.J.]]
+
+I did intend, for brevity sake, to have given the reader only an
+abstract of it; but, upon trial, found myself unequal to such a task,
+without injuring so excellent a piece. And although I think historical
+relations are but ill patched up with long transcripts already printed,
+which, upon that account, I have hitherto avoided; yet this being the
+sum of all debates and resolutions of the House of Commons in that great
+affair of the war, I conceived it could not well be omitted.[1]
+
+[Footnote 17: This "Representation" was printed by S. Keble by order of
+the Speaker, and is also to be found in the "Journals of the House of
+Commons," vol. xvii., pp. 119-123. [W.S.J.]]
+
+"MOST GRACIOUS SOVEREIGN,
+
+"We your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the Commons of Great
+Britain in Parliament assembled, having nothing so much at heart, as to
+enable your Majesty to bring this long and expensive war to an
+honourable and happy conclusion, have taken it into our most serious
+consideration, how the necessary supplies to be provided by us may be
+best applied, and the common cause may in the most effectual manner be
+carried on, by the united force of the whole confederacy; we have
+thought ourselves obliged, in duty to your Majesty, and in discharge of
+the trust reposed in us, to inquire into the true state of the war, in
+all its parts; we have examined what stipulations have been entered into
+between your Majesty and your allies; and how far such engagements have
+on each side been made good. We have considered the different interests
+which the confederates have in the success of this war, and the
+different shares they have contributed to its support: we have with our
+utmost care and diligence endeavoured to discover the nature, extent,
+and charge of it, to the end, that by comparing the weight thereof with
+our own strength, we might adapt the one to the other in such measure,
+as neither to continue your Majesty's subjects under a heavier burden,
+than in reason and justice they ought to bear; nor deceive your Majesty,
+your allies, and ourselves, by undertaking more than the nation in its
+present circumstances is able to perform.
+
+"Your Majesty has been graciously pleased, upon our humble applications,
+to order such materials to be laid before us, as have furnished us with
+the necessary information upon the particulars we have inquired into;
+and when we shall have laid before your Majesty our observations, and
+humble advice upon this subject, we promise to ourselves this happy
+fruit from it, that if your Majesty's generous and good purposes, for
+the procuring a safe and lasting peace, should, through the obstinacy of
+the enemy, or by any other means, be unhappily defeated, a true
+knowledge and understanding of the past conduct of the war will be the
+best foundation for a more frugal and equal management of it for the
+time to come.
+
+"In order to take the more perfect view of what we proposed, and that we
+might be able to set the whole before your Majesty in a true light, we
+have thought it necessary to go back to the beginning of the war, and
+beg leave to observe the motives and reasons, upon which his late
+Majesty King William engaged first in it. The treaty of the Grand
+Alliance, explains those reasons to be for the supporting the
+pretensions of his Imperial Majesty, then actually engaged in a war with
+the French King, who had usurped the entire Spanish monarchy for his
+grandson the Duke of Anjou; and for the assisting the States General,
+who, by the loss of their barrier against France, were then in the same,
+or a more dangerous condition, than if they were actually invaded. As
+these were the just and necessary motives for undertaking this war, so
+the ends proposed to be obtained by it, were equally wise and
+honourable; for as they are set forth in the eighth article of the same
+treaty, they appear to have been _the procuring an equitable and
+reasonable satisfaction to his Imperial Majesty, and sufficient
+securities for the dominions, provinces, navigation, and commerce of the
+King of Great Britain, and the States General, and the making effectual
+provision, that the two kingdoms of France and Spain should never be
+united under the same government;_ and particularly, that the French
+should never get into the possession of the Spanish West Indies, or be
+permitted to sail thither, upon the account of traffic, under any
+pretence whatsoever; and lastly, the securing to the subjects of the
+King of Great Britain, and the States General, all the same privileges,
+and rights of commerce, throughout the whole dominions of Spain, as they
+enjoyed before the death of Charles the Second King of Spain, by virtue
+of any treaty, agreement, or custom, or any other way whatsoever. For
+the obtaining these ends, the three confederated powers engaged to
+assist one another with their whole force, according to such proportions
+as should be specified in a particular convention, afterwards to be made
+for that purpose: we do not find that any such convention was ever
+ratified; but it appears, that there was an agreement concluded, which,
+by common consent, was understood to be binding upon each party
+respectively, and according to which the proportions of Great Britain
+were from the beginning regulated and founded. The terms of that
+agreement were, That for the service at land, his Imperial Majesty
+should furnish ninety thousand men, the King of Great Britain forty
+thousand, and the States General one hundred and two thousand, of which
+there were forty-two thousand intended to supply their garrisons, and
+sixty thousand to act against the common enemy in the field; and with
+regard to the operations of the war at sea, they were agreed to be
+performed jointly by Great Britain and the States General, the quota of
+ships to be furnished for that service being five-eighths on the part of
+Great Britain, and three-eighths on the part of the States General.
+
+"Upon this foot, the war began in the year one thousand seven hundred
+and two, at which time the whole yearly expense of it to England
+amounted to three millions, seven hundred and six thousand four hundred
+ninety-four pounds; a very great charge, as it was then thought by your
+Majesty's subjects, after the short interval of ease they had enjoyed
+from the burden of the former war, but yet a very moderate proportion,
+in comparison with the load which hath since been laid upon them: for it
+appears, by estimates given in to your Commons, that the sums necessary
+to carry on the service for this present year, in the same manner as it
+was performed the last year, amount to more than six millions nine
+hundred and sixty thousand pounds, besides interest for the public
+debts, and the deficiencies accruing the last year, which two articles
+require one million one hundred and forty-three thousand pounds more: so
+that the whole demands upon your Commons are arisen to more than eight
+millions for the present annual supply. We know your Majesty's tender
+regard for the welfare of your people, will make it uneasy to you to
+hear of so great a pressure as this upon them; and as we are assured, it
+will fully convince your Majesty of the necessity of our present
+inquiry; so we beg leave to represent to you, from what causes, and by
+what steps, this immense charge appears to have grown upon us.
+
+"The service at sea, as it has been very large and extensive in itself,
+so it has been carried on, through the whole course of the war, in a
+manner highly disadvantageous to your Majesty and your kingdom: for the
+necessity of affairs requiring that great fleets should be fitted out
+every year, as well for the maintaining a superiority in the
+Mediterranean, as for opposing any force which the enemy might prepare,
+either at Dunkirk, or in the ports of West France, your Majesty's
+example and readiness in fitting out your proportion of ships, for all
+parts of that service, have been so far from prevailing with the States
+General to keep pace with you, that they have been deficient every year
+to a great degree, in proportion to what your Majesty hath furnished;
+sometimes no less than two-thirds, and generally more than half of their
+quota: from hence your Majesty has been obliged, for the preventing
+disappointments in the most pressing services, to supply those
+deficiencies by additional reinforcements of your own ships; nor hath
+the single increase of such a charge been the only ill consequence that
+attended it; for by this means the debt of the navy hath been enhanced,
+so that the discounts arising upon the credit of it have affected all
+other parts of the service. From the same cause, your Majesty's ships of
+war have been forced in greater numbers to continue in remote seas, and
+at unseasonable times of the year, to the great damage and decay of the
+British navy. This also hath been the occasion that your Majesty hath
+been straitened in your convoys for trade; your coasts have been
+exposed, for want of a sufficient number of cruisers to guard them; and
+you have been disabled from annoying the enemy, in their most beneficial
+commerce with the West Indies, from whence they received those vast
+supplies of treasure, without which they could not have supported the
+expenses of this war.
+
+"That part of the war which hath been carried on in Flanders, was at
+first immediately necessary to the security of the States General, and
+hath since brought them great acquisitions, both of revenue and
+dominion; yet even there the original proportions have been departed
+from, and, during the course of the war, have been sinking by degrees on
+the part of Holland; so that in this last year, we find the number in
+which they fell short of their three-fifths, to your Majesty's
+two-fifths, have been twenty thousand eight hundred and thirty-seven
+men: we are not unmindful, that in the year one thousand seven hundred
+and three, a treaty was made between the two nations, for a joint
+augmentation of twenty thousand men, wherein the proportions were
+varied, and England consented to take half upon itself. But it having
+been annexed as an express condition to the grant of the said
+augmentation in Parliament, that the States General should prohibit all
+trade and commerce with France, and that condition having not been
+performed by them, the Commons think it reasonable, that the first rule
+of three to two ought to have taken place again, as well in that as in
+other subsequent augmentations, more especially when they consider, that
+the revenues of those rich provinces which have been conquered, would,
+if they were duly applied, maintain a great number of new additional
+forces against the common enemy; notwithstanding which, the States
+General have raised none upon that account, but make use of those fresh
+supplies of money, only to ease themselves in the charge of their first
+established quota.
+
+"As in the progress of the war in Flanders, a disproportion was soon
+created to the prejudice of England; so the very beginning of the war in
+Portugal, brought an unequal share of burden upon us; for although the
+Emperor and the States General were equally parties with your Majesty in
+the treaty with the King of Portugal, yet the Emperor neither furnishing
+his third part of the troops and subsidies stipulated for, nor the Dutch
+consenting to take an equal share of his Imperial Majesty's defect upon
+themselves, your Majesty hath been obliged to furnish two-thirds of the
+entire expense created by that service. Nor has the inequality stopped
+there; for ever since the year one thousand seven hundred and six, when
+the English and Dutch forces marched out of Portugal into Castile, the
+States General have entirely abandoned the war in Portugal, and left
+your Majesty to prosecute it singly at your own charge, which you have
+accordingly done, by replacing a greater number of troops there, than
+even at first you took upon you to provide. At the same time your
+Majesty's generous endeavours for the support and defence of the King of
+Portugal, have been but ill seconded by that Prince himself; for
+notwithstanding that by his treaty he had obliged himself to furnish
+twelve thousand foot, and three thousand horse, upon his own account,
+besides eleven thousand foot, and two thousand horse more, in
+consideration of a subsidy paid him; yet, according to the best
+information your Commons can procure, it appears, that he hath scarce at
+any time furnished thirteen thousand men in the whole.
+
+"In Spain the war hath been yet more unequal, and burdensome to your
+Majesty, than in any other branch of it; for being commenced without any
+treaty whatsoever, the allies have almost wholly declined taking any
+part of it upon themselves. A small body of English and Dutch troops
+were sent thither in the year one thousand seven hundred and five, not
+as being thought sufficient to support a regular war, or to make the
+conquest of so large a country; but with a view only of assisting the
+Spaniards to set King Charles upon the throne; occasioned by the great
+assurances which were given of their inclinations to the House of
+Austria: but this expectation failing, England was insensibly drawn into
+an established war, under all the disadvantages of the distance of the
+place, and the feeble efforts of the other allies. The account we have
+to lay before your Majesty, upon this head, is, that although the
+undertaking was entered upon at the particular and earnest request of
+the imperial court, and for a cause of no less importance and concern to
+them, than the reducing the Spanish monarchy to the House of Austria;
+yet neither the late emperors, nor his present Imperial Majesty, have
+ever had any forces there on their own account, till the last year; and
+then, only one regiment of foot, consisting of two thousand men. Though
+the States General have contributed something more to this service, yet
+their share also hath been inconsiderable; for in the space of four
+years, from one thousand seven hundred and five, to one thousand seven
+hundred and eight, both inclusive, all the forces they have sent into
+that country have not exceeded twelve thousand two hundred men; and from
+the year one thousand seven hundred and eight to this time, they have
+not sent any forces or recruits whatsoever. To your Majesty's care and
+charge the recovery of that kingdom hath been in a manner wholly left,
+as if none else were interested or concerned in it. And the forces which
+your Majesty hath sent into Spain, in the space of seven years, from one
+thousand seven hundred and five to one thousand seven hundred and
+eleven, both inclusive, have amounted to no less than fifty-seven
+thousand nine hundred seventy-three men; besides thirteen battalions and
+eighteen squadrons, for which your Majesty hath paid a subsidy to the
+Emperor.
+
+"How great the established expense of such a number of men hath been,
+your Majesty very well knows, and your Commons very sensibly feel; but
+the weight will be found much greater, when it is considered how many
+heavy articles of unusual and extraordinary charge have attended this
+remote and difficult service, all which have been entirely defrayed by
+your Majesty, except that one of transporting the few forces, which were
+sent by the States General, and the victualling of them during their
+transportation only. The accounts delivered to your Commons shew, that
+the charge of your Majesty's ships and vessels, employed in the service
+of the war in Spain and Portugal, reckoned after the rate of four pounds
+a man _per_ month, from the time they sailed from hence, till they
+returned, were lost, or put upon other services, hath amounted to six
+millions five hundred and forty thousand nine hundred and sixty-six
+pounds fourteen shillings: the charge of transports on the part of Great
+Britain, for carrying on the war in Spain and Portugal, from the
+beginning of it till this time, hath amounted to one million three
+hundred thirty-six thousand seven hundred and nineteen pounds, nineteen
+shillings, and elevenpence; that of victualling land forces for the same
+service, to five hundred eighty-three thousand seven hundred and seventy
+pounds, eight shillings, and sixpence; and that of contingencies, and
+other extraordinaries for the same service, to one million eight hundred
+and forty thousand three hundred and fifty-three pounds.
+
+"We should take notice to your Majesty of several sums paid upon account
+of contingencies, and extraordinaries in Flanders, making together the
+sum of one million one hundred and seven thousand and ninety-six pounds:
+but we are not able to make any comparison of them, with what the States
+General have expended upon the same head, having no such state of their
+extraordinary charge before us. There remains therefore but one
+particular more for your Majesty's observation, which arises from the
+subsidies paid to foreign princes. These, at the beginning of the war,
+were borne in equal proportion by your Majesty, and the States General;
+but in this instance also, the balance hath been cast in prejudice of
+your Majesty: for it appears, that your Majesty hath since advanced more
+than your equal proportion, three millions one hundred and fifty-five
+thousand crowns[18], besides extraordinaries paid in Italy, and not
+included in any of the foregoing articles, which arise to five hundred
+thirty-nine thousand five hundred and fifty-three pounds.
+
+[Footnote 18: In the "Journals of the House of Commons," vol. xvii., p.
+48, is an exact state of all the subsidies and extra expenses, from 1702
+to 1711. [N.]]
+
+"We have laid these several particulars before your Majesty in the
+shortest manner we have been able; and by an estimate grounded on the
+preceding facts, it does appear, that over and above the quotas on the
+part of Great Britain, answering to those contributed by your allies,
+more than nineteen millions have been expended by your Majesty, during
+the course of this war, by way of surplusage, or exceeding in balance,
+of which none of the confederates have furnished any thing whatsoever.
+
+"It is with very great concern, that we find so much occasion given us,
+to represent how ill an use hath been made of your Majesty's and your
+subjects' zeal for the common cause; that the interest of that cause
+hath not been proportionably promoted by it, but others only have been
+eased at your Majesty's and your subjects' costs, and have been connived
+at, in laying their part of the burden upon this kingdom, although they
+have upon all accounts been equally, and in most respects, much more
+nearly concerned than Britain in the issue of the war. We are persuaded
+your Majesty will think it pardonable in us, with some resentment to
+complain of the little regard, which some of those, whom your Majesty of
+late years intrusted, have shewn to the interests of their country, in
+giving way, at least, to such unreasonable impositions upon it, if not
+in some measure contriving them. The course of which impositions hath
+been so singular and extraordinary, that the more the wealth of this
+nation hath been exhausted, and the more your Majesty's arms have been
+attended with success, the heavier hath been the burden laid upon us;
+whilst on the other hand, the more vigorous your Majesty's efforts have
+been, and the greater the advantages which have redounded thence to your
+allies, the more those allies have abated in their share of the expense.
+
+"At the first entrance into this war, the Commons were induced to exert
+themselves in the extraordinary manner they did, and to grant such large
+supplies, as had been unknown to former ages, in hopes thereby to
+prevent the mischiefs of a lingering war, and to bring that, in which
+they were necessarily engaged, to a speedy conclusion; but they have
+been very unhappy in the event, whilst they have so much reason to
+suspect, that what was intended to shorten the war, hath proved the very
+cause of its long continuance; for those, to whom the profits of it have
+accrued, have been disposed not easily to forgo them. And your Majesty
+will from thence discern _the true reason, why so many have delighted in
+a war, which brought in so rich an harvest yearly from Great Britain_.
+
+"We are as far from desiring, as we know your Majesty will be from
+concluding any peace, but upon safe and honourable terms; and we are far
+from intending to excuse ourselves from raising all necessary and
+possible supplies, for an effectual prosecution of the war, till such a
+peace can be obtained: all that your faithful Commons aim at, all that
+they wish, is an equal concurrence from the other powers, engaged in
+alliance with your Majesty; and a just application of what hath been
+already gained from the enemy, towards promoting the common cause.
+Several large countries and territories have been restored to the house
+of Austria, such as the kingdom of Naples, the duchy of Milan, and other
+places in Italy; others have been conquered, and added to their
+dominions, as the two electorates of Bavaria and Cologne, the duchy of
+Mantua, and the bishopric of Liege; these having been reduced in great
+measure by our blood and treasure, may, we humbly conceive, with great
+reason, be claimed to come in aid towards carrying on the war in Spain.
+And therefore we make it our earnest request to your Majesty, that you
+will give instructions to your ministers, to insist with the Emperor,
+that the revenues of those several places, excepting only such a portion
+thereof as is necessary for their defence, be actually so applied: and
+as to the other parts of the war, to which your Majesty hath obliged
+yourself by particular treaties to contribute, we humbly beseech your
+Majesty, that you will be pleased to take effectual care, that your
+allies do perform their parts stipulated by those treaties; and that
+your Majesty will, for the future, no otherwise furnish troops, or pay
+subsidies, than in proportion to what your allies shall actually furnish
+and pay. When this justice is done to your Majesty, and to your people,
+there is nothing which your Commons will not cheerfully grant, towards
+supporting your Majesty in the cause in which you are engaged. And
+whatever farther shall appear to be necessary for carrying on the war,
+either at sea or land, we will effectually enable your Majesty to bear
+your reasonable share of any such expense, and will spare no supplies
+which your subjects are able, with their utmost efforts to afford.
+
+"After having enquired into, and considered the state of the war, in
+which the part your Majesty has borne, appears to have been, not only
+superior to that of any one ally, but even equal to that of the whole
+confederacy; your Commons naturally inclined to hope, that they should
+find care had been taken of securing some particular advantages to
+Britain, in the terms of a future peace; such as might afford a prospect
+of making the nation amends, in time, for that immense treasure which
+has been expended, and those heavy debts which have been contracted, in
+the course of so long and burdensome a war. This reasonable expectation
+could no way have been better answered, than by some provision made for
+the further security, and the greater improvement of the commerce of
+Great Britain; but we find ourselves so very far disappointed in these
+hopes, that in a treaty not long since concluded between your Majesty
+and the States General, under colour of a mutual guarantee, given for
+two points of the greatest importance to both nations, the Succession,
+and the Barrier; it appears, the interest of Great Britain hath been not
+only neglected, but sacrificed; and that several articles in the said
+treaty, are destructive to the trade and welfare of this kingdom, and
+therefore highly dishonourable to your Majesty.
+
+"Your Commons observe, in the first place, that several towns and places
+are, by virtue of this treaty, to be put into the hands of the States
+General, particularly Nieuport, Dendermonde, and the castle of Ghent,
+which can in no sense be looked upon as part of a barrier against
+France, but being the keys of the Netherlands towards Britain, must make
+the trade of your Majesty's subjects in those parts precarious, and
+whenever the States think fit, totally exclude them from it. The
+pretended necessity of putting these places into the hands of the States
+General, in order to secure to them a communication with their barrier,
+must appear vain and groundless; for the sovereignty of the Low
+Countries being not to remain to an enemy, but to a friend and an ally,
+that communication must be always secure and uninterrupted; besides
+that, in case of a rupture, or any attack, the States have full liberty
+allowed them to take possession of all the Spanish Netherlands, and
+therefore needed no particular stipulation for the towns above
+mentioned.
+
+"Having taken notice of this concession made to the States General, for
+seizing upon the whole ten provinces; we cannot but observe to your
+Majesty, that in the manner this article is framed, it is another
+dangerous circumstance which attends this treaty; for had such a
+provision been confined to the case of an apparent attack from France
+only, the avowed design of this treaty had been fulfilled, and your
+Majesty's instructions to your ambassador had been pursued: but this
+necessary restriction hath been omitted, and the same liberty is granted
+to the States, to take possession of all the Netherlands, whenever they
+shall think themselves attacked by any other neighbouring nation, as
+when they shall be in danger from France; so that if it should at any
+time happen (which your Commons are very unwilling to suppose) that they
+should quarrel, even with your Majesty, the riches, strength, and
+advantageous situation of these countries, may be made use of against
+yourself, without whose generous and powerful assistance they had never
+been conquered.
+
+"To return to those ill consequences which relate to the trade of your
+kingdoms, we beg leave to observe to your Majesty, that though this
+treaty revives, and renders your Majesty a party to the fourteenth and
+fifteenth articles of the Treaty of Munster,[19] by virtue of which, the
+impositions upon all goods and merchandises brought into the Spanish Low
+Countries by the sea, are to equal those laid on goods and merchandises
+imported by the Scheldt, and the canals of Sass and Swyn, and other
+mouths of the sea adjoining; yet no care is taken to preserve that
+equality upon the exportation of those goods out of the Spanish
+provinces, into those countries and places, which, by virtue of this
+treaty, are to be in the possession of the States; the consequence of
+which must in time be, and your Commons are informed, that in some
+instances it has already proved to be the case, that the impositions
+upon goods carried into those countries and places, by the subjects of
+the States General, will be taken off, while those upon the goods
+imported by your Majesty's subjects remain: by which means, Great
+Britain will entirely lose this most beneficial branch of trade, which
+it has in all ages been possessed of, even from the time when those
+countries were governed by the house of Burgundy, one of the most
+ancient, as well as the most useful allies to the crown of England.
+
+[Footnote 19: Concluded June 30th, 1643. See note in vol. v., p. 150, of
+present edition. [T.S.]]
+
+"With regard to the other dominions and territories of Spain, your
+Majesty's subjects have always been distinguished in their commerce with
+them, and both by ancient treaties, and an uninterrupted custom, have
+enjoyed greater privileges and immunities of trade, than either the
+Hollanders, or any other nation whatsoever. And that wise and excellent
+treaty of the Grand Alliance, provides effectually for the security and
+continuance of these valuable privileges to Britain, in such a manner,
+as that each nation might be left, at the end of war, upon the same foot
+as it stood at the commencement of it: but this treaty we now complain
+of, instead of confirming your subjects' rights, surrenders and destroys
+them; for although by the sixteenth and seventeenth articles of the
+Treaty of Munster, made between his Catholic Majesty and the States
+General, all advantages of trade are stipulated for, and granted to the
+Hollanders, equal to what the English enjoyed; yet the crown of England
+not being a party to that treaty, the subjects of England have never
+submitted to those articles of it, nor even the Spaniards themselves
+ever observed them; but this treaty revives those articles in prejudice
+of Great Britain, and makes your Majesty a party to them, and even a
+guarantee to the States General, for privileges against your own people.
+
+"In how deliberate and extraordinary a manner your Majesty's ambassador
+consented to deprive your subjects of their ancient rights, and your
+Majesty of the power of procuring to them any new advantage, most
+evidently appears from his own letters, which, by your Majesty's
+directions, have been laid before your Commons:[20] for when matters of
+advantage to your Majesty, and to your kingdom, had been offered, as
+proper to be made parts of this treaty, they were refused to be admitted
+by the States General, upon this reason and principle, that nothing
+foreign to the guaranties of the Succession, and of the Barrier, should
+be mingled with them; notwithstanding which, the States General had no
+sooner received notice of a treaty of commerce concluded between your
+Majesty and the present Emperor, but they departed from the rule
+proposed before, and insisted upon the article, of which your Commons
+now complain; which article your Majesty's ambassador allowed of,
+although equally foreign to the Succession, or the Barrier; and although
+he had for that reason departed from other articles, which would have
+been for the service of his own country.
+
+[Footnote 20: Printed in the "Journals," vol. xvii., pp. 87-89. [N.]]
+
+"We have forborne to trouble your Majesty with general observations upon
+this treaty, as it relates to and affects the empire, and other parts of
+Europe. The mischiefs which arise from it to Great Britain, are what
+only we have presumed humbly to represent to you, as they are very
+evident, and very great: and as it appears, that the Lord Viscount
+Townshend had not any orders, or authority, for concluding several of
+those articles, which are most prejudicial to your Majesty's subjects;
+we have thought we could do no less than declare your said ambassador,
+who negotiated and signed, and all others who advised the ratifying of
+this treaty, enemies to your Majesty and to your kingdom.
+
+"Upon these faithful informations, and advices from your Commons, we
+assure ourselves your Majesty, in your great goodness to your people,
+will rescue them from those evils, which the private counsels of
+ill-designing men have exposed them to; and that in your great wisdom
+you will find some means for the explaining, and amending, the several
+articles of this treaty, so as that they may consist with the interest
+of Great Britain, and with real and lasting friendship between your
+Majesty and the States General."[21]
+
+[Footnote 21: This Representation was presented to Her Majesty March
+4th, 171-1/2 and answered March 5th. [N.]]
+
+Between the Representation and the first debates upon the subject of it,
+several weeks had passed; during which time the Parliament had other
+matters likewise before them, that deserve to be mentioned. For on the
+ninth of February was repealed the Act for Naturalizing Foreign
+Protestants, which had been passed under the last ministry, and, as many
+people thought, to very ill purposes. By this Act any foreigner, who
+would take the oaths to the government, and profess himself a
+Protestant, of whatever denomination, was immediately naturalized, and
+had all the privileges of an English born subject, at the expense of a
+shilling.[22] Most Protestants abroad differ from us in the points of
+church government; so that all the acquisitions by this Act would
+increase the number of Dissenters; and therefore the proposal, that such
+foreigners should be obliged to conform to the established worship, was
+rejected. But because several persons were fond of this project, as a
+thing that would be of mighty advantage to the kingdom, I shall say a
+few words upon it.
+
+[Footnote 22: See "The Examiner," Nos. 26 and 45, in vol. ix. of this
+edition. [W.S.J.]]
+
+The maxim, "That people are the riches of a nation," hath been crudely
+understood by many writers and reasoners upon that subject. There are
+several ways by which people are brought into a country. Sometimes a
+nation is invaded and subdued; and the conquerors seize the lands, and
+make the natives their under-tenants or servants. Colonies have been
+always planted where the natives were driven out or destroyed, or the
+land uncultivated and waste. In those countries where the lord of the
+soil is master of the labour and liberty of his tenants, or of slaves
+bought by his money, men's riches are reckoned by the number of their
+vassals. And sometimes, in governments newly instituted, where there are
+not people to till the ground, many laws have been made to encourage and
+allure numbers from the neighbouring countries. And, in all these cases,
+the new comers have either lands allotted them, or are slaves to the
+proprietors. But to invite helpless families, by thousands, into a
+kingdom inhabited like ours, without lands to give them, and where the
+laws will not allow that they should be part of the property as
+servants, is a wrong application of the maxim, and the same thing, in
+great, as infants dropped at the doors, which are only a burthen and
+charge to the parish. The true way of multiplying mankind to public
+advantage, in such a country as England, is to invite from abroad only
+able handicraftsmen and artificers, or such who bring over a sufficient
+share of property to secure them from want; to enact and enforce
+sumptuary laws against luxury, and all excesses in clothing, furniture,
+and the like; to encourage matrimony, and reward, as the Romans did,
+those who have a certain number of children. Whether bringing over the
+Palatines were a mere consequence of this law for a general
+naturalization; or whether, as many surmised, it had some other meaning,
+it appeared manifestly, by the issue, that the public was a loser by
+every individual among them; and that a kingdom can no more be the
+richer by such an importation, than a man can be fatter by a wen, which
+is unsightly and troublesome, at best, and intercepts that nourishment,
+which would otherwise diffuse itself through the whole body.
+
+About a fortnight after, the Commons sent up a bill for securing the
+freedom of Parliaments, by limiting the number of Members in that House
+who should be allowed to possess employments under the crown.[23] Bills
+to the same effect, promoted by both parties, had, after making the like
+progress, been rejected in former Parliaments; the court and ministry,
+who will ever be against such a law, having usually a greater influence
+in the House of Lords, and so it happened now. Although that influence
+were less, I am apt to think that such a law would be too thorough a
+reformation in one point, while we have so many corruptions in the rest;
+and perhaps the regulations, already made on that article, are
+sufficient, by which several employments incapacitate a man from being
+chosen a Member, and all of them bring it to a new election.[24]
+
+[Footnote 23: This self-denying ordinance easily passed through the
+House of Commons, where probably men were ashamed of opposing it; and in
+such a temper were the Peers, in whose House the ministry proposed to
+make the stand, that it was very likely to have passed there also. But
+an amendment was ingeniously thrown in, to suspend the operation of the
+proposed Act until after the Queen's death; so that it was evaded for
+the present, and never again revived. [S.] The Bill was rejected
+February 29th, 171-1/2. [W.S.J.]]
+
+
+[Footnote 24: P. Fitzgerald adds, "Neither do I believe any man who
+truly understands and loves our constitution will imagine that the
+prerogative hath not been sufficiently humbled within twenty years
+past." [W.S.J.]]
+
+For my own part, when I consider the temper of particular persons, and
+by what maxims they have acted (almost without exception) in their
+private capacities, I cannot conceive how such a bill should obtain a
+majority, unless every man expected to be one of the fifty, which, I
+think, was the limitation intended.
+
+About the same time, likewise, the House of Commons advanced one
+considerable step towards securing us against farther impositions from
+our allies, resolving that the additional forces should be continued;
+but with a condition, that the Dutch should make good their proportion
+of three-fifths to two-fifths, which those confederates had so long, and
+in so great degree, neglected. The Duke of Marlborough's deduction of
+two and a half _per cent._, from the pay of the foreign troops, was also
+applied for carrying on the war.[25]
+
+[Footnote 25: In the "Journals of the House of Commons," vol. xvii., pp.
+15-18, the Report of the Commissioners is printed, in which is included
+the Duke's justification of his conduct. See above, p. 85. [N.]]
+
+Lastly, within this period is to be included the Act passed to prevent
+the disturbing those of the Episcopal Communion in Scotland[26] in the
+exercise of their religious worship, and in the use of the liturgy of
+the Church of England.[27] It is known enough, that the most
+considerable of the nobility and gentry there, as well as great numbers
+of the people, dread the tyrannical discipline of those synods and
+presbyteries; and at the same time have the utmost contempt for the
+abilities and tenets of their teachers. It was besides thought an
+inequality, beyond all appearance of reason or justice, that Dissenters
+of every denomination here, who are the meanest and most illiterate part
+amongst us, should possess a toleration by law, under colour of which
+they might, upon occasion, be bold enough to insult the religion
+established, while those of the Episcopal Church in Scotland[28] groaned
+under a real persecution. The only specious objection against this bill
+was, that it set the religion by law, in both parts of the island, upon
+a different foot, directly contrary to the Union; because, by an Act
+passed this very session against occasional conformity, our Dissenters
+were shut out from all employments. A petition from Carstares, and other
+Scotch professors, against this bill, was offered to the House, but not
+accepted; and a motion made by the other party, to receive a clause that
+should restrain all persons, who have any office in Scotland,[28] from
+going to episcopal meetings, passed in the negative. It is manifest,
+that the promoters of this clause were not moved by any regard for
+Scotland,[28] which is by no means their favourite at present; only they
+hoped, that, if it were made part of a law, it might occasion such a
+choice of representatives in both Houses, from Scotland,[28] as would be
+a considerable strength to their faction here. But the proposition was
+in itself extremely absurd, that so many lords, and other persons of
+distinction, who have great employments, pensions, posts in the army,
+and other places of profit, many of whom are in frequent or constant
+attendance at the court, and utterly dislike their national way of
+worship, should be deprived of their liberty of conscience at home; not
+to mention those who are sent thither from hence to take care of the
+revenue, and other affairs, who would ill digest the changing of their
+religion for that of Scotland.[28]
+
+With a farther view of favour towards the episcopal clergy of
+Scotland,[28] three Members of that country were directed to bring in a
+bill for restoring the patrons to their ancient rights of presenting
+ministers to the vacant churches there, which the kirk, during the
+height of their power, had obtained for themselves[29] And, to conclude
+this subject at once, the Queen, at the close of the session, commanded
+Mr Secretary St John to acquaint the House, "That, pursuant to their
+address, the profits arising from the bishops' estates in Scotland,
+which remained in the crown, should be applied to the support of such of
+the episcopal clergy there, as would take the oaths to Her Majesty."[30]
+
+[Footnote 26: P. Fitzgerald says "North Britain." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 27: The "Act to prevent," etc. (10 Ann. c. 10) was ordered
+January 21st, and received the Royal Assent March 3rd, 171-1/2,
+[W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 28: P. Fitzgerald says "North Britain." [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 29: The Scotch Patronage Bill was ordered March 13th, [1711],
+passed April 7th, and received the Royal Assent May 22nd, 1712 (10 Ann c
+21). It did not refer to the Episcopal Church. [W.S.J.]
+
+The Church of Scotland viewed the bills for restoring to the gentry the
+right of patronage, and for tolerating the exercise of the Episcopal
+persuasion, with great jealousy. The Reverend Mr William Carstares, who
+had been secretary to King William, and was Principal of the College of
+Edinburgh, was deputed to go to London at the head of a commission of
+the church, to oppose the bills while in dependence. His biographer has
+justly remarked, that these enactments considered at the time as fatal
+to the interests of Presbytery in Scotland, have, upon experience,
+proved her best security.
+
+"Upon the one hand, the Act of Toleration, by taking the weapon of
+offence out of the hands of the Presbyterians, removed the chief grounds
+of those resentments which the friends of prelacy entertained against
+them, and in a few years almost annihilated Episcopacy in Scotland Upon
+the other hand, the Act restoring Patronages, by restoring the nobility
+and gentlemen of property to then wonted influence in the settlement of
+the clergy, reconciled numbers of them to the established church, who
+had conceived the most violent prejudices against that mode of election,
+and against the Presbyterian clergy, who were settled upon it. It is
+likewise an incontestable fact, that, from the date of these two Acts,
+the Church of Scotland has enjoyed a state of tranquillity to which she
+was an utter stranger before." (Life of Carstares, prefixed to
+Carstares's "State Papers," 1774, p 85) [S]]
+
+[Footnote 30: This message was reported to the House of Commons June
+19th, 1712. [W.S.J]]
+
+Nothing could more amply justify the proceedings of the Queen and her
+ministers, for two years past, than that famous Representation above at
+large recited, the unbiassed wisdom of the nation, after the strictest
+inquiry, confirming those facts upon which Her Majesty's counsels were
+grounded and many persons, who were before inclined to believe that the
+allies and the late ministry had been too much loaded by the malice,
+misrepresentations, or ignorance of writers, were now fully convinced of
+their mistake by so great an authority. Upon this occasion I cannot
+forbear doing justice to Mr. St. John,[31] who had been secretary of
+war, for several years, under the former administration, where he had
+the advantage of observing how affairs were managed both at home and
+abroad. He was one of those who shared in the present treasurer's
+fortune, resigning his employment at the same time; and upon that
+minister's being again taken into favour, this gentleman was some time
+after made secretary of state. There he began afresh, by the
+opportunities of his station, to look into past miscarriages; and, by
+the force of an extraordinary genius, and application to public affairs,
+joined with an invincible eloquence, laid open the scene of miscarriages
+and corruptions through the whole course of the war, in so evident a
+manner, that the House of Commons seemed principally directed in their
+resolutions, upon this inquiry, by his information and advice. In a
+short time after the Representation was published, there appeared a
+memorial in the Dutch "Gazette," as by order of the States, reflecting
+very much upon the said Representation, as well as the resolutions on
+which it was founded, pretending to deny some of the facts, and to
+extenuate others. This memorial, translated into English, a common
+writer of news had the boldness to insert in one of his papers. A
+complaint being made thereof to the House of Commons, they voted the
+pretended memorial to be a false, scandalous, malicious libel, and
+ordered the printer to be taken into custody.[32]
+
+[Footnote 31: See his character in Swift's "Enquiry," vol. v., pp.
+430-431, of this edition. [W.S.J.]]
+
+[Footnote 32: The memorial appeared in the "Daily Courant" of 7th and
+8th April, for which Samuel Buckley, the writer and printer, was ordered
+by the House of Commons to be taken into custody on April 11th.
+[W.S.J.]]
+
+It was the misfortune of the ministers, that while they were baited by
+their professed adversaries of the discontented faction, acting in
+confederacy with emissaries of foreign powers, to break the measures Her
+Majesty had taken towards a peace, they met at the same time with
+frequent difficulties from those who agreed and engaged with them to
+pursue the same general end; but sometimes disapproved the methods as
+too slack and remiss, or, in appearance, now and then perhaps a little
+dubious. In the first session of this Parliament, a considerable number
+of gentlemen, all members of the House of Commons, began to meet by
+themselves, and consult what course they ought to steer in this new
+world. They intended to revive a new country party in Parliament, which
+might, as in former times, oppose the court in any proceedings they
+disliked. The whole body was of such who profess what is commonly called
+high-church principles, upon which account they were irreconcilable
+enemies to the late ministry and all its adherents. On the other side,
+considering the temper of the new men in power, that they were persons
+who had formerly moved between the two extremes, those gentlemen, who
+were impatient for an entire change, and to see all their adversaries
+laid at once as low as the dust, began to be apprehensive that the work
+would be done by halves. But the juncture of affairs at that time, both
+at home and abroad, would by no means admit of the least precipitation,
+although the Queen and her first minister had been disposed to it, which
+certainly they were not. Neither did the court seem at all uneasy at
+this league, formed in appearance against it, but composed of honest
+gentlemen who wished well to their country, in which both were entirely
+agreed, although they might differ about the means; or if such a society
+should begin to grow resty, nothing was easier than to divide them, and
+render all their endeavours ineffectual.[33]
+
+[Footnote 33: See Swift's "Advice to Members of the October Club," vol.
+v., pp. 207-225. [W.S.J.]]
+
+But in the course of that first session, many of this society became
+gradually reconciled to the new ministry, whom they found to be greater
+objects of the common enemy's hatred than themselves; and the attempt of
+Guiscard, as it gained farther time for deferring the disposal of
+employments, so it much endeared that person to the kingdom, who was so
+near falling a sacrifice to the safety of his country. Upon the last
+session of which I am now writing, this October Club (as it was called)
+renewed their usual meetings, but were now very much altered from their
+original institution, and seemed to have wholly dropped the design, as
+of no further use. They saw a point carried in the House of Lords
+against the court, that would end in the ruin of the kingdom; and they
+observed the enemy's whole artillery directly levelled at the
+treasurer's head. In short, the majority of the club had so good an
+understanding with the great men at court, that two of the latter,[34]
+to shew to the world how fair a correspondence there was between the
+court and country party, consented to be at one of their dinners; but
+this intercourse had an event very different from what was expected: for
+immediately the more zealous members of that society broke off from the
+rest, and composed a new one, made up of gentlemen, who seemed to expect
+little of the court; and perhaps, with a mixture of others who thought
+themselves disappointed, or too long delayed.[35] Many of these were
+observed to retain an incurable jealousy of the treasurer, and to
+interpret all delays, which they could not comprehend, as a reserve of
+favour in this minister to the persons and principles of the abandoned
+party.
+
+[Footnote 34: Mr. St. John and Mr. Bromley. [N.]]
+
+[Footnote 35: This was called the March Club, but did not long subsist.
+It seems probable that it included those _Tories_ whose principles went
+the length of Jacobitism. [S.]]
+
+Upon an occasion offered about this time, some persons, out of distrust
+to the treasurer, endeavoured to obtain a point, which could not have
+been carried without putting all into confusion. A Bill was brought into
+the House of Commons, appointing commissioners to examine into the value
+of all lands, and other interests granted by the crown since the
+thirteenth day of February, one thousand six hundred and eighty-eight,
+and upon what considerations such grants had been made. The united
+country interest in the House was extremely set upon passing this Bill.
+They had conceived an opinion from former precedents, that the court
+would certainly oppose all steps towards a resumption of grants; and
+those who were apprehensive that the treasurer inclined the same way,
+proposed the Bill should be tacked to another, for raising a fund by
+duties upon soap and paper, which hath been always imputed, whether
+justly or no, as a favourite expedient of those called the Tory party.
+At the same time it was very well known, that the House of Lords had
+made a fixed and unanimous resolution against giving their concurrence
+to the passing such united bills: so that the consequences of this
+project must have been to bring the ministry under difficulties, to stop
+the necessary supplies, and endanger the good correspondence between
+both Houses; notwithstanding all which the majority carried it for a
+tack; and the committee was instructed accordingly to make the two Bills
+into one, whereby the worst that could happen would have followed, if
+the treasurer had not convinced the warm leaders in this affair, by
+undeniable reasons, that the means they were using would certainly
+disappoint the end; that neither himself, nor any other of the Queen's
+servants, were at all against this enquiry; and he promised his utmost
+credit to help forward the bill in the House of Lords. He prevailed at
+last to have it sent up single; but their lordships gave it another kind
+of reception. Those who were of the side opposite to the court,
+withstood it to a man, as in a party case: among the rest, some very
+personally concerned, and others by friends and relations, which they
+supposed a sufficient excuse to be absent, or dissent. Even those, whose
+grants were antecedent to this intended inspection, began to be alarmed
+as men, whose neighbours' houses are on fire. A shew of zeal for the
+late king's honour, occasioned many reflections upon the date of this
+enquiry, which was to commence with his reign: and the Earl of
+Nottingham, who had now flung away the mask which he had lately pulled
+off, like one who had no other view but that of vengeance against the
+Queen and her friends, acted consistently enough with his design, by
+voting as a lord against the Bill, after he had directed his son in the
+House of Commons to vote for the tack.
+
+Thus miscarried this popular Bill for appointing commissioners to
+examine into royal grants; but whether those chiefly concerned did
+rightly consult their own interest, hath been made a question, which
+perhaps time will resolve. It was agreed that the Queen, by her own
+authority, might have issued out a commission for such an enquiry, and
+every body believed, that the intention of the Parliament was only to
+tax the grants with about three years' purchase, and at the same time
+establish the proprietors in possession of the remainder for ever; so
+that, upon the whole, the grantees would have been great gainers by such
+an Act, since the titles of those lands, as they stood then, were hardly
+of half value with others either for sale or settlement. Besides, the
+examples of the Irish forfeitures might have taught these precarious
+owners, that when the House of Commons hath once engaged in a pursuit,
+which they think is right, although it be stopped or suspended for a
+while, they will be sure to renew it upon every opportunity that offers,
+and seldom fail of success: for instance, if the resumption should
+happen to be made part of a supply, which can be easily done without the
+objection of a tack, the grantees might possibly then have much harder
+conditions given them; and I do not see how they could prevent it.
+Whether the resuming of royal grants be consistent with good policy or
+justice, would be too long a disquisition: besides, the profusion of
+kings is not like to be a grievance for the future, because there have
+been laws since made to provide against that evil, or, indeed, rather
+because the crown has nothing left to give away. But the objection made
+against the date of the intended enquiry was invidious and trifling; for
+King James II. made very few grants: he was a better manager, and
+squandering was none of his faults; whereas the late king, who came over
+here a perfect stranger to our laws, and to our people, regardless of
+posterity, wherein he was not likely to survive, thought he could no way
+better strengthen a new title, than by purchasing friends at the expense
+of every thing which was in his power to part with.
+
+The reasonableness of uniting to a money bill one of a different nature,
+which is usually called _tacking_ hath been likewise much debated, and
+will admit of argument enough. In ancient times, when a Parliament was
+held, the Commons first proposed their grievances to be redressed, and
+then gave their aids; so that it was a perfect bargain between the king
+and the subject. This fully answered the ends of tacking. Aids were then
+demanded upon occasions which would hardly pass at present; such, for
+instance, as those for making the king's son a knight, marrying his
+eldest daughter, and some others of the like sort. Most of the money
+went into the king's coffers for his private use; neither was he
+accountable for any part of it. Hence arose the form of the king's
+thanking his subjects for their benevolence, when any subsidies, tenths,
+or fifteenths were given him: but the supplies now granted are of
+another nature, and cannot be properly called a particular benefit to
+the crown, because they are all appropriated to their several uses: so
+that when the House of Commons tack to a money bill what is foreign and
+hard to be digested, if it be not passed, they put themselves and their
+country in as great difficulties as the prince. On the other side, there
+have been several regulations made, through the course of time, in
+parliamentary proceedings; among which it is grown a rule, that a Bill
+once rejected shall not be brought up again the same session; whereby
+the Commons seem to have lost the advantage of purchasing a redress of
+their grievances, by granting supplies, which, upon some emergencies,
+hath put them upon this expedient of tacking: so that there is more to
+be said on each side of the case, than is convenient for me to trouble
+the reader or myself in deducing.
+
+Among the matters of importance during this session, we may justly
+number the proceedings of the House of Commons with relation to the
+press, since Her Majesty's message to the House, of January the
+seventeenth, concludes with a paragraph, representing the great licences
+taken in publishing false and scandalous libels, such as are a reproach
+to any government; and recommending to them to find a remedy equal to
+the mischief. The meaning of these words in the message, seems to be
+confined to these weekly and daily papers and pamphlets, reflecting upon
+the persons and the management of the ministry. But the House of
+Commons, in their address, which answers this message, makes an addition
+of the blasphemies against God and religion; and it is certain, that
+nothing would be more for the honour of the legislature, than some
+effectual law for putting a stop to this universal mischief: but as the
+person,[36] who advised the Queen in that part of her message, had only
+then in his thoughts the redressing of the political and factious
+libels, I think he ought to have taken care, by his great credit in the
+House, to have proposed some ways by which that evil might be removed;
+the law for taxing single papers having produced a quite contrary
+effect, as was then foreseen by many persons, and hath since been found
+true by experience, For the adverse party, full of rage and leisure
+since their fall, and unanimous in defence of their cause, employ a set
+of writers by subscription, who are well versed in all the topics of
+defamation, and have a style and genius levelled to the generality of
+readers; while those who would draw their pens on the side of their
+prince and country, are discouraged by this tax, which exceeds the
+intrinsic value both of the materials and the work; a thing, if I be not
+mistaken, without example.
+
+[Footnote 36: Mr. Secretary St. John, now Lord Viscount Bolingbroke.
+[ORIGINAL NOTE.]]
+
+It must be acknowledged, that the bad practices of printers have been
+such, as to deserve the severest animadversions of the public; and it is
+to be wished, the party quarrels of the pen were always managed with
+decency and truth: but in the mean time, to open the mouths of our
+enemies and shut our own, is a turn of politics that wants a little to
+be explained. Perhaps the ministry now in possession, because they are
+in possession, may despise such trifles as this; and it is not to be
+denied, that acting as they do upon a national interest, they may seem
+to stand in less need of such supports, or may safely fling them down as
+no longer necessary. But if the leaders of the other party had proceeded
+by this maxim, their power would have been none at all, or of very short
+duration: and had not some active pens fallen in to improve the good
+dispositions of the people, upon the late change, and continued since to
+overthrow the falsehood, plentifully, and sometimes not unplausibly,
+scattered by the adversaries, I am very much in doubt, whether those at
+the helm would now have reason to be pleased with their success. A
+particular person may, with more safety, despise the opinion of the
+vulgar, because it does a wise man no real harm or good, but the
+administration a great deal; and whatever side has the sole management
+of the pen, will soon find hands enough to write down their enemies as
+low as they please. If the people had no other idea of those whom Her
+Majesty trusts in her greatest affairs, than what is conveyed by the
+passions of such as would compass sea and land for their destruction,
+what could they expect, but to be torn in pieces by the rage of the
+multitude? How necessary therefore was it, that the world should, from
+time to time, be undeceived by true representations of persons and
+facts, which have kept the kingdom steady to its interest, against all
+the attacks of a cunning and virulent faction.
+
+However, the mischiefs of the press were too exorbitant to be cured, by
+such a remedy as a tax upon the smaller papers; and a Bill for a much
+more effectual regulation of it was brought into the House of Commons,
+but so late in the session, that there was no time to pass it: for there
+hath hitherto always appeared, an unwillingness to cramp overmuch the
+liberty of the press, whether from the inconveniencies apprehended from
+doing too much, or too little; or whether the benefit proposed by each
+party to themselves, from the service of their writers, towards
+recovering or preserving of power, be thought to outweigh the
+disadvantages. However it came about, this affair was put off from one
+week to another, and the Bill not brought into the House till the eighth
+of June. It was committed three days, and then heard of no more. In this
+Bill there was a clause inserted, (whether industriously with design to
+overthrow it) that the author's name, and place of abode, should be set
+to every printed book, pamphlet, or paper; which I believe no man, who
+hath the least regard to learning, would give his consent to: for,
+besides the objection to this clause from the practice of pious men,
+who, in publishing excellent writings for the service of religion, have
+chosen, out of an humble Christian spirit, to conceal their names; it is
+certain, that all persons of true genius or knowledge have an invincible
+modesty and suspicion of themselves, upon their first sending their
+thoughts into the world; and that those who are dull or superficial,
+void of all-taste and judgment, have dispositions directly contrary: so
+that if this clause had made part of a law, there would have been an
+end, in all likelihood, of any valuable production for the future,
+either in wit or learning: and that insufferable race of stupid people,
+who are now every day loading the press, would then reign alone, in time
+destroy our very first principles of reason, and introduce barbarity
+amongst us, which is already kept out with so much difficulty by so few
+hands.
+
+Having given an account of the several steps made towards a peace, from
+the first overtures begun by France, to the commencement of the second
+session, I shall in the Fourth Book relate the particulars of this great
+negotiation, from the period last mentioned to the present time; and
+because there happened some passages in both Houses, occasioned by the
+treaty, I shall take notice of them under that head. There only remains
+to be mentioned one affair of another nature, which the Lords and
+Commons took into their cognizance, after a very different manner,
+wherewith I shall close this part of my subject.
+
+The sect of Quakers amongst us, whose system of religion, first founded
+upon enthusiasm, hath been many years growing into a craft, held it an
+unlawful action to take an oath to a magistrate. This doctrine was
+taught them by the author of their sect, from a literal application of
+the text, "Swear not at all;" but being a body of people, wholly turned
+to trade and commerce of all kinds, they found themselves on many
+occasions deprived of the benefit of the law, as well as of voting at
+elections, by a foolish scruple, which their obstinacy would not suffer
+them to get over. To prevent this inconvenience, these people had credit
+enough in the late reign to have an Act passed, that their solemn
+affirmation and declaration should be accepted, instead of an oath in
+the usual form. The great concern in those times, was to lay all
+religion upon a level; in order to which, this maxim was advanced, "That
+no man ought to be denied the liberty of serving his country upon
+account of a different belief in speculative opinions," under which term
+some people were apt to include every doctrine of Christianity: however,
+this Act, in favour of the Quakers, was only temporary, in order to keep
+them in constant dependence, and expired of course after a certain term,
+if it were not continued. Those people had, therefore, very early in the
+session, offered a petition to the House of Commons for a continuance of
+the Act, which was not suffered to be brought up; upon this they applied
+themselves to the Lords, who passed a Bill accordingly, and sent it down
+to the Commons, where it was not so much as allowed a first reading.
+
+And indeed it is not easy to conceive upon what motives the legislature
+of so great a kingdom could descend so low, as to be ministerial and
+subservient to the caprices of the most absurd heresy that ever appeared
+in the world; and this in a point, where those deluding or deluded
+people stand singular from all the rest of mankind who live under civil
+government: but the designs of an aspiring party, at that time were not
+otherwise to be compassed, than by undertaking any thing that would
+humble and mortify the Church; and I am fully convinced, that if a sect
+of sceptic philosophers (who profess to doubt of every thing) had been
+then among us, and mingled their tenets with some corruptions of
+Christianity, they might have obtained the same privilege; and that a
+law would have been enacted, whereby the solemn doubt of the people
+called sceptics, should have been accepted instead of an oath in the
+usual form; so absurd are all maxims formed upon the inconsistent
+principles of faction, when once they are brought to be examined by the
+standard of truth and reason.
+
+
+*****       *****       *****       *****       *****
+
+
+
+
+THE HISTORY OF THE FOUR LAST
+
+YEARS OF THE QUEEN.
+
+BOOK IV.
+
+
+We left the plenipotentiaries of the allies, and those of the enemy,
+preparing to assemble at Utrecht on the first of January, N.S., in order
+to form a congress for negotiating a general peace; wherein although the
+Dutch had made a mighty merit of their compliance with the Queen, yet
+they set all their instruments at work to inflame both Houses against
+Her Majesty's measures. Mons. Bothmar, the Hanover envoy, took care to
+print and disperse his Memorial, of which I have formerly spoken:
+Hoffman, the Emperor's resident, was soliciting for a yacht and convoys
+to bring over Prince Eugene at this juncture, fortified, as it was given
+out, with great proposals from the Imperial court: the Earl of
+Nottingham became a convert, for reasons already mentioned: money was
+distributed where occasion required; and the Dukes of Somerset and
+Marlborough, together with the Earl of Godolphin, had put themselves at
+the head of the junto, and their adherents, in order to attack the
+court.
+
+Some days after the vote passed the House of Lords for admitting into
+the address the Earl of Nottingham's clause, against any peace without
+Spain; Mons. Buys, the Dutch envoy, who had been deep in all the
+consultations with the discontented party for carrying that point, was
+desired to meet with the lord privy seal, the Earl of Dartmouth, and Mr.
+Secretary St. John, in order to sign a treaty between the Queen and the
+States, to subsist after a peace. There the envoy took occasion to
+expostulate upon the advantages stipulated for Britain with France; said
+"It was his opinion, that those ministers ought, in respect of the
+friendship between both nations, to acquaint him what these advantages
+were; and that he looked upon his country to be entitled, by treaty, to
+share them equally with us: That there was now another reason why we
+should be more disposed to comply with him upon this head; for since the
+late resolution of the House of Lords, he took it for granted, it would
+be a dangerous step in us to give Spain to a prince of the house of
+Bourbon; and therefore, that we should do well to induce the States, by
+such a concession, to help us out of this difficulty."
+
+Mr. St. John made answer, "That there was not a man in the Queen's
+council capable of so base a thought: That if Buys had any thing to
+complain of, which was injurious to Holland, or justly tending to hurt
+the good correspondence between us and the States, he was confident Her
+Majesty would at all times be ready to give it up; but that the
+ministers scorned to screen themselves at the expense of their country:
+That the resolution Buys mentioned, was chiefly owing to foreign
+ministers intermeddling in our affairs, and would perhaps have an effect
+the projectors did not foresee: That, if the peace became impracticable,
+the House of Commons would certainly put the war upon another foot, and
+reduce the public expense within such a compass as our treaties required
+in the strictest sense, and as our present condition would admit,
+leaving the partisans for war to supply the rest."
+
+Although the secretary believed this answer would put an end to such
+infamous proposals, it fell out otherwise; for shortly after, Mons. Buys
+applied himself to the treasurer, promising to undertake, "That his
+masters should give up the article of Spain, provided they might share
+with us in the Assiento for negroes." To which the treasurer's answer
+was short, "That he would rather lose his head than consent to such an
+offer."
+
+It is manifest, by this proceeding, that whatever schemes were forming
+here at home, in this juncture, by the enemies to the peace, the Dutch
+only designed to fall in with it as far as it would answer their own
+account; and, by a strain of the lower politics, wherein they must be
+allowed to excel every country in Christendom, lay upon the watch for a
+good bargain, by taking advantage of the distress they themselves had
+brought upon their nearest neighbour and ally.
+
+But the Queen highly resented this indignity from a republic, upon whom
+she had conferred so many obligations. She could not endure that the
+Dutch should employ their instruments to act in confederacy with a cabal
+of factious people, who were prepared to sacrifice the safety of their
+prince and country to the recovery of that power they had so long
+possessed and abused. Her Majesty knew very well, that whatever were the
+mistaken or affected opinion of some people at home, upon the article of
+Spain, it was a point the States had long given up, who had very openly
+told our ministry, "That the war in that country was only our concern,
+and what their republic had nothing to do with." It is true, the
+party-leaders were equally convinced, that the recovery of Spain was
+impracticable; but many things may be excused in a professed adversary,
+fallen under disgrace, which are highly criminal in an ally, upon whom
+we are that very instant conferring new favours. Her Majesty therefore
+thought it high time to exert herself, and at length put a stop to
+foreign influence upon British counsels; so that, after the Earl of
+Nottingham's clause against any peace, without Spain, was carried in the
+House of Lords, directions were immediately sent to the Earl of
+Strafford at The Hague, to inform the Dutch, "That it was obtained by a
+trick, and would consequently turn to the disappointment and confusion
+of the contrivers and the actors." He was likewise instructed to be very
+dry and reserved to the pensionary and Dutch ministers; to let them
+know, "The Queen thought herself ill treated; and that they would soon
+hear what effects those measures would have upon a mild and good temper,
+wrought up to resentment by repeated provocations: That the States might
+have the war continued, if they pleased; but that the Queen would not be
+forced to carry it on after their manner, nor would suffer them to make
+her peace, or to settle the interests of her kingdoms."
+
+To others in Holland, who appeared to be more moderate, the Earl was
+directed to say, "That the States were upon a wrong scent: That their
+minister here mistook every thing that we had promised: That we would
+perform all they could reasonably ask from us, in relation to their
+barrier and their trade; and that Mons. Buys dealt very unfairly, if he
+had not told them as much. But that Britain proceeded, in some respects,
+upon a new scheme of politics; would no longer struggle for
+impossibilities, nor be amused by words: That our people came more and
+more to their senses; and that the single dispute now was, whether the
+Dutch would join with a faction, against the Queen, or with the nation,
+for her?"
+
+The court likewise resolved to discourage Prince Eugene from his journey
+to England, which he was about this time undertaking, and of which I
+have spoken before. He was told, "That the Queen wanted no exhortations
+to carry on the war; but the project of it should be agreed abroad, upon
+which Her Majesty's resolutions might soon be signified: but until she
+saw what the Emperor and allies were ready to do, she would neither
+promise nor engage for any thing." At the same time Mr. St. John told
+Hoffman, the Emperor's resident here, "That if the Prince had a mind to
+divert himself in London, the ministers would do their part to entertain
+him, and be sure to trouble him with no manner of business."
+
+This coldness retarded the Prince's journey for some days; but did not
+prevent it, although he had a second message by the Queen's order, with
+this farther addition, "That his name had lately been made use of, on
+many occasions, to create a ferment, and stir up sedition; and that Her
+Majesty judged it would be neither safe for him, nor convenient for her,
+that he should come over at this time." But all would not do: it was
+enough that the Queen did not absolutely forbid him, and the
+party-confederates, both foreign and domestic, thought his presence
+would be highly necessary for their service.
+
+Towards the end of December, the lord privy seal[1] set out for Holland.
+He was ordered to stop at The Hague, and, in conjunction with the Earl
+of Stafford, to declare to the States, in Her Majesty's name, "Her
+resolutions to conclude no peace, wherein the allies in general, and
+each confederate in particular, might not find their ample security, and
+their reasonable satisfaction: That she was ready to insist upon their
+barrier, and advantages in their trade, in the manner the States
+themselves should desire; and to concert with them such a plan of
+treaty, as both powers might be under mutual engagements never to recede
+from: That nothing could be of greater importance, than for the
+ministers of Great Britain and Holland to enter the congress under the
+strictest ties of confidence, and entirely to concur throughout the
+course of these negotiations: To which purpose, it was Her Majesty's
+pleasure, that their lordships should adjust with the Dutch ministers,
+the best manner and method for opening and carrying on the conferences,
+and declare themselves instructed to communicate freely their thoughts
+and measures to the plenipotentiaries of the States, who, they hoped,
+had received the same instructions."
+
+[Footnote 1: Dr. Robinson had already had diplomatic experience as
+political agent at the Court of Stockholm, when Marlborough had found
+him of great service. [T.S.]]
+
+Lastly, the two lords were to signify to the pensionary, and the other
+ministers, "That Her Majesty's preparations for the next campaign were
+carried on with all the dispatch and vigour, which the present
+circumstances would allow; and to insist, that the same might be done by
+the States; and that both powers should join in pressing the Emperor,
+and other allies, to make greater efforts than they had hitherto done;
+without which the war must languish, and the terms of peace become every
+day more disadvantageous."
+
+The two British plenipotentiaries went to Utrecht with very large
+instructions, and, after the usual manner, were to make much higher
+demands from France (at least in behalf of the allies) than they could
+have any hope to obtain. The sum of what they had in charge, besides
+matter of form, was, to concert with the ministers of the several powers
+engaged against France, "That all differences arising among them should
+be accommodated between themselves, without suffering the French to
+interfere: That whatever were proposed to France by a minister of the
+alliance, should be backed by the whole confederacy: That a time might
+be fixed for the conclusion, as there had been for the commencement, of
+the treaty." Spain was to be demanded out of the hands of the Bourbon
+family, as the most effectual means for preventing the union of that
+kingdom with France; and whatever conditions the allies could agree upon
+for hindering that union, their lordships were peremptorily to insist
+on.
+
+As to the interests of each ally in particular, the plenipotentiaries of
+Britain were to demand "Strasbourg, the fort of Kehl, with its
+dependencies, and the town of Brisach, with its territory, for the
+Emperor: That France should possess Alsatia, according to the Treaty of
+Westphalia, with the right of the prefecture only over the ten imperial
+cities in that country: That the fortifications of the said ten cities
+be put into the condition they were in at the time of the said treaty,
+except Landau, which was to be demanded for the Emperor and empire, with
+liberty of demolishing the fortifications: That the French King should
+at a certain time, and at his own expense, demolish the fortresses of
+Huningen, New Brisach, and Fort Lewis, never to be rebuilt.
+
+"That the town and fortress of Rhinfels should be demanded for the
+landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, until that matter be otherwise settled.
+
+"That the clause relating to religion, in the fourth article of the
+Treaty of Ryswyck, and contrary to that of Westphalia, should be
+annulled, and the state of religion in Germany restored to the tenor of
+the Treaty of Westphalia.
+
+"That France should acknowledge the King of Prussia, and give him no
+disturbance in Neufchatel and Vallengin.
+
+"That the principality of Orange, and other estates belonging to the
+late King William, should be restored, as law should direct.
+
+"That the Duke of Hanover should be acknowledged elector.
+
+"That the King of Portugal should enjoy all the advantages stipulated
+between him and the allies.
+
+"That the States should have for their barrier Furnes, Fort Knokke,
+Menin, Ypres, Lille, Tournay, Conde, Valenciennes, Maubeuge, Douay,
+Bethune, Aire,[2] St. Venant, and Bouchain, with their cannon, &c. That
+the French King should restore all the places belonging to Spain, now or
+during this war in his possession, in the Netherlands: That such part of
+them as should be thought fit, might be allowed likewise for a barrier
+to the States: That France should grant the tariff of one thousand six
+hundred and sixty-four to the States, and exemption of fifty pence _per_
+tun upon Dutch goods trading to that kingdom. But that these articles in
+favour of the States should not be concluded, till the Barrier Treaty
+were explained to the Queen's satisfaction.
+
+[Footnote: 2 "Bethune Avie" in original: a manifest misprint. "Aire" is
+the name of a place near Bethune, which has since been connected with it
+by a canal. [W.S.J.]]
+
+"That the Duke of Savoy should be put in possession of all taken from
+him in this war, and enjoy the places yielded to him by the Emperor, and
+other allies: That France should likewise yield to him Exilles,
+Fenestrelle, Chaumont, the valley of Pragelas, and the land lying
+between Piedmont and Mount Genu.
+
+"That the article about demolishing of Dunkirk should be explained."
+
+As to Britain, the plenipotentiaries were to insist, "That Nieuport,
+Dendermonde, Ghent, and all places which appear to be a barrier rather
+against England than France, should either not be given to the Dutch, or
+at least in such a manner, as not to hinder the Queen's subjects free
+passage to and from the Low Countries.
+
+"That the seventh article of the Barrier Treaty, which empowers the
+States, in case of an attack, to put troops at discretion in all the
+places of the Low Countries, should be so explained as to be understood
+only of an attack from France.
+
+"That Britain should trade to the Low Countries with the same privileges
+as the States themselves.
+
+"That the Most Christian King should acknowledge the succession of
+Hanover, and immediately oblige the Pretender to leave France; and that
+the said King should promise, for himself and his heirs, never to
+acknowledge any person for King or Queen of England, otherwise than
+according to the settlements now in force.
+
+"That a treaty of commerce should be commenced, as soon as possible,
+between France and Britain; and in the mean time, the necessary points
+relating to it be settled.
+
+"That the Isle of St. Christopher's should be surrendered to the Queen,
+Hudson's Bay restored, Placentia and the whole island of Newfoundland
+yielded to Britain by the Most Christian King; who was likewise to quit
+all claim to Nova Scotia and Annapolis Royal.
+
+"That Gibraltar and Minorca should be annexed to the British crown.
+
+"That the Assiento should be granted to Britain for thirty years, with
+the same advantage as to France; with an extent of ground on the river
+of Plata, for keeping and refreshing the negroes.
+
+"That Spain should grant to the subjects of Britain as large privileges
+as to any other nation whatsoever; as likewise an exemption of duties,
+amounting to an advantage of at least fifteen _per cent_.
+
+"That satisfaction should be demanded for what should appear to be
+justly due to Her Majesty, from the Emperor and the States.
+
+"Lastly, That the plenipotentiaries should consult with those of the
+Protestant allies, the most effectual methods for restoring the
+Protestants of France to their religious and civil liberties, and for
+the immediate release of those who are now in the galleys."
+
+What part of these demands were to be insisted on, and what were to be
+given up, will appear by the sequel of this negotiation. But there was
+no difficulty of moment enough to retard the peace, except a method for
+preventing the union of France and Spain under one prince, and the
+settling the barrier for Holland; which last, as claimed by the States,
+could, in prudence and safety, be no more allowed by us than by France.
+
+The States General having appointed Mons. Buys to be one of their
+plenipotentiaries at Utrecht, that minister left England a few days
+after the lord privy seal. In his last conference with the lords of the
+council, he absolutely declared, "That his masters had done their
+utmost, both by sea and land: That it was unreasonable to expect more:
+That they had exceeded their proportion, even beyond Britain; and that
+as to the Emperor, and other allies, he knew no expedient left for
+making them act with more vigour, than to pursue them with pathetical
+exhortations."
+
+This minister was sent over hither, instructed and empowered by halves.
+The ferment raised by the united endeavours of our party leaders, among
+whom he was a constant fellow-labourer to the utmost of his skill, had
+wholly confounded him; and thinking to take the advantage of negotiating
+well for Holland at the expense of Britain, he acted but ill for his own
+country, and worse for the common cause. However, the Queen's ministers
+and he parted with the greatest civility; and Her Majesty's present was
+double the value of what is usual to the character he bore.[3]
+
+[Footnote 3: Compare this passage with one in Bolingbroke's
+"Correspondence" (vol. ii., pp. 108-109): "He [Buys] came over
+instructed and empowered by halves. The ferment which had been created
+by the joint efforts of the faction here, and of that in Holland,
+confounded him; and thinking to take this advantage of negotiating well
+for Holland at the expense of Britain, he has negotiated ill for both
+and ill for the common cause. We parted in terms of the greatest
+civility, and Her Majesty's present to him was a thousand pounds,
+which is double the value of what is ever given here to an
+envoy-extraordinary." [T.S.]]
+
+As the Queen was determined to alter her measures in making war, so she
+thought nothing would so much convince the States of the necessity of a
+peace, as to have them frequently put in mind of this resolution, which
+her ambassador Strafford, then at The Hague, was accordingly directed to
+do: and if they should object, of what ill consequence it would be for
+the enemy to know Her Majesty designed to lessen her expenses, he might
+answer, "That the ministers here were sorry for it; but the Dutch could
+only blame themselves, for forcing into such a necessity a princess, to
+whose friendship they owed the preservation and grandeur of their
+republic, and choosing to lean on a broken faction, rather than place
+their confidence in the Queen."
+
+It was Her Majesty's earnest desire, that there should be a perfect
+agreement at this treaty between the ministers of all the allies, than
+which nothing could be more effectual to make France comply with their
+just demands: above all, she directed her plenipotentiaries to enter
+into the strictest confidence with those of Holland; and that, after the
+States had consented to explain the Barrier Treaty to her reasonable
+satisfaction, both powers should form between them a plan of general
+peace, from which they would not recede, and such as might secure the
+quiet of Europe, as well as the particular interests of each
+confederate.
+
+The Dutch were accordingly pressed, before the congress opened, to come
+to some temperament upon that famous treaty; because the ministers here
+expected it would be soon laid before the House of Commons, by which the
+resentment of the nation would probably appear against those who had
+been actors and advisers in it: but Mons. Buys, who usually spoke for
+his colleagues, was full of opposition, began to expostulate upon the
+advantages Britain had stipulated with France; and to insist, that his
+masters ought to share equally in them all, but especially the Assiento
+contract: so that no progress was made in fixing a previous good
+correspondence between Britain and the States, which Her Majesty had so
+earnestly recommended.
+
+Certain regulations having been agreed upon, for avoiding of ceremony
+and other inconveniencies, the conferences began at Utrecht, upon the
+twenty-ninth of January, N.S. one thousand seven hundred and
+eleven-twelve, at ten in the morning. The ministers of the allies going
+into the town-house at one door, and those of France, at the same
+instant, at another, they all took their seats without distinction; and
+the Bishop of Bristol, lord privy seal, first plenipotentiary of
+Britain, opened the assembly with a short speech, directed to the
+ministers of France, in words to the following effect:
+
+"MESSIEURS,
+
+"We are here to meet to-day, in the name of God, to enter upon a treaty
+of general peace, between the high allies and the King your master. We
+bring sincere intentions, and express orders from our superiors, to
+concur, on their part, with whatever may advance and perfect so salutary
+and Christian a work. On the other side, we hope you have the same
+disposition; and that your orders will be so full, as to be able,
+without loss of time, to answer the expectation of the high allies, by
+explaining yourselves clearly and roundly upon the points we shall have
+to settle in these conferences; and that you will perform this in so
+plain and specific a manner, as every prince and state in the
+confederacy may find a just and reasonable satisfaction."
+
+The French began, by promising to explain the overtures which Mons.
+Mesnager had delivered to the Queen some months before, and to give in a
+specific project of what their master would yield, provided the allies
+would each give a specific answer, by making their several demands;
+which method, after many difficulties, and affected delays in the Dutch,
+was at length agreed to.
+
+But the States, who had, with the utmost discontent, seen Her Majesty at
+the head of this negotiation, where they intended to have placed
+themselves, began to discover their ill-humour upon every occasion; they
+raised endless difficulties about settling the Barrier Treaty, as the
+Queen desired; and in one of the first general conferences, they would
+not suffer the British secretary to take the minutes, but nominated some
+Dutch professor for that office, which the Queen refused, and resented
+their behaviour as an useless cavil, intended only to shew their want of
+respect. The British plenipotentiaries had great reason to suspect, that
+the Dutch were, at this time, privately endeavouring to engage in some
+separate measures with France, by the intervention of one Molo, a busy
+factious agent at Amsterdam, who had been often employed in such
+intrigues: that this was the cause which made them so litigious and slow
+in all their steps, in hopes to break the congress, and find better
+terms for their trade and barrier, from the French, than we ever could
+think fit to allow them. The Dutch ministers did also apply themselves
+with industry, to cultivate the imperial plenipotentiary's favour, in
+order to secure all advantages of commerce with Spain and the West
+Indies, in case those dominions could be procured for the Emperor: for
+this reason they avoided settling any general plan of peace, in concert
+with the plenipotentiaries of Britain, which Her Majesty desired; and
+Mons. Buys plainly told their lordships, that it was a point, which
+neither he nor his colleagues could consent to, before the States were
+admitted equal sharers with Britain in the trade of Spain.
+
+The court having notice of this untractable temper in the Dutch, gave
+direct orders to the plenipotentiaries of Britain, for pressing those of
+the States to adjust the gross in equalities of the Barrier Treaty,
+since nothing was more usual or agreeable to reason than for princes,
+who find themselves aggrieved by prejudicial contracts, to expect they
+should be modified and explained. And since it now appeared by votes in
+the House of Commons, that the sense of the nation agreed with what Her
+Majesty desired, if the Dutch ministers would not be brought to any
+moderate terms upon this demand, their lordships were directed to
+improve and amend the particular concessions made to Britain by France,
+and form them into a treaty, for the Queen was determined never to allow
+the States any share in the Assiento, Gibraltar, and Port Mahon, nor
+could think it reasonable, that they should be upon an equal foot with
+her in the trade of Spain, to the conquest whereof they had contributed
+so little.
+
+Nor was the conduct of the imperial minister at this time less
+perplexing than that of the States, both those powers appearing fully
+bent, either upon breaking off the negotiation, or, upon forcing from
+the Queen those advantages she expected by it for her own kingdoms. Her
+Majesty therefore thought fit, about the beginning of March, to send Mr.
+Thomas Harley, a near relation of the treasurer's, to Utrecht, fully
+informed of her mind, which he was directed to communicate to the
+plenipotentiaries of Britain.
+
+Mr. Harley stopped in his way to Utrecht at The Hague, and there told
+the pensionary, "That nothing had happened lately in England but what
+was long ago foretold him, as well as the other ministers of the allies.
+That the proceedings of the House of Commons, particularly about the
+Barrier Treaty, must chiefly be ascribed to the manner in which the
+Queen and the nation had been treated by Mons. Bothmar, Count Gallas,
+Buys, and other foreign ministers. That if the States would yet enter
+into a strict union with the Queen, give her satisfaction in the said
+treaty, and join in concert with her plenipotentiaries at Utrecht, a
+safe and advantageous peace might be obtained for the whole alliance;
+otherwise Her Majesty must save her own country, and join with such of
+her allies as would join with her.
+
+"As to the war, that the conduct of the allies, and their opposition to
+the Queen, by private intrigues carried on among her own subjects, as
+well as by open remonstrances, had made the House of Commons take that
+matter out of the hands of the ministers.
+
+"Lastly, that in case the present treaty were broken off by the Dutch
+refusing to comply, Her Majesty thought it reasonable to insist, that
+some cautionary places be put into her hands as pledges, that no other
+negotiation should be entered into by the States General, without her
+participation."
+
+Mr. Harley's instructions to the Queen's plenipotentiaries were, "That
+they should press those of France, to open themselves as far as
+possible, in concerting such a plan of a general peace, as might give
+reasonable satisfaction to all the confederates, and such as her
+Parliament would approve: That the people of England believed France
+would consent to such a plan; wherein if they found themselves deceived,
+they would be as eager for prosecuting the war as ever."
+
+Their lordships were to declare openly to the Dutch, "That no extremity
+should make Her Majesty depart from insisting to have the Assiento for
+her own subjects, and to keep Gibraltar and Port Mahon; but if the
+States would agree with her upon these three heads, she would be content
+to reduce the trade of Spain and the West Indies, to the condition it
+was in under the late Catholic King Charles II."
+
+The French were farther to be pressed, "That the Pretender should be
+immediately sent out of that kingdom; and that the most effectual method
+should be taken, for preventing the union of France and Spain under one
+prince."
+
+About this time Her Majesty's ministers, and those of the allies at
+Utrecht, delivered in the several _postulata_ or demands of their
+masters to the French plenipotentiaries, which having been since made
+public, and all of them, except those of Britain, very much varying in
+the course of the negotiation, the reader would be but ill entertained
+with a transcript of them here.
+
+Upon intelligence of the last dauphin's death, the father, son, and
+grandson, all of that title,[4] dying within the compass of a year,
+Mons. Gaultier went to France with letters to the Marquis de Torcy, to
+propose Her Majesty's expedient for preventing the union of that kingdom
+with Spain; which, as it was the most important article to be settled,
+in order to secure peace for Europe, so it was a point that required to
+be speedily adjusted under the present circumstances and situation of
+the Bourbon family, there being only left a child of two years old to
+stand between the Duke of Anjou and his succeeding to the crown of
+France.
+
+[Footnote 4: These princes were the grandfather, the father, and the
+brother, of Louis XV., who was then Duke of Anjou, and supposed to be at
+the point of death. [N.]]
+
+Her Majesty likewise pressed France by the same dispatches, to send full
+instructions to their plenipotentiaries, empowering them to offer to the
+allies such a plan of peace, as might give reasonable satisfaction to
+all her allies.
+
+The Queen's proposal for preventing an union between France and Spain
+was, "that Philip should formally renounce the kingdom of France for
+himself and his posterity; and that this renunciation should be
+confirmed by the Cortes or states of Spain, who, without question, would
+heartily concur against such an union, by which their country must
+become a province to France." In like manner, the French princes of the
+blood were severally to renounce all title to Spain.
+
+The French raised many difficulties upon several particulars of this
+expedient; but the Queen persisted to refuse any plan of peace before
+this weighty point were settled in the manner she proposed, which was
+afterwards submitted to, as in proper place we shall observe. In the
+mean time, the negotiation at Utrecht proceeded with a very slow pace;
+the Dutch interposing all obstructions they could contrive, refusing to
+come to any reasonable temper upon the Barrier Treaty, or to offer a
+plan, in concert with the Queen, for a general peace. Nothing less would
+satisfy them, than the partaking in those advantages we had stipulated
+for ourselves, and which did no ways interfere with their trade or
+security. They still expected some turn in England; their friends on
+this side had ventured to assure them, that the Queen could not live
+many months, which, indeed, from the bad state of Her Majesty's health,
+was reasonable to expect. The British plenipotentiaries daily discovered
+new endeavours of Holland to treat privately with France; and, lastly,
+those among the States, who desired the war should continue, strove to
+gain time, until the campaign should open; and by resolving to enter
+into action with the first opportunity, render all things desperate, and
+break up the congress.
+
+This scheme did exactly fall in with Prince Eugene's dispositions, whom
+the States had chosen for their general, and of whose conduct, in this
+conjuncture, the Queen had too much reason to be jealous; but Her
+Majesty, who was resolved to do her utmost towards putting a good and
+speedy end to this war, having placed the Duke of Ormonde at the head of
+her forces in Flanders, whither he was now arrived, directed him to keep
+all the troops in British pay, whether subjects or foreigners,
+immediately under his own command; and to be cautious, for a while, in
+engaging in any action of importance, unless upon a very apparent
+advantage. At the same time the Queen determined to make one thorough
+trial of the disposition of the States, by allowing them the utmost
+concessions that could any way suit either with her safety or honour.
+She therefore directed her ministers at Utrecht, to tell the Dutch,
+"That, in order to shew how desirous she was to live in perfect amity
+with that republic, she would resign up the fifteen _per cent._,
+advantage upon English goods sent to the Spanish dominions, which the
+French King had offered her by a power from his grandson,[5] and be
+content to reduce that trade to the state in which it was under the late
+King of Spain. She would accept of any tolerable softening of these
+words in the seventh article of the Barrier Treaty, where it is said,
+'The States shall have power, in case of an apparent attack, to put as
+many troops as they please into all the places of the Netherlands,'
+without specifying an attack from the side of France, as ought to have
+been done; otherwise, the Queen might justly think they were preparing
+themselves for a rupture with Britain. Her Majesty likewise consented,
+that the States should keep Nieuport, Dendermonde, and the Castle of
+Ghent, as an addition to their barrier, although she were sensible how
+injurious those concessions would be to the trade of her subjects; and
+would waive the demand of Ostend being delivered into her hands, which
+she might with justice insist on. In return for all this, that the Queen
+only desired the ministers of the States would enter into a close
+correspondence with hers, and settle between them some plan of a general
+peace, which might give reasonable content to all her allies, and which
+Her Majesty would endeavour to bring France to consent to. She desired
+the trade of her kingdoms to the Netherlands, and to the towns of their
+barrier, might be upon as good a foot as it was before the war began:
+That the Dutch would not insist to have share in the Assiento, to which
+they had not the least pretensions, and that they would no longer
+encourage the intrigues of a faction against her government. Her Majesty
+assured them in plain terms, that her own future measures, and the
+conduct of her plenipotentiaries, should be wholly governed by their
+behaviour in these points; and that her offers were only conditional, in
+case of their compliance with what she desired."
+
+[Footnote 5: Philip V., King of Spain. [W. S, J.]]
+
+But all these proofs of the Queen's kindness and sincerity could not
+avail. The Dutch ministers pleaded, they had no power to concert the
+plan of general peace with those of Britain: however, they assured the
+latter, that the Assiento was the only difficulty which stuck with their
+masters. Whereupon, at their desire, a contract for that traffic was
+twice read to them; after which they appeared very well satisfied, and
+said they would go to The Hague for further instructions. Thither they
+went, and, after a week's absence, returned the same answer, "That they
+had no power to settle a scheme of peace; but could only discourse of
+it, when the difficulties of the Barrier Treaty were over." And Mons.
+Buys took a journey to Amsterdam, on purpose to stir up that city, where
+he was pensionary, against yielding the Assiento to Britain; but was
+unsuccessful in his negotiation; the point being yielded up there, and
+in most other towns in Holland.
+
+It will have an odd sound in history, and appear hardly credible, that
+in several petty republics of single towns, which make up the States
+General, it should be formally debated, whether the Queen of Great
+Britain, who preserved the commonwealth at the charge of so many
+millions, should be suffered to enjoy, after a peace, the liberty
+granted her by Spain of selling African slaves in the Spanish dominions
+of America! But there was a prevailing faction at The Hague, violently
+bent against any peace, where the Queen must act that part which they
+had intended for themselves. These politicians, who held constant
+correspondence with their old dejected friends in England, were daily
+fed with the vain hopes of the Queen's death, or the party's
+restoration. They likewise endeavoured to spin out the time, till Prince
+Eugene's activity had pushed on some great event, which might govern or
+perplex the conditions of peace. Therefore the Dutch plenipotentiaries,
+who proceeded by the instructions of those mistaken patriots, acted in
+every point with a spirit of litigiousness, than which nothing could
+give greater advantage to the enemy; a strict union between the allies,
+but especially Britain and Holland, being doubtless the only means for
+procuring safe and honourable terms from France.
+
+But neither was this the worst; for the Queen received undoubted
+intelligence from Utrecht, that the Dutch were again attempting a
+separate correspondence with France. And by letters, intercepted here,
+from Vienna, it was found, that the imperial court, whose ministers were
+in the utmost confidence with those of Holland, expressed the most
+furious rage against Her Majesty, for the steps she had taken to advance
+a peace.
+
+This unjustifiable treatment, the Queen could not digest from an ally,
+upon whom she had conferred so many signal obligations, whom she had
+used with so much indulgence and sincerity during the whole course of
+the negotiation, and had so often invited to go along with her in every
+motion towards a peace. She apprehended likewise, that the negotiation
+might be taken out of her hands, if France could be secure of easier
+conditions in Holland, or might think that Britain wanted power to
+influence the whole confederacy. She resolved therefore, on this
+occasion, to exert herself with vigour, steadiness, and dispatch; and,
+in the beginning of May, sent her commands to the Earl of Strafford to
+repair immediately to England, in order to consult with her ministers
+what was proper to be done.
+
+The proposal above mentioned, for preventing the union of France and
+Spain, met with many difficulties; Mons. de Torcy raising objections
+against several parts of it. But the Queen refused to proceed any
+farther with France, until this weighty point were fully settled to her
+satisfaction; after which, she promised to grant a suspension of arms,
+provided the town and citadel of Dunkirk might be delivered as a pledge
+into her hands: and proposed that Ypres might be surrendered to the
+Dutch, if they would consent to come into the suspension. France
+absolutely refused the latter; and the States General having acted in
+perpetual contradiction to Her Majesty, she pressed that matter no
+farther; because she doubted they would not agree to a cessation of
+arms. However, she resolved to put a speedy end, or at least
+intermission, to her own share in the war: and the French having
+declared themselves ready to agree to her expedients, for preventing the
+union of the two crowns, and consented to the delivery of Dunkirk;
+positive orders were sent to the Duke of Ormonde to avoid engaging in
+any battle or siege, until he had further instructions; but he was
+directed to conceal his orders, and to find the best excuses he could,
+if any pressing occasion should offer.
+
+The reasons for this unusual proceeding, which made a mighty noise, were
+of sufficient weight to justify it; for, pursuant to the agreement made
+between us and France, a courier was then dispatched from Fontainebleau
+to Madrid, with the offer of an alternative to Philip, either of
+resigning Spain immediately to the Duke of Savoy, upon the hopes of
+succeeding to France, and some present advantage, which, not having been
+accepted, is needless to dilate on; or of adhering to Spain, and
+renouncing all future claim to France for himself and his posterity.
+
+Until it could be known which part Philip would accept, the Queen would
+not take possession of Dunkirk, nor suffer an armistice to be declared.
+But, however, since the Most Christian King had agreed that his grandson
+should be forced, in case of a refusal, to make his choice immediately,
+Her Majesty could not endure to think, that perhaps some thousands of
+lives of her own subjects and allies might be sacrificed, without
+necessity, if an occasion should be found or sought for fighting a
+battle; which, she very well knew, Prince Eugene would eagerly attempt,
+and put all into confusion, to gratify his own ambition, the enmity of
+his new masters the Dutch, and the rage of his court.
+
+But the Duke of Ormonde, who, with every other quality that can
+accomplish or adorn a great man, inherits all the valour and loyalty of
+his ancestors, found it very difficult to acquit himself of his
+commission;[6] for Prince Eugene, and all the field deputies of the
+States, had begun already to talk either of attacking the enemy, or
+besieging Quesnoy, the confederate army being now all joined by the
+troops they expected; and accordingly, about three days after the Duke
+had received those orders from court, it was proposed to his grace, at a
+meeting with the prince and deputies, that the French army should be
+attacked, their camp having been viewed, and a great opportunity
+offering to do it with success; for the Marechal de Villars, who had
+notice sent him by Mons. de Torcy of what was passing, and had signified
+the same by a trumpet to the Duke, shewed less vigilance than was usual
+to that general, taking no precautions to secure his camp, or observe
+the motions of the allies, probably on purpose to provoke them, the Duke
+said, "That the Earl of Strafford's sudden departure for England, made
+him believe there was something of consequence now transacting, which
+would be known in four or five days; and therefore desired they would
+defer this or any other undertaking, until he could receive fresh
+letters from England." Whereupon the prince and deputies immediately
+told the Duke, "That they looked for such an answer as he had given
+them: That they had suspected our measures for some time, and their
+suspicions were confirmed by the express his grace had so lately
+received, as well as by the negligence of Mons. Villars". They appeared
+extremely dissatisfied; and the deputies told the Duke, that they would
+immediately send an account of his answer to their masters, which they
+accordingly did; and soon after, by order from the States, wrote him an
+expostulating letter, in a style less respectful than became them;
+desiring him, among other things, to explain himself, whether he had
+positive orders not to fight the French; and afterwards told him, "They
+were sure he had such orders, otherwise he could not answer what he had
+done." But the Duke still waived the question, saying, "he would be glad
+to have letters from England, before he entered upon action, and that he
+expected them daily."
+
+[Footnote 6: For an estimate of Ormonde's character see Swift's "Enquiry
+into the Behaviour of the Queen's Last Ministry," vol. v. of present
+edition (pp. 428-430). Ormonde had done very little to deserve
+succeeding such a soldier as Marlborough. Indeed, his name was
+associated with the disgraceful expedition to Cadiz, in which he was in
+command of the English troops. [T.S.]]
+
+Upon this incident, the ministers and generals of the allies immediately
+took the alarm, venting their fury in violent expressions against the
+Queen, and those she employed in her councils: said, they were betrayed
+by Britain, and assumed the countenance of those who think they have
+received an injury, and are disposed to return it.
+
+The Duke of Ormonde's army consisted of eighteen thousand of Her
+Majesty's subjects, and about thirty thousand hired from other princes,
+either wholly by the Queen, or jointly by her and the States. The Duke
+immediately informed the court of the dispositions he found among the
+foreign generals upon this occasion; and that, upon an exigency, he
+could only depend on the British troops adhering to him; those of
+Hanover having already determined to desert to the Dutch, and tempted
+the Danes to do the like, and that he had reason to suppose the same of
+the rest.
+
+Upon the news arriving at Utrecht, that the Duke of Ormonde had refused
+to engage in any action against the enemy, the Dutch ministers there
+went immediately to make their complaints to the lord privy seal;
+aggravating the strangeness of this proceeding, together with the
+consequence of it, in the loss of a most favourable opportunity for
+ruining the French army, and the discontent it must needs create in the
+whole body of the confederates. Adding, how hard it was that they should
+be kept in the dark, and have no communication of what was done in a
+point which so nearly concerned them. They concluded, that the Duke must
+needs have acted by orders; and desired his lordship to write both to
+court, and to his grace, what they had now said.
+
+The bishop answered, "That he knew nothing of this fact, but what they
+had told him; and therefore was not prepared with a reply to their
+representations: only, in general, he could venture to say, that this
+case appeared very like the conduct of their field-deputies upon former
+occasions: That if such orders were given, they were certainly built
+upon very justifiable foundations, and would soon be so explained as to
+convince the States, and all the world, that the common interest would
+be better provided for another way, than by a battle or siege: That the
+want of communication which they complained of, could not make the
+States so uneasy as their declining to receive it had made the Queen,
+who had used her utmost endeavours to persuade them to concur with her
+in concerting every step towards a general peace, and settling such a
+plan as both sides might approve and adhere to; but, to this day, the
+States had not thought fit to accept those offers, or to authorize any
+of their ministers to treat with Her Majesty's plenipotentiaries upon
+that affair, although they had been pressed to it ever since the
+negotiation began: That his lordship, to shew that he did not speak his
+private sense alone, took this opportunity to execute the orders he had
+received the evening before, by declaring to them, that all Her
+Majesty's offers for adjusting the differences between her and the
+States were founded upon this express condition, That they should come
+immediately into the Queen's measures, and act openly and sincerely with
+her; and that, from their conduct, so directly contrary, she now looked
+upon herself to be under no obligation to them."
+
+Mons. Buys and his colleagues were stunned with this declaration, made
+to them at a time when they pretended to think the right of complaining
+to be on their side, and had come to the bishop upon that errand. But
+after their surprise was abated, and Buys's long reasonings at an end,
+they began to think how matters might be retrieved; and were of opinion,
+that the States should immediately dispatch a minister to England,
+unless his lordship were empowered to treat with them; which, without
+new commands, he said he was not. They afterwards desired to know of the
+bishop, what the meaning was of the last words in his declaration, "That
+Her Majesty looked upon herself to be under no obligation to them." He
+told them his opinion, "That as the Queen was bound by treaty to concert
+with the States the conditions of a peace, so, upon their declining the
+concert so frequently offered, she was acquitted of that obligation: but
+that he verily believed, whatever measures Her Majesty should take, she
+would always have a friendly regard to the interest of their
+commonwealth; and that as their unkindness had been very unexpected and
+disagreeable to Her Majesty, so their compliance would be equally
+pleasing."
+
+I have been the more circumstantial in relating this affair, because it
+furnished abundance of discourse, and gave rise to many wild conjectures
+and misrepresentations, as well here as in Holland, especially that part
+which concerned the Duke of Ormonde;[7] for the angry faction in the
+House of Commons, upon the first intelligence, that the Duke had
+declined to act offensively against France, in concurrence with the
+allies, moved for an address, wherein the Queen should be informed of
+"the deep concern of her Commons for the dangerous consequences to the
+common cause, which must arise from this proceeding of her general; and
+to beseech her, that speedy instructions might be given to the Duke to
+prosecute the war with vigour, in order to quiet the minds of her
+people, &c." But a great majority was against this motion, and a
+resolution drawn up and presented to the Queen by the whole House of a
+quite contrary tenor, "That they had an entire confidence in Her
+Majesty's most gracious promise, to communicate to her Parliament the
+terms of the peace, before the same should be concluded; and that they
+would support Her Majesty, in obtaining an honourable and safe peace,
+against all such persons, either at home or abroad, who have
+endeavoured, or shall endeavour, to obstruct the same."
+
+[Footnote 7: This determination on the part of England to cease
+hostilities at this juncture has been most severely criticized. The
+matter formed, afterwards, the chief article in the impeachment of
+Bolingbroke, and an important article in the impeachment of Oxford.
+According to the "Report of the Committee of Secrecy," and the Earl of
+Oxford's answer to this charge in his impeachment, it seems as if St.
+John had instructed Ormonde so to act, without in any way consulting the
+council, and apparently purposely concealing the fact from his
+colleagues. Mr. Walter Sichel, however, in a note on p. 380 of his
+"Bolingbroke and his Times," clearly traces the order to the desire of
+the Queen herself, and in his text lays on the Queen the blame that was
+visited on the heads of her ministers. See also note on p. 156. [T.S.]]
+
+The courier sent with the alternative to Spain was now returned, with an
+account that Philip had chosen to renounce France for himself and his
+posterity, whereof the Queen having received notice, Her Majesty, upon
+the sixth of June, in a long speech to both Houses of Parliament, laid
+before them the terms of a general peace, stipulated between her and
+France. This speech, being the plan whereby both France and the allies
+have been obliged to proceed in the subsequent course of the treaty, I
+shall desire the reader's leave to insert it at length, although I
+believe it hath been already in most hands.[7]
+
+[Footnote 7: This speech was printed by John Baskett, 1712. [W.S.J.]]
+
+"MY LORDS AND GENTLEMEN,
+
+"The making peace and war is the undoubted prerogative of the crown; yet
+such is the just confidence I place in you, that at the opening of this
+session, I acquainted you that a negotiation for a general peace was
+begun; and afterwards, by messages, I promised to communicate to you the
+terms of peace, before the same should be concluded.
+
+"In pursuance of that promise, I now come to let you know upon what
+terms a general peace may be made.
+
+"I need not mention the difficulties which arise from the very nature of
+this affair; and it is but too apparent, that these difficulties have
+been increased by other obstructions, artfully contrived to hinder this
+great and good work.
+
+"Nothing, however, has moved me from steadily pursuing, in the first
+place, the true interests of my own kingdoms, and I have not omitted any
+thing, which might procure to all our allies what is due to them by
+treaties, and what is necessary for their security.
+
+"The assuring of the Protestant succession, as by law established in the
+House of Hanover, to these kingdoms; being what I have nearest at heart,
+particular care is taken not only to have that acknowledged in the
+strongest terms, but to have an additional security, by the removal of
+that person out of the dominions of France, who has pretended to disturb
+this settlement.
+
+"The apprehension that Spain and the West Indies might be united to
+France, was the chief inducement to begin this war; and the effectual
+preventing of such an union, was the principle I laid down at the
+commencement of this treaty. Former examples, and the late negotiations,
+sufficiently shew how difficult it is to find means to accomplish this
+work. I would not content myself with such as are speculative, or depend
+on treaties only: I insisted on what was solid, and to have at hand the
+power of executing what should be agreed.
+
+"I can therefore now tell you, that France at last is brought to offer,
+that the Duke of Anjou shall, for himself and his descendants, renounce
+for ever all claim to the crown of France; and that this important
+article may be exposed to no hazard, the performance is to accompany the
+promise.
+
+"At the same time the succession to the crown of France is to be
+declared, after the death of the present dauphin and his sons, to be in
+the Duke of Berry and his sons, in the Duke of Orleans and his sons, and
+so on to the rest of the House of Bourbon.
+
+"As to Spain and the Indies, the succession to those dominions, after
+the Duke of Anjou and his children, is to descend to such prince as
+shall be agreed upon at the treaty, for ever excluding the rest of the
+House of Bourbon.
+
+"For confirming the renunciations and settlements before mentioned, it
+is further offered, that they should be ratified in the most strong and
+solemn manner, both in France and Spain; and that those kingdoms, as
+well as all the other powers engaged in the present war, shall be
+guarantees to the same.
+
+"The nature of this proposal is such, that it executes itself: the
+interest of Spain is to support it; and in France, the persons to whom
+that succession is to belong, will be ready and powerful enough to
+vindicate their own right.
+
+"France and Spain are now more effectually divided than ever. And thus,
+by the blessing of God, will a real balance of power be fixed in Europe,
+and remain liable to as few accidents as human affairs can be exempted
+from.
+
+"A treaty of commerce between these kingdoms and France has been entered
+upon; but the excessive duties laid on some goods, and the prohibitions
+of others, make it impossible to finish this work so soon as were to be
+desired. Care is however taken to establish a method of settling this
+matter; and in the mean time provision is made, that the same privileges
+and advantages, as shall be granted to any other nation by France, shall
+be granted in like manner to us.
+
+"The division of the Island of St. Christopher, between us and the
+French, having been the cause of great inconveniency and damage to my
+subjects, I have demanded to have an absolute cession made to me of that
+whole island, and France agrees to this demand.
+
+"Our interest is so deeply concerned in the trade of North America, that
+I have used my utmost endeavours to adjust that article in the most
+beneficial manner. France consents to restore to us the whole Bay and
+Straits of Hudson, to deliver up the Island of Newfoundland, with
+Placentia; and to make an absolute cession of Annapolis, with the rest
+of Nova Scotia, or Acadie.
+
+"The safety of our home trade will be better provided for, by the
+demolition of Dunkirk.
+
+"Our Mediterranean trade, and the British interest and influence in
+those parts, will be secured by the possession of Gibraltar and Port
+Mahon, with the whole island of Minorca, which are offered to remain in
+my hands.
+
+"The trade to Spain and to the West Indies may in general be settled, as
+it was in the time of the late King of Spain, Charles the Second; and a
+particular provision be made, that all advantages, rights, or
+privileges, which have been granted, or which may hereafter be granted,
+by Spain to any other nation, shall be in like manner granted to the
+subjects of Great Britain.
+
+"But the part which we have borne in the prosecution of this war,
+entitling us to some distinction in the terms of peace, I have insisted,
+and obtained, that the Assiento, or contract for furnishing the Spanish
+West Indies with negroes, shall be made with us for the term of thirty
+years, in the same manner as it has been enjoyed by the French for ten
+years past.
+
+"I have not taken upon me to determine the interests of our
+confederates; these must be adjusted in the congress at Utrecht, where
+my best endeavours shall be employed, as they have hitherto constantly
+been, to procure to every one of them all just and reasonable
+satisfaction. In the mean time, I think it proper to acquaint you, that
+France offers to make the Rhine the barrier of the empire; to yield
+Brissac, the fort of Kehl, and Landau, and to raze all the fortresses,
+both on the other side of the Rhine, and in that river.
+
+"As to the Protestant interest in Germany, there will be on the part of
+France no objection to the resettling thereof, on the foot of the treaty
+of Westphalia.
+
+"The Spanish Low Countries may go to his Imperial Majesty: the kingdoms
+of Naples and Sardinia, the duchy of Milan, and the places belonging to
+Spain on the coast of Tuscany, may likewise be yielded by the treaty of
+peace to the Emperor.
+
+"As to the kingdom of Sicily, though there remains no dispute concerning
+the cession of it by the Duke of Anjou, yet the disposition thereof is
+not yet determined.
+
+"The interests of the States General, with respect to commerce, are
+agreed to, as they have been demanded by their own ministers, with the
+exception only of some very few species of merchandise; and the entire
+barrier, as demanded by the States in one thousand seven hundred and
+nine from France, except two or three places at most.
+
+"As to these exceptions, several expedients are proposed; and I make no
+doubt but this barrier may be so settled, as to render that republic
+perfectly secure against any enterprise on the part of France; which is
+the foundation of all my engagements upon this head with the States.
+
+"The demands of Portugal depending on the disposition of Spain, and that
+article having been long in dispute, it has not been yet possible to
+make any considerable progress therein; but my plenipotentiaries will
+now have an opportunity to assist that king in his pretensions.
+
+"Those of the King of Prussia are such as, I hope, will admit of little
+difficulty on the part of France; and my utmost endeavours shall not be
+wanting to procure all I am able to so good an ally.
+
+"The difference between the barrier demanded for the Duke of Savoy in
+one thousand seven hundred and nine, and the offers now made by France,
+is very inconsiderable: but that prince having so signally distinguished
+himself in the service of the common cause, I am endeavouring to procure
+for him still farther advantages.
+
+"France has consented, that the Elector Palatine shall continue his
+present rank among the electors, and remain in possession of the Upper
+Palatinate.
+
+"The electoral dignity is likewise acknowledged in the House of Hanover,
+according to the article inserted at that prince's desire in my demands.
+
+"And as to the rest of the allies, I make no doubt of being able to
+secure their several interests.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"MY LORDS AND GENTLEMEN,
+
+"I have now communicated to you, not only the terms of peace, which may,
+by the future treaty, be obtained for my own subjects; but likewise the
+proposals of France, for satisfying our allies.
+
+"The former are such as I have reason to expect, to make my people some
+amends for that great and unequal burden which they have lain under,
+through the whole course of this war; and I am willing to hope, that
+none of our confederates, and especially those to whom so great
+accessions of dominion and power are to accrue by this peace, will envy
+Britain her share in the glory and advantage of it.
+
+"The latter are not yet so perfectly adjusted, as a little more time
+might have rendered them; but the season of the year making it necessary
+to put an end to this session, I resolved no longer to defer
+communicating these matters to you.
+
+"I can make no doubt but you are all fully persuaded, that nothing will
+be neglected on my part, in the progress of this negotiation, to bring
+the peace to an happy and speedy issue; and I depend on your entire
+confidence in me, and your cheerful concurrence with me."
+
+The discontented party in the House of Commons, finding the torrent
+against them not to be stemmed, suspended their opposition; by which
+means an address was voted, _nemine contradicente_, to acknowledge Her
+Majesty's condescension, to express their satisfaction in what she had
+already done, and to desire she would please to proceed with the present
+negotiations for obtaining a speedy peace.
+
+During these transactions at home, the Duke of Ormonde[8] was in a very
+uneasy situation at the army, employed in practising those arts which
+perhaps are fitter for a subtle negotiator than a great commander.[9]
+But as he had always proved his obedience, where courage or conduct
+could be of use; so the duty he professed to his prince, made him submit
+to continue in a state of inactivity at the head of his troops, however
+contrary to his nature, if it were for Her Majesty's service. He had
+sent early notice to the ministers, that he could not depend upon the
+foreign forces in the Queen's pay, and he now found some attempts were
+already begun to seduce them.
+
+[Footnote 8: James Butler, Duke of Ormonde, succeeded his grandfather in
+that title in July, 1688, was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in 1703, and
+again in 1710. He succeeded the Duke of Marlborough as captain general,
+and had the first regiment of Guards. Bishop Burnet says, "he had the
+same allowances that had been lately voted criminal in the Duke of
+Marlborough." ("History," vol. ii., p. 602). [N.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: Bolingbroke had written a letter to Ormonde (dated May
+10th, 1712) in which he informed the commander-in-chief that it was the
+"Queen's positive command to your Grace, that you avoid engaging in any
+siege or hazarding a battle till you have farther orders from Her
+Majesty." How to do this with dignity was not an easy matter. The
+continuation of this letter from Bolingbroke suggested the spirit,
+though it left to Ormonde the details of his procedure in so delicate a
+situation: "I am, at the same time, directed to let your Grace know that
+the Queen would have you disguise the receipt of this order; and her
+Majesty thinks that you cannot want pretences for conducting yourself so
+as to answer her ends, without owning that which might at present have
+an ill effect if it was publicly known." (Bolingbroke, "Correspondence,"
+ii. 320). This is what Swift means by being: "employed in practicing
+those arts which perhaps are fitter for a subtle negotiator than a great
+commander." [T.S.]]
+
+While the courier was expected from Madrid, the Duke had orders to
+inform the Marechal de Villars of the true state of this affair; and
+that his grace would have decisive orders in three or four days. In the
+mean time, he desired the marechal would not oblige him to come to any
+action, either to defend himself, or to join with Prince Eugene's army;
+which he must necessarily do, if the prince were attacked.
+
+When the courier was arrived with the account, that Philip had chosen to
+accept of Spain, Her Majesty had proposed to France a suspension of arms
+for two months (to be prolonged to three or four), between the armies
+now in Flanders, upon the following conditions:
+
+"That, during the suspension, endeavours should be used for concluding a
+general peace; or, at least, the article for preventing the union of
+France and Spain, should be punctually executed by Philip's renouncing
+France, for himself and his posterity; and the princes of Bourbon, in
+like manner, renouncing Spain: and that the town, citadel, and forts of
+Dunkirk, should be immediately delivered into the Queen's hands." Her
+Majesty at the same time endeavoured to get Cambray for the Dutch,
+provided they would come into the suspension. But this was absolutely
+rejected by France; which that court would never have ventured to do, if
+those allies could have been prevailed on to have acted with sincerity
+and openness in concert with Her Majesty, as her plenipotentiaries had
+always desired. However, the Queen promised, that, if the States would
+yield to a suspension of arms, they should have some valuable pledge put
+into their possession.
+
+But now fresh intelligence daily arrived, both from Utrecht and the
+army, of attempts to make the troops in Her Majesty's pay desert her
+service; and a design even of seizing the British forces, was whispered
+about, and with reason suspected.
+
+When the Queen's speech was published in Holland, the lord privy seal
+told the Dutch ministers at Utrecht, "That what Her Majesty had laid
+before her Parliament could not, according to the rules of treaty, be
+looked on as the utmost of what France would yield in the course of a
+negotiation; but only the utmost of what that crown would propose, in
+order to form the plan of a peace: That these conditions would certainly
+have been better, if the States had thought fit to have gone hand in
+hand with Her Majesty, as she had so frequently exhorted them to do:
+That nothing but the want of harmony among the allies had spirited the
+French to stand out so long: That the Queen would do them all the good
+offices in her power, if they thought fit to comply; and did not doubt
+of getting them reasonable satisfaction, both in relation to their
+barrier and their trade." But this reasoning made no impression: the
+Dutch ministers said, the Queen's speech had deprived them of the fruits
+of the war. They were in pain, lest Lille and Tournay might be two of
+the towns to be excepted out of their barrier. The rest of the allies
+grew angry, by the example of the Dutch. The populace in Holland began
+to be inflamed: they publicly talked, that Britain had betrayed them.
+Sermons were preached in several towns of their provinces, whether by
+direction or connivance, filled with the highest instances of disrespect
+to Her Britannic Majesty, whom they charged as a papist, and an enemy to
+their country. The lord privy seal himself believed something
+extraordinary was in agitation, and that his own person was in danger
+from the fury of the people.
+
+It is certain, that the States appeared but a few days before very much
+disposed to comply with the measures the Queen had taken, and would have
+consented to a general armistice, if Count Zinzendorf, one of the
+plenipotentiaries for the Emperor, had not, by direct orders from his
+court, employed himself in sowing jealousies between Britain and the
+States; and at the same time made prodigious offers to the latter, as
+well as to the ministers of Prussia, the Palatinate, and Hanover, for
+continuing the war. That those three electors, who contributed nothing,
+except bodies of men in return of pay and subsidies, should readily
+accept the proposals of the Emperor, is easy to be accounted for. What
+appears hardly credible is, that a grave republic, usually cautious
+enough in making their bargains, should venture to reject the thoughts
+of a peace upon the promises of the House of Austria, the little
+validity whereof they had so long experienced; and especially when they
+counted upon losing the support of Britain, their most powerful ally;
+but the false hopes given them by their friends in England of some new
+change in their favour, or an imagination of bringing France to better
+terms by the appearance of resolution, added to the weakness or
+corruption of some, who administered their affairs, were the true causes
+which first created, and afterwards inflamed, this untractable temper
+among them.
+
+The Dutch ministers were wholly disconcerted and surprised, when the
+lord privy seal told them, "That a suspension of arms in the Netherlands
+would be necessary; and that the Duke of Ormonde intended very soon to
+declare it after he had taken possession of Dunkirk." But his lordship
+endeavoured to convince them, that this incident ought rather to be a
+motive for hastening the States into a compliance with Her Majesty. He
+likewise communicated to the ministers of the allies the offers made by
+France, as delivered in the speech from the throne, which Her Majesty
+thought to be satisfactory, and hoped their masters would concur with
+her in bringing the peace to a speedy conclusion, wherein each, in
+particular, might be assured of her best offices for advancing their
+just pretensions.
+
+In the mean time the Duke of Ormonde was directed to send a body of
+troops to take possession of Dunkirk, as soon as he should have notice
+from the Marechal de Villars, that the commandant of the town had
+received orders from his court to deliver it; but the Duke foresaw many
+difficulties in the executing of this commission. He could trust such an
+enterprise to no forces, except those of Her Majesty's own subjects. He
+considered the temper of the States in this conjuncture, and was loth to
+divide a small body of men, upon whose faithfulness alone he could
+depend. He thought it not prudent to expose them to march through the
+enemy's country, with whom there was yet neither peace nor truce; and he
+had sufficient reasons to apprehend, that the Dutch would either not
+permit such a detachment to pass through their towns (as themselves had
+more than hinted to him) or would seize them as they passed: besides,
+the Duke had very fairly signified to Marechal de Villars, that he
+expected to be deserted by all the foreign troops in Her Majesty's pay,
+as soon as the armistice should be declared; at which the marechal
+appearing extremely disappointed, said, "The King his master reckoned,
+that all the troops under his grace's command should yield to the
+cessation; and wondered how it should come to pass, that those who might
+be paid for lying still, would rather choose, after a ten years' war, to
+enter into the service of new masters, under whom they must fight on for
+nothing." In short, the opinion of Mons. Villars was, that this
+difficulty cancelled the promise of surrendering Dunkirk; which
+therefore he opposed as much as possible, in the letters he writ to his
+court.
+
+Upon the Duke of Ormonde's representing those difficulties, the Queen
+altered her measures, and ordered forces to be sent from England to take
+possession of Dunkirk. The Duke was likewise commanded to tell the
+foreign generals in Her Majesty's service, how highly she would resent
+their desertion; after which, their masters must give up all thoughts of
+any arrears, either of pay or subsidy. The lord privy seal spoke the
+same language at Utrecht, to the several ministers of the allies; as Mr.
+Secretary St. John did to those who resided here; adding, "That the
+proceeding of the foreign troops would be looked upon as a declaration
+for or against Her Majesty: and that, in case they desert her service,
+she would look on herself as justified, before God and man, to continue
+her negotiation at Utrecht, or any other place, whether the allies
+concur or not." And particularly the Dutch were assured, "That if their
+masters seduced the forces hired by the Queen, they must take the whole
+pay, arrears, and subsidies on themselves."[10]
+
+[Footnote 10: Compare this language of Bishop Robinson with the letter
+Bolingbroke had previously written to Thomas Harley (letter of May 17,
+1712): "On the report which my Lord Strafford, who arrived here the day
+before yesterday, has made by word of mouth, as well as upon the
+contents of the latter dispatches from Utrecht, her Majesty is fully
+determined to let all negotiations sleep in Holland; since they have
+neither sense, nor gratitude, nor spirit enough to make a suitable
+return to the offers lately sent by the Queen, and communicated by the
+plenipotentiaries, her Majesty will look on herself as under no
+obligation towards them, but proceed to make the peace either with or
+without them."
+
+When the States-General addressed a complaint to the Queen of the manner
+in which England was deserting them, Bolingbroke had their letter
+formally condemned by a resolution of the House of Commons. He was
+determined to bring this peace about, and the Dutch might "kick and
+flounce like wild beasts caught in a toil; yet the cords are too strong
+for them to break." (Report from the Committee of Secrecy.) [T.S.]]
+
+The Earl of Strafford, preparing about this time to return to Utrecht,
+with instructions proper to the present situation of affairs, went first
+to the army, and there informed the Duke of Ormonde of Her Majesty's
+intentions. He also acquainted the States deputies with the Queen's
+uneasiness, lest, by the measures they were taking, they should drive
+her to extremities, which she desired so much to avoid. He farther
+represented to them, in the plainest terms, the provocations Her Majesty
+had received, and the grounds and reasons for her present conduct. He
+likewise declared to the commanders in chief of the foreign troops, in
+the Queen's pay, and in the joint pay of Britain and the States, with
+how much surprise Her Majesty had heard, "That there was the least doubt
+of their obeying the orders of the Duke of Ormonde; which if they
+refused, Her Majesty would esteem it not only as an indignity and
+affront, but as a declaration against her; and, in such a case, they
+must look on themselves as no farther entitled either to any arrear, or
+future pay or subsidies."
+
+Six regiments, under the command of Mr. Hill,[11] were now preparing to
+embark, in order to take possession of Dunkirk; and the Duke of Ormonde,
+upon the first intelligence sent him, that the French were ready to
+deliver the town, was to declare he could act no longer against France.
+The Queen gave notice immediately of her proceedings to the States. She
+let them plainly know, "That their perpetual caballing with her factious
+subjects, against her authority, had forced her into such measures, as
+otherwise she would not have engaged in. However, Her Majesty was
+willing yet to forget all that had passed, and to unite with them in the
+strictest ties of amity, which she hoped they would now do; since they
+could not but be convinced, by the late dutiful addresses of both
+Houses, how far their High Mightinesses had been deluded, and drawn in
+as instruments to serve the turn, and gratify the passions, of a
+disaffected party: That their opposition, and want of concert with Her
+Majesty's ministers, which she had so often invited them to, had
+encouraged France to except towns out of their barrier, which otherwise
+might have been yielded: That, however, she had not precluded them, or
+any other ally, from demanding more; and even her own terms were but
+conditional, upon supposition of a general peace to ensue: That Her
+Majesty resolved to act upon the plan laid down in her speech;" and she
+repeated the promise of her best offices to promote the interest of the
+States, if they would deal sincerely with her.
+
+[Footnote 11: John Hill, brother to Mrs. Masham. It is not difficult to
+guess at the reason for this appointment. Here was a chance for Jack
+Hill to achieve some glory and wipe away the disgrace of the ill-starred
+Quebec expedition. As there was also no danger attached to the
+enterprise, all the more likely that he would succeed. Hill sailed with
+Admiral Sir John Leake and took peaceable possession of the town and
+forts. For this he was appointed Governor of Dunkirk, and while there he
+sent Swift a gold snuff-box as a present, "the finest that ever you
+saw," as Swift wrote to Stella: See also vol. v., p. 80, of this
+edition. [T.S.]]
+
+Some days before the Duke of Ormonde had notice, that orders were given
+for the surrender of Dunkirk, Prince Eugene of Savoy sent for the
+generals of the allies, and asked them severally, whether, in case the
+armies separated, they would march with him, or stay with the Duke? All
+of them, except two, who commanded but small bodies, agreed to join with
+the prince; who thereupon, about three days after, sent the Duke word,
+that he intended to march the following day (as it was supposed) to
+besiege Landrecies. The Duke returned an answer, "That he was surprised
+at the prince's message, there having been not the least previous
+concert with him, nor any mention in the message, which way, or upon
+what design, the march was intended: therefore, that the Duke could not
+resolve to march with him; much less could the prince expect assistance
+from the Queen's army, in any design undertaken after this manner." The
+Duke told this beforehand, that he (the prince) might take his measures
+accordingly, and not attribute to Her Majesty's general any misfortune
+that might happen.
+
+On the sixteenth of July, N.S. the several generals of the allies joined
+Prince Eugene's army, and began their march, after taking leave of the
+Duke and the Earl of Strafford, whose expostulations could not prevail
+on them to stay; although the latter assured them, that the Queen had
+made neither peace nor truce with France, and that her forces would now
+be left exposed to the enemy.
+
+The next day after this famous desertion, the Duke of Ormonde received a
+letter from Mons. de Villars, with an account, that the town and citadel
+of Dunkirk should be delivered to Mr. Hill. Whereupon a cessation of
+arms was declared, by sound of trumpet, at the head of the British army;
+which now consisted only of about eighteen thousand men, all of Her
+Majesty's subjects, except the Holsteiners, and Count Wallis's
+dragoons.[12] With this small body of men the general began his march;
+and, pursuant to orders from court, retired towards the sea, in the
+manner he thought most convenient for the Queen's service. When he came
+as far as Flines, he was told by some of his officers, that the
+commandants of Bouchain, Douay, Lille, and Tournay, had refused them
+passage through those towns, or even liberty of entrance, and said it
+was by order of their masters.[13] The Duke immediately recollected,
+that when the deputies first heard of his resolution to withdraw his
+troops, they told him, they hoped he did not intend to march through any
+of their towns. This made him conclude, that the orders must be general,
+and that his army would certainly meet with the same treatment which his
+officers had done. He had likewise, before the armies separated,
+received information of some designs that concerned the safety, or at
+least the freedom of his own person, and (which he much more valued)
+that of those few British troops entrusted to his care. No general was
+ever more truly or deservedly beloved by his soldiers, who, to a man,
+were prepared to sacrifice their lives in his service; and whose
+resentments were raised to the utmost, by the ingratitude, as they
+termed it, of their deserters.
+
+[Footnote 12: Barner, who commanded the troops of Holstein, being two
+battalions and eight squadrons, and Walef or Waless, who commanded the
+dragoons of Liege, both followed Ormonde. [S.]]
+
+[Footnote 13: At Bouchain, the British officers were told at the gates,
+that the commandant had positive orders to let no Englishman into the
+town; and at Douay, where the English had large stores and magazines,
+the same thing happened with considerable aggravation. Indeed, it was
+with difficulty and precaution that the commandant of the latter town
+would permit the body of an English colonel to be interred there. The
+same difficulties occurred at Tournay, Oudenarde, and Lille; and the
+Duke of Ormonde having sent an officer express to England on the 17th,
+he was stopped and interrupted at Haspre, misguided at Courtray, and
+refused admission at Bruges. (See "The Conduct of his Grace the Duke of
+Ormonde, in the Campagne of 1712," 1715, pp. 46-50.) [S.]]
+
+Upon these provocations, he laid aside all thoughts of returning to
+Dunkirk, and began to consider how he might perform, in so difficult a
+conjuncture, something important to the Queen, and at the same time find
+a secure retreat for his forces. He formed his plan without
+communicating it to any person whatsoever; and the disposition of the
+army being to march towards Warneton, in the way to Dunkirk, he gave
+sudden orders to Lieutenant-General Cadogan to change his route,
+according to the military phrase, and move towards Orchies, a town
+leading directly to Ghent.
+
+When Prince Eugene and the States deputies received news of the Duke's
+motions, they were alarmed to the utmost degree, and sent Count Nassau,
+of Woudenbourg, to the general's camp near Orchies, to excuse what had
+been done, and to assure his grace, that those commandants, who had
+refused passage to his officers, had acted wholly without orders. Count
+Hompesch, one of the Dutch generals, came likewise to the Duke with the
+same story; but all this made little impression on the general, who held
+on his march, and on the twenty-third of July, N.S., entered Ghent,
+where he was received with great submission by the inhabitants, and took
+possession of the town, as he likewise did of Bruges, a few days after.
+
+The Duke of Ormonde thought, that considering the present disposition of
+the States towards Britain, it might be necessary for the Queen to have
+some pledge from that republic in her hands, as well as from France, by
+which means Her Majesty would be empowered to act the part that best
+became her, of being mediator at least; and that while Ghent was in the
+Queen's hands, no provisions could pass the Scheldt or the Lys without
+her permission, by which he had it in his power to starve their army.
+The possession of these towns might likewise teach the Dutch and
+Imperialists, to preserve a degree of decency and civility to Her
+Majesty, which both of them were upon some occasions too apt to forget:
+and besides, there was already in the town of Ghent, a battalion of
+British troops and a detachment of five hundred men in the citadel,
+together with a great quantity of ammunition stores for the service of
+the war, which would certainly have been seized or embezzled; so that no
+service could be more seasonable or useful in the present juncture than
+this, which the Queen highly approved, and left the Duke a discretionary
+power to act as he thought fit on any future emergency.
+
+I have a little interrupted the order of time, in relating the Duke of
+Ormonde's proceedings, who, after having placed a garrison at Bruges,
+and sent a supply of men and ammunition to Dunkirk, retired to Ghent,
+where he continued some months, till he had leave to return to England.
+
+Upon the arrival of Colonel Disney[14] at court, with an account that
+Mr. Hill had taken possession of Dunkirk, an universal joy spread over
+the kingdom, this event being looked on as the certain forerunner of a
+peace: besides, the French faith was in so ill a reputation among us,
+that many persons, otherwise sanguine enough, could never bring
+themselves to believe, that the town would be delivered, till certain
+intelligence came that it was actually in our hands. Neither were the
+ministers themselves altogether at ease, or free from suspicion,
+whatever countenance they made; for they knew very well, that the French
+King had many plausible reasons to elude his promise, if he found cause
+to repent it. One condition of surrendering Dunkirk, being a general
+armistice of all the troops in the British pay, which Her Majesty was
+not able to perform; and upon this failure, the Marechal de Villars (as
+we have before related) endeavoured to dissuade his court from accepting
+the conditions: and in the very interval, while those difficulties were
+adjusting, the Marechal d'Uxelles, one of the French plenipotentiaries
+at Utrecht (whose inclinations, as well as those of his colleague Mons.
+Mesnager, led him to favour the States more than Britain) assured the
+lord privy seal, that the Dutch were then pressing to enter into
+separate measures with his master: and his lordship, in a visit to the
+Abbe de Polignac, observing a person to withdraw as he entered the
+abbe's chamber, was told by this minister, that the person he saw was
+one Molo, of Amsterdam, mentioned before, a famous agent for the States
+with France, who had been entertaining him (the abbe) upon the same
+subject, but that he had refused to treat with Molo, without the privity
+of England.
+
+[Footnote 14: Colonel Disney or Desnee, called "Duke" Disney, was one of
+the members of the Brothers Club, a boon companion of Bolingbroke, and,
+as Swift says, "not an old man, but an old rake." From various sources
+we gather that he was a high liver, and not very nice in his ways of
+high living. In spite, however, of his undoubted profligacy, he must
+have been a man of good nature and a kindly heart, since he received
+affectionate record from Gay, Pope, and Swift. Mr. Walter Sichel quotes
+from "an unfinished sketch of a larger poem," by Lady Mary Wortley
+Montagu, in which Disney's worst characteristics are held up to
+ridicule. ("Bolingbroke and his Times," pp. 288-290). Swift often refers
+to him in his "Journal." [T.S.]]
+
+Mr. Harley, whom we mentioned above to have been sent early in the
+spring to Utrecht, continued longer in Holland than was at first
+expected; but having received Her Majesty's farther instructions, was
+about this time arrived at Hanover. It was the misfortune of his
+Electoral Highness, to be very ill served by Mons. Bothmar, his envoy
+here, who assisted at all the factious meetings of the discontented
+party, and deceived his master by a false representation of the kingdom,
+drawn from the opinion of those to whom he confined his conversation.
+There was likewise at the Elector's court a little Frenchman, without
+any merit or consequence, called Robethon,[15] who, by the assistance
+and encouragement of the last ministry, had insinuated himself into some
+degree of that prince's favour, which he used in giving his master the
+worst impressions he was able, of those whom the Queen employed in her
+service; insinuating, that the present ministers were not in the
+interest of his Highness's family; that their views were towards the
+Pretender; that they were making an unsecure and dishonourable peace;
+that the weight of the nation was against them; and that it was
+impossible for them to preserve much longer their credit or power.
+
+[Footnote 15: One of the Elector's privy councillors. See note, vol. v.,
+p. 468. "As little a fellow as Robethon is," wrote Bolingbroke to Thomas
+Harley, "I have reason to believe that most of the ill impressions which
+have been given at that court have chiefly come from him; and as I know
+him to be mercenary, I doubt not but he has found his account in this
+his management." (Bol., "Correspondence," vol. ii., p. 385). [T.S.]]
+
+The Earl Rivers had, in the foregoing year, been sent to Hanover, in
+order to undeceive the Elector, and remove whatever prejudices might be
+infused into his Highness against Her Majesty's proceedings; but it
+should seem that he had no very great success in his negotiation: for
+soon after his return to England, Mons. Bothmar's "Memorial" appeared in
+the manner I have already related, which discovered the sentiments of
+his electoral Highness (if they were truly represented in that
+"Memorial") to differ not a little from those of the Queen. Mr. Harley
+was therefore directed to take the first opportunity of speaking to the
+Elector in private, to assure him, "That although Her Majesty had
+thought herself justly provoked by the conduct of his minister, yet such
+was her affection for his Highness, and concern for the interests of his
+family, that instead of showing the least mark of resentment, she had
+chosen to send him (Mr. Harley) fully instructed to open her designs,
+and shew his Highness the real interest of Britain in the present
+conjuncture." Mr. Harley was to give the Elector a true account of what
+had passed in England, during the first part of this session of
+Parliament; to expose to his Highness the weakness of those with whom
+his minister had consulted, and under whose directions he had acted; to
+convince him how much lower that faction must become, when a peace
+should be concluded, and when the natural strength of the kingdom,
+disencumbered from the burthen of the war, should be at liberty to exert
+itself; to shew him how his interest in the succession was sacrificed to
+that of a party: that his Highness had been hitherto a friend to both
+sides, but that the measures taken by his ministers, had tended only to
+set him at the head of one in opposition to the other: to explain to the
+Elector, how fully the safety of Europe was provided for by the plan of
+peace in Her Majesty's speech; and how little reason those would appear
+to have, who complained the loudest of this plan, if it were compared
+either with our engagements to them when we began the war, or with their
+performances in the course of it.
+
+Upon this occasion Mr, Harley was to observe to the Elector, "That it
+should rather be wondered at, how the Queen had brought France to offer
+so much, than yet to offer no more; because, as soon as ever it
+appeared, that Her Majesty would be at the head of this treaty, and that
+the interests of Britain were to be provided for, such endeavours were
+used to break off the negotiation, as are hardly to be paralleled; and
+the disunion thereby created among the allies, had given more
+opportunities to the enemy, of being slow in their concessions, than any
+other measures might possibly have done: That this want of concert among
+the allies, could not in any sort be imputed to the Queen, who had all
+along invited them to it with the greatest earnestness, as the surest
+means to bring France to reason: That she had always, in a particular
+manner, pressed the States General to come into the strictest union with
+her, and opened to them her intentions with the greatest freedom; but
+finding, that instead of concurring with Her Majesty, they were daily
+carrying on intrigues to break off the negotiation, and thereby deprive
+her of the advantages she might justly expect from the ensuing peace,
+having no other way left, she was forced to act with France as she did,
+by herself: That, however, the Queen had not taken upon herself to
+determine the interests of the allies, who were at liberty of insisting
+on farther pretensions, wherein Her Majesty would not be wanting to
+support them as far as she was able, and improve the concessions already
+made by France; in which case, a good understanding and harmony among
+the confederates, would yet be of the greatest use for making the enemy
+more tractable and easy."
+
+I have been more particular in reciting the substance of Mr. Harley's
+instructions, because it will serve as a recapitulation of what I have
+already said upon this subject, and seems to set Her Majesty's
+intentions, and proceedings at this time, in the clearest light.
+
+After the cessation of arms declared by the Duke of Ormonde, upon the
+delivery of Dunkirk, the British plenipotentiaries very earnestly
+pressed those of Holland to come into a general armistice; for if the
+whole confederacy acted in conjunction, this would certainly be the best
+means for bringing the common enemy to reasonable terms of peace: but
+the States, deluded by the boundless promises of Count Zinzendorf, and
+the undertaking talent of Prince Eugene, who dreaded the conclusion of
+the war, as the period of his glory, would not hear of a cessation. The
+loss of eighteen thousand Britons was not a diminution of weight in the
+balance of such an ally as the Emperor, and such a general as the
+Prince. Besides, they looked upon themselves to be still superior to
+France in the field; and although their computation was certainly right
+in point of number, yet, in my opinion, the conclusion drawn from it,
+was grounded upon a great mistake. I have been assured by several
+persons of our own country, and some foreigners of the first rank, both
+for skill and station in arms, that in most victories obtained in the
+present war, the British troops were ever employed in the post of danger
+and honour, and usually began the attack (being allowed to be naturally
+more fearless than the people of any other country), by which they were
+not only an example of courage to the rest, but must be acknowledged,
+without partiality, to have governed the fortune of the day; since it is
+known enough, how small a part of an army is generally engaged in any
+battle. It may likewise be added, that nothing is of greater moment in
+war than opinion. The French, by their frequent losses, which they
+chiefly attributed to the courage of our men, believed that a British
+general, at the head of British troops, was not to be overcome; and the
+Marechal de Villars was quickly sensible of the advantage he had got;
+for, in a very few days after the desertion of the allies, happened the
+Earl of Albemarle's disgrace at Denain, by a feint of the Marechal's,
+and a manifest failure somewhere or other, both of courage and conduct
+on the side of the confederates. The blame of which was equally shared
+between Prince Eugene and the Earl; although it is certain, the Duke of
+Ormonde gave the latter timely warning of his danger, observing he was
+neither intrenched as he ought, nor provided with bridges sufficient for
+the situation he was in, and at such a distance from the main army.[16]
+
+[Footnote 16: It is alleged by the continuator of Rapin, that the
+surprise and defeat of the confederated troops under the Earl of
+Albemarle, at Denain, was, in a great measure, owing to the Duke of
+Ormonde having, in spite of all remonstrance, reclaimed and carried off
+certain pontoons which had been lent to the allies. For Prince Eugene
+having received intelligence of the design against Albemarle, marched to
+his succour; but the bridge having broken under the quantity of the
+baggage which had been transported across the Scheldt, he could only
+remain the spectator of their misfortune. [S.]]
+
+The Marquis de Torcy had likewise the same sentiments, of what mighty
+consequence those few British battalions were to the confederate army;
+since he advised his master to deliver up Dunkirk, although the Queen
+could not perform the condition understood, which was a cessation of
+arms of all the foreign forces in her pay.
+
+It must be owned, that Mons. de Torcy made great merit of this
+confidence that his master placed in the Queen; and observing Her
+Majesty's displeasure against the Dutch, on account of their late
+proceedings, endeavoured to inflame it with aggravations enough;
+insinuating, "That, since the States had acted so ungratefully, the
+Queen should let her forces join with those of France, in order to
+compel the confederates to a peace." But although this overture were
+very tenderly hinted from the French court, Her Majesty heard it with
+the utmost abhorrence; and ordered her secretary, Mr. St. John (created
+about this time Viscount Bolingbroke),[17] to tell Mons. de Torcy, "That
+no provocations whatever should tempt her to distress her allies; but
+she would endeavour to bring them to reason by fair means, or leave them
+to their own conduct: That if the former should be found impracticable,
+she would then make her own peace, and content herself with doing the
+office of a mediator between both parties: but if the States should at
+any time come to a better mind, and suffer their ministers to act in
+conjunction with hers, she would assert their just interests to the
+utmost, and make no farther progress in any treaty with France, until
+those allies received all reasonable satisfaction, both as to their
+barrier and their trade." The British plenipotentiaries were directed to
+give the same assurances to the Dutch ministers at Utrecht, and withal
+to let them know, "That the Queen was determined, by their late conduct,
+to make peace either with or without them; but would much rather choose
+the former."
+
+[Footnote 17: Bolingbroke had understood that he would not lose rank on
+his promotion, from which he concluded that the earldom of Bolingbroke,
+extinct in his family, would be revived in his favour. His indignation,
+however, was very keen when he was created only a Viscount. He wrote to
+Strafford at Utrecht, that his promotion had been a mortification to
+him. "In the House of Commons," he said, "I may say that I was at the
+head of business. ... There was, therefore, nothing to flatter my
+ambition in removing me from thence, but giving me the title which had
+been many years in my family, and which reverted to the Crown about a
+year ago, by the death of the last of the elder house. ... I own to you
+that I felt more indignation than ever in my life I had done." (Letter
+to the Earl of Strafford, July 23, 1712). [T.S.]]
+
+There was, however, one advantage which Her Majesty resolved to make by
+this defection of her foreigners. She had been led, by the mistaken
+politics of some years past, to involve herself in several guaranties
+with the princes of the north, which were, in some sort, contradictory
+to one another; but this conduct of theirs wholly annulled all such
+engagements, and left her at liberty to interpose in the affairs of
+those parts of Europe, in such a manner as would best serve the
+interests of her own kingdoms, as well as that of the Protestant
+religion, and settle a due balance of power in the north.
+
+The grand article for preventing the union of France and Spain, was to
+be executed during a cessation of arms. But many difficulties arising
+about that, and some other points of great importance to the common
+cause, which could not easily be adjusted either between the French and
+British plenipotentiaries at Utrecht, or by correspondence between Mons.
+de Torcy and the ministry here; the Queen took the resolution of sending
+the Lord Viscount Bolingbroke immediately to France, fully instructed in
+all her intentions, and authorized to negotiate every thing necessary
+for settling the treaty of peace in such a course, as might bring it to
+a happy and speedy conclusion. He was empowered to agree to a general
+suspension of arms, by sea and land, between Great Britain, France and
+Spain, to continue for four months, or until the conclusion of the
+peace; provided France and Spain would previously give positive
+assurances to make good the terms demanded by Her Majesty for the Duke
+of Savoy, and would likewise adjust and determine the forms of the
+several renunciations to be made by both those crowns, in order to
+prevent their being ever united. The Lord Bolingbroke was likewise
+authorized to settle some differences relating to the Elector of
+Bavaria, for whose interests France was as much concerned as Her Majesty
+was for those of the Duke of Savoy; to explain all doubtful articles
+which particularly related to the advantages of Britain; to know the
+real _ultimatum_, as it is termed, of France upon the general plan of
+peace; and lastly, to cut off all hopes from that court of ever bringing
+the Queen to force her allies to a disadvantageous peace; Her Majesty
+resolving to impose no scheme at all upon them, or to debar them from
+the liberty of endeavouring to obtain the best conditions they could.
+
+The Lord Bolingbroke went to France in the beginning of August,[18] was
+received at court with particular marks of distinction and respect; and
+in a very few days, by his usual address and ability, performed every
+part of his commission, extremely to the Queen's content and his own
+honour. He returned to England before the end of the month; but Mr.
+Prior, who went along with him, was left behind, to adjust whatever
+differences might remain or arise between the two crowns.[19]
+
+[Footnote 18: "Lord Bolingbroke and Prior set out for France last
+Saturday. My lord's business is to hasten the peace before the Dutch are
+too much mauled, and hinder France from carrying the jest of beating
+them too far." ("Journal to Stella," August 7th, 1712. See vol. ii., p.
+381 of present edition). The result of Bolingbroke's visit was the
+signing, on August 19th, of an agreement for the suspension of arms for
+four months. Torcy's reception of Bolingbroke was so managed that the
+_bon vivant_ peer had as pleasant a time as he could well have wished.
+How much influence that had on Bolingbroke we can only speculate; but it
+is certain that he would have made a separate peace with France, after
+his return, had Oxford been willing. See Torcy's "Memoires" (vol. ii.,
+p. 202). "Bolingbroke avoit conseille a la Reine sa maitresse de
+preferer une paix particuliere a la suspension d'armes, et d'assurer au
+plus tot a ses sujets la jouissance de toutes les conditions dont le Roi
+etoit convenu en faveur de l'Angleterre." [T.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 19: There is a long letter from Lord Bolingbroke to Mr. Prior,
+on the subject of this negotiation, printed in Scott's edition of Swift,
+vol. xv., pp. 524-529. [W.S.J.]]
+
+In the mean time the general conferences at Utrecht, which for several
+weeks had been let fall, since the delivery of Dunkirk, were now
+resumed. But the Dutch still declaring against a suspension of arms, and
+refusing to accept the Queen's speech as a plan to negotiate upon, there
+was no progress made for some time in the great work of the peace.
+Whereupon the British plenipotentiaries told those of the States, "That
+if the Queen's endeavours could not procure more than the contents of
+her speech, or if the French should ever fall short of what was there
+offered, the Dutch could blame none but themselves, who, by their
+conduct, had rendered things difficult, that would otherwise have been
+easy." However, Her Majesty thought it prudent to keep the States still
+in hopes of her good offices, to prevent them from taking the desperate
+course of leaving themselves wholly at the mercy of France; which was an
+expedient they formerly practised, and which a party among them was now
+inclined to advise.
+
+Whilst the congress at Utrecht remained in this inactive state, the
+Queen proceeded to perfect that important article for preventing the
+union of France and Spain. It was proposed and accepted, that Philip
+should renounce France, for himself and his posterity; and that the Most
+Christian King, and all the princes of his blood, should, in the like
+manner, renounce Spain.
+
+It must be confessed, that this project of renunciation lay under a
+great disrepute, by the former practices of this very King, Lewis XIV.
+pursuant to an absurd notion among many in that kingdom, of a divine
+right, annexed to proximity of blood, not to be controlled by any human
+law.
+
+But it is plain, the French themselves had recourse to this method,
+after all their infractions of it, since the Pyrenean treaty; for the
+first dauphin, in whom the original claim was vested, renounced, for
+himself and his eldest son, which opened the way to Philip Duke of
+Anjou; who would however hardly have succeeded, if it had not been for
+the will made in his favour by the last King, Charles II.
+
+It is indeed hard to reflect, with any patience, upon the unaccountable
+stupidity of the princes of Europe for some centuries past, who left a
+probability to France of succeeding in a few ages to all their
+dominions; whilst, at the same time, no alliance with that kingdom could
+be of advantage to any prince, by reason of the salique law. Should not
+common prudence have taught every sovereign in Christendom to enact a
+salique law, with respect to France; for want of which, it is almost a
+miracle, that the Bourbon family hath not possessed the universal
+monarchy by right of inheritance? When the French assert a proximity of
+blood gives a divine right, as some of their ministers, who ought to be
+more wise or honest, have lately advanced in this very case, to the
+title of Spain; do they not, by allowing a French succession, make their
+own kings usurpers? Or, if the salique law be divine, is it not of
+universal obligation, and consequently of force, to exclude France from
+inheriting by daughters? Or, lastly, if that law be of human
+institution, may it not be enacted in any state, with whatever extent or
+limitation the legislature shall think fit? For the notion of an
+unchangeable human law is an absurdity in government, to be believed
+only by ignorance, and supported by power. From hence it follows, that
+the children of the late Queen of France, although she had renounced,
+were as legally excluded from succeeding to Spain, as if the salique law
+had been fundamental in that kingdom; since that exclusion was
+established by every power in Spain, which could possibly give a
+sanction to any law there; and therefore the Duke of Anjou's title is
+wholly founded upon the bequest of his predecessor (which hath great
+authority in that monarchy, as it formerly had in ours), upon the
+confirmation of the Cortes, and the general consent of the people.
+
+It is certain, the faith of princes is so frequently subservient to
+their ambition, that renunciations have little validity, otherwise than
+from the powers and parties whose interest it is to support them. But
+this renunciation, which the Queen hath exacted from the French King and
+his grandson, I take to be armed with all the essential circumstances
+that can fortify such an act. For as it is necessary, for the security
+of every prince in Europe, that those two great kingdoms should never be
+united; so the chief among them will readily consent to be guarantees
+for preventing such a misfortune.
+
+Besides, this proposal (according to Her Majesty's expression in her
+speech) is of such a nature, that it executes itself; because the
+Spaniards, who dread such an union, for every reason that can have
+weight among men, took care that their king should not only renounce, in
+the most solemn manner; but likewise, that the act should be framed in
+the strongest terms themselves could invent, or we could furnish them
+with. As to France, upon supposal of the young dauphin's dying in a few
+years, that kingdom will not be in a condition to engage in a long war
+against a powerful alliance, fortified with the addition of the
+Spaniards, and the party of the Duke of Berry, or whoever else shall be
+next claimer: and the longer the present dauphin lives, the weaker must
+Philip's interest be in France; because the princes, who are to succeed
+by this renunciation, will have most power and credit in the kingdom.
+
+The mischiefs occasioned by the want of a good understanding between the
+allies, especially Britain and Holland, were raised every day; the
+French taking the advantage, and raising difficulties, not only upon the
+general plan of peace, but likewise upon the explanation of several
+articles in the projected treaty between them and Her Majesty: They
+insisted to have Lille, as the equivalent for Dunkirk; and demanded
+Tournay, Maubeuge, and Conde, for the two or three towns mentioned in
+the Queen's speech; which the British plenipotentiaries were so far from
+allowing, that they refused to confer with those of France upon that
+foot; although, at the same time, the former had fresh apprehensions
+that the Dutch, in a fit of despair, would accept whatever terms the
+enemy pleased to offer, and, by precipitating their own peace, prevent
+Her Majesty from obtaining any advantages, both for her allies and
+herself.
+
+It is most certain, that the repeated losses suffered by the States, in
+little more than two months after they had withdrawn themselves from the
+Queen's assistance, did wholly disconcert their counsels;[20] and their
+prudence (as it is usual) began to forsake them with their good fortune.
+They were so weak as to be still deluded by their friends in England,
+who continued to give them hopes of some mighty and immediate resource
+from hence; for when the Duke of Ormonde had been about a month in
+Ghent, he received a letter from the Marechal de Villars, to inform him,
+that the Dutch generals, taken at Denain, had told the marechal
+publicly, of a sudden revolution expected in Britain; that particularly
+the Earl of Albemarle and Mons. Hompesch discoursed very freely of it,
+and that nothing was more commonly talked of in Holland. It was then
+likewise confidently reported in Ghent, that the Queen was dead; and we
+all remember what rumour flew about here at the very same time, as if
+Her Majesty's health were in a bad condition.
+
+[Footnote 20: The Dutch had been defeated at Douay, and the Allies had
+suffered reverses by the reduction of Quesnoy and Bouchain. [T.S.]]
+
+Whether such vain hopes as these gave spirit to the Dutch; whether their
+frequent misfortunes made them angry and sullen; whether they still
+expected to overreach us by some private stipulations with France,
+through the mediation of the Elector of Bavaria, as that prince
+afterwards gave out; or whatever else was the cause, they utterly
+refused a cessation of arms; and made not the least return to all the
+advances and invitations made by Her Majesty, until the close of the
+campaign.
+
+It was then the States first began to view their affairs in another
+light; to consider how little the vast promises of Count Zinzendorf were
+to be relied on; to be convinced that France was not disposed to break
+with Her Majesty, only to gratify their ill humour, or unreasonable
+demands; to discover that their factious correspondents on this side the
+water had shamefully misled them; that some of their own principal towns
+grew heartily weary of the war, and backward in their loans; and,
+lastly, that Prince Eugene, their new general, whether his genius or
+fortune had left him, was not for their turn. They, therefore, directed
+their ministers at Utrecht to signify to the lord privy seal and the
+Earl of Strafford, "That the States were disposed to comply with Her
+Majesty, and to desire her good offices with France; particularly, that
+Tournay and Conde might be left to them as part of their barrier,
+without which they could not be safe: That the Elector of Bavaria might
+not be suffered to retain any town in the Netherlands, which would be as
+bad for Holland as if those places were in the hands of France:
+Therefore the States proposed, that Luxembourg, Namur, Charleroy, and
+Nieuport, might be delivered to the Emperor. Lastly, That the French
+might not insist on excepting the four species of goods out of the
+tariff of one thousand six hundred and sixty-four: That if Her Majesty
+could prevail with France to satisfy their masters on these articles,
+they would be ready to submit in all the rest."
+
+When the Queen received an account of this good disposition in the
+States General, immediately orders were sent to Mr. Prior, to inform the
+ministers of the French court, "That Her Majesty had now some hopes of
+the Dutch complying with her measures; and therefore she resolved, as
+she had always declared, whenever those allies came to themselves, not
+to make the peace without their reasonable satisfaction." The difficulty
+that most pressed, was about the disposal of Tournay and Conde. The
+Dutch insisted strongly to have both, and the French were extremely
+unwilling to part with either.
+
+The Queen judged the former would suffice, for completing the barrier of
+the States. Mr. Prior was therefore directed to press the Marquis de
+Torcy effectually on this head, and to terminate all that minister's
+objections, by assuring him of Her Majesty's resolutions to appear
+openly on the side of the Dutch, if this demand were refused. It was
+thought convenient to act in this resolute manner with France, whose
+late success, against Holland, had taught the ministers of the Most
+Christian King to resume their old imperious manner of treating with
+that republic; to which they were farther encouraged by the ill
+understanding between Her Majesty and the allies.
+
+This appeared from the result of an idle quarrel that happened, about
+the end of August,[21] at Utrecht, between a French and a Dutch
+plenipotentiary, Mons. Mesnager and Count Rechteren;[22] wherein the
+court of France demanded such abject submissions, and with so much
+haughtiness, as plainly shewed they were pleased with any occasion of
+mortifying the Dutch.
+
+[Footnote 21: July. [S]]
+
+[Footnote 22: See note on p. 95. [T.S.]]
+
+Besides, the politics of the French ran at this time very opposite to
+those of Britain: They thought the ministers here durst not meet the
+Parliament without a peace; and that, therefore, Her Majesty would
+either force the States to comply with France, by delivering up Tournay,
+which was the principal point in dispute, or would finish her own peace
+with France and Spain, leaving a fixed time for Holland to refuse or
+accept the terms imposed on them. But the Queen, who thought the demand
+of Tournay by the States to be very necessary and just, was determined
+to insist upon it, and to declare openly against France, rather than
+suffer her ally to want a place so useful for their barrier. And Mr.
+Prior was ordered to signify this resolution of Her Majesty to Mons. de
+Torcy, in case that minister could not be otherwise prevailed on.
+
+The British plenipotentiaries did likewise, at the same time, express to
+those of Holland Her Majesty's great satisfaction, that the States were
+at last disposed to act in confidence with her: "That she wished this
+resolution had been sooner taken, since nobody had gained by the delay,
+but the French King; that, however, Her Majesty did not question the
+procuring a safe and honourable peace, by united counsels, reasonable
+demands, and prudent measures; that she would assist them in getting
+whatever was necessary to their barrier, and in settling, to their
+satisfaction, the exceptions made by France out of the tariff of one
+thousand six hundred and sixty-four; that no other difficulties remained
+of moment to retard the peace, since the Queen had obtained Sicily for
+the Duke of Savoy; and, in the settlement of the Low Countries, would
+adhere to what she delivered from the throne: That as to the empire, Her
+Majesty heartily wished their barrier as good as could be desired; but
+that we were not now in circumstances to expect every thing exactly
+according to the scheme of Holland: France had already offered a great
+part, and the Queen did not think the remainder worth the continuance of
+the war."
+
+Her Majesty conceived the peace in so much forwardness, that she thought
+fit, about this time, to nominate the Duke of Hamilton and the Lord
+Lexington for ambassadors in France and Spain, to receive the
+renunciations in both courts, and adjust matters of commerce.
+
+The duke[23] was preparing for his journey, when he was challenged to a
+duel[24] by the Lord Mohun,[25] a person of infamous character. He
+killed his adversary upon the spot, though he himself received a wound;
+and, weakened by the loss of blood, as he was leaning in the arms of his
+second, was most barbarously stabbed in the breast by Lieutenant-General
+Macartney,[26] who was second to Lord Mohun. He died a few minutes after
+in the field, and the murderer made his escape. I thought so surprising
+an event might deserve barely to be related, although it be something
+foreign to my subject.
+
+[Footnote 23: James, Duke of Hamilton, was a gentleman of the
+bed-chamber to King Charles II. He succeeded his father in the title,
+April 18th, 1694, and was sent the same year envoy extraordinary to
+France; ... he was killed, November 15th, 1712. [S.]]
+
+[Footnote 24: Swift's account of the duel is exactly agreeable to the
+depositions of Colonel Hamilton before a committee of the council. [S.]]
+
+[Footnote 25: Charles Lord Mohun was the last offspring of a very noble
+and ancient family, of which William de Mohun, who accompanied the
+Norman conqueror, was the first founder in England. [S.]]
+
+[Footnote 26: General Macartney was tried, at the King's Bench bar, for
+the murder, June 13th, 1716; and the jury found him guilty of
+man-slaughter. [S.]]
+
+The Earl of Strafford, who had come to England in May last,[27] in order
+to give Her Majesty an account of the disposition of affairs in Holland,
+was now returning with her last instructions, to let the Dutch minister
+know, "That some points would probably meet with difficulties not to be
+overcome, which once might have been easily obtained: To shew what evil
+consequences had already flowed from their delay and irresolution, and
+to entreat them to fix on some proposition, reasonable in itself, as
+well as possible to be effected: That the Queen would insist upon the
+cession of Tournay by France, provided the States would concur in
+finishing the peace, without starting new objections, or insisting upon
+farther points: That the French demands, in favour of the Elector of
+Bavaria, appeared to be such as, the Queen was of opinion, the States
+ought to agree to; which were, to leave the Elector in possession of
+Luxembourg, Namur, and Charleroy, subject to the terms of their barrier,
+until he should be restored to his electorate; and to give him the
+kingdom of Sardinia, to efface the stain of his degradation in the
+electoral college: That the earl had brought over a project of a new
+Treaty of Succession and Barrier, which Her Majesty insisted the States
+should sign, before the conclusion of the peace; the former treaty
+having been disadvantageous to her subjects, containing in it the seeds
+of future dissensions, and condemned by the sense of the nation. Lastly,
+That Her Majesty, notwithstanding all provocations, had, for the sake of
+the Dutch, and in hopes of their recovery from those false notions which
+had so long misled them, hitherto kept the negotiations open: That the
+offers now made them were her last, and this the last time she would
+apply to them: That they must either agree, or expect the Queen would
+proceed immediately to conclude her treaty with France and Spain, in
+conjunction with such of her allies as would think fit to adhere to her.
+
+[Footnote 27: "Come to England in ... last" in original edition. The
+word "May" was supplied in the edition of 1775. [W.S.J.]]
+
+"As to Savoy, that the Queen expected the States would concur with her
+in making good the advantages stipulated for that duke, and in
+prevailing with the Emperor to consent to an absolute neutrality in
+Italy, until the peace should be concluded."
+
+The governing party in Holland, however in appearance disposed to
+finish, affected new delays, and raised many difficulties about the four
+species of goods, which the French had excepted out of the tariff. Count
+Zinzendorf, the Emperor's plenipotentiary, did all that was possible to
+keep up this humour in the Dutch, in hopes to put them under a necessity
+of preparing for the next campaign; and some time after went so far in
+this pursuit, that he summoned the several ministers of the empire, and
+told them he had letters from his master, with orders to signify to
+them, "That his Imperial Majesty resolved to begin the campaign early,
+with all his forces united against France; of which he desired they
+would send notice to all their courts, that the several princes might be
+ready to furnish their contingents and recruits." At the same time
+Zinzendorf endeavoured to borrow two millions of florins upon the
+security of some imperial cities; but could not succeed either amongst
+the Jews or at Amsterdam.
+
+When the Earl of Strafford arrived at Utrecht, the lord privy seal and
+he communicated to the Dutch ministers the new Treaty for a Succession
+and Barrier, as the Queen had ordered it to be prepared here in England,
+differing from the former in several points of the greatest moment,
+obvious to any who will be at the pains to compare them. This was
+strenuously opposed for several weeks by the plenipotentiaries of the
+States; but the province of Utrecht, where the congress was held,
+immediately sent orders to their representatives at The Hague, to
+declare their province thankful to the Queen; that they agreed the peace
+should be made on the terms proposed by France, and consented to the new
+projected Treaty of Barrier and Succession: and about the close of the
+year, one thousand seven hundred and twelve, four of the seven
+provinces, had delivered their opinions for putting an end to the war.
+
+This unusual precipitation in the States, so different from the whole
+tenor of their former conduct, was very much suspected by the British
+plenipotentiaries. Their Lordships had received intelligence, that the
+Dutch ministers held frequent conferences with those of France, and had
+offered to settle their interests with that crown, without the
+concurrence of Britain. Count Zinzendorf, and his colleagues, appeared
+likewise, all on the sudden, to have the same dispositions, and to be in
+great haste to settle their several differences with the States. The
+reasons for this proceeding were visible enough; many difficulties were
+yet undetermined in the treaty of commerce between Her Majesty and
+France, for the adjusting of which, and some other points, the Queen had
+lately dispatched the Duke of Shrewsbury to that court. Some of these
+were of hard digestion, with which the Most Christian King would not be
+under a necessity of complying, when he had no farther occasion for us,
+and might, upon that account, afford better terms to the other two
+powers. Besides, the Emperor and the States could very well spare Her
+Majesty the honour of being arbitrator of a general peace; and the
+latter hoped by this means, to avoid the new Treaty of Barrier and
+Succession, which we were now forcing on them.
+
+To prevent the consequences of this evil, there fortunately fell out an
+incident, which the two lords at Utrecht knew well how to make use of:
+the quarrel between Mons. Mesnager and Count Rechteren (formerly
+mentioned) had not yet been made up. The French and Dutch differing in
+some circumstances, about the satisfaction to be given by the count for
+the affront he had offered, the British plenipotentiaries kept this
+dispute on foot for several days; and, in the mean time, pressed the
+Dutch to finish the new Treaty of Barrier and Succession between Her
+Majesty and them, which, about the middle of January, was concluded
+fully to the Queen's satisfaction.
+
+But while these debates and differences continued at the congress, the
+Queen resolved to put a speedy end to her part in the war; she therefore
+sent orders to the lord privy seal, and the Earl of Stafford, to prepare
+every thing necessary for signing her own treaty with France. This she
+hoped might be done against the meeting of her Parliament, now prorogued
+to the third of February; in which time, those among the allies, who
+were really inclined towards a peace, might settle their several
+interests by the assistance and support of Her Majesty's
+plenipotentiaries; and as for the rest, who would either refuse to
+comply, or endeavour to protract the negotiation, the heads of their
+respective demands, which France had yielded by Her Majesty's
+intervention, and agreeable to the plan laid down in her speech, should
+be mentioned in the treaty, and a time limited for the several powers
+concerned to receive or reject them.
+
+The Pretender was not yet gone out of France, upon some difficulties
+alleged by the French, about procuring him a safe conduct to Bar-le-duc,
+in the Duke of Lorraine's dominions, where it was then proposed he
+should reside. The Queen, altogether bent upon quieting the minds of her
+subjects, declared, she would not sign the peace till that person were
+removed; although several wise men believed he could be no where less
+dangerous to Britain, than in the place where he was.
+
+The argument which most prevailed on the States to sign the new Treaty
+of Barrier and Succession with Britain, was Her Majesty's promise to
+procure Tournay for them from France; after which, no more differences
+remained between us and that republic, and consequently they had no
+farther temptations to any separate transactions with the French, who
+thereupon began to renew their litigious and haughty manner of treating
+with the Dutch. The satisfaction they extorted for the affront given by
+Count Rechteren to Mons. Mesnager, although somewhat softened by the
+British ministers at Utrecht, was yet so rigorous, that Her Majesty
+could not forbear signifying her resentment of it to the Most Christian
+King. Mons. Mesnager, who seemed to have more the genius of a merchant
+than a minister, began, in his conferences with the plenipotentiaries of
+the States, to raise new disputes upon points which both we and they had
+reckoned upon as wholly settled. The Abbe de Polignac, a most
+accomplished person, of great generosity and universal understanding,
+was gone to France to receive the cardinal's cap; and the Marechal
+d'Uxelles was wholly guided by his colleague, Mons. Mesnager, who kept
+up those brangles, that for a time obstructed the peace; some of which
+were against all justice, and others of small importance, both of very
+little advantage to his country, and less to the reputation of his
+master or himself. This low talent in business, which the Cardinal de
+Polignac used, in contempt, to call a "spirit of negotiating," made it
+impossible for the two lords plenipotentiaries, with all their abilities
+and experience, to bring Mesnager to reason, in several points both with
+us and the States: his concessions were few and constrained, serving
+only to render him more tenacious of what he refused. In several of the
+towns, which the States were to keep, he insisted that France should
+retain the chatellanies, or extent of country depending on them,
+particularly that of Tournay; a demand the more unjustifiable, because
+he knew his master had not only proceeded directly contrary, but had
+erected a court in his kingdom, where his own judges extended the
+territories about those towns he had taken, as far as he pleased to
+direct them. Mons. Mesnager showed equal obstinacy in what his master
+expected for the Elector of Bavaria, and in refusing the tariff of one
+thousand six hundred and sixty-four: so that the Queen's
+plenipotentiaries represented these difficulties as what might be of
+dangerous consequence, both to the peace in general, and to the States
+in particular, if they were not speedily prevented.
+
+Upon these considerations Her Majesty thought it her shortest and safest
+course to apply directly to France, where she had then so able a
+minister as the Duke of Shrewsbury.[28]
+
+[Footnote 28: Shrewsbury had been appointed the Duke of Hamilton's
+successor. [T.S.]]
+
+The Marquis de Torcy, secretary to the Most Christian King, was the
+minister with whom the Duke was to treat, as having been the first who
+moved his master to apply to the Queen for a peace, in opposition to a
+violent faction in that kingdom, who were as eagerly bent to continue
+the war, as any other could be either here or in Holland.
+
+It would be very unlike a historian, to refuse this great minister the
+praise he so justly deserveth, of having treated, through the whole
+course of so great a negotiation, with the utmost candour and integrity;
+never once failing in any promise he made, and tempering a firm zeal to
+his master's interest, with a ready compliance to what was reasonable
+and just. Mr. Prior, whom I have formerly mentioned, resided likewise
+now at Paris, with the character of minister plenipotentiary, and was
+very acceptable to that court, upon the score of his wit and humour.[29]
+
+[Footnote 29: P. Fitzgerald adds, "as well as useful to Her Majesty by
+his knowledge and dexterity in the management of affairs." [W.S.J.]]
+
+The Duke of Shrewsbury was directed to press the French court upon the
+points yet unsettled in the treaty of commerce between both crowns; to
+make them drop their unreasonable demands for the Elector of Bavaria; to
+let them know, that the Queen was resolved not to forsake her allies who
+were now ready to come in; that she thought the best way of hastening
+the general peace, was to determine her own particular one with France,
+until which time she could not conveniently suffer her Parliament to
+meet.
+
+The States were, by this time, so fully convinced of the Queen's
+sincerity and affection to their republic, and how much they had been
+deceived by the insinuations of the factious party in England, that they
+wrote a very humble letter to Her Majesty, to desire her assistance
+towards settling those points they had in dispute with France, and
+professing themselves ready to acquiesce in whatever explanation Her
+Majesty would please to make of the plan proposed in her speech to the
+Parliament.
+
+But the Queen had already prevented their desires; and in the beginning
+of February, one thousand seven hundred and twelve-thirteen, directed
+the Duke of Shrewsbury to inform the French court, "That since she had
+prevailed on her allies, the Dutch, to drop the demand of Conde, and the
+other of the four species of goods, which the French had excepted out of
+the tariff of one thousand six hundred and sixty-four, she would not
+sign without them: That she approved of the Dutch insisting to have the
+chatellanies restored, with the towns, and was resolved to stand or fall
+with them, until they were satisfied in this point."
+
+Her Majesty had some apprehensions, that the French created these
+difficulties on purpose to spin out the treaty, until the campaign
+should begin. They thought it absolutely necessary, that our Parliament
+should meet in a few weeks, which could not well be ventured, until the
+Queen were able to tell both Houses, that her own peace was signed: That
+this would not only facilitate what remained in difference between
+Britain and France, but leave the Dutch entirely at the mercy of the
+latter.
+
+The Queen, weary of these refined mistakes in the French politics, and
+fully resolved to be trifled with no longer, sent her determinate orders
+to the Duke of Shrewsbury, to let France know, "That Her Majesty had
+hitherto prorogued her Parliament, in hopes of accommodating the
+difficulties in her own treaties of peace and commerce with that crown,
+as well as settling the interests of her several allies; or, at least,
+that the differences in the former being removed, the Most Christian
+King would have made such offers for the latter, as might justify Her
+Majesty in signing her own peace, whether the confederates intended to
+sign theirs or no. But several points being yet unfinished between both
+crowns, and others between France and the rest of the allies, especially
+the States, to which the plenipotentiaries of that court at Utrecht had
+not thought fit to give satisfaction; the Queen was now come to a final
+determination, both with relation to her own kingdoms, and to the whole
+alliance: That the campaign approaching, she would not willingly be
+surprised in case the war was to go on: That she had transmitted to the
+Duke of Shrewsbury her last resolutions, and never would be prevailed on
+to reduce her own demands, or those of her allies, any lower than the
+scheme now sent over, as an explanation of the plan laid down in her
+speech: That Her Majesty had sent orders to her plenipotentiaries at
+Utrecht, to assume the character of ambassadors, and sign the peace
+immediately with the ministers of the Most Christian King, as soon as
+the Duke of Shrewsbury should have sent them notice that the French had
+complied: That the Queen had therefore farther prorogued her Parliament
+to the third of March, in hopes to assure them, by that time, of her
+peace being agreed on; for if the two Houses should meet, while any
+uncertainty remained, supplies must be asked as for a war."
+
+The Duke of Shrewsbury[30] executed this important commission with that
+speed and success, which could only be expected from an able minister.
+The French King immediately yielded to the whole scheme Her Majesty
+proposed; whereupon directions were sent to the lord privy seal, and the
+Earl of Strafford, to sign a peace between Great Britain and France,
+without delay.
+
+[Footnote 30: Swift writes to Abp. King, October 20th, 1713, that the
+Duke of Shrewsbury "is the finest gentleman we have, and of an excellent
+understanding and capacity for business" (Scott's edition, xvi. 71). See
+also Swift's remarks in "The Examiner," No. 27 (vol. ix, of this
+edition, p. 171), and note in vol. v., p. 377. [W.S.J.]]
+
+Upon the second day of March, the two British plenipotentiaries met
+those of the allies in the town-house at Utrecht; where the lord privy
+seal addressed himself to them in a short speech, "That the negotiation
+had now continued fourteen months with great slowness, which had proved
+very injurious to the interests of the allies: That the Queen had stayed
+thus long, and stopped the finishing of her own peace, rather than leave
+her allies in any uncertainty: That she hoped they would now be all
+prepared to put an end to this great work; and therefore had commanded
+her plenipotentiaries to tell those of the allies, That she found it
+necessary to conclude her own treaty immediately; and it was her
+opinion, that the confederates ought to finish theirs at the same time,
+to which they were now accordingly invited by Her Majesty's orders." And
+lastly, his lordship declared, in the Queen's name, "That whoever could
+not be ready on the day prefixed, should have a convenient time allowed
+them to come in."
+
+Although the orders sent by the Queen to her plenipotentiaries were very
+precise, yet their lordships did not precipitate the performance of
+them. They were directed to appoint as short a day for the signing as
+they conveniently could; but, however, the particular day was left to
+their discretion. They hoped to bring over the Dutch, and most of the
+other allies, to conclude at the same time with the Queen; which, as it
+would certainly be more popular to their country, so they conceived it
+would be more safe for themselves: besides, upon looking over their
+commission, a scruple sprang in their minds, that they could not sign a
+particular peace with France; their powers, as they apprehended,
+authorizing them only to sign a general one. Their lordships therefore
+sent to England to desire new powers,[31] and, in the mean time,
+employed themselves with great industry, between the ministers of France
+and those of the several allies, to find some expedient for smoothing
+the way to an agreement among them.
+
+[Footnote 31: "Lord Bolingbroke, who says he has not sagacity enough to
+find the objections that the plenipotentiaries had made to their first
+full powers, for their satisfaction, sends them a new commission, and
+repeats to them positive orders to sign and conclude with France....
+These difficulties of the plenipotentiaries made my lord treasurer, who
+never failed to exert himself when he found it absolutely necessary,
+think it high time to interpose his authority;.... and as his lordship
+never yet appeared in vain, all further obstructions at Utrecht were
+after this soon removed." ("Report from the Committee of Secrecy," 1715,
+pp. 103, 104.) [N.]]
+
+The Earl of Strafford went for a few days to The Hague, to inform the
+States of Her Majesty's express commands to his colleague and himself,
+for signing the peace as soon as possible; and to desire they would be
+ready at the same time: which the pensionary promised; and that their
+plenipotentiaries should be empowered accordingly, to the great
+contentment of Mons. Buys, who was now so much altered, either in
+reality, or appearance, that he complained to the Earl of Mons.
+Heinsius's slowness; and charged all the delays and mismanagements of a
+twelvemonth past to that minister's account.
+
+While the Earl of Strafford stayed at The Hague, he discovered that an
+emissary of the Duke of Marlborough's had been there some days before,
+sent by his grace to dissuade the Dutch from signing at the same time
+with the ministers of the Queen, which, in England, would at least have
+the appearance of a separate peace, and oblige their British friends,
+who knew how to turn so short a delay to very good account, as well as
+gratify the Emperor; on whom, it was alleged, they ought to rely much
+more than on Her Majesty. One of the States likewise told the Earl,
+"That the same person, employed by the Duke, was then in conference with
+the magistrates of Rotterdam (which town had declared for the
+continuance of the war), to assure them, if they would hold off a
+little, they should see an unexpected turn in the British Parliament:
+That the Duke of Marlborough had a list of the discontented members in
+both Houses, who were ready to turn against the court; and, to crown
+all, that his grace had certain intelligence of the Queen being in so
+ill a state of health, as made it impossible for her to live above six
+weeks." So restless and indefatigable is avarice and ambition, when
+inflamed by a desire of revenge.
+
+But representations, which had been so often tried, were now offered too
+late. Most of the allies, except the Emperor, were willing to put an end
+to the war upon Her Majesty's plan; and the further delay of three weeks
+must be chiefly imputed to that litigious manner of treating, peculiar
+to the French; whose plenipotentiaries at Utrecht insisted with
+obstinacy upon many points, which at Paris Mons. de Torcy had given up.
+
+The Emperor expected to keep all he already possessed in Italy; that
+Port Longue,[32] on the Tuscan coast, should be delivered to him by
+France; and, lastly, that he should not be obliged to renounce Spain.
+But the Queen, as well as France, thought that his Imperial Majesty
+ought to sit down contented with his partage of Naples and Milan; and to
+restore those territories in Italy, which he had taken from the rightful
+proprietors, and by the possession of which he was grown dangerous to
+the Italian princes, by reviving antiquated claims upon them.
+
+[Footnote 32: Portolongone, in the island of Elba, opposite the Tuscan
+coast. [W.S.J.]]
+
+This Prince had likewise objected to Her Majesty's expedient of
+suffering the Elector of Bavaria to retain Luxembourg, under certain
+conditions, by way of security, until his electorate were restored. But
+the Queen, supposing that these affected delays were intended only with
+a view of continuing the war, resolved to defer the peace no longer on
+the Emperor's account.
+
+In the middle of March, one thousand seven hundred and twelve-thirteen,
+a courier arrived at Utrecht from France, with the plan of a general
+peace, as it had been agreed between the Duke of Shrewsbury and Mons. de
+Torcy; wherein every particular, relating to the interests and
+pretensions of the several allies, was brought so near to what each of
+them would accept, that the British plenipotentiaries  hoped the peace
+would be general in ten or twelve days. The Portuguese and Dutch were
+already prepared, and others were daily coming in, by means of their
+lordships' good offices, who found Mons. Mesnager and his colleague very
+stubborn to the last. Another courier was dispatched to France, upon
+some disputes about inserting the titles of Her Majesty and the Most
+Christian King, and to bring a general plan for the interests of those
+allies, who should not be ready against the time prefixed. The French
+renunciations were now arrived at Utrecht, and it was agreed, that
+those, as well as that of the King of Spain, should be inserted at
+length in every treaty, by which means the whole confederacy would
+become guaranties of them.
+
+The courier, last sent to France, returned to Utrecht on the
+twenty-seventh of March, with the concessions of that court upon every
+necessary point; so that, all things being ready for putting a period to
+this great and difficult work, the lord privy seal and the Earl of
+Strafford gave notice to the ministers of the several allies, "That
+their lordships had appointed Tuesday the thirty-first instant, wherein
+to sign a treaty of peace, and a treaty of commerce, between the Queen
+of Great Britain, their mistress, and the Most Christian King; and hoped
+the said allies would be prepared, at the same time, to follow their
+example." Accordingly their lordships employed the three intervening
+days, in smoothing the few difficulties that remained between the French
+ministers and those of the several confederate powers.
+
+The important day being now come, the Lord Bishop of Bristol and the
+Earl of Strafford, having assumed the character of ambassadors
+extraordinary,[33] gave a memorial in behalf of the French Protestants
+to the Marechal d'Uxelles and his colleague, who were to transmit it to
+their court; and these delivered to the British ambassadors a
+declaration in writing, that the Pretender was actually gone out of
+France.
+
+[Footnote 33: To avoid the parade of ceremony, they had hitherto been
+considered only as _plenipotentiaries_. [N.]]
+
+The conditions of peace to be allowed the Emperor and the empire, as
+adjusted between Britain and France, were now likewise delivered to the
+Count Zinzendorf. These and some other previous matters of smaller
+consequence being finished, the treaties of peace and commerce between
+Her Majesty of Britain and the Most Christian King, were signed at the
+lord privy seal's house between two and three of the clock in the
+afternoon. The ministers of the Duke of Savoy signed about an hour
+after. Then the assembly adjourned to the Earl of Stafford's, where they
+all went to dinner; and about nine at night the peace was signed by the
+ministers of Portugal, by those of Prussia at eleven, and when it was
+near midnight by the States.
+
+Thus after all the opposition raised by a strong party in France, and by
+a virulent faction in Britain; after all the artifices of those who
+presided at The Hague, and, for their private interest, endeavoured, in
+conjunction with their friends in England, to prolong the war; after the
+restless endeavours of the imperial court to render the treaty
+ineffectual; the firm steady conduct of the Queen, the wisdom and
+courage of her ministry, and the abilities of those whom she employed in
+her negotiations abroad, prevailed to have a peace signed in one day by
+every power concerned, except that of the Emperor and the empire; for
+his Imperial Majesty liked his situation too well to think of a peace,
+while the drudgery and expenses of the war lay upon other shoulders, and
+the advantages were to redound only to himself.
+
+During this whole negotiation, the King of Spain, who was not
+acknowledged by any of the confederates, had consequently no minister at
+Utrecht; but the differences between Her Majesty and that prince were
+easily settled by the Lord Lexington at Madrid, and the Marquis of
+Monteleon here: so that upon the Duke d'Ossuna's arrival at the
+congress, some days after the peace, he was ready to conclude a treaty
+between the Queen and his master. Neither is it probable that the Dutch,
+or any other ally, except the Emperor, will encounter any difficulties
+of moment, to retard their several treaties with his Catholic Majesty.
+
+The treaties of peace and commerce between Britain and France, were
+ratified here on the seventh of April; on the twenty-eighth the
+ratifications were exchanged; and on the fifth of May the peace was
+proclaimed in the usual manner; but with louder acclamations, and more
+extraordinary rejoicings of the people, than had ever been remembered on
+the like occasion.[34]
+
+[Footnote: 34  The treaty was brought to England by George St. John,
+Bolingbroke's young brother, who arrived with it in London on Good
+Friday, 3rd April, 1713. [T.S.]]
+
+
+[It need hardly be observed, that this history is left incomplete by
+the author. [S.] Sir Walter Scott's note hardly agrees with Swift's own
+statement to Stella. Writing under date May 16th, 1713, he says: "I have
+just finished my Treatise, and must be ten days correcting it." It is
+evident that Swift did not intend to write a "History of the Four Last
+Years of Queen Anne's Reign." A better title for this work would be the
+title originally given it, namely, "History of the Peace of Utrecht." In
+the letter already quoted from Erasmus Lewis, Swift's account of the
+negotiations for the peace are thus remarked upon: "That part of it
+which relates to the negotiations of peace, whether at London or at
+Utrecht, they admire exceedingly, and declare they never yet saw that,
+or any other transaction, drawn up with so much perspicuity, or in a
+style so entertaining and instructive to the reader in every respect."
+[T.S.]]
+
+
+*****       *****       *****       *****       *****
+
+
+
+
+AN ABSTRACT
+
+OF THE
+
+HISTORY OF ENGLAND,
+
+FROM THE INVASION OF IT BY JULIUS CAESAR
+
+TO THE REIGN OF HENRY THE SECOND.
+
+
+NOTE.
+
+The Abstract of the History of England here reprinted calls for little
+or no comment. It is but a dry relation of events with no touch in the
+recital of any of those qualities which characterize Swift's writings.
+The facts were evidently obtained from the old chroniclers. What object
+Swift had in writing this Abstract is not known. If the dedication to
+the Count de Gyllenborg truly states his intention, it must be confessed
+that the "foreigners, and gentlemen of our own country" had not much
+upon which to congratulate themselves. Why Swift should have chosen the
+Count de Gyllenborg to whom to address the dedication must also remain a
+matter for conjecture. The Count had been sent out of the British Isles
+for instigating a conspiracy for a Jacobite insurrection in Great
+Britain. Swift wrote his dedication three years after the Count's
+expulsion. Knowing that the Count's master, Charles XII. of Sweden, had
+been a party to the plot, he yet writes in a most amiable tone of
+friendliness towards both, with a parenthetical sneer at "his present
+Britannic Majesty." Undoubtedly this dedication might easily and fairly
+be taken as strong presumptive evidence of a leaning on Swift's part
+towards the Pretender. It will, however, be more truly interpreted, if
+it be considered as an expression of contempt for the King of England
+and the ministry in power.
+
+The text of the present reprint is that given by Deane Swift from his
+edition of his kinsman's works issued in 1765 and 1768 (4to edit, vols.
+viii. and xiii.). Deane Swift thought that the narratives of Rufus,
+Henry I. and Stephen, would "appear to be such a model of English
+history, as will make all men of taste, and especially foreigners,
+regret that he pursued his plan no further."
+
+[T.S.]
+
+
+TO THE COUNT DE GYLLENBORG.[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: Charles, Count Gyllenborg (1679-1746), was Swedish
+Ambassador at London 1710-16. He then joined in a Jacobite plot, was
+arrested in January, 1716-7, and expelled the kingdom in August, 1717.
+He afterwards filled high offices in his own country. [W.S.J.]]
+
+Dublin in Ireland, Nov. 2, 1719.
+
+SIR,
+
+It is now about sixteen years since I first entertained the design of
+writing a History of England, from the beginning of William Rufus to the
+end of Queen Elizabeth; such a History, I mean, as appears to be most
+wanted by foreigners, and gentlemen of our own country; not a voluminous
+work, nor properly an abridgement, but an exact relation of the most
+important affairs and events, without any regard to the rest. My
+intention was to inscribe it to the King[2] your late master, for whose
+great virtues I had ever the highest veneration, as I shall continue to
+bear to his memory. I confess it is with some disdain that I observe
+great authors descending to write any dedications at all: and for my own
+part, when I looked round on all the princes of Europe, I could think of
+none who might deserve that distinction from me, besides the King your
+master; (for I say nothing of his present Britannic Majesty, to whose
+person and character I am an utter stranger, and like to continue so)
+neither can I be suspected of flattery on this point, since it was some
+years after that I had the honour of an invitation to his court, before
+you were employed as his minister in England, which I heartily repent
+that I did not accept; whereby, as you can be my witness, I might have
+avoided some years' uneasiness and vexation, during the last four years
+of our late excellent Queen, as well as a long melancholy prospect
+since, in a most obscure disagreeable country, and among a most
+profligate and abandoned people.
+
+[Footnote 2: Charles XII., King of Sweden, who was killed in 1718. [D.
+S.]]
+
+I was diverted from pursuing this History, partly by the extreme
+difficulty, but chiefly by the indignation I conceived at the
+proceedings of a faction, which then prevailed; and the papers lay
+neglected in my cabinet until you saw me in England; when you know how
+far I was engaged in thoughts and business of another kind. Upon Her
+Majesty's lamented death, I returned to my station in this kingdom;
+since which time there is not a northern curate among you who hath lived
+more obscure than myself, or a greater stranger to the commonest
+transactions of the world. It is but very lately that I found the
+following papers, which I had almost forgotten. I publish them now, for
+two reasons; first, for an encouragement to those who have more
+youth,[3] and leisure, and good temper than I, towards pursuing the work
+as far as it was intended by me, or as much further as they please; the
+second reason is, to have an opportunity of declaring the profound
+respect I have for the memory of your royal master, and the sincere
+regard and friendship I bear to yourself; for I must bring to your mind
+how proud I was to distinguish you among all the foreign ministers, with
+whom I had the honour to be acquainted. I am a witness of the zeal you
+shewed not only for the honour and interest of your master, but for the
+advantage of the Protestant religion in Germany, and how knowingly and
+feelingly you often spoke to me upon that subject. We all loved you, as
+possessed of every quality that could adorn an English gentleman, and
+esteemed you as a faithful subject to your prince, and an able
+negotiator; neither shall any reverse of fortune have power to lessen
+you either in my friendship or esteem: and I must take leave to assure
+you further, that my affection towards persons hath not been at all
+diminished by the frown of power upon them. Those whom you and I once
+thought great and good men, continue still so in my eyes and my heart;
+only with a * * * * * *
+
+_Caetera desiderantur_.
+
+[Footnote 3: The author was then in his fifty-second year. [D.S.]]
+
+
+  AN ABSTRACT OF THE HISTORY
+  OF ENGLAND,
+  FROM THE INVASION OF IT BY JULIUS CAESAR
+  TO WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR.
+
+
+  Britons.
+  Heathens.
+
+The most ancient account we have of Britain is, that the island was full
+of inhabitants, divided into several petty kingdoms, as most nations of
+the world appear to have been at first. The bodies of the Britons were
+painted with a sky-coloured blue, either as an ornament or else for
+terror to their enemies. In their religion they were heathens, as all
+the world was before Christ, except the Jews.
+
+  Druids.
+
+Their priests were called Druids: These lived in hollow trees, and
+committed not their mysteries to writing, but delivered them down by
+tradition, whereby they were in time wholly lost.
+
+The Britons had wives in common, so many to a particular tribe or
+society, and the children were in common to that society.
+
+About fifty years before Christ, Julius Caesar, the first Roman Emperor,
+having conquered Gaul or France, invaded Britain rather to increase his
+glory than conquests; for having overcome the natives in one or two
+battles, he returned.
+
+  Claudius.
+  Nero.
+
+The next invasion of Britain by the Romans (then masters of most of the
+known world) was in the reign of the Emperor Claudius; but it was not
+wholly subdued till that of Nero. It was governed by lieutenants, or
+deputies, sent from Rome, as Ireland is now by deputies from England;
+and continued thus under the Romans for about 460 years; till that
+empire being invaded by the Goths and Vandals, the Romans were forced
+not only to recall their own armies, but also to draw from hence the
+bravest of the Britons, for their assistance against those barbarians.
+
+  Picts.
+  Picts' Wall.
+
+The Roman conquests in this island reached no further northward than to
+that part of Scotland where Stirling and Glasgow are seated: The region
+beyond was held not worth the conquering: It was inhabited by a
+barbarous people, called Caledonians and Picts; who, being a rough
+fierce nation, daily infested the British borders. Therefore the Emperor
+Severus built a wall, from Stirling to Glasgow, to prevent the invasions
+of the Picts: It is commonly called the Picts' Wall.
+
+  A.D. 455. Saxons.
+
+These Picts and Caledonians, or Scots, encouraged by the departure of
+the Romans, do now cruelly infest and invade the Britons by sea and
+land: The Britons choose Vortigern for their king, who was forced to
+invite the Saxons (a fierce Northern people) to assist him against those
+barbarians. The Saxons came over, and beat the Picts in several battles;
+but, at last, pick quarrels with the Britons themselves; and, after a
+long war, drive them into the mountains of Wales and Cornwall, and
+establish themselves in seven kingdoms in Britain, (by them now called
+England). These seven kingdoms are usually styled the Saxon Heptarchy.
+
+  A.D. 460. Arthur.
+
+About this time lived King Arthur (if the whole story be not a fable)
+who was so famous for beating the Saxons in several battles.
+
+  A.D. 600. Austin.
+
+The Britons received Christianity very early, and, as is reported, from
+some of the Disciples themselves: So that, when the Romans left Britain,
+the Britons were generally Christians. But the Saxons were heathens,
+till Pope Gregory the Great sent over hither Austin the monk, by whom
+Ethelbert king of the South-Saxons, and his subjects, were converted to
+Christianity; and the whole island soon followed the example.
+
+  A.D. 819. Egbert.
+
+[Footnote 4: The edition of 1765 gives the date as 819, but according to
+Dr. Stubbs, Egbert became _bretwalda_ in 828. [W.S.J.]]
+
+After many various revolutions in this island among the kingdoms of the
+Saxons, Egbert, descended from the West-Saxon kings, became sole monarch
+of England.
+
+  Angles.
+
+The language in Britain was British, (now called Welsh) or Latin; but,
+with the Saxons, English came in (although extremely different from what
+it is now). The present names of towns, shires, &c. were given by them;
+and the whole kingdom was called England from the Angles, who were a
+branch of the Saxons.
+
+  Danes.
+
+As soon as the Saxons were settled, the Danes began to trouble and
+invade them, as they (the Saxons) had before done the Britons.
+
+These Danes came out of Germany, Denmark, and Norway, a rough warlike
+people, little different from the Saxons to whom they were nigh
+neighbours.
+
+  Edgar.
+
+After many invasions from the Danes, Edgar King of England sets forth
+the first navy. He was entitled King of all Albion, (an old name of this
+island) and was the first absolute monarch.
+
+He made peace with the Danes, and allowed them to live in his dominions
+mixed with the English.
+
+In this prince's time there were five kings in Wales, who all did him
+homage for their country.
+
+  A.D. 978. Danes massacred.
+
+These Danes began first to make their invasions here about the year 800,
+which they after renewed at several times, and under several leaders,
+and were as often repulsed. They used to come with vast numbers of
+ships, burn and ravage before them, as the cities of London, Winchester,
+&c. Encouraged by success and prey, they often wintered in England,
+fortifying themselves in the northern parts, from whence they cruelly
+infested the Saxon kings. In process of time they mixed with the English
+(as was said before) and lived under the Saxon government: But Ethelred,
+then King of England, growing weary of the Danish insolence, a
+conspiracy is formed, and the Danes are massacred in one day all over
+England.
+
+  Sweyn.
+
+Four years after, Sweyn, King of Denmark, to revenge the death of his
+subjects, invades England; and, after battles fought and much cruelty
+exercised, he subdues the whole kingdom, forcing Ethelred to fly into
+Normandy.
+
+  Canutus.
+
+Sweyn dying, his son Canutus succeeds in the kingdom; but Ethelred
+returning with an army, Canutus is forced to withdraw to Denmark for
+succour.
+
+Ethelred dies, and his son Edmond Ironside succeeds; but, Canutus
+returning with fresh forces from Denmark, after several battles, the
+kingdom is parted between them both. Edmond dying, his sons are sent
+beyond sea by Canutus, who now is sole King of England.
+
+  King's evil.
+
+Hardicanute, the last Danish king, dying without issue, Edward, son of
+Ethelred, is chosen king. For his great holiness, he was surnamed the
+Confessor, and sainted after his death. He was the first of our princes
+that attempted to cure the king's evil by touching. He first introduced
+what is now called the Common Law. In his time began the mode and
+humour among the English gentry, of using the French tongue and
+fashions, in compliance with the king, who had been bred up in Normandy.
+
+The Danish government in England lasted but twenty-six years, under
+three kings.
+
+  Harold.
+
+Edward the Confessor married the daughter of Earl Godwin, an English
+nobleman of great power, but of Danish extraction; but, wanting issue,
+he appointed Edgar Atheling, grandson to his brother, to succeed him,
+and Harold, son of Earl Godwin, to be governor of the young prince. But,
+upon Edward's death, Harold neglected Edgar Atheling, and usurped the
+crown for himself.
+
+Edward, while he was in Normandy, met so good reception, that it was
+said he made a promise to that duke, that, in case he recovered his
+kingdom, and died without issue, he would leave it to him. Edward dying,
+William Duke of Normandy sends to Harold to claim the crown; but Harold,
+now in possession, resolves to keep it. Upon which Duke William, having
+prepared a mighty fleet and army, invades England, lands at Hastings,
+and sets fire to his fleet, to cut off all hope from his men of
+returning. To Harold he sent his messenger, demanding the kingdom and
+his subjection: But Harold returned him this answer, "That, unless he
+departed his land, he would make him sensible of his just displeasure."
+So Harold advanced his forces into Sussex, within seven miles of his
+enemy. The Norman Duke, to save the effusion of blood, sent these offers
+to Harold; either wholly to resign the kingdom to him, or to try the
+quarrel with him in single combat. To this Harold did not agree.
+
+  A.D. 1066.
+
+Then the battle joined. The Normans had gotten the worst, if it had not
+been for a stratagem they invented, which got them the day. In this
+engagement Harold was killed, and William Duke of Normandy became King
+of England, under the name of William the Conqueror.
+
+
+THE REIGN OF WILLIAM THE SECOND,
+
+SURNAMED RUFUS.
+
+At the time of the Conqueror's death, his eldest son Robert, upon some
+discontent with his father, being absent in France,[5] William, the
+second son, made use of this juncture, and without attending his
+father's funeral, hastened to England, where, pursuant to the will of
+the deceased prince,[6] the nobility, although more inclined to favour
+Robert, were prevailed with to admit him King, partly by his promises to
+abate the rigour of the late reign, and restore the laws and liberties
+which had been then abolished, but chiefly by the credit and
+solicitations of Lanfranc; for that prelate had formerly a share in his
+education, and always a great affection for his person. At Winchester he
+took possession of his father's treasure,[7] in obedience to whose
+command, as well as to ingratiate himself with the people, he
+distributed it among churches and religious houses, and applied it to
+the redeeming of prisoners, and other acts of popularity.
+
+[Footnote 5:  He was then at Abbeville in Picardy. [D.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 6:  William the Conqueror left Normandy to his son Robert; but
+said of England: "So it pleased God, he should be glad that William, his
+obedient and best beloved son, should enjoy it after his death." [D.
+S.]]
+
+[Footnote 7:  Which was sixty thousand pounds in silver, besides gold,
+jewels, and plate.--BROMPTON. [D.S.]]
+
+In the mean time Robert returned to Normandy, took possession of that
+duchy, with great applause and content of his people, and, spited at the
+indignity done him by his father, and the usurpation of his brother in
+consequence thereof, prepared a great fleet and army to invade England;
+nor did there want an occasion to promote his interest, if the slowness,
+the softness, and credulity of his nature, could have suffered him to
+make a right improvement of it.
+
+Odo Bishop of Bayeux,[8] of whom frequent mention is made in the
+preceding reign,[9] a prelate of incurable ambition, either on account
+of his age or character being restored to his liberty and possessions in
+England, grew into envy and discontent, upon seeing Lanfranc preferred
+before him by the new King in his favour and ministry. He therefore
+formed a conspiracy with several nobles of Norman birth to depose the
+King, and sent an invitation to Robert to hasten over. Mean time the
+conspirators, in order to distract the King's forces, seized on several
+parts of England at once; Bristol, Norwich, Leicester, Worcester,
+Shrewsbury, Bath, and Durham, were secured by several noblemen: Odo
+himself seized Rochester, reduced the coasts of Kent, and sent messages
+to Robert to make all possible speed.
+
+[Footnote 8: Odo was half brother to William the Conqueror. [D.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 9: Sir W. Temple wrote "An Introduction to the History of
+England." As it only extended to the death of William the Conqueror it
+is probable that it is what is here referred to. It will be found in
+vol. ii. of Sir W. Temple's "Works," edited by Swift. [W.S.J.]]
+
+The King alarmed at these many and sudden defections, thought it his
+best course to begin his defence by securing the good will of the
+people. He redressed many grievances, eased them of certain oppressive
+taxes and tributes, gave liberty to hunt in his forest, with other marks
+of indulgence, which however forced from him by the necessity of the
+time, he had the skill or fortune so to order as they neither lost their
+good grace nor effect; for immediately after he raised great forces both
+by land and sea, marched into Kent, where the chief body of his enemies
+was in arms, recovered Tunbridge and Pevensey, in the latter of which
+Odo himself was taken prisoner, and forced to accompany the King to
+Rochester. This city refusing to surrender at the King's summons, Odo
+undertook to prevail with the obstinacy of the inhabitants; but being
+admitted into the town, was there detained, either by a real or seeming
+force; however, the King provoked at their stubbornness and fraud, soon
+compelled them to yield, retook his prisoner, and forcing him for ever
+to abjure England, sent him into Normandy.
+
+By these actions, performed with such great celerity and success, the
+preparations of Duke Robert were wholly disappointed, himself, by the
+necessity of his affairs, compelled to a treaty with his brother, upon
+the terms of a small pension, and a mutual promise of succeeding to each
+other's dominions on failure of issue, forced to resign his pretensions,
+and return with a shattered fleet to Normandy.
+
+About this time died Archbishop Lanfranc; by whose death the King,
+loosed from that awe and constraint he was under, soon began to discover
+those irregularities of his nature, which till then he had suppressed
+and disguised, falling into those acts of oppression and extortion that
+have made his name and memory infamous. He kept the see of Canterbury
+four years vacant, and converted the revenues to his own use, together
+with those of several other bishoprics and abbeys, and disposed all
+church preferments to the highest bidder. Nor were his exactions less
+upon the laity, from whom he continually extorted exorbitant fines for
+pretended transgression of certain penal laws, and entertained informers
+to observe men's actions and bring him intelligence.
+
+It is here worth observation, that these corrupt proceedings of the
+prince have, in the opinion of several learned men, given rise to two
+customs, which are a long time grown to have the force of laws. For,
+first the successors of this King, continuing the custom of seizing on
+the accruing rents in the vacancy of sees and abbeys, it grew in process
+of time to be exacted as a right, or acknowledgment to the King as
+founder; whence the revenues of vacant bishoprics belong at this day to
+the crown. The second custom had an original not unlike. Several
+persons, to avoid the persecutions of the King's informers, and other
+instruments of oppression, withdrew themselves and their effects to
+foreign countries; upon which the King issued a proclamation, forbidding
+all men to leave the kingdom without his licence; from whence, in the
+judgment of the same authors, the writ _ne exeat regno_ had its
+beginning.
+
+By these and the like arbitrary methods having amassed great treasures,
+and finding all things quiet at home, he raised a powerful army to
+invade his brother in Normandy; but upon what ground or pretext, the
+writers of that age are not very exact; whether it were from a principle
+frequent among unjust princes, That old oppressions are best justified
+by new; or, whether having a talent for sudden enterprises, and justly
+apprehending the resentments of Duke Robert, he thought it the wiser
+course to prevent injuries than to revenge them. In this expedition he
+took several cities and castles from his brother, and would have
+proceeded further, if Robert had not desired and obtained the assistance
+of Philip King of France, who came with an army to his relief. King
+William not thinking it safe or prudent to proceed further against his
+enemy supported by so great an ally, yet loth to lose the fruits of his
+time and valour, fell upon a known and old expedient, which no prince
+ever practised oftener, or with greater success, and that was, to buy
+off the French King with a sum of money. This had its effect; for that
+prince not able to oppose such powerful arms, immediately withdrew
+himself and his forces, leaving the two brothers to concert the measures
+of a peace.
+
+This was treated and agreed with great advantages on the side of King
+William; for he kept all the towns he had taken, obliged his brother to
+banish Edgar Atheling out of Normandy, and, for a further security,
+brought over with him to England the Duke himself to attend him in his
+expedition against Malcolm King of Scotland, who during his absence had
+invaded the borders. The King having raised great forces both by sea and
+land, went in person to repel the inroads of the Scots: but the
+enterprise was without success; for the greatest part of his fleet was
+destroyed by a tempest, and his army very much diminished by sickness
+and famine, which forced him to a peace of little honour; by which, upon
+the condition of homage from that prince, the King of England agreed to
+deliver him up those twelve towns (or manors) in England which Malcolm
+had held under William the Conqueror; together with a pension of twelve
+thousand marks.
+
+At this time were sown the seeds of another quarrel between him and Duke
+Robert, who soliciting the King to perform some covenants of the last
+peace, and meeting with a repulse, withdrew in great discontent to
+Normandy.
+
+King William, in his return from Scotland, fell dangerously sick at
+Gloucester, where, moved by the seasonable exhortations of his clergy,
+or rather by the fears of dying, he began to discover great marks of
+repentance, with many promises of amendment and retribution,
+particularly for his injuries to the Church. To give credit to which
+good resolutions, he immediately filled several vacant sees, giving that
+of Canterbury to Anselm, a foreigner of great fame for piety and
+learning. But as it is the disposition of men who derive their vices
+from their complexions, that their passions usually beat strong and weak
+with their pulses, so it fared with this prince, who upon recovery of
+his health soon forgot the vows he had made in his sickness, relapsing
+with greater violence into the same irregularities of injustice and
+oppression, whereof Anselm, the new archbishop, felt the first effects.
+This prelate, soon after his promotion, offered the King a sum of money
+by way of present; but took care it should be so small, that none might
+interpret it to be a consideration of his late preferment. The King
+rejected it with scorn; and as he used but little ceremony in such
+matters, insisted in plain terms for more. Anselm would not comply; and
+the King enraged, sought all occasions to make him uneasy; until at
+length the poor archbishop, tired out with perpetual usurpations (or at
+least what was then understood to be such) upon his jurisdiction,
+privileges, and possessions, desired the King licence for a journey to
+Rome; and upon a refusal, went without it. As soon as he was withdrawn,
+the King seized on all his revenues, converting them to his own use, and
+the archbishop continued an exile until the succeeding reign.
+
+The particulars of this quarrel between the King and archbishop are not,
+in my opinion, considerable enough to deserve a place in this brief
+collection, being of little use to posterity, and of less entertainment;
+neither should I have mentioned it at all, but for the occasion it gives
+me of making a general observation, which may afford some light into the
+nature and disposition of those ages. Not only this King's father and
+himself, but the princes for several successions, of the fairest
+character, have been severely taxed for violating the rights of the
+clergy, and perhaps not altogether without reason. It is true, this
+character hath made the lighter impression, as proceeding altogether
+from the party injured, the cotemporary writers being generally
+churchmen: and it must be confessed, that the usurpations of the Church
+and court of Rome were in those ages risen to such heights, as to be
+altogether inconsistent either with the legislature or administration of
+any independent state; the inferior clergy, both secular and regular,
+insisting upon such immunities as wholly exempted them from the civil
+power; and the bishops removing all controversies with the crown by
+appeal to Rome: for they reduced the matter to this short issue, That
+God was to be obeyed rather than men; and consequently the Bishop of
+Rome, who is Christ's representative, rather than an earthly prince.
+Neither doth it seem improbable that all Christendom would have been in
+utter vassalage, both temporal and spiritual, to the Roman see, if the
+Reformation had not put a stop to those exorbitancies, and in a good
+measure opened the eyes even of those princes and states who still
+adhere to the doctrines and discipline of that church.
+
+While the King continued at Gloucester, Malcolm King of Scotland came to
+his court, with intentions to settle and confirm the late peace between
+them. It happened that a controversy arose about some circumstances
+relating to the homage which Malcolm was to pay, in the managing whereof
+King William discovered so much haughtiness and disdain, both in words
+and gestures, that the Scottish prince, provoked by such unworthy
+treatment, returned home with indignation; but soon came back at the
+head of a powerful army, and, entering Northumberland with fire and
+sword, laid all waste before him. But as all enterprises have in the
+progress of them a tincture of those passions by which they were
+spirited at first, so this invasion begun upon private revenge, which is
+a blind ungovernable passion, was carried on with equal precipitation,
+and proved to be ruinous in the event; for Robert Mowbray, Earl of
+Northumberland, to prevent the destruction of his own country, where he
+had great possessions, gathering what forces he could suddenly raise,
+and without waiting any directions from the King, marched against the
+Scots, who were then set down before Alnwick Castle: there, by an
+ambush, Malcolm and his eldest son Edward were slain, and the army,
+discouraged by the loss of their princes, entirely defeated. This
+disaster was followed in a few days by the death of Queen Margaret, who,
+not able to survive her misfortunes, died for grief. Neither did the
+miseries of that kingdom end till, after two usurpations, the surviving
+son of Malcolm, who had fled to England for refuge, was restored to his
+crown by the assistance of King William.
+
+About this time the hidden sparks of animosity between the two brothers,
+buried but not extinguished in the last peace, began to flame out into
+new dissensions. Duke Robert had often sent his complaints to the King
+for breach of articles, but without redress, which provoked him to
+expostulate in a rougher manner, till at length he charged the King in
+plain terms with injustice and perjury, but no men are found to endure
+reproaches with less temper than those who most deserve them, the King,
+at the same time filled with indignation, and stung with guilt, invaded
+Normandy a second time, resolving to reduce his brother to such terms as
+might stop all further complaints. He had already taken several strong
+holds, by force either of arms or of money, and intending entirely to
+subdue the duchy, gave orders to have twenty thousand men immediately
+raised in England, and sent over to him. The Duke, to defend himself
+against these formidable preparations, had recourse again to his old
+ally the King of France, who very readily advanced with an army to his
+assistance, as an action wherein he could every way find his own
+accounts, for, beside the appearance of glory and justice by protecting
+the injured, he fought indeed his own battle, by preserving his
+neighbouring state in the hands of a peaceful prince, from so powerful
+and restless an enemy as the King of England, and was largely paid for
+his trouble into the bargain, for King William, either loth to engage in
+a long and dangerous war, or hastened back by intelligence of some
+troubles from Wales, sent offers to his army, just ready to embark for
+Normandy, that upon payment of ten shillings a man they might have leave
+to return to their own homes.[10] This bargain was generally accepted,
+the money was paid to the King of France, who immediately withdrew his
+troops, and King William, now master of the conditions, forced his
+brother to a peace upon much harder terms than before.
+
+[Footnote 10: See reference to this incident in "The Examiner," No. 21
+(vol. ix of this edition, p. 123)  [W.S.J.]]
+
+In this passage there are some circumstances which may appear odd and
+unaccountable to those who will not give due allowance for the
+difference of times and manners: that an absent prince, engaged in an
+unjust war with his own brother, and ill-beloved at home, should have so
+much power and credit, as by his commission to raise twenty thousand men
+on a sudden, only as a recruit to the army he had already with him; that
+he should have a fleet prepared ready, and large enough to transport so
+great a number; that upon the very point of embarking he should send
+them so disgraceful an offer; and that so great a number of common
+soldiers should be able and willing to pay such a sum of money, equal to
+at least twelve time as much in our times; and that, after being thus
+deluded and spoiled at once, they should peaceably disband and retire to
+their several homes. But all this will be less difficult to comprehend,
+when we reflect on the method of raising and supporting armies, very
+different from ours, which was then in use, and so continued for many
+ages after. All men who had lands _in capite_ were bound to attend the
+King in his wars with a proportioned number of soldiers, who were their
+tenants on easy rents in consideration of military service. This was but
+the work of a few days, and the troops consisted of such men as were
+able to maintain their own charges either at home or abroad: neither was
+there any reason to apprehend that soldiers would ever become
+instruments for introducing slavery, who held so great a share in the
+property.
+
+The King, upon his return from Normandy, made an unsuccessful expedition
+against the Welsh, who upon the advantages of his absence had, according
+to their usual custom, made cruel inroads upon the adjoining counties of
+Chester, Shrewsbury, and Hereford. Upon the King's approach they fled
+into their fastnesses among the mountains, where he pursued them for
+some time with great rage and vexation, as well as the loss of great
+numbers of his men, to no purpose. From hence he was recalled by a more
+formidable enemy nearer home: for Robert Earl of Northumberland,
+overrating his late services against the Scots, as much perhaps and as
+unjustly as they were undervalued by the King, refused to come to his
+court, which, in those days, was looked on as the first usual mark of
+discontent in a nobleman; and was often charged by princes as a formal
+accusation. The earl having disobeyed the King's summons, and concerted
+matters with other accomplices, broke out into open rebellion, with
+intentions to depose King William, and set up Stephen Earl of Albemarle,
+son of a sister to William the Conqueror: but all was prevented by the
+celerity of this active prince; who, knowing that insurrections are best
+quelled in their beginnings, marched with incredible speed, and
+surprised the rebels at Newcastle, took the castles of Tynemouth and
+Bamburgh; where the obstinacy of the defendants provoked him, contrary
+to his nature, to commit cruelties upon their persons, by cutting off
+their hands and ears, and other the like inhumanities. The earl himself
+was taken prisoner as he endeavoured to make his escape; but suffered no
+other punishment than to be confined for the rest of his life.[11]
+
+[Footnote 11: Which was thirty years. [D.S.]]
+
+About this time began the Holy War for recovering of Palestine; which
+having not been the enterprise of any one prince or state, but that
+wherein most in Christendom had a share, it cannot with justice be
+silently passed over in the history of any nation.
+
+Pope Urban the Second, in a council at Clermont, made a pathetic
+exhortation, shewing with what danger and indignity to Christendom the
+Turks and Saracens had, for some ages, not only overrun all Asia and
+Africa, where Christianity had long flourished; but had also made
+encroachments into Europe, where they had entirely subdued Spain, and
+some other parts; that Jerusalem, the holy city, where our Saviour did
+so many miracles, and where His sepulchre still remained, to the scandal
+of the Christian name, lay groaning under the tyranny of infidels; that
+the swords which Christian princes had drawn against each other, ought
+to be turned against the common enemy of their name and religion; that
+this should be reckoned an ample satisfaction for all their past sins;
+that those who died in this expedition should immediately go to Heaven,
+and the survivors would be blessed with the sight of our Lord's
+sepulchre.
+
+Moved by these arguments, and the influence of the person who delivered
+them, several nobles and prelates immediately took upon them the cross;
+and the council dissolving in this high fit of zeal, the clergy, upon
+their return home, prevailed so far in their several countries, that in
+most parts of Europe some great prince or lord became a votary for the
+Holy Land; as Hugh the Great, brother to the King of France; Godfrey
+Duke of Lorraine; Reimond Count of Toulouse; Robert Duke of Normandy,
+and many others. Neither ought it to be forgotten, that most of these
+noble and generous princes, wanting money to maintain the forces they
+had raised, pawned their dominions to those very prelates who had first
+engaged them in this enterprise: doubtless a notable mark of the force
+of oratory in the churchmen of those ages, who were able to inspire that
+devotion into others, whereof they seemed so little sensible themselves.
+
+But a great share in the honour of promoting this religious war, is
+attributed to the zeal and industry of a certain French priest, commonly
+called Peter the Hermit; who being at Jerusalem upon pilgrimage some
+time before, and entering often into private treaty with the patriarch
+of that city, came back fully instructed in all the measures necessary
+for such a war: to these was joined the artifice of certain dreams and
+visions that might pass for divine admonition: all which, added to the
+piety of his exhortations, gave him such credit with the Pope, and
+several princes of Christendom, that he became in his own person the
+leader of a great army against the infidels, and was very instrumental
+for engaging many others in the same design.
+
+What a spirit was thus raised in Christendom among all sorts of men,
+cannot better be conceived than from the vast numbers of these warlike
+pilgrims; who, at the siege of Nice, are said to have consisted of
+600,000 foot, and 100,000 horse: and the success at first was answerable
+to the greatness of their numbers, the valour of their leaders, and the
+universal opinion of such a cause; for, besides several famous victories
+in the field, not to mention the towns of less importance, they took
+Nice, Antioch, and at last Jerusalem, where Duke Godfrey was chosen king
+without competition. But zeal, with a mixture of enthusiasm, as I take
+this to have been, is a composition only fit for sudden enterprises,
+like a great ferment in the blood, giving double courage and strength
+for the time, until it sink and settle by nature into its old channel:
+for, in a few years the piety of these adventurers began to slacken, and
+give way to faction and envy, the natural corruptions of all
+confederacies: however, to this spirit of devotion there succeeded a
+spirit of honour, which long continued the vein and humour of the times;
+and the Holy Land became either a school, wherein young princes went to
+learn the art of war, or a scene wherein they affected to shew their
+valour, and gain reputation, when they were weary of peace at home.
+
+The Christians held possession of Jerusalem above eighty years,[12] and
+continued their expeditions to the Holy Land almost as many more, with
+various events; and after they were entirely driven out of Asia, the
+popes have almost in every age endeavoured in vain to promote new
+crusades neither does this spirit seem quite extinct among us even to
+this day; the usual projects of sanguine men for uniting Christendom
+against the Turk, being without doubt a traditional way of talk derived
+to us from the same fountain.
+
+[Footnote 12:  They held it eighty-eight years; from July, 1099, to
+October, 1187. [D.S.]]
+
+Robert, in order to furnish himself out for this war, pawned his duchy
+to the King for 10,000 marks of gold;[13] which sum was levied with so
+many circumstances of rigour and exaction, towards the Church and laity,
+as very much increased the discontents of both against the prince.
+
+[Footnote 13:  Equal to L1,400,000, as money passes now. [D.S.]]
+
+  1099.
+
+I shall record one act of this king's, which being chiefly personal, may
+pass rather for a part of his character, than a point of history.
+
+As he was hunting one day in the New Forest, a messenger express from
+Normandy, brought him intelligence, that Helie, Count de la Fleche, had
+laid close siege to Mans, and expected to carry the town in a few days;
+the King leaving his chase, commanded some about him to point whereabout
+Mans lay; and so rode straight on without reflection, until he came to
+the coast. His attendants advised him to wait until he had made
+preparations of men and money; to which he only returned; "They that
+love me, will follow me." He entered the ship in a violent storm; which
+the mariners beholding with astonishment, at length in great humility
+gave him warning of the danger; but the King commanded them instantly to
+put off to sea, and not be afraid; for he had never in his life heard of
+any King that was drowned. In a few days he drove the enemy from before
+the city, and took the count himself prisoner, who raging at his defeat
+and captivity, exclaimed,[14] "That this blow was from Fortune; but
+Valour could make reprisals, as he should shew, if ever he regained his
+liberty." This being told the King, he sent for the count, let him
+understand that he had heard of his menaces, then gave him a fine horse,
+bid him begone immediately, and defied him to do his worst.
+
+[Footnote 14: There is so much pleasantry and humour, as well as spirit
+and heroism in this story, as we have it recorded by William de
+Malmesbury, who represents the menace as thrown out in the King's
+presence, that I shall make no apology for setting down his words at
+length. "Auctor turbarum Helias capitur; cui ante se adducto rex
+ludibundus, 'Habeo te, magister,' inquit. At ille, cujus alta nobilitas
+nesciret in tanto etiam periculo sapere; 'Fortuitu,' inquit, 'me
+cepisti: sed si possem evadere, novi quid facerem.' Tum Willelmus, prae
+furore fere extra se positus, et obuncans Heliam, 'Tu,'inquit, 'nebulo!
+tu, quid faceres? Discede; abi; fuge! Concede tibi ut facias quicquid
+poteris: et, per vultum de Luca! nihil, si me viceris, pro hac venia
+tecum paciscar." _I.e._ By the face of St. Luke, if thou shouldst have
+the fortune to conquer me, I scorn to compound with thee for my release.
+[D.S.]]
+
+It would have been an injury to this prince's memory, to let pass an
+action, by which he acquired more honour than from any other in his
+life, and by which it appeared that he was not without some seeds of
+magnanimity, had they been better cultivated, or not overrun by the
+number or prevalency of his vices.
+
+I have met with nothing else in this King's reign that deserved to be
+remembered; for, as to an unsuccessful expedition or two against Wales,
+either by himself or his generals; they were very inconsiderable both in
+action and event, nor attended with any circumstances that might render
+a relation of them of any use to posterity, either for instruction or
+example.
+
+His death was violent and unexpected, the effect of casualty; although
+this perhaps is the only misfortune of life to which the person of a
+prince is generally less subject than that of other men. Being at his
+beloved exercise of hunting in the New Forest in Hampshire, a large stag
+crossed the way before him, the King hot on his game, cried out in haste
+to Walter Tyrrel, a knight of his attendants, to shoot; Tyrrel,
+immediately let fly his arrow, which glancing against a tree, struck the
+King through the heart, who fell dead to the ground without speaking a
+word. Upon the surprise of this accident, all his attendants, and
+Tyrrel[15] among the rest, fled different ways; until the fright being a
+little over, some of them returned, and causing the body to be laid in a
+collier's cart, for want of other conveniency, conveyed it in a very
+unbecoming contemptuous manner to Winchester, where it was buried the
+next day without solemnity, and which is worse, without grief.
+
+[Footnote 15: Yet Eadmer saith, that Tyrrel told him, he had not been in
+the Forest that day. [D.S.]]
+
+I shall conclude the history of this prince's reign, with a description
+and character of his body and mind, impartially from the collections I
+have made; which method I shall observe likewise in all the succeeding
+reigns.
+
+He was in stature somewhat below the usual size, and big-bellied, but he
+was well and strongly knit. His hair was yellow or sandy; his face red,
+which got him the name of Rufus; his forehead flat; his eyes were
+spotted, and appeared of different colours; he was apt to stutter in
+speaking, especially when he was angry; he was vigorous and active, and
+very hardy to endure fatigues, which he owed to a good constitution of
+health, and the frequent exercise of hunting; in his dress he affected
+gaiety and expense, which having been first introduced by this prince
+into his court and kingdom, grew, in succeeding reigns, an intolerable
+grievance. He also first brought in among us the luxury and profusion of
+great tables. There was in him, as in all other men, a mixture of
+virtues and vices, and that in a pretty equal degree, only the
+misfortune was, that the latter, although not more numerous, were yet
+much more prevalent than the former. For being entirely a man of
+pleasure, this made him sacrifice all his good qualities, and gave him
+too many occasions of producing his ill ones. He had one very singular
+virtue for a prince, which was that of being true to his word and
+promise: he was of undoubted personal valour, whereof the writers in
+those ages produce several instances; nor did he want skill and conduct
+in the process of war. But, his peculiar excellency, was that of great
+dispatch, which, however usually decried, and allowed to be only a happy
+temerity, does often answer all the ends of secrecy and counsel in a
+great commander, by surprising and daunting an enemy when he least
+expects it; as may appear by the greatest actions and events upon the
+records of every nation.
+
+He was a man of sound natural sense, as well as of wit and humour, upon
+occasion. There were several tenets in the Romish Church he could not
+digest; particularly that of the saints' intercession; and living in an
+age overrun with superstition, he went so far into the other extreme, as
+to be censured for an atheist. The day before his death, a monk relating
+a terrible dream, which seemed to forebode him some misfortune, the King
+being told the matter, turned it into a jest; said, "The man was a monk,
+and dreamt like a monk, for lucre sake;" and therefore commanded
+Fitzhamon to give him an hundred shillings, that he might not complain
+he had dreamt to no purpose.
+
+His vices appear to have been rather derived from the temper of his
+body, than any original depravity of his mind; for being of a sanguine
+complexion, wholly bent upon his pleasures, and prodigal in his nature,
+he became engaged in great expenses. To supply these, the people were
+perpetually oppressed with illegal taxes and exactions; but that sort of
+avarice which arises from prodigality and vice, as it is always needy,
+so it is much more ravenous and violent than the other, which put the
+King and his evil instruments (among whom Ralph, Bishop of Durham, is of
+special infamy) upon those pernicious methods of gratifying his
+extravagances by all manner of oppression; whereof some are already
+mentioned, and others are too foul to relate.
+
+He is generally taxed by writers for discovering a contempt of religion
+in his common discourse and behaviour; which I take to have risen from
+the same fountain, being a point of art, and a known expedient, for men
+who cannot quit their immoralities, at least to banish all reflections
+that may disturb them in the enjoyment, which must be done either by not
+thinking of religion at all; or, if it will obtrude, by putting it out
+of countenance.
+
+Yet there is one instance that might shew him to have some sense of
+religion as well as justice. When two monks were outvying each other in
+canting[16] the price of an abbey, he observed a third at some distance,
+who said never a word; the King demanded why he would not offer; the
+monk said, he was poor, and besides, would give nothing if he were ever
+so rich; the King replied, "Then you are the fittest person to have it,"
+and immediately gave it him. But this is, perhaps with reason enough,
+assigned more to caprice than conscience; for he was under the power of
+every humour and passion that possessed him for the present; which made
+him obstinate in his resolves, and unsteady in the prosecution.
+
+[Footnote 16: An Irish phrase for selling or buying by auction. It is
+somewhat remarkable that so severe a critic should have used such a word
+in historical composition. [S.]]
+
+He had one vice or folly that seemed rooted in his mind, and of all
+others, most unbefitting a prince: This was, a proud disdainful manner,
+both in his words and gesture; and having already lost the love of his
+subjects by his avarice and oppression, this finished the work, by
+bringing him into contempt and hatred among his servants; so that few
+among the worst of princes have had the luck to be so ill beloved, or so
+little lamented.
+
+He never married, having an invincible abhorrence for the state,
+although not for the sex.
+
+He died in the thirteenth year of his reign, the forty-third of his age,
+and of Christ 1100, August 2.
+
+His works of piety were few, but in buildings he was very expensive,
+exceeding any King of England before or since, among which Westminster
+Hall, Windsor Castle, the Tower of London, and the whole city of
+Carlisle, remain lasting monuments of his magnificence.
+
+
+
+THE REIGN OF HENRY THE FIRST.
+
+This prince was the youngest son of William the Conqueror, and bred to
+more learning than was usual in that age, or to his rank, which got him
+the surname of Beauclerk; the reputation whereof, together with his
+being born in England, and born son of a king, although of little weight
+in themselves, did very much strengthen his pretensions with the people.
+Besides, he had the same advantage of his brother Robert's absence,
+which had proved before so successful to Rufus, whose treasures he
+likewise seized on immediately at his death, after the same manner, and
+for the same end, as Rufus did those of his father the Conqueror. Robert
+had been now five years absent in the Holy War, where he acquitted
+himself with great glory; and although he was now in Apulia, upon his
+return homeward, yet the nobles pretending not to know what was become
+of him, and others giving out that he had been elected King of
+Jerusalem, Henry laid hold of the occasion, and calling together an
+assembly of the clergy, nobles, and people of the realm at London, upon
+his promises to restore King Edward's laws, and redress the grievances
+which had been introduced by his father and brother, they consented to
+elect him king. Immediately after his coronation, he proceeded upon
+reforming the abuses of the late reign: he banished dissolute persons
+from the court, who had long infested it under the protection and
+example of Rufus: he restored the people to the use of lights in the
+night, which the Conqueror had forbidden, after a certain hour, by the
+ringing of a bell. Then he published his charter, and ordered a copy
+thereof to be taken for every county in England. This charter was in
+substance; The freedom of Mother Church from former oppressions; leave
+to the heirs of nobles to succeed in the possession of their lands,
+without being obliged to redeem them, only paying to the king a moderate
+relief; abolition of fines for licence of marriage to their heiresses; a
+promise of not refusing such licence unless the match proposed be with
+the king's enemy,[17] &c.; the next of kin to be guardians of the lands
+of orphans; punishments for coiners of false money; a confirmation of
+St. Edward's laws; and a general amnesty.
+
+[Footnote 17: _i.e._ with a traitor or malcontent. [D.S.]]
+
+About the same time he performed two acts of justice, which, by
+gratifying the revenge and the love of the people, gained very much upon
+their affections to his person: the first was, to imprison Ralph Bishop
+of Durham,[18] who having been raised by the late king from a mean and
+sordid birth to be his prime confidant and minister, became the chief
+instrument, as well as contriver, of all his oppressions: the second
+was, in recalling and restoring Archbishop Anselm, who having been
+forced by the continual persecutions of the same prince, to leave
+England, had lived ever since in banishment, and deprived of all his
+revenues.
+
+[Footnote 18: Le Neve says that Ralph Flambard, Bishop of Durham, was
+imprisoned in the Tower, September, 1100, but escaped in February of the
+following year, and fled to Normandy. ("Fasti," iii. 282-3). [W.S.J.]]
+
+The King had not been many months on his throne, when the news came that
+Duke Robert, returned from the Holy Land, was received by his subjects
+with great marks of joy and honour, and in universal reputation for his
+valour and success against the infidels: soon after which, Ralph Bishop
+of Durham, either by the negligence or corruption of his keepers,
+escaped out of prison, and fled over to the Duke; whom he stirred up to
+renew and solicit his pretensions to the crown of England, by writing to
+several nobles, who, either through old friendship, or new discontent,
+or an opinion of his title, gave him promises of their assistance, as
+soon as he should land in England: but the Duke having returned
+exceeding poor from the Holy Land, was not yet in a condition for such
+an undertaking, and therefore thought fit to defer it to a more
+seasonable opportunity.
+
+As the King had hitherto, with great industry, sought all occasions to
+gratify his people, so he continued to do in the choice of a wife. This
+was Matilda, daughter of Malcolm the late King of Scots; a lady of great
+piety and virtue, who, by the power or persuasion of her friends, was
+prevailed with to leave her cloister for a crown, after she had, as some
+writers report, already taken the veil. Her mother was sister to Edgar
+Atheling, the last heir-male of the Saxon race; of whom frequent mention
+hath been made in the two preceding reigns: and thus the Saxon line, to
+the great contentment of the English nation, was again restored.
+
+Duke Robert, having now with much difficulty and oppression of his
+subjects, raised great forces, and gotten ready a fleet to convey them,
+resolved once more to assert his title to the crown of England: to which
+end he had for some time held a secret correspondence with several
+nobles, and lately received fresh invitations. The King, on the other
+side, who had received timely intelligence of his brother's
+preparations, gave orders to his admirals to watch the sea-ports, and
+endeavour to hinder the enemy's landing: but the commanders of several
+ships, whether Robert had won them by his bribes, or his promises,
+instead of offering resistance, became his guides, and brought his fleet
+safe into Portsmouth, where he landed his men, and from thence marched
+to Winchester, his army hourly increasing by great numbers of people,
+who had either an affection for his person, an opinion of his title, or
+a hatred to the King. In the mean time Henry advanced with his forces,
+to be near the Duke, and observe his motions; but, like a wise general,
+forbore offering battle to an invader, until he might do it with
+manifest advantage. Besides, he knew very well that his brother was a
+person whose policy was much inferior to his valour, and therefore to be
+sooner overcome in a treaty than a fight: to this end, the nobles on
+both sides began to have frequent interviews; to make overtures; and at
+last concert the terms of a peace; but wholly to the advantage of the
+King, Robert renouncing his pretensions in consideration of a small
+pension, and of succeeding to the crown on default of male issue in his
+brother.
+
+The defection of nobles and other people to the Duke was so great, that
+men generally thought if it had come to a battle, the King would have
+lost both the victory and his crown. But Robert, upon his return to
+Normandy after this dishonourable peace, grew out of all reputation with
+the world, as well as into perfect hatred and contempt among his own
+subjects, which in a short time was the cause of his ruin.
+
+The King having thus by his prudence got rid of a dangerous and
+troublesome rival, and soon after by his valour quelled the
+insurrections of the Earls of Shrewsbury and Mortaigne, whom he forced
+to fly into Normandy, found himself in full peace at home and abroad,
+and therefore thought he might venture a contention with the Church
+about the right of investing bishops; upon which subject many other
+princes at that time had controversy with their clergy: but, after long
+struggling in vain, were all forced to yield at last to the decree of a
+synod in Rome, and to the pertinacy of the bishops in the several
+countries. The form of investing a bishop, was by delivery of a ring and
+a pastoral staff; which, at Rome, was declared unlawful to be performed
+by any lay hand whatsoever; but the princes of Christendom pleaded
+immemorial custom to authorize them: and King Henry, having given the
+investiture to certain bishops, commanded Anselm to consecrate them.
+This the archbishop refused with great firmness, pursuant to what he
+understood to be his duty, and to several immediate commands of the
+Pope. Both sides adhering to their own sentiments, the matter was
+carried to Rome, where Anselm went in person, by the King's desire; who,
+at the same time, sent ambassadors thither to assert and defend his
+cause; but the Pope still insisting, Anselm was forbidden to return to
+England. The King seized on all his revenues, and would not restore him,
+until upon other concessions of the Pope, Henry was content to yield up
+his pretensions to the investiture; but, however, kept the right of
+electing still in his own hands.
+
+Whatever might have been the method of electing bishops, in the more
+primitive ages, it seems plain to me that in these times, and somewhat
+before, although the election was made _per clerum et populum_, yet the
+king always nominated at first, or approved afterwards, and generally
+both, as may be seen by the style in which their elections ran, as well
+as by the persons chosen, who were usually Churchmen of the court, or in
+some employment near the King. But whether this were a gradual
+encroachment of the regal upon the spiritual power, I had rather leave
+others to dispute.
+
+  1104.
+  1105.
+
+About this time Duke Robert came to England, upon a visit to the King,
+where he was received with much kindness and hospitality; but, at the
+same time, the Queen had private directions to manage his easy temper,
+and work him to a consent of remitting his pension: this was compassed
+without much difficulty; but, upon the Duke's return to Normandy, he was
+severely reproved for his weakness by Ralph Bishop of Durham, and the
+two Earls of Mortaigne and Shrewsbury. These three having fled from
+England for rebellion, and other treasons, lived exiles in Normandy;
+and, bearing an inveterate hatred to the King, resolved to stir up the
+Duke to a resentment of the injury and fraud of his brother. Robert, who
+was various in his nature, and always under the power of the present
+persuader, easily yielded to their incitements: reproached the King in
+bitter terms, by letters and messages, that he had cozened and
+circumvented him; demanding satisfaction, and withal threatening
+revenge. At the same time, by the advice of the three nobles already
+mentioned, he began to arm himself as formidably as he could, with
+design to seize upon the King's possessions in Normandy: but as this
+resolution was rashly taken up, so it was as faintly pursued, and ended
+in his destruction: neither hath any prince reason to expect better
+fortune, that engages in a war against a powerful neighbour upon the
+counsel or instigation of exiles, who having no further view than to
+serve their private interest, or gratify their revenge, are sure to
+succeed in one or t'other, if they can embark princes in their quarrel,
+whom they fail not to incite by the falsest representations of their own
+strength, and the weakness of their enemy: for as the King was now
+settled in his throne too firm to be shaken, so Robert had wholly lost
+all credit and friendship in England; was sunk in reputation at home;
+and, by his unlimited profuseness, reduced so low, that, having pawned
+most of his dominions, he had offered Rouen, his capital city, in sale
+to the inhabitants. All this was very well known to the King, who,
+resolving to make his advantage thereof, pretended to be highly provoked
+at the disgraceful speeches and menaces of his brother; which he made
+the formal occasion of a quarrel: therefore he first sent over some
+forces to ravage his country; and, understanding that the Duke was
+coldly supported by his own subjects, many of whom came over to the
+King's army, he soon followed in person with more; took several towns;
+and, placing garrisons therein, came back to England, designing with the
+first pretext or opportunity to return with a more potent army, and
+wholly subdue the duchy to his obedience.
+
+Robert, now grown sensible of his weakness, became wholly dispirited;
+and following his brother into England, in a most dejected manner begged
+for peace: but the King, now fully determined upon his ruin, turned away
+in disdain, muttering at the same time some threatening words. This
+indignity roused up once more the sinking courage of the Duke; who, with
+bitter words, detesting the pride and insolence of Henry, withdrew in a
+rage, and hasting back to Normandy, made what preparations he could for
+his own defence. The King observing his nobles very ready to engage with
+him in this expedition; and being assured that those in Normandy would,
+upon his approach, revolt from the Duke, soon followed with a mighty
+army, and the flower of his kingdom. Upon his arrival he was attended,
+according to his expectation, by several Norman lords; and, with this
+formidable force, sat down before Tinchebray: the Duke, accompanied by
+the two exiled earls, advanced with what strength he had, in hopes to
+draw the enemy from the siege of so important a place, although at the
+hazard of a battle. Both armies being drawn out in battalia, that of the
+King's, trusting to their numbers, began to charge with great fury, but
+without any order.
+
+  1106.
+
+The Duke, with forces far inferior, received the enemy with much
+firmness; and, finding they had spent their first heat, advanced very
+regularly against their main body, before they could recover themselves
+from the confusion they were in. He attacked them with so much courage,
+that he broke their whole body, and they began to fly on every side. The
+King believing all was lost, did what he could by threats and gentle
+words to stop the flight of his men, but found it impossible: then he
+commanded two bodies of horse, which were placed on either wing, to
+join, and, wheeling about, to attack the enemy in rear. The Duke, who
+thought himself so near a victory, was forced to stop his pursuit; and
+ordering his men to face about, began the fight anew; mean time the
+scattered parts of the main body, which had so lately fled, began to
+rally, and pour in upon the Normans behind, by which Duke Robert's army
+was almost encompassed; yet they kept their ground awhile, and made
+several charges, until at length, perfectly overborne by numbers, they
+were utterly defeated. There Duke Robert, doing all the parts of a great
+captain, was taken prisoner, together with the Earl of Mortaigne, and
+almost his whole army: for being hemmed in on all sides, few of them
+could make their escape. Thus, in the space of forty years; Normandy
+subdued England, and England Normandy; which are events perhaps hardly
+to be paralleled in any other ages or parts of the world.
+
+  1107.
+
+The King, having stayed a while to settle the state of Normandy,
+returned with his brother into England, whom he sent prisoner to Cardiff
+Castle, with orders that he should be favourably used, which, for some
+time, were duly observed; until being accused of attempting to make his
+escape (whether it were real or feigned) he had his eyes put out with a
+burning basin, by the King's express commands; in which miserable
+condition he lived for six-and-twenty years.
+
+It is believed the King would hardly have engaged in this unnatural and
+invidious war, with so little pretence or provocation, if the Pope had
+not openly approved and sanctified his cause, exhorting him to it as a
+meritorious action; which seems to have been but an ill return from the
+Vicar of CHRIST to a prince who had performed so many brave exploits for
+the service of the Church, to the hazard of his person, and ruin of his
+fortune. But the very bigoted monks, who have left us their accounts of
+those times, do generally agree in heavily taxing the Roman court for
+bribery and corruption. And the King had promised to remit his right of
+investing bishops, which he performed immediately after his reduction of
+Normandy, and was a matter of much more service to the Pope, than all
+the achievements of Duke Robert in the Holy Land, whose merits, as well
+as pretensions, were now antiquated and out of date.
+
+  1109.
+
+About this time the Emperor Henry V. sent to desire Maud, the King's
+daughter in marriage, who was then a child about eight years old: that
+prince had lately been embroiled in a quarrel with the see of Rome,
+which began upon the same subject of investing bishops, but was carried
+to great extremities: for invading Italy with a mighty army, he took the
+Pope prisoner, forced him to yield to whatever terms he thought fit to
+impose, and to take an oath of fidelity to him between his hands:
+however, as soon as Henry had withdrawn his forces, the Pope assembling
+a council, revoked all his concessions, as extorted by compulsion, and
+raised great troubles in Germany against the Emperor, who, in order to
+secure himself, sought this alliance with the King.
+
+About this time likewise died Archbishop Anselm, a prelate of great
+piety and learning, whose zeal for the see of Rome, as well as for his
+own rights and privileges, should in justice be imputed to the errors of
+the time, and not of the man. After his death, the King, following the
+steps of his brother, held the see vacant five years, contenting himself
+with an excuse, which looked like a jest, That he only waited until he
+could find another so good a man as Anselm.
+
+In the fourteenth year of this King's reign, the Welsh, after their
+usual manner, invaded the Marches with great fury and destruction; but
+the King, hoping to put a final end to those perpetual troubles and
+vexations given to his kingdom by that unquiet people, went in person
+against them with a powerful army; and to prevent their usual stratagem
+of retreating to their woods and mountains, and other fastnesses, he
+ordered the woods to be cut down, beset all their places of security,
+and hunting them like wild beasts, made so terrible a slaughter, that at
+length observing them to fling down their arms, and beg for quarter, he
+commanded his soldiers to forbear; then receiving their submissions, and
+placing garrisons where he thought necessary, he returned, in great
+triumph and satisfaction, to London.
+
+  1114.
+
+The Princess Maud being now marriageable, was delivered to the Emperor's
+ambassador; and for a portion to the young lady a tax was imposed of
+three shillings upon every hide of land in England, which grew
+afterwards into a custom,[19] and was in succeeding times confirmed by
+Acts of Parliament, under the name of "Reasonable Aid for marrying the
+King's Daughter," although levied after a different manner.
+
+[Footnote 19: This was the first occasion of the feudal tax called
+scutage being levied in England. [W.S.J.]]
+
+As the institution of Parliaments in England is agreed by several
+writers to be owing to this King, so the date of the first hath been
+assigned by some to the fifteenth year of his reign; which however is
+not to be affirmed with any certainty: for great councils were convoked
+not only in the two preceding reigns, but for time immemorial by the
+Saxon princes, who first introduced them into this island, from the same
+original with the other Gothic forms of government in most parts of
+Europe. These councils or assemblies were composed according to the
+pleasure of the prince who convened them, generally of nobles and
+bishops, sometimes were added some considerable commoners; but they
+seldom met, except in the beginning of a reign, or in times of war,
+until this King came to the crown; who being a wise and popular prince,
+called these great assemblies upon most important affairs of his reign,
+and ever followed their advice, which, if it proved successful, the
+honour and advantage redounded to him, and if otherwise, he was free
+from the blame: thus when he chose a wife for himself, and a husband for
+his daughter, when he designed his expedition against Robert, and even
+for the election of an archbishop to the see of Canterbury, he proceeded
+wholly by the advice of such general assemblies, summoned for the
+purpose. But the style of these conventions, as delivered by several
+authors, is very various; sometimes it is _comites, barones, et
+cleri_;[20] his marriage was agreed on, _consilio majorum natu et
+magnatum terrae_. One author[21] calls it _concilium principum,
+sacerdotum, et reliqui populi._ And for the election of an archbishop,
+the Saxon Chronicle says, That he commanded by letters all bishops,
+abbots, and thanes to meet him at Gloucester _ad procerum conventum_.
+Lastly, some affirm these assemblies to have been an imitation of the
+three estates in Normandy. I am very sensible how much time and pains
+have been employed by several learned men to search out the original of
+Parliaments in England, wherein I doubt they have little satisfied
+others or themselves. I know likewise that to engage in the same
+enquiry, would neither suit my abilities nor my subject. It may be
+sufficient for my purpose, if I be able to give some little light into
+this matter, for the curiosity of those who are less informed.
+
+[Footnote 20: Brompton. [D.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 21: Polydore Virgil. [D.S.]]
+
+The institution of a state or commonwealth out of a mixture of the three
+forms of government received in the schools, however it be derided as a
+solecism and absurdity by some late writers on politics, hath been very
+ancient in the world, and is celebrated by the gravest authors of
+antiquity. For although the supreme power cannot properly be said to be
+divided, yet it may be so placed in three several hands, as each to be a
+check upon the other; or formed into a balance, which is held by him
+that has the executive power, with the nobility and people in
+counterpoise in each scale. Thus the kingdom of Media is represented by
+Xenophon before the reign of Cyrus; so Polybius tells us, the best
+government is a mixture of the three forms, _regno, optimatium, et
+populi imperio_: the same was that of Sparta in its primitive
+institution by Lycurgus, made up of _reges, seniores, et populus_; the
+like may be asserted of Rome, Carthage, and other states: and the
+Germans of old fell upon the same model, from whence the Goths their
+neighbours, with the rest of those northern people, did perhaps borrow
+it. But an assembly of the three estates is not properly of Gothic
+institution: for these fierce people, when upon the decline of the Roman
+Empire they first invaded Europe, and settled so many kingdoms in Italy,
+Spain, and other parts, were all Heathens; and when a body of them had
+fixed themselves in a tract of land left desolate by the flight or
+destruction of the natives, their military government by time and peace
+became civil; the general was king, his great officers were his nobles
+and ministers of state, and the common soldiers the body of the people;
+but these were freemen, and had smaller portions of land assigned them.
+The remaining natives were all slaves; the nobles were a standing
+council; and upon affairs of great importance, the freemen were likewise
+called by their representatives to give their advice. By which it
+appears, that the Gothic frame of government consisted at first but of
+two states or assemblies, under the administration of a single person.
+But after the conversion of these princes and their people to the
+Christian faith, the Church became endowed with great possessions, as
+well by the bounty of kings, as the arts and industry of the clergy,
+winning upon the devotion of their new converts: and power, by the
+common maxim, always accompanying property, the ecclesiastics began soon
+to grow considerable, to form themselves into a body, and to call
+assemblies or synods by their own authority, or sometimes by the command
+of their princes, who in an ignorant age had a mighty veneration for
+their learning as well as piety. By such degrees the Church arrived at
+length, by very justifiable steps, to have her share in the
+commonwealth, and became a third estate in most kingdoms of Europe; but
+these assemblies, as we have already observed, were seldom called in
+England before the reign of this prince, nor even then were always
+composed after the same manner: neither does it appear from the writers
+who lived nearest to that age, that the people had any representative at
+all, beside the barons and other nobles, who did not sit in those
+assemblies by virtue of their birth or creation, but of the lands or
+baronies they held. So that the present constitution of the English
+Parliament hath, by many degrees and alterations, been modelled to the
+frame it is now in; which alterations I shall observe in the succeeding
+reigns as exactly as I can discover them by a diligent search into the
+histories of the several ages, without engaging in the controverted
+points of law about this matter, which would rather perplex the reader
+than inform him.
+
+  1116.
+
+But to return, Louis the Gross King of France, a valiant and active
+prince, in the flower of his age, succeeding to that crown that Robert
+was deprived of, Normandy, grew jealous of the neighbourhood and power
+of King Henry, and begun early to entertain designs either of subduing
+that duchy to himself, or at least of making a considerable party
+against the King in favour of William son of Robert, whom for that end
+he had taken into his protection. Pursuant to these intentions, he soon
+found an occasion for a quarrel: expostulating with Henry, that he had
+broken his promise by not doing homage for the Duchy of Normandy, as
+well as by neglecting to raze the castle of Gisors,[22] which was built
+on the French side of the river Epte, the common boundary between both
+dominions.
+
+[Footnote 22: Father Daniel says that for some years past it had been
+agreed that Gisors "should be sequestered in the hands of a lord called
+Pagan or Payen, who was to receive into it neither English or Norman,
+nor French troops; and in case it should fall into the hands of either
+of the two kings, it was stipulated, that the walls should be razed
+within the space of forty days" ("Hist. of France," i. 369). [W.S.J.]
+]
+
+But an incident soon offered, which gave King Henry a pretext for
+retaliating almost in the same manner: for it happened that upon some
+offence taken against his nephew Theobald Count of Blois by the French
+King, Louis in great rage sent an army to invade and ravage the earl's
+territories. Theobald defended himself for a while with much valour; but
+at length in danger to be overpowered, requested aid of his uncle the
+King of England, who supported him so effectually with men and money,
+that he was able not only to defend his own country, but very much to
+infest and annoy his enemy. Thus a war was kindled between the two
+kings; Louis now openly asserted the title of William the son of Robert,
+and entering into an alliance with the Earls of Flanders and Anjou,
+began to concert measures for driving King Henry out of Normandy.
+
+The King having timely intelligence of his enemy's designs, began with
+great vigour and dispatch to prepare himself for war: he raised, with
+much difficulty and discontent of his people, the greatest tax that had
+ever been known in England; and passing over into Normandy with a mighty
+army, joined his nephew Theobald. The King of France, who had
+entertained hopes that he should overrun the duchy before his enemy
+could arrive, advanced with great security towards the frontiers of
+Normandy; but observing an enemy of equal number and force already
+prepared to engage him, he suddenly stopped his march. The two armies
+faced one another for some hours, neither side offering battle; the rest
+of the day was spent in light skirmishes begun by the French, and
+repeated for some days following with various success; but the remainder
+of the year passed without any considerable action.
+
+  1119.
+
+At length the violence of the two princes brought it to a battle: for
+Louis, to give a reputation to his arms, advanced towards the frontiers
+of Normandy, and after a short siege took Gue Nicaise;[23] there the
+King met him, and the fight began, which continued with great obstinacy
+on both sides for nine hours. The French army was divided into two
+bodies, and the English into three; by which means, that part where the
+King fought in person, being attacked by a superior number, began to
+give way; and William Crispin, a Norman baron, singling out the King of
+England (whose subject he had been, but banished for treason) struck him
+twice in the head with so much violence, that the blood gushed out of
+his mouth. The King inflamed with rage and indignation, dealt such
+furious blows, that he struck down several of his enemies, and Crispin
+among the rest, who was taken prisoner at his horse's feet. The soldiers
+encouraged by the valour of their prince, rallied and fell on with fresh
+vigour, and the victory seemed doubtful, when William the son of King
+Henry, to whom his father had entrusted the third body of his army,
+which had not yet engaged, fell on with this fresh reserve upon the
+enemy, who was already very much harassed with the toil of the day: this
+quickly decided the matter; for the French, though valiantly fighting,
+were overcome, with the slaughter of several thousand men; their King
+quitted the field, and withdrew to Andely; but the King of England
+recovering Gue Nicaise, returned triumphant to Rouen.
+
+[Footnote 23: At that time reckoned an important fortress on the river
+Epte. [D.S.]]
+
+This important victory was followed by the defection of the Earl of
+Anjou to King Henry, and the Earl of Flanders fell in the battle; by
+which the King of France was at once deprived of two powerful allies.
+However, by the intercession of the former, a peace was soon after made
+between both crowns. William the King's son did homage to Louis for the
+Dukedom of Normandy; and the other William, following the fortunes of
+his father, was left to his pretensions and complaints.
+
+It is here observable, that from this time until Wales was subdued to
+the English crown, the eldest sons of England were called Dukes of
+Normandy, as they are now Princes of Wales.
+
+  1120.
+
+The King having stayed some time in Normandy, for the settlement of his
+duchy after the calamities and confusions of a war, returned to England,
+to the very great satisfaction of his people and himself. He had
+enlarged his dominions by the conquest of Normandy; he had subdued all
+his competitors, and forced even the King of France, their great
+protector, after a glorious victory, to his own conditions of a peace;
+he was upon very good terms with the Pope, who had a great esteem and
+friendship for his person, and made him larger concessions than was
+usual from that see, and in those ages. At home he was respected by the
+clergy, reverenced by the nobles, and beloved by the people; in his
+family he was blessed with a son of much hopes, just growing to years of
+manhood, and his daughter was an empress; so that he seemed to possess
+as great a share of happiness as human life is capable to admit. But the
+felicity of man depends upon a conjunction of many circumstances, which
+are all subject to various accidents, and every single accident is able
+to dissolve the whole contexture; which truth was never verified more
+than in this prince, who by one domestic misfortune, not to be prevented
+or foreseen, found all the pleasure and content he proposed to himself
+by his prudence, his industry, and his valour, wholly disappointed and
+destroyed: for William the young prince having embarked at Barfleur some
+time after his father, the mariners being all drunk, suffered the ship
+to run upon a rock, where it was dashed to pieces: the prince made a
+shift to get into the boat, and was making to the shore, until forced
+back by the cries of his sister, whom he received into the boat, so many
+others crowded in at the same time, that it was immediately overturned.
+There perished, beside the prince, a natural son and daughter of the
+King's, his niece, and many other persons of quality, together with all
+their attendants and servants, to the number of a hundred and forty,
+beside fifty mariners, but one person escaping.
+
+Although the King survived this cruel misfortune many years, yet he
+could never recover his former humour, but grew melancholy and morose;
+however, in order to provide better for the peace and settlement of the
+kingdom after his death, about five months after the loss of his son,
+his former Queen having died three years before, he married Adeliza, a
+beautiful young lady of the family of Lorraine,[24] in hopes of issue by
+her, but never had any.
+
+[Footnote 24: She was daughter of Godfrey Duke of Louvain, or the Lower
+Lorraine. [D.S.]]
+
+  1124.
+
+The death of the prince gave occasion to some new troubles in Normandy;
+for the Earls of Meulant and Evreux, Hugh de Montfort, and other
+associates, began to raise insurrections there, which were thought to be
+privately fomented by the French King, out of enmity to King Henry, and
+in favour of William the son of Robert, to whom the Earl of Anjou had
+lately given his daughter in marriage. But William of Tankerville, the
+King's lieutenant in Normandy, surprising the enemy's forces by an
+ambush, entirely routed them, took both the earls prisoners, and sent
+one of them (Meulant) to his master; but the Count d'Evreux made his
+escape.
+
+  1126.
+
+King Henry having now lost hope of issue by his new Queen, brought with
+him, on his return to England, his daughter Maud, who by the Emperor's
+death had been lately left a widow and childless; and in a Parliament or
+general assembly which he had summoned at Windsor, he caused the crown
+to be settled on her and her children, and made all his nobles take a
+solemn oath to defend her title. This was performed by none with so much
+forwardness as Stephen Earl of Boulogne, who was observed to shew a more
+than ordinary zeal in the matter. This young lord was the King's nephew,
+being second son of the Earl of Blois by Adela the Conqueror's daughter:
+he was in high favour with the King his uncle, who had married him to
+the daughter and heiress of the Earl of Boulogne, given him great
+possessions in England, and made him indeed too powerful for a subject.
+
+The King having thus fixed the succession of the crown in his daughter
+by an Act of Settlement and an oath of fealty, looked about to provide
+her with a second husband, and at length determined his choice in
+Geoffrey Plantagenet Earl of Anjou, the son of Fulk lately deceased.
+
+This prince, whose dominions confined on France and Normandy, was
+usually courted for an ally by both Kings in their several quarrels; but
+having little faith or honour, he never scrupled to change sides as
+often as he saw or conceived it for his advantage. After the great
+victory over the French, he closed in with King Henry, and gave his
+daughter to the young prince William; yet at the same time, by the
+private encouragement of Louis, he prevailed on the King of England to
+be easy in the conditions of a peace. Upon the unfortunate loss of the
+prince, and the troubles in Normandy thereupon, he fell again from the
+King, gave his other daughter to William the son of Robert, and struck
+up with France to take that prince again into protection. But dying soon
+after, and leaving his son Geoffrey to succeed in that earldom, the King
+was of opinion he could not anywhere bestow his daughter with more
+advantage, both for the security and enlargement of his dominions, than
+by giving her to this earl; by which marriage Anjou would become an
+acquisition to Normandy, and this be a more equal match to so formidable
+a neighbour as France. In a short time the marriage was concluded; and
+this Earl Geoffrey had the honour to introduce into the royal family of
+England the surname of Plantagenet, borne by so many succeeding Kings,
+which began with Henry II. who was the eldest son of this marriage.
+
+But the King of France was in great discontent at this match: he easily
+foresaw the dismal consequences to himself and his successors from such
+an increase of dominion united to the crown of England: he knew what
+impressions might be made in future times to the shaking of his throne
+by an aspiring and warlike king, if they should happen in a weak reign,
+or upon any great discontents in that kingdom. Which conjectures being
+highly reasonable (and since often verified by events) he cast about to
+find some way of driving the King of England entirely out of France; but
+having neither pretext nor stomach in the midst of a peace to begin an
+open and formal quarrel, there fell out an accident which gave him
+plausible occasion of pursuing his design.
+
+Charles the Good Earl of Flanders having been lately murdered by some of
+his subjects, upon private revenge, the King of France went in person to
+take revenge of the assassins; which he performed with great justice and
+honour. But the late earl leaving no heir of his body, and several
+competitors appearing to dispute the succession, Louis rejected some
+others who seemed to have a fairer title, and adjudged it to William the
+son of Robert, the better to secure him to his interests upon any design
+he might engage in against the King of England. Not content with this,
+he assisted the Earl in person, subdued his rivals, and left him in
+peaceable possession of his new dominion.
+
+King Henry, on the other side, was very apprehensive of his nephew's
+greatness, well knowing to what end it was directed; however, he seemed
+not to regard it, contenting himself to give the Earl employment at home
+by privately nourishing the discontents of his new subjects, and
+abetting underhand another pretender: for William had so entirely lost
+the hearts of his people, by his intolerable avarice and exactions, that
+the principal towns in Flanders revolted from him, and invited Thierri
+Earl of Alsace to be their governor. But the King of France generously
+resolved to appear once more in his defence, and took his third
+expedition into Flanders for that purpose. He had marched as far as
+Artois, when he was suddenly recalled to defend his own dominions from
+the fury of a powerful and provoked invader: for Henry King of England,
+moved with indignation to see the French King in the midst of a peace so
+frequently and openly supporting his most dangerous enemy, thought it
+the best way to divert Louis from kindling a fire against him abroad, by
+forcing him to extinguish one at home: he therefore entered into the
+bowels of France, ravaging and laying waste all before him, and quickly
+grew so formidable, that the French King to purchase a peace was forced
+to promise never more to assist or favour the Earl of Flanders; however,
+as it fell out, this article proved to be wholly needless; for the young
+Earl soon after gave battle to Thierri, and put his whole army to the
+rout; but pursuing his victory, he received a wound in his wrist, which,
+by the unskilfulness of a surgeon, cost him his life.[24]
+
+[Footnote 24: The lance passed through or under the ball of his thumb
+into his wrist. The wound gangrening, he died within five days. [D.S.]]
+
+This one slight inconsiderable accident did, in all probability, put a
+stop to very great events; for if that young prince had survived his
+victory, it is hardly to be doubted but through the justness of his
+cause, the reputation of his valour, and the assistance of the King of
+France, he would in a little time have recovered Normandy, and perhaps
+his father's liberty, which were the two designs he had in agitation;
+nor could he well have missed the crown of England after the King's
+death, who was now in his decline, when he had so fair a title, and no
+competitors in view but a woman and an infant.
+
+  1129.
+
+Upon the King's return from Normandy, a great council of the clergy was
+held at London, for the punishing of priests who lived in concubinage,
+which was the great grievance of the Church in those ages, and had been
+condemned by several canons. This assembly thinking to take a more
+effectual course against that abomination, as it was called, decreed
+severe penalties upon those who should be guilty of breaking it,
+entreating the King to see the law put in execution; which he very
+readily undertook, but performed otherwise than was expected, eluding
+the force of the law by an evasion to his own advantage: for exacting
+fines of the delinquent priests, he suffered them to keep their
+concubines without further disturbance. A very unaccountable step in so
+wise a body for their own concernments, as the clergy of those times is
+looked upon to have been; and although perhaps the fact be not worth
+recording, it may serve as a lesson to all assemblies never to trust the
+execution of a law in the hands of those who will find it more to their
+interests to see it broken than observed.
+
+  1132.
+
+The Empress Maud was now happily delivered of a son, who was afterwards
+King of England by the name of Henry the Second: and the King calling a
+Parliament, had the oath of fealty repeated by the nobles and clergy to
+her and her issue, which in the compass of three years they all broke or
+forgot.
+
+  1134.
+
+I think it may deserve a place in this history to mention the last scene
+of Duke Robert's life, who, either through the poorness or greatness of
+spirit, having outlived the loss of his honour, his dominions, his
+liberty, his eyesight, and his only son, was at last forced to sink
+under the load of eighty years, and must be allowed for the greatest
+example either of insensibility or contempt of earthly things, that ever
+appeared in a sovereign or private person. He was a prince hardly
+equalled by any in his time for valour, conduct, and courtesy; but his
+ruin began from the easiness of his nature, which whoever knew how to
+manage, were sure to be refused nothing they could ask. By such
+profusion he was reduced to those unhappy expedients of remitting his
+rights for a pension, of pawning his towns, and multiplying taxes, which
+brought him into hatred and contempt with his subjects; neither do I
+think any virtue so little commendable in a sovereign as that of
+liberality, where it exceeds what his ordinary revenues can supply;
+where it passes those bounds, his subjects must all be oppressed to shew
+his bounty to a few flatterers, or he must sell his towns, or basely
+renounce his rights, by becoming pensioner to some powerful prince in
+the neighbourhood; all which we have lived to see performed by a late
+monarch in our own time and country.
+
+  1135.
+
+Since the reduction of Normandy to the King's obedience, he found it
+necessary for his affairs to spend in that duchy some part of his time
+almost every year, and a little before the death of Robert he made his
+last voyage there. It was observable in this prince, that having some
+years past very narrowly escaped shipwreck in his passage from Normandy
+into England, the sense of his danger had made very deep impressions on
+his mind, which he discovered by a great reformation in his life, by
+redressing several grievances, and doing many acts of piety; and to shew
+the steadiness of his resolutions, he kept them to the last, making a
+progress through most parts of Normandy, treating his subjects in all
+places with great familiarity and kindness, granting their petitions,
+easing their taxes, and, in a word, giving all possible marks of a
+religious, wise, and gracious prince.
+
+Returning to St. Denys le Ferment from his progress a little indisposed,
+he there fell into a fever upon a surfeit of lamprey, which in a few
+days ended his life. His body was conveyed to England, and buried at
+Reading in the abbey-church himself had founded.
+
+It is hard to affirm anything peculiar of this prince's character; those
+authors who have attempted it mentioning very little but what was common
+to him with thousands of other men; neither have they recorded any of
+those personal circumstances or passages, which only can discover such
+qualities of the mind as most distinguish one man from another. These
+defects may perhaps appear in the stories of many succeeding kings;
+which makes me hope I shall not be altogether blamed for sometimes
+disappointing the reader in a point wherein I could wish to be the most
+exact.
+
+As to his person, he is described to be of middle stature; his body
+strong set and fleshy; his hair black; his eyes large; his countenance
+amiable, and very pleasant, especially when he was merry. He was
+temperate in meat and drink, and a hater of effeminacy, a vice or folly
+much complained of in his time, especially that circumstance of long
+artificial hair, which he forbade upon severe penalties. His three
+principal virtues were prudence, valour, and eloquence. These were
+counterbalanced by three great vices; avarice, cruelty, and lust; of
+which the first is proved by the frequency of his taxes; the second by
+his treatment of Duke Robert; and the last was notorious. But the proof
+of his virtues doth not depend on single instances, manifesting
+themselves through the whole course of a long reign, which was hardly
+attended by any misfortune that prudence, justice, or valour could
+prevent. He came to the crown at a ripe age, when he had passed thirty
+years, having learned, in his private life, to struggle with hardships,
+whereof he had his share, from the capriciousness and injustice of both
+his brothers; and by observing their failures, he had learned to avoid
+them in himself, being steady and uniform in his whole conduct, which
+were qualities they both seemed chiefly to want. This likewise made him
+so very tenacious as he was observed to be in his love and hatred. He
+was a strict observer of justice, which he seems never to have violated,
+but in that particular case, which political casuists are pleased to
+dispense with, where the dispute is about a crown. In that he[25] * * *
+* * *
+
+[Footnote 25: Here the sentence breaks off short, and is left
+unfinished. [D.S.]]
+
+Consider him as a private man, he was perhaps the most accomplished
+person of his age, having a facetious wit, cultivated by learning, and
+advanced with a great share of natural eloquence, which was his peculiar
+talent: and it was no doubt the sense he had of this last perfection in
+himself, that put him so often upon calling together the great councils
+of the nation, where natural oratory is of most figure as well as use.
+
+
+THE REIGN OF STEPHEN.
+
+The veneration which people are supposed naturally to pay to a right
+line, and a lawful title in their kings, must be upheld by a long
+uninterrupted succession, otherwise it quickly loses opinion, upon which
+the strength of it, although not the justice, is entirely founded: and
+where breaches have been already made in the lineal descent, there is
+little security in a good title (though confirmed by promises and oaths)
+where the lawful heir is absent, and a popular aspiring pretender near
+at hand. This, I think, may pass for a maxim, if any consequences drawn
+from history can pretend to be called so, having been verified
+successively three times in this kingdom, I mean by the two preceding
+kings, and by the prince whose reign we are now writing. Neither can
+this observation be justly controlled by any instances brought of future
+princes, who being absent at their predecessor's death, have peaceably
+succeeded, the circumstances being very different in every case, either
+by the weakness or justice of pretenders, or else by the long
+establishment of lineal succession.
+
+  1135.
+
+Stephen Earl of Boulogne, whose descent hath been already shewn in the
+foregoing reign, was the second of three brothers, whereof the eldest
+was Theobald Earl of Blois, a sovereign prince, and Henry the youngest
+was Bishop of Winchester, and the Pope's legate in England. At the time
+of King Henry's death, his daughter the Empress was with her husband the
+Earl of Anjou, a grave and cautious prince, altogether unqualified for
+sudden enterprises: but Earl Stephen, who had attended the King in his
+last expedition, made so great dispatch for England,[26] that the
+council had not time to meet and make any declaration about a successor.
+When the lords were assembled, the legate had already, by his credit and
+influence among them, brought over a great party to his brother's
+interests; and the Earl himself, knowing with what success the like
+methods were used by his two last predecessors, was very liberal of his
+promises to amend the laws, support the Church, and redress grievances:
+for all which the bishop undertook to be guarantee. And thus was Stephen
+elected by those very persons who had so lately, and in so solemn a
+manner, more than once sworn fealty to another.
+
+[Footnote 26: Stephen was at Boulogne when he received the news of
+Henry's death. [D.S.]]
+
+The motives whereby the nobility was swayed to proceed after this
+manner, were obvious enough. There had been a perpetual struggle between
+them and their former kings in the defence of their liberties; for the
+security whereof, they thought a king elected without other title, would
+be readier to enter into any obligations, and being held in constant
+dependence, would be less tempted to break them: therefore, as at his
+coronation they obtained full security by his taking new and additional
+oaths in favour of their liberties, their oath of fealty to him was but
+conditional, to be of force no longer than he should be true to those
+stipulations.
+
+But other reasons were contrived and given out to satisfy the people:
+they were told it was an indignity for so noble a nation to be governed
+by a woman; that the late King had promised to marry his daughter within
+the realm, and by consent of Parliament, neither of which was observed:
+and lastly, Hugh Bigod, steward to King Henry, took a voluntary oath,
+before the Archbishop of Canterbury, that his master, in his last
+sickness, had, upon some displeasure, disinherited his daughter.
+
+He received the crown with one great advantage that could best enable
+him to preserve it: this was the possession of his uncle's treasures,
+amounting to one hundred thousand pounds, and reckoned as a prodigious
+sum in those days; by the help of which, without ever raising one tax
+upon the people, he defended an unjust title against the lawful heir
+during a perpetual contest of almost twenty years.
+
+In order to defend himself against any sudden invasion, which he had
+cause enough to expect, he gave all men licence to build castles upon
+their lands, which proved a very mistaken piece of politics, although
+grounded upon some appearance of reason. The King supposed that no
+invader would venture to advance into the heart of his country without
+reducing every castle in his way, which must be a work of much time and
+difficulty, nor would be able to afford men to block them up, and secure
+his retreat: which way of arguing may be good enough to a prince of an
+undisputed title, and entirely in the hearts of his subjects: but
+numerous castles are ill defenders of an usurpation, being the common
+retreat of malcontents, where they can fly with security, and discover
+their affections as they please: by which means the enemy, although
+beaten in the field, may still preserve his footing in the bowels of a
+country; may wait supplies from abroad; and prolong a war for many
+years: nor, while he is master of any castles, can he ever be at mercy
+by any sudden misfortune; but may be always in a condition of demanding
+terms for himself. These, and many other effects of so pernicious a
+counsel, the King found through the whole course of his reign; which was
+entirely spent in sieges, revolts, surprises, and surrenders, with very
+few battles, but no decisive action: a period of much misery and
+confusion, which affords little that is memorable for events, or useful
+for the instruction of posterity.
+
+  1136.
+
+The first considerable enemy that appeared against him was David King of
+Scots, who having taken the oath of fealty to Maud and her issue, being
+further engaged by the ties of blood, and stirred up through the
+persuasions of several English nobles, began to take up arms in her
+cause; and invading the northern parts, took Carlisle and Newcastle; but
+upon the King's speedy approach with his forces, a peace was presently
+made, and the towns restored. However, the Scottish prince would, by no
+means, renounce his fidelity to the Empress, by paying homage to
+Stephen; so that an expedient was found to have it performed by his
+eldest son: in consideration of which the King gave, or rather restored,
+to him the Earldom of Huntingdon.
+
+Upon his return to London from this expedition, he happened to fall sick
+of a lethargy, and it was confidently given out that he was dead. This
+report was, with great industry and artifice, dispersed by his enemies,
+which quickly discovered the ill inclination of several lords, who,
+although they never believed the thing, yet made use of it for an
+occasion or pretext to fortify their castles, which they refused to
+surrender to the King himself; but Stephen was resolved, as he said, to
+convince them that he was alive and well; for coming against them before
+he was expected, he recovered Exeter, Norwich,[27] and other fortified
+places, although not without much difficulty.
+
+[Footnote 27: Hugh Bigod had seized Norwich Castle. [D.S.]]
+
+It is obvious enough to wonder how a prince of so much valour, and other
+excellent endowments, elected by the Church and State, after a
+compliance with all conditions they could impose on him, and in an age
+when so little regard was had to the lineal descent, lastly confirmed by
+the Pope himself, should be soon deserted and opposed by those very
+persons who had been the most instrumental to promote him. But, beside
+his defective title, and the undistinguished liberty of building
+castles, there were three circumstances which very much contributed to
+those perpetual revolts of the nobles against him: first, that upon his
+coming to the crown he was very liberal in distributing lands and
+honours to several young gentlemen of noble birth, who came to make
+their court, whereby he hoped to get the reputation of a generous
+prince, and to strengthen his party against the Empress: but, by this
+encouragement, the number of pretenders quickly grew too fast upon him;
+and when he had granted all he was able, he was forced to dismiss the
+rest with promises and excuses, who, either out of envy or discontent,
+or else to mend their fortunes, never failed to become his enemies upon
+the first occasion that offered. Secondly, when he had reduced several
+castles and towns which had given the first example of disaffection from
+him, he hardly inflicted the least punishment on the authors; which
+unseasonable mercy, that in another prince and another age would have
+been called greatness of spirit, passed in him for pusillanimity and
+fear, and is reckoned, by the writers of those times to have been the
+cause of many succeeding revolts. The third circumstance was of a
+different kind: for, observing how little good effect he had found by
+his liberality and indulgence, he would needs try the other extreme,
+which was not his talent. He began to infringe the articles of his
+charter; to recall or disown the promises he had made; and to repulse
+petitioners with rough treatment, which was the more unacceptable by
+being new and unexpected.
+
+  1137.
+
+Mean time the Earl of Anjou, who was not in a condition to assert his
+wife's title to England, hearing Stephen was employed at home, entered
+Normandy with small force, and found it no difficult matter to seize
+several towns. The Normans, in the present distraction of affairs, not
+well knowing what prince to obey, at last sent an invitation to Theobald
+Earl of Blois, King Stephen's eldest brother, to accept their dukedom
+upon the condition of protecting them from the present insults of the
+Earl of Anjou. But before this matter could come to an issue, Stephen,
+who, upon reduction of the towns already mentioned, had found a short
+interval of quiet from his English subjects, arrived with unexpected
+speed into Normandy; where Geoffrey of Anjou soon fled before him, and
+the whole duchy came over to his obedience; for the further settlement
+whereof he made peace with the King of France; constituted his son
+Eustace Duke of Normandy; and made him swear fealty to that Prince, and
+do him homage. His brother Theobald, who began to expostulate upon this
+disappointment, he pacified with a pension of two thousand marks:[28]
+and even the Earl of Anjou himself, who, in right of his wife, made
+demands of Stephen for the kingdom of England, finding he was no equal
+match at present, was persuaded to become his pensioner for five
+thousand more.[29]
+
+[Footnote 28: The mark of Normandy is to be understood here. Such a
+pension in that age was equivalent to one of L31,000 sterling in the
+present. [D.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 29: Five thousand marks of silver coin was, in this reign, of
+the same value as the sum of L77,500 modern currency, is now. Here again
+the Norman mark seems to be used. [D.S.]]
+
+Stephen, upon his return to England, met with an account of new troubles
+from the north; for the King of Scots, under pretence of observing his
+oath of fealty to the Empress, infested the Borders, and frequently
+making cruel inroads, plundered and laid waste all before him.
+
+  1138.
+
+In order to revenge this base and perfidious treatment, the King, in his
+march northward, sat down before Bedford, and took it after a siege of
+twenty days. This town was part of the Earldom of Huntingdon, given by
+Stephen in the late peace to the eldest son of the Scottish King, for
+which the young prince did homage to him; and it was upon that account
+defended by a garrison of Scots. Upon intelligence of this surrender,
+King David, overcome with fury, entered Northumberland, where, letting
+loose the rage of his soldiers, he permitted and encouraged them to
+commit all manner of inhumanities; which they performed in so execrable
+a manner as would scarce be credible, if it were not attested by almost
+the universal consent of writers: they ripped up women with child, drew
+out the infants, and tossed them upon the points of their lances: they
+murdered priests before the altars; then cutting the heads from off the
+crucifixes, in their stead put on the heads of those they had murdered:
+with many other instances of monstrous barbarity too foul to relate: but
+cruelty being usually attended with cowardice, this perfidious prince,
+upon the approach of King Stephen, fled into places of security. The
+King of England, finding no enemy on whom to employ his revenge, marched
+forward into the country, destroying with fire and sword all the
+southern parts; and would, in all probability, have made terrible
+impressions into the heart of Scotland, if he had not been suddenly
+recalled by a more dangerous fire at home, which had been kindled in his
+absence, and was now broken out into a flame.
+
+Robert Earl of Gloucester, natural son of the late King, came into
+England some time after the advancement of Stephen to the crown; and,
+yielding to the necessity of the time, took the oath of fealty upon the
+same condition used by the other nobles, to be of force so long as the
+King should keep his faith with him, and preserve his dignity inviolate:
+but, being in his heart wholly devoted to the interests of the Empress
+his sister, and moved by the persuasions of several religious men, he
+had, with great secrecy and application, so far practised upon the
+levity or discontents of several lords, as to gain them to his party:
+for the King had, of late, very much alienated the nobles against him;
+first, by seizing several of their persons, and dispossessing them of
+their lands; and, secondly, by taking into his favour William d'Ypres, a
+Flemish commander, of noble birth, but banished by his prince. This man,
+with many of his followers, the King employed chiefly both in his
+councils and his armies, and made him Earl of Kent, to the great envy
+and displeasure of his English subjects. The Earl of Gloucester,
+therefore, and his accomplices, having prepared all things necessary for
+an insurrection, it was agreed among them, that while the King was
+engaged against the Scots, each of them should secure what towns and
+castles they could, and openly declare for the Empress. Accordingly Earl
+Robert suddenly fortified himself in Bristol; the rest followed his
+example; Hereford, Shrewsbury, Ludlow, Dover,[30] and many other places,
+were seized by several lords, and the defection grew so formidable, that
+the King, to his great grief, was forced to leave his Scottish
+expedition unfinished, and return with all possible speed to suppress
+the rebellion begun by his subjects; having first left the care of the
+north to Thurstan Archbishop of York; with orders carefully to observe
+the motions of the Scots.
+
+[Footnote 30: Robert Earl of Gloucester had been entrusted by Stephen
+with the custody of Dover Castle: but Robert lying now under heavy
+suspicion, the King sent Matilda his queen to besiege it, in which she
+was successful. [D.S.]]
+
+Whilst the King was employed in the south in reducing his discontented
+lords, and their castles, to his obedience, David, presuming upon the
+distance between them, reentered England with more numerous forces, and
+greater designs, than before: for, without losing more time than what
+was necessary to pillage and destroy the country as he marched, he
+resolved to besiege York, which, if he could force to surrender, would
+serve as a convenient frontier against the English. To this end,
+advancing near the city, and having pitched his tents, he sat down
+before it with his whole army. In the mean time Archbishop Thurstan,
+having already summoned the nobles and gentry of the shire and parts
+adjacent, had, by powerful persuasions incited them to defend their
+country against a treacherous, bloody, and restless enemy: so that
+before the King of Scotland could make any progress in the siege, the
+whole power of the north was united against him, under the Earl of
+Albemarle, and several other nobles. Archbishop Thurstan happening to
+fall sick, could not go in person to the army, but sent the Bishop of
+Durham in his stead; by whose encouragements the English, although in
+number far inferior, advanced boldly towards the enemy, and offered them
+battle, which was as readily accepted by the Scots, who, sending out a
+party of horse to secure the rising ground, were immediately attacked by
+the English, and, after a sharp dispute, entirely defeated. In the heat
+of the battle the King of Scots, and his son Henry Earl of Huntingdon,
+gave many proofs of great personal valour. The young prince fell with
+such fierceness upon a body of the English, that he utterly broke and
+dispersed them; and was pursuing his victory, when a certain man,
+bearing aloft the head of an enemy he had cut off, cried out, It was the
+head of the Scottish King, which being heard and believed on both sides,
+the English, who had lately fled, rallied again, assaulting their
+enemies with new vigour; the Scots, on the other side, discouraged by
+the supposed death of their Prince, began to turn their backs: the King
+and his son used all endeavours to stop their flight, and made several
+brave stands against the enemy; but the greatest part of their army
+being fled, and themselves almost encompassed, they were forced to give
+way to fortune, and with much difficulty made their escape.
+
+The loss on the English side was inconsiderable; but of Scots, by
+general consent of writers, ten thousand were slain. And thus ended the
+War of the Standard, as it was usually called by the authors of that
+age, because the English, upon a certain engine, raised the mast of a
+ship, on the top whereof, in a silver box, they put the consecrated
+wafer, and fastened the standards of St. Peter and other saints: this
+gave them courage, by remembering they were to fight in the presence of
+God; and served likewise for a mark where to reassemble when they should
+happen to be dispersed by any accident or misfortune.
+
+  1139
+
+Mean time the King was equally successful against his rebellious lords
+at home, having taken most of their castles and strong-holds; and the
+Earl of Gloucester himself, no longer able to make any resistance,
+withdrew into Normandy, to concert new measures with the Empress his
+sister. Thus the King had leisure and opportunity for another expedition
+into Scotland, to pursue and improve his victory, where he met with no
+opposition: however, he was at length persuaded with much difficulty to
+accept his own conditions of a peace; and David delivered up to him his
+eldest son Henry, as hostage for performance of articles between them.
+
+The King, in his return homeward, laid siege to Ludlow Castle, which had
+not been reduced with the rest: here Prince Henry of Scotland, boiling
+with youth and valour, and exposing his person upon all occasions, was
+lifted from his horse by an iron grapple let down from the wall, and
+would have been hoisted up into the castle, if the King had not
+immediately flown to his assistance, and brought him off with his own
+hands by main force from the enemy, whom he soon compelled to surrender
+the castle.
+
+  1140
+
+Stephen having thus subdued his inveterate enemies the Scots, and
+reduced his rebellious nobles, began to entertain hopes of enjoying a
+little ease. But he was destined to the possession of a crown with
+perpetual disturbance; for he was hardly returned from his northern
+expedition, when he received intelligence that the Empress, accompanied
+by her brother the Earl of Gloucester, was preparing to come for
+England, in order to dispute her title to the kingdom. The King, who
+knew by experience what a powerful party she already had to espouse her
+interests, very reasonably concluded, the defection from him would be
+much greater, when she appeared in person to countenance and reward it;
+he therefore began again to repent of the licence he had granted for
+building castles, which were now like to prove so many places of
+security for his enemies, and fortifications against himself; for he
+knew not whom to trust, vehemently suspecting his nobles ever since
+their last revolt. He therefore cast about for some artifice to get into
+his hands as many of their castles as he could: in the strength and
+magnificence of which kind of structures, the bishops had far outdone
+the rest, and were upon that, as well as other accounts, very much
+maligned and envied by the temporal lords, who were extreme jealous of
+the Church's increasing power, and glad upon all occasions to see the
+prelates humbled. The King, therefore, having formed his project,
+resolved to make trial where it would be least invidious, and where he
+could foresee least danger in the consequences. At a Parliament or
+assembly of nobles at Oxford, it was contrived to raise a quarrel
+between the servants of some bishops and those of Alan Count of Dinan in
+Bretagne, upon a contention of rooms in their inns. Stephen took hold of
+this advantage, sent for the bishops, taxed them with breaking his
+peace, and demanded the keys of their castles, adding threats of
+imprisonment if they dared to disobey. Those whom the King chiefly
+suspected, or rather who had built the most and strongest castles, were
+Roger Bishop of Salisbury, with his nephew and natural son the Bishops
+of Ely and Lincoln, whom the King, by many circumstances of rigour,
+compelled to surrender, going himself in person to seize the Devizes,
+then esteemed the noblest structure of Europe, and built by the
+forementioned Bishop Roger, whose treasure, to the value of forty
+thousand marks,[31] there likewise deposited, fell, at the same time,
+into the King's hand, which in a few days broke the bishop's heart,
+already worn with age and infirmity.
+
+[Footnote 31: This prelate's treasure is doubtless computed by the
+smaller or Saxon mark; the use of which still prevailed in England: and
+even thus computed, it amounts to a vast sum, equal to about L116,350 of
+modern money. [D.S.]]
+
+It may, perhaps, not be thought a digression to say something of the
+fortunes of this prelate, who, from the lowest beginnings, came to be,
+without dispute, the greatest churchman of any subject in his age. It
+happened that the late King Henry, in the reign of his brother, being at
+a village in Normandy, wanted a priest to say mass before him and his
+train, when this man, who was a poor curate thereabouts, offered his
+service, and performed it with so much dexterity and speed, that the
+soldiers who attended the prince recommended him to their master, upon
+that account, as a very proper chaplain for military men; but it seems
+he had other talents; for having gotten into the prince's service, he
+soon discovered great application and address, much order and economy in
+the management of his master's fortunes, which were wholly left to his
+care. After Henry's advancement to the crown, this chaplain grew chief
+in his favour and confidence; was made Bishop of Salisbury, Chancellor
+of England, employed in all his most weighty affairs, and usually left
+vicegerent of the realm while the King was absent in Normandy. He was
+among the first that swore fealty to Maud and her issue; and among the
+first that revolted from her to Stephen, offering such reasons in
+council for setting her aside, as, by the credit and opinion of his
+wisdom, were very prevalent. But the King, in a few years, forgot all
+obligations, and the bishop fell a sacrifice in his old age to those
+treasures he had been so long heaping up for its support. A just reward
+for his ingratitude towards the Prince that raised him, to be ruined by
+the ingratitude of another, whom he had been so very instrumental to
+raise.
+
+But Henry Bishop of Winchester, the Pope's legate, not able to endure
+this violation of the Church, called a council of all the prelates to
+meet at Winchester, where the King being summoned, appeared by his
+advocate, who pleaded his cause with much learning; and the Archbishop
+of Rouen coming to the council, declared his opinion, That although the
+canons did allow the bishops to possess castles, yet in dangerous times
+they ought to deliver them up to the King. This opinion Stephen followed
+very steadily, not yielding a tittle, although the legate his brother
+used all means, both rough and gentle, to work upon him.
+
+The council of bishops broke up without other effect than that of
+leaving in their minds an implacable hatred to the King, in a very
+opportune juncture for the interests of Maud, who, about this time,
+landed at Portsmouth with her brother Robert Earl of Gloucester. The
+whole force she brought over for this expedition consisted but of one
+hundred and forty knights;[32] for she trusted altogether in her cause
+and her friends. With this slender attendance she went to Arundel, and
+was there received into the castle by the widow of the late King; while
+Earl Robert, accompanied only by twenty men, marched boldly to his own
+city of Gloucester, in order to raise forces for the Empress, where the
+townsmen turned out the King's garrison as soon as they heard of his
+approach.
+
+[Footnote 32: In these times none served on horseback but gentlemen or
+knights, in right of their fiefs, or their representatives, called
+_Men-at-arms;_ and each of these was attended by at least two servants
+or retainers mounted and armed. [D.S.]]
+
+King Stephen was not surprised at the news of the Empress's arrival,
+being a thing he had always counted upon, and was long preparing himself
+against. He was glad to hear how ill she was provided, and resolved to
+use the opportunity of her brother's absence; for, hasting down to
+Arundel with a sufficient strength, he laid siege to the castle, in
+hopes, by securing her person, to put a speedy end to the war.
+
+But there wanted not some very near about the King, who, favouring the
+party of Maud, had credit enough to prevail with him not to venture time
+and reputation against an impregnable fortress, but rather, by
+withdrawing his forces, permit her to retire to some less fortified
+place, where she might more easily fall into his hands. This advice the
+King took against his own opinion; the Empress fled out of Arundel by
+night; and, after frequent shifting her stages through several towns,
+which had already declared in her favour, fixed herself at last at
+Lincoln; where, having all things provided necessary for her defence,
+she resolved to continue, and expect either a general revolt of the
+English to her side, or the decision of war between the King and her
+brother.
+
+But Stephen, who had pursued the Empress from place to place, hearing
+she had shut herself up in Lincoln, resolved to give her no rest; and to
+help on his design, it fell out that the citizens in hatred to the Earl
+of Chester, who commanded there for the Empress, sent a private
+invitation to the King, with promise to deliver the town and their
+governor into his hands. The King came accordingly, and possessed
+himself of the town; but Maud and the Earl made their escape a few days
+before. However, many great persons of Maud's party remained prisoners
+to the King, and among the rest the Earl of Chester's wife, who was
+daughter to the Earl of Gloucester. These two Earls resolving to attempt
+the relief of their friends, marched with all their forces near Lincoln,
+where they found the enemy drawn up and ready to receive them.
+
+The next morning, after battle offered by the lords, and accepted by the
+King, both sides made ready to engage. The King having disposed his
+cavalry on each wing, placed himself at the head of his foot, in whom he
+reposed most confidence. The army of the lords was divided in three
+bodies; those whom King Stephen had banished were placed in the middle,
+the Earl of Chester led the van, and the Earl of Gloucester commanded
+the rear. The battle was fought at first with equal advantage, and great
+obstinacy on both sides; at length the right wing of the King's horse,
+pressed by the Earl of Chester, galloped away, not without suspicion of
+treachery; the left followed the example. The King beheld their flight,
+and encouraging those about him, fell with undaunted valour upon the
+enemy; and being for some time bravely seconded by his foot, did great
+execution. At length overpowered by numbers, his men began to disperse,
+and Stephen was left almost alone with his sword in his hand, wherewith
+he opposed his person against a whole victorious army, nor durst any be
+so hardy to approach him; the sword breaking, a citizen of Lincoln put
+into his hands a Danish battle-axe,[33] with which he struck to the
+ground the Earl of Chester,[34] who presumed to come within his reach.
+But this weapon likewise flying in pieces with the force of those
+furious blows he dealt on all sides, a bold knight of the Empress's
+party, named William de Keynes, laid hold on his helmet, and immediately
+cried out to his fellows, "I have got the King." Then the rest ran in,
+and he was taken prisoner.[35]
+
+[Footnote 33: Sim. Dunelmensis. [D.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 34: The Earl of Chester lived nevertheless to fight other
+battles, and died twelve years afterwards by poison. [D.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 35: Gervase. [D.S.]]
+
+The King being thus secured, was presented to the Empress, then at
+Gloucester, and by her orders conveyed to Bristol, where he continued in
+strict custody nine months, although with honourable treatment for some
+time, until either upon endeavouring to make his escape, or in malice to
+the Londoners, who had a great affection for their King, he was, by
+express command from the Empress, laid in irons, and used with other
+circumstances of severity.
+
+This victory was followed by a general defection of almost the whole
+kingdom; and the Earl of Anjou, husband to the Empress, upon the fame of
+the King's defeat and imprisonment, reduced without any difficulty the
+whole Duchy of Normandy to his obedience.
+
+The legate himself, although brother to King Stephen, received her at
+Winchester with great solemnity, accepted her oath for governing with
+justice, redressing grievances, and supporting the rights of the Church,
+and took the old conditional one of fealty to her; then in an assembly
+of bishops and clergy convoked for the purpose, he displayed the
+miscarriages of his brother, and declared his approbation of the Empress
+to be Queen; to which they unanimously agreed. To complete all, he
+prevailed by his credit with the Londoners, who stood out the last of
+any, to acknowledge and receive her into the city, where she arrived at
+length in great pomp, and with general satisfaction.
+
+But it was the misfortune of this Princess to possess many weaknesses
+that are charged to the sex, and very few of its commendable qualities:
+she was now in peaceable possession of the whole kingdom, except the
+county of Kent, where William d'Ypres pretended to keep up a small party
+for the King; when by her pride, wilfulness, indiscretion, and a
+disobliging behaviour, she soon turned the hearts of all men against
+her, and in a short time lost the fruits of that victory and success
+which had been so hardly gained by the prudence and valour of her
+excellent brother. The first occasion she took to discover the
+perverseness of her nature, was in the treatment of Maud, the wife of
+King Stephen, a lady of great virtue, and courage above her sex, who,
+coming to the Empress an humble suitor in behalf of her husband,
+offered, as a price of his liberty, that he should resign all
+pretensions to the crown, and pass the rest of his life in exile, or in
+a convent: but this request was rejected with scorn and reproaches; and
+the Queen finding all entreaties to no purpose, writ to her son Eustace
+to let him understand the ill success of her negotiation, that no relief
+was to be otherwise hoped for than by arms, and therefore advised him to
+raise immediately what forces he could for the relief of his father.
+
+Her next miscarriage was towards the Londoners, who presented her a
+petition for redressing certain rigorous laws of her father, and
+restoring those of Edward the Confessor. The Empress put them off for a
+time with excuses, but at last discovered some displeasure at their
+importunity. The citizens, who had with much difficulty been persuaded
+to receive her against their inclinations, which stood wholly for the
+King, were moved with indignation at her unreasonable refusal of their
+just demands, and entered into a conspiracy to seize her person. But she
+had timely notice of their design, and leaving the city by night in
+disguise, fled to Oxford.
+
+A third false step the Empress made,[36] was in refusing her new
+powerful friend the legate a favour he desired in behalf of Eustace, the
+King's son, to grant him the lands and honours held by his father before
+he came to the crown. She had made large promises to this prelate, that
+she would be directed in all things by his advice, and to be refused
+upon his first application a small favour for his own nephew, stung him
+to the quick; however, he governed his resentments a while, but began at
+the same time to resume his affection for his brother. These thoughts
+were cultivated with great address by Queen Maud, who prevailed at last
+so far upon the legate, that private measures were agreed between them
+for restoring Stephen to his liberty and crown. The bishop took leave of
+the Empress, upon some plausible pretence, and retired to Winchester,
+where he gave directions for supplying with men and provisions several
+strong castles he had built in his diocese, while the Queen with her son
+Eustace prevailed with the Londoners and men of Kent to rise in great
+numbers for the King; and a powerful army was quickly on foot, under the
+command of William d'Ypres Earl of Kent.
+
+[Footnote 36: William of Malmesbury. [D.S.]]
+
+In the mean time the Empress began to be sensible of the errors she had
+committed; and in hope either to retrieve the friendship of the legate,
+or take him prisoner, marched with her army to Winchester, where being
+received and lodged in the castle, she sent immediately for the legate,
+spoke much in excuse of what was past, and used all endeavours to regain
+him to her interests. Bishop Henry, on the other side, amused her with
+dubious answers, and kept her in suspense for some days; but sent
+privately at the same time to the King's army, desiring them to advance
+with all possible speed; which was executed with so much diligence, that
+the Empress and her brother had only time with their troops to march a
+back way out of the town. They were pursued by the enemy so close in the
+rear, that the Empress had hardly time, by counterfeiting herself dead,
+to make her escape; in which posture she was carried as a corpse to
+Gloucester; but the Earl her brother, while he made what opposition he
+could, with design to stop her pursuers, was himself taken prisoner,
+with great slaughter of his men. After the battle, the Earl was in his
+turn presented to Queen Maud, and by her command sent to Rochester to be
+treated in the same manner with the King.
+
+Thus the heads of both parties were each in the power of his enemy, and
+Fortune seemed to have dealt with great equality between them. Two
+factions divided the whole kingdom, and, as it usually happens, private
+animosities were inflamed by the quarrel of the public; which introduced
+a miserable face of things throughout the land, whereof the writers of
+our English story give melancholy descriptions, not to be repeated in
+this history; since the usual effects of civil war are obvious to
+conceive, and tiresome as well as useless to relate. However, as the
+quarrel between the King and Empress was grounded upon a cause that in
+its own nature little concerned the interests of the people, this was
+thought a convenient juncture for transacting a peace, to which there
+appeared an universal disposition. Several expedients were proposed; but
+Earl Robert would consent upon no other terms than the deposing of
+Stephen, and immediate delivery of the crown to his sister. These
+debates lasted for some months, until the two prisoners, weary of their
+long constraint, by mutual consent were exchanged for each other, and
+all thoughts of agreement laid aside.
+
+The King, upon recovery of his freedom, hastened to London, to get
+supplies of men and money for renewing the war. He there found that his
+brother of Winchester had, in a council of bishops and abbots, renounced
+all obedience to the Empress, and persuaded the assembly to follow his
+example. The legate, in excuse for this proceeding, loaded her with
+infamy, produced several instances wherein she had broken the oath she
+took when he received her as Queen, and upon which his obedience was
+grounded; said, he had received information that she had a design upon
+his life.[37]
+
+[Footnote 37: William of Malmesbury. [D.S.]]
+
+It must be confessed that oaths of fealty in this Prince's reign were
+feeble ties for binding the subject to any reasonable degree of
+obedience; and the warmest advocates for liberty cannot but allow, from
+those examples here produced, that it is very possible for people to run
+upon great extremes in this matter, that a monarch may be too much
+limited, and a subject too little; whereof the consequences have been
+fully as pernicious for the time as the worst that can be apprehended
+from arbitrary power in all its heights, although not perhaps so lasting
+or so hard to be remedied; since all the miseries of this kingdom,
+during the period we are treating of, were manifestly owing to that
+continual violation of such oaths of allegiance, as appear to have been
+contrived on purpose by ambitious men to be broken at pleasure, without
+the least apprehension of perjury, and in the mean time keep the prince
+in a continual slavish dependence.
+
+The Earl of Gloucester, soon after his release, went over into Normandy,
+where he found the Earl of Anjou employed in completing the conquest of
+that duchy; there he delivered him the sons of several English noblemen,
+to be kept as hostages for their fathers' fidelity to the Empress, and
+used many arguments for persuading him to come over in person with an
+army to her assistance: but Geoffrey excused himself by the importance
+of other affairs, and the danger of exposing the dominions he had newly
+acquired to rebellions in his absence. However, he lent the Earl of
+Gloucester a supply of four hundred men, and sent along with him his
+eldest son Henry, to comfort his mother, and be shewn to the people.
+
+During the short absence of the Earl of Gloucester, the Empress was
+closely besieged in Oxford by the King; and provisions beginning to
+fail, she was in cruel apprehensions of falling into his hands. This
+gave her occasion to put in practice the only talent wherein she seemed
+to excel, which was that of contriving some little shift or expedient to
+secure her person upon any sudden emergency. A long season of frost had
+made the Thames passable upon the ice, and much snow lay on the ground;
+Maud with some few attendants clad all in white, to avoid being
+discovered from the King's camp, crossed the river at midnight on foot,
+and travelling all night, got safe to Wallingford Castle, where her
+brother and young son Henry, newly returned from France, arrived soon
+after, to her great satisfaction: but Oxford, immediately upon the news
+of her flight, surrendered to the King.
+
+However, this disgrace was fully compensated soon after by another of
+the same kind, which happened to King Stephen; for whilst he and his
+brother of Winchester were fortifying a nunnery at Wilton, to bridle his
+enemies at Salisbury, who very much harassed those parts by their
+frequent excursions, the Earl of Gloucester, who watched all
+opportunities, came unaware with a strong body of men, and set fire on
+the nunnery while the King himself was in it. Stephen, upon the sudden
+surprise of the thing, wholly lost or forgot his usual courage, and fled
+shamefully away, leaving his soldiers to be cut in pieces by the Earl.
+
+During the rest of the war, although it lasted nine years longer, there
+is little memorable recorded by any writer; whether the parties being
+pretty equal, and both sufficiently tired with so long a contention,
+wanted vigour and spirit to make a thorough conquest, and only
+endeavoured to keep what they had, or whether the multitude of strong
+castles, whose number daily increased, made it very difficult to end a
+war between two contending powers almost in balance; let the cause be
+what it will, the whole time passed in mutual sieges, surprises,
+revolts, surrenders of fortified places, without any decisive action, or
+other event of importance to be related. By which at length the very
+genius of the people became wholly bent upon a life of spoil, robbery,
+and plunder; many of the nobles, although pretending to hold their
+castles for the King or the Empress, lived like petty independent
+princes in a perpetual state of war against their neighbours; the fields
+lay uncultivated, all the arts of civil life were banished, no
+veneration left for sacred persons or things; in short, no law, truth,
+or religion among men, but a scene of universal misery, attended with
+all the consequences of an embroiled and distracted state.
+
+About the eleventh year of the King's reign, young Henry, now growing
+towards a man, was sent for to France by a message from his father, who
+was desirous to see him; but left a considerable party in England, to
+adhere to his interests; and in a short time after (as some write[38])
+the Empress herself grown weary of contending any longer in a cause
+where she had met with nothing but misfortunes of her own procuring,
+left the kingdom likewise, and retired to her husband. Nor was this the
+only good fortune that befell Stephen; for before the year ended, the
+main prop and pillar of his enemies was taken away by death; this was
+Robert Earl of Gloucester, than whom there have been few private persons
+known in the world that deserve a fairer place and character in the
+registers of time, for his inviolable faith, disinterested friendship,
+indefatigable zeal, and firm constancy to the cause he espoused, and
+unparalleled generosity in the conduct thereof: he adhered to his sister
+in all her fortunes, to the ruin of his own; he placed a crown on her
+head; and when she had lost it by her folly and perverseness refused the
+greatest offers from a victorious enemy, who had him in his power, and
+chose to continue a prisoner rather than recover his liberty by any
+hazard to her pretensions: he bore up her sinking title in spite of her
+own frequent miscarriages, and at last died in her cause by a fever
+contracted with perpetual toils for her service. An example fit to be
+shewn the world, although few perhaps are like to follow it; but
+however, a small tribute of praise, justly due to extraordinary virtue,
+may prove no ill expedient to encourage imitation.
+
+[Footnote 38: Gervase. [D.S.]]
+
+But the death of this lord, together with the absence of the Empress and
+her son in France, added very little to the quiet or security of the
+King. For the Earl of Gloucester, suspecting the fidelity of the lords,
+had, with great sagacity, delivered their sons to the Earl of Anjou, to
+be kept as pledges for their fathers' fidelity, as we have before
+related: by which means a powerful party was still kept up against
+Stephen, too strong to be suddenly broken. Besides, he had, by an
+unusual strain of his conduct, lately lost much good-will, as well as
+reputation, in committing an act of violence and fraud on the person of
+the Earl of Chester, a principal adherent of the Empress. This nobleman,
+of great power and possessions, had newly reconciled himself to Stephen,
+and came to his court at Northampton, where, against all laws of
+hospitality, as well as common faith and justice, he was committed to
+prison, and forced to buy his liberty with the surrender of Lincoln, and
+all his other places, into the King's hands.
+
+  1149.
+
+  1150.
+
+Affairs continued in this turbulent posture about two years, the nobles
+neither trusting the King nor each other. The number of castles still
+increased, which every man who had any possessions was forced to build,
+or else become a prey to his powerful neighbours. This was thought a
+convenient juncture, by the Empress and her friends, for sending young
+Prince Henry to try his fortune in England, where he landed at the head
+of a considerable number of horse and foot, although he was then but
+sixteen years old. Immediately after his arrival he went to Carlisle,
+where he met his cousin David King of Scots, by whom he was made knight,
+after the usual custom of young princes and noblemen in that age. The
+King of England, who had soon intelligence of Henry's landing and
+motions, marched down to secure York, against which he expected the
+first attempt of his enemy was designed. But, whatever the cause might
+be (wherein the writers of those ages are either silent or
+unsatisfactory) both armies remained at that secure distance for three
+months, after which Henry returned back to Normandy, leaving the kingdom
+in the state of confusion he found it at his coming.
+
+The fortunes of this young prince Henry Fitz-Empress now began to
+advance by great and sudden steps, whereof it will be no digression to
+inform the reader, as well upon the connection they have with the
+affairs at home about this time, as because they concern the immediate
+successor to the crown.
+
+  1151.
+
+Prince Henry's voyage to France was soon followed by the death of his
+father Geoffrey Earl of Anjou, whereby the son became possessed of that
+earldom, together with the Duchy of Normandy; but in a short time after
+he very much enlarged his dominions by a marriage, in which he consulted
+his reputation less than his advantage. For Louis the Young, King of
+France, was lately divorced from his wife Eleanor, who, as the French
+writers relate, bore a great contempt and hatred to her husband, and had
+long desired such a separation. Other authors give her not so fair a
+character: but whatever might be the real cause, the pretext was
+consanguinity in the fourth degree.[39] Henry was content to accept this
+lady with all her faults, and in her right became Duke of Aquitaine, and
+Earl of Poitou, very considerable provinces, added to his other
+dominions.
+
+[Footnote 39: Louis VII., after living fourteen years with his Queen,
+obtained a dissolution of the marriage on the plea of relationship
+within the prohibited degrees. See Bouchet, "Annalles d'Acquitaine."
+[W.S.J.]]
+
+But the two Kings of France and England began to apprehend much danger
+from the sudden greatness of a young ambitious prince; and their
+interests were jointly concerned to check his growth. Duke Henry was now
+ready to sail for England, in a condition to assert his title upon more
+equal terms; when the King of France, in conjunction with Eustace, King
+Stephen's son, and Geoffrey, the Duke's own brother, suddenly entered
+into his dominions with a mighty army; took the Castle of Neufmarche by
+storm, and laid siege to that of Angers. The Duke, by this incident, was
+forced to lay aside his thoughts of England, and marching boldly towards
+the enemy, resolved to relieve the besieged; but finding they had
+already taken the castle, he thought it best to make a diversion, by
+carrying the war into the enemy's country, where he left all to the
+mercy of his soldiers, surprised and burnt several castles, and made
+great devastations wherever he came. This proceeding answered the end
+for which it was designed; the King of France thought he had already
+done enough for his honour, and began to grow weary of a ruinous war,
+which was likely to be protracted. The conditions of a peace, by the
+intervention of some religious men, were soon agreed. The Duke, after
+some time spent in settling his affairs, and preparing all things
+necessary for his intended expedition, set sail for England, where he
+landed[40] the same year in the depth of winter, with a hundred and
+forty knights, and three thousand foot.
+
+[Footnote 40: The place where he landed is not mentioned by our
+historians. It was probably in the West of England, as the first
+garrisoned town he attacked was Malmesbury. [D.S.]]
+
+Some time before Henry landed, the King had conceived a project to
+disappoint his designs, by confirming the crown upon himself and his own
+posterity.[41] He sent for the Archbishop of Canterbury, with several
+other prelates, and proposed that his son Eustace should be crowned King
+with all the usual solemnity: but the bishops absolutely refused to
+perform the office, by express orders from the Pope, who was an enemy to
+Stephen, partly upon account of his unjust or declining cause, but
+chiefly for his strict alliance with the King of France, who was then
+engaged in a quarrel against that See, upon a very tender point relating
+to the revenues of vacant churches. The King and his son were both
+enraged at the bishops' refusal, and kept them prisoners in the chamber
+where they assembled, with many threats to force them to a compliance,
+and some other circumstances of rigour; but all to no purpose, so that
+he was at length forced to desist. But the archbishop, to avoid further
+vexation, fled the realm.
+
+[Footnote 41: Gervase, Hen. Huntingdon. [D.S.]]
+
+This contrivance of crowning the son during the life and reign of the
+father, which appears so absurd in speculation, was actually performed
+in the succeeding reign, and seems to have been taken up by those two
+princes of French birth and extraction, in imitation of the like
+practice in their native country,[42] where it was usual for kings grown
+old and infirm, or swayed by paternal indulgence, to receive their
+eldest son into a share of the administration, with the title of King; a
+custom borrowed, no doubt, from the later emperors of Rome, who adopted
+their Caesars after the like manner.
+
+[Footnote 42: Mezeray. [D.S.]]
+
+  1153
+
+The King was employed in his usual exercise of besieging castles when
+the news was brought of Henry's arrival. He left the work he was about,
+and marched directly against the Duke, who was then sat down before
+Malmesbury. But Stephen forced him to raise the siege, and immediately
+offered him battle. The Duke, although his army was much increased by
+continual revolts, thought it best to gain time, being still in number
+far inferior to the King, and therefore kept himself strongly
+entrenched. There is some difference among writers about the particulars
+of this war: however, it is generally agreed, that in a short time
+after, the two armies met, and were prepared for battle, when the nobles
+on both sides, either dreading the consequences, or weary of a tedious
+war, prevailed with the King and Duke to agree to a truce for some days
+in order to a peace; which was violently opposed by Eustace, the King's
+son, a youth of great spirit and courage, because he knew very well it
+could not be built but upon the ruin of his interests; and therefore
+finding he could not prevail, he left the army in a rage, and, attended
+by some followers, endeavoured to satiate his fury, by destroying the
+country in his march: But in a few days, as he sat at dinner in a castle
+of his own, he fell suddenly dead, either through grief, madness, or
+poison.
+
+The truce was now expired, and the Duke began to renew the war with
+fresh vigour; but the King was wholly dispirited upon this fatal
+accident, and now first began to entertain real thoughts of a peace. He
+had lost a son whom he dearly loved, and with him he likewise lost the
+alliance of the French King, to whose sister the young prince was
+married. He had indeed another son left, but little esteemed by the
+nobles and people; nor, as it appears, much regarded by his father. He
+was now in the decline of his age, decayed in his health, forsaken by
+his friends, who, since the death of Eustace, fell daily from him; and
+having no further care at heart for his posterity, he thought it high
+time to seek repose for his person. The nobles soon observed this
+disposition in their King, which was so agreeable to their own;
+therefore, by general consent, Theobald Archbishop of Canterbury was
+appointed mediator between both princes. All matters were soon agreed;
+an assembly of lords was convened at Winchester, where the King received
+the Duke with great marks of courtesy and kindness. There the peace was
+confirmed by the King's charter, wherein are expressed the terms of
+agreement. But I shall relate only the principal.
+
+The King, by this charter, acknowledged Henry for lawful successor to
+the crown; in which capacity all the nobles paid him homage: and Henry
+himself, with his party, paid homage to Stephen. There is likewise a
+reservation for William, the King's son, of all the honours possessed by
+his father before he came to the crown. The King likewise acknowledges
+the obedience of his subjects to be no longer due to him than he shall
+observe the conditions of this charter. And for the performance of these
+articles, the archbishops and bishops were appointed guarantees. There
+were some other articles agreed on, which are not mentioned in the
+charter; as, a general pardon; a restitution, to the right owners, of
+those lands and possessions, which had been usurped in the time of the
+troubles; that all castles built during the war should be razed to the
+ground, which are said to have been above eleven hundred; that the
+rights of the Church should be preserved; with other matters of less
+moment.
+
+Thus, by the prudence of Archbishop Theobald, the moderation of the two
+princes engaged, and the universal inclination of the people, a happy
+period was put to this tedious and troublesome war: men began to have
+the prospect of a long peace; nor was it easy to foresee what could
+possibly arise to disturb it; when discovery was made, by accident, of a
+most horrible piece of treachery, which, if it had met with success,
+would have once more set the whole nation in a flame. The Duke, after
+the peace, attended the King to London, to be shewn to the people as the
+undoubted successor to the crown; and having made a progress together
+through some other parts of the kingdom, they came to Canterbury; where
+Henry received private notice of a design upon his life. It hath been
+already observed, that the King employed in his wars a body of Flemings,
+to the great discontent of his own subjects, with whom they were very
+ungracious. These foreigners were much discontented at the peace,
+whereby they were likely to become useless and burthensome to the
+present King, and hateful to the successor. To prevent which, the
+commanders among them began to practise upon the levity and ambition of
+William the King's son. They urged the indignity he had received in
+being deprived of his birthright; offered to support his title by their
+valour, as they had done that of his father; and, as an earnest of their
+intentions, to remove the chief impediment by dispatching his rival out
+of the world, The young prince was easily wrought upon to be at the head
+of this conspiracy; time and place were fixed; when, upon the day
+appointed, William broke his leg by a fall from his horse; and the
+conspirators wanting their leader immediately dispersed. This
+disappointment and delay, as it usually happens among conspirators, were
+soon followed by a discovery of the whole plot, whereof the Duke, with
+great discretion, made no other use than to consult his own safety;
+therefore, without any shew of suspicion or displeasure, he took leave
+of the King, and returned to Normandy.
+
+  1154.
+
+Stephen lived not above a year to share the happiness of this peace with
+his people, in which time he made a progress through most parts of the
+kingdom, where he gained universal love and veneration, by a most
+affable and courteous behaviour to all men. A few months after his
+return he went to Dover, to have an interview with the Earl of
+Flanders;[43] where, after a short sickness, he died of the iliac
+passion, together with his old distemper the hemorrhoids, upon the
+twenty-fifth day of October, in the forty-ninth year of his age, and the
+nineteenth of his reign.
+
+[Footnote 43: The Earl of Flanders was a potent sovereign on the
+continent, and had landed at Dover, in order to meet and confer with the
+King. [D.S.]]
+
+He was a prince of wonderful endowments, both in body and mind: in his
+person tall and graceful, of great strength as well as vigour: he had a
+large portion of most virtues that can be useful in a King towards the
+happiness of his subjects or himself; courtesy and valour, liberality
+and clemency, in an eminent degree; especially the last, which he
+carried to an extreme, though very pardonable, yet hardly consisting
+with prudence, or his own safety. If we except his usurpation of the
+crown, he must be allowed a prince of great justice, which most writers
+affirm to have been always unblemished, except in that single instance:
+for, as to his treatment of the bishops and the Earl of Chester, it
+seems very excusable by the necessity of the time; and it was the
+general opinion, if he had not used that proceeding with the latter, it
+would have cost him his crown. Perhaps his injustice to the Empress
+might likewise admit a little extenuation. Four kings successively had
+sat on the throne without any regard to lineal descent; a period beyond
+the memory of most men then alive; whereby the people had lost much of
+that devotion they were used to bear towards an established succession:
+besides, the government of a woman was then a thing unknown, and for
+that reason disliked by all who professed to hate innovations.
+
+But the wisdom of this prince was by no means equal to the rest of his
+virtues. He came to the crown upon as fair a title as his predecessor,
+being elected by the general consent of the nobles, through the credit
+of his brother, and his own personal merit. He had no disturbance for
+some time, which he might easily have employed in settling the kingdom,
+and acquiring the love of his people. He had treasure enough to raise
+and pay armies, without burthening the subject. His competitor was a
+woman, whose sex was the least of her infirmities, and with whom he had
+already compounded for his quiet by a considerable pension: yet with all
+these advantages he seldom was master of above half the kingdom at once,
+and that by the force of perpetual struggling, and with frequent danger
+of losing the whole. The principal difficulties he had to encounter,
+appear to have been manifest consequences of several most imprudent
+steps in his conduct, whereof many instances have been produced in the
+history of his reign; such as, the unlimited permission of building
+castles; his raising the siege of a weak place where the Empress was
+shut up, and must, in a few days, have fallen into his hands; his
+employing the Flemings in his wars, and favouring them above his own
+subjects; and lastly, that abortive project of crowning his son, which
+procured him at once the hatred and contempt of the clergy, by
+discovering an inclination to violence and injustice that he durst not
+pursue: whereas, it was nothing else but an effect of that hasty and
+sudden disposition usually ascribed to those of his country, and in a
+peculiar manner charged to this prince: for authors give it as a part of
+his character, to be hot and violent in the beginning of an enterprise,
+but to slacken and grow cold in the prosecution.
+
+He had a just sense of religion, and was frequent in attending the
+service of the Church, yet reported to be no great friend of the clergy;
+which, however, is a general imputation upon all the kings of this realm
+in that and some succeeding reigns, and by no means personal to this
+prince, who deserved it as little as any.
+
+I do not find any alterations during this reign in the meetings of
+general assemblies, further than that the Commons do not seem to have
+been represented in any of them; for which I can assign no other reason
+than the will of the King, or the disturbance of the time.[44] I
+observed the word Parliament is used promiscuously among authors, for a
+general assembly of nobles, and for a council of bishops, or synod of
+the clergy; which renders this matter too perplexed to ascertain
+anything about it.
+
+[Footnote 44: The rise and history of Parliaments had not been cleared
+up when the Doctor writ in the beginning of this current century. It is
+certain, that the Commons had as yet never been represented. [D.S.]]
+
+As for affairs of the Church, that deserve particular mention, I have
+not met with any; unless it should be worth relating, that Henry Bishop
+of Winchester, the Pope's legate, who held frequent synods during this
+reign, was the first introducer of appeals to Rome, in this kingdom, for
+which he is blamed by all the monkish historians who give us the
+account.
+
+
+THE REIGN OF HENRY THE SECOND
+
+A FRAGMENT
+
+  1154.
+
+The spirit of war and contention, which had for a long time possessed
+the nation, became so effectually laid during the last year of King
+Stephen's reign, that no alteration or disturbance ensued upon his
+death, although the new King,[45] after he had received intelligence of
+it, was detained six weeks[46] by contrary winds: besides, the opinion
+of this prince's power and virtues, had already begotten so great an awe
+and reverence for him among the people, that upon his arrival he found
+the whole kingdom in a profound peace. He landed at Hostreham,[47] about
+the beginning of December, was received at Winchester by a great number
+of the nobility, who came there to attend and swear fealty to him, and
+three weeks after was crowned at Westminster, about the twenty-third
+year of his age.
+
+[Footnote 45: Henry was at that time besieging a castle on the frontiers
+of Normandy. [D.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 46: Five weeks at the most; a month, saith Brompton. [D.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 47: At Hostreham, saith Gervase. This place is not easy to be
+found; however, it must be on the Sussex or Hampshire coast, because the
+King went directly from the place of his landing to Winchester. Carte
+says he landed December 8th, near Hurst Castle in the New Forest.
+[D.S.]]
+
+For the further settling of the kingdom, after the long distractions in
+the preceding reign, he seized on all the castles which remained
+undestroyed since the last peace between him and King Stephen; whereof
+some he demolished, and trusted others to the government of persons in
+whom he could confide.
+
+But that which most contributed to the quiet of the realm, and the
+general satisfaction of his subjects, was a proclamation published,
+commanding all foreigners to leave England, enforced with a most
+effectual clause, whereby a day was fixed, after which it should be
+capital for any of them to appear; among these was William d'Ypres Earl
+of Kent, whose possessions the King seized into his own hands.
+
+These foreigners, generally called Flemings by the writers of the
+English story, were a sort of vagabond soldiers of fortune, who in those
+ages, under several denominations, infested other parts of Europe as
+well as England: they were a mixed people, natives of Arragon, Navarre,
+Biscay, Brabant, and other parts of Spain and Flanders. They were ready
+to be hired to whatever prince thought fit to employ them, but always
+upon condition to have full liberty of plunder and spoil. Nor was it an
+easy matter to get rid of them, when there was no further need of their
+service. In England they were always hated by the people, and by this
+prince in particular, whose continual enemies they had been.
+
+After the expulsion of these foreigners, and the forcing a few
+refractory lords to a surrender of their castles, King Henry, like a
+wise prince, began to consider that a time of settled peace was the
+fittest juncture to recover the rights of the crown, which had been lost
+by the war. He therefore resumed, by his royal authority, all crown
+lands that had been alienated by his predecessor; alleging that they
+were unalienable in themselves, and besides, that the grants were void,
+as coming from an usurper. Whether such proceedings are agreeable with
+justice, I shall not examine; but certainly a prince cannot better
+consult his own safety than by disabling those whom he renders
+discontent, which is effectually done no other way but by depriving them
+of their possessions.
+
+  1156.
+
+While the King was thus employed at home, intelligence came that his
+brother Geoffrey was endeavouring by force to possess himself of the
+Earldom of Anjou, to which he had fair pretensions; for their father
+considering what vast dominions would fall to his eldest son, bequeathed
+that earldom to the second in his last sickness, and commanded his
+nobles then about him, to take an oath that they would not suffer his
+body to be buried until Henry (who was then absent) should swear to
+observe his will. The Duke of Normandy, when he came to assist at his
+father's obsequies, and found that without his compliance he must draw
+upon himself the scandal of keeping a father unburied, took the oath
+that was exacted for observance of his will, though very much against
+his own. But after he was in possession of England, whether it were that
+his ambition enlarged with his dominions, or that from the beginning he
+had never intended to observe what he had sworn, he prevailed with Pope
+Adrian (of English birth) to dispense with his oath, and in the second
+year of his reign went over into Normandy, drove his brother entirely
+out of Anjou, and forced him to accept a pension for his maintenance.
+But the young prince, through the resentment of this unnatural dealing,
+in a short time died of grief.
+
+Nor was his treatment more favourable to the King of Scots, whom, upon a
+slight pretence, he took occasion to dispossess of Carlisle, Newcastle,
+and other places granted by the Empress to that prince's father, for his
+services and assistance in her quarrel against Stephen.
+
+Having thus recovered whatever he had any title to demand, he began to
+look out for new acquisitions. Ireland was in that age a country little
+known in the world. The legates sent sometimes thither from the Court of
+Rome, for urging the payment of annats, or directing other Church
+affairs, represented the inhabitants as a savage people, overrun with
+barbarism and superstition: for indeed no nation of Europe, where the
+Christian religion received so early and universal admittance, was ever
+so late or slow in feeling its effects upon their manners and
+civility.[48] Instead of refining their manners by their faith, they had
+suffered their faith to be corrupted by their manners; true religion
+being almost defaced, both in doctrine and discipline, after a long
+course of time, among a people wholly sunk in ignorance and barbarity.
+There seem to have been two reasons why the inhabitants of that island
+continued so long uncultivated; first, their subjection or vassalage to
+so many petty kings, whereof a great number is mentioned by authors,
+besides those four or five usually assigned to the several provinces.
+These princes were engaged in perpetual quarrels, in doing or revenging
+injuries of violence, or lust, or treachery, or injustice, which kept
+them all in a continual state of war. And indeed there is hardly any
+country, how renowned soever in ancient or modern story, which may not
+be traced from the like original. Neither can a nation come out from
+this state of confusion, until it is either reduced under one head at
+home, or by force or conquest becomes subject to a foreign
+administration.
+
+[Footnote 48: The Irish had been very learned in former ages, but had
+declined for several centuries before the reign of Henry II. _Vide_
+Bede. [D.S.]]
+
+The other reason why civility made such late entrances into that island,
+may be imputed to its natural situation, lying more out of the road of
+commerce or conquest than any other part of the known world. All the
+intercourse the inhabitants had, was only with the western coasts of
+Wales and Scotland, from whence, at least in those ages, they were not
+like to learn very much politeness.
+
+  1155.
+
+The King, about the second year of his reign, sent ambassadors to Pope
+Adrian, with injunctions to desire his licence for reducing the savage
+people of Ireland from their brutish way of living, and subjecting them
+to the crown of England. The King proceeded thus, in order to set up a
+title to the island, wherein the Pope himself pretended to be lord of
+the see; for in his letter, which is an answer and grant to the King's
+requests, he insists upon it, that all islands, upon their admitting the
+Christian faith, become subject to the See of Rome; and the Irish
+themselves avowed the same thing to some of the first conquerors. In
+that forementioned letter, the Pope highly praises the King's generous
+design,[49] and recommends to him the civilizing the natives, the
+protection of the Church, and the payment of Peter-pence. The ill
+success of all past endeavours to procure from a people so miserable and
+irreligious this revenue to the holy see was a main inducement with the
+Pope to be easy and liberal in his grant; for the King professed a
+design of securing its regular payment. However, this expedition was not
+undertaken until some years after, when there happened an incident to
+set it forward, as we shall relate in its place.
+
+[Footnote 49: Radulphus de Diceto. [D.S.]]
+
+
+HENRY THE SECOND'S CHARACTER
+
+EXTRACTED FROM THE MONKS
+
+Hard to gather his character from such bad authors.
+
+A wise prince, to whom other princes referred their differences; and had
+ambassadors from both empires, east and west, as well as others, at once
+in his court.
+
+Strong and brawny body, patient of cold and heat, big head, broad
+breast, broken voice, temperate in meat, using much exercise, just
+stature, _forma elegantissima, colore sub-rufo, oculis glaucis_, sharp
+wit, very great memory, constancy in adversity [and] in felicity, except
+at last he yielded, because almost forsaken of all; liberal, imposed few
+tributes, excellent soldier and fortunate, wise and not unlearned. His
+vices: mild and promising in adversity, fierce and hard, and a violator
+of faith in prosperity; covetous to his domestics and children, although
+liberal to soldiers and strangers, which turned the former from him;
+loved profit more than justice; very lustful, which likewise turned his
+sons and others from him. Rosamond and the labyrinth at Woodstock. Not
+very religious;[50] _mortuos milites lugens plus quam vivos amans,
+largus in publico, parcus in privato_. Constant in love and hatred,
+false to his word, morose, a lover of ease. Oppressor of nobles, sullen,
+and a delayer of justice; _verbo varius et versutus_--Used churchmen
+well after Becket's death; charitable to the poor, levied few taxes,
+hated slaughter and cruelty.[51] A great memory, and always knew those
+he once saw.
+
+[Footnote 50: Brompton. [D.S.]]
+
+[Footnote 51: Giraldus. [D.S.]]
+
+Very indefatigable in his travels backwards and forwards to Normandy,
+&c. of most endless desires to increase his dominions.
+
+_Caetera desiderantur_.
+
+
+*****       *****       *****       *****       *****
+
+
+
+
+SWIFT'S REMARKS ON THE CHARACTERS
+
+OF THE COURT OF QUEEN ANNE.
+
+
+FROM "MEMOIRS OF THE SECRET SERVICES OF JOHN MACKY, ESQ."
+
+
+NOTE.
+
+JOHN MACKY, the author of the "Characters," was, for many years, in the
+employ of the English government, as an agent for obtaining information
+as to the movements of the French. He published, in 1696, "A View of the
+Court of St. Germains from the Year 1690 to 1695." The information
+embodied in this work he obtained from personal observation while in
+Paris. About 1709, however, he aroused the government's suspicions, and
+was imprisoned. He was kept confined until the accession of George I. On
+his release he attempted to establish a packet-service between England
+and Ireland, to Dublin; but the venture failed. He died at Rotterdam in
+1726. The "Characters" was first published in 1733, with the title:
+
+"Memoirs of the Secret Services of John Macky, Esq., during the Reigns
+of King William, Queen Anne, and King George I. Including also the true
+Secret History of the Rise, Promotions, etc., of the English and Scots
+Nobility; Officers, Civil, Military, Naval, and other Persons of
+distinction from the Revolution. In their respective Characters at
+large: drawn up by Mr. Macky pursuant to the direction of Her Royal
+Highness the Princess Sophia. Published from his original manuscript, as
+attested by his son, Spring Macky, Esq. London, 1733." The work was
+prepared for the press by a Mr. Davis, an officer in the Customs.
+
+It has been questioned whether Swift did really make the "remarks"
+attributed to him by his various editors; but there can be little doubt
+about their authenticity. Thomas Birch seems to have transcribed the
+"remarks" in 1753, if we are to believe a note in a copy of Macky's book
+in the British Museum, which says: "The MS. notes on the Characters in
+this Book were written by Dr. Swift, and transcribed by Tho. Birch. Aug.
+15, 1753." Isaac Reed's copy is also in the British Museum, but his
+notes were transcribed from another copy in the possession of J.
+Putland, and Putland's copy, Reed notes, was "formerly in the possession
+of Philip Carteret Webb, Esq., now [1770] of Thomas Astle, Esq." J.
+Ritson's copy, which is at the South Kensington Museum, had the
+"remarks" transcribed to it from Reed's copy, but Ritson notes that Reed
+copied the "remarks" from J. Putland's transcript of the Dean's own
+original. Ritson, however, does not say how he knew that Putland had the
+"Dean's own original." In "Notes and Queries" (3, ii. 430) the Rev. J.
+Jebb, Rector of Peterstow, states he had (in 1862) a copy of the
+"Characters" with transcript of Swift's "remarks" by Bishop Jebb. Mr.
+Edward Solly has an interesting paper on this matter in the
+"Bibliographer" for March, 1883. He suggests that Mr. Putland may have
+written them down himself from remarks made by Swift. "The Crypt" for
+December, 1829, published Swift's "remarks" from a copy in the
+possession of Mr. Pickering, the bookseller.
+
+A careful collation of all the available copies has been made for this
+edition, and the text of Macky's work has been read with the first
+edition. Where neither Reed nor Birch give no remarks, they have been
+omitted from this reprint. "The Crypt" and Nichols in his quarto edition
+(vol. xiv.) often differ, but these differences have been adjusted.
+
+It is almost needless to say that Sir Walter Scott's text and notes have
+been very much altered by this process.
+
+[T.S.]
+
+
+  REMARKS ON THE CHARACTERS
+  OF THE COURT OF QUEEN ANNE.
+
+
+JOHN, DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH.
+
+_Macky_.
+
+A tall, handsome man for his age, with a very obliging address; of a
+wonderful presence of mind, so as hardly ever to be discomposed; of a
+very clean head, and sound judgment; ... every way capable of being a
+great man, if the great success of his arms, and the heaps of favours
+thrown upon him by his sovereign, does not raise his thoughts above the
+rest of the nobility, and consequently draw upon him the envy of the
+people of England. He is turned of 50 years of age.--_Swift_. Detestably
+covetous.
+
+JAMES, DUKE OF ORMONDE.
+
+_Macky_. He hath all the qualities of a great man, except that one of a
+statesman, hating business. ... He is about 40 years old.--_Swift_.
+Fairly enough writ.
+
+CHARLES, DUKE OF SOMERSET.
+
+_Macky_. Is of a middle stature, well shaped, a very black complexion, a
+lover of music and poetry; of good judgment.--_Swift_. Not a grain;
+hardly common sense.
+
+JOHN, DUKE OF BUCKINGHAMSHIRE.
+
+_Macky._ He is a nobleman of learning, and good natural parts, but of no
+principles. Violent for the high-church, yet seldom goes to it. Very
+proud, insolent, and covetous, and takes all advantages. In paying his
+debts, unwilling; and is neither esteemed nor beloved.--_Swift_. This
+character is the truest of any.
+
+DANIEL, EARL OF NOTTINGHAM [AFTERWARDS EARL OF WINCHILSEA].
+
+_Macky_. He hath the exterior air of business, and application enough to
+make him very capable. In his habit and manners very formal; a tall,
+thin, very black man, like a Spaniard or Jew, about 50 years
+old.--_Swift_. He fell in with the Whigs, was an endless talker.
+
+HENRY, EARL OF ROMNEY.
+
+_Macky_. He was indeed the great wheel on which the Revolution
+rolled.--_Swift_. He had not a wheel to turn a mouse.
+
+_Macky_. He is a gentleman that hath lived up [_Swift_, down] to the
+employments the King gave him; of great honour and honesty, with a
+moderate capacity.--_Swift_. None at all.
+
+JOHN, DUKE OF NEWCASTLE.
+
+_Macky_. He hath one only daughter, who will be the richest heiress in
+Europe.--_Swift_. Now Countess of Oxford; cheated by her father.
+
+CHARLES [LENNOX], DUKE OF RICHMOND.
+
+_Macky_. He is a gentleman good-natured to a fault; very well bred, and
+hath many valuable things in him; is an enemy to business, very
+credulous, well shaped, black complexion, much like King Charles; not 30
+years old.--_Swift_. A shallow coxcomb.
+
+CHARLES, DUKE OF BOLTON.
+
+_Macky_. Does not now make any figure at court.--_Swift_. Nor anywhere
+else. A great booby.
+
+GEORGE, DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLAND.
+
+_Macky_. He is a man of honour, nice in paying his debts, and living
+well with his neighbours in the country; does not much care for the
+conversation of men of quality, or business. Is a tall black man, like
+his father the King, about 40 years old.--_Swift_. He was a most worthy
+person, very good-natured, and had very good sense.
+
+CHARLES [FITZROY], DUKE OF GRAFTON.
+
+_Macky_. Grandson to King Charles II.; ... a very pretty gentleman, hath
+been abroad in the world; zealous for the constitution of his country.
+A tall black man, about 25 years old.--_Swift_. Almost a slobberer;
+without one good quality.
+
+SIR NATHAN WRIGHT, LORD KEEPER.
+
+_Macky_. Is son of a clergyman,[1] a good common lawyer, a slow
+chancellor, and no civilian. Chance more than choice brought him the
+seals.--_Swift_. Very covetous.
+
+[Footnote 1: His father had the living of Thurcaston, in Leicestershire.
+[S.]]
+
+RALPH, DUKE OF MONTAGU.
+
+_Macky_. He is a great supporter of the French, and other Protestants
+... an admirer of learning.--_Swift_. As arrant a knave as any in his
+time.
+
+WILLIAM, MARQUESS OF HARTINGTON.
+
+_Macky_. One of the best beloved gentlemen, by the country party, in
+England.--_Swift_. A very poor understanding.
+
+JOHN, LORD SOMERS.
+
+_Macky_. Of a creditable family, in the city of Worcester.--_Swift_.
+Very mean; his father was a noted rogue.--_Macky_. He is believed to be
+the best chancellor that ever sat in the chair.--_Swift_. I allow him to
+have possessed all excellent qualifications except virtue. He had
+violent passions, and hardly subdued them by his great prudence.
+
+CHARLES, LORD HALIFAX [AFTERWARDS EARL OF HALIFAX].
+
+_Macky_. He is a great encourager of learning and learned men, is the
+patron of the muses, of very agreeable conversation, a short fair man,
+not 40 years old.--_Swift_. His encouragements were only good words and
+dinners; I never heard him say one good thing, or seem to taste what was
+said by another.
+
+CHARLES, EARL OF DORSET.
+
+_Macky_. One of the finest gentlemen, in England, in the reign of King
+Charles II.; of great learning [_Swift_. small, or none], extremely
+witty, and hath been the author of some of the finest poems in the
+English language, especially satire.... One of the pleasantest
+companions in the world [_Swift_. not of late years, but a very dull
+one], when he likes his company.
+
+RICHARD, EARL RIVERS.
+
+_Macky_. He was one of the greatest rakes in England in his younger
+days, but always a lover of the constitution of his country; is a
+gentleman of very good sense, and very cunning.--_Swift_. An arrant
+knave in common dealings, and very prostitute.
+
+ARNOLD, EARL OF ALBEMARLE.
+
+_Macky_. He was King William's constant companion in all his diversions
+and pleasures.--_Swift_. Very infamous pleasures.
+
+ALGERNON, EARL OF ESSEX.
+
+_Macky_. Is son to that earl whose throat was cut in the
+Tower.--_Swift_. Cut his own throat.
+
+WILLIAM, EARL OF PORTLAND.
+
+_Macky_. He is supposed to be the richest subject in Europe, very
+profuse in gardening, birds, and household furniture, but mighty frugal
+and parsimonious in everything else; of a very lofty mien, and yet not
+proud; of no deep understanding.--_Swift_. As great a dunce as ever I
+knew.
+
+JAMES, EARL OF DERBY.
+
+_Macky_. On his brothers death he came to the House of Peers, where he
+never will make any great figure, the sword being more his profession;
+he is a fair-complexioned man, well shaped, taller than the ordinary
+size, and a man of honour.--_Swift_. As arrant a scoundrel as his
+brothers.
+
+CHARLES, EARL OF PETERBOROUGH.
+
+_Macky_. He affects popularity, and loves to preach in coffee-houses,
+and public places; is an open enemy to revealed religion; brave in his
+person; hath a good estate; does not seem expensive, yet always in debt,
+and very poor.--_Swift_. This character is for the most part true.
+
+CHARLES, EARL OF SUNDERLAND.
+
+_Macky_. This gentleman is endued with a great deal of learning, virtue
+[_Swift_, no], and good sense.
+
+THOMAS, EARL OF STAMFORD.
+
+_Macky_. Is one of the first branches of the Greys, a noble family in
+England.... He doth not want sense; but by reason of a defect in his
+speech, wants elocution.--_Swift_. He looked and talked like a very weak
+man; but it was said he spoke well at council.
+
+THOMAS [TUFTON], EARL OF THANET.
+
+_Macky_. He is a good country gentleman, a great assertor of the
+prerogatives of the monarchy and the Church.--_Swift_. Of great piety
+and charity.
+
+EDWARD [MONTAGU], EARL OF SANDWICH.
+
+_Macky_. Of very ordinary parts; married the witty Lord Rochester's
+daughter, who makes him very expensive.--_Swift_. As much a puppy as
+ever I saw; very ugly, and a fop.
+
+ROBERT, LORD LUCAS.
+
+_Macky_. He is every way a plain man, yet took a great deal of pains to
+seem knowing and wise; everybody pitied him when the Queen turned him
+out, for his seeming good nature, and real poverty.--_Swift_. A good
+plain humdrum.
+
+CHARLES, EARL OF WINCHILSEA.
+
+_Macky_. He hath neither genius nor gusto for business,... and is
+zealous for the monarchy and Church to the highest degree. He loves
+jests and puns, [_Swift_. I never observed it,] and that sort of low
+wit.--_Swift_. Being very poor, he complied too much with the party he
+hated.
+
+JOHN, LORD POULETT OF HINTON [AFTERWARDS EARL POULETT].
+
+_Macky_. He is certainly one of the hopefullest gentlemen in England; is
+very learned, virtuous, and a man of honour; much esteemed in the
+country, for his generous way of living with the gentry, and his charity
+to the poorest sort.--_Swift_. This character is fair enough.
+
+CHARLES, LORD [VISCOUNT] TOWNSHEND.
+
+_Macky_. Is a gentleman of great learning, attended with a sweet
+disposition; a lover of the constitution of his country; is beloved by
+everybody that knows him.--_Swift_. I except one.
+
+WILLIAM, LORD DARTMOUTH [AFTERWARDS EARL OF DARTMOUTH].
+
+_Macky_. He sets up for a critic in conversation, makes jests, and loves
+to laugh at them; takes a great deal of pains in his office, and is in a
+fair way of rising at court.--_Swift_. This is right enough, but he has
+little sincerity.
+
+THOMAS, LORD WHARTON [AFTERWARDS EARL OF WHARTON].
+
+_Macky_. One of the completest gentlemen in England, hath a very clear
+understanding, and manly expressions, with abundance of wit. He is brave
+in his person, much of a libertine, of a middle stature, fair
+complexion, and 50 years old.--_Swift_. The most universal villain I
+ever knew.
+
+CHARLES, LORD MOHUN.
+
+_Macky_. He is brave in his person, bold in his expressions, and
+rectifies, as fast as he can, the slips of his youth by acts of
+honesty; which he now glories in more, than he was formerly
+extravagant.--_Swift_. He was little better than a conceited talker in
+company.
+
+HENRY, EARL OF KENT.[2]
+
+[Footnote 2: Afterwards Duke of Kent.]
+
+_Macky_. Is the first branch of the ancient family of Grey. The present
+gentleman was much esteemed, when Lord Ruthen; was always very moderate,
+has good sense, and a good estate; which, with his quality, must make
+him always bear a considerable figure in the nation.--_Swift_. He seems
+a good-natured man, but of very little consequence.
+
+ROBERT, EARL OF LINDSEY [AFTERWARDS DUKE OF ANCASTER].
+
+_Macky_. A fine gentleman, has both wit and learning.--_Swift_. I never
+observed a grain of either.
+
+MONTAGU, EARL OF ABINGDON.
+
+_Macky_. A gentleman of fine parts, makes a good figure in the counties
+of Oxford and Buckinghamshire:... is very high for the monarchy and
+Church.--_Swift_. Very covetous.
+
+PHILIP, EARL OF CHESTERFIELD.
+
+_Macky_. He is very subtle and cunning, never entered into the measures
+of King William, nor ever will, in all probability, make any great
+appearance in any other reign.--_Swift_. If it be old Chesterfield, I
+have heard he was the greatest knave in England.
+
+CHARLES, EARL OF BERKELEY.
+
+_Macky_. A gentleman of learning, parts, and a lover of the constitution
+of his country; a short fat man.--_Swift_. Intolerably lazy and
+indolent, and somewhat covetous.
+
+LOUIS, EARL OF FEVERSHAM.
+
+_Macky_. A third son of the family of Duras in France; he came over with
+one of the Duke of York's family;... is a middle-statured brown man,
+turned of 50 years old.--_Swift_. He was a very dull old fellow.
+
+HENRY, EARL OF GRANTHAM.
+
+_Macky_. He is a very pretty gentleman, fair complexioned, and past 30
+years old.--_Swift_. And good for nothing.
+
+
+JOHN, LORD DE LA WARR.
+
+_Macky_. A free jolly gentleman, turned of 40 years old.--_Swift_. Of
+very little sense; but formal, and well stocked with the low kind of
+lowest politics.
+
+ROBERT, LORD LEXINTON.
+
+_Macky_. He is of a good understanding, and very capable to be in the
+ministry; a well-bred gentleman, and an agreeable companion.--_Swift_. A
+very moderate degree of understanding.
+
+RALPH, LORD GREY OF WERKE.
+
+_Macky_. A sweet disposed gentleman; he joined King William at the
+Revolution, and is a zealous assertor of the liberties of the
+people.--_Swift_. Had very little in him.
+
+JAMES, LORD CHANDOS.
+
+_Macky_. Was warm against King William's reign, and doth not make any
+great figure in this; but, his son, Mr. Brydges[3] does, being a member
+of the House of Commons, one of the counsellors to the prince, and a
+very worthy gentleman.--_Swift_. But a great compiler with every court.
+
+[Footnote 3: Afterwards Duke of Chandos.]
+
+FRANCIS, LORD GUILFORD.
+
+_Macky_. Is son to the lord-keeper North, hath been abroad, does not
+want sense nor application to business, and his genius leads him that
+way.--_Swift_. A mighty silly fellow.
+
+EDWARD, LORD GRIFFIN.
+
+_Macky_. Having-followed King James's fortunes, is now in France. He was
+always a great sportsman, and brave; a good companion, turned of 60
+years old.--_Swift_. His son was a plain drunken fellow.
+
+HUGH, LORD CHOLMONDELEY [AFTERWARDS EARL OF CHOLMONDELEY].
+
+_Macky_. This lord is a great lover of country sports; is handsome in
+his person, and turned of 40 years old.--_Swift_. Good for nothing, as
+far as ever I knew.
+
+CHARLES, LORD BUTLER OF WESTON.
+
+_Macky_. Earl of Arran in Ireland, and brother to the Duke of
+Ormonde;... of very good sense, though seldom shows it.--_Swift_. This
+is right; but he is the most negligent of his own affairs.
+
+MR. THOMAS MANSELL [AFTERWARDS LORD MANSELL].
+
+_Macky_. He is a gentleman of a great deal of wit and good nature, a
+lover of the ladies, and a pleasant companion.--_Swift_. Of very good
+nature, but a very moderate capacity.
+
+ROBERT HARLEY, ESQ. [AFTERWARDS EARL OF OXFORD],
+SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS.
+
+_Macky_. He is skilled in most things, and very eloquent, [_Swift_, a
+great lie;] was bred a Presbyterian, yet joins with the Church party in
+everything; and they do nothing without him.--_Swift_. He could not
+properly be called eloquent, but he knew how to prevail on the House
+with few words and strong reasons.
+
+THE HON. HENRY BOYLE [AFTERWARDS LORD CARLETON],
+CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER.
+
+_Macky_. Is a good companion in conversation; agreeable amongst the
+ladies; serves the Queen very assiduously in council; makes a
+considerable figure in the House of Commons; by his prudent
+administration, obliges everybody in the exchequer; and in time may
+prove a great man.--_Swift_. He had some very scurvy qualities,
+particularly avarice.
+
+SIR THOMAS FRANKLAND, POST-MASTER-GENERAL.
+
+_Macky_. He is a gentleman of a very sweet, easy, affable disposition;
+of good sense, extremely zealous for the constitution of his country,
+yet does not seem over forward; keeps an exact unity amongst the
+officers under him, and encourages them in their duty, through a
+peculiar familiarity, by which he obliges them, and keeps up the dignity
+of being master.--_Swift_. A fair character.
+
+THE RT. HON. JOHN SMITH,
+ONE OF HER MAJESTY'S PRIVY-COUNCIL.
+
+_Macky_. A gentleman of much honour, a lover of the constitution of his
+country; a very agreeable companion in conversation, a bold orator in
+the House of Commons,[4] when the interest of his country is at stake;
+of a good address.--_Swift_. I thought him a heavy man.
+
+[Footnote 4: He was Speaker of the House of Commons, 1705-1708. [T.S.]]
+
+CHARLES D'AVENANT, LL.D.
+
+_Macky_. He was very poor at the Revolution, had no business to support
+him all the reign of King William, yet made a good figure. He is a very
+cloudy-looked man, fat, of middle stature, about 50 years old.--_Swift_.
+He was used ill by most ministries; he ruined his own estate, which put
+him under a necessity to comply with the times.
+
+MATTHEW PRIOR, ESQ., COMMISSIONER OF TRADE.
+
+_Macky_. On the Queen's accession to the throne, he was continued in his
+office, is very well at court with the ministry, and is an entire
+creature of my Lord Jersey's, whom he supports by his advice. Is one of
+the best poets in England, but very factious in conversation; a thin
+hollow-looked man, turned of 40 years old.--_Swift_. This is near the
+truth.
+
+THOMAS TENISON, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY.
+
+_Macky_. A plain, good, heavy man, now much in years, and wearing out;
+very tall, of a fair complexion, and 70 years old.--_Swift_. The most
+good-for-nothing prelate I ever knew.
+
+GILBERT BURNET. BISHOP OF SALISBURY.
+
+_Macky_. Of a very good family in Scotland, of the name of Burnet, his
+father was Lord [_Swift_, laird] of Cremont.... He is one of the
+greatest [_Swift_, Scotch] orators of the age he lives in. His "History
+of the Reformation," and his "Exposition of the Thirty-nine Articles,"
+show him to be a man of great learning; but several of his other works
+show him to be a man neither of prudence nor temper; his sometimes
+opposing, and sometimes favouring, the Dissenters, hath much exposed him
+to the generality of the people of England; yet he is very useful in the
+House of Peers, and proves a great pillar, both of the civil and
+ecclesiastical constitution, against the encroachments of a party which
+would destroy both.--_Swift_. His true character would take up too much
+time for me (who knew him well) to describe it.
+
+GEORGE STEPNEY, ESQ.,
+ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY TO THE EMPEROR [OF AUSTRIA].
+
+_Macky_. A gentleman of admirable natural parts, very learned, one of
+the best poets [_Swift_, scarce of a third rate] now in England.
+
+MR. [AFTERWARDS SIR PAUL] METHUEN,
+AMBASSADOR TO THE KING OF PORTUGAL.
+
+_Macky_. A man of intrigue, but very muddy in his conceptions, and not
+quickly understood in anything. In his complexion and manners, much of a
+Spaniard.--_Swift_. A profligate rogue, without religion or morals; but
+cunning enough, yet without abilities of any kind.
+
+THOMAS, LORD RABY [AFTERWARDS EARL OF STRAFFORD],
+ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY TO THE KING OF PRUSSIA.
+
+_Macky_. He is a young gentleman, _de bon naturel_, handsome, of fine
+understanding, [_Swift_, very bad, and can't spell,] and, with
+application, may prove a man of business. He is of low stature [_Swift_,
+he is tall].
+
+MR. [RICHARD] HILL,
+ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY TO THE DUKE OF SAVOY.
+
+_Macky_. Is a gentleman of a good family in Shropshire. He was designed
+for the church, and took deacon's [_Swift_, priest's] orders; but having
+a genius for business, and falling into the acquaintance of my Lord
+Ranelagh, when tutor to my Lord Hyde, he was sent into Flanders as
+paymaster to the English troops there. ... He is a gentleman of very
+clear parts, and affects plainness and simplicity [_Swift, au
+contraire_] in his dress, and conversation especially. He is a favourite
+to both parties [_Swift_, to neither]; and is beloved for his easy
+access, and affable way by those he has business to do with. He is a
+thin, tall man, [_Swift,_ short, if I remember right,] taller than the
+ordinary stature, near 50 years old.
+
+SIR LAMBERT BLACKWELL,
+ENVOY TO THE GREAT DUKE OF TUSCANY.
+
+_Macky_. He affects much the gentleman in his dress, and the minister in
+his conversation: Is very lofty, yet courteous, when he knows his
+people; much envied by his fellow merchants.--_Swift_. He seemed to be
+a very good-natured man.
+
+MR. _[Dr.]_ AGLIONBY,
+ENVOY TO THE SWISS CANTONS.
+
+_Macky_. He hath abundance of wit, and understands most of the modern
+languages well; knows how to tell a story to the best advantage; but has
+an affected manner of conversation; is thin, splenetic, and tawny
+complexioned, turned of 60 years old.--_Swift_. He had been a Papist.
+
+MR. D'AVENANT, AGENT AT FRANKFORT.
+
+_Macky_. A very giddy-headed young fellow, with some wit; about 25 years
+old.--_Swift_. He is not worth mentioning.
+
+JOHN, LORD CUTTS.
+
+_Macky_. He hath abundance of wit, but too much seized with vanity and
+self-conceit; he is affable, familiar, and very brave;  ... towards 50
+years old.--_Swift_. The vainest old fool alive.
+
+HENRY, EARL OF GALWAY.
+
+_Macky_. One of the finest gentlemen in the army, with a head fitted for
+the cabinet, as well as the camp; is very modest, vigilant, and sincere;
+a man of honour and honesty, [_Swift_, in all directly otherwise;]
+without pride or affectation; wears his own hair, is plain in his dress
+and manners, towards 60 years old.--_Swift_. A deceitful, hypocritical,
+factious knave; a damnable hypocrite, of no religion.
+
+GEORGE, EARL OF ORKNEY.
+
+_Macky_. He is a very well-shaped black man; is brave; but, by reason of
+a hesitation in his speech wants expression.--_Swift_. An honest
+good-natured gentleman, and hath much distinguished himself as a
+soldier.
+
+MR. JAMES STANHOPE [AFTERWARDS EARL STANHOPE],
+ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY TO THE STATES GENERAL.
+
+_Macky_. He is a man of honour,... and pleases the Dutch. His son,
+Colonel Stanhope, is one of the finest young gentlemen we have; is very
+learned, with a great deal of wit. ... A handsome [_Swift_, ugly] black
+man.
+
+SIR CHARLES O'HARA [AFTERWARDS LORD TYRAWLEY],
+LIEUTENANT-GENERAL.
+
+_Macky_. At the Revolution he had a company in the foot-guards; was
+afterwards lieutenant-colonel to that regiment; was made colonel to the
+fusileers, and gradually advanced to the post he now hath, which he well
+deserves, being of good understanding, and abundance of learning; fit to
+command, if not too covetous; he is a short, black man, 50 years
+old.--_Swift_. His father was a groom; he was a man of sense, without
+one grain of honesty.
+
+COLONEL MATTHEW AYLMER [AFTERWARDS LORD AYLMER],
+VICE-ADMIRAL OF THE FLEET.
+
+_Macky_. He hath a very good head, indefatigable and designing; is very
+zealous for the liberties of the people, makes a good figure in the
+Parliament, as well as the fleet.--_Swift_. A virulent party man, born
+in Ireland.
+
+JAMES, DUKE OF HAMILTON.
+
+_Macky_. On the Queen's accession to the throne, he made strong efforts
+to get into the administration, but hath not yet succeeded, though he is
+well received at court; he is brave in his person, with a rough air of
+boldness; of good sense, very forward and hot for what he undertakes;
+ambitious and haughty, a violent enemy; hath been very extravagant in
+his manner of living; but now grows covetous.--_Swift_. He was made
+master of the ordnance; a worthy good-natured person, very generous, but
+of a middle understanding; he was murdered by that villain Macartney, an
+Irish Scot.
+
+ARCHIBALD, DUKE OF ARGYLL.
+
+_Macky_. Few of his years hath a better understanding, nor a more manly
+behaviour. He hath seen most of the courts of Europe, is very handsome
+in his person, fair complexioned; about 25 years old.--_Swift_.
+Ambitious, covetous, cunning Scot; has no principle, but his own
+interest and greatness. A true Scot in his whole conduct.
+
+JAMES, MARQUESS OF MONTROSE [AFTERWARDS DUKE OF MONTROSE].
+
+_Macky_. Representative of the ancient and noble family of Graham;
+great-grandson to that famous Montrose, who was hanged and quartered for
+Charles I.; and grandson, by the mother, to the Duke of Rothes. He
+inherits all the great qualities of those two families, with a sweetness
+of behaviour, which charms all those who know him; hath improved himself
+in most foreign courts; is very beautiful in his person, and about 25
+years old.--_Swift_. Now very homely, and makes a sorry appearance.
+
+JOHN, EARL OF SUTHERLAND.
+
+_Macky_. A very honest man, a great assertor of the liberties of the
+people; hath a good, rough sense; is open and free; a great lover of his
+bottle and his friend; brave in his person, which he hath shown in
+several duels; too familiar for his quality, and often keeps company
+below it.--_Swift_. A blundering, rattle-pated, drunken sot.
+
+SECRETARY [JAMES] JOHNSTOUN, NOW LORD-REGISTER.
+
+_Macky_. Is a younger son of my Lord Warriston, who was beheaded. ... He
+is very honest, [_Swift_, a treacherous knave,] yet something too
+credulous and suspicious; endued with a great deal of learning and
+virtue; is above little tricks, free from ceremony; and would not tell a
+lie for the world.--_Swift._ One of the greatest knaves even in
+Scotland.
+
+MR. [WILLIAM] CARSTAIRS.
+
+_Macky_. He is the cunningest, subtle dissembler in the world, with an
+air of sincerity, a dangerous enemy, because always hid. An instance of
+which was Secretary Johnstoun, to whom he pretended friendship, till the
+very morning he gave him a blow, though he had been worming him
+out of the King's favour for many months before; he is a fat,
+sanguine-complexioned fair man, always smiling, where he designs most
+mischief, a good friend when he is sincere; turned of 50 years
+old.--_Swift_. A true character; but not strong enough by a fiftieth
+part.
+
+JOHN, EARL OF MAR.
+
+_Macky_. He is a very good manager in his private affairs, which were in
+disorder when his father died, and is a stanch countryman, fair
+complexioned, low stature, and 30 years old.--_Swift_. He is crooked;
+he seemed to me to be a gentleman of good sense and good nature,
+
+ANDREW FLETCHER, OF SALTON.
+
+_Macky_. A gentleman of a fair estate in Scotland, attended with the
+improvement of a good education. ... He hath written some excellent
+tracts, but not published in his name; and hath a very fine genius; is a
+low, thin man, brown complexion, full of fire, with a stern, sour look,
+and 50 years old.--_Swift_. A most arrogant, conceited pedant in
+politics; cannot endure the least contradiction in any of his visions or
+paradoxes.
+
+CHARLES, EARL OF MIDDLETON.
+
+_Macky_. He is one of the politest gentlemen in Europe; hath a great
+deal of wit, mixed with a sound judgment, and a very clear
+understanding; of an easy, indifferent access, but a careless way of
+living. ... He is a black man, of a middle stature, with a sanguine
+complexion; and one of the pleasantest companions in the world. Towards
+60 years old.--_Swift_. Sir William Temple told me, he was a very
+valuable man, and a good scholar. I once saw him.
+
+DAVID, EARL OF WEEMS.
+
+_Macky_. He hath not yet been in the administration; is a fine
+personage, and very beautiful; hath good sense, and is a man of honour.
+About 30 years old.--_Swift_. He was a black man, and handsome for a
+Scot.
+
+NOTE.--The characters on the Duke of Shrewsbury, the Duke of Devonshire,
+the Earl of Ranelagh, and Rear-Admiral Byng, have been entirely omitted.
+The first is not given by Reed, and includes in Birch the single word
+"none"; the second is not given either by Birch or Reed, but appears
+only in "The Crypt"; the third is given only by Nichols; and the last is
+not given by Birch or Reed.
+
+*****       *****       *****       *****       *****
+
+
+
+
+REMARKS ON
+
+LORD CLARENDON'S HISTORY OF
+
+THE REBELLION
+
+OXFORD EDITION, 1707, 3 VOLS.
+
+FROM THE ORIGINAL, IN ST. PATRICK'S LIBRARY.
+
+
+NOTE.
+
+The text of this edition of Swift's notes on Clarendon has been founded
+on the careful transcript made by Mr. Percy Fitzgerald. This transcript
+is now in the Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington. Mr.
+Fitzgerald refers to Dr. Rowan's collation, but I have been unable to
+find the original of this. Rowan's additions, however, were noted by Mr.
+Fitzgerald, and they have been included here. Mr. Fitzgerald says:
+"Scott's notes, subject to the corrections just given [by himself], are
+correct, and would serve as the base of the new edition. The additions I
+have given and the few given by Dr. Rowan (which are given here a little
+further on) will have to be inserted in their proper places and will
+make the whole complete." This has been done, and the present reprint is
+a very careful following out of this suggestion.
+
+After the following pages were in type, however, I have had the
+opportunity, through the kindness of Dr. Bernard, the Dean of St.
+Patrick's Cathedral, of examining the original copy in the Marsh Library
+at Dublin. Assisted by the Rev. Newport J.D. White, the librarian of
+the Marsh Library, I have been able to correct several of Mr. Percy
+Fitzgerald's transcripts, and to add some "remarks" omitted both by him
+and Scott.
+
+Mr. White, in an article in "Hermathena" (No. xxvii., 1901), suggests
+that the successive perusals by Swift account "for the fact that some of
+the notes are in ink, though most are in pencil; while in one or two
+cases Swift seems to have retraced in ink a remark originally in
+pencil." Although Swift finished his fourth reading of the "History" in
+1741, it is undoubted that he had already annotated the volumes at a
+much earlier date. The copy of the "History," now in the Marsh Library,
+was presented to it by Archbishop King, though the exact date of this
+presentation can only be guessed. "In the register of benefactions,"
+writes Mr. White in "Hermathena," "the first list, which was evidently
+written at one time and by one hand, contains the names of all books
+presented by King. Two of these were published as late as 1723. The next
+entry is dated April 12th, 1726. It is probable, therefore, that these
+volumes came into their present abode between 1723 and 1726. As Dean of
+St. Patrick's, Swift was one of the governors of the library, and in
+that capacity attended many of the annual visitations between 1718 and
+1736. It is natural to suppose that he was a constant reader." It
+follows, therefore, that Swift borrowed the volumes from the library for
+his re-perusal; and perhaps retraced his annotations at that time and
+added new ones.
+
+It is worth while to reprint a sentence from Scott's note on these
+"Remarks" of Swift's, if only to continue a record of retort against
+Swift's intemperance of feeling against the Scottish nation: "The
+ludicrous virulence of his execrations against the Scottish nation, go a
+great way to remove the effect of his censure; and a native of Scotland
+may be justified in retaining them, were it but for that reason."
+
+[T.S.]
+
+
+  REMARKS ON CLARENDON'S
+  HISTORY OF THE
+  REBELLION.
+
+VOL. I.
+
+
+On the first board: Finished the 4th time, April 18, 1741. Judicium de
+authore.[1]
+
+[Footnote: 1  The note "Finished the 4th time April 18, 1741," which
+Scott and Fitzgerald record as written on the first board of vol. i., is
+not now to be traced, the volume having been rebound since their
+transcripts were made.]
+
+
+The cursed, hellish villainy, treachery, treasons of the Scots, were the
+chief grounds and causes of that execrable rebellion.--_Swift_.
+
+"The word of a king." This phrase is repeated some hundred times; but is
+ever foolish, and too often false.--_Swift_.
+
+PREFACE.
+
+P. v. [p. xxi.[2]] _Clarendon_. We might give instances ... of those
+points ... which have brought the prince, sometimes, under the
+disadvantageous suspicion of being inclined to the love of arbitrary
+power.--_Swift_. What king doth not love, and endeavour at it?
+
+[Footnote: 2  The references in square brackets apply to the recent
+Oxford edition of Clarendon's "Rebellion" (6 vols., cr. 8vo, 1888). The
+prefaces can only be referred to by the page, but throughout the body of
+the work the _paragraphs_ are separately numbered for each book. [T.
+S.]]
+
+P, vi. [p. xxii.] _Clarendon_. The people may not always be restrained
+from attempting by force to do themselves right, though they ought
+not.--_Swift_. They _ought!_
+
+BOOK I.
+
+P. 9. [par. 12.] _Clarendon_. All men being inhibited, by the
+proclamation at the dissolution of the Parliament in the fourth year, so
+much as to mention or speak as if a Parliament should be
+called.--_Swift_. Great weakness.
+
+P. 47. [par. 128.] _Clarendon_. He [the Earl of Montgomery] had not sat
+many years in that sunshine, when a new comet appeared in court, Robert
+Carr, a Scotsman, quickly after declared favourite.--_Swift_. A Scottish
+king makes a Scottish favourite.
+
+P. 48. [par. 133.] _Clarendon_. The Earl of Carlisle ... wrought himself
+into ... greater affection and esteem with the whole English nation,
+than any other of that country; by choosing their friendships, and
+conversation, and really preferring it to any of his own--_Swift_. A
+miracle in a Scot!
+
+P. 58. [par. 159.] _Clarendon_. During the whole time that these
+pressures were exercised, and those new, and extraordinary ways were
+run, that is, from the dissolution of the Parliament in the fourth year,
+to the beginning of this Parliament, which was above twelve years, this
+kingdom ... enjoyed the greatest calm, and the fullest measure of
+felicity, that any people in any age, for so long time together, have
+been blessed with.--_Swift_. Partial.
+
+P. 59. [par. 162.] _Clarendon_. The kingdoms, we now lament, were alone
+looked upon as the garden of the world; Scotland (which was but the
+wilderness of that garden), etc.--_Swift_. The _dunghill!_
+
+_Ibid_, [par. 163.] _Clarendon_. Those rough courses, which made him
+[the King] perhaps less loved at home, made him more feared abroad; by
+how much the power of kingdoms is more reverenced than their justice by
+their neighbours: and it may be this consideration might not be the
+least motive, and may not be the worst excuse for those
+counsels.--_Swift_ Too arbitrary.
+
+P. 60. [par. 163.] _Clarendon_. Nerva was deified for uniting, _Imperium
+et Libertas_.--_Swift_. "Libertas" underlined and "_nego_" written in
+the margin.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 165.] _Clarendon_. Wise men knew that that which looked
+like pride in some, would, etc. [Swift places a condemnatory pencil mark
+beneath "that."]
+
+P. 75. [par. 201.] _Clarendon_. A book so full of good learning,[3] [_i
+e.,_ Bp. John Williams (of Lincoln) against Innovations in
+Religion].--_Swift_. Is that book to be bought or borrowed?
+
+[Footnote 3: Again referred to on p. 271. _See_ Scott's note _in loco_
+(p. 297). [T.S.]]
+
+BOOK II.
+
+P. 88. [par. 18.] _Clarendon_. There was so little curiosity either in
+the court, or the country, to know anything of Scotland, or what was
+done there, that when the whole nation was solicitous to know what
+passed weekly in Germany, and Poland, and all other parts of Europe, no
+man ever enquired what was doing in Scotland, nor had that kingdom a
+place or mention in one page of any gazette.--_Swift_. Should Bridewell
+news be in any gazette?
+
+P.88. [par 18.] _Clarendon_. The people [the Scotch] after they had once
+begun, pursued the business vigorously, and with all imaginable contempt
+of the government.--_Swift_. Scottish scoundrels!
+
+P. 94. [par. 38.] _Clarendon_ in the address of the Scots to the
+King:--Lamenting "their ill fortune that their enemies had so great
+credit with the King, as to persuade him to believe that they were or
+could be disobedient to him, a thing that could never enter into their
+loyal hearts."--_Swift_. Scotch dogs!
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 39.] _Clarendon_. Into Scotland ... as far as a place
+called Dunce.--_Swift_. "Dunce" underlined.
+
+P. 95. [par. 42.] _Clarendon_. The Covenanters ... were very reasonably
+exalted with this success, [the retreat of the Earl of Holland from
+Dunse,] and scattered their letters abroad amongst the noblemen at
+court, according to the humours of the men to whom they writ.--_Swift_.
+Cursed Scots for ever!
+
+P. 96. [par. 46.] _Clarendon_, speaking of the Marquess of
+Hamilton.--_Swift_. A cursed true Scot!
+
+P. 100. [par. 55] _Clarendon_ The Scots got so much benefit and
+advantage by it [the treaty of pacification], that they brought all
+their other mischievous devices to pass, with ease.--_Swift_. Confounded
+Scots!
+
+P. 101. [par. 58.] Marginal note to Clarendon: The Earl of Argyle joins
+with the Covenanters, notwithstanding his great obligations to the
+King.--_Swift_. All Argyles, cursed Scottish hell-hounds for ever!
+
+P. 103. [par. 60.] _Clarendon_, on the letter from the Scotch nobility
+to the French King, which was intercepted, and upon Lord Lowden, in his
+examination:--refusing to give any other answer, than that it was writ
+before the agreement ... and never sent; that if he had committed any
+offence, he ought to be questioned for it in Scotland, and not in
+England.--_Swift_. Scottish traitors!
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 61.] _Clarendon_. The opinion of the prejudice and general
+aversion over the whole kingdom to the Scots, and the indignation they
+had at their presumption in their design of invading England, made it
+believed that a Parliament would express a very sharp sense of their
+insolence and carriage towards the King.--_Swift_. Cursed hellish Scots
+for ever!
+
+P. 104. [par. 62.] _Clarendon_, on the calling together of the
+Parliament in 1640:--The King ... directed the lord-keeper to issue out
+writs for the meeting of a Parliament upon the third day of April then
+next ensuing.--_Swift_. April 3d for knaves; the 1st for fools!
+
+P. 114. [par, 90.] _Clarendon_. The Scots army ... were always
+beaten.--_Swift_. "Always beaten" trebly underlined.
+
+P. 116. [par. 97.] _Clarendon_ The convocation-house (the regular and
+legal assembling of the clergy) customarily beginning and ending with
+Parliaments, was, after the determination of the last, by a new writ
+continued.--_Swift_. Convocations of the clergy are as legal and as
+necessary as those of the laity.
+
+P. 122. [par 108.] _Clarendon_, on the commissioners who met at
+Ripon:--When these commissioners from the King arrived at Ripon, there
+came others from the Scots army of a quality much inferior--_Swift_. A
+cursed committee!
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 108.] _Clarendon_. Alexander Henderson.--_Swift_. A cursed
+fanatic! (Written in pencil, and partially rubbed out.)
+
+P. 123. [par. 109.] _Clarendon_. There was not a man of all the English,
+etc.--_Swift_. Cursed hellish Scots!
+
+P. 124. [par. 111.] _Clarendon_. They brought them with them and
+presented them to the King [Swift underscores _them_.]
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 113.] _Clarendon_. Three of the commissioners, and no
+more, were of the King's council, the Earls of Pembroke, Salisbury, and
+Holland.--_Swift_. Bad counsellors.
+
+P. 125. [par. 116.] _Clarendon_ The commissioners at Ripon quickly
+agreed upon the cessation; and were not unwilling to have allowed fifty
+thousand pounds a month for the support of the Scots army, when they did
+assign but thirty thousand pounds a month for the payment of the
+King's.--_Swift_. Greedy Scotch rebellious dogs.
+
+P. 129. [par. 126.] _Clarendon_. It must not be doubted that there were
+many particular persons of honour of that nation who abhorred the
+outrages which were committed.--_Swift_. I doubt it; for they were
+Scots.
+
+P. 130. [par. 128.] _Clarendon_. It can hardly be conceived, with what
+entire confidence in each other, the numerous and _not very rich_
+nobility of Scotland ... concurred in the carrying on this
+rebellion.--_Swift_. Beggarly, beggarly!
+
+BOOK III.
+
+P. 148. [par. 32.] _Clarendon_. Mr. Saint-John ... a natural son of the
+house of Bullingbrook.--_Swift_. A bastard.
+
+P. 151. [par. 38.] _Clarendon_. The Earl of Rothes ... was a man very
+well bred, of very good parts, and great address.--_Swift_. A Scotch
+freethinker.
+
+P. 152. [par. 42.] _Clarendon_, on the order of the Houses of
+Parliament, to use the appellation of "our brethren of Scotland" towards
+the Scotch commissioners.--_Swift_ Cursed Scots, brethren in iniquity.
+
+P. 153 [par 44] _Clarendon_ The allegation was, "That the charge against
+the Earl of Stafford was of an extraordinary nature, being to make a
+treason evident out of a complication of several ill acts, That he must
+be traced through many dark paths," etc.--_Swift._ As a boy.
+
+_Ibid_ [par 45] _Clarendon_ It was alleged, "That at his coming from
+Ireland the Earl had said in council there, That if ever he returned to
+that sword again, he would not leave a Scottishman in that
+kingdom".--_Swift_ And it was a good resolution.
+
+P 153 [par 45] _Clarendon_ ---- "And at his arrival in this kingdom, the
+lord mayor and some aldermen of London attending the board about the
+loan of moneys, and not giving that satisfaction was expected, that he
+should  tell the King, That it would never be well till he hanged up a
+Lord Mayor of London in the City to terrify the rest".--_Swift_ At
+worst, only a rash expression.
+
+P 155 [par 50] _Clarendon_ Hereupon, in one day, were sworn privy
+councillors, much to the public joy, the Earl of Hertford (whom the King
+afterwards made marquess), the Earl of Bedford, the Earl of Essex, the
+Earl of Bristol, the Lord Say, the Lord Saville, and the Lord Kimbolton,
+and within two or three days after, the Earl of Warwick.--_Swift_ All
+[_rogues,_ perhaps,[4]] but the first.
+
+[Footnote: 4 P Fitzgerald says _[sworn,_ more likely] [T.S.]]
+
+P 161 [par 67] _Clarendon_, on the method of procuring signatures to one
+petition, and then cutting them off, and affixing them to a petition of
+quite a different tendency.--_Swift_ Dogs, villains, almost as bad as
+the cursed Scots.
+
+P 366 [par 85] _Clarendon_ The Earl of Bedford prevailed with the King
+... to make Oliver Saint-John ... his solicitor-general, which His
+Majesty readily consented to: ... being a gentleman of an honourable
+extraction (if he had been legitimate).--_Swift_ The bastard before
+mentioned.
+
+P 183 [par 140] _Clarendon_, trial of Strafford--Mr Solicitor Saint-John
+... argued for the space of near an hour the matter of law. Of the
+argument itself I shall say little, it being in print, and in many
+hands, I shall only remember two notable propositions, which are
+sufficient characters of the person and the time.--_Swift_ Bp.
+A[tterbury]
+
+P 187 [par 156] _Clarendon_, on the bill for extirpating bishops, deans,
+and chapters, etc.--Though the rejecting it, was earnestly urged by very
+many, ... yet, all the other people, as violently pressed the reading
+it; and none so importunately, as Saint-John.--_Swift_. The bastard!
+
+P. 195. [par. 179.] _Clarendon_. It being always their custom, when they
+found the heat and distemper of the House (which they endeavoured to
+keep up, by the sharp mention and remembrance of former grievances and
+pressures) in any degree allayed, by some gracious act, or gracious
+profession of the King's, to warm and inflame them again with a
+discovery, or promise of a discovery, of some notable plot and
+conspiracy against themselves.--_Swift._ King George I.'s reign.
+
+P. 199. [par. 189.] _Clarendon_. Whereas some doubts, etc.--_Swift_.
+True Popish evasion.
+
+_Ibid. Clarendon_, on the explanation of the Protestation for the Church
+of England:--concerning the meaning of these words  ... "_viz_ The true
+reformed Protestant religion, expressed in the doctrine of the Church of
+England, against all Popery and Popish innovations within this realm,
+contrary to the same doctrine," This House doth declare, that by those
+words, was and is meant, only the public doctrine professed in the said
+Church, so far as it is opposite to Popery, etc.--_Swift_. Fanatic dogs!
+
+P. 202. [par. 198.] _Clarendon_. The Archbishop of York.--_Swift_.
+Williams, before of Lincoln.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 200.] _Clarendon_, on the letter of Strafford to the King,
+persuading him no longer to delay the order for his execution.--_Swift_.
+Great magnanimity!
+
+P. 203. [par. 201.] _Clarendon_. The delivery of this letter being
+quickly known, new arguments were applied; "that this free consent of
+his own, clearly absolved the King from any scruple that could remain
+with him."--_Swift_. Weak, and wrong.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 202.] _Clarendon_. There was reason enough to believe,
+their impious hands would be lifted up against his own person, and
+(which he much more apprehended) against the person of his royal
+consort.--_Swift_. A most unhappy marriage.
+
+P. 204. [par. 206.] _Clarendon_. Together with that of attainder of the
+Earl of Strafford, another Bill was passed by the King, of almost as
+fatal a consequence both to the King and kingdom,  ... "the Act for the
+perpetual Parliament;" as it is since called.--_Swift_. Cursed
+stupidity! _Hinc illae lachrymae_.
+
+P. 205. [par. 207.] _Clarendon_. No way could be thought of so sure, as
+an Act of Parliament, "that this Parliament should not be adjourned,
+prorogued, or dissolved, but by Act of Parliament, which, upon this
+occasion, His Majesty would never deny to pass."--_Swift_. The fatal
+stroke.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 210.] _Clarendon_, on the King's passing this Bill.
+--_Swift_. I wish the author had enlarged here upon what motives the
+King passed that Bill.
+
+P 205 [par 210] _Clarendon_, on the same.--_Swift_ The King by this act
+utterly ruined.
+
+P 207 [par 217] _Clarendon_, on the passing of the tonnage and poundage
+bill--And so in expectation and confidence, that they would make
+glorious additions to the state and revenue of the crown, His Majesty
+suffered himself to be stripped of all that he had left.--_Swift_ Great
+weakness in the King.
+
+P 225 [par 271] _Clarendon_ These Acts of Parliament, etc will be
+acknowledged, by an uncorrupted posterity, to be everlasting monuments
+of the King's princely and fatherly affection to his people.--_Swift_
+Rather of his weakness.
+
+BOOK IV
+
+P 237 [par 24] _Clarendon_ A general insurrection of the Irish, spread
+itself over the whole country, in such an inhumane and barbarous manner,
+that there were forty or fifty thousand of the English Protestants
+murdered.--_Swift_ At least.
+
+P 243 [par 43] _Clarendon_ That which should have been an act of
+oblivion, was made a defence and justification of whatsoever they [the
+Scotch] had done.--_Swift_ Scot, Scot, Scot, for ever Scot.
+
+P 244 [par 47] _Clarendon_ His Majesty having never received any
+considerable profit from Scotland, etc.--_Swift_ How could he, from
+Scottish rebels and beggars?
+
+P 245 [par 47] _Clarendon_ Surely he had then very hard thoughts of a
+great part of the nation [the Scotch].--_Swift_ Who can doubt of it?
+
+P 257 [par 87] _Clarendon_ The propositions made from Scotland, "for the
+sending ten thousand men from thence, into Ulster, to be paid by the
+Parliament," were consented to, whereby some soldiers were dispatched
+thither, to defend their own plantation, and did in truth, at our
+charge, as much oppress the English that were there, as the rebels could
+have done.--_Swift_ Send cursed rebel Scots, who oppressed the English
+in that kingdom as the Irish rebels did, and were governors of that
+province, etc.
+
+P 271 [par 130] _Clarendon_, Doctor Williams, Archbishop of York--had
+himself published, by his own authority, a book against the using those
+ceremonies [which were countenanced by Laud], in which there was much
+good learning, and too little gravity for a bishop.--_Swift_ Where is
+that book to be had?[5]
+
+[Footnote 5: The book is extant, and was written in answer to Dr Heyhn's
+"Coal from the Altar". Even the title page contains a punning allusion
+to his adversary's work, rather too facetious for the subject of his
+own. It is entitled "The Holy Table, name and thing, more anciently,
+properly, and literally used under the New Testament, than that of
+Altar."]
+
+P. 272. [par. 130.] _Clarendon_, Archbishop Williams:--appeared to be a
+man of a very corrupt nature, whose passions could have transported him
+into the most unjustifiable actions.--_Swift._ This character I think
+too severe.
+
+P. 275. [par. 138.] _Clarendon_, the same:--The great hatred of this
+man's person and behaviour, was the greatest invitation to the House of
+Commons so irregularly to revive that Bill to remove the
+bishops.--_Swift_. How came he to be so hated by that faction he is so
+said to favour?
+
+P. 277. [par. 140.] _Clarendon_, petition and protestation of the
+bishops.--_Swift_. I see no fault in this protestation.
+
+P. 280. [par. 149.] _Clarendon_, on the articles of high treason against
+Lord Kimbolton, Pym, Hampden, Hollis, Haslerigg, and Strode.--_Swift_.
+It proved a long and vexatious affair.
+
+P. 281. [par. 152.] _Clarendon_. The next day in the afternoon, the King
+... came to the House of Commons.... Himself, with his nephew, the
+Prince Elector, went into the House, to the great amazement of
+all.--_Swift._ Too rash and indiscreet; the second great and fatal
+error.
+
+P. 282. [par. 152.] _Clarendon_. He assured them in the word of a King,
+etc.--_Swift_. Never to be relied upon.
+
+P. 284. [par. 157.] _Clarendon_. The King ... published, the next day, a
+proclamation, for the apprehension of all those, whom he had accused of
+high treason, forbidding any person to harbour them; the articles of
+their charge being likewise printed, and dispersed.--_Swift_. A very
+weak and wrong proceeding in the King, which had very bad consequences.
+
+_Ibid. Clarendon_, on the same proceeding.--_Swift_. What was their
+crime?
+
+P. 322. [par. 264.] _Clarendon_. The humble petition of many thousands
+of poor people in and about the city of London.--_Swift._ Who was the
+author?
+
+P. 334. [par. 302.] _Clarendon_, on the King's passing the bills against
+the bishops' votes, and about pressing.--_Swift_. Too great a weakness,
+and attended by a heap of gross follies.
+
+P. 336. [par. 307.] _Clarendon_, on:--An Ordinance of both Houses of
+Parliament for the ordering of the Militia of the kingdom of England,
+and dominion of Wales.--_Swift_. The most ruinous consequence of the
+King's weakness and cowardice.
+
+BOOK V.
+
+P. 364. [par. 6.] _Clarendon,_ in the King's Declaration, March 9,
+164-1/2:--For the Lord Digby, he assured them in the word of a King,
+etc.--_Swift_. I cannot endure that phrase any more.
+
+Written long ago by a minister in Lincolnshire, in answer to D. Coal, a
+judicious divine of Q. Marie's dayes. 1637. [S.]
+
+P. 365. [par. 9.] _Clarendon_, in the same:--What greater earnest of his
+trust, and reliance on his Parliament could he give, than the passing
+the Bill for the continuance of this present Parliament?--_Swift_. Like
+a very weak prince.
+
+_Ibid. Clarendon_, in the same:--The length of which [Parliament] he
+said, he hoped, would never alter the nature of Parliaments, and the
+constitution of this kingdom; or invite his subjects so much to abuse
+his confidence, as to esteem anything fit for this Parliament to do,
+which were not fit, if it were in his power to dissolve it
+to-morrow.--_Swift_. Yet, that was his ruin.
+
+P. 366. [par. 11.] _Clarendon_. The factious party [persuaded the
+people] ... that there was a design to send the prince beyond the seas,
+and to marry him to some Papist.--_Swift_. As it fell out.
+
+P. 384. [par. 56.] _Clarendon_, in the King's answer to the petition to
+remove the magazine from Hull:--We have ... most solemnly promised, in
+the word of a king, etc.--_Swift_. How long is that phrase to last?
+
+P. 415. [par. 136] _Clarendon_. Whoever concurred, voted, and sided with
+them, in their extravagant conclusions, let the infamy of his former
+life, or present practice be what it would; his injustice and oppression
+never so scandalous, and notorious; he was received, countenanced, and
+protected with marvellous demonstrations of affection.--_Swift_. King
+George's reign.
+
+P. 419. [par. 148.] _Clarendon_, in the King's answer to the petition to
+dissolve his Guards:--He asked them, "when they had so many months
+together not contented themselves to rely for security, as their
+predecessors had done, upon the affection of the people, but by their
+own single authority had raised to themselves a guard ... and yet all
+those pikes and protestations, that army, on one side, and that navy, on
+the other, had not persuaded His Majesty to command them to disband
+their forces," etc.--_Swift_. What are those pikes?
+
+P. 427. [par. 162.] _Clarendon_, in the Declaration of the Lords and
+Commons, May 19, 1642--That, in the word of a King, _etc.--Swift._ A
+frequent foolish word, battered as a phrase.
+
+P. 472. [par. 269.] _Clarendon_. He divested himself of the power of
+dissolving this Parliament.--_Swift_. Proved his ruin.
+
+P. 543. [par. 425.] _Clarendon_, on the deposition of Sir Richard
+Gurney, lord mayor.--_Swift_ Dogs!
+
+VOL. II.--BOOK VI.
+
+P. 7. [par. 11.] _Clarendon_, Message of the King, Aug. 25th,
+1642:--"Wherein, as we promise, in the word of a King, all safety and
+encouragement to such as shall be sent unto us ... for the
+treaty."--_Swift_. Very weak.
+
+P. 10. [par. 18.] _Clarendon_, answer of the Parliament to the King's
+message received the 5th of September, 1642.--_Swift._ I do not much
+dislike this answer.
+
+P. 17. [par. 38.] _Clarendon._ The same rabble entered the house of the
+Countess of Rivers near Colchester; for no other ground, than that she
+was a Papist; and in few hours disfurnished it of all the
+goods.--_Swift._ As bad as Scots.
+
+P. 18. [par. 40.] _Clarendon._ There are monuments enough in the
+seditious sermons at that time printed ... of such wresting,
+and perverting of Scripture to the odious purposes of the
+preacher.--_Swift._ I wish I could find them.
+
+P. 20. [par. 43.] _Clarendon._ Scottish officers.--_Swift._ Dogs.
+
+P. 31 [par. 74.] _Clarendon._. A thousand at the most. Most of the
+persons of quality, etc. [Swift underscores _most._]
+
+P. 33. [par. 78.] _Clarendon,_ on the exemption of Prince Rupert from
+being under the command of the general, Lord Lindsey:--When the King at
+midnight, being in his bed, and receiving intelligence of the enemy's
+motion, commanded the Lord Falkland, his principal secretary of state,
+to direct Prince Rupert, what he should do, his Highness took it very
+ill, and expostulated with the Lord Falkland, for giving him
+orders.--_Swift._ A great mistake in the King, by too much indulgence to
+Prince Rupert.
+
+P. 40. [par. 90.] _Clarendon._ The King's preferring the Prince's
+[Rupert's] opinion in all matters relating to the war before his [Lord
+Lindsey's].--_Swift._ I blame the King's Partiality.
+
+P. 48, line 28.--_Swift._ Cursed Scots.
+
+P. 50. [par. 109.] _Clarendon._ His Majesty had, from time to time,
+given his council of that kingdom [Scotland] full relations of all his
+differences with his Parliament.--_Swift._ Cursed Scots for ever.
+
+P. 51. [par. 112.] _Clarendon._ The chief managers and governors in the
+first war, by their late intercourse, and communication of guilt, having
+a firm correspondence with the Marquess of Argyle, the Earl of Lowden,
+and that party.--_Swift._ Always a cursed family of Scots.
+
+P. 59. [par. 142.] _Clarendon._ As the inviting the Scots,
+etc.--_Swift._ Too long a parenthesis.
+
+P. 62. [par. 154.] _Clarendon._ For the better recruiting whereof [the
+Parliament's army], two of their most eminent chaplains, Dr. Downing and
+Mr. Marshal, publicly avowed, "that the soldiers lately taken prisoners
+at Brentford, and discharged, and released by the King upon their oaths
+that they would never again bear arms against him, were not obliged by
+that oath;" but, by their power, absolved them thereof.--_Swift._
+Perfect Popery.
+
+P. 65. [par. 161.] _Clarendon,_ the King's message to the privy council
+of Scotland:--"Of all ... the ... indignities, which had been offered to
+him, he doubted not the duty and affection of his Scottish subjects
+would have so just a resentment, that they would express to the world
+the sense they had of his sufferings."--_Swift_. Cursed Scots; to trust
+them.
+
+P. 66. [par. 163.] _Clarendon_, the same;--"There could not be a clearer
+argument to his subjects of Scotland that he had no such thought, [of
+bringing in foreign forces,] than that he had hitherto forborne to
+require the assistance of that his native kingdom; from whose obedience,
+duty, and affection, he should confidently expect it, if he thought his
+own strength here too weak to preserve him."--_Swift_. In vain.
+_Clarendon_. "And of whose courage, and loyalty, he should look to make
+use."--_Swift_. And never find.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 164.] _Clarendon_, the same:--"He could not doubt, a
+dutiful concurrence in his subjects of Scotland, in the care of his
+honour, and just rights, would draw down a blessing upon that nation
+too."--_Swift_. A Scot's blessing.
+
+P. 67. [par. 165.] _Clarendon_. Other fruit of their [the Scots']
+allegiance he [the King] expected not, than that they should not
+rebel.--_Swift_. But they did.
+
+P. 81. [par. 204,] _Clarendon_, the King's declaration:--"These are the
+men who ... at this time invite, and solicit our subjects of Scotland,
+to enter this land with an army against us."--_Swift_. Damnable Scots.
+
+P. 91. [par. 231, sec. 4.] _Clarendon_, humble desires and propositions
+of the Lords and Commons:--"That your Majesty will be pleased to give
+your royal assent unto the Bill ... for the utter abolishing, and taking
+away of all archbishops, bishops, their chancellors, and commissaries,
+deans, sub-deans, deans and chapters, archdeacons, canons, and
+prebendaries, and all chanters, chancellors, treasurers, sub-treasurers,
+succentors, and sacrists, and all vicars choral, choristers, old vicars,
+and new vicars of any cathedral, or collegiate church, and all other
+their under officers, out of the Church of England."--_Swift_. A
+thorough sweep. _Clarendon_. "To the Bill against scandalous ministers;
+to the Bill against pluralities; and to the Bill for consultation to be
+had with godly, religious, and learned divines."--_Swift. i.e._ cursed
+fanatics.
+
+P. 99. [par. 243.] _Clarendon_. Sir Ralph Hopton ... marched to Saltash,
+a town in Cornwall ... where was a garrison of two hundred Scots; who,
+[upon his approach,] as kindly quit Saltash, as the others had
+Launceston before.--_Swift_. Loyal Scots--ever cursed.
+
+P. 101. [par 247.] _Clarendon_. Ruthen, a Scotchman, the governor of
+Plymouth.--_Swift_. A cursed Scottish dog.
+
+P. 103. [par. 250.] _Clarendon_. The Earl of Stamford.--_Swift_. A
+rogue, half as bad as a Scot.
+
+P. 134. [par. 338.] _Clarendon_, Petition of the Kirk of Scotland:--"A
+chief praise of the Protestant religion (and thereby our not vain, but
+just gloriation)."--_Swift_. Scotch phrase.
+
+_Ibid. Clarendon_, the same:--"[The Papists] are openly declared to be
+not only good subjects,... but far better subjects than
+Protestants."--_Swift_. Scotch (Protestants).
+
+P. 135. [par. 339.] _Clarendon_, the same:--"That your Majesty ... may
+timeously and speedily," etc.--_Swift_. Scotch.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 340.] _Clarendon_, the same:--"We are, with greater
+earnestness than before, constrained _to fall down again_ before your
+Majesty."--_Swift_. Rise against.
+
+_Ibid. Clarendon_, the same. They petition:--"for a meeting of some
+divines to be holden in England, unto which ... some commissioners may
+be sent from this _kirk_."--_Swift_. Hell!
+
+P. 136. [par. 342.] _Clarendon_, the same:--"The strongest let, till it
+be taken out of the way, is the mountain of prelacy."--_Swift_. Scottish
+dogs.
+
+_Ibid. Clarendon_, the same:--"How many, from the experience of the
+tyranny of the prelates, are afraid to discover themselves ... whereas
+prelacy being removed, they would openly profess what they are, and join
+with _others_ in the way of reformation."--_Swift. i.e._ Scots.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 344.] _Clarendon_, the same:--"The national assembly of
+this kirk, from which we have our commission."--_Swift_. From Satan.
+
+P. 138. [par. 347.] _Clarendon_, the King's answer:--"Our Church of
+Scotland."--_Swift_. Kirk.
+
+P. 139. [par. 348.] _Clarendon_, the same:--"We do believe that the
+petitioners, when they shall consider how ... unbecoming [it is] in
+itself, for them to require, the ancient, happy, and established
+government of the Church of England to be altered, and conformed to the
+laws, and constitutions of _another church,_ will find themselves
+misled," etc.--_Swift_. A Scotch kirk.
+
+P. 140. [par. 351.] _Clarendon_, the same:--"To which [synod] we shall
+be willing that some learned divines of our Church of Scotland may be
+likewise sent."--_Swift_. To confound all.
+
+P. 142. [par. 356.] _Clarendon_, the same:--"We conceived, we had not
+left it possible, for any man to ... suspect, that the conversion of
+_our dearest consort_ was not so much our desire, that the accession of
+as many crowns as God hath already bestowed on us, would not be more
+welcome to us than that day."--_Swift_. A thorough Papist.
+
+BOOK VII.
+
+P. 199. [par. 71.] _Clarendon_. Being this way secure from any future
+clamours for peace, they proceeded to try Mr. Tomkins, Mr. Chaloner, ...
+Mr. Hambden, who brought the last message from the King, etc.--_Swift._
+Which Hambden? Not the rebel Hambden? No, it was one Alexander Hambden.
+
+P. 201. [par. 75.] _Clarendon_. In the beginning of the war, the army in
+Scotland having been lately disbanded, many officers of that nation, who
+had served in Germany and in France, betook themselves to the service of
+the Parliament.--_Swift_ Cursed Scots for ever. _Clarendon_. Whereof
+divers were men of good conduct, and courage; though there were more as
+bad as the cause, in which they engaged. Of the former sort Colonel
+Hurry was a man of name, and reputation.--_Swift._ A miracle! Colonel
+Urrie was an honest, valiant, loyal Scot, repenting his mistakes.
+
+P. 203. [par. 78.] _Clarendon_. The man [Hurry] was in his nature proud,
+and imperious.--_Swift_. A mixture of the Scot.
+
+P. 219. [par. 106.] _Clarendon_. On the brow of the hill there were
+breast-works, on which were pretty bodies of small shot, and some
+cannon; on either flank grew a pretty thick wood.--_Swift_. Silly style.
+
+P. 244. [par. 162.] _Clarendon_. "We, the Inhabitants, Magistrates,"
+etc.--_Swift_. Cursed rogues.
+
+P. 261. [par. 199.] _Clarendon_. Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, a young
+gentleman ... of a fair and plentiful fortune.--_Swift._ Earl of
+Shaftesbury by Charles II. A great villain.
+
+P. 262. [par. 199.] _Clarendon_. The flexibility and instability of that
+gentleman's nature, not being then understood, or suspected.--_Swift_.
+Shaftesbury, an early rogue.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 200.] _Clarendon_. The express returned without effect
+[from the King], and the Marquess [of Hertford] was as sensibly touched
+as could be imagined; and said, "that he was fallen from all credit with
+the King," etc.--_Swift_. Too fond of those nephews.
+
+P. 271. [par. 221.] _Clarendon_. [Lord Falkland] writ two large
+discourses against the principal positions of that [the Roman Catholic]
+religion, with that sharpness of style, and full weight of reason, that
+the Church is deprived of great jewels in the concealment of them, and
+that they are not published to the world.--_Swift_. Ten thousand pities
+that they are not to be recovered!
+
+P. 277. [par. 234.] _Clarendon_. Thus fell that incomparable young man,
+[Lord Falkland,] in the four-and-thirtieth year of his age, having so
+much dispatched the true business of life, that the eldest rarely attain
+to that immense knowledge, and the youngest enter not into the world
+with more innocency: Whosoever leads such a life needs be the less
+anxious upon how short warning it is taken from him.--_Swift_. It moves
+grief to the highest excess.
+
+P. 277. [par. 236.] _Clarendon_, on the jealousy between Essex and
+Waller:--The passion and animosity which difference of opinion had
+produced between any members, was totally laid aside and forgotten, and
+no artifice omitted to make the world believe, that they were a people
+newly incorporated, and as firmly united to one and the same end, as
+their brethren the Scots.--_Swift_. Deceitful Scots.
+
+P. 282. [par. 246.] _Clarendon_. Earl of Holland.--_Swift._ Treacherous.
+
+P. 283 [par. 247.] _Clarendon_, the Earl of Holland, on his return from
+Oxford, published a Declaration, in which he announced:--that he found
+the court so indisposed to peace ... that he resolved to make what haste
+he could back to the Parliament, and to spend the remainder of his life
+in their service: which action, so contrary to his own natural
+discretion and generosity, etc.--_Swift_. Treachery.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 249.] _Clarendon_. The committee from the two Houses of
+Parliament, which was sent into Scotland in July before ... found that
+kingdom in so good and ready a posture for their reception, that they
+had called an assembly of their kirk; and a convention of their estates,
+without, and expressly against, the King's consent.--_Swift_. Diabolical
+Scots for ever.
+
+P. 284. [par. 250.] _Clarendon_, the Scotch said to the English
+commissioners.--that there were many well-wishers to him [the King], and
+maligners, in their hearts, of the present reformation.--_Swift_. Cursed
+Scots.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 252.] _Clarendon_. A form of words was quickly agreed on
+between them, for a perfect combination and _marriage_ between the
+Parliament and the Scots.--_Swift_. Satan was parson.
+
+P. 285. [par. 254.] _Clarendon_. The Assembly, besides ... execute
+execute his commands. [19 lines in one sentence.]--_Swift_. A long
+confounding period.
+
+P. 288. [par. 259, sec. 3.] _Clarendon_. A Solemn League and Covenant.
+"To preserve ... liberties of the Kingdoms."--_Swift_. Damnable rebel
+Scots.
+
+_Ibid_. [sec. 6.] _Clarendon_, the same:--"And the honour of the
+King."--_Swift_. By martyrdom.
+
+P. 289. [par. 259, conclusion.] _Clarendon_, the same:--"We have not as
+we ought valued the inestimable benefit of the Gospel."--_Swift_. All
+very true.
+
+P. 291. [par. 264.] _Clarendon_. They very devoutly extolled the
+Covenant, magnified the Scottish nation, with all imaginable attributes
+of esteem and reverence,... a nation that had reformed their lives for
+so small a time, more than ever any people, that they knew of, in the
+world had done.--_Swift._ Most diabolical Scots.
+
+P. 292. [par. 267.] _Clarendon_. [Sir Harry Vane the younger.] There
+need no more be said of his ability, than that he was chosen to cozen,
+and deceive a whole nation which was thought to excel in craft and
+cunning.--_Swift_. Could out-cheat a Scot.
+
+P. 293. [par. 269.] _Clarendon_. Those of the nobility and gentry, who
+did really desire to serve the King, applied themselves to Duke
+Hamilton.--_Swift_. That duke was a hellish, treacherous villain of a
+Scot.
+
+P. 316. [par. 322.] _Clarendon_. At this time, nothing troubled the King
+so much, as the intelligence he received from Scotland, that they had
+already formed their army, and resolved to enter England in the winter
+season.--_Swift_. Cursed Scots.
+
+_Ibid_., line 37.--_Swift_. Scottish Dogs.
+
+P. 318. [par. 328.] _Clarendon_, on the proclamation for a Parliament at
+Oxford.--A proclamation was issued out, containing the true grounds and
+motives, and mentioning the league of Scotland to invade the kingdom;
+which was the most universally odious, and detestable.--_Swift_. Hellish
+Scots.
+
+P. 339 [Par. 373.] _Clarendon_, Letter from the Parliament of Oxford to
+the Earl of Essex. They conjure him to lay to heart:--"the inward
+bleeding condition of your country, and the outward more menacing
+destruction by a foreign nation."--_Swift_. Cursed Scotland.
+
+P. 340. [par. 377.] _Clarendon_, Essex's answer to the Earl of
+Forth.--_Swift_. Essex was a cursed rebel.
+
+P. 341. [par. 379.] _Clarendon_, on the Declaration of the Scots on
+entering England.--_Swift_. Abominable, damnable, Scotch hellish dogs
+for ever. Let them wait for Cromwell to plague them, and enslave their
+scabby nation.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 380.] _Clarendon_, the same.--They said, "the question was
+not,... whether they might propagate their religion by arms?"
+etc.--_Swift_. Diabolical Scots for ever.
+
+P. 342. [par. 383.] _Clarendon_. This war was of God.--_Swift_. An error
+mistaking the Devil for God.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 384.] _Clarendon_, Declaration of England and
+Scotland:--They gave now "public warning to all men to rest no longer
+upon their neutrality,... but that they address themselves speedily to
+take the Covenant."--_Swift_. The Devil made that damnable Scots
+Covenant.
+
+P. 343. [par. 385] _Clarendon_. Then they proclaimed a pardon to all
+those who would before such a day desert the King, and adhere to them,
+and take the Covenant.--_Swift_. The Devil to take the Covenant.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 386.] _Clarendon_. I cannot but observe, that after this
+time that the Earl [of Essex] declined this opportunity of declaring
+himself, he never did prosperous act in the remainder of his
+life.--_Swift_. I am heartily glad of that.
+
+P. 343. [par. 388.] _Clarendon_. There wanted not a just indignation at
+the return of this trumpet; and yet the answer being so much in that
+popular road, of saying something plausibly to the people, it was
+thought fit again to make an attempt, that at least the world might see,
+that they did, in plain _English_ refuse to admit of any
+peace.--_Swift_. Scotch.
+
+P. 347. [par. 398, sec. 2.] _Clarendon_, Declaration of the Parliament
+at Oxford:--"All his Majesty's subjects of the kingdom of England and
+dominion of Wales, are both by their allegiance, and the Act of
+Pacification, bound to resist and repress all those of Scotland as had,
+or should enter upon any part of his Majesty's realm."--_Swift_.
+Execrable Scots.
+
+P. 348. [_ibid,_ sec. 5.] _Clarendon_ the same:--"That the Lords and
+Commons remaining at Westminster, who had given their consents to the
+present coming in of the Scots in a warlike manner, had therein
+committed high treason."--_Swift_. Rebel Scots.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 400.] _Clarendon_. The invasion, which the Scots made in
+the depth of winter, and the courage the enemy took from thence,
+deprived his Majesty even of any rest in that season.--_Swift_. Cursed
+Scots, ever inflaming.
+
+P. 351. [par. 404.] _Clarendon_. The Earl of Montrose ... was so much in
+the jealousy, and detestation of the violent party, whereof the _Earl of
+Argyle_ was the head, that there was no cause or room left to doubt his
+sincerity to the King.--_Swift_. Odious dog; and so are all his
+descendants.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 405.] _Clarendon_. Duke Hamilton.--_Swift_. An arrant
+Scot.
+
+_Ibid. Clarendon_. As soon as the King had had fuller intelligence.
+[Swift alters the second _had to received_.]
+
+P. 352. [par. 407.] _Clarendon_. The Duke [Hamilton] had given the King
+an account,... that though some few hot, and passionate men, desired to
+put themselves in arms, to stop both elections of the Members, and any
+meeting together in Parliament; yet, that all sober men ... were clearly
+of the opinion, to take as much pains as they could to cause good
+elections to be made.--_Swift._ What! in Scotland?
+
+P. 353. [par. 409.] _Clarendon_. About this time the councils at
+Westminster lost a principal supporter, by the death of John Pym; who
+died with great torment and agony of a disease unusual, and therefore
+the more spoken of, _morbus pediculosus,_ as was reported.--_Swift_. I
+wish all his clan had died of the same disease.
+
+BOOK VIII.
+
+P. 382. [par. 60.] _Clarendon_. Colonel Ashburnham, then governor of
+Weymouth, was made choice of for that command; ...and, to make way for
+him, Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper had been, the year before, removed from
+that charge; and was thereby so much disobliged, that he quitted the
+King's party, and gave himself up, body and soul, to the service of the
+Parliament, with an implacable animosity against the royal
+interest.--_Swift_. A rogue all his life.
+
+P. 385. [par. 66.] _Clarendon_, at Cropredy-bridge:--the [parliamentary]
+general of their ordnance [was] taken prisoner. This man, one Weemes, a
+Scotchman, had been as much obliged by the King, as a man of his
+condition could be, and in a manner very unpopular: for he was made
+master-gunner of England,... and having never done the King the least
+service, he took the first opportunity to disserve him.--_Swift_. A
+cursed, hellish Scot! Why was not the rogue hanged?
+
+P-387. [par. 69.] _Clarendon_, Message from the King to the
+parliamentary army:--It was agreed, that Sir Edward Walker (who was both
+Garter king at arms, and secretary to the council of war) should be sent
+to publish that, his Majesty's grace.--_Swift_. A very mean author.
+
+P. 388. [par. 74.] _Clarendon_, Battle of Marston-moor:--That party of
+the King's horse which charged the Scots, so totally routed and defeated
+their whole army, that they fled all ways for many miles
+together.--_Swift_. I am glad of that.
+
+P. 420. [par. 153.] _Clarendon_. Colonel Hurry, a Scotchman, who had
+formerly served the Parliament, and is well mentioned, in the
+transactions of the last year, for having quitted them, and performed
+some signal service to the King,... desired a pass to go beyond the
+seas, and so quitted the service: but instead of embarking himself, made
+haste to London; and put himself now into the Earl of Manchester's army,
+and made a discovery of all he knew of the King's army.--_Swift_.
+Mentioned before, and then I was deceived by him; but now I find him a
+cursed true Scot.
+
+P. 427. [par. 167.] _Clarendon_. After the battle of York, the Scots
+returned to reduce Newcastle; which they had already done; and all other
+garrisons which had held out for the King.--_Swift_. Most damnable
+Scots.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 168.] _Clarendon_. The King's army was less united than
+ever; the old general was set aside, and Prince Rupert put into the
+command, which was no popular change.--_Swift_. Too fond of his nephews.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 169.] _Clarendon_. Wilmot loved debauchery.--_Swift_.
+Character of Wilmot and Goring.
+
+P. 453. [par. 233.] _Clarendon_, Treaty at Uxbridge: Debates about the
+militia. They insisted:--upon having the whole command of the militia by
+sea, and land, and all the forts, and ships of the kingdom at their
+disposal; without which they looked upon themselves as lost, and at the
+King's mercy; not considering that he must be at theirs, if such a power
+was committed to them.--_Swift_. The case seems doubtful. The point
+should be undecided.
+
+P. 454. [par. 235.] _Clarendon_, the same: Ireland. The Chancellor of
+the Exchequer:--put them in mind, ... [that] one hundred thousand
+pounds, brought in by the adventurers for Ireland, had been sent in one
+entire sum into _Scotland_, to prepare and dispose that kingdom to send
+an army to invade this.--_Swift_ Cursed.
+
+P. 456. [On this page two _ands_ are erased.]
+
+P. 457. [par. 241.] _Clarendon_. The conversation ... made a great
+discovery of the faction that was in the Parliament ... that the Scots
+would insist _upon_ the whole government of the Church, and in all other
+matters would _defer_ to the King.--_Swift_. [Instead of _upon,_] to
+destroy; [and instead of _defer,_] to betray.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 242.] _Clarendon_. Satisfied, that in the particular which
+concerned the Church, the Scots would never depart from a
+tittle.--_Swift_. Scots hell-hounds.
+
+P. 466. [par. 262.] _Clarendon_. After the battle at York, ... the
+Scotch army marched northwards, to reduce the little garrisons remaining
+in those parts; which was easily done.--_Swift_. Scottish dogs.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 263.] _Clarendon_. The person whom that earl [of Montrose]
+most hated, and contemned, was the Marquess of Argyle.--_Swift_. A most
+damnable false dog, and so are still their family.
+
+P. 478. [par. 284.] _Clarendon_. The Parliament had, some months before,
+made an ordinance against giving quarter to any of the Irish nation
+which should be taken prisoners. ... The Earl of Warwick, and the
+officers under him at sea, had as often as he met with any Irish
+frigates, ... taken all the seamen who became prisoners to them of that
+nation, and bound them back to back, and thrown them overboard into the
+sea.--_Swift_. Barbarous villains, and rebels.
+
+BOOK IX.
+
+P. 484. [par. 2.] _Clarendon_. Persons, whose memories ought to be
+charged with their own evil actions, rather than that the infamy of them
+should be laid on the age wherein they lived; which did produce as many
+men, eminent for their loyalty and incorrupted fidelity to the crown, as
+any that had preceded it.--_Swift_. Not quite.
+
+P. 485. [par. 4.] _Clarendon_. The Marquess of Argyle was now come from
+Scotland.--_Swift_. A cursed Scotch hell-hound.
+
+P. 501. [par. 29.] _Clarendon_. Prince Rupert ... disposed the King to
+resolve to march northwards, and to fall upon the Scotch army in
+Yorkshire, before Fairfax should be able to perfect his new model to
+that degree, as to take the field.--_Swift._ Cursed Scots still.
+
+P. 516. [par. 55.] _Clarendon,_ on Sir Richard Greenvil hanging an
+attorney named Brabant, as a spy, out of private revenge.--_Swift._
+This rogue would almost be a perfect Scot.
+
+P. 521. [par. 63.] _Clarendon_. (The which had been already so
+scandalous, ... contribution.) [61/2 lines between parentheses.]
+--_Swift._ Long parenthesis.
+
+P. 574. [par. 164] _Clarendon_. The King ... resolved once more to try
+another way, ... [whereby] he should discover, whether he had so many
+friends in the Parliament, and the city, as many men would persuade him
+to conclude; and whether the Scots had ever a thought of doing him
+service.--_Swift._ No more than Beelzebub.
+
+P. 579. [par. 175.] _Clarendon_. Monsieur Montrevil [was sent] into
+England: ... who likewise persuaded his Majesty, to believe  ... that
+the cardinal was well assured, that the Scots would behave themselves
+henceforwards very honestly.--_Swift._ Damnable Scots.
+
+P. 580. [par. 176.] _Clarendon_. The Scots were resolved to have _no
+more_ to do with his Majesty.--_Swift_. Gave up the King.
+
+VOLUME III.
+
+On the bastard title: That frequent expression,--_upon the word of a
+king_, I have always despised and detested, for a thousand reasons.
+
+Dedication, 21st par. [vol. I., p. li., edit of 1888.] _Clarendon._ Some
+very near that King ... putting him on the thoughts of marrying some
+Roman Catholic lady.--_Swift_. As he did.
+
+BOOK X.
+
+P. 2. [par. 2.] _Clarendon_. Sir Dudley Wyat had been sent expressly from
+the Lord Jermin, to assure the prince, that such a body of five thousand
+foot were actually raised under the command of _Ruvignie_, and should be
+embarked for Pendennis within less than a month.--_Swift_. Father to
+Lord Galloway; a Huguenot.
+
+P. 6. [par. 11.] _Clarendon_, Upon the Queen's hearing that the King had
+gone to the Scots army, she:--renewed her command for the prince's
+immediate repair into France; whereas the chief reason before was, that
+he would put himself into the Scots' hands.--_ Swift_. He could not do
+worse.
+
+P. 7 [par. 12] _Clarendon_ The King ... was by this time known to be in
+the Scots army--_Swift_. And these hell hounds sold him to the rebels.
+
+P. 11 [par. 21] _Clarendon_ [The Scots] had pressed the King to do many
+things, which he had absolutely refused to do, and that thereupon they
+had put very strict guards upon his Majesty, ... so that his Majesty
+looked upon himself as a prisoner--_Swift_. The cursed Scots begin their
+new treachery.
+
+P. 14 [par. 27] _Clarendon_, on "the paper Montrevil sent to the King,
+being a promise for the Scots receiving the King, Apr 1"--_Swift_.
+Montrevil might as safely promise for Satan as for the Scots.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 28] _Clarendon_ on Montrevil's advertising the King of the
+change in the Scotch--_Swift_. Will Montrevil trust them again?
+
+P. 15 [ditto] _Clarendon_ [The Sots] with much ado agreed, that the two
+princes [Rupert and Maurice] ... might follow the King, with such other
+of his servants as were not excepted from pardon--_Swift_. And why
+those? Because the Scots were part of the rebels.
+
+P. 16 [par. 30] _Clarendon_, in a letter from Montrevil--"They tell me
+that they will do more than can be expressed"--_Swift_. So the Scots
+did, and with a vengeance.
+
+_Ibid_. [ditto] _Clarendon_, in the same--"The hindering his Majesty
+from falling into the hands of the English is of so great importance to
+them, that it cannot be believed but that they will do all that lies in
+their power to hinder it"--_Swift_. By delivering him up for money.
+Hellish Scottish dogs!
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 31] _Clarendon_. If he [Montrevil] were too sanguine ...
+when he signed that engagement upon the first of April, etc.--_Swift_.
+April fool.[6]
+
+[Footnote 6: The words quoted are the side note, which is not printed in
+the edition of 1888 [T.S.]]
+
+P. 17 [par. 33] _Clarendon_. In this perplexity, he [the King] chose
+rather to commit himself to the Scots army--_Swift_. To be delivered up
+for money.
+
+_Ibid_. [ditto] _Clarendon_. He left Oxford, ... leaving those of his
+council in Oxford who were privy to his going out, not informed whether
+he would go to the Scots army, etc.--_Swift_. Which would betray him,
+though his countrymen.
+
+_Ibid_. [ditto] _Clarendon_ [The King,] in the end, went into the Scots
+army before Newark--_Swift_. Prodigious weakness, to trust the
+malicious Scotch hell-hounds.
+
+P. 17. [par. 34.] _Clarendon_. The Scottish commissioners at London
+[assured the Parliament] ... that all their orders would meet with an
+absolute obedience in their army.--_Swift_. No doubt of it.
+
+P. 18. [par. 35.] _Clarendon_, in the text of the sermon preached at
+Newark before the King:--"And all _the men of Judah_ answered the men of
+Israel, Because the King is near of kin to us: wherefore then be ye
+angry for this matter?"--_Swift._ Scotch, (opposite to Judah).
+
+P. 21. [par. 41.] _Clarendon_, Lord Digby and Lord Jermin said:--that
+there should be an army of thirty thousand men immediately transported
+into England, with the Prince of Wales in the head of them.--_Swift_.
+Gasconade.
+
+P. 23. [par. 50.] _Clarendon_. The Parliament made many sharp instances
+that the King might be delivered into their hands; and that the Scots
+army would return into their own country, having done what they were
+sent for, and the war being at an end.--_Swift_. By the event they
+proved true Scots.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 51.] _Clarendon_. [The Scots] made as great profession to
+him [the King,] of their duty and good purposes, which they said they
+would manifest as soon as it should be _seasonable_.--_Swift_. See the
+event;--still Scots.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 52.] _Clarendon_, the Marquess of Montrose.--_Swift_ The
+only honest Scot.
+
+P. 24. [par. 53.] _Clarendon_. [It] is still believed, that if his
+Majesty would have been induced to have satisfied them in that
+particular [the extirpation of Episcopacy in England,] they would ...
+thereupon have declared for the King.--_Swift_. Rather declare for the
+Devil.
+
+P. 26. [par. 60.] _Clarendon_. When the Scots, etc.--_Swift_. Cursed
+Scots.
+
+P. 27. [par. 62.] _Clarendon_. That all Governors of any Garrisons, etc.
+--_Swift_. Cursed, abominable, hellish, Scottish villains, everlasting
+traitors, etc., etc., etc.
+
+P. 28. [par. 64.] _Clarendon_. The Scots, who were enough convinced that
+his Majesty could never be wrought upon to sacrifice the Church ... used
+all the rude importunity and threats to his Majesty, to persuade him
+freely to consent to all.--__Swift _. Most damnable Scots.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 65.] _Clarendon_. The Chancellor of Scotland told him,
+etc.--_Swift_. Cursed Scots Chancellor [this remark obliterated].
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 66.] _Clarendon_. The General Assembly ... had petitioned
+the conservators of the peace of the kingdom, that if the King should
+refuse to give satisfaction to his Parliament, he might not be permitted
+to come into Scotland.--_Swift_. Scots inspired by Beelzebub.
+
+P. 29. [par. 68.] _Clarendon_. They agreed; and, upon the payment of two
+hundred thousand pounds in hand, and security for as much more upon days
+agreed upon, the Scots delivered the King up.--_Swift_. Cursed Scot!
+sold his King for a groat. Hellish Scots.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 69.] _Clarendon_. In this infamous manner that excellent
+prince was ... given up, by his Scots subjects, to those of his English
+who were intrusted by the Parliament to receive him.--_Swift_. From this
+period the English Parliament were turned into Scotch devils.
+
+P. 31. [par. 76.] _Clarendon_, Sir Harry Killigrew:--When the Earl of
+Essex was chosen general, and the several members of the House stood up,
+and declared, what horse they would raise,  ... one saying he would
+raise ten horses, and another twenty, he stood up and said, "he would
+provide a good horse, and a good buff coat, and a good pair of pistols,
+and then he doubted not but he should find a good cause;" and so went
+out of the House, and rode post into Cornwall.--_Swift_. Another loyall
+man used the like saying.
+
+P. 53. [par. 118.] _Clarendon_. Many years after, when he [the Duke of
+York] ... made the full relation of all the particulars to me, with that
+commotion of spirit, that it appeared to be deeply rooted in him;
+[speaking of the King's injunctions to the duke].--_Swift_. Yet he lived
+and died a rank Papist, and lost his kingdom.
+
+P. 55. [par. 121.] _Clarendon_. No men were fuller of professions of
+duty [to the King], ... than the Scottish commissioners.--_Swift_ The
+Scots dogs delivered up their King. False-hearted Scots. [This addition
+obliterated.]
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 122.] _Clarendon_. The agitators, and council of officers,
+sent some propositions to the King.--_Swift_. Detestable villains,
+almost as bad as Scots.
+
+P. 64 [par. 136] _Clarendon_. Mr. Ashburnham had so great a detestation
+of the Scots.--_Swift_. So have I.
+
+P. 68. [par. 144.] _Clarendon_. Hammond,--_Swift_. A detes Villain,
+almost as wicked as a Scot.
+
+P. 76. [par. 159.] _Clarendon_, Marquess of Argyle.--_Swift_. Always a
+cursed family.
+
+P. 77 [par. 159.] _Clarendon_. The commissioners ... were confident that
+all Scotland would rise as one man for his Majesty's defence and
+vindication.--_Swift_. A strange stupidity, to trust Scots at any time.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 160.] _Clarendon_. They required ... "that the Prince of
+Wales should be present with them, and march in the head of their army."
+... The King would by no means consent that the prince should go into
+Scotland.--_Swift_. The King acted wisely not to trust the Scots.
+
+P. 79. [par. 162.] _Clarendon_, Treaty signed, Dec. 26, 1647. They (the
+Scotch) required:--that an effectual course should be taken ... for the
+suppressing the opinions and practices of anti-trinitarians, arians,
+socinians, anti-scripturists, anabaptists, antinomians, arminians,
+familists, brownists, separatists, independents, libertines, and
+seekers.--_Swift_. What a medley of religions! in all thirteen.
+
+P. 80. [par. 163.] _Clarendon_, the same:--They would assert the right
+that belonged to the crown, in the power of the militia, the great seal,
+bestowing of honours and offices of trust, choice of the
+privy-councillors, and the right of the King's negative voice in
+Parliament.--_Swift_. They would rather be hanged than agree.
+
+_Ibid_, [ditto.] _Clarendon_, the same:--An army should be sent out of
+Scotland ... for making a firm union between the kingdoms under his
+Majesty, and his posterity.--_Swift_. Scotch impudence.
+
+P. 81. [par. 165.] _Clarendon_, the same:--The King engaged himself to
+employ those of the Scots nation equally with the English in all foreign
+employments, and negotiations; and that a third part of all the offices
+and places about the King, Queen, and Prince, should be conferred upon
+some persons of that nation.--_Swift_. Impudent Scottish scoundrels.
+
+P. 83. [par. 169.] _Clarendon_. The Presbyterians, by whom I mean the
+Scots, formed all their counsels by the inclinations, and affections of
+the people.--_Swift_. Hellish Scotch dogs.
+
+P. 85. [par. 171.] _Clarendon_. With this universal applause, he
+[Fairfax] compelled the Scots army to depart the kingdom, with
+that circumstance as must ever after render them odious and
+infamous.--_Swift_. He out-cunninged the Scots.
+
+P. 86. [par. 172.] _Clarendon_. But the delivery of the King up, besides
+the infamy of it, etc.--_Swift_. That infamy is in the scurvy nature of
+a _Scot_, and the best ... of their false hearts. [Written in pencil and
+rubbed out--one word is illegible.]
+
+P. 89. [par. 179.] _Clarendon_. The vile artifices of the Scottish
+commissioners to draw the King into their hands.--_Swift_. Vile,
+treacherous Scots for ever.
+
+BOOK XI.
+
+P. 97. [par. 13.] _Clarendon_, on the discourses against the English in
+the Scottish Parliament:--This discourse ... was entertained by the rest
+with so general a reception, that Argyle found it would be to no purpose
+directly to contradict or oppose it.--_Swift_. An infamous dog, like all
+his family.
+
+P. 108. [par. 35.] _Clarendon_. The Prince [Charles II.] set sail first
+for Yarmouth road, then for the Downs, having sent his brother, the Duke
+of York, with all his family, to The Hague.--_Swift_. A sorry admiral.
+
+P. 109 [ditto] _Clarendon_. The Prince determining to engage his own
+person, he [the Duke] submitted to the determination--_Swift_. Popery
+and cowardice stuck with him all his life.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 36] _Clarendon_. The Prince came prepared to depend wholly
+upon the Presbyterian party, which, besides the power of the _Scots
+army,_ which was every day expected to invade England, was thought to be
+possessed of all the strength of the City of London.--_Swift_. Curse on
+the rogues!
+
+_Ibid_. [same par.] _Clarendon_. Sent from the Scots[7]--_Swift_. So
+much the worse to rely on the cursed Scots.
+
+[Footnote 7: The words are "sent from thence" in edition of 1888. [T.
+S.]]
+
+P. 112 [par. 43] _Clarendon_. Argyle took notice of Sir Marmaduke
+Langdale's, and Sir Philip Musgrave's being in the town.--_Swift_. That
+Scotch dog.
+
+P. 113 [par. 45] _Clarendon_. They entreated them with all imaginable
+importunity, that they would take the Covenant.--_Swift_. Their damned
+Covenant.
+
+P. 117 [par. 53] _Clarendon_. Sir Philip Musgrave, that it might appear
+that they did not exclude any who had taken the Covenant, etc.--_Swift_.
+Confound their damnable Covenant!
+
+P. 129 [par. 85] _Clarendon_. Defeat of the Scots army--_Swift_. I
+cannot be sorry.
+
+_Ibid_. [pars. 86, 87] _Clarendon_, after the defeat of the Scottish
+army, the Earl of Lauderdale had been sent to The Hague The Prince of
+Wales--thought fit, that the earl should give an account of his
+commission at the board, ... and, that all respect might be shewed to
+the Parliament of Scotland, he had a chair allowed him to sit
+upon--_Swift_. Respect to a Scotch Parliament, with a pox.
+
+P. 130 [par. 87] _Clarendon_. Redeem His Majesty's person from that
+captivity, which they held themselves obliged ... to endeavour to
+do--_Swift_. Not to do.
+
+P. 133 [par. 96] _Clarendon_. Within a short time after, orders were
+sent out of Scotland for the delivery of Berwick and Carlisle to the
+Parliament--_Swift_. Cursed Scots.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 98] _Clarendon_. It was generally believed, that the
+Marquess of Argyle earnestly invited him [Cromwell] to this progress
+[into Scotland]--_Swift_. That eternal dog, Argyle.
+
+P. 141 [par. 114] _Clarendon_. By the time that the commissioners
+returned from the Isle of Wight, and delivered this answer to the
+Parliament, news was brought of the defeat of the Scots army, and
+Cromwell had written to his friends, etc.--_Swift_. A cursed hell
+hound.
+
+P. 142. [par. 116.] _Clarendon_. When there appeared some hopes that the
+Scots would raise an army for the relief and release of the
+King.--_Swift_. Trust them not, for they are Scots.
+
+P. 145. [par. 120.] _Clarendon_. And himself a prisoner.--_Swift._ Base.
+
+P. 155. [par. 141.] _Clarendon_. The Duke [of York], who was not yet
+above fifteen years of age, was so far from desiring to be with the
+fleet, that, when there was once a proposition, upon occasion of a
+sudden mutiny amongst the seamen, that he should go ... amongst them,
+who professed great duty to his Highness, he was so offended at it that
+he would not hear of it.--_Swift_. The Duke's courage was always
+doubtful.
+
+P. 157. [par. 146.] _Clarendon_. (Many persons of honour ... the rest
+had done.)--_Swift_. Parenthesis eleven lines.
+
+P. 167. [par. 169.] _Clarendon_. Two of them [the ministers] very
+plainly and fiercely told the King, "that if he did not consent to the
+utter abolishing of the Episcopacy, he would be damned."--_Swift_. Very
+civil.
+
+P. 168. [par. 172.] _Clarendon_. [The King] did, with much reluctancy,
+offer ... "to suspend Episcopacy for three years," etc.--_Swift_.
+Prudent concessions.
+
+_Ibid_. [ditto.] _Clarendon_, he consented:--likewise, "that money
+should be raised upon the sale of the Church lands, and only
+the old rent should be reserved to the just owners and their
+successors."--_Swift_. Scotch principles.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 173.] _Clarendon_. They required farther, "that in all
+cases, when the Lords and Commons shall declare the safety of the
+kingdom to be concerned, unless the King give his royal assent to such a
+Bill as shall be tendered to him for raising money, the Bill shall have
+the force of an Act of Parliament, as if he had given his royal
+assent."--_Swift_. English dogs, as bad as Scots.
+
+P. 170. [par. 176.] _Clarendon_, on the King's concessions.--_Swift_.
+After so many concessions, the commissioners shewed themselves most
+damnable villains.
+
+P. 172. [par. 181.] _Clarendon_. [The King] confessed, "If they would
+preserve the Scripture Bishop he would take away the Bishop by
+Law."--_Swift_. Indeed! a great concession.
+
+P. 174. [par. 187.] _Clarendon_. For Scotland, they demanded "the King's
+consent, to confirm by Act of Parliament such agreements as should be
+made by both Houses with that kingdom  ... for the settling and
+preserving a happy and durable peace between the two nations, and for
+the mutual defence of each other."--_Swift_. A most diabolical alliance.
+
+P. 175. [par. 189.] _Clarendon_, on the letter from the King to his son,
+concerning the treaty.--_Swift_. The whole letter is a most excellent
+performance.
+
+P. 176. [par. 189.] _Clarendon_. The major part of both Houses of
+Parliament was, at that time, so far from desiring the execution of all
+those concessions, that, if they had been able to have resisted the wild
+fury of _the army_, they would have been themselves suitors to have
+declined the greatest part of them.--_Swift_. Diabolical villains.
+
+P. 177. [par. 193.] _Clarendon_. It cannot be imagined how wonderfully
+fearful some persons in France were that he [the King] should have made
+his escape, and the dread they had of his coming thither.--_Swift_.
+French villains.
+
+P. 180. [par. 198.] _Clarendon_, the Commons sent to Winchester:--their
+well tried Serjeant Wild, to be the sole judge of that circuit.--_Swift_.
+An infernal dog.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 200.] _Clarendon_. Young Sir Harry Vane had begun the
+debate [upon the treaty] with the highest insolence, and
+provocation.--_Swift_. A cursed insolent villain, worse than even a
+Scot, or his own father.
+
+P. 183. [par. 206.] _Clarendon_, on the seizure of many Members entering
+into the House, by the soldiers.--_Swift_. Damnable proceeding.
+
+P. 184. [ditto.] _Clarendon_, the remaining Members vote the contrary to
+their former votes:--that the answer the King had given to their
+propositions was not satisfactory.--_Swift_. Cursed rogues.
+
+P. 189. [par. 221.] _Clarendon_. Harrison was the son of a
+butcher.--_Swift_. The fitter for that office.
+
+P. 195. [par. 233.] _Clarendon_, Trial of the King:--The King ... told
+them, "he would first know of them, by what authority they presumed by
+force to bring him before them, and who gave them power to judge of his
+actions, for which he was accountable to none but God."--_Swift_. Very
+weak.
+
+P. 198. [par. 241] _Clarendon_. [The King] was always a great lover of
+the Scottish nation.--_Swift_. There I differ from him.
+
+_Ibid_. [ditto.] _Clarendon_. Having not only been born there, but
+educated by that people, and besieged by them always.--_Swift_. Who
+were the cause of his destruction, like abominable Scotch dogs.
+
+P. 199. [par. 244] _Clarendon_. In that very hour when he was thus
+wickedly murdered in the sight of the sun, he had as great a share in
+the hearts and affections of his subjects ... as any of his
+predecessors.--_Swift_. Only common pity for his death, and the manner
+of it.
+
+P. 208. [par. 261] _Clarendon_, Lord Capel's trial:--_Cromwell,_ who had
+known him very well, spoke so much good of him, and professed to have so
+much kindness and respect for him, that all men thought he was now
+safe.--_Swift_. Cursed dog.
+
+BOOK XII.
+
+P. 217. [par. 4.] _Clarendon_, Charles II. proclaimed in Scotland:
+--upon condition of "his good behaviour, and strict observation of the
+Covenant, and his entertaining no other persons about him but such as
+were godly men, and faithful to that obligation."--_Swift_ Cursed Scots
+in every circumstance.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 5.] _Clarendon_. The new Duke [of Hamilton].--_Swift_. A
+Scotch duke, celebrated by the author: a perfect miracle.
+
+_Ibid_. [ditto.] _Clarendon_. A rare virtue in the men of that time.
+--_Swift._ [Of that] nation.
+
+P. 218. [par. 7.] _Clarendon_, on the commission sent to England when
+the King was tried:--The Marquess of Argyle had had too deep a share in
+that wickedness [the delivery of the King], to endure the shock of a new
+dispute, and inquisition upon that subject; and therefore gave not the
+least opposition to their passion [of the Scots].--_Swift_. A true
+Argyle.
+
+_Ibid_. [continuation of the same sentence.] _Clarendon_. But seemed
+equally concerned in the honour of the nation, to prosecute an high
+expostulation with those of England, for the breach of faith, and the
+promises, which had been made for the safety, and preservation of the
+King's person, at the time he was delivered up.--_Swift_. The Scots were
+the cause and chief instruments of the King's murder by delivering him
+up to the English rebels.
+
+P. 222. [par. 13.] _Clarendon_. It was very manifest ... that the
+Marquess of Argyle meant only to satisfy the people, in declaring that
+they had a King ... but that such conditions should be put upon him, as
+he knew, he would not submit to.--_Swift_. Most detestable villain.
+
+P. 224. [par. 17.] _Clarendon_. As soon as he came into the room where
+they were.--_Swift_. Abominable Scotch dogs.
+
+P. 225. [ditto.] _Clarendon_. A learned and worthy Scottish divine, Dr.
+Wishart.--_Swift_. A prodigious rarity.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 18.] _Clarendon_. The Earl [of Lauderdale] told him [one
+of the council] ... that he could not imagine, or conceive the
+barbarities and inhumanities Montrose was guilty of, in the time he made
+a war in Scotland.--_Swift_. That earl was a beast; I mean Lauderdale.
+
+_Ibid_, [ditto.] _Clarendon_. That he [Montrose] had in one battle
+killed fifteen hundred of one family, of the Campbells, of the blood and
+name of Argyle.--_Swift_. Not half enough of that execrable breed.
+
+P. 228. [par. 24.] _Clarendon_, for the embassy from the Parliament:
+--one Dorislaus, a doctor in the civil law, was named.--_Swift_. A
+Dutch fellow, employed by those regicides who murdered the King.
+
+P. 237. [par. 41.] _Clarendon_. The Prince of Orange ... wished, "that,
+in regard of the great differences which were in England about matters
+of religion, the King would offer ... to refer all matters in
+controversy concerning religion to a national synod."--_Swift_. I do
+not approve it.
+
+P. 249. [par. 69.] _Clarendon_, on the defeat of the Marquess of Ormonde
+by Jones.--_Swift_. Ormonde's army discomfited!
+
+P. 265. [par. 119.] _Clarendon_. And that Committee of the
+Parliament.--_Swift_. Scots.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 119.] _Clarendon_. The council of Scotland ... sent a
+gentleman ... to invite his Majesty again to come into his kingdom of
+Scotland, not without a rude insinuation that it was the last invitation
+he should receive.--_Swift_. Still cursed Scots.
+
+P. 267. [par. 122.] _Clarendon_, on the conditions sent from Scotland to
+Breda, in case the King consented to come to Scotland:--The King
+himself, and all who should attend upon him, were first to sign the
+Covenant before they should be admitted to enter into the
+kingdom.--_Swift_. Damnable Scottish dogs.
+
+P. 268. [par. 125.] _Clarendon_, some lords warned the King, that it was
+to be feared that:--Argyle would immediately deliver up the person of
+the King into the hands of Cromwell.--_Swift_. That Scotch dog was
+likely enough to do so, and much worse.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 126.] _Clarendon_, the ambassadors in Spain:--were
+extremely troubled, both of them having always had a strong aversion
+that the King should ever venture himself in the hands of that
+party of the Scottish nation, which had treated his father so
+perfidiously.--_Swift_. Damnable nation for ever.
+
+P. 269. [par. 127.] _Clarendon_. [The King] was before [in Spain] looked
+upon as being dispossessed, and disinherited of all his dominions, as if
+he had no more subjects than those few who were banished with him, and
+that there was an entire defection in all the rest. But now that he was
+possessed of one whole kingdom, etc.--_Swift_. Yet all cursed villains;
+a possession of the Devil's kingdom, where every Scot was a rebel.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 128.] _Clarendon_. There fell out at this time ... an
+accident of such a prodigious nature, that, if Providence had not, for
+the reproach of Scotland, determined that the King should once more make
+experiment of the courage and fidelity of that nation, could not but
+have diverted his Majesty from that northern expedition; which, how
+unsecure soever it appeared to be for the King, was predestinated for a
+greater chastisement and mortification of that people, as it shortly
+after proved to be: [alluding to Montrose's execution.]--_Swift_. That
+is good news.
+
+P. 270. [par. 128.] _Clarendon_. The Marquess [of Montrose], who was
+naturally full of great thoughts, and confident of success.--_Swift_.
+He was the only man in Scotland who had ever one grain of virtue; and
+was therefore abhorred, and murdered publicly by his hellish countrymen.
+
+P. 270. [par. 129.] _Clarendon_. There were many officers of good name
+and account in Sweden, of the Scottish nation.--_Swift_. Impossible.
+
+P. 271. [par. 130.] _Clarendon_. Montrose knew, that of the two factions
+there, which were not like to be reconciled, each of them were equally
+his implacable enemies.--_Swift_. Very certain.
+
+_Ibid_, [ditto.] _Clarendon_. The whole kirk ... being alike malicious
+to him.--_Swift._ Scots damnable kirk.
+
+P. 272. [par. 131]. _Clarendon_. Many of [the nobility] ... assured him
+[Montrose], that they would meet him with good numbers; and they did
+prepare to do so, some really; and others, with a purpose to betray
+him.--_Swift_. Much the greater number.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 133.] _Clarendon_. The tyranny of Argyle ... caused very
+many to be barbarously murdered, without any form of law or justice, who
+had been in arms with Montrose.--_Swift_. That perpetual inhuman dog and
+traitor, and all his posterity, to a man, damnable villains.
+
+P. 273. [par 134.] _Clarendon_ Most of the other officers were shortly
+after taken prisoners, all the country desiring to merit from Argyle by
+betraying all those into his hands which they believed to be his
+enemies.--_Swift_. The virtue and morality of the Scots.
+
+_Ibid_, [ditto] _Clarendon_. And thus, whether _by the owner of the
+house_ or any other way, the Marquess himself became their
+prisoner.--_Swift_. A tyrannical Scottish dog.
+
+P. 274. [par. 137.] _Clarendon_ "That for the League and Covenant, he
+had never taken it," etc.--_Swift_. The Devil, their God, I believe had
+taken it. [This remark is nearly obliterated.]
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 138] _Clarendon_, sentence on Montrose:--That he was ...
+to be carried to Edinburgh Cross, and there to be hanged upon a gallows
+thirty foot high, for the space of three hours, etc.--_Swift_. Oh! if
+the whole nation, to a man, were just so treated! begin with Argyle, and
+next with the fanatic dogs who teased him with their kirk scurrilities.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 139.] _Clarendon_. After many such barbarities, they [the
+ministers] offered to intercede for him to the kirk upon his repentance,
+and to pray with him.--_Swift_. Most treacherous, damnable, infernal
+Scots for ever!
+
+P. 275. [par. 140] _Clarendon_. He bore it [the execution] with ill the
+courage and magnanimity, and the greatest piety, that a good Christian
+could manifest.--_Swift._ A perfect hero; wholly un-Scotified.
+
+_Ibid_, [ditto] _Clarendon_. [He] prayed, "that they might not betray
+him [the King], as they had done his father."--_Swift_. A very
+seasonable prayer, but never performed.
+
+P. 275. [par. 142.] _Clarendon_. The Marquess of Argyle ... wanted
+nothing but _honesty and courage_ to be a very extraordinary
+man.--_Swift_. Trifles to a Scot.
+
+P. 276. [par. 143.] _Clarendon_. They who were most displeased with
+Argyle and his faction, were not sorry for this inhuman, and monstrous
+prosecution [of Montrose].--_Swift_. Impudent, lying Scottish dogs.
+
+BOOK XIII.
+
+P. 285. [par. 1.] _Clarendon_. Without he likewise consented to
+those.--_Swift_. Bad.
+
+P. 286. [par. 3.] _Clarendon_. The King was received by the Marquess of
+Argyle with all the outward respect imaginable.--_Swift_. That dog of
+all Scotch dogs.
+
+_Ibid_, [ditto.] _Clarendon_. They did immediately banish him [Daniel
+O'Neill] the kingdom, and obliged him to sign a paper, by which he
+consented to be put to death, if he were ever after found in the
+kingdom.--_Swift_. In Scotland, with a pox.
+
+P. 287. [par. 5.] _Clarendon_. The King's table was well served.
+--_Swift_. With Scotch food, etc. etc. etc.
+
+P. 300. [par 36.] _Clarendon_. The King had left ... the Duke of York
+with the Queen, with direction "that he should conform himself entirely
+to the will and pleasure of the Queen his mother, matters of religion
+only excepted."--_Swift_. Yet lost his kingdom for the sake of Popery.
+
+P. 301. [par. 37.] _Clarendon_. The Duke [of York] was full of spirit
+and courage, and naturally loved designs.--_Swift. Quantum mutatus!_
+
+P. 304. [par. 42.] _Clarendon_, on the proposed match between the Duke
+of York, and the Duke of Lorraine's natural daughter:--Only Sir George
+Ratcliffe undertook to speak to him about it, who could only make
+himself understood in Latin, which the Duke cared not to speak
+in.--_Swift_. Because he was illiterate, and only read Popish Latin.
+
+P. 305. [par. 44.] _Clarendon_. [The Queen] bid him [the chancellor of
+the exchequer] "assure the Duke of York, that he should have a free
+exercise of his religion, as he had before."--_Swift_. Who unkinged
+himself for Popery.
+
+P. 306. [par. 45.] _Clarendon_. It was indeed the common discourse there
+[in Holland], "that the Protestants of the Church of England could never
+do the King service, but that all his hopes must be in the Roman
+Catholics, and the Presbyterians."--_Swift_. A blessed pair.
+
+_Ibid_. [par. 46.] _Clarendon_. [The Duke of York] was fortified with, a
+firm resolution never to acknowledge that he had committed any
+error.--_Swift_. No, not when he lost his kingdom or Popery.
+
+P. 311. [par. 58.] _Clarendon_. The King had ... friendship with Duke
+Hamilton.--_Swift. Vix intelligo_.
+
+P. 318. [par. 75.] _Clarendon_, the King's defeat at Worcester, 3d of
+September.--_Swift_. September 3d, always lucky to Cromwell.
+
+P. 339. [par. 122.] _Clarendon_. There was no need of spurs to be
+employed to incite the Duke [of York]; who was most impatient to be in
+the army.--_Swift_ How old was he when he turned a Papist, and a coward?
+
+P. 340. [par. 123.] _Clarendon_. The Duke pressed it [his being allowed
+to join the army] with earnestness and passion, in which he dissembled
+not.--_Swift. Dubitat Augustinus_.
+
+P. 343. [par. 128.] _Clarendon_, the Duke, in the French army:--got the
+reputation of a prince of very signal courage, and to be universally
+beloved of the whole army by his affable behaviour.--_Swift_. But
+proved a cowardly Popish king.
+
+P. 348, line 50. _Swift_. Scots.
+
+P, 349. [par. 140.] _Clarendon_. The chancellor ... told his Majesty,
+"this trust would for ever deprive him of all hope of the Queen's
+favour; who could not but discern it within three or four days, and, by
+the frequent resort of the Scottish vicar [one Knox; who came with
+Middleton to Paris,] to him" (who had the vanity to desire long
+conferences with him) "that there was some secret in hand which was kept
+from her."--_Swift_. The little Scottish scoundrel, conceited vicar.
+
+BOOK XIV.
+
+P. 386. [par. 41.] _Clarendon_. Scotland lying under a heavy yoke by the
+strict government of Monk.--_Swift_. I am glad of that.
+
+P. 387. [par. 44.] _Clarendon_. The day of their meeting [Cromwell's
+Parliament] was the third of September in the year 1654.--_Swift_. His
+lucky day.
+
+P. 394. [par. 56.] _Clarendon_. The Highlanders ... made frequent
+incursions in the night into the English quarters; and killed many of
+their soldiers, but stole more of their horses.--_Swift_. Rank Scottish
+thieves.
+
+P. 413. [par. 95.] _Clarendon_. A bold person to publish, etc.--
+_Swift_. Bussy Rabutin, Amours des Gaules.
+
+P. 414. [par. 96.] _Clarendon_. There was at that time in the court of
+France, or rather in the jealousy of that court, a lady of great beauty,
+of a presence very graceful and alluring, and a wit and behaviour that
+captivated those who were admitted into her presence; [to whom Charles
+II. made an offer of marriage]--_Swift_. A prostitute whore.
+
+P. 420. [par. 109.] _Clarendon_. The chancellor of the exchequer one day
+... desired him [the king] "to consider upon this news, and importunity
+from Scotland, whether in those Highlands there might not be such a safe
+retreat and residence, that he might reasonably say, that with the
+affections of that people, which had been always firm both to his father
+and himself, he might preserve himself in safety, though he could not
+hope to make any advance."--_Swift_. The chancellor never thought so
+well of the Scots before.
+
+_Ibid_, [ditto.] _Clarendon_. His Majesty discoursed very calmly of that
+country, ... "that, if sickness did not destroy him, which he had reason
+to expect from the ill accommodation he must be there contented with, he
+should in a short time be betrayed and given up"--_Swift_. But the King
+knew them better.
+
+P. 425. [par. 118.] _Clarendon_. [The King's enemies] persuaded many in
+England, and especially of those of the reformed religion abroad, that
+his Majesty was in truth a Papist.--_Swift_. Which was true.
+
+P. 443.[8] _Clarendon_. The wretch [Manning], soon after, received the
+reward due to his treason.--_Swift_. In what manner?
+
+[Footnote 8: This sentence, which follows at the end of par. 146, is
+omitted in the edition of 1888. [T.S.]]
+
+BOOK XV.
+
+P. 469. [par. 53.] _Clarendon._ That which made a noise indeed, and
+crowned his [Cromwell's] successes, was the victory his fleet, under the
+command of Blake, had obtained over the Spaniard.--_Swift_. I wish he
+were alive, for the dogs the Spaniards' sake, instead of our worthless
+H----.
+
+P. 495. [par. 119, sec. 3,] _Clarendon_, in the address of the
+Anabaptists to the King:--"We ... humbly beseech your Majesty, that you
+would engage your royal word never to erect, nor suffer to be erected,
+any such tyrannical, Popish, and Antichristian hierarchy (Episcopal,
+Presbyterian, or by what name soever it be called) as shall assume a
+power over, or impose a yoke upon, the consciences of others."--_Swift_.
+Honest, though fanatics.
+
+P. 501. [par. 136.] _Clarendon_, at the siege of Dunkirk:--Marshal
+Turenne, accompanied with the Duke of York, who would never be absent
+upon those occasions, ... spent two or three days in viewing the line
+round,--_Swift_. James II., a fool and a coward.
+
+P. 502. [par. 137.] _Clarendon_. There was a rumour.., that the Duke of
+York was taken prisoner by the English, ... whereupon many of the French
+officers, and gentlemen, resolved to set him at liberty; ... So great an
+affection that nation owned to have for his Highness.--_Swift_. Yet he
+lived and died a coward.
+
+
+BOOK XVI.
+
+P. 523. [par. 29.] _Clarendon_, on the discovery of the treachery of Sir
+Richard Willis.--_Swift_. Doubtful.
+
+P. 539. [par. 47.[9]] _Clarendon_. If it had not been for the King's own
+_steadiness_.--_Swift_. Of which, in religion, he never had any.
+
+[Footnote 9: This was par. 74 in the edition of 1849. [T.S.]]
+
+P. 540. [par. 75.] _Clarendon_, upon the Duke of York's being invited
+into Spain, with the office of El Admirante del Oceano, he was warned
+that he:--would never be suffered to go to sea under any title of
+command, till he first changed his religion.--_Swift_. As he did openly
+in England.
+
+P. 559. [par. 131.] _Clarendon_. There being scarce a bon-fire at which
+they did not roast a rump.--_Swift_. The _Rump_.
+
+P. 583. [par. 194.] _Clarendon_, Declaration of the King, April 4-1/4
+1660:--"Let all our subjects, how faulty soever, rely upon the word of a
+King," etc.--_Swift_. Usually good for nothing.
+
+_Ibid_. [ditto.] _Clarendon_, the same:--"A free Parliament; by which,
+upon the word of a King, we will be advised."--_Swift_. Provided he be
+an honest and sincere man.
+
+P. 585. [par. 199.] _Clarendon_, Letter to the fleet:--"Which gives us
+great encouragement and hope, that God Almighty will heal the wounds by
+the same plaster that made the flesh raw."--_Swift_. A very low
+comparison.
+
+P. 586. [par. 201.] _Clarendon_, Letter to the city of London:--"Their
+affections to us in the city of London; which hath exceedingly raised
+our spirits, and which, no doubt, hath proceeded from the Spirit of God,
+and His extraordinary mercy to the nation; which hath been encouraged by
+you, and your good example ... to discountenance the imaginations of
+those who would subject our subjects to a government they have not yet
+devised."--_Swift_. Cacofonia.
+
+P. 595. [par. 222.] _Clarendon_, Proclamation of the King, May 8, by the
+Parliament, Lord Mayor, etc.:--"We ... acknowledge,  ... that ... he
+[Charles II.] is of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, the most
+potent, mighty, and undoubted King; and thereunto we most humbly and
+faithfully do submit, and oblige ourselves, our heirs, and posterity for
+ever."--_Swift_. Can they oblige their posterity 10,000 years to come?
+
+P. 596. [par. 225]. _Clarendon_, The case of Colonel Ingoldsby: After he
+had refused to sign the death-warrant of the King:--Cromwell, and
+others, held him by violence; and Cromwell, with a loud laughter, taking
+his hand in his, and putting the pen between his fingers, with his own
+hand writ Richard Ingoldsby he making all the resistance he
+could.--_Swift_. A mistake; for it was his own hand-writ, without any
+restraint.
+
+
+*****       *****       *****       *****       *****
+
+
+
+
+REMARKS ON
+
+"BISHOP BURNET'S HISTORY OF ['SCOTLAND
+
+IN'--_SWIFT_] HIS OWN TIME,"
+
+FOLIO EDITION, 1724-34.
+
+FROM THE ORIGINAL, IN THE LIBRARY of THE LATE
+
+MARQUESS OF LANSDOWNE.
+
+
+NOTE.
+
+The standard edition of Burnet's interesting "History" is that by Dr.
+Routh, first issued in 1823 and revised in a second edition in 1833. Mr.
+Osmund Airy is at present engaged on a new edition for the Clarendon
+Press, but so far only two volumes have been published. It was in Dr.
+Routh's edition that almost all of Swift's notes first appeared. In the
+Preface to the issue of 1823, the learned editor informs us that Swift's
+notes were taken "from his own copy of the history, which had come into
+the possession of the first Marquis of Lansdowne." A note in the edition
+of 1833 corrects a statement made in the previous edition that Swift's
+copy had been burnt. It was not Swift's own copy, but a copy containing
+a transcript of Swift's notes that was burnt.
+
+In the preparation of the present text every available reference has
+been searched. Sir Walter Scott's reprint of Swift's "Notes" was sadly
+inadequate. Not only did he misquote the references to Burnet's work,
+but he could not have consulted the Lansdowne copy, since fully a third
+of the "notes" were altogether ignored by him. It is believed that the
+text here given contains every note accurately placed to its proper
+account in Burnet's "History." The references are to the edition in
+folio issued in 1724-1734.
+
+In the twenty-seventh volume of the "European Magazine," and in the two
+following volumes, a fair proportion of Swift's notes were first
+published. These were reprinted by Dr. Burnet in 1808, in his "Essay on
+the Earlier Part of the Life of Swift." Both these authorities have been
+consulted. Dr. Routh's modesty forbade him including six of the notes,
+because they were "not written with the requisite decorum." These have
+been included here. Mr. Osmund Airy has "thought it unadvisable to
+encumber the pages with simple terms of abuse"; but an editor of Swift's
+works cannot permit himself this licence. His duty is to include
+everything.
+
+The text of the "Short Remarks" is taken from vol. viii., Part 1, of the
+quarto edition of Swift's works, edited by Deane Swift, and published in
+1765.
+
+[T.S.]
+
+
+  SHORT REMARKS ON
+  BISHOP BURNET'S HISTORY.
+
+
+This author is in most particulars the worst qualified for an historian
+that ever I met with. His style is rough, full of improprieties, in
+expressions often Scotch, and often such as are used by the meanest
+people.[1] He discovers a great scarcity of words and phrases, by
+repeating the same several hundred times, for want of capacity to vary
+them. His observations are mean and trite, and very often false. His
+secret history is generally made up of coffeehouse scandals, or at best
+from reports at the third, fourth, or fifth hand. The account of the
+Pretender's birth, would only become an old woman in a chimney-corner.
+His vanity runs intolerably through the whole book, affecting to have
+been of consequence at nineteen years old, and while he was a little
+Scotch parson of forty pounds a year. He was a gentleman born, and, in
+the time of his youth and vigour, drew in an old maiden daughter of a
+Scotch earl to marry him.[2] His characters are miserably wrought, in
+many things mistaken, and all of them detracting,[3] except of those who
+were friends to the Presbyterians. That early love of liberty he boasts
+of is absolutely false; for the first book that I believe he ever
+published is an entire treatise in favour of passive obedience and
+absolute power; so that his reflections on the clergy, for asserting,
+and then changing those principles, come very improperly from him. He is
+the most partial of all writers that ever pretended so much to
+impartiality; and yet I, who knew him well, am convinced that he is as
+impartial as he could possibly find in his heart; I am sure more than I
+ever expected from him; particularly in his accounts of the Papist and
+fanatic plots. This work may be more properly called "A History of
+Scotland during the Author's Time, with some Digressions relating to
+England," rather than deserve the title he gives it. For I believe two
+thirds of it relate only to that beggarly nation, and their
+insignificant brangles and factions. What he succeeds best in, is in
+giving extracts of arguments and debates in council or Parliament.
+Nothing recommends his book but the recency of the facts he mentions,
+most of them being still in memory, especially the story of the
+Revolution; which, however, is not so well told as might be expected
+from one who affects to have had so considerable a share in it. After
+all, he was a man of generosity and good nature, and very communicative;
+but, in his ten last years, was absolutely party-mad, and fancied he saw
+Popery under every bush. He hath told me many passages not mentioned in
+this history, and many that are, but with several circumstances
+suppressed or altered. He never gives a good character without one
+essential point, that the person was tender to Dissenters, and thought
+many things in the Church ought to be amended.
+
+[Footnote 1: "His own opinion," says my predecessor, Mr Nichols, "was
+very different, as appears by the original MS of his History, wherein
+the following lines are legible, though among those which were ordered
+not to be printed 'And if I have arrived at any faculty of writing
+clearly and correctly, I owe that entirely to them [Tillotson and
+Lloyd]. For as they joined with Wilkins, in that noble, though despised
+attempt, of an _universal character_, and a philosophical language; they
+took great pains to observe all the common errors of language in
+general, and of ours in particular. And in the drawing the tables for
+that work, which was Lloyd's province, he looked further into a natural
+purity and simplicity of style, than any man I ever knew; into all which
+he led me, and so helped me to any measure of exactness of writing,
+which may be thought to belong to me.' The above was originally designed
+to have followed the words, 'I know from them,' vol. i. p. 191, 1. 7,
+fol. ed. near the end of A.D. 1661." [S]]
+
+[Footnote 2: Lady Margaret Kennedy, daughter to the Earl of Cassilis.
+[S.]]
+
+[Footnote 3: A note in Swift's Works, vol. ix., pt. ii. [1775] says:
+After "detracting," add "Many of which were stricken through with his
+own hand, but left legible in the MS.; which he ordered, in his last
+will, 'his executor to print faithfully, as he left it, without adding,
+suppressing, or altering it in any particular.' In the second volume,
+Judge Burnet, the Bishop's son and executor, promises that 'the original
+manuscript of both volumes shall be deposited in the Cotton Library.'
+But this promise does not appear to have been fulfilled; at least it
+certainly was not in 1736, when two letters were printed, addressed to
+Thomas Burnet, Esq. In p. 8 of the Second Letter, the writer [Philip
+Beach] asserted, that he had in his own possession 'an authentic and
+complete collection of the castrated passages.'" [T.S.]]
+
+_Setting up for a maxim, laying down for a maxim, clapt up, decency,_
+and some other words and phrases, he uses many hundred times.
+
+_Cut out for a court, a pardoning planet, clapt up, left in the lurch,
+the mob, outed, a great beauty, went roundly to work:_ All these phrases
+used by the vulgar, shew him to have kept mean or illiterate company in
+his youth.
+
+
+REMARKS ON BURNET'S HISTORY OF HIS OWN TIME.
+
+
+PREFACE, p. 3. _Burnet._
+
+Indeed the peevishness, the ill nature, and the ambition of many
+clergymen has sharpened my spirits perhaps too much against them; so I
+_warn_ my reader to take all that I say on these heads with some grains
+of allowance.--_Swift._ I will take his _warning._
+
+P. 4. _Burnet._ Over and over again retouched and polished by
+me.--_Swift._ Rarely polished; I never read so ill a style.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ That thereby I may awaken the world to just reflections
+on their own errors and follies.--_Swift._ This I take to be nonsense.
+
+
+BOOK I.
+
+P. 6. _Burnet._ That king saw that those who were most in his interests
+were likewise jealous of his authority, and apt to encroach upon
+it.--_Swift._ Nonsense.
+
+P. 10. _Burnet_ says that competent provision to those who served the
+cure:--was afterwards in his son's time raised to about fifty pounds a
+year.--_Swift._ Scotch pounds, I suppose.
+
+P. 11. _Burnet._ Colonel Titus assured me that he had from King Charles
+the First's own mouth, that he was well assured he [Prince Henry] was
+poisoned by the Earl of Somerset's means.--_Swift._ Titus was the
+greatest rogue in England.
+
+P. 18. _Burnet_ says that Gowry's conspiracy against King James was
+confirmed to him by his father.--_Swift._ Melvil makes nothing of it.
+
+P. 20. _Burnet._ I turn now to the affairs of Scotland, which are but
+little known.--_Swift._ Not worth knowing.
+
+P. 23. _Burnet,_ Archbishop Spotswood began:--his journey as he
+often did on a Sunday, which was a very odious thing in that
+country.--_Swift._ Poor malice.
+
+P. 24. _Burnet,_ Mr. Steward, a private gentleman, became:--so
+considerable that he was raised by several degrees to be made Earl of
+Traquair and Lord-Treasurer [of Scotland], and was in great favour; but
+suffered afterwards such a reverse of fortune, that I saw him so low
+that he wanted bread, ... and it was believed died of hunger.--_Swift._
+A strange death: perhaps it was of want of _meat_.
+
+P. 26. _Burnet._ My father ... carefully preserved the petition itself,
+and the papers relating to the trial [of Lord Balmerinoch]; of which I
+never saw any copy besides those which I have. ... The whole record ...
+is indeed a very noble piece, full of curious matter.--_Swift._ Puppy.
+
+P. 28. _Burnet._ The Earl of Argyle was a more solemn sort of man, grave
+and sober, free of all scandalous vices.--_Swift._ As a man is free of a
+corporation, he means.
+
+P. 29. _Burnet._ The Lord Wharton and the Lord Howard of Escrick
+undertook to deliver some of these; which they did, and were _clapt up_
+upon it.--_Swift._ Dignity of expression.
+
+P. 30. _Burnet._ [King Charles I.] was now in great straits ... his
+treasure was now exhausted; his subjects were highly irritated; the
+ministry were all frighted, being exposed to the anger and justice of
+the Parliament. ... He loved high and rough methods, but had neither the
+skill to conduct them, nor the height of genius to manage
+them.--_Swift._ Not one good quality named.
+
+P. 31. _Burnet._ The Queen [of Charles I.] was a woman of great vivacity
+in conversation, and loved all her life long to be _in intrigues of all
+sorts._--_Swift._ Not of love, I hope.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ By the concessions that he made, especially that of the
+triennial Parliament, the honest and quiet part of the nation was
+satisfied, and thought their religion and liberties were secured: So
+they broke off from those violenter propositions that occasioned the
+war.--_Swift._ Dark, or nonsense.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ He intended not to stand to them any longer than he lay
+under that force that visibly drew them from him contrary to his own
+inclinations.--_Swift._ Sad trash.
+
+P. 33. _Burnet._ The first volume of the Earl of Clarendon's "History"
+gives a faithful representation of the beginnings of the troubles,
+though writ in favour of the court.--_Swift._ Writ with the spirit of an
+historian, not of [a raker] into scandal.
+
+P. 34. _Burnet._ Dickson, Blair, Rutherford, Baily, Cant, and the two
+Gillispys ... affected great sublimities in devotion: They poured
+themselves out in their prayers with a loud voice, and often with many
+tears. They had but an ordinary proportion of learning among them;
+something of Hebrew, and very little Greek: Books of controversy with
+Papists, but above all with the Arminians, was the height of their
+study.--_Swift._ Great nonsense. Rutherford was half fool, half mad.
+
+P. 40. _Burnet,_ speaking of the bad effects of the Marquess of
+Montrose's expedition and defeat, says:--It alienated the Scots much
+from the King: It exalted all that were enemies to peace. Now they
+seemed to have some colour for all those aspersions they had cast on the
+King, as if he had been in a correspondence with the Irish rebels, when
+the worst tribe of them had been thus employed by him.--_Swift._ Lord
+Clarendon differs from all this.
+
+P. 41. _Burnet._ The Earl of Essex told me, that he had taken all the
+pains he could to enquire into the original of the Irish massacre, but
+could never see any reason to believe the King had any accession to
+it.--_Swift._ And who but _a beast_ ever believed it?
+
+P. 42. _Burnet,_ arguing with the Scots concerning the propriety of the
+King's death, observes:--Drummond said, "Cromwell had plainly the better
+of them at their own weapon."--_Swift._ And Burnet thought as Cromwell
+did.
+
+P. 46. _Burnet._ They [the army] will ever keep the Parliament in
+subjection to them, and so keep up their own authority.--_Swift._ Weak.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ Fairfax was much distracted in his mind, and changed
+purposes often every day.--_Swift._ Fairfax had hardly common sense.
+
+P. 49. _Burnet._ I will not enter farther into the military part: For I
+remember an advice of Marshal Schomberg's, never to meddle in the
+relation of military matters.--_Swift._ Very foolish advice, for
+soldiers cannot write.
+
+P. 50. _Burnet._ [Laud's] defence of himself, writ ... when he was in
+the Tower, is a very mean performance. ... In most particulars he
+excuses himself by this, that he was but one of many, who either in
+council, star-chamber, or high commission voted illegal things. Now
+though this was true, yet a chief minister, and one in high favour,
+determines the rest so much, that they are generally little better than
+machines acted by him. On other occasions he says, the thing was proved
+but by one witness. Now, how strong soever this defence may be in law,
+it is of no force in an appeal to the world; for if a thing is true, it
+is no matter how full or how defective the proof is.--_Swift._ All this
+is full of malice and ill judgement.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet,_ speaking of the "Eikon Basilike," supposed to be written
+by Charles the First, says:--There was in it a nobleness and justness of
+thought with a greatness of style, that made it to be looked on as the
+best writ book in the English language.--_Swift._ I think it a poor
+treatise, and that the King did not write it.
+
+P. 51. _Burnet._ Upon the King's death the Scots proclaimed his son
+King, and sent over Sir George Wincam, _that married my great-aunt_, to
+treat with him while he was in the Isle of Jersey.--_Swift._ Was that
+the reason he was sent?
+
+P. 53. _Burnet._ I remember in one fast-day there were six sermons
+preached without intermission. I was there myself, and not a little
+weary of so tedious a service.--_Swift._ Burnet was not then eight years
+old.
+
+P. 61. _Burnet,_ speaking of the period of the usurpation in
+Scotland:--Cromwell built three citadels, at Leith, Ayr, and Inverness,
+besides many little forts. There was good justice done, and vice was
+suppressed and punished; so that we always reckon those eight years of
+usurpation a time of great peace and prosperity.--_Swift._ No doubt you
+do.
+
+P. 63. _Burnet,_ speaking of the Scotch preachers at sacrament times
+during the civil wars, says:--The crowds were far beyond the capacity of
+their churches, or the reach of their voices.--_Swift._ I believe the
+church had as much capacity as the minister.
+
+P. 64. _Burnet._ The resolutioners sent up one Sharp, who had been long
+in England, and was an active and eager man.--_Swift._ Afterwards
+archbishop, and murdered.
+
+P. 66. _Burnet._ Thus Cromwell had all the King's party in a net. He let
+them dance in it at pleasure. And upon occasions _clapt_ them up for a
+short while.--_Swift._ Pox of his _claps_.
+
+P. 87. _Burnet,_ speaking of the Restoration:--Of all this Monk had both
+the praise and the reward, though I have been told a very small share of
+it belonged to him.--_Swift._ Malice.
+
+
+BOOK II.
+
+P. 92. _Burnet._ I will therefore enlarge ... on the affairs of
+Scotland; both out of the inbred love that all men have for their native
+country, etc.--_Swift._ Could not he keep his inbred love to himself?
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ Sharp, who was employed by the resolutioners ... stuck
+neither at solemn protestations, ... nor at appeals to God of his
+sincerity in acting for the presbytery both in prayers and on other
+occasions, etc.--_Swift._ Sure there was some secret personal cause of
+all this malice against Sharp.
+
+P. 93. _Burnet,_ speaking of Charles II. says:--He was affable and easy,
+and loved to be made so by all about him. The great art of keeping him
+long was, the being easy, and the making everything easy to
+him.--_Swift._ Eloquence.
+
+P. 99. _Burnet_ says of Bennet, afterwards Earl of Arlington:--His parts
+were solid, but not quick.--_Swift._ They were very quick.
+
+P. 100. _Burnet_ says of the Duke of Buckingham:--Pleasure, frolic, or
+extravagant diversion was all that he laid to heart. He was true to
+nothing, for he was not true to himself.--_Swift._ No consequence.
+_Burnet._ He had no steadiness nor conduct: He could keep no secret, nor
+execute any design without spoiling it.--_Swift._ Nonsense.
+
+P. 117. _Burnet._ It was visible that neither the late King nor the
+present were under any force when they passed ... those Acts [bringing
+in Presbyterian government].--_Swift._ Both Kings were under a force.
+
+P. 118. _Burnet._ To annul a Parliament was a terrible precedent, which
+destroyed the whole security of government.--_Swift._ Wrong arguing.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ Distress on his affairs was really equivalent to a force
+on his person.--_Swift._ It was so.
+
+P. 119. _Burnet._ We went into it, he said, as knaves, and therefore no
+wonder if we miscarried in it as fools.--_Swift._ True.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ No government was so well established, as not to be
+liable to a revolution. This [the Rescissory Act] would cut off all
+hopes of peace and submission, if any disorder should happen at any time
+thereafter.--_Swift._ Wrong weak reasoning.
+
+P. 120. _Burnet._ Such care was taken that no public application should
+be made in favour of Presbytery. Any attempt that was made on the other
+hand met with great encouragement.--_Swift._ Does the man write like a
+bishop?
+
+P. 126. _Burnet,_ speaking of the execution of the Marquess of
+Argyle:--After some time spent in his private devotions he was
+beheaded.--_Swift._ He was the greatest villain of his age.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ The kirk ... asserted all along that the doctrine
+delivered in their sermons did not fall under the cognisance of the
+temporal courts, till it was first judged by the church.--_Swift._
+Popery.
+
+P. 127. _Burnet._ The proceedings against Wariston were soon
+dispatched.--_Swift._ Wariston was an abominable dog.
+
+P. 135. _Burnet,_ of Bishop Leightoun's character:--The grace and
+gravity of his pronunciation was such, that few heard him without a very
+sensible emotion. ... His style was rather too fine.--_Swift._ Burnet is
+not guilty of that.
+
+P. 140. _Burnet._ Leightoun did not stand much upon it. He did not
+_think_ orders given without bishops were null and void. He _thought_,
+the forms of government were not settled by such positive laws as were
+unalterable; but only by apostolical practices, which, as he _thought_,
+authorized Episcopacy as the best form. Yet he did not _think_ it
+necessary to the being of a church. But he _thought_ that every church
+might make such rules of ordination as they pleased.--_Swift. Think,
+thought, thought, think, thought._
+
+P. 154. _Burnet,_ speaking of a proclamation for shutting up two hundred
+churches in one day:--Sharp said to myself, that he knew nothing of it.
+... He was glad that this was done without his having any share in it:
+For by it he was furnished with somewhat, in which he was no way
+concerned, upon which he might cast all the blame of all that followed.
+Yet this was suitable enough to a maxim that he and all that sort of
+people set up, that the execution of laws was that by which all
+governments maintained their strength, as well as their
+honour.--_Swift._ Dunce, can there be a better maxim?
+
+P. 157. _Burnet,_ speaking of those who enforced church discipline,
+says:--They had a very scanty measure of learning, and a narrow compass
+in it. They were little men, of a very indifferent size of capacity, and
+apt to fly out into great excess of passion and indiscretion.--_Swift._
+Strange inconsistent stuff.
+
+P. 160. _Burnet._ One Venner ... thought it was not enough to believe
+that Christ was to reign on earth, and to put the saints in the
+possession of the kingdom ... but added to this, that the saints were to
+take the kingdom themselves.--_Swift._ This wants grammar.
+
+P. 163. _Burnet._ John Goodwin and Milton did also escape all censure,
+to the surprise of all people.--_Swift._ He censures even mercy.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ Milton ... was ... much admired by all at home for the
+poems he writ, though he was then blind; chiefly that of "Paradise
+Lost," in which there is a nobleness both of contrivance and execution,
+that, though he affected to write in blank verse without rhyme, and made
+many new and rough words, yet it was esteemed the beautifullest
+and perfectest poem that ever was writ, at least in _our_
+language.--_Swift._ A mistake, for it is _in English._
+
+P. 164. _Burnet._ The great share he [Sir Henry Vane] had in the
+attainder of the Earl Strafford, and in the whole turn of affairs to the
+total change of government, but above all the great opinion that was had
+of his parts and capacity to embroil matters again, made the court think
+it was necessary to put him out of the way.--_Swift._ A malicious turn.
+Vane was a dangerous enthusiastic beast.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ When he [Sir Henry Vane] saw his death was designed, he
+composed himself to it, with a resolution that surprised all who knew
+how little of that was natural to him. Some instances of this were very
+extraordinary, though they cannot be mentioned with _decency_.--_Swift._
+His lady _conceived_ of him the night before his execution.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ Sir Henry Vane died with so much composedness, that it
+was generally thought, the government had lost more than it had gained
+by his death.--_Swift._ Vane was beheaded for new attempts, not here
+mentioned.
+
+P. 179. _Burnet._ [The Papists] seemed zealous for the Church. But at
+the same time they spoke of toleration, as necessary both for the peace
+and quiet of the nation, and for the encouragement of trade.--_Swift._
+This is inconsistent.
+
+P. 180. _Burnet_ says that Mr. Baxter:--was a man of great piety; and,
+if he had not meddled in too many things, would have been esteemed one
+of the learned men of the age: He writ near _two hundred
+books._--_Swift._ Very sad ones.
+
+P. 184. _Burnet._ The Convocation that prepared those alterations, as
+they added some new holy days, St. Barnabas, and the Conversion of St.
+Paul, so they took in more lessons out of the Apocrypha, in particular
+the story of Bel and the Dragon.--_Swift._ I think they acted wrong.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ Reports were spread ... of the plots of the
+Presbyterians in several counties. Many were taken up on those reports:
+But none were ever tried for them.--_Swift._ A common practice.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet,_ writing of the ejection of the Nonconformists on St.
+Bartholomew's Day, 1662, says:--A severity neither practised by Queen
+Elizabeth in the enacting her Liturgy, nor by Cromwell in ejecting the
+Royalists.--_Swift._ But by King William.
+
+P. 186. _Burnet,_ speaking of the great fines raised on the church
+estates ill applied, proceeds:--If the half had been applied to the
+buying of tithes or glebes for small vicarages, here a foundation had
+been laid down for a great and effectual reformation.--_Swift._ He
+judges here right, in my opinion.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet,_ continuing the same subject:--The men of merit and
+service were loaded with many livings and many dignities. With this
+great accession of wealth there broke in upon the Church a great deal of
+luxury and high living, on the pretence of hospitality; while others
+made purchases, and left great estates, most of which we have seen melt
+away.--_Swift._ Uncharitable aggravation; a base innuendo.
+
+P. 189. _Burnet._ Patrick was a great preacher. He wrote ... well, and
+chiefly on the Scriptures. He was a laborious man in his function, of
+great strictness of life, but a little too severe against those who
+differed from him. But that was, when he thought their doctrines struck
+at the fundamentals of religion. He became afterwards more
+moderate.--_Swift._ Yes, for he turned a rank Whig.
+
+P. 190. _Burnet._ [Archbishop Tenison] was a very learned man.--_Swift._
+The dullest, good-for-nothing man I ever knew.
+
+P. 191. _Burnet,_ condemning the bad style of preaching before
+Tillotson, Lloyd, and Stillingfleet, says their discourses were:--long
+and heavy, when all was _pie-bald_, full of many sayings of different
+languages.--_Swift._ A noble epithet. _Burnet._ The King ... had got a
+right notion of style.--_Swift._ How came Burnet not to learn this
+style?
+
+P. 193. _Burnet,_ speaking of the first formation of the Royal
+Society:--Many physicians, and other ingenious men went into the society
+for natural philosophy. But he who laboured most ... was Robert Boyle,
+the Earl of Cork's youngest son. He was looked on by all who knew him as
+a very perfect pattern. ... He neglected his person, despised the
+world, and lived abstracted from all pleasures, designs, and
+interests.--_Swift._ Boyle was a very silly writer.
+
+P. 195. _Burnet._ Peter Walsh, ... who was the honestest and learnedest
+man I ever knew among [the Popish clergy, often told me] ... there was
+nothing which the whole Popish party feared more than an union of those
+of the Church of England with the Presbyterians. ... The Papists had two
+maxims, from which they never departed: The one was to divide us: And
+the other was to keep themselves united.--_Swift._ Rogue.
+
+P. 202. _Burnet._ The queen-mother had brought over from France one Mrs.
+Steward, reckoned a very _great beauty._--_Swift._ A pretty phrase.
+
+P. 203. _Burnet._ One of the first things that was done in this session
+of Parliament [1663] was _the execution of my unfortunate uncle,
+Wariston._--_Swift._ Was he hanged or beheaded? A fit uncle for such a
+bishop.
+
+P. 211. _Burnet._ Many were undone by it [religious persecution], and
+went over to the Scots in Ulster, where they were well received, and had
+all manner of liberty as to their way of religion.--_Swift._ The more
+the pity.
+
+P. 214. _Burnet._ The blame of all this was cast upon Sharp..... And the
+Lord Lauderdale, to complete his disgrace with the King, got many of his
+letters ... and laid these before the King; So that the King looked on
+him as one of the worst of men.--_Swift._ Surely there was some secret
+cause for this perpetual malice against Sharp.
+
+P. 220. _Burnet._ Pensionary De Witt had the notions of a commonwealth
+from the Greeks and Romans. And from them he came to fancy, that an army
+commanded by officers of their own country was both more in their own
+power, and would serve them with the more zeal, since they themselves
+had such an interest in their success.--_Swift._ He ought to have judged
+the contrary.
+
+P. 236. _Burnet,_ speaking of the slight rebellion in the west of
+Scotland, 1666, says:--The rest [of the rebels] were favoured by the
+darkness of the night, and the weariness of the King's troops that were
+not in case to pursue them. ... For they were a poor harmless company of
+men, become mad by oppression.--_Swift._  A fair historian!
+
+P. 237. _Burnet._ They might all have saved their lives, if they would
+have renounced the Covenant: So they were really a sort of martyrs for
+it.--_Swift._ Decent term.
+
+P. 238. _Burnet._ [Sir John Cunningham] was not only very learned in the
+civil and canon law ... [but] was above all, a man of eminent probity,
+and of a sweet temper, and indeed one of the _piousest_ men of the
+nation.--_Swift._ Is that Scotch?
+
+P. 242. _Burnet._ When the peace of Breda was concluded, the King wrote
+to the Scottish council, and communicated _that_ to them; and with
+_that_ signified, _that_ it was his pleasure _that_ the army should be
+disbanded.--_Swift._ Four _thats_ in one line.
+
+P. 243. _Burnet._ [Archbishop Burnet] saw Episcopacy was to be pulled
+down, and ... writ upon these matters a long and sorrowful letter to
+Sheldon: And upon that Sheldon writ a very long one to Sir R. Murray;
+which I read, and found more temper and moderation in it than I could
+have expected from him.--_Swift._ Sheldon was a very great and excellent
+man.
+
+P. 245. _Burnet._ [The Countess of Dysert] was a woman of great beauty,
+but of far greater parts. ... She had studied not only divinity and
+history, but mathematics and philosophy. She was violent in everything
+she set about, a violent friend, but a much more violent enemy. ...
+[When Lauderdale] was prisoner after Worcester fight, she made him
+believe he was in great danger of his life, and that she saved it by her
+intrigues with Cromwell.--_Swift._ Cromwell had gallantries with her.
+
+P. 248. _Burnet._ The clergy ... saw designs were forming to turn them
+all out: And, hearing that they might be better provided in Ireland,
+they were in many places bought out, and prevailed on to desert their
+cures.--_Swift._ So Ireland was well provided.
+
+P. 252. _Burnet._ The King ... suspecting that Lord Cornbury was in the
+design, spoke to him as one in a rage that forgot all decency. ... In
+the afternoon he heard him with more temper, as he himself told
+me.--_Swift._ Who told him?
+
+P. 253. _Burnet,_ speaking of Sheldon's remonstrating with the King
+about his mistresses, adds:--From that day forward Sheldon could never
+recover the King's confidence.--_Swift._ Sheldon had refused the
+sacrament to the King for living in adultery.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ Sir Orlando Bridgman ... was a man of great integrity,
+and had very serious impressions of religion on his mind. He had been
+always on the side of the Church.--_Swift._ What side should he be of?
+
+P. 256. _Burnet,_ speaking of the Earl of Clarendon's banishment:--It
+seemed against the common course of justice, to make all
+corresponding with him treason, when he himself was not attainted of
+treason.--_Swift._ Bishop of Rochester's case.
+
+P. 257. _Burnet._ Thus the Lord Clarendon fell under the common fate of
+great ministers, whose employment exposes them to envy, and draws upon
+them the indignation of all who are disappointed in their pretensions.
+Their friends turning as violently against them, as they formerly fawned
+abjectly upon them.--_Swift._ Stupid moralist.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet,_ speaking of the Earl of Clarendon's eldest son, who
+afterwards succeeded him, says:--His judgement was not to be _much_
+depended on, for he was _much_ carried by vulgar prejudices, and false
+notions. He was _much_ in the Queen's favour. _Swift._ Much, much, much.
+
+P. 258. _Burnet,_ speaking of the Earl of Rochester, second son of Lord
+Clarendon:--[He] is a man of far greater parts [than his brother]. He
+has a _very good pen_, but speaks not gracefully.--_Swift._ I suppose it
+was of gold or silver.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ [The King] told me, he had a chaplain, that was a very
+honest man, but a very great blockhead, to whom he had given a living in
+Suffolk, that was full of that sort of people [Nonconformists]. He had
+gone about among them from house to house, though he could not imagine
+what he could say to them, for he said he was a very silly fellow. But
+that, he believed, his nonsense suited their nonsense, for he had
+brought them all to church. And, in reward of his diligence, he had
+given him a bishopric in Ireland.--_Swift._ Bishop Wolley, of Clonfert.
+
+P. 259. _Burnet._ If the sectaries were humble and modest, and would
+tell what would satisfy them, there might be some colour for granting
+some concessions.--_Swift._ I think so too.
+
+P. 260. _Burnet._ The three volumes of the "Friendly Debate," though
+writ by a very good man.--_Swift._ Writ by Bishop Patrick.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ After he [Samuel Parker, afterwards Bishop of Oxford]
+had for some years entertained the nation with several virulent books,
+writ with much life, he was attacked by the liveliest droll of the age,
+etc.--_Swift._ What is a droll? _Burnet._ That not only humbled Parker,
+but the whole party. For the author of "The Rehearsal Transposed,"
+etc.--_Swift._ Andrew Marvel.
+
+P. 263. _Burnet,_ speaking of the King's attachment to Nell Gwyn,
+says:--But after all he never treated her with the _decencies_ of a
+mistress.--_Swift._ Pray what _decencies_ are those?
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ The King had another mistress, that was managed by Lord
+Shaftesbury, who was the daughter of a clergyman, Roberts, in whom her
+first education had so deep a root, that, though she fell into many
+scandalous disorders, with very dismal adventures in them all, yet a
+principle of religion was so deep laid in her, that, though it did not
+restrain her, yet it kept alive in her such a constant horror at sin,
+that she was never easy in an ill course, and died with a great sense of
+her former ill life. I was _often with her_ the last three months of her
+life.--_Swift_. Was she handsome then?
+
+P. 264. _Burnet_. The King loved his [the Earl of Rochester's] company
+for the diversion it afforded, better than his person: And there was no
+love lost between them.--_Swift_. A noble phrase.
+
+P. 265. _Burnet_. Sedley had a more sudden and copious wit, which
+furnished a perpetual run of discourse: But he was not so correct as
+Lord Dorset, nor so sparkling as Lord Rochester.--_Swift_. No better a
+critic in wit than style.
+
+P. 266. _Burnet_. Lord Roberts, afterwards made Earl of Radnor, [who
+succeeded the Duke of Ormonde in his government of Ireland,] was a
+morose man, believed to be severely just, and as wise as a _cynical_
+humour could allow him to be.--_Swift_. How does that hinder wisdom?
+
+P. 273. _Burnet_. Charles II. confessed himself a Papist to the Prince
+of Orange:--The Prince told me, that he never spoke of this to any other
+person, till _after his death_.--_Swift_. That is, _his own death_.
+
+P. 277. _Burnet_ quotes an exclamation of Archbishop Sharp's, after an
+attempt to assassinate him, and adds:--This was the single expression
+savouring of piety, that ever fell from him in all the conversation that
+passed between him and me.--_Swift._ Rank malice.
+
+P. 285. _Burnet_. No body could ever tell me how the word
+"Ecclesiastical matters" was put in the Act. Leightoun thought, he was
+sure it was put in after the draught and form of the Act was agreed
+on.--_Swift_. Nonsense.
+
+P. 287. _Burnet_, speaking of Archbishop Burnet, says:--He was not cut
+out for a court, or for the ministry.--_Swift_. A phrase of dignity.
+
+_Ibid. Burne_, mentioning his own appointment as Professor of Divinity
+at Glasgow University, says:--There was no sort of artifice or
+management to bring this about: It came of themselves: And they did it
+without any recommendation of any person whatsoever.--_Swift_. Modest.
+
+P. 288. _Burnet_. The Episcopal party thought I intended to make myself
+popular at their cost: So they began that strain of fury and calumny
+that has pursued me ever since from _that sort of people_.--_Swift_. A
+civil term for all who are Episcopal.
+
+P. 298. _Burnet_. [In compiling the Memoirs of the Dukes of Hamilton,] I
+found there materials for a very large history. I writ it with great
+sincerity; and concealed none of their errors. I did indeed conceal
+several things that related to the King: I left out some passages that
+were in his letters; in some of which was too much weakness.--_Swift._
+The letters, if they had been published, could not have given a worse
+character.
+
+P. 300. _Burnet,_ speaking of the Scotch clergy refusing to be made
+bishops, says:--They had an ill opinion of the court, and could not be
+brought to leave their retirement.--_Swift._ For that very reason they
+should have accepted bishoprics.
+
+P. 301. _Burnet,_ after mentioning the murder of the Duchess of Orleans,
+says:--I will set down one story of her, that was told me by a person of
+distinction, who had it from some who were well informed of the
+matter.--_Swift._ Poor authority.
+
+P. 303. _Burnet._ Madame [the Duchess of Orleans] had an intrigue with
+another person, whom I knew well, the Count of Treville. When she was in
+her agony, she said, "Adieu, Treville." He was so struck with this
+accident, that it had a good effect on him; for he went and lived many
+years among the Fathers of the Oratory, and became both a very learned,
+and devout man. He came afterwards out into the world. I saw him often.
+He was a man of a very sweet temper, only a little too formal for a
+Frenchman. But he was very sincere. He was a Jansenist. He hated the
+Jesuits.--_Swift._ Pretty jumping periods.
+
+P. 304. _Burnet._ Lord Shaftesbury laid the blame of this chiefly on the
+Duke of Buckingham: For he told me, ... And therefore he blamed
+him.--_Swift._ Who blamed whom.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ The Duke of Savoy was encouraged to make a conquest of
+Genoa.--_Swift._ Geneva.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ When a foreign minister asked the King's leave to treat
+with him [Lockhart] in his master's name, the King consented; but with
+this severe reflection, That he believed he would be true to anybody but
+himself.--_Swift._ Does he mean, Lockhart would not be true to Lockhart?
+
+P. 305. _Burnet._ They [the French] so possessed De Groot, then the
+Dutch ambassador at Paris, or they corrupted him into a belief that they
+had no design on them, etc.--_Swift._ Who on whom?
+
+P. 306. _Burnet._ The Earl of Shaftesbury was the chief man in this
+advice [recommending the King to shut up the exchequer].--_Swift._
+Clifford had the merit of this.
+
+P. 318. _Burnet,_ after mentioning the death of William II., Prince of
+Orange, says of the Princess:--As she bore her son a week after his
+death, in the eighth month of her time, so he came into the world under
+great disadvantages.--_Swift._ A pretty contrast.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet_ mentions an astrological prediction of the Prince's fate,
+and adds:--But that which _was_ most particular _was_, that he _was_ to
+have a son by a widow, and _was_ to die of the small-pox in the
+twenty-fifth year of his age.--_Swift_. Was, was, was, was.
+
+P. 320. _Burnet_. They set it also up for a maxim.--_Swift_. He can vary
+a phrase; set up for a maxim, and lay down for a maxim.
+
+P. 321. _Burnet_. His oath was made to them, and by consequence it was
+in their power to release the obligation that did arise from it to
+themselves.--_Swift_. Bad casuist.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_. As soon as he [the Prince of Orange] was brought into
+the command of the armies, he told me, he spoke to De Witt, and desired
+to live in an entire confidence with him. His answer was cold: So he saw
+that he could not depend upon him. When he told me this, he added, that
+he was certainly one of the greatest men of the age, and he believed he
+served his country faithfully--_Swift_. Yet the Prince contrived that he
+should be murdered.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_. Now I come to give an account of the fifth crisis
+brought on the whole reformation, which has been of the longest
+continuance, since we are yet in the agitations of it.--_Swift_. Under
+the Queen and Lord Oxford's ministry.
+
+P. 322. _Burnet_. [In this famous campaign of Louis XIV. against the
+Dutch, (1672,)] there was so little heart or judgement shewn in the
+management of that run of success, etc.--_Swift_. A metaphor, but from
+gamesters.
+
+P. 326. _Burnet_, referring to the action of the rabble when Cornelius
+de Witt was banished, says of the Prince of Orange:--His enemies have
+taken advantages from thence to cast the infamy of this on him, and on
+his party, to make them all odious; though the Prince spoke of it always
+to me with the greatest horror possible.--_Swift_. Yet he was guilty
+enough.
+
+P. 328. _Burnet_. Prince Waldeck was their chief general: A man of a
+great compass.--_Swift, i.e._ very fat.
+
+P. 330. _Burnet_. He broke twice with the Prince, after he came into a
+confidence with him. He employed me to reconcile him to him for the
+third time--_Swift_. Perspicuity.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet._ The actions sinking on the sudden on the breaking out of
+a new war, that sunk him into a melancholy, which quite distracted
+him.--_Swift_. Eloquent.
+
+P. 335. _Burnet_. I will complete the transactions of this memorable
+year:--P. 337. Thus I have gone far into the state of affairs of Holland
+in this memorable year.--_Swift_. Why, you called it so but just now
+before.
+
+P. 337. _Burnet_. It seems, the French made no great account of their
+prisoners, for they released 25,000 Dutch for 50,000 crowns--_Swift_.
+What! ten shillings a piece! By much too dear for a Dutchman.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_. This year [1672] the King declared a new mistress, and
+made her Duchess of Portsmouth. She had been maid of honour to Madame,
+the King's sister, and had come over with her to Dover; where the King
+had expressed such a regard to her, that the Duke of Buckingham, who
+hated the Duchess of Cleveland, intended to _put her on the
+King_.--_Swift._ Surely he means the contrary.
+
+P. 341. _Burnet_. [The Duke of Lauderdale] called for me all on the
+sudden, and put me in mind of the project I had laid before him, of
+putting all the outed ministers by _couples_ into parishes: So that
+instead of wandering about the country to hold conventicles in all
+places, they might be fixed to a certain abode, and every one might have
+the half of a benefice.--_Swift._ A sottish project; instead of feeding
+_fifty_, you starve a _hundred_.
+
+BOOK III.
+
+P. 346. _Burnet_. It was believed, if the design had succeeded, he [Lord
+Clifford] had agreed with his wife to take orders, and to aspire to a
+cardinal's hat.--_Swift_. Was he or she to take orders?
+
+P. 362. _Burnet_. I told him, what afterwards happened, that most of
+these would make their own terms, and leave him in the lurch.--_Swift_.
+True sublime.
+
+P. 370. _Burnet_. I was ever of Nazianzen's opinion, who never wished to
+see any more synods of the clergy.--_Swift_. Dog!
+
+P. 372. _Burnet_, when he was struck out of the list of chaplains,
+says:--The King said, he was afraid I had been too busy; and wished me
+to go home to Scotland, and be more quiet.--_Swift_. The King knew him
+right.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_. I preached in many of the churches of London; and was so
+well received, that it was probable I might be accepted of in any that
+was to be disposed of by _a popular election._--_Swift_. Much to his
+honour.
+
+P. 373. _Burnet_. This violent and groundless prosecution lasted some
+months. And during that time I said to some, that Duke Lauderdale had
+gone so far in opening some wicked designs to me, that I perceived he
+could not be satisfied, unless I was undone. So I told what was
+mentioned before of the discourses that passed between him and
+me.--_Swift_. Scotch dog!
+
+P. 374. _Burnet_. He [Lord Howard] went over in the beginning of the
+war, and offered to serve De Witt. But he told me, he found him a dry
+man.--_Swift_. Who told who? I guess Howard told Burnet.
+
+P. 378. _Burnet_. At least he [Sir William Temple] thought religion was
+fit only for the mob.--_Swift_. A word of dignity for an historian.
+_Burnet._ He was a corrupter of all that came near him. And he delivered
+himself up wholly to study, ease, and pleasure.--_Swift_. Sir William
+Temple was a man of virtue, to which Burnet was a stranger.
+
+P. 380. _Burnet_, speaking of his being pressed, before Parliament, to
+reveal what passed between him and the Duke of Lauderdale _in private_;
+and the Parliament, in case of refusal, threatening him, says:--Upon
+this I yielded, and gave an account of the discourse formerly
+mentioned.--_Swift_. Treacherous villain.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_. My love to my country, and my private friendships
+carried me perhaps too far.--_Swift_. Right.
+
+P. 382. _Burnet_. [Sir Harbottle Grimstone] had always _a tenderness to
+the Dissenters_.--_Swift_. Burnet's test of all virtues.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_. [Lady Grimstone] was the humblest, the devoutest, and
+best tempered person I ever _knew of that sort_ [having high notions for
+Church and Crown].--_Swift_. Rogue.
+
+P. 384. _Burnet_, the country party maintained that:--if a Parliament
+thought any law inconvenient for the good of the whole, they must be
+supposed still free to alter it: And no previous limitation could bind
+up their legislature.--_Swift._ Wrong arguing.
+
+P. 387. _Burnet_. It was said, a standing Parliament changed the
+constitution of England.--_Swift_. The present case under King George.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_. It was moved, that an address should be made to the King
+for dissolving the Parliament.--_Swift. Tempora mutantur_; for nothing
+now will do but septennial Parliaments.
+
+P. 388 _Burnet_. He [Lord Russell] had from his first education an
+inclination to favour the Non-conformists.--_Swift_. So have all the
+author's favourites.
+
+P. 392. _Burnet_. But with these good qualities Compton was a weak man,
+wilful, and strangely wedded to a party.--_Swift._ He means, to the
+Church.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_. Bancroft, Dean of St. Paul's, was raised to [the see of
+Canterbury]. ... He was a man of solemn deportment, had a sullen gravity
+in his looks, and was considerably learned. He had put on a monastic
+strictness, and lived abstracted from company. ... He was a dry, cold
+man, reserved, and peevish; so that none loved him, and few esteemed
+him.--_Swift_. False and detracting.
+
+P. 396. _Burnet_. My way of writing history pleased him [Sir William
+Jones].--_Swift_. Very modest.
+
+P. 399. _Burnet_. Men were now though silent, not quiet.--_Swift_.
+Nonsense, or printer's mistake. It should be, "Silent, though not
+quiet."
+
+_Ibid, Burnet_. One Carstairs, a loose and vicious gentleman.--_Swift_.
+Epithets well placed.
+
+P. 404. _Burnet_. It was an extraordinary thing that a random cannon
+shot should have killed him [Turenne].--_Swift_. How extraordinary?
+Might it not kill him as well as another man?
+
+P. 406. _Burnet_, in the battle at St. Omer between the Prince of Orange
+(afterwards King William) and the Duke of Orleans:--some regiments of
+marines, on whom the Prince depended much, did basely run away. Yet the
+other bodies fought so well, that he lost not much, besides the _honour
+of the day_.--_Swift_. He was used to that.
+
+P. 407. _Burnet_. These leading men did so entangle the debates, and
+over-reached those on whom he had practised, that they, working on the
+aversion that the English nation naturally has to a French interest,
+spoiled the hopefullest session the court had had of a great while,
+before the court was well aware of it.--_Swift_. Rare style!
+
+P. 409. _Burnet_, Lord Danby, speaking to King Charles II., said:--If
+they saw his [the Duke of York's] daughter given to one that was at the
+head of the Protestant interest, it would very much soften those
+apprehensions, when it did appear that his religion was only a personal
+thing, not to be derived to his children after him. With all this the
+King was convinced.--_Swift_. Then how was the King for bringing in
+Popery?
+
+P. 413. _Burnet_. His friend answered, He hoped he did not intend to
+make use of him to trepan a man to his ruin. Upon that, with lifted up
+hands, Sharp promised by the living God, that no hurt should come to
+him, if he made a full discovery.--_Swift_. Malice.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet_, upon the examination of Mitchell before the
+privy-council for the intended assassination of Archbishop Sharp, it
+being first proposed to cut off the prisoner's right hand, and then his
+left:--Lord Rothes, who was a pleasant man, said, "How shall he wipe his
+breech then?" This is not very _decent_ to be mentioned in such a work,
+if it were not necessary.--_Swift_. As decent as a thousand other
+passages; so he might have spared his apology.
+
+P. 414. _Burnet_, in the last article of the above trial, observes:--
+But the judge, who hated Sharp, as he went up to the bench, passing by
+the prisoner said to him, "Confess nothing, unless you are sure of your
+limbs as well as of your life."--_Swift_. A rare judge.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet_, mentioning Mackenzie's appointment as king's advocate,
+says of him:--He has published many books, some of law, but all full of
+faults; for he was a slight and superficial man.--_Swift_. Envious and
+base.
+
+P. 416. _Burnet_, speaking of the execution of the above Mitchell for
+the attempt against Sharp, says:--Yet Duke Lauderdale had a chaplain,
+Hickes, afterwards Dean of Worcester, who published a false and partial
+relation of this matter, in order to the justifying of it--_Swift_. A
+learned, pious man.[4]
+
+[Footnote 4: The "Ravillac [_sic_] Redivivus" of Hickes, is,
+notwithstanding his learning and piety, in every respect deserving of
+the censures passed upon it by Burnet. [S.]]
+
+P. 425. _Burnet_. [Titus Oates] got to be a chaplain in one of the
+king's ships, from which he was dismissed upon complaint of some
+unnatural practices, not to be named.--_Swift_. Only sodomy.
+
+P. 434. _Burnet_. He [Staley] was cast.--_Swift. Anglice_, found guilty.
+
+P. 441. _Burnet_, on the impeachment of Lord Danby:--Maynard, an ancient
+and eminent lawyer, explained the words of the statute of 25 Edward III.
+that the courts of law could not proceed but upon one of the crimes
+there enumerated: But the Parliament had still a power, by the clause in
+that Act, to declare what they thought was treason.--_Swift_. Yes, by a
+new Act, but not with a retrospect; therefore Maynard was a _knave or a
+fool, with all his law_.
+
+P. 442. _Burnet_. This indeed would have justified the King, if it had
+been demanded above board.--_Swift_. Style of a gamester.
+
+P. 451. _Burnet_. Yet many thought, that, what doctrines soever men
+might by a subtlety of speculation be earned into, the approaches of
+death, with the seriousness that appeared in their deportment, must
+needs work so much on the probity and candour which seemed footed in
+human nature, etc.--_Swift._ Credat Judaeus Apella.
+
+P. 455. _Burnet_, the Bill of Exclusion disinherited:--the next heir,
+which certainly the King and Parliament might do, as well as any private
+man might disinherit his next heir.--_Swift._ That is not always true.
+Yet it was certainly in the power of King and Parliament to exclude the
+next heir.
+
+P. 457. _Burnet_. Government was appointed for those that were to be
+governed, and not for the sake of governors themselves.--_Swift_. A
+true maxim and infallible.
+
+P. 458. _Burnet_. It was a maxim among our lawyers, that even an Act of
+Parliament against _Magna Charta_ was null of itself.--_Swift_. A
+sottish maxim.
+
+P. 459. _Burnet_. For a great while I thought the accepting the
+limitations [proposed in the Exclusion Bill] was the wisest and best
+method.--_Swift_. It was the wisest, because it would be less opposed;
+and the King would consent to it; otherwise an _exclusion_ would have
+done better.
+
+P. 471. _Burnet_. The guards having lost thirty of their number were
+forced to run for it.--_Swift_. For what?
+
+P. 475. _Burnet_. Dangerfield, a subtle and dexterous man, who ... was a
+false coiner, undertook now to coin a plot for the ends of the
+Papists.--_Swift_. Witty.
+
+P. 479. _Burnet_. Godolphin ... had true principles of religion and
+virtue, and was free from all vanity, and never heaped up wealth: So
+that all things being laid together, he was one of the worthiest and
+wisest men that has been employed in our time.--_Swift_. All this very
+partial to my knowledge.
+
+P. 483. _Burnet_. I laid open the cruelties of the Church of Rome in
+many instances that happened in Queen Mary's reign, which were not then
+known: And I _aggravated_, though _very truly_, the danger of falling
+under the power of that religion.--_Swift_. A BULL!
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_. Sprat had studied a polite style much: But there was
+little strength in it: He had the beginnings of learning laid well in
+him: But he has allowed himself in a course of some years in much sloth
+and too many liberties.--_Swift_. Very false.
+
+P. 489. _Burnet_. Here was a justice to be done, and a service to truth,
+towards the saving a man's life.... He advised with all his friends, and
+with my self in particular. The much greater number were of opinion that
+he ought to be silent.--_Swift_. Damned advice.
+
+P. 496. _Burnet_. Jones stood upon a point of law, of the
+unseparableness of the prerogative from the person of the
+King.--_Swift_. A lawyer's way of arguing, very weak.
+
+P. 509. _Burnet_, speaking of the grand juries in the latter end of King
+Charles's reign returning _ignoramus_ so frequently on bills of
+indictment, states that:--in defence of these _ignoramus juries_ it was
+said, that by the express words of their oath they were bound to make
+true presentments of what should appear true to them: And therefore, if
+they did not believe the evidence, they could not find a bill, though
+sworn to. A book was writ to support that, in which both law and reason
+were brought to confirm it: It passed as writ by Lord Essex, though I
+understood afterwards it was writ by Somers.--_Swift_. Lord Somers.
+
+P. 516. _Burnet_ says, on the imposition of a Test Act:--The bishops
+were earnest for this, which they thought would secure them for ever
+from a Presbyterian Parliament. It was carried in the vote: And that
+made many of the court more zealous than ever for carrying through the
+Act.--_Swift_. And it was very reasonable.
+
+P. 519. _Burnet_ mentions that, when the Test Act was passed:--about
+eighty of the most learned and pious of their clergy left all rather
+than comply with the terms of this law.... About twenty of them came up
+to England.--_Swift_. Enough to corrupt England.
+
+P. 523. _Burnet_, describing the death of the Duke of Lauderdale,
+says--His heart seemed quite spent: There was not left above the bigness
+of a walnut of firm substance: The rest was spongy, liker the lungs than
+the heart.--_Swift. Anglice_, more like.
+
+P. 525. _Burnet_, Home was convicted on the credit of one infamous
+evidence:--Applications were made to the Duke [of York] for saving his
+life: But he was not born under _a pardoning planet_.--_Swift_. Silly
+fop.
+
+P. 526. _Burnet_ All the Presbyterian party saw they were now
+disinherited of a main part of their birth-right.--_Swift_. As much of
+Papists as of Presbyterians.
+
+P. 527. _Burnet_, speaking of the surrender of the charters in 1682:--It
+was said, that those who were in the government in corporations, and had
+their charters and seals trusted to their keeping, were not the
+proprietors nor masters of those rights. They could not extinguish those
+corporations, nor part with any of their privileges. Others said, that
+whatever might be objected to the reason and equity of the thing, yet,
+when the seal of a corporation was put to any deed, such a deed was good
+in law. The matter goes beyond my skill in law to determine
+it.--_Swift_. What does he think of the surrenders of the charters of
+abbeys?
+
+P. 528. _Burnet_ The Non-conformists were now persecuted with much
+eagerness. This was visibly set on by the Papists: And it was wisely
+done of them, for they knew how much the _Non-conformists were set
+against them_.--_Swift_. Not so much as they are against the Church.
+
+P. 531. _Burnet_ Lord Hyde was the person that disposed the Duke to it:
+Upon that Lord Halifax and he fell to be in ill terms; for he hated Lord
+Sunderland beyond expression, though he had married his
+sister.--_Swift_. Who married whose sister?
+
+P. 536. _Burnet_ The truth is, juries became at that time the shame of
+the nation, as well as a reproach to religion: For they were packed, and
+prepared to bring in verdicts as they were directed and not as matters
+appeared on the evidence.--_Swift_. So they are now.
+
+P. 538. _Burnet_ He [Algernon Sidney] was ambassador in Denmark at the
+time of the Restoration.--_Swift_. For Cromwell.
+
+P. 543. _Burnet_, on Rumbold's proposal to shoot the King at Hodsdon, in
+his way to Newmarket, adds:--They [the conspirators] ran into much
+_wicked talk_ about the way of executing that. But nothing was ever
+fixed on: All was _but talk_.--_Swift_. All plots begin with talk.
+
+P. 548. _Burnet_. At the time of Lord Russell's plot, Baillie being
+asked by the King whether they had any design against his person? he
+frankly said not; but being asked:--if they had been in any
+consultations with lords or others in England, in order to an
+insurrection in Scotland? Baillie faltered at this. For his _conscience_
+restrained him from _lying_;--_Swift._ The author and his _cousins_
+could _not tell lies_, but they _could plot_.
+
+P. 549. _Burnet._ Next morning he went with him to the Tower gate, the
+messenger being again fast asleep.--_Swift._ Is this a blunder?
+
+P. 553. _Burnet,_ speaking of Lord Essex's suicide (1683)--His man,
+thinking he stayed longer than ordinary in his _closet_, looked through
+the key hole, and there saw him lying dead.--_Swift._ He was on the
+close stool.
+
+P. 555. _Burnet,_ on Lord Russell's trial--Finch summed up the evidence
+against him. But ... shewed more of a vicious eloquence, in turning
+matters with some subtlety against the prisoners, than of solid or
+sincere reasoning.--_Swift._ Afterwards Earl of Aylesford, an arrant
+rascal.
+
+P. 562. _Burnet._ I offered to take my oath, that the speech [of Lord
+Russell] was penned by himself, and not by me.--_Swift._ Jesuitical.
+
+P. 567. _Burnet._ I knew Spanheim particularly, _who was_ envoy from the
+Elector of Brandenburg, _who is_ the greatest critic of the age in all
+ancient learning.--_Swift. Who was--who is_, pure nonsense.
+
+P. 568. _Burnet._ All people were apprehensive of very black designs,
+when they saw Jeffreys made Lord Chief Justice, who ... run out upon all
+occasions into declamations, that did not become the bar, much less the
+bench. He was not learned in his profession: And his eloquence, though
+viciously copious, yet was neither correct nor agreeable.--_Swift._ Like
+Burnet's eloquence.
+
+P. 572. _Burnet,_ on Algernon Sidney's trial, observes, that:--Finch
+aggravated the matter of the book, as a proof of his intentions,
+pretending it was an overt act, for he said, _Scribere est
+agere_.--_Swift._ Yet this Finch was made Earl of Aylesford by King
+George.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet,_ when Sidney charged the sheriffs who brought him the
+execution-warrant with having packed the jury--one of the sheriffs ...
+wept. He told it to a person, from whom Tillotson had it, who told it
+me.--_Swift._ Admirable authority.
+
+P. 577. _Burnet._ So that it was plain, that after all the story they
+had made of the [Rye-house] Plot, it had gone no further, than that a
+company of seditious and inconsiderable persons were framing among
+themselves some treasonable schemes, that were never likely to come to
+anything.--_Swift._ Cursed partiality.
+
+P. 579. _Burnet_. The King [Charles II.] had published a story all about
+the court, ... as the reason of this extreme severity against Armstrong:
+He said, that he was sent over by Cromwell to murder him beyond sea; ...
+and that upon his confessing it he had promised him never to speak of it
+any more as long as he lived. So the King, counting him now dead in law,
+thought he was free from that promise.--_Swift_. If the King had a mind
+to lie, he would have stayed till Armstrong was hanged.
+
+P. 583. _Burnet_. It ended in dismissing Lord Aberdeen, and making Lord
+Perth chancellor, to which he had been long aspiring in a most indecent
+manner.--_Swift. Decent_ and _indecent_, very useful words to this
+author.
+
+P. 585. _Burnet_. I saved myself out of those difficulties by saying to
+all my friends, that I would not be involved in any such confidence; for
+as long as I thought our circumstances were such that resistance was not
+lawful, I thought the concealing any design in order to it was likewise
+unlawful.--_Swift._ Jesuitical.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_ says, after relating how the thumb-screws were applied to
+Spence and Carstairs:--Upon what was thus screwed out of these two
+persons, etc.--_Swift_. Witty the second time.
+
+P. 586. _Burnet_, Baillie suffered several hardships and fines for being
+supposed to be in the Rye-house Plot; yet:--seemed all the while so
+composed, and even so cheerful, that his behaviour looked like the
+reviving of the spirit of the noblest of the old Greeks or
+Romans.--_Swift_. For he was our _cousin_.
+
+P. 587. _Burnet_, speaking of Baillie's execution, says:--The only
+excuse that was ever pretended for this infamous prosecution was, that
+they were sure he was guilty.--_Swift_. Bishop of Rochester.
+
+P. 588. _Burnet_, Lord Perth wanting to see Leightoun, I writ so
+earnestly to him, that he came to London; and, on--his coming to me, I
+was amazed to see him at above seventy look so fresh and well.... [Two
+days afterwards] Leightoun sunk so, that both speech and sense went away
+of a sudden: And he continued panting about twelve hours; and then died
+without pangs or convulsions.--_Swift_. Burnet killed him by bringing
+him to London.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_ Leightoun ... retained still a peculiar inclination to
+Scotland.--_Swift_. Yet he chose to live in England.
+
+P. 589. _Burnet_, speaking of Leightoun's views of the Church of
+England, says:--As to the administration, both with relation to the
+ecclesiastical courts, and the pastoral care, he looked on it as one of
+the most corrupt he had ever seen.--_Swift_. Very civil.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_. There were two remarkable circumstances in his
+[Leightoun's] death. He used often to say, that if he were to choose a
+place to die in, it should be an inn; it looking like a pilgrim's going
+home, to whom this world was all as an inn, and who was weary of the
+noise and confusion in it.--_Swift._ Canting puppy.
+
+P. 590. _Burnet_. Sterne, Archbishop of York, died in the 86th year of
+his age: He was a sour ill-tempered man, and minded chiefly the
+enriching his family.--_Swift_. Yet thought author of "The Whole Duty of
+Man."
+
+P. 591. _Burnet_ says of Bishop Mew:--Though he knew very little of
+divinity, or of any other learning, and was weak to a childish degree,
+yet obsequiousness and zeal raised him through several steps to this
+great see [Bath and Wells].--_Swift_. This character is true.
+
+P. 595. _Burnet_. And now the tables were turned--_Swift._ Style of a
+gamester.
+
+P. 596. _Burnet_, being appointed to preach the sermon on the Gunpowder
+Plot, (1684,) at the Rolls Chapel:--I chose for my text these words:
+"Save me from the lion's mouth, thou hast heard me from the horns of the
+unicorns." I made no reflection in my thoughts on the lion and unicorn,
+as being the two supporters of the King's scutcheon.--_Swift_. I doubt
+that.
+
+P. 600. _Burnet_ relates a story of a quarrel between three gentlemen,
+one of whom was killed. He says that one of the others:--was prevailed
+on to confess the indictment, and to let sentence pass on him for
+murder; a pardon being promised him if he should do so. [After this he
+had to pay L16,000 for his pardon.]--_Swift_. The story is wrong told.
+
+P. 604. _Burnet_ mentions a scheme to raise dissensions between Charles
+II. and the Duke of York, and adds:--Mr. May of the privy purse told me,
+that he was told there was a design to break out, with which he himself
+would be well pleased.--_Swift_. The bishop told me this with many more
+particulars.
+
+P. 609. _Burnet_, speaking of the suspicion of Charles II. being
+poisoned, says that:--Lower and Needham, two famous physicians, ...
+[noticed some] blue spots on the outside of the stomach. Needham called
+twice to have it opened: but the surgeons seemed not to hear him. And
+when he moved it the second time, he, as he told me, heard Lower say to
+one that stood next him, "Needham will undo us, calling thus to have the
+stomach opened, for he may see they will not do it." ... Le Fevre, a
+French physician, told me, he saw a blackness in the shoulder; Upon
+which he made an incision, and saw it was all mortified. Short, another
+physician, who was a Papist, but after a form of his own, did very much
+suspect foul dealing.--_Swift_. One physician told me this from Short
+himself.
+
+P. 611. _Burnet_, describing the behaviour of Charles II. when in hiding
+after the battle of Worcester, says:--Under all the apprehensions he had
+then upon him, he shewed a temper so careless, and so much turned to
+levity, that he was then diverting himself with little household sports,
+in as unconcerned a manner, as if he had made no loss, and had been in
+no danger at all.--_Swift._ This might admit a more favourable turn.
+
+P. 613. _Burnet,_ in his character of Charles II., says:--His person and
+temper, his vices as well as his fortunes, resemble the character that
+we have given us of Tiberius so much, that it were easy to draw the
+parallel between them. Tiberius's banishment, and his coming afterwards
+to reign, makes the comparison in that respect come pretty near. His
+hating of business, and his love of pleasures, his raising of
+favourites, and trusting them entirely; and his pulling them down, and
+hating them excessively; his art of covering deep designs, particularly
+of revenge, with an appearance of softness, brings them so near a
+likeness, that I did not wonder much to observe the resemblance of their
+face and person.--_Swift._ Malicious, and in many circumstances false.
+
+P. 615. _Burnet_ concludes his character of Charles II. with these
+words:--How ungrateful soever this labour has proved to my self, and how
+unacceptable soever it may be to some, who are either obliged to
+remember him gratefully, or by the engagement of parties and interests
+are under other biasses, yet I have gone through all that I knew
+relating to his life and reign with that regard to truth, and what I
+think may be instructive to mankind, which became an impartial writer of
+history, and one who believes, that he must give an account to God of
+what he writes, as well as of what he says and does.--_Swift._ He was
+certainly a very bad prince, but not to the degree described in this
+character, which is poorly drawn, and mingled with malice very unworthy
+an historian, and the style abominable, as in the whole history, and the
+observations trite and vulgar.
+
+
+BOOK IV.
+
+P. 623. _Burnet._ Because Chudleigh the envoy there had openly broken
+with the Prince [of Orange], (for he not only waited no more on him, but
+acted openly against him; and once in the Vorhaut had affronted him,
+while he was driving the Princess upon the snow in a _trainau_,
+according to the German manner, and pretending they were masked, and
+that he did not know them, had ordered his coachman to keep his way, as
+they were coming towards the place where he drove;) the King recalled
+him.--_Swift._ A pretty parenthesis.
+
+P. 626. _Burnet._ This gave all thinking men a melancholy prospect.
+England now seemed lost, unless some happy accident should save it. All
+people saw the way for packing a Parliament now laid open.--_Swift._
+Just our case at the Queen's death.
+
+P. 638. _Burnet_ says that Musgrave and others pretended:--when money
+was asked for just and necessary ends, to be frugal patriots, and to be
+careful managers of the public treasure.--_Swift._ A party remark,
+
+P. 651. _Burnet._ Goodenough, who had been under-sheriff of London when
+Cornish was sheriff, offered to swear against Cornish; and also said,
+that Rumsey had not discovered all he knew. So Rumsey to save himself
+joined with Goodenough, to swear Cornish guilty of that for which the
+Lord Russell had suffered. And this was driven on so fast, that Cornish
+was seized on, tried, and executed within the week.--_Swift._ Goodenough
+went to Ireland, practised law, and died there.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ It gave a general horror to the body of the nation: And
+it let all people see, what might be expected from a reign that seemed
+to delight in blood.--_Swift._ The same here since the Queen's death.
+
+P. 654. _Burnet._ The Archbishop of Armagh[5] [1685,] had continued Lord
+Chancellor of Ireland, and was in all points so compliant to the court,
+that even his religion came to be suspected on that account.--_Swift._
+False.
+
+[Footnote 5: Michael Boyle, who, when Archbishop of Dublin, was made
+chancellor soon after the Restoration (1665), and continued in that
+office to January, 1686, during which time he was raised to the
+Archbishopric of Armagh.--SEWARD.]
+
+Ibid _Burnet,_ and yet this archbishop:--was not thought thorough-paced.
+So Sir Charles Porter, who was a zealous promoter of everything that the
+King proposed, and was a man of ready wit, and being poor was thought a
+person fit to be made a tool of, was declared Lord Chancellor of
+Ireland.--_Swift._ False and scandalous.
+
+P. 669. _Burnet._ Solicitor-general Finch ... was presently after turned
+out. And Powis succeeded him, who was a compliant young aspiring lawyer,
+though in himself he was no ill natured man.--_Swift._ Sir Thomas Powis,
+a good dull lawyer.
+
+P. 670. _Burnet,_ speaking of the power claimed for the King to dispense
+with the sacramental test, says:--It was an overturning the whole
+government, ... to say that laws, ... where one of the penalties was an
+incapacity, which by a maxim of law cannot be taken away even by a
+pardon, should at the pleasure of the prince be dispensed with: A fine
+was also set by the Act on offenders, but not given to the King, but to
+the informer, which thereby became his. So that the King could no more
+pardon that, than he could discharge the debts of the subjects, and take
+away property.--_Swift._ Wrong reasoning.
+
+P. 672. _Burnet._ Intimations were everywhere given, that the King would
+not have them [Dissenters], or their meetings, to be disturbed. Some of
+them began to grow insolent upon this shew of favour.--_Swift._ The
+whole body of them grew insolent, and complying to the King.
+
+P. 675. _Burnet._ Sancroft lay silent at Lambeth. He seemed zealous
+against Popery in private discourse: But he was of such a timorous
+temper, and _so set on the enriching his nephew,_ that he shewed no sort
+of courage.--_Swift._ False as hell.
+
+P. 681. _Burnet,_ referring to the revived national zeal against Popery,
+says:--The Episcopal clergy were in many places so sunk into sloth and
+ignorance, that they were not capable of conducting this zeal: ... But
+the Presbyterians, though they were now freed from the great severities
+they had long smarted under, yet expressed on all occasions their
+unconquerable aversion to Popery.--_Swift._ Partial dog!
+
+P. 682. _Burnet._ He made the Earl of Tyrconnell Lord
+Lieutenant.--_Swift._ Lord deputy.
+
+P. 688. _Burnet._ Nor were the clergy more diligent in their labours
+among their people, in which respect it must be confessed that the
+English clergy are the most remiss of any.--_Swift._ Civil that.
+
+P. 690. _Burnet,_ speaking of King William's character, says:--he had no
+vice, but of one sort, in which he was very _cautious_ and
+_secret_.--_Swift._ It was of two sorts--_male_ and _female_--in the
+_former_ he was neither cautious nor secret.
+
+P. 691. _Burnet,_ in a conversation with the Prince of Orange at The
+Hague, (1686):--When he found I was in my opinion for toleration, he
+said, that was all he would ever desire to bring us to, for quieting our
+contentions at home.--_Swift._ It seems the Prince even then thought of
+being King.
+
+P. 692. _Burnet,_ the advice I gave the Princess of Orange, when she
+should be Queen of England, was, to:--endeavour effectually to get it
+[the real authority] to be legally vested in him [the Prince] during
+life: This would lay the greatest obligation on him possible, and lay
+the foundation of a perfect union between them, which had been of late a
+little embroiled.--_Swift._ By Mrs. Villiers, now Lady Orkney; but he
+proved a _d----d husband for all that._[6]
+
+[Footnote 6: Lady Orkney was a favourite of Swift, as appears from
+several passages in the Journal. [S.]]
+
+P. 693. _Burnet,_ having told the Princess of Orange that her succession
+to the throne would not make her husband king, and given her the advice
+just quoted, says:--she in a very frank manner told him, that she did
+not know that the laws of England were so contrary to the laws of God,
+as I had informed her: she did not think that the husband was ever to be
+obedient to the wife.--_Swift._ Foolish.
+
+P. 693. _Burnet._ [Penn, the Quaker,] was a talking vain man, who had
+been long in the King's favour, he being the vice-admiral's son. ... He
+had a tedious luscious way, that was not apt to overcome a man's reason,
+though it might tire his patience.--_Swift._ He spoke very agreeably,
+and with much spirit.
+
+P. 695. _Burnet._ Cartwright was promoted to Chester. He was a man of
+good capacity, and had made some progress in learning. He was ambitious
+and servile, cruel and boisterous: And, by the great liberties he
+allowed himself, he fell under much scandal of the _worst
+sort_.--_Swift._ Only sodomy.
+
+P. 696. _Burnet._ [Cartwright] was looked on as a man that would more
+effectually advance the design of Popery, than if he should turn over to
+it. And indeed, bad as he was, he never made that step, even in the most
+desperate state of his affairs.--_Swift._ He went to Ireland with King
+James, and there died neglected and poor.
+
+P. 697. _Burnet._ In all nations the privileges of colleges and
+universities are esteemed such sacred things, that few will venture to
+dispute these, much less to disturb them.--_Swift._ Yet in King George's
+reign, Oxford was bridled and insulted with troops, for no manner of
+cause but their steadiness to the Church.
+
+P. 699. _Burnet._ It was much observed, that this university [Oxford],
+that had asserted the King's prerogative in the highest strains of the
+most abject flattery possible, etc.--_Swift._ And their virtue and
+steadiness ought equally to be observed.
+
+P. 701. _Burnet,_ speaking of King James's proceedings against the
+universities, and that several of the clergy wrote over to the Prince of
+Orange to engage in their quarrel, adds:--When that was communicated to
+me, I was still of opinion, that, though this was indeed an act of
+despotical and arbitrary power, yet I did not think it struck at the
+whole: So that it was not in my opinion a lawful case of
+resistance.--_Swift._ He was a better _Tory_ than I, if he spoke as he
+thought.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ The main difference between these [the Presbyterians and
+the Independents] was, that the Presbyterians seemed reconcilable to the
+Church; _for they loved Episcopal ordination and a liturgy._--_Swift._ A
+damnable lie.
+
+P. 702. _Burnet._ [Both Presbyterians and Independents] were enemies to
+this high prerogative, that the King was assuming, and were very averse
+to Popery.--_Swift._ Style.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet._ So the more considerable among them [the Dissenters]
+resolved not to stand at too great a distance from the court, nor
+provoke the King so far, as to give him cause to think they were
+irreconcilable to him, lest they should provoke him to make up matters
+on any terms with the Church party.--_Swift._ They all complied most
+shamefully and publicly, as is well known.
+
+P. 703. _Burnet._ The King's choice of Palmer, Earl of Castlemain, was
+liable to great exception.--_Swift._ Duchess of Cleveland's husband.
+
+P. 705. _Burnet._ Since what an ambassador says is understood as said by
+the prince whose character he bears, this gave the States a right to
+make use of all advantages that might offer themselves.--_Swift._
+Sophistry.
+
+P. 710. _Burnet._ The restless spirit of some of that religion [Popery],
+and of their clergy in particular, shewed they could not be at quiet
+till they were masters.--_Swift._ All sects are of that spirit.
+
+P. 716. _Burnet,_ speaking of "the fury that had been driven on for many
+years by a Popish party," adds:--When some of those who had been always
+moderate told these, who were putting on another temper, that they would
+perhaps forget this as soon as the danger was over, they promised the
+contrary very solemnly. It shall be told afterwards, how well they
+remembered this.--_Swift._ False and spiteful.
+
+P. 726. _Burnet._ That which gave the crisis to the King's anger was
+that he heard I was to be married to a considerable fortune at The
+Hague.--_Swift._ A phrase of the rabble.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet,_ when a prosecution was commenced against Burnet in
+Scotland, he obtained naturalization for himself in Holland, after which
+he wrote to the Earl of Middleton, saying that:--being now naturalized
+in Holland, my allegiance was, during my stay in these parts,
+transferred from His Majesty to the States.--_Swift._ Civilians deny
+that, but I agree with him.
+
+P. 727. _Burnet._ I come now to the year 1688, which proved memorable,
+and produced an extraordinary and _unheard_-of revolution.--_Swift._ The
+Devil's in that, sure all Europe _heard_ of it.
+
+P. 730. _Burnet,_after saying that he had been naturalized in Holland,
+upon marrying one of the subjects of the States, goes on:--The King took
+the matter very ill, and said, it was an affront to him, and a just
+cause of war.--_Swift._ Vain fop.
+
+P. 731. _Burnet._ I never possessed my own soul in a more perfect calm,
+and in a clearer cheerfulness of spirit, than I did during all those
+threatenings, and the apprehensions that others were in concerning
+me.--_Swift._ A modest account of his own magnanimity.
+
+P. 746. _Burnet._ But after all, though soldiers were _bad Englishmen
+and worse Christians_, yet the court [of James II.] found them too good
+Protestants to trust much to them.--_Swift_. Special doctrine.
+
+P. 748. _Burnet_, speaking of the Queen's expectation of a child,
+says:--I will give as full and as distinct an account of all that
+related to that matter, as I could gather up either at that time or
+afterwards.--_Swift_. All coffee-house chat.
+
+P. 751. _Burnet_. Now a resolution was taken for the Queen's lying in at
+St. James's.--_Swift_. Windsor would have been more suspicious.
+
+P. 752. _Burnet_, doubting of the legitimacy of the Pretender, and
+describing the Queen's manner of lying-in, says:--The Queen lay all the
+while a-bed: And, in order to the warming one side of it, a warming-pan
+was brought. But it was not opened, that it might be seen that there was
+fire and nothing else in it.--_Swift_. This, the ladies say, is foolish.
+
+P. 753. _Burnet_. Hemings, a very worthy man,... was reading in his
+parlour late at night, when he heard one coming into the neighbouring
+parlour, and say with a doleful voice, "The Prince of Wales
+is dead"; Upon which ... it was plain, they were in a great
+consternation.--_Swift_. A most foolish story, hardly worthy of a
+coffee-house.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet_. It was said, that the child was strangely revived of a
+sudden. Some of the physicians told Lloyd, Bishop of St. Asaph, that it
+was not possible for them to think it was the same child. They looked on
+one another, but durst not speak what they thought.--_Swift_. So here
+are three children.
+
+P. 762. _Burnet_. The Lord Mordaunt was the first of all the English
+nobility that came over openly to see the Prince of Orange.--_Swift_.
+Now Earl of Peterborough.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet_. The Earl of Shrewsbury ... seemed to be a man of great
+probity, and to have a high sense of honour.--_Swift_. Quite contrary.
+
+P. 763. _Burnet_. Lord Lumley, who was a late convert from Popery, and
+had stood out very firmly all this reign.--_Swift_. He was a knave and a
+coward.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet_. Mr. Sidney,[7] brother to the Earl of Leicester and to
+Algernon Sidney. He was a graceful man, and had lived long in the court,
+where he had some adventures that became very public. He was a man of a
+sweet and caressing temper, had no malice in his heart, but too great a
+love of pleasure.--_Swift_. An idle, drunken, ignorant rake, without
+sense, truth, or honour.
+
+[Footnote 7: Henry Sidney, afterwards Earl of Romney. [T.S.]]
+
+P. 764. _Burnet_. But, because he [Mr. Sidney] was lazy, and the
+business required an active man, who could both run about, and write
+over long and full accounts of all matters, I recommended a kinsman of
+my own, Johnstoune, whom I had formed, and knew to be both faithful and
+diligent.--_Swift_. An arrant Scotch rogue.
+
+P. 764. _Burnet_. The Earl of Nottingham ... had great credit with the
+whole Church party; For he was a man possessed with their
+notions.--_Swift_. That is, Church notions.
+
+P. 765. _Burnet_. Lord Churchill [afterwards Duke of Marlborough] ...
+was a man of a noble and graceful appearance, bred up in the court with
+no literature: But he had a solid and clear understanding, with a
+constant presence of mind. He knew the arts of living in a court better
+than any man in it. He caressed all people with a soft and obliging
+deportment, and was always ready to do good offices.... It must be
+acknowledged, that he is one of the greatest men the age has
+produced.--_Swift_. A composition of perfidiousness and avarice.
+
+Ibid. _Burnet_, still speaking of Lord Churchill:--He was also very
+doubtful as to the pretended birth. So he resolved, when the Prince
+should come over, to go in to him; but to betray no post, nor do
+anything more than the withdrawing himself, with such officers as he
+could trust with such a secret.--_Swift_. What could he do more to a
+mortal enemy.
+
+P. 769. _Burnet_. [Skelton's] rash folly might have procured the order
+from the court of France, to own this alliance [with England]; He
+thought it would terrify the States; And so he pressed this officiously,
+which they easily granted.--_Swift_. And who can blame him, if in such a
+necessity he made that alliance?
+
+P. 772. _Burnet_. The King of France thought himself tied by no peace;
+but that, when he suspected his neighbours were intending to make war
+upon him, he might upon such a suspicion begin a war on his
+part.--_Swift_. The common maxim of princes.
+
+P. 776. _Burnet_, speaking of the Declaration prepared for Scotland,
+says that the:--Presbyterians, had drawn it so, that, by many passages
+in it, the Prince by an implication declared in favour of Presbytery. He
+did not see what the consequences of those were, till I explained them.
+So he ordered them to be altered. And by the Declaration that matter was
+still entire.--_Swift_. The more shame for King William, who changed it.
+
+P. 782. _Burnet_, three days before the Prince of Orange embarked, he
+visited the States General, and:--took God to witness, he went to
+England with no other intentions, but those he had set out in his
+Declaration.--_Swift_. Then he was perjured; for he designed to get the
+crown, which he denied in the Declaration.
+
+P. 783. _Burnet_, after describing the storm which put back the Prince
+of Orange's fleet, observes:--In France and England ... they triumphed
+not a little, as if God had fought against us, and defeated the whole
+design. We on our part, who found our selves delivered out of so great a
+storm and so vast a danger, looked on it as a mark of God's great care
+of us, Who, ... had preserved us.--_Swift_. Then still it must be a
+_miracle_.
+
+P. 785. _Burnet_, when matters were coming to a crisis at the
+Revolution, an order was:--sent to the Bishop of Winchester, to put the
+President of Magdalen College again in possession, ... [But when the
+court heard] the Prince and his fleet were blown back, it was
+countermanded; which plainly shewed what it was that drove the court
+into so much compliance, and how long it was like to last.--_Swift_. The
+Bishop of Winchester assured me otherwise.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_. The court thought it necessary, now in an _after-game_
+to offer some satisfaction in that point [of the legitimacy of the
+Prince of Wales].--_Swift_. And this was the proper time.
+
+P. 786. _Burnet_. Princess Anne was not present [at the Queen's
+delivery]. She indeed excused herself. She thought she was breeding: And
+all motion was forbidden her. None believed that to be the true
+reason.... So it was looked on as a colour that shewed she did not
+believe the thing, and that therefore she would not by her being present
+seem to give any credit to it.--_Swift_. I have reason to believe this
+to be true of the Princess Anne.
+
+P. 790. _Burnet_. [The Prince of Orange's army] stayed a week at Exeter,
+before any of the gentlemen of the country about came in to the Prince.
+Every day some person of condition came from other parts. The first were
+the Lord Colchester the eldest son of the Earl of Rivers, and the Lord
+Wharton.--_Swift._ Famous for his cowardice in the rebellion of 1642.
+
+P. 791. _Burnet_. Soon after that. Prince George, the Duke of Ormonde,
+and the Lord Dramlanrig, the Duke of Queensberry's eldest son, left him
+[King James], and came over to the Prince.--_Swift_. Yet how has he been
+since used? [referring to the Duke of Ormonde.]
+
+P. 792. _Burnet_. In a little while a small army was formed about her
+[Princess Anne], who chose to be commanded by the Bishop of London; of
+which he too easily accepted.--_Swift,_ And why should he not?
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_. A foolish ballad was made at that time, treating the
+Papists, and chiefly the Irish, in a very ridiculous manner, which had a
+burden, said to be Irish words, "Lero, Lero, Lilibulero," that made an
+impression on the army, that cannot be well imagined by those who saw it
+not.--_Swift_. They are not Irish words, but better than Scotch.
+
+P. 795. _Burnet_. The Queen took up a sudden resolution of going to
+France with the child. The midwife, together with all who were assisting
+at the birth, were also carried over, or so disposed of, that it could
+never be learned what became of them afterwards.--_Swift_ That is
+strange and incredible.
+
+P. 796. _Burnet_, speaking of King James's first attempt to leave the
+kingdom, says:--With this his reign ended: For this was a plain
+deserting his people, and the exposing the nation to the pillage of an
+army, which he had ordered the Earl of Feversham to disband.--_Swift_.
+Abominable assertion, and false consequence.
+
+P. 797. _Burnet_, the incident of the King's being retaken at Feversham,
+and the subsequent stragglings, gave rise to the party of
+Jacobites:---For, if he had got clear away, by all that could be judged,
+he would not have had a party left: All would have agreed, that here was
+a desertion, and that therefore the nation was free, and at liberty to
+secure itself. But what followed upon this gave them a colour to say,
+that he was forced away, and driven out.--_Swift_. So he certainly was,
+both now and afterwards.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_. None were killed, no houses burnt, nor were any
+robberies committed.--_Swift_. Don Pedro de Ronquillo's house was
+plundered and pulled down; he was Spanish ambassador.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_. Jeffreys, finding the King was gone, saw what reason he
+had to look to himself: And, apprehending that he was now exposed to the
+rage of the people, whom he had provoked with so particular a brutality,
+he had disguised himself to make his escape. But he fell into the hands
+of some who knew him. He was insulted by them with as much scorn and
+rudeness as they could invent. And, after many hours tossing him about,
+he was carried to the Lord Mayor; whom they charged to commit him to the
+Tower.--_Swift_. He soon after died in the Tower by drinking strong
+liquors.
+
+P. 798. _Burnet_, when the Prince heard of King James's flight:--he sent
+to Oxford, to excuse his not coming thither, and to offer the
+association to them, which was signed by almost all the heads, and the
+chief men of the University; even by those, who, being disappointed in
+the preferments they aspired to, became afterwards his most implacable
+enemies.--_Swift_. Malice.
+
+P. 799. _Burnet_, when I heard of King James's flight and capture:--I
+was affected with this dismal reverse of the fortune of a great prince,
+more than I think fit to express.--_Swift_. Or than I will believe.
+
+P. 800. _Burnet_, after relating that King James "sent the Earl of
+Feversham to Windsor, without demanding any passport," describes his
+reception, and adds:--Since the Earl of Feversham, who had commanded the
+army against the Prince, was come without a passport, he was for some
+days put in arrest.--_Swift._ Base and villainous.
+
+P. 801. _Burnet_, when it was thought prudent for King James to leave
+London, the Earl of Middleton suggested that he:--should go to
+Rochester; for "since the Prince was not pleased with his coming up from
+Kent, it might be perhaps acceptable to him, if he should go thither
+again." It was very visible, that this was proposed in order to a second
+escape.--_Swift_. And why not?
+
+P. 802. _Burnet_. Some said, he [James] was now a prisoner, and
+remembered the saying of King Charles the First, that the prisons and
+the graves of princes lay not far distant from one another: The person
+of the King was now struck at, as well as his government: And this
+specious undertaking would now appear to be only a disguised and
+designed usurpation.--_Swift._ All this is certainly true.
+
+P. 803. _Burnet_. Now that the Prince was come, all the bodies about the
+town came to welcome him.... Old Serjeant Maynard came with the men of
+the law. He was then near ninety, and yet he said the liveliest thing
+that was heard of on that occasion. The Prince took notice of his great
+age, and said, "that he had outlived all the men of the law of his
+time:" He answered, "He had like to have outlived the law itself, if his
+Highness had not come over."--_Swift_. He was an old rogue for all that.
+
+P. 805. _Burnet_, speaking of the first effects of the Revolution upon
+the Presbyterians in Scotland, says:--They generally broke in upon the
+Episcopal clergy with great insolence and much cruelty. They carried
+them about the parishes in a mock procession: They tore their gowns, and
+drove them from their churches and houses. Nor did they treat those of
+them, who had appeared very zealously against Popery, with any
+distinction.--_Swift_. To reward them for which, King William abolished
+Episcopacy.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_, The Episcopal party in Scotland saw themselves under a
+great cloud: So they resolved all to adhere to the Earl of Dundee, who
+had served some years in Holland, and was both an able officer, and a
+man of good parts, and of some very valuable virtues.--_Swift_. He was
+the best man in Scotland.
+
+P. 806. _Burnet_, speaking of Londonderry and Inniskilling, says:--Those
+two small unfurnished and unfortified places, resolved to stand to their
+own defence, and at all perils to stay till supplies should come to them
+from England.--_Swift_. He should have mentioned Doctor Walker, who
+defended Derry.
+
+P. 807. _Burnet_. Those, who were employed by Tyrconnell to deceive the
+Prince, made their applications by Sir William Temple, who had a long
+and well established credit with him.--_Swift._ A lie of a Scot; for Sir
+William Temple did not know Tyrconnell.
+
+P. 807. _Burnet._ Others thought, that the leaving Ireland in that
+dangerous state, might be a mean to bring the convention to a more
+speedy settlement of England; and that therefore the Prince ought not to
+make too much haste to relieve Ireland.--_Swift._ That is agreed to be
+the true reason, and it was a wicked one.
+
+P. 810. _Burnet_, speaking of Archbishop Sancroft, says:--He was a poor
+spirited, and fearful man; and acted a very mean part in all this great
+transaction.--_Swift._ Others think very differently.
+
+P. 811. _Burnet_, speaking of the proposal to establish a regency,
+says:--The much greater part of the House of Lords was for this, and
+stuck long to it: And so was about a third part of the House of Commons.
+The greatest part of the clergy declared themselves for it.--_Swift._
+And it was certainly much the best expedient.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet._ The third party was made up of those, who thought that
+there was an original contract between the King and the people of
+England; by which the kings were bound to defend their people, and to
+govern them according to law, in lieu of which the people were bound to
+obey and serve the king.--_Swift._ I am of this party, and yet I would
+have been for a regency.
+
+P. 813. _Burnet_, it was argued that this scheme of a regency was:--both
+more illegal; and more unsafe, than the method they proposed. The law of
+England had settled the point of the subject's security in obeying the
+king in possession, in the statute made by Henry the Seventh. So every
+man knew he was safe under a king, and so would act with zeal and
+courage. But all such as should act under a _prince-regent_, created by
+this convention, were upon a bottom that had not the necessary forms of
+law for it.--_Swift._ There is something in this argument.
+
+P. 814. _Burnet._ It was believed, that those of his [King James's]
+party, who were looked on as men of conscience, had secret orders from
+him to act upon this pretence; since otherwise they offered to act
+clearly in contradiction to their own oaths and principles,--_Swift._
+This is malice.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet._ [Others thought] that in our present circumstances the
+extremity of affairs, by reason of the late ill government, and by King
+James's flying over to the enemy of the nation, rather than submit to
+reasonable terms, had put the people of England on the necessity of
+securing themselves upon a legal bottom.--_Swift._ This was the best
+reason.
+
+P. 815. _Burnet._ There were good authorities brought, by which it
+appeared, that when a person did a thing upon which his leaving any
+office ought to follow, he was said to abdicate. But this was a critical
+dispute: And it scarce became the greatness of that assembly, or the
+importance of the matter.--_Swift._ It was a very material point.
+
+P. 815. _Burnet._ It was urged, that, by the law, the king did never
+die; but that with the last breath of the dying king the regal authority
+went to the next heir.--_Swift._ This is certainly true.
+
+P. 816. _Burnet._ An heir was one that came in the room of a person that
+was dead: it being a maxim that no man can be the heir of a living
+man--_Swift._ This is sophistry.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet._ It was proposed, that the birth of the pretended prince
+might be examined into.... I was ordered to gather together all the
+presumptive proofs that were formerly mentioned:.... It is true, these
+did not amount to a full and legal proof: Yet they seemed to be such
+violent presumptions, that, when they were all laid together, they were
+more convincing than plain and downright evidence: For that was liable
+to the suspicion of subornation: Whereas the other seemed to carry on
+them very convincing characters of truth and certainty.--_Swift._ Well
+said, Bishop.
+
+P. 817. _Burnet._ If there was no clear and positive proof made of an
+imposture, the pretending to examine into it, and then the not being
+able to make it out beyond the possibility of contradiction, would
+really give more credit to the thing, than it then had, and, instead of
+weakening it, would strengthen the pretension of his birth.--_Swift._
+Wisely done.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet._ [Some people] thought, it would be a good security for
+the nation, to have a dormant title to the crown lie as it were
+neglected, to oblige our princes to govern well, while they would
+apprehend the danger of a revolt to a Pretender still in their
+eye.--_Swift._ I think this was no ill design; yet it hath not succeeded
+in mending kings.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet._ I have used more than ordinary care to gather together
+all the particulars that were then laid before me as to that matter [the
+birth of the Pretender].--_Swift._ And where are they?
+
+P. 818. _Burnet_, after relating a long conversation with Bentinck
+[afterwards Earl of Portland], adds--Next morning I came to him, and
+desired my _conge_. I would oppose nothing in which the Prince seemed to
+be concerned, as long as I was his servant. And therefore I desired to
+be disengaged, that I might be free to oppose this proposition [to offer
+him the crown] with all the strength and credit I had. He answered me,
+that I might desire that when I saw a step made: But till then he wished
+me to stay where I was.--_Swift._ Is all this true?
+
+P. 819. _Burnet._ I heard no more of this; in which the Marquess of
+Halifax was single among the peers: For I did not find there was any one
+of them of his mind; unless it was the Lord Colepeper, who was a vicious
+and corrupt man, but made a figure in the debates that were now in the
+House of Lords, and died about the end of them.--_Swift._ Yet was not
+the same thing done in effect, while the King had the sole
+administration?
+
+P. 819. _Burnet._ The Princess continued all the while in Holland, being
+shut in there during the east winds, by the freezing of the rivers, and
+by contrary winds after the thaw came. So that she came not to England
+till all the debates were over.--_Swift._ Why was she [not] sent for
+till the matter was agreed? This clearly shews the Prince's original
+design was to be king, against what he professed in his Declaration.
+
+P. 820. _Burnet._ [The Prince of Orange] said, he came over, being
+invited, to save the nation: He had now brought together a free and true
+representative of the kingdom: He left it therefore to them to do what
+they thought best for the good of the kingdom: And, when things were
+once settled, he should be well satisfied to go back to Holland
+again.--_Swift._ Did he tell truth?
+
+_Ibid. Burnet._ He thought it necessary to tell them, that he would not
+be the Regent: So, if they continued in that design, they must look out
+for some other person to be put in that post.--_Swift._ Was not this a
+plain confession of what he came for?
+
+P. 821. _Burnet._ In the end he said, that he could not resolve to
+accept of a dignity, so as to hold it only the life of another: Yet he
+thought, that the issue of Princess Anne should be preferred, in the
+succession, to any issue that he might have by any other wife than the
+Princess.--_Swift._ A great concession truly.
+
+P. 822. _Burnet._ The poor Bishop of Durham [Lord Crewe], who had
+absconded for some time, ... was now prevailed on to come, and by voting
+the new settlement to merit at least a pardon for all that he had done:
+Which, all things considered, was thought very indecent in him, yet not
+unbecoming the rest of his life and character.--_Swift._ This is too
+hard, though almost true.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet._ Then the power of the Crown to grant a _non-obstante_ to
+some statutes was objected.--_Swift._ Yet the words continue in patents.
+
+P. 824. _Burnet._ A notion was started, which ... was laid thus: "The
+Prince had a just cause of making war on the King." In that most of them
+agreed. In a just war, in which an appeal is made to God, success is
+considered as the decision of Heaven. So the Prince's success against
+King James gave him the right of conquest over him. And by it all his
+rights were transferred to the Prince.--_Swift._ The author wrote a
+paper to prove this, and it was burnt by the hangman, and is a very
+foolish scheme.[8]
+
+[Footnote 8: "A Pastoral Letter writ by ... Gilbert, Lord Bishop of
+Sarum, to the clergy of his Diocess" [dated May 15th, 1689] was
+condemned by the House of Commons on Jan. 23rd, 169-2/3, and ordered to
+"be burnt by the hand of the common hangman." [T.S.]]
+
+
+BOOK VII.
+
+P. 525 (second volume). _Burnet_, speaking of the Act for the General
+Naturalization of Protestants, and the opposition made against it by the
+High Church, adds:--This was carried in the House of Commons, with a
+great majority; but all those, who appeared for this large and
+comprehensive way, were reproached for their coldness and indifference
+in the concerns of the Church: And in that I had a large
+share.--_Swift_. Dog.
+
+P. 526. _Burnet_. The faction here in England found out proper
+instruments, to set the same humour on foot [in Ireland], during the
+Earl of Rochester's government, and, as was said, by his directions:...
+So the clergy were making the same bold claim there, that had raised
+such disputes among us.--_Swift_. Dog, dog, dog.
+
+P. 580. _Burnet_, speaking of the interruption in the negotiations for a
+peace consequent on the Earl of Jersey's death, adds:--_One Prior_, who
+had been Jersey's secretary, upon his death, was employed to prosecute
+that, which the other did not live to finish. Prior had been taken a
+boy, out of a tavern, by the Earl of Dorset, who accidentally found him
+reading Horace; and he, being very generous, gave him an education in
+literature.--_Swift_. Malice.
+
+P. 581. _Burnet_. Many mercenary pens were set on work, to justify our
+proceedings, and to defame our allies, more particularly the Dutch; this
+was done with much art, but _with no regard to truth_, in a pamphlet
+entitled "The Conduct of the Allies, and of the late Ministry."--_Swift
+It was all true_.
+
+_Ibid. Burnet_. The Jacobites did, with the greater joy entertain this
+prospect of peace, because the Dauphin had, in a visit to St. Germains,
+congratulated that court upon it; which made them conclude, that it was
+to have a happy effect, with relation to the Pretender's
+affairs.--_Swift_. The Queen hated and despised the Pretender, to my
+knowledge.
+
+P. 583. _Burnet_, in a conference I had with the Queen on the subject of
+peace.--she hoped bishops would not be against peace: I said, a good
+peace was what we prayed daily for, but ... any treaty by which Spain
+and the West Indies were left to King Philip, must in a little while
+deliver up all Europe into the hands of France; and, if any such peace
+should be made, she was betrayed, and we were all ruined; in less than
+three years' time, she would be murdered, and the fires would be again
+raised in Smithfield.--_Swift_. A false prophet in every particular.
+
+P. 589. _Burnet_, the Queen having sent a message to the Lords to
+adjourn, it was debated:--that the Queen could not send a message to any
+one House to adjourn, when the like message was not sent to both Houses:
+the pleasure of the Prince, in convening, dissolving, proroguing, or
+ordering the adjournment of Parliaments, was always directed to both
+Houses; but never to any one House, without the same intimation was
+made, at the same time, to the other.--_Swift_. Modern nonsense.
+
+P. 591. _Burnet_. The House of Commons, after the recess, entered on the
+observations of the commissioners for taking the public accounts; and
+began with [Sir Robert] Walpole, whom they resolved to put out of the
+way of disturbing them in the House.--_Swift_. He began early, and has
+been thriving _twenty-seven years_, to January 1739.
+
+P. 609. _Burnet_. A new set of addresses ran about.... Some of these
+addresses mentioned the Protestant succession, and the House of Hanover,
+with zeal; others did it more coldly; and some made no mention at all of
+it. And it was universally believed, that no addresses were so
+acceptable to the ministers, as those of _the last sort_.--_Swift_.
+Foolish and factious.
+
+P. 610. _Burnet_. The Duke of Ormonde had given the States such
+assurances, of his going along with them through the whole campaign,
+that he was let into the secrets of all their counsels, which by that
+confidence were all known to the French: And, if the auxiliary German
+troops had not been prepared to disobey his orders, it was believed he,
+in conjunction with the French army, would have forced the States to
+come into the new measures.--_Swift_. Vile Scot, dare to touch Ormonde's
+honour, and so falsely.
+
+P. 612. _Burnet_, the Duke of Hamilton and Lord Mohun were engaged in
+litigation; and:--upon a very high provocation, the Lord Mohun sent him
+[the Duke] a challenge, which he tried to decline: but both being
+hurried, by those false points of honour, they fatally went out to Hyde
+Park, in the middle of November, and fought with so violent an
+animosity, that neglecting the rules of art, they seemed to run on one
+another, as if they tried who should kill first; in which they were both
+so unhappily successful, that the Lord Mohun was killed outright, and
+Duke Hamilton died in a few minutes after.[9]--_Swift_. Wrongly told.
+
+[Footnote: 9: A footnote to the 1833 edition of Burnet says that "the
+duke in the belief of some was killed by General Macartney, the Lord
+Mohun's second." See also Chesterfield's letter quoted in Introduction,
+and Swift's own version in the "Four Last Years," p. 178. [T.S.]]
+
+P. 614. _Burnet_ says of the Earl of Godolphin:--After having been
+thirty years in the Treasury, and during nine of those Lord Treasurer,
+as he was never once suspected of corruption, or of suffering his
+servants to grow rich under him, so in all that time his estate was not
+increased by him to the value of L4,000. _Swift_. A great lie.
+
+
+THE CONCLUSION.
+
+P. 669. _Burnet_, speaking of the progress of his own life, says:--The
+pleasures of sense I did soon nauseate.--_Swift_. Not so soon with the
+wine of some elections.
+
+
+THE LIFE OF THE AUTHOR, BY THOMAS BURNET, ESQ.
+
+Opposite to the title-page:--_Swift_. A rude violent party jackanapes.
+
+In the Life, p. 719, is printed a letter from Archbishop Tillotson,
+dated October 23, 1764 [sic, the volume was printed in 1734, the date
+should be 1694], in which he says: "The account given of Athanasius's
+Creed, seems to me no-wise satisfactory; I wish we were well rid of
+it."--_Swift_ has drawn a finger in the margin of his copy of Burnet's
+History pointing to this passage.
+
+P. 722. _Thomas Burnet_. The character I have given his wives, will
+scarce make it an addition to his, that he was a most affectionate
+husband. His tender care of the _first_, during a course of sickness,
+that lasted for many years; and _his fond love to the other two_, and
+the deep concern he expressed for their loss, were no more than their
+just due, from one of his humanity, gratitude and discernment.--_Swift_.
+Three wives.
+
+P. 723. _Thomas Burnet_. The bishop was a kind and bountiful master to
+his servants, whom he never changed, but with regret and through
+necessity: Friendly and obliging to all in employment under him, and
+peculiarly happy in the choice of them; especially in that of the
+steward to the bishopric and his courts, William Wastefield, Esq. (a
+gentleman of a plentiful fortune, at the time of his accepting this
+post) and in that of his domestic steward, Mr. _Mackney_.--_Swift_. A
+Scot, his own countryman.
+
+
+*****       *****       *****       *****       *****
+
+
+
+
+NOTES ON THE FREE-HOLDER.
+
+
+NOTE
+
+"THE FREE HOLDER" was a political periodical written in the form of
+essays. It continued for fifty five numbers from Friday, December 23rd,
+1715, to Friday, June 29th, 1716. Its purpose was to reconcile the
+English nation to the Hanoverian succession. "These papers," notes
+Scott, "while they exhibit the exquisite humour and solid sense peculiar
+to the author, show also, even amid the strength of party, that
+philanthropy and gentleness of nature, which were equally his
+distinguishing attributes. None of these qualities would have
+conciliated his great opponent, Swift, had the field of combat yet
+remained open to him. But as he withdrew from it in sullen indignation,
+he seems to have thrown out the following flashes of satire, as brief
+examples of what he would have done had the hour of answer been yet
+current."
+
+Scott obtained these "notes" from a transcription of the original in
+Swift's own hand, in a copy of "The Free holder" which belonged to Dr.
+Bernard, Bishop of Limerick. The present text is a reprint of Scott's,
+but the text of "The Free holder" has been read with the octavo and
+duodecimo editions of that periodical issued by Midwinter in 1716. The
+titles to the essays were not given in the original issue, except that
+to No. 9. They were added as a "Contents" to the re-issue in volume
+form.
+
+[T.S.]
+
+
+NOTES ON THE FREE-HOLDER.[1]
+
+No. 2. _Dec. 26, 1715_.--_Of His Majesty's Character._
+
+_Addison._
+
+[Footnote 1: "The Free-holder," conducted by Addison, was published on
+Mondays and Fridays from December 23rd, 1715, till June 29th, 1716;
+fifty-five numbers were issued altogether. [T.S.]]
+
+
+
+It was by this [this firmness of mind] that he surmounted those many
+difficulties which lay in the way to his succession.--_Swift_. What
+difficulties were those, or what methods did he take to surmount them?
+
+_Addison_. It is observed by Sir William Temple, that the English are
+particularly fond of a king who is valiant: Upon which account His
+Majesty has a title to all the esteem that can be paid the most warlike
+prince; though at the same time, for the good of his subjects, he
+studies to decline all occasions of military glory.--_Swift_. This seems
+to be a discovery.
+
+_Addison_. I might here take notice of His Majesty's more private
+virtues, but have rather chosen to remind my countrymen of the public
+parts of his character.--_Swift_. This is prudent.
+
+_Addison_. But the most remarkable interpositions of Providence, in
+favour of him, have appeared in removing those seemingly invincible
+obstacles to his succession; in taking away, at so critical a juncture,
+the person who might have proved a dangerous enemy; etc.--_Swift_.
+False, groundless, invidious, and ungrateful. Was that person the Queen?
+
+
+No. 3. _Dec. 30, 1715_.--_The Memoirs of a Preston Rebel._
+
+[_A Ludicrous Account of the Principles of the Northumberland
+Insurgents, and the Causes of their taking Arms_.]--_Swift_. Could this
+author, or his party, offer as good reasons for their infamous treatment
+of our blessed Queen's person, government, and majesty?
+
+The same. _Addison_. Having been joined by a considerable reinforcement
+of Roman Catholics, whom we could rely upon, as knowing them
+to be the best Tories in the nation, and avowed enemies to
+Presbyterianism.--_Swift_. By this irony, the best Whigs are professed
+friends to fanatics.
+
+The same. _Addison_. But before we could give the word [to retreat], the
+trainbands, taking advantage of our delay, fled first.--_Swift_. An
+argument for a standing army.
+
+
+No. 6. _Jan. 9, 1715-16_.--_The Guilt of Perjury._
+
+_Addison_. Though I should be unwilling to pronounce the man who is
+indolent, or indifferent in the cause of his prince, to be absolutely
+perjured; I may venture to affirm, that he falls very short of that
+allegiance to which he is obliged by oath.--_Swift_. Suppose a king
+grows a beast, or a tyrant, after I have taken an oath: a 'prentice
+takes an oath; but if his master useth him barbarously, the lad may be
+excused if he wishes for a better.
+
+
+No. 7. _Jan. 13, 1715-16_.--_Of Party Lies._
+
+_Addison_. If we may credit common report, there are several remote
+parts of the nation in which it is firmly believed, that all the
+churches in London are shut up; and that if any clergyman walks the
+streets in his habit, 'tis ten to one but he is knocked down by some
+sturdy schismatic.--_Swift_. No--but treated like a dog.
+
+
+No. 8. _Jan. 16, 1715-16_.--_The Female Association._
+
+_Addison_. It is therefore to be hoped that every fine woman will make
+this laudable use of her charms; and that she may not want to be
+frequently reminded of this great duty, I will only desire her to think
+of her country every time she looks in her glass.--_Swift_. By no means,
+for if she loves her country, she will not be pleased with the sight.
+
+_Addison_. Every wife ought to answer for her man. If the husband be
+engaged in a seditious club or drinks mysterious healths ... let her
+look to him, and keep him out of harm's way; etc.--_Swift_. Will they
+hang a man for that.
+
+
+No. 9. _Jan. 20, 1715-16_.--_Answer of the Free-holders of Great Britain
+to the Pretender's Declaration._
+
+_The Declaration of the Free-holders of Great Britain, in Answer to that
+of the Pretender_.--_Addison_. Can you in conscience think us to be such
+fools as to rebel against the King, for ... having removed a general
+[the Duke of Ormonde] who is now actually in arms against him,
+etc.--_Swift_. Driven out by tyranny, malice, and faction.
+
+_Addison_. The next grievance, which you have a mighty mind to redress
+among us, is the Parliament of Great Britain, against whom you bring a
+stale accusation which has been used by every minority in the memory of
+man; namely, that it was procured by unwarrantable influences and
+corruptions.--_Swift._ The freeholders will never sign this paragraph.
+
+_Addison_. How comes it to pass that the Electorate of Hanover is become
+all of a sudden one of the most inconsiderable provinces of the
+empire?--_Swift_. It is indeed grown considerable by draining of
+England.
+
+No. 12. _Jan_. 30, 1715-16.--_The Guilt of Rebellion in general, and of
+the late Rebellion in particular_.
+
+_Addison_. The present rebellion [1715] is formed against a king, ...
+who has not been charged with one illegal proceeding.--_Swift_ Are you
+serious?
+
+No. 13. _Feb_. 3, 1715-16.--_Of those who are indifferent in a time of
+Rebellion_,
+
+_Addison_. In such a juncture [a rebellion], though a man may be
+innocent of the great breach which is made upon government, he is highly
+culpable, if he does not use all the means that are suitable to his
+station for reducing the community into its former state of peace and
+good order.--_Swift_. He speaks at his ease, but those who are ill used
+will be apt to apply what the boy said to his mother, who told him the
+enemy was approaching.
+
+_Addison_. This law [one of Solon's] made it necessary for every citizen
+to take his party, because it was highly probable the majority would be
+so wise as to espouse that cause which was most agreeable to the public
+weal.--_Swift_. No--for, in England, a faction that governs a weak, or
+honours a wicked prince, will carry all against a majority in the
+kingdom, as we have seen by sad experience.
+
+No. 14. _Feb._ 6, 1715-16.--_The Political Creed of a Tory Malcontent._
+
+_Addison_. Article XIII, That there is an unwarrantable faction in this
+island, consisting of King, Lords, and Commons.--_Swift_. This article
+is too true, with a little alteration.
+
+The same. _Addison_. Article XV. That an Act of Parliament to empower
+the King to secure suspected persons in times of rebellion, is the means
+to establish the sovereign on the throne, and consequently a great
+infringement of the liberties of the subject.--_Swift_. No--but to
+destroy liberty.
+
+No. 21. _Mar_. 2, 1715-16.--_The Birthday of Her Royal Highness the
+Princess of Wales_.
+
+_Addison_. When this excellent princess was yet in her father's court,
+she was so celebrated for the beauty of her person, etc.--_Swift_. I
+have bad eyes.
+
+_Addison_. There is no part of her Royal Highness's character which we
+observe with greater pleasure, than that behaviour by which she has so
+much endeared herself to His Majesty.--_Swift._ What would he say
+now?[2]
+
+[Footnote: 2: The prince and his father, George I., were now [1727, just
+before George I. died] at variance. [S.]]
+
+No. 24. _Mar_. 12, 1715-16.--_The Designs of His Majesty's Enemies
+impracticable_.
+
+_Addison_. To this we may add ... that submissive deference of his Royal
+Highness both from duty and inclination to all the measures of his Royal
+father.--_Swift_. Which still continues.
+
+_Addison_. There is no question but His Majesty will be as generally
+valued and beloved in his British as he is in his German dominions, when
+he shall have time to make his royal virtues equally known among
+us.--_Swift._ How long time does he require?
+
+No. 26. _Mar_. 19, 1715-16.--_Considerations offered to the disaffected
+part of the Fair Sex_.
+
+_Addison_. Several inconveniencies which those among them undergo, who
+have not yet surrendered to the government.--_Swift_. Would he pimp for
+the court?
+
+No. 29. _Mar_. 30, 1716.--_The Practice of Morality necessary to make a
+Party flourish_.
+
+_Addison_. Those of our fellow-subjects, who are sensible of the
+happiness they enjoy in His Majesty's accession to the throne, are
+obliged, by all the duties of gratitude, to adore that Providence which
+has so signally interposed in our behalf, by clearing a way to the
+Protestant succession through such difficulties as seemed
+insuperable--_Swift_. I wish he had told us any one of those
+difficulties.
+
+_Addison_. It is the duty of an honest and prudent man, to sacrifice a
+doubtful opinion to the concurring judgement of those whom he believes
+to be well intentioned to their country, and who have better
+opportunities of looking into all its most complicated interests.--_Swift_.
+A motion to make men go every length with their party. I am sorry to
+see such a principle in this author.
+
+No. 31. _Apr_. 6, 1716.--_Answer to a celebrated Pamphlet entitled "An
+Argument to prove the Affections of the People of England to be the best
+Security of the Government; etc."_
+
+_Addison_. This middle method [of tempering justice with mercy] ... has
+hitherto been made use of by our sovereign.--_Swift_. In trifles.
+
+_Addison_. Would it be possible for him [the reader] to imagine, that of
+the several thousands openly taken in arms, and liable to death by the
+laws of their country, not above forty have yet suffered?--_Swift._ A
+trifle!
+
+_Addison_. Has not His Majesty then shewn the least appearance of grace
+in that generous forgiveness which he has already extended to such great
+numbers of his rebellious subjects, who must have died by the laws of
+their country, had not his mercy interposed in their behalf?--_Swift_.
+Prodigious clemency, not to hang all the common soldiers who followed
+their leaders!
+
+_Addison_. Those who are pardoned would not have known the value of
+grace, if none had felt the effects of justice.--_Swift._ And only
+hanging the lords and gentlemen, and some of the rabble.
+
+_Addison_. Their [the last ministry's] friends have ever since made use
+of the most base methods to infuse those groundless discontents into the
+minds of the common people, etc.--_Swift._ Hath experience shown those
+discontents groundless?
+
+_Addison_. If the removal of these persons from their posts has produced
+such popular commotions, the continuance of them might have produced
+something much more fatal to their king and country.--_Swift_. Very
+false reasoning.
+
+_Addison_. No man would make such a parallel, [between the treatment of
+the rebels, and that of the Catalans under King Philip,] unless his mind
+be so blinded with passion and prejudice, as to assert, in the language
+of this pamphlet, "That no instances can be produced of the least lenity
+under the present administration from the first hour it commenced to
+this day."--_Swift_. Nor to this, 1727.
+
+_Addison_. God be thanked we have a king who punishes with
+reluctancy.--_Swift_. A great comfort to the sufferers!
+
+_Addison_. It would be well if all those who ... are clamorous at the
+proceedings of His present Majesty, would remember, that notwithstanding
+that rebellion [the Duke of Monmouth's]  ... had no tendency ... to
+destroy the national religion, etc.--_Swift_. To introduce fanaticism,
+and destroy monarchy.
+
+_Addison_. No prince has ever given a greater instance of his
+inclinations to rule without a standing army.--_Swift_. We find this
+true by experience.
+
+_Addison_. What greater instances could His Majesty have given of his
+love to the Church of England, than those he has exhibited by his most
+solemn declarations; by his daily example; and by his promotions of the
+most eminent among the clergy to such vacancies as have happened in his
+reign.--_Swift._ Most undeniable truth, as any in Rabelais.
+
+No. 44. _May_ 21, 1716.--_Tory Foxhunter's Account of the Masquerade on
+the Birth of the Arch-Duke._
+
+_Addison_. What still gave him greater offence was a drunken bishop, who
+reeled from one side of the court to the other, and was very sweet upon
+an Indian Queen.--_Swift_. Then, that story is true?
+
+No. 45. _May_ 25, 1716.--_The Use and Advantage of Wit and Humour under
+proper Regulations_.
+
+_Addison_. I have lately read with much pleasure, the "Essays upon
+several Subjects" published by Sir Richard Blackmore.--_Swift_. I
+admire to see such praises from this author to so insipid a scoundrel,
+whom I know he despised.
+
+No. 51. _June_ 15, 1716.--_Cautions to be observed in the reading of
+ancient Greek and Roman Historians_.
+
+_Addison_. "History of Free-thinking."--_Swift_. Writ by Collins.
+
+_Addison_. The greatest theorists ... among those very people [the
+Greeks and Romans,] have given the preference to such a form of
+government, as that which obtains in this kingdom.--_Swift_. Yet, this
+we see is liable to be wholly corrupted.
+
+No. 52. _June_ 18, 1716.--_Of State Jealousy_.
+
+_Addison_. It is plain, ... that such a base ungenerous race of men
+could rely upon nothing for their safety in this affront to His Majesty,
+[wearing a mark on the Pretender's birth-day,] but the known gentleness
+and lenity of his government.--_Swift_. Then the devil was in them.
+
+No. 54. _June_ 25, 1716.--_Preference of the Whig Scheme to that of the
+Tories_.
+
+_Addison_. The Whigs tell us ... that the Tory scheme would terminate in
+Popery and arbitrary government.--_Swift._ But Tories never writ or
+spoke so gently and favourably of Popery, as Whigs do of Presbytery.
+Witness a thousand pamphlets on both sides.
+
+_Addison_. I shall not impute to any Tory scheme the administration of
+King James the Second, on condition that they do not reproach the Whigs
+with the usurpation of Oliver.--_Swift_. I will not accept that
+condition, nor did I ever see so unfair a one offered.
+
+No. 55. _June_ 29, 1716.--_Conclusion_.
+
+_Addison_. The enemies of His present Majesty ... find him in a
+condition to visit his dominions in Germany, without any danger to
+himself, or to the public; whilst his dutiful subjects would be in no
+ordinary concern upon this occasion, had they not the consolation to
+find themselves left under the protection of a prince who makes it his
+ambition to copy out his Royal Father's example.--_Swift_ Then, why was
+he never trusted a second time?
+
+_Addison_. It would indeed have been an unpardonable insolence for a
+fellow-subject to treat in a vindictive and cruel style, those persons
+whom His Majesty has endeavoured to reduce to obedience by gentle
+methods, which he has declared from the throne to be most agreeable to
+his inclinations.--_Swift_. And is that enough?
+
+_Addison_. May we not hope that all of this kind, who have the least
+sentiments of honour or gratitude, will be won over to their duty by so
+many instances of Royal clemency?--_Swift_ Not one instance produced.
+
+
+*****       *****       *****       *****       *****
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+ABINGDON, Earl of, character of, 279.
+Addison, Joseph, Swift and, 15;
+  Swift's Notes on the Freeholder, 371-377.
+Aglionby, Mr., character of, 284.
+Albemarle, Earl of, defeated at Denain, 169, 175;
+  character of, 276.
+Allies, the, unfair treatment of England by, 104 _et seq_.
+Ancaster, Duke of, character of, 279.
+Anne, the Princess, her behaviour at the birth of the Pretender, 360.
+  _See_ Anne, Queen.
+Anne, Queen, her treatment of Swift, 10 and _n_., 15;
+  offers a reward for discovery of author of
+     the "Public Spirit of the Whigs," 15;
+  her change of ministry, 19, 31;
+  her overtures with regard to peace, 31, 50;
+  creates twelve new peers, 38, 39;
+  stated to have pressed Marlborough
+      to become general for life, 40;
+  dismisses Marlborough, 48, 49;
+  her conduct of the peace negotiations, _see_ Utrecht, Congress of;
+  speech on the terms of peace with France, 151 _et seq_.
+Argyle, the family of, Swift on,
+   293, 300, 306, 308, 312, 313, 314, 317, 318, 319, 332, 335.
+Argyle, Archibald, Duke of, character of, 286.
+Arlington, Earl of, character of, 334.
+Assiento, the, demanded by England, 63, 67, 136, 144, 145, 153;
+  the Dutch demand a share in, 130, 138, 140, 141.
+Aylesford, Earl of, Swift on, 350.
+Aylmer, Colonel Matthew (Lord), character of, 284.
+
+Baillie, Robert, 349-350;
+  his execution, 351.
+Barrier Treaty, the, 41, 80-82;
+  inquiry into, 99;
+  laid before the House, 100;
+  interests of Great Britain sacrificed by, 110-114;
+  peace proposals affecting, 134, 135, 138, 140, 143;
+  new treaty signed, 180-182.
+Bavaria, Elector of, peace proposals affecting,
+  79, 171, 176, 179, 183, 184, 188.
+Baxter, Richard, 337.
+Berkeley, Earl of, character of, 279.
+Berry, Duke of, declared heir to the French throne, 152, 174.
+Blackmore, Sir Richard, 376.
+Blackwell, Sir Lambert, character of, 284.
+Blunt, Sir John, on the National Debt, 91, 92.
+Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, Lord, his estrangement from Harley, 13, 16;
+  information given to Swift by, 18 _n_.;
+  and the Duke of Somerset, 33;
+  his interview with Bothmar, 43;
+  introduces Prince Eugene to the Queen, 43;
+  hated by Eugene, 45;
+  his attacks on Walpole, 84 and _n_.;
+  his energy in instituting an enquiry into the war, 119;
+  his negotiations with Buys, 130;
+  orders Ormonde not to fight, 150 _n_., 156 _n_.;
+  letter to Thomas Harley on the conduct of the Dutch, 160 _n_.;
+  his opinion of Rebellion, 166 _n_.;
+  created Viscount, 170;
+  his indignation at not being made an Earl, 170 _n_.;
+  his mission to France, 171, 172;
+  mentioned, 76, 77, 121.
+Bolton, Charles, Duke of, character of, 274;
+Bothmar, M., Hanover Envoy,
+  memorial of, 42, 43, 129, 167;
+  his interview with Bolingbroke, 43, 45, 48;
+  deceives his master by false representations, 166.
+Boyle, Archbishop Michael, 354.
+Boyle, Hon. Henry (Lord Carleton),
+  character of, 281.
+Boyle, Robert, 338.
+Bristol, John Digby, 3rd Earl of, 27 _n_.
+Bromley, William, 121.
+Brydges, Mr. (Duke of Chandos), character of, 280.
+Buckingham, Duke of, character of, 334, 335.
+Buckinghamshire, John Duke of, character of, 273.
+Burnet, Gilbert, Bishop of Salisbury, 16,
+  the originator of the National Debt, 88;
+  character of, 282;
+  Swift's remarks on his "History," 325-368;
+  appointed Professor of Divinity at Glasgow, 341;
+  his "Lives of the Dukes of Hamilton," 341;
+  settled in Holland, 357;
+  and the Earl of Portland, 364;
+  his "Pastoral Letter," 365, 366;
+  his criticism of "The Conduct of the Allies," 366;
+  his opinion on the peace, 366, 367;
+  his wives, 368.
+Burnet, Thomas, his life of Bishop Burnet, 368.
+Butler of Weston, Lord, character of, 281.
+Buys, Pensionary,
+  Dutch envoy in London, 38, 41-43, 48, 60,74-76, 80-82, 129;
+  account of, 41, 42;
+  on national debts, 88;
+  his unreasonable proposals, 130;
+  goes to Utrecht, 136;
+  his hostile  attitude to England, 136-139, 144;
+  his altered behaviour, 187;
+  charges all delays to Heinsius, 187.
+
+Cadogan, General, 164.
+Cardonnell, Adam, secretary to the Duke of Marlborough,
+  expelled the house, 87.
+Carstairs, William, character of, 287, 345.
+Carstares, Rev. W., 117, 118 _n_.
+Cartwright, Bishop, 356.
+Chandos, Lord, character of, 280.
+Charles II., his mistresses, 339, 340, 344;
+  Burnet's character of, 353.
+Charles VI., Emperor, averse from ending the war, 42;
+  his proposals, 43, 44;
+  how affected by Treaty of Utrecht, 188;
+  does not sign the Treaty, 190.
+Charles XII., King of Sweden, Swift's veneration for, 195.
+Chesterfield, Earl of, character of, 279.
+Cholmondeley, Earl of, 19; character of, 280.
+Church of Rome, the, usurpations of, 207.
+Churches, suggestion for building fifty new, 20.
+Clarendon, Earl of, 16;
+  Swift's remarks on his "History of the Rebellion," 291-323, 332;
+  Burnet on his banishment, 339, 340.
+Congreve, William, Swift and, 15.
+Cowper, Lord, character of, 28, 29.
+Craggs, father of the Secretary, 40.
+
+Crewe, Lord, Bishop of Durham, 365.
+Croissy, Chevalier de, 54.
+Cromwell, Oliver, Swift on, 314, 316, 333, 334;
+  and the Countess of Dysert, 339.
+Cutts, Lord, character of, 284.
+
+Dartmouth, Earl of, 129;
+  character of, 278.
+D'Avenant, Charles, character of, 282.
+D'Avenant, Mr., agent at Frankfort, character of, 284.
+De La Warr, Lord, character of, 280.
+Denain, battle of, 52, 169.
+Derby, Earl of, character of, 276.
+De Witt, Pensionary, 338;
+  the Prince of Orange and, 343.
+Disney, Colonel, 165.
+Dorislaus, Dr., 317.
+Dorset, Earl of, character of, 276.
+Dundee, Earl of, Swift on, 362.
+Dunkirk, proposed demolition of, 62, 67, 68, 70, 74, 135, 153;
+  Hill takes possession of, 161, 163, 165.
+Dutch, the, the French affect resentment against, 55 and _n._;
+  negotiate secretly with France, 55 _n._, 60, 61, 139, 143, 145;
+  their answer to the French proposals, 59;
+  French and English preliminaries submitted to, 71;
+  their object in sending M. Buys to London, 76;
+  agree to Congress of Utrecht, 79;
+  their treaty with England, 80-82, 129;
+  fail to observe their agreements, 104, 105;
+  unreasonable demands of, 130;
+  misled by factions in England, 131, 137, 142, 145, 158, 161, 175;
+  the Queen's indignation with, 131;
+  hostile attitude of, to England, 138, 139, 144, 145;
+  English concessions to, 143;
+  protest against Ormonde's refusal to fight, 159, 160, 162;
+  refuse Ormonde passage through their towns, 163;
+  refuse to join England in the armistice, 168;
+  their consequent losses, 175;
+  discover they have been deceived, 176, 184;
+  their proposals, 176;
+  last English offers to, 179;
+  new Succession and Barrier treaty concluded with, 180, 181, 182;
+  convinced of the Queen's sincerity, 184.
+Dysert, Countess of, and Cromwell, 339.
+
+"Eikon Basilike," Swift on, 333.
+England, Abstract of the History of, 195-270.
+Essex, Earl of, 276, 303, 305;
+  Swift on, 305;
+  suicide of, 350.
+Eugene, Prince, in England, 43;
+  design of his visit, 44, 45, 132;
+  his hatred of Bolingbroke, 45;
+  his action in Flanders, 147;
+  deserts Ormonde, 162.
+
+Fairfax, Lord, 333.
+Falkland, Lord, and Prince Rupert, 300;
+his discourses against the Roman Catholic religion, 303;
+character of, 303.
+Feversham, Earl of, character of, 279;
+  Burnet on, 361.
+Fitzgerald, Percy, his collation of the "Four Last Years," xxi;
+  his collation of Swift's remarks on Clarendon, 290.
+"Four Last Years of the Queen,"
+  History of the, editor's advertisement to, 5;
+  editor's motives in publishing, 7;
+  editor's criticism of Swift, 8-11;
+  Swift's reasons for writing, 13, 14;
+  Swift's materials for, 14.
+  _See also_ Introduction.
+Fletcher, Andrew, of Saltoun, character of, 287.
+France, offers terms of peace, 51;
+  refuses the British demands, 51, 53;
+  anxious for peace, 53;
+  affects resentment against the Dutch, 55 and _n._;
+  negotiations between the Allies and, 56 _et seq.,
+     see_ Utrecht, Congress of;
+  renounces the succession In Spain, 152, 173, 174.
+Frankland, Sir Thomas, character of, 281.
+"Free Thoughts on the Present State of Affairs,"
+  publication of, delayed by Bolingbroke, 21 _n_.
+
+Gallas, Count, Austrian Ambassador, 44, 54;
+  forbidden the Court, 77, 78.
+Galway, Earl of, character of, 284.
+Gaultier, Abbe, employed in peace negotiations, 53 and _n_., 54 _et
+  seq_., 78, 142.
+George I., Addison on, 374, 375, 376, 377.
+Gertruydenberg, conference at, 54, 55, 56, 59, 76.
+Gibraltar, to be annexed to Britain, 136, 140, 141, 153.
+Godolphin, Earl of, character of, 26, 27;
+  nicknamed "Volpone," 27;
+  his treatment of the Duke of Somerset, 33;
+  in need of protection, 41;
+  debt incurred under his administration, 92, 93, 96;
+  at the head of the Junto, 129;
+  Burnet on, 348, 368.
+Goodenough, under-sheriff of London, 354.
+Grafton, Duke of, character of, 275.
+Grand Alliance, the, 70, 83.
+Grantham, Earl of, character of, 279.
+Greenvil, Sir Richard, Swift on, 309.
+Grey of Werke, Lord, character of, 280.
+Griffin, Lord, character of, 280.
+Guernsey, Heneage Finch, Lord, 30.
+Guilford, Lord, character of, 280.
+Guiscard, Marquis de, 97, 120.
+Gyllenborg, Count de, the "Abstract of the History of England,"
+  dedicated to, 194, 195.
+
+Hague, The, conference at, 51, 54, 55, 59, 65.
+Halifax, Lord, character of, 275.
+
+Hamilton, 3rd Marquess, afterwards Duke of,
+  Swift on, 293,305, 306, 317, 321.
+Hamilton, James Douglas, 4th Duke of,
+  his duel with Lord Mohun, 178, 179, 286, 367;
+  character of, 286.
+Hanmer, Sir Thomas, his "Representation," 100.
+Hanover, the Elector of, 34, 42;
+  his "Memorial to the Queen," 42, 43 and _n_.;
+  deceived by Robethon and Bothmar, 166, 167;
+  T. Harley's mission to, 167, 168.
+Hanover, House of, Bill for fixing the precedence of the, 98, 99.
+Harley, Robert, Earl of Oxford,
+  his estrangement from Bolingbroke, 13, 16;
+  information given to Swift by, 18 _n_.;
+  his financial measures, 20, 96-98;
+  blamed in connection with Nottingham's amendment to the address, 38;
+  advises the Queen to create new peers, 38;
+  character of, 93-96, 281.
+Harley, Thomas, his mission to Utrecht, 140;
+  sent to Hanover, 166, 167, 168.
+Hartington, Marquess of, character of, 275.
+Hedges, Sir Charles, 86.
+Heinsius, Pensionary, 60;
+  charged by Bays with all delays, 187.
+Henderson, Alexander, "a cursed fanatic," 294.
+Henry I., history of reign of, 217-237;
+  his character and person, 236.
+Henry II., history of the reign of, 265-268;
+  character of, 269.
+Hickes, Dean, 346, 347.
+Hill, John, takes Dunkirk, 161, 163, 165.
+Hill, Richard, character of, 283.
+Hoffman, the Emperor's Resident in England, 129, 132.
+Holland, Earl of, Swift on, 304.
+Hompesch, Count, Dutch General, 164, 175.
+Hurry, Colonel, character of, 302, 303, 307.
+
+Ingoldsby, Colonel, 323.
+Ireland, "a most obscure disagreeable country," 196;
+  slow growth of civilization in, 267, 268.
+
+James II, the "abdicated king," 10, 11, 26;
+  flight and capture of, 361.
+Jeffreys, Judge, his death in the Tower, 361.
+Jersey, Earl of, 35;
+  and the Abbe Gaultier, 54.
+Johnstoun, James, character of, 287.
+Junto, Lords of the, 32, 39, 129.
+
+Kennedy, Lady Margaret, married Bishop Burnet, 328.
+Kent, Earl (afterwards Duke) of, character of, 279.
+
+Land, Bill appointing Commissioners to examine into Crown grants of, 121.
+Lauderdale, Earl of, Swift on, 317.
+Leightoun, Bishop, Burnet on, 335;
+  death of, 351, 352.
+Leopold, the Emperor, fails to observe his agreements, 105.
+Lewis, Erasmus, letter of, to Swift, on the "Four Last Years,"
+   quoted, x, 25 _n_., 30 _n_., 33 _n_., 42 _n_., 45 _n_.
+Lexington, Lord, appointed Ambassador in Spain, 178, 190;
+  character of, 280;
+Lindsey, Earl of _See_ Ancaster, Duke of.
+Louis XIV., King of France, his negotiations for peace, 51 _et seq_.,
+  _See_ Utrecht, Congress of.
+Lorraine, Duke of, 61.
+Lucas, Dr. Charles, Editor of the "Four Last Years," 5 _n_.
+Lucas, Lord; character of, 277.
+Lumley, Lord, character of, 358.
+
+Macartney, General, kills the Duke of Hamilton, 178, 179, 286.
+Macky, John, account of, 272;
+  "Memoirs of the Secret Services of," 272;
+  his characters of the Court of Queen Anne, 273, 288.
+Mansell, Thomas (afterwards Lord), character of, 281.
+Mar, Earl of, character of, 287.
+March Club, the, 121.
+Marlborough, Duke of, 19, 58;
+  character of, 24, 25, 273;
+  insinuations against his courage, 25 and _n_., 48;
+  fears an inquiry, 40;
+  his demand to be made general for life, 40, 41;
+  fall of, 46, 49;
+  accused of corruption, 84, 86;
+  his deduction of 2-1/2 per cent from the pay of foreign troops, 85, 116;
+  at the head of the Junto, 129;
+  endeavours to dissuade the Dutch from concluding peace, 187, 188;
+  "detestably covetous," 273;
+  Burnet on, 359.
+Marlborough, Duchess of, character of, 25, 26.
+Masham, Mrs., her hostility to the Duke of Marlborough, 87.
+Maynard, Sir John, 347, 362.
+Mesnager, M., his mission to London, 66, 67;
+  appointed plenipotentiary at Utrecht, 80;
+  favours the Dutch, 165;
+  quarrels with Count Rechteren, 177, 181, 182;
+  his unreasonable attitude, 182, 183, 189.
+Methuen, Sir Paul, character of, 283.
+Mew, Bishop, character of, 352.
+Middleton, Earl of, character of, 287.
+Milton's "Paradise Lost," Burnet's criticism of, 336.
+Mohun, Lord, his duel with the  Duke of Hamilton, 178, 367;
+  character of, 278.
+Molo, Dutch agent, 139, 166.
+Montagu, Duke of, character of, 275.
+Monteleon, Marquis of, Spanish ambassador in London, 190.
+Montrevil, M., 310, 311.
+Montrose, Marquess (afterwards Duke) of, character of, 286, 311, 318, 333.
+Munster, Treaty of, 112.
+
+Nassau, Count, 164.
+National Debt, the, origin of, 87.
+Newcastle, Duke of, 35;
+  character of, 274.
+Newfoundland, to be restored to England, 63, 68, 136, 153;
+  French fishing rights in, 68.
+Northumberland, George, Duke of, character of, 274.
+Nottingham, Earl of, character of, 29, 30;
+  his nicknames, 30 _n_.;
+  his amendment to the address with reference to the peace,
+       34 _n_., 36, 129, 131;
+  out of favour at Court, 34;
+  his disappointment, 35;
+  goes over to the Whigs, 35, 48, 129;
+  his bill against Occasional Conformity, 35, 37, 39, 40;
+  votes against the Bill for appointing Commissioners to examine
+       into Crown grants of land, 122;
+  character of, 274.
+
+Occasional Conformity, Bill against, 35, 37, 39, 40.
+October Club, the, 120.
+O'Hara, Sir Charles. _See_ Tyrawley, Lord.
+Orange, Prince of. _See_ William III.
+Orkney, Earl of, character of, 284.
+Orkney, Lady, 355.
+Ormonde, Duke of, succeeds Marlborough in Flanders, 46, 143;
+  ordered to avoid fighting, 146, 150 _n_., 156 and _n_.;
+  refuses to fight, 147;
+  anger of the Dutch against, 147, 148;
+  why unable to take Dunkirk, 159;
+  deserted by the allies, 162;
+  declares an armistice, 163;
+  refused passage through Dutch towns, 163;
+  takes possession of Ghent and Bruges, 164, 165;
+  character of, 273;
+  Burnet on, 360, 367;
+  Addison on, 372.
+Ossuna, Duke d', 190.
+Oxford, Countess of, "cheated by her father," 274.
+Oxford, Earl of. _See_ Harley.
+
+Palatines, the, 115.
+Parker, Chief Justice, 38.
+Parliament, origin of, in England, 225-227.
+Patrick, Bishop, character of, 337, 340.
+Peace, desire for, 19, 20;
+  the Queen's overtures in favour of, 31, 50;
+  amendment to the address with reference to, carried, 36;
+  history of the negotiations for, 51 _et seq.
+  See_ Utrecht, Congress of.
+Penn, William, Swift on, 356.
+Petecum, M., 56 _n_.;
+  his negotiations with Torcy, 60.
+Peterborough, Earl of, a spy in the service of, 77;
+  character of, 277.
+Philip V., King of Spain,
+  renounces the Kingdom of France, 142, 143, 146, 151, 157.
+Polignac, Abbe de, one of the plenipotentiaries at Utrecht, 79, 82, 166;
+  made a cardinal, 182.
+Porter, Sir Charles, 354.
+Portland, Earl of, character of, 276.
+Poulett, Lord, character of, 278.
+Powis, Sir Thomas, 354.
+Press, licence of the, 124;
+  Bill for regulation of, not passed, 126.
+Pretender, the, sent out of France, 189;
+  Burnet on the birth of, 358, 364;
+  taken to France, 360, 361;
+  hated by the Queen, 366.
+Prior, M., his "History of his own Time," quoted, 55 _n_., 61;
+  mission to Versailles, 56 _n_., 61, 63;
+  his return, 66;
+  mission to France with Bolingbroke, 172, 176, 184;
+  character of, 282;
+  Burnet on, 366.
+Protestant religion, meaning of the words, 296.
+Protestants, Act for naturalizing foreign, 114.
+Pym, John, Swift on the death of, 306.
+
+Quakers, their objection to oaths, 127, 128.
+Queen Elizabeth's Day, 47 and _n_.
+
+Raby, Lord. _See_ Strafford, Earl of.
+Rechteren, Count, his quarrel with M. Mesnager, 177, 181, 182.
+Report of the Commissioners for inspecting public accounts, 84-87.
+"Representation," the, on the war presented to the Queen, 100-114, 118;
+  Dutch memorial in answer to, 119.
+Richmond, Duke of, character of, 274.
+Rivers, Earl, his mission to Hanover, 166, 167;
+  character of, 276.
+Robethon, a Frenchman in the Elector of Hanover's service, 166.
+Robinson, Dr., Bishop of Bristol, made Lord Privy Seal, 20, 35;
+  plenipotentiary at Utrecht, 31, 82;
+  goes to Holland, 132;
+  opens the Congress, 138 _et seq_.
+Rochester, Earl of, 32, 35;
+  Burnet on, 340, 341.
+Romney, Henry, Earl of, character of, 274, 358.
+Ronquillo, Don Pedro de, Spanish Ambassador, his house pulled down, 361.
+Rothes, Earl of, character of, 294;
+  a remark of, quoted, 346.
+Rouille, M., 52.
+Roxburgh, Duke of, and the Earl of Nottingham, 35.
+
+Sacheverell, Dr., trial of, 20, 24, 53;
+  nicknames Godolphin "Volpone," 27.
+St. John, George, 191 _n_.
+St. John, Henry. _See_ Bolingbroke.
+St. John, Oliver, 294, 295, 296.
+Sancroft, Archbishop, Burnet on, 345, 355, 363.
+Sandwich, Earl of, character of, 277.
+Savoy, Duke of,
+  peace proposals affecting, 62, 63, 76, 78, 79, 135, 155, 171, 178, 180.
+Scarborough, Earl of, 36.
+Scotch, the, Swift's hatred of. _See_ Remarks on Clarendon's History
+  and Burnet's History, 291-368 _passim_.
+Scotland, Act of Toleration with,
+  regard to the Episcopal Church of, 116, 117, 118 _n_.;
+  Act restoring Patronage in the Church of, 117, 118, and _n_.
+Shaftesbury (Sir A.A. Cooper), Earl of, character of, 303, 306.
+Sharp, Archbishop, 334, 336, 338, 341, 346.
+Sheldon, Archbishop, character of, 339.
+Shrewsbury, Earl of, character of, 358.
+Shrewsbury, Duke of, 54;
+  appointed Ambassador at Paris, 181 _et seq_.;
+  Swift's opinion of, 186 _n_.
+Shower, Rev. Mr., letter to Harley from, 39.
+Sichel, Walter, his "Bolingbroke and his Times," quoted, 77 _n_.
+Sidney, Henry. _See_ Romney, Earl of.
+Smith, Rt. Hon. John, character of, 282.
+Somers, Lord, character of, 22-24, 275.
+Somerset, Duke of, 19, 48;
+  the hope of the Whigs, 31;
+  in favour with the Queen, 32;
+  and Lord Godolphin, 32, 33;
+  his breach with the Tories, 33;
+  at the head of the Junto, 129.
+Somerset, Duke of, character of, 273.
+Spain, the war in, 106;
+  peace proposals affecting, 134, 135;
+  not represented at the Congress of Utrecht, 190;
+  treaty between Great Britain and, 190.
+Sprat, Bishop, Burnet on, 348.
+Stamford, Earl of, character of, 277, 301.
+Stanhope, Colonel, character of, 284.
+Stanhope, Earl, character of, 284.
+Steele, Sir R., Swift and, 15 and _n_.
+Stephen, King, history of the reign of, 238-264;
+  his character and person, 262.
+Stepney, George, character of, 283.
+Sterne, Archbishop, character of, 352.
+Strafford, Earl of, attainder of, 295, 296.
+Strafford (Lord Raby), Earl of,
+  plenipotentiary at Utrecht, 31, 82, 131 _et seq_.;
+  his negotiations at the Hague, 57, 58, 71;
+  character of, 283.
+Sunderland, Earl of, character of, 27, 28;
+  his library, 27 and _n_.;
+  character of, 277.
+Sutherland, Earl of, character of, 286.
+Swift, Jonathan, avowal of his independence, 15;
+  endeavours to reconcile Harley and Bolingbroke, 16;
+  on the Hanoverian succession, 16, 17;
+  his suggestion for building new churches in London, 20 _n_.;
+  his definition of Whig and Tory, 21 _n_.;
+  helped Sir Thos. Hanmer with the "Representation," 100;
+  his remarks on characters of the court of Queen Anne, 273-288;
+  his remarks on Clarendon's "History of the Rebellion," 291-323, 330;
+  his remarks on Burnet's "History," 323-368;
+  his notes on the "Free-holder," 371-377.
+
+_Tacking_, explained, 123.
+Temple, Sir William, Burnet on, 344, 345, 362.
+Tenison, Archbishop, character of, 282, 337.
+Thanet, Earl of, character of, 277.
+Titus, Colonel, Swift on, 331.
+Torcy, Marquis de,
+  his conduct of the peace negotiations, 51 _et seq_., 142, 146, 147;
+  his opinion of the British army, 169;
+  suggests that the Queen should join with France in compelling the Dutch
+    to a peace, 170;
+  the prime mover in favour of peace, 183;
+  testimony to his candour and integrity, 183, 184.
+Tory principles, Swift's definition of, 21 _n_.
+Townshend, Lord, on Dr. Lucas, 5 _n_.;
+  and the Barrier Treaty, 41, 58, 99;
+  declared an enemy to the Queen and kingdom, 100, 113;
+  character of, 278.
+Trimnel, Dr., Bishop of Norwich, 27 _n_.
+Tyrawley, Lord, character of, 284.
+
+Utrecht, Congress at, 20, 31, 50;
+  negotiations leading to, 51-82;
+  French overtures to England, 56;
+  transmitted to Holland, 57;
+  the Dutch reply, 59;
+  English preliminary demands sent to France, 62;
+  the French reply, 67;
+  preliminaries signed by France and England, 69;
+  communicated to Holland, 71;
+  Dutch objections, 74;
+  the Congress agreed to, 79;
+  instructions of the English plenipotentiaries, 133;
+  opening of the Congress, 138;
+  Dutch obstruction, 139 _et seq._;
+  result of Ormonde's refusal to fight, 148, 149;
+  England declares herself under no obligation to the Dutch, 149, 150;
+  terms of peace between England and France, 151-155;
+  proposed armistice, 157;
+  anger of the Dutch, 158;
+  the conference resumed, 172;
+  difficulties caused by dissensions with the Dutch, 175;
+  the Dutch change their attitude, 176, 184;
+  English ultimatum, 185;
+  the French yield, 186;
+  further delay caused by French "litigious manner of treating," 188;
+  Treaty of Utrecht signed, 190.
+Uxelles, Marechal d', one of the plenipotentiaries at Utrecht, 79;
+  favours the Dutch, 165, 183.
+
+Vanderdussen, M., 60.
+Vane, Sir Harry, the younger, character of, 305, 316;
+  execution of, 336, 337.
+Villars, Marechal de, 147, 156, 159, 165, 169.
+
+Walker, Dr., defended Londonderry, 362.
+Walker, Sir Edward, 306.
+Wallis, Count, 163.
+Walpole, Horatio, 52.
+Walpole, Sir Robert, 37;
+  committed  to the Tower, 84;
+  attacked by Bolingbroke, 84 _n_.
+Walsh, Peter, 338.
+Wariston, Swift on, 335-338.
+Weems, Earl of, character of, 288.
+Wharton, Earl of, 38;
+  character of, 28, 278;
+  his Irish administration, 41.
+"Whigs, Public Spirit of the,"
+  a reward offered by the Queen for discovery of the author of, 15.
+Whig and Tory, distinction between, 20, 21 _n_.
+Wild Serjeant, 316.
+William Rufus, history of the reign of, 202, 216;
+  his character and person, 214.
+William III., King, character of, 355;
+  his Declaration, 359;
+  comes to England, 359, 360, 365;
+  Addison on, 371.
+Williams, Archbishop, 292, 296, 297, 298.
+Wincam, Sir George, married Burnet's great aunt, 333.
+Winchilsea, Earl of, character of, 277.
+Wolley, Bishop, of Clonfert, 340.
+Wright, Sir Nathan, character of, 275.
+
+York, Duke of (afterwards James II.),
+  Swift on, 312, 314, 315, 320, 321, 322, 323.
+
+Zinzendorf, Count, Austrian Envoy at the Hague, 77, 78;
+  sows jealousies between England and Holland, 158;
+  deludes the Dutch with promises, 168, 176, 180.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift,
+Vol. X., by Jonathan Swift
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JONATHAN SWIFT ***
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