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diff --git a/old/13014-8.txt b/old/13014-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..84597c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/13014-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1435 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Talking Deaf Man, by John Conrade Amman + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Talking Deaf Man + A Method Proposed, Whereby He Who is Born Deaf, May Learn to Speak, 1692 + +Author: John Conrade Amman + +Release Date: July 24, 2004 [EBook #13014] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TALKING DEAF MAN *** + + + + +Produced by David Starner, Project Manager; Keith M. Eckrich, +Post-Processor; the PG Online Distributed Proofreaders Team + + + + + +THE TALKING DEAF MAN: + +or, + +A Method Proposed, Whereby He Who is Born Deaf, May Learn to Speak. + + +By the Studious Invention and Industry of _John Conrade Amman_, an +_Helvetian_ of _Shashuis_, Dr. of Physick. + + +Imprinted at _Amsterdam_, by _Henry Westein_, 1692. And now done +out of Latin into English, by _D.F.M.D._ 1693. + + +_London_, Printed for Tho. Hawkins, in _George-yard, Lumbard street_, +1694. + + +Price bound One Shilling. + + +_To his most Approved Good Friend Mr. PETER KOLARD, the Author, with +all Submission, Dedicateth this his Treatise of the Talking Deaf Man._ + +_My much honoured Friend_, + +This little endeavour, how small soever it be, is upon many Accounts +due to you; For besides that, the Truth of the matter here exposed, is +to no one, (except my Self) more apparent, you did heap on me so many +Favours, whilst I abode in your House, upon account of teaching your +Daughter, and rendred me to be so much Yours, as no less could be +sufficient, than to erect a publick, and as much as in me lay, an +eternal Monument of Gratitude to you. How great the Incredulity of +this Age is, no Man almost knows better than your self; there have +been, and still are, such as boldly deny, that it is possible to bring +the _Deaf_ to speak; others, though they should be admitted to be +Eye-Witnesses, yet would not stick to doubt still of the matter: +Wherefore, what-ever it was that I performed to your Daughter, and to +some others, and by what Artifice I did it, I now ingenuously expose +to the Eyes of all the World. I heartily wish that they may so make +use of this my labour, as that for the future, no more _Dumb_ Persons +may be found. + +In the number of these doubting Persons, you have confessed to me, +that you your self had formerly been, until you had heard a certain +Maiden, who before had been _Dumb_, talking with me at _Amsterdam_; +perhaps I should have been so my self, if, when I was ignorant in the +thing, I had received narratively only, that some such thing was +performed by another; wherefore I resolved rather to convince the +Incredulity of Men (which now is accounted Prudence amongst most Men) +of an Error, than to reprove them for their Rashness. + +It is now three Years since I first thought to make this my Method +publick; but had I then done it, I should now have repented it, +because in this Interval I have much more polished it; and rendered it +more easie by far; and as to what belongs to the practise thereof, +more certain, yea, and all to that degree, as I dare confidently +assert, that henceforth there shall be no _Deaf_ Person, (provided he +be of a sound Mind, and be not Tongue-tied, nor of an immature Age) +who by my Instruction shall not in the space of two Months speak +readily enough. Perhaps also I shall hereafter repent, that I have +published this small Treatise, as yet too immature; yet I had rather +confess an Error, if I shall any where commit one, or in any future +Edition augment it, than wholly to pass it over in Silence; for if I +should be snatcht away by a hasty Death, (even as a tender state of +Health doth threaten me) I should not know how to render to God an +Account of the Talent committed to me, as he may require it of me. + +Nothing therefore remained, most Worthy Sir, than that I should beg +your Pardon, that I have made bold thus to interrupt you in the midst +of Affairs, which almost swallow you wholly up; but I believe you will +the more readily give it me, because this little Script may make my +Absence less troublesome to you, because, according to the precepts +here given, you yourself will be able to take care that your Daughter +shall not only not forget all what she already knows, but more and +more accomplish them. However, I humbly beseech you, that him whom you +have begun to love, yea, though he be removed far from you, that you +will persist still therein, and to take upon your self as need shall +require it, the Patronage of the Truth it self. Farewel, and be well. + +_J. Conrade Amman._ + +_Dated from my Study_, Aug. 10th, 1692. + + * * * * * + +_To his Learned friends_ Richard Waller, _and_ Alexander Pittfield, +_Esquires, of the_ Royal Society. + + +_Gentlemen_, + +The holding of a Candle to the Sun is not more absurd, than thus to +present you with an _English_ Version of a _Latin_ Treatise. All who +know you, know you to be Masters of not only most of the _European_, +but also of the Learned Languages. But my excuse is, that what I have +done for the sake of English Readers, I expose under your learned +Names; the Subject-matter of which may be useful, and therefore +acceptable to your selves and others. However, I am willing to +discover my Ambitious aim herein, which is to let the World know who +are my Friends, and what Names may give Honour to mine. I know, that +several very considerable Members of that great Society, to which you +so nearly relate, have already, both in Theory and Practise, +acquainted the World with very remarkable things of this nature; and +whether what is here published, will in the least, either elucidate or +add to those already taught, and done by those very knowing persons, I +neither dare nor will determine; but if neither one nor the other be +here found, yet it is sometimes grateful to us, to see how good and +great wits do jump, and in such Circumstances as these no Man can +account Store to be a Soare. _I_ have only this to further mention, +that the _Author_ chose the _High-German_ Tongue to become his +exemplar, rather than any other Modern or Antique; it therefore is +necessary, that he who would put his Rules in practice in any other +Language, must observe a due Analogy in _mutatis mutandis_. Thus (my +Friends) I have exposed both you and my self, if any blame happen, let +that be all mine, who (without your Knowledge and Concession) did this +Indignity to you, and to aggravate it, thus publickly to stile my +self, + +Gentlemen, + +Your Cordial Friend and Servant, + +_Dan. Foot._ + + * * * * * + + + + +TO THE READER. + + +Candid Reader, + +_In these few Pages, I expose to thee openly and ingenuously, by what +means I can learn the Deaf, (and because they were born so) the Dumb +to speak articulately_, and easily to understand others also when they +are speaking, so as they may be able both to read, and to understand a +Book, or Letter, and to discover their own Minds, either by Speach or +Writing. + +How important a Benefit is this? How advantageous is the not hearing +supplied by this Art? If Envy, or the detestable greedy Desire of +Gain_ _could have prevailed with me, I had retained this Art, as lockt +up in my own Breast. But alass! How miserable is the condition of the +Deaf? How lame and defective is that Speach, which is performed by +Signs and Gestures? How little are they capable to receive of those +things which concern their eternal Salvation? Who doth not +commiserate_ _this sort of Persons? Who can refuse to help them by all +means which are possible? For my part, I, by the help of God's Grace, +will not only help them, but will make publick and vulgar what is best +to be done therein, yea, and have done so already, that they can +understand others speaking, even with the softest_ Voice, _or rather +whispering_. + +_This Doctrin will seem new and incredible to most Men, yet is not +plainly altogether unheard of; for, as I heard, there have been some, +who engaged themselves in this cure; but what they effected therein, I +must acknowledge is unknown to me; yea, I Religiously attest, that +before I did excogitate this Matter, I met not with the least_ +_foot-step thereof in any Author. Notwithstanding, some there be, who +reject at first sight this Doctrin as fabulous; others, and those +perhaps the same also; who when I shall have discovered to them the +manner thereof, will cry, that they could do the same thing: I, for my +part; am not concerned at either of them, well knowing, that those who +are just in their_ _Estimation of things, will judge otherwise. + +When thou, by reading shalt arrive thus far (good_ Reader) _stop a +little (I pray thee) and use the liberty granted to every one, and +attentively revolve in thy Mind, what thou thy self would'st do, if +such a case as this was committed to thy care. If so be thou shaltst +find out the right way, give God_ _thanks, and let it suffice, that I +have admonished thee; if not, go on to read what follows, where thou +wilt find it, with very little trouble. This very way is that, by +which I taught_ Ehster Kolard, (_a young Virgin of great Hopes, the +only Daughter of Mr_ Peter Kolard, _who was born Deaf) not only to +read, but also to speak readily, yea, and to_ _hold Discourse with +others and in a short time she profited so much, as to remember a many +Questions and Answers in the Catechism, yea, and as far as her young +Years were capable, she understood the Sense of them also: She +rejoyced greatly when I told her, that I was willing to make this +Method, by which she learned to speak, common_ to all. Friendly_ +Reader, _use and accept well these things; and if thou knowest any +things better, Candidly impart them, and make not thy self Ungrateful. +Farewell._ + + * * * * * + + + + +An Advertisement to the _English Reader_. + +About 26 Years since, the Honourable, Learned, and Pious F.M. Baron of +_Helmont_ caused to be published in Latin a small Treatise; wholly and +fully to the same purpose, with what is here published: Which said +Treatise, entituled, _The Alphabet of Nature_, is now in Hand to be +Translated, and Publish'd in _English_; of which it was thought fit +here to give thee this Notice. + +Thou art also (kind _Reader_) to be advertised, that there is very +lately Translated into the _English_ a very learned Tract, entituled, +_The Divine Being, and its Attributes_; demonstrated from the Holy +Scriptures, and Original Nature of things, according to the Principles +of the aforesaid F.M. Baron of _Helmont_. Written in _Low-Dutch_, by +_Paulus Buchius_, Dr. of Physick, &c. and Licensed according to Order, +and are to be sold by _T. Howkins_, Bookseller, in _George-yard, +Lumbard-Street_. + + + + +THE TALKING DEAF MAN. + + + +CHAP. I. + +_An Inquiry into the Nature of a_ Voice, _and in what respect it +differs from the Breath_. + +Let no Man presume, that he shall ever attain to this noble Art, if he +remain Ignorant in what it is that the nature of the Letters, as well +in general, as special, doth consist; for it was this very thing which +gave occasion to the composing of this small Treatise: Wherefore, +before I treat of the manner of instructing _Deaf_ Persons, I shall +bring into examination, First, the material part of the _Letters_, +viz. _Voice_ and _Breath_; Secondly, the _Letters themselves_, and +their Differences: Thirdly, and Lastly, I will teach the _Practise_ of +the Art. + +I have oftentimes heard from some Persons, that it was little beneath +a Miracle, that God should give Men, to express the Thoughts of the +Mind, rather by Motions, which are effected by the Lips, the Tongue, +the Teeth, &c. than otherwise, and that so universally, that there is +no Nation so Barbarous, no not excepting the _Hottentots_, which +cannot speak in a Language. But let (I pray) these Men consider, what +it is that Men rightly Instituted would have, whilst they mutually +talk one with another; for they desire to open the most inward +Recesses of the Heart, yea, and to transfuse their own proper Life +into others, which thing cannot be more commodiously done, than by +Speaking; for there is nothing which floweth forth from us, which +carrieth with it a more vivid Character of the Life, than our _Voice_ +doth; yea, in the _Voice_ is the _Breath_ of Life, part of which +passeth into the _Voice_; for indeed the _Voice_ is the Child of the +Heart, which is the Seat of the Affections, and of Desire. Hence it +is, that sometimes we are not able to keep back the impetuous Motions +of the Affections; but _out of the abundance of the Heart, the Mouth +speaketh._ Thus, when we desire something in our selves, and yet are +afraid to express it, the Heart labours like a Woman with Child, and +becomes Anxious; but if we can pour it forth into the Bosom of a +Friend, there presently ariseth great Tranquility, and we say, that we +have emptied our Hearts: Yea, so full is the _Voice_ of the Life, +which immediately flows from the Heart, that to talk long, extreamly +wearieth us; but especially the Sick, who oftentimes can scarce utter +three or four words, but they faint away. Therefore, to comprehend +much in a few words, the _Voice_ is an Emanation from that very +Spirit, which God breathed inth Man's Nostrils, when he Created him a +living Soul. Hence also, _The Word of God, the Son of God, the +Omnipotence of God_, &c. are in Holy Scripture oftentimes homonymous, +or of the like, and same import. + +It is no wonder therefore, if _Voice_ be natural to a Man, though he +be _Deaf_, because _Deaf Men_ Laugh, Cry out, Hollow, Weep, Sigh, and +Waile, and express the chief Motions of the Mind, by the _Voice_ which +is to an Observant Hearer, various, yea, they hardly ever signifie any +thing by Signs, but they mix with it some _Sound_ or _Voice_. Thus the +Exclamations of almost all Nations are alike; [_a_] is the _Sound_ of +him chiefly, who rejoyceth; [_i_] of him who is in Indignation, and +Angry; [_o_] of one in Commiseration, or Exclamation; not to mention +many such other-like. + +Now I shall briefly declare, wherein the nature of the _Voice_ +consisteth, where it is formed, and how it is formed: I shall also +discover, together therewith, wherein is the difference betwixt +_Voice_ and _Breath simply_, as what is in truth, of so much weight, +that if it be unknown, some Deaf Persons cannot learn to speak, as +shall be taught in the Third Chapter. Men ordinarily speak after two +manner of ways, viz. either when they may be heard by any one, who is +not too far distant from them, and that is properly call'd _Voice_; or +else, when they speak privately in another's Ear, and then they +pronounce a _Breath which is simple, but not Sonorous_. Deaf Men also +do know a _Voice_ to be different from a _Simple Breath_; for they can +speak both ways, and I also have learned this Distinction partly from +them. + +The Humane _Voice_ is Air, impregnated, and made Sonorous by the +impressed Character of the Life, or is such, as whilst it is in +breathing forth, doth smite upon the Organs of the _Voice_, so, as +_they tremble thereupon_; for indeed, without this tremulous Motion, +no _Voice_ is made: Yea, not only the _Larynx_, or Wind-pipe, doth +thereupon tremble, but the whole Skull also; yea, and sometimes _all +the Bones_ _of the whole Body_, which any one may easily find in +himself, by his applying his Hand to his Throat, and laying it on the +top of his Head. This trembling is very perceptible in most sounding +Bodies, and is (if I mistake not) owing for the most part to the +_Springiness_ of the Air; which, did I not study to be brief, I could +more fully explicate. Now the _Simple Breath_ is Air, breathed forth +by the opening of the Mouth or Nostrils, simply, and without any +smiting on the parts, which rather exciteth a whispering than a sound. +Hence is it, that Animals, whose Wind-pipe is cut beneath the Throat, +do indeed render a _Breathing_, but no _Voice_; for the Tube of the +Wind-pipe is too large, and too smooth, than that the Air can strike +upon it any where; and being thus reflected on its self, it can also +imprint a tremulous Motion on its neighbouring Bodies: This the +Physicians Pupils do know; who being about to dissect live Dogs, they +cut their Throats, that they may not be troubled with their barking: +For _Voice_ differs as much from a _Simple Breath_, as doth that +hoarse Sound, which we excite, by rubbing the tops of our Fingers hard +upon some Glass or Table, which is quite differing from that same +_soft whistling Sound_, which is heard when we lightly rub with the +Hand the same Glass or Table. + +The _Voice_ therefore, as it is the _Voice_, is generated in the +_Cartilages of the Wind-pipe_, then afterwards is formed into such or +such _Letters_; but that it may become a lovely _Voice_, it's +requisite, that those Cartilages be _smooth_, and _lined with no +mucous Matter_, else the _Voice_ will become Hoarse, and sometimes be +utterly lost, viz. when they have lost their Springy power. + +For _Pipes_; and other _Wind-Instruments_ do most notably explain to +us the nature of the _Voice_; for in them we see a certain _Voice_ or +_Sound_ to be generated out of Simple Air, whilst it is as it were, +rent in pieces, and forced into a tremulous Motion: Now, that in these +Instruments there is a little Tongue; or which is instead of a Tongue, +the same in a Man is the _Epiglott_, or Cover of the _Wind-pipe_, and +the _Uvula_, or Pallate of the Mouth; but the rest of the _Cartilages_ +of the _Throat_, besides that, they contribute much to the making of +the _Voice_, yet are they chiefly serviceable to it, in rendering it +to be more flat, and more sharp, and that especially by the _Bone of +the Tongue_, and the adjoyning Muscles: But I am unwilling to put from +this Office the Muscles which are proper to the _Wind-pipe_; for they +all unanimously conspire to make the _Cleft of the Throat_ either +wider, or narrower. But above all, here is that wonderful Faculty of +modifying the _Voice_, according to Will and Pleasure; which, even as +_Speech_ also, is not natural to us, but a Habite, contracted by long +Use or Custom. Hence it is, that the Unskilful are not only Ignorant +how to Sing, but also cannot so much as imitate others who are +Singing; so also such as are ignorant of any Language, do not only not +understand others who are speaking that Language, but also do not know +how presently to repeat that _Voice_ which they received by their +Ears. + +Things principally requisite to the _Voice_, are, that the +_Wind-pipe_, the former thereof be solid, dry, and of the nature of +_Resounding_ Bodies. By this _Hypothesis_, two of the most Eminent +_Phænomena's of the Voice_ are discovered; why the _Voice_ should then +at length become firm and ripe, when the Bones have attained unto +their full Strength, and due Hardness, which cometh to pass much about +the Years of ripe age, when the vital Heat, doth in a greater degree +exert itself: The other Phænomenon is _Hoarsness_ or an utter loss of +the _Voice_, which is, when the _Cartilages_, or _Gristles of the +Throat_, especially the _Epiglott_, or Coverlid of the _Wind-pipe_, is +lined or besmeared all over with a slimy Viscosity, whereby they lose +their _Elasticity_, or Springiness. Now these Symptoms of the _Voice_ +are also common to other _Wind-instruments_, when they become too much +moistned by any vapourous wetting Air. The same reason also is to be +assigned why the _Voice_ doth at last quite cease in those who have +made too long Harrangues, in speaking, and whose Jaws are quite dried +with an immoderate Heat; for in both these cases the top of the +_Wind-pipe_ is covered over with a clammy _Tenacious Phlegm_. + +There remains yet two other Symptoms of the _Voice_, which I have +undertaken to explicate, viz. why the _Voice_ sometimes leaps from one +_Eighth_ to another; and, as it is rightly said by the Vulgar +Expression, that it is broken: and why, when we strive to make our +_Voice_ either too sharp, or too flat, it at last plainly faileth us. +As to the first, let us consider when and how it cometh to pass; and +first, it's what principally happeneth to _Orators_, when they +endeavour to lift up their _Voice_ too high, or strongly; but how this +cometh to be, _Organ-pipes_, and the _Monochorde_, do teach us, _viz._ +when some Impediment interposing, doth divide the _ordinary Sound_ +into two; if therefore those parts are equal, either of them is by one +_Eighth_ more sharp than the former Sound, neither are they +distinguished from one another; but if they prove to be unequally +divided, then two _distinct Sounds_ are made at the same time, whereof +one is flatter than the ether, and this is commonly called a _broken +Voice_: But why our _Voice_ should fail us, when we endeavour to make +it more sharp, or more flat than it ought to be, the reason is, +because we strive either so to contract the _Cleft_ of the +_Wind-pipe_, and to press the _Spout-like Cartilage_, by help of the +_Bone of Tongue_, towards the _Epiglott_, that the going forth of the +_Voice_, and of the _Breath_, may be precluded, or else, on the +contrary, because that the said _Cleft_, through the drawing down of +the _Cartilages_, is so much widened, that the departing out of the +_Breath_, finds no hinderance. + +But here I had almost forgot to compare the _more dry_, the _more +moist_, the _more solid_, and the _more thin_ Constitution of the +_Larynx_, or _Wind-pipe_, which also make very much to the rendering +the _Voice_, to be either sharp, or flat. That same humming Noise, +which _many flying Insects_ make, not so much by the Wings, (for when +they are cut off, the humming still remains) as by a most swift and +brisk Motion of certain Muscles, hid in the Cavity of their Breasts, +seems to have somewhat of an affinity to the _Voice_; wherefore I +desire the Learned to examine, whether those small _Muscles, which are +proper to the Cartilages of the Wind-pipe_, cannot perform somewhat +like to that. + +Many more Particulars concerning the _Voice_ might yet further be +inquired into, such as, how it is, that every one may be known by his +_Voice_? How that _Sound_, which in Singing is called _Quavering_, or +_Trilling_, by a peculiarity, is excited, &c, But seeing that these +things do not properly respect the nature of the _Voice_, I, for +Brevities sake, do omit them. + + + + +CHAP. II. + + +_Expounding the Nature of the_ Letters, _and the manner how they are +formed_. + +Hitherto we have treated concerning the _Voice_ and _Breath_, and of +the manner of the formation of both of them, in general; now let us +see how the said _Voice_ and _Breath_ are, as a fit Matter for them, +framed into such or such _Letters_; for the _Voice_ and _Breath_ are +alone the material part of _Letters_, but the form of them is to be +sought out from the various Configurations of those hollow Channels, +thorough which they pass; _Letters_ therefore, not as they be certain +Characters, but as they are Pronounced or Spoken, are the _Voice_ and +_Breath_, diversly Figured by the Instruments ordained for the Speech. + +But here we must be pre-admonished concerning the _Letters_; that +there is a great Latitude almost amongst them all, and that one and +the same Character is not pronounced by one and the same Configuration +of the Mouth, yea, in one and the same Language; thus [_a_] and [_e_] +sometimes are sounded open, and sometimes close; also [_o_] hath its +own Latitude, so as many other Letters also may have; yea, as many as +are the divers Modes, by which the _Voice_ and _Breath_ can be +Figured, by the Organs of Speech; but the most easie, only, and the +most Conspicuous are received by all Nations, whose number never +almost exceedeth Twenty four, and have certain Characters annexed to +them: But seeing that these Characters are not every where pronounced +alike, yea, one and the same Letter sometimes is variously sounded by +one and the same People, therefore I have made choice of the _German +Letters_, which are of my Mother-Tongue, and the most _Simple_ of all +Letters, to be examined in this place: in as much as they are for the +most part sounded every where alike, their _Vowels_ are very _Simple_, +and agreeable to the nature of the thing, the _Diphthongs_ compounded +of them, do retain the Nature of their compounding _Vowels_, because +they are always heard pronounced in them, otherwise, than as it is in +most other Languages, which they stile living ones; for sometimes they +make their _Diphthongs_ out of the most _Simple Vowels_, as are [_au_] +[_ou_] [_ai_] amongst the _French_, and [_oe_] and [_eu_] amongst the +_Dutch_, or else they have such improper _Diphthongs_, that scarce +either of their compounding _Vowels_ can be heard, such are [_oi_] of +the _French_, and [_uy_] of the _Dutch_, not to mention more Examples, +or else they are variously sounded according to their various +Placings, so as if I were to teach some Deaf _French-man_, I would +from the beginning teach him, not the _French_, but the _German +Letters_, or else he would be plainly confounded. Nor is the state of +the _Consonants_ in better case for the Pronunciation of some of them, +is so very different, that there are scarce two Nations, which +pronounce the Character [_g_] after the same manner. + +But in the _German_ Alphabet, that which most disliketh me, is, their +Order; which, in good truth, is none; because scarce two Letters of +the same rank do follow mutually after one another, which would render +the information of Deaf Persons to be so much the more difficult; +wherefore I have reduced them into this following order, which seemed +to me to be the most natural. + + _a. e. i. j. y. o. u. ä. ö. + ü. m. n. ng. l. r. h. g. ch. s. + f. v. k. c. q. d. t. b. p. + x. z._ + +To those who observe well, it will from this order alone, appear, that +I have divided this whole Alphabet into _Vowels_, _Semi-vowels_, and +_Consonants_. The _Vowels_ are a _Voice_ or _Sound_ modified by a +various opening of the Mouth only, and are either _Simple_, or +Uniform, as _a. e. i. j. y. o. u. w._ Or else they are mixt, which out +of two, do so melt down into one, as that they are pronounced +together, and are different from _Diphthongs_, in as much as their +_Vowels_ are successively pronounced: Now these mixt _Vowels_, are ä. +ö. ü. which some Nations either have not at all, or else do write them +evilly; but of the manner of Formation, more shall be said hereafter. + +The _Semi-vowels_ are a middle sort between the _Genuine Voice_, and a +_Simple Breath_, and may at pleasure be brought forth in the manner as +_Vowels_ are; and they are either of the _Nose_, or _Nasall_ such are +_m. n. ng._ or else they be of the _Mouth_, or _Orall_, as _l. r._ +_Consonants_ are a _Simple Breath_, not sonorous, yet +variously modified, and are of three kinds: + +For they are either pronounced successively, and may be produced at +pleasure, as _g. ch. s. f. v._ + +Or are suddainly _shot forth_; which upon that score I call them +_explosive_, as _k. c. q. t. d. b. p._ + +Or else being _Compounded_ out of two foregoing ones, their number is +diverse in divers Nations; the _Germans_ have two; _viz._ _x._ and +_z._ + +To this Division, in which I have had respect chiefly to the nature, +and manner of pronouncing the _Letters_, may not impertinently be +added, that those _Letters_ are formed mostly in three _Regions of the +Mouth_, _viz._ in the bottom, or _Throat_; in the middle, or in the +_Palate_ and _Teeth_; and lastly, in the utmost part thereof, or in +the _Lips_: Hence it is, from every one of their Classes almost, are +three sorts; one _Guttural_, another _Dental_, and a third _Labial_; +but of these, more hereafter. + +I will here prevent the _Readers_ who may object to me in the +following Chapter, that this my Doctrin will be always lame, because +all Deaf Persons, whom we would teach by the Tongue, Lips, _&c._ will +never by their Sight attain unto these motions: But, besides that the +Sight doth not give place to the Hearing, as to a quick sensibility, I +affirm, that there is no need thereof, if once they have made but any +Progress; for even we our selves do very often not hear in +Pronunciation those Letters which I call _Consonants_, but we collect +them from the _Vowels_ and _Semi-vowels_, commixed together with them: +No Man, for Example, shall so pronounce _b. g._ or _d._ as that he may +be heard at a hundred Paces distant. And this seems to me to be the +principal reason why we can most rarely pronounce or repeat at the +first blush, any word spoken in a foreign Language. + +But before I shall unfold the nature, and manner of forming the +_Letters_ in special, I judged that it was not here to be omitted, how +that as all the _Letters_, yea also, and the _Vowels_ them-selves, +cannot by any means be pronounced, as they are a _Simple Breath_, and +not sonorous; for when we, for Example, do whisper somewhat to one in +his Ear, so the _Consonants_ also, excepting those which I call +_Explosive_, may be pronounced vocally, or with the _Voice_ conjoyned; +and there are Nations which pronounce thus, as the _French_ do their +_z._ and their _v._ + +I shall now treat of the _Letters_ especially, and will examine them +so, as both the absolute Simplicity of the _German Letters_ may be +manifested; and other Nations, from their Mode of Formation, may +learn, how they ought to pronounce them; upon this account also, I +shall add how improperly some Nations do render the same Letters in +their own Language. Now in this Explication I shall observe the same +order as I did in the Division of them, where readily it will appear, +that _Voice_ and _Breath_ are according to a triple Region of the +Mouth, triply figured or formed spontaneously. + +Therefore the Simple and Uniform _Vowels_ are, _a._ _e._ _i._ _j._ +_y._ _o._ _u._ _w._ and are formed after the following manner. + +_a._ is a _Gutteral Vowel_, and the most Simple of all; the Key of the +_Alphabet_, and therefore is by all Nations set first of all, +excepting only (as far as I know) the _Abyssines_, by whom, as Ludolf +testifieth, it is placed as the Thirteenth _Letter_. True indeed it +may be pronounced by various Placings of the _Tongue_, yet the common, +and most convenient is, that the _Tongue_ should be in its posture of +rest; and then being gently stretched forth in the _Mouth_, it may +only lightly, or not at all touch upon the utmost Border of the lower +_Teeth_; if therefore the lower _Jaw_ be drawn downwards, and thereby +the _Mouth_ be opened, that the _Voice_ formed in the _Throat_, +strikes not neither against the _Teeth_, nor against the _Lips_, than +a plain open [_a_] is heard, _e. i. j. y._ are _Dental Vowels_, or the +_Voice_, which in coming forth, smites more or less against the +_Teeth_; Hence it is that Infants, although they can say _Pappa, bo, +&c._ yet can they not pronounce these Letters until they have Teeth, +especially _the Cutters_, or _fore-Teeth_; and indeed [_e_] is +formed, when the _Voice_, (the _Lips_ being gently opened), strikes +against the _Teeth_ also moderately opened; now the +posture of the _Tongue_ is such, that it somewhat presses on each side +upon the _Dog-Teeth_ of the Inferior _Jaw_, for so the passage of the +_Voice_ is made narrower, and the [_e_] much more clear. + +_i. j._ and _y._ are the same _Vowel_, pronounced one while more +short, and another more long, nor doth it stand upon any Foundation, +[_i_] sometimes doth become a _Consonant_, but then is pronounced only +more swiftly, so as together with the following _Vowel_, it can make a +_Diphthong_; but [_i_] is formed after the same manner almost, +as [_e_] except that the _Teeth_ are for the most part, more stricken, +and the _Tongue_ put close to the _Teeth_, the passage of the _Voice_ +is rendred more strait, whence a more smart Sound also breaks forth, +which notwithstanding, can sometimes be hardly distinguished from +[_e_] [_y_,] also is [_i_] pronounced longer then usually, or [_i_] +doubled. _o. u. w._ are _Labial Vowels_, that is, such as are formed +by a different positure of the _Lips_; also [_o._] and [_u._] are +different from one another, just as much as [_e._] and [_i_]: But +[_w._] is to [_u._] just as _j._ is to [_i._] for indeed _a. u. w._ +are formed, when the _Teeth_ and _Tongue_ keep the same posture; but +the _Lips_ are more or less contracted, even as the _Teeth_ are in +[_e._] and [_i._] and so when they are less stricken, [_o._] is +produced, but when a little more [_u._] or [_w._]; but we ought +carefully to beware, whilst [_o._] or [_u._] are pronounced, least the +_Teeth_ should be seen; for else a certain kind of a soft _e._ will be +mingled; and instead of _ö._ or _ü._ there will be produced _o._ or +_u._ These Letters belong to the _French_, _au_ and _ou_, when +nevertheless they are nothing else but _Diphthongs_, also _oe._ of the +_Dutch_ is our _u._ but very improperly. + +Mixt _Vowels_ are _ä. ö. ü._ These Characters are peculiar to our +Language, and were invented very ingeniously by our Ancients, though +our Moderns mostly know not the reason thereof. Each hath its simple +Character, because the Sound which they signifie, is only one, tho' +mixt; for _a._ _o._ and _u._ are so pronounced, that the passage of +the _Voice_, the _Tongue_ and _Teeth_ being conjoyned for to +pronounce, _e._ becomes Straiter, and so _e._ together with the said +Letters, _a._ _o._ _u._ doth constitute but one only, yet a _mixt +vowel_. The _French_ utter them by _ai._ _eu._ and _u._ and in good +truth, badly enough, as any one may see. The _Dutch_ want _[ä]._ +_[ö]._ and express them by _eu._ but _[ü]._ by _u._ in no better a way +than the _French_. + +Concerning the _Diphthongs_ composed out of these _Vowels_, and which +may be thence compounded, I judge it needless to say much; for they +are nothing else in our Language than a more then usual swift +Pronunciation of the Component _Vowels_, yet successive; and thus they +differ from the _mixt Vowels_, but how improper and absurd +_Diphthongs_ some Nations have, any one may easily gather from what +hath been already said. + +The other sort of Letters are _Semi-Vowels_, which are therefore so +called, because that they be formed indeed out of a _Sounding Breath_ +or _Voice_, but such as in its progress is much broken. They are, as I +said, either _Nasalls_, or such as are pronounced through that open +passage, by which the _Nose_ opens into the Hollow of the _Mouth_: Now +the _Voice_ is forced to go that way, either when it flows to the +_Lips_ shut close, and rebounding from thence, is formed into [_m_;] +or when the _Tip of the Tongue_ is so applied to the roof of the +Mouth, and to the upper _Teeth_, the _Voice_ is made to rebound +through the _Nostrils_, and so [_n_] becomes formed; or lastly, when +together with the hinder part of the _Tongue_, the _Voice_ being +applied to the _Roof_, is so straitned that there is no Egress left +open for it, but through the _Nose_, and so [_n_] is formed; which is +a Sound, which hath no peculiar Character in any Language, as I know +of, yet it differs no less from the rest of the _Nasals_, (_k_) is +divers from (_t_) or (_p_,) if any one desires to try this by himself, +let him endeavour to pronounce; having his _Nose_ held close with his +Fingers, one of these three Letters, and he will not be able to do it. + +Or else these _Semivowels_ are _Orall_, which are indeed such as are +pronounced thro' the _Mouth_, but not so freely as are the _Genuin +Vowels_, and they be two, (_l_) and (_r;_) (_l_) is formed when the +_Tongue_ is so applied to the _Roof_, and the upper _Teeth_, that the +_Voice_ cannot, but by a small Thred, as it were, get forth by the +Sides of the _Tongue_; for if you compress the _Cheeks_ to the +_Grinders_, you stop up the Passage of the _Voice_, and it will be +very difficult for you to pronounce this _Letter_, (_r_,) is a _Voice_ +fluctuating with great swiftness, and is formed, when the more movable +part of the _Tongue_ does in the twinkling of an Eye, oftentimes +strike upon the _Roof of the Mouth_, and as often is drawn back again +from it; for thus the _Voice_ formed in the _Throat_, in its +pronouncing, flows and ebbs back again, and is uttered, as it were by +_Leaps_. Hence it is, that they, whose _Tongues_ be too heavy and +moist, and less voluble, will never pronounce this Letter, whether +they can Hear, or are Deaf. + +Now there still remains the _Consonants_, or the Letters, which are +formed out of an unsounding or mute _Breath_; yet, out of which, some +of the _Semi-vowels_ may be made, as _g. ch. s. f. v._ + +As the _Voice_ is the common matter of the _Consonants_, the sharper +part of which is (_h_) which is the most simple of them all, and out +of which diversly figurated, the rest of them are framed: And they are +either the _Sibilants_, which are formed out of _Breath_, which is +somewhat compressed or straitned, that the passing _Breath_ breaks +forth with a certain kind of _Hissing_, and with violence. + +Here _I_ judge that we are not to pass over in silence, how that there +are some parts in _Germany_, where there is so much of Affinity of +(_g_) with (_k_,) as (_b_) has with (_p_) and (_d_) with (_t_,) or +where (_g_) is pronounced like (_k_) but softer, so also the _French_ +do pronounce their (_g_) before _a. o. u._ and _ou._ + +(_s_) is formed, when the _Teeth_ and _Tongue_ are so clapt together, +that the _Breath_ cannot come forth, but by the _Spaces of the Teeth_: +But (_f_) or (_v_) (which differs not from (_f_) in our Language) is +formed, when the _neather Lip_ is so moved to the _Teeth_ above, that +the _Breath_ must break out thro' the said _Spaces of the Teeth_; +_ph._ is (_f_) being a Stranger in the _German_ Tongue, and differs +from it only in the _Character_. + +The other kind of _Consonants_ are explosive; which, _viz._ are +discharged at one push, and as it were, in the twinkling of an Eye and +are nothing else but _Breath_, which being got close together, either +in the fore, middle, or hinder Region of the Mouth, is discharged on a +suddain; and (_k_) is indeed formed in the hinder Region, when the +hinder part of the _Tongue_ is moved to the _Roof_, that the _Breath_ +cannot break forth, neither by the _Mouth_, nor by the _Nose_, but is +suddenly let loose again: For thus the imprisoned _Breath_ breaks out, +and by breaking out, maketh _k. c._ or _q._ which in _Germany_ are all +the same Letter; in the middle Region are _d._ and t. formed, when, +_viz._ the _Breath_, by help of the Tongues being moved to the +_Teeth_, or _Roof_, and suddainly drawn back again, being more or less +compressed, rusheth out by its own Springiness, and so _d._ or _t._ is +made, which only differs, as _b._ and _p._ according to the more or +less; in the outermost Region of the _Mouth_ are formed, (_b_) and +(_p_) when, _viz._ the _Breath_ being compressed in the whole _Cavity +of the Mouth_, they get out through the _Lips_ opened. + +Lastly; here follows those _Consonants_, which are compounded of +_Hissing and Explosion_, such are (_x_) or _ks._ and (_z_) or _ts._ +which only are the alone anomalous or irregular ones of the _German_ +Language; for if I may speak what I think; we might well enough want +these _Characters_; yet I disapprove not of the use of them, but only +shew what might be more convenient, _viz._ that _Voice_ or _Breath_ +which is simple, might be expressed also by a simple _Character_, and +on the contrary, that a _Character_, which is simple and only one, +would signifie but one only _Voice_ or _Breath:_ But if the commodious +use of _Short-hand_ may be objected, I would perswade to express all +possible Combinations, of _Vowels_, with _Semi-vowels_, and +_Consonants_, by simple _Characters_. + +This is what I determined to say concerning the Letters, and their +Formation; and seeing I am not willing to write a _Grammar_, what +might yet further be said of them, I pass by; but what I have +performed, I leave it to others to judge thereof, not so much to teach +them, as by what is here presented to excite them, being desirous, as +it becomes a young Man, to learn of them: I hope they will pardon my +Errors, because of my Youth. Yet certain I am, had the ancient +_Hebrews_, _Greeks_ and _Romans_, thus describ'd their Letters, there +would have been no contention about the manner of Pronounciation. + + + + +CHAP. III. + + + +_Teacheth the Method its self, by which such as are Deaf, and +consequently Dumb, may learn to Speak._ + +What hath been hitherto said may enough suffice to observant +_Readers_, inasmuch as the Fundamentals of the whole Artifice, are +therein contained; but least the curious should complain, that I have +only made their Mouth water, I shall ingeniously discover to them what +in four Years time, wherein I have endeavoured to instruct some Deaf +Persons, I have observed what is worthy, and most necessary to be +known. + +Now what I have effected by this my Method, especially to the Daughter +of Mr. _Kolard_, a Merchant of _Harlem_, I can appeal to a great part +of _Holland_, and universally almost to the whole City of _Harlem_, +and to innumerable other Witnesses, of all Ranks and Conditions. + +The first thing which I require in the Person I am to teach, is, that +he be of a docible Wit, and not too young of age; than that the +_Organs of Speech_ be rightly constituted in him; for stupid Persons +are capable of no Teaching, whose Age is yet too tender; nor do they +mind enough, nor know how Teaching will be for their Use and Benefit; +but those whose _Organs of Speech_ are altogether unfit, they may +learn indeed to understand others when they speak, and discover their +own Mind by Writing; but they will never learn to speak. + +Having therefore a fit subject, my first Care is to make him to sound +forth a _Voice_, without which, almost all labour is lost, but that +one point, whereby Deaf Persons do discern a _Voice_ from a _Mute +Breath_, is a great Mystery of Art; and if I may have leave to say so, +it is the _Hearing of Deaf Persons_, or at least equivolent thereunto, +_viz._ that trembling Motion and Titillation, which they perceive in +their own _Throat_, whilst they of their own accord do give forth a +_Voice_; that therefore the Deaf may know, that I open my Mouth _to +emitt a Voice_; not simply to yawn, or to draw forth a _Mute Breath_, +I put their Hand to my _Throat_ that they may be made sensible of that +tremulous Motion, when I utter my _Voice;_ then I put the same Hand of +theirs to their own _Throat_, and command them to imitate me; nor am I +discouraged, if at the beginning their _Voice_ is harsh and difficult; +for in time it becomes more and more polite. + +If I gain their _Voice_, which for the most part I do at the first +time, I soon learn them to pronounce _Vowels_, _viz._ I bid them so to +moderate the _opening of their Mouth_, whilst they do form a _Voice_ +in their _Throat_, as I have said above, concerning the Formation of +the _Vowels_; but that they may do that the more easily, I hold a +_Looking-Glass_ to them, because they cannot from Sight alone imitate +those diverse Motions of the _Jaws_, of the _Tongue_, and of the +_Lips_, unless they had oftentimes tried it before a Looking-Glass. +Thence I learned, that that common belief, (that so soon as Hearing is +restored to Deaf Persons, they will speak) to be false, for it seems +not to me, that there is so great a consent betwixt the Organs of +_Voice_, and of Hearing, that at the first blush they can imitate a +_Voice_ that is heard; but by often imitating a _Voice_ or _Breath_ +received from another, and also by hearing their own at the same time, +we find at length a likeness between both, and after this manner we +all learn to speak; for he who learns to speak, it is all one, as if +he did learn some other Art; for by a long accustoming, the Organs are +rendered apt and pliable: Hence it is, that sometimes we come not to +pronounce aright Foreign Letters but after a long time. Now, it would +be well observed or considered, that I presently prescribe all the +Letters to Deaf Persons, or else they could not fix in their Minds +their _Idea's_ of them, and I seldom teach more than two or three +Letters in one day, least the _Idea's_ be confounded; but I bid them +very often to repeat them, and to write them down as they are +pronounced by me. + +But if by chance, as it sometimes happeneth, that they should +pronounce one Letter for another; I blame them not, but rather commend +them, and grant with a nodd that they have satisfied me, and forthwith +I write down the Character of that Letter upon Paper, that they may +knit together the _Idea_ thereof with its figure. In the interim, +whilst they learn the _Vowels_, I very often put their Hand to my +_Throat_, that they may be accustomed to give forth a Sound. + +When the _Vowels_ are become familiar to them, I go next to the +_Semi-vowels_, which sometimes are more difficult, especially the +_Nasals_; for Deaf Persons, unless they be taught, never give forth +the _Voice_ by the _Nose_, thereupon I begin with [_m._] as that which +is most plain, and easier learnt than the rest, so that they thereby +may be accustomed to give a Sound at least thro' the _Nose_; therefore +I bid them shut together their _Lips_, and putting their Hand to their +_Throat_, to give forth a _Voice_, and by that means they necessarily +pronounce [_m._] and not [_em._] as it's vulgarly pronounced. + +The Daughter of Mr. _Kolard_, before she was committed to my Care, +could indeed say _Pappa_; for indeed it is a little word, which is +almost born with us; but her Father did confess, that he had more than +1000 times tried in vain to make her say _Mamma_, which yet I I +brought her to in a small time. + +And now, _Reader_, I commit to thee another Secret, _viz._ that if a +Deaf Person be committed to thee to teach, beware that you do not +teach him to pronounce together _Semi-vowels_ and _Consonants_, +together with their annexed _Vowels_; as for example, _em. en. ka. ef. +te, &c._ + +For thus they would learn neither to read, nor rightly to pronounce +any word. The power and force of _Semi-vowels_ and _Consonants_ +consists not in the adjoyned _Vowels_, but in a peculiar _Voice_ or +_Breath_; and when you would have a Deaf Person to say _Tafel_ or +_Swartz_, you shall hear from him nothing else but _Te. a. ef. e. el._ +or _Es. we. a. er. te. zet._ which is very uncouth, nor can you easily +mend it: But by this Method, so soon as ever they know their Letters, +they begin to read; for _to read is only to pronounce the Letters +successively_. + +Here note well, that in the Schools this very thing would be of great +use, chiefly when they are taught Languages, whose Letters are +expressed by whole words, as _Alpha, Omega, Gimel, double u, zet, &c._ +For more time is lost, and the desire of Learning taken away from +Children, before they are able to abstract the Letters of these +Sounds, and to connect them together in _Reading_; so that it is very +much to be wonder'd at, that this most eminent short way of reading +hath hitherto lain hid in the dark. + +The other _Nasalls_ [_u_] and [_ng_] have nothing peculiar, unless it +be that I shew the Deaf the posture of the _Tongue_ in a +Looking-Glass, and put their Hand to my _Nose_, whereby they may be +sensible, that there comes forth thorough the _Nostrils_ a _Sounding +Breath_. When I teach them [_l._] I bid them to apply the _Tongue_ to +the _upper Teeth_; but to the _Cutters_, and to the _Dog-Teeth_ only, +that then they may emit a _Voice_ thro' the Mouth I make a Sign with +my Hand; but least, instead of [_l._] they should pronounce [_n._] +which comes to pass when the _Tongue_ doth so hinder the coming forth +of the _Voice_, that it returns to get out by the _Nostrils_; +therefore, till they are better accustomed, I gently compress the +_Nostrils_ with my Fingers. + +The Letter [_r_] is the most difficult of all the rest, yet amongst +six Deaf Persons, which I have hitherto instructed, four of them +pronounce it with the greatest easiness; the other two cannot form it, +but in their Jaws; but I teach them, by moving the Hand one while to +the _Throat_, and another while to the _Mouth_, whereby they may, as +it were, feel the subsulting and interrupted Expulsion of the _Voice_; +also I bid them to look often in the Glass, to observe the tremulous +and fluctuating Motion of the _Tongue_; but no one can expect at the +first trial, the genuin Pronounciation of this Letter. + +When the _Vowels_ and _Semi-vowels_ are well inculcated into them, +_the Consonants_ are learnt without any trouble almost, for they are a +_Simple and Mute Breath_, coming forth, either successively, or +suddenly, according to the various _Openings of the Mouth_, and only +with putting the Hand to the Mouth almost, they may all easily be +learned. + +[_h_] is the most simple of all, nor is it any thing else but Air, +which is breathed out thicker, and more swiftly. + +[_g_] or _ch._ is sharper than [_h_] which I teach thus, when I shew +to my Deaf Patients the posture of the _Tongue_ in a Looking-Glass, +and give them to feel the expiring _Breath_; it is so in like manner +with [_s_] and [_f_] insomuch, as nothing is more easie than they, and +which may most easily be learned by the fore-going Description. + +I can teach a Deaf Man, (though he were blind) the _Explosive +Consonants_; for if I cause him to feel the _Breath_ discharged upon +him, he would necessarily pronounce one of the three; for I bid him to +look simply on my _Mouth_ and _Tongue_, and then having put his Hand +to my _Mouth_, I pronounce either [_k._] or [_b._] [_p._] or [_d._] +[_t._] and command him to do the like. + +(_x._) and (_z._) are pronounced no otherwise than is (_ks._) or +(_gs._) (when (_g_) is an _Explosive Consonant_) and (_ts._) wherefore +I shall add nothing concerning them. + +Deaf Persons are to be diligently accustomed to pronounce these +_Semi-vowels_, _n. ng. l. r._ also the following _Consonants_; _h. g. +k. t._ with some kind of opening the _Mouth_, else they may joyn them +sometimes with certain _Vowels_, not without a notable yawning, & a +discordant noise. Now in general, Winter-time is fitter almost for to +instruct the Deaf, because then they see the _Breath_ coming forth +from the _Mouth_, whilst Pronounciation is in doing. + +When therefore I taught any Deaf Person to pronounce the Letters +hitherto enumerated, and that one by one, I taught him so to utter two +or three of the easiest, that there should be interstice between them; +as for example, _ab. am. da. fa. ef. &c._ so that they might be +accustomed to pronounce the Letters successively; then by degrees I +use them to the more difficult Combinations, mutually mixing _Vowels_, +_Semi-vowels_ and _Consonants_, and thus with little trouble they +learn to read; but if when they have read any thing, I bid them look +upon my _Mouth_, and to repeat the same after it hath been pronounced +by me; for thus they become by degrees to be accustomed to imitate the +humane _Voice_, only by looking on; but I am unwilling to tire them +out with this labour, troublesome enough, until they have profited +much, because they may be frighted with it. + +In the mean time we must endeavour diligently; that when one +_Consonant_ follows another _Consonant_, as _ps. kt. ks. sch. &c._ or +a _Semi-vowel_, as _ls. lk. md. &c._ that they do immediately joyn +them in Pronounciation, least some (_i_) or (_e_) be heard between +them, which unless it be cautiously avoided, often happens. + +When they can read, and in a manner understand others when they speak, +I treat them like new-born Babes; first, I teach them _Nouns_, which +are obvious, as well _Substantives_ as _Adjectives_, so also the most +necessary _Verbs_ and _Adverbs_, than _Declinations_ and +_Conjugations_; but here that five-fold turning Orb was of most +excellent use to me, it being a rich Treasury of the whole _German_ +Tongue, which I found in the Mathematical Delights of _Swenter_, I +augmented it, and applied it also to the _Dutch_ Idiome; out of it may +they quickly, and with pleasure learn all possible _Combinations_ of +_Vowels_, _Semi-vowels_, and _Consonants_, also all terminations of +_German_ words, and that as well Derivatives as Compounds. The first +Orb contains _Prepositions_ and small _Mono-Syllables_, with which +_Nouns_ and _Verbs_ are compounded; the second, the _Initial Letters_; +the third, _Vowels_ and _Diphthongs_; the fourth, the _Final Letters_; +lastly, all the _German Terminations_. + +But there seems to be a great difficulty, that some Letters, as _e._ +and _i. a._ and _u._ are uttered by the same opening of the Mouth, and +consequently they must needs be confounded; but in good truth, it's of +small moment, because for the most part the difference is not heeded, +and the Letters, which according to their nature, are by far, more +different, are written almost after the same manner, chiefly when they +are pronounced hastily, as _m._ and _n. r._ and _n. a._ and _o. &c._ +which yet puts no stop to an exercised _Reader_. + +Others object, that the _Deaf_ thus taught, will, it may be, +understand no Body but my self: Indeed, this difficulty Teems to have +something of weight in it; but we must know, that Menst Men pronounce +most Letters badly alike, and write their Characters negligently; but +with such a one who learns to speak, it is all one as it is with him, +who is taught to read other Men's Writings: For first, he can scarce +read any thing but what is written by his Master, and then the +Writings of his School-fellows; and lastly, there is nothing which he +cannot read, tho' very badly written, it is therefore not to be +wondred at, if those I teach to speak, do at the beginning more easily +understand me, than others; (for I pronounce the Letters in their full +_extension_) and not _lamely_ (as many are wont to do) and after that +they come to understand their Domesticks and Familiars, and at last, +any Body. + +Here in the end I add, that most of the Letters may be formed, as well +by inspiring as by expiring, which thing I have very much wondred at +in some Persons, who _speak out of the Belly_: And once at _Amsterdam_ +I heard an old Woman speaking both ways, and made answers to her self, +as to questions, so as I would have sworn that she talked with her +Husband two or three Paces distant from her; for the _Voice_ being +swallowed up in her in Breathing, would seem to come from far. + +Behold, _Reader_, a small Tract of three days; if thou wilt offer any +thing more, right and true, I will receive it with thank: There are +yet some other things, _viz._ how a deaf Person may be made, so as to +be able to discern from one the other, some Letters pronounced by +another, as _m._ from _b. n._ from _d. ng._ from _k. &c._ or how the +quantity of Syllables is to be govern'd. But these, and the like, can +scarce be learnt, but by teaching. + +_A word is enough to the Wise._ + + + + +THE CONCLUSION. + +The _Author_ is thinking to turn this small Treatise into the _Dutch_, +and very speedily, God willing, to publish it for the good of the +Nation, and will so adapt it to the Idiom thereof, as to make it to be +accounted proper. Nothing being more in the _Authors_ care than that +by this his slender endeavour, he shall stir up some one to perform +the like, or at least to attempt it: Now if there occurs to any Body, +any thing, either too hard, or not sufficiently explained, he may +expect a more full Edition, or else let him repair to the _Author_, +who according to the Light granted unto him, will refuse nothing to +any Man. + + +_THE END_. + + + + + +Books Printed for _Tho. Howkins_, in _George Yard, Lumbard-Street_. + + +Humane Prudence; or the Compleat States-Man. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Talking Deaf Man + A Method Proposed, Whereby He Who is Born Deaf, May Learn to Speak, 1692 + +Author: John Conrade Amman + +Release Date: July 24, 2004 [EBook #13014] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TALKING DEAF MAN *** + + + + +Produced by David Starner, Project Manager; Keith M. Eckrich, +Post-Processor; the PG Online Distributed Proofreaders Team + + + + + +THE TALKING DEAF MAN: + +or, + +A Method Proposed, Whereby He Who is Born Deaf, May Learn to Speak. + + +By the Studious Invention and Industry of _John Conrade Amman_, an +_Helvetian_ of _Shashuis_, Dr. of Physick. + + +Imprinted at _Amsterdam_, by _Henry Westein_, 1692. And now done +out of Latin into English, by _D.F.M.D._ 1693. + + +_London_, Printed for Tho. Hawkins, in _George-yard, Lumbard street_, +1694. + + +Price bound One Shilling. + + +_To his most Approved Good Friend Mr. PETER KOLARD, the Author, with +all Submission, Dedicateth this his Treatise of the Talking Deaf Man._ + +_My much honoured Friend_, + +This little endeavour, how small soever it be, is upon many Accounts +due to you; For besides that, the Truth of the matter here exposed, is +to no one, (except my Self) more apparent, you did heap on me so many +Favours, whilst I abode in your House, upon account of teaching your +Daughter, and rendred me to be so much Yours, as no less could be +sufficient, than to erect a publick, and as much as in me lay, an +eternal Monument of Gratitude to you. How great the Incredulity of +this Age is, no Man almost knows better than your self; there have +been, and still are, such as boldly deny, that it is possible to bring +the _Deaf_ to speak; others, though they should be admitted to be +Eye-Witnesses, yet would not stick to doubt still of the matter: +Wherefore, what-ever it was that I performed to your Daughter, and to +some others, and by what Artifice I did it, I now ingenuously expose +to the Eyes of all the World. I heartily wish that they may so make +use of this my labour, as that for the future, no more _Dumb_ Persons +may be found. + +In the number of these doubting Persons, you have confessed to me, +that you your self had formerly been, until you had heard a certain +Maiden, who before had been _Dumb_, talking with me at _Amsterdam_; +perhaps I should have been so my self, if, when I was ignorant in the +thing, I had received narratively only, that some such thing was +performed by another; wherefore I resolved rather to convince the +Incredulity of Men (which now is accounted Prudence amongst most Men) +of an Error, than to reprove them for their Rashness. + +It is now three Years since I first thought to make this my Method +publick; but had I then done it, I should now have repented it, +because in this Interval I have much more polished it; and rendered it +more easie by far; and as to what belongs to the practise thereof, +more certain, yea, and all to that degree, as I dare confidently +assert, that henceforth there shall be no _Deaf_ Person, (provided he +be of a sound Mind, and be not Tongue-tied, nor of an immature Age) +who by my Instruction shall not in the space of two Months speak +readily enough. Perhaps also I shall hereafter repent, that I have +published this small Treatise, as yet too immature; yet I had rather +confess an Error, if I shall any where commit one, or in any future +Edition augment it, than wholly to pass it over in Silence; for if I +should be snatcht away by a hasty Death, (even as a tender state of +Health doth threaten me) I should not know how to render to God an +Account of the Talent committed to me, as he may require it of me. + +Nothing therefore remained, most Worthy Sir, than that I should beg +your Pardon, that I have made bold thus to interrupt you in the midst +of Affairs, which almost swallow you wholly up; but I believe you will +the more readily give it me, because this little Script may make my +Absence less troublesome to you, because, according to the precepts +here given, you yourself will be able to take care that your Daughter +shall not only not forget all what she already knows, but more and +more accomplish them. However, I humbly beseech you, that him whom you +have begun to love, yea, though he be removed far from you, that you +will persist still therein, and to take upon your self as need shall +require it, the Patronage of the Truth it self. Farewel, and be well. + +_J. Conrade Amman._ + +_Dated from my Study_, Aug. 10th, 1692. + + * * * * * + +_To his Learned friends_ Richard Waller, _and_ Alexander Pittfield, +_Esquires, of the_ Royal Society. + + +_Gentlemen_, + +The holding of a Candle to the Sun is not more absurd, than thus to +present you with an _English_ Version of a _Latin_ Treatise. All who +know you, know you to be Masters of not only most of the _European_, +but also of the Learned Languages. But my excuse is, that what I have +done for the sake of English Readers, I expose under your learned +Names; the Subject-matter of which may be useful, and therefore +acceptable to your selves and others. However, I am willing to +discover my Ambitious aim herein, which is to let the World know who +are my Friends, and what Names may give Honour to mine. I know, that +several very considerable Members of that great Society, to which you +so nearly relate, have already, both in Theory and Practise, +acquainted the World with very remarkable things of this nature; and +whether what is here published, will in the least, either elucidate or +add to those already taught, and done by those very knowing persons, I +neither dare nor will determine; but if neither one nor the other be +here found, yet it is sometimes grateful to us, to see how good and +great wits do jump, and in such Circumstances as these no Man can +account Store to be a Soare. _I_ have only this to further mention, +that the _Author_ chose the _High-German_ Tongue to become his +exemplar, rather than any other Modern or Antique; it therefore is +necessary, that he who would put his Rules in practice in any other +Language, must observe a due Analogy in _mutatis mutandis_. Thus (my +Friends) I have exposed both you and my self, if any blame happen, let +that be all mine, who (without your Knowledge and Concession) did this +Indignity to you, and to aggravate it, thus publickly to stile my +self, + +Gentlemen, + +Your Cordial Friend and Servant, + +_Dan. Foot._ + + * * * * * + + + + +TO THE READER. + + +Candid Reader, + +_In these few Pages, I expose to thee openly and ingenuously, by what +means I can learn the Deaf, (and because they were born so) the Dumb +to speak articulately_, and easily to understand others also when they +are speaking, so as they may be able both to read, and to understand a +Book, or Letter, and to discover their own Minds, either by Speach or +Writing. + +How important a Benefit is this? How advantageous is the not hearing +supplied by this Art? If Envy, or the detestable greedy Desire of +Gain_ _could have prevailed with me, I had retained this Art, as lockt +up in my own Breast. But alass! How miserable is the condition of the +Deaf? How lame and defective is that Speach, which is performed by +Signs and Gestures? How little are they capable to receive of those +things which concern their eternal Salvation? Who doth not +commiserate_ _this sort of Persons? Who can refuse to help them by all +means which are possible? For my part, I, by the help of God's Grace, +will not only help them, but will make publick and vulgar what is best +to be done therein, yea, and have done so already, that they can +understand others speaking, even with the softest_ Voice, _or rather +whispering_. + +_This Doctrin will seem new and incredible to most Men, yet is not +plainly altogether unheard of; for, as I heard, there have been some, +who engaged themselves in this cure; but what they effected therein, I +must acknowledge is unknown to me; yea, I Religiously attest, that +before I did excogitate this Matter, I met not with the least_ +_foot-step thereof in any Author. Notwithstanding, some there be, who +reject at first sight this Doctrin as fabulous; others, and those +perhaps the same also; who when I shall have discovered to them the +manner thereof, will cry, that they could do the same thing: I, for my +part; am not concerned at either of them, well knowing, that those who +are just in their_ _Estimation of things, will judge otherwise. + +When thou, by reading shalt arrive thus far (good_ Reader) _stop a +little (I pray thee) and use the liberty granted to every one, and +attentively revolve in thy Mind, what thou thy self would'st do, if +such a case as this was committed to thy care. If so be thou shaltst +find out the right way, give God_ _thanks, and let it suffice, that I +have admonished thee; if not, go on to read what follows, where thou +wilt find it, with very little trouble. This very way is that, by +which I taught_ Ehster Kolard, (_a young Virgin of great Hopes, the +only Daughter of Mr_ Peter Kolard, _who was born Deaf) not only to +read, but also to speak readily, yea, and to_ _hold Discourse with +others and in a short time she profited so much, as to remember a many +Questions and Answers in the Catechism, yea, and as far as her young +Years were capable, she understood the Sense of them also: She +rejoyced greatly when I told her, that I was willing to make this +Method, by which she learned to speak, common_ to all. Friendly_ +Reader, _use and accept well these things; and if thou knowest any +things better, Candidly impart them, and make not thy self Ungrateful. +Farewell._ + + * * * * * + + + + +An Advertisement to the _English Reader_. + +About 26 Years since, the Honourable, Learned, and Pious F.M. Baron of +_Helmont_ caused to be published in Latin a small Treatise; wholly and +fully to the same purpose, with what is here published: Which said +Treatise, entituled, _The Alphabet of Nature_, is now in Hand to be +Translated, and Publish'd in _English_; of which it was thought fit +here to give thee this Notice. + +Thou art also (kind _Reader_) to be advertised, that there is very +lately Translated into the _English_ a very learned Tract, entituled, +_The Divine Being, and its Attributes_; demonstrated from the Holy +Scriptures, and Original Nature of things, according to the Principles +of the aforesaid F.M. Baron of _Helmont_. Written in _Low-Dutch_, by +_Paulus Buchius_, Dr. of Physick, &c. and Licensed according to Order, +and are to be sold by _T. Howkins_, Bookseller, in _George-yard, +Lumbard-Street_. + + + + +THE TALKING DEAF MAN. + + + +CHAP. I. + +_An Inquiry into the Nature of a_ Voice, _and in what respect it +differs from the Breath_. + +Let no Man presume, that he shall ever attain to this noble Art, if he +remain Ignorant in what it is that the nature of the Letters, as well +in general, as special, doth consist; for it was this very thing which +gave occasion to the composing of this small Treatise: Wherefore, +before I treat of the manner of instructing _Deaf_ Persons, I shall +bring into examination, First, the material part of the _Letters_, +viz. _Voice_ and _Breath_; Secondly, the _Letters themselves_, and +their Differences: Thirdly, and Lastly, I will teach the _Practise_ of +the Art. + +I have oftentimes heard from some Persons, that it was little beneath +a Miracle, that God should give Men, to express the Thoughts of the +Mind, rather by Motions, which are effected by the Lips, the Tongue, +the Teeth, &c. than otherwise, and that so universally, that there is +no Nation so Barbarous, no not excepting the _Hottentots_, which +cannot speak in a Language. But let (I pray) these Men consider, what +it is that Men rightly Instituted would have, whilst they mutually +talk one with another; for they desire to open the most inward +Recesses of the Heart, yea, and to transfuse their own proper Life +into others, which thing cannot be more commodiously done, than by +Speaking; for there is nothing which floweth forth from us, which +carrieth with it a more vivid Character of the Life, than our _Voice_ +doth; yea, in the _Voice_ is the _Breath_ of Life, part of which +passeth into the _Voice_; for indeed the _Voice_ is the Child of the +Heart, which is the Seat of the Affections, and of Desire. Hence it +is, that sometimes we are not able to keep back the impetuous Motions +of the Affections; but _out of the abundance of the Heart, the Mouth +speaketh._ Thus, when we desire something in our selves, and yet are +afraid to express it, the Heart labours like a Woman with Child, and +becomes Anxious; but if we can pour it forth into the Bosom of a +Friend, there presently ariseth great Tranquility, and we say, that we +have emptied our Hearts: Yea, so full is the _Voice_ of the Life, +which immediately flows from the Heart, that to talk long, extreamly +wearieth us; but especially the Sick, who oftentimes can scarce utter +three or four words, but they faint away. Therefore, to comprehend +much in a few words, the _Voice_ is an Emanation from that very +Spirit, which God breathed inth Man's Nostrils, when he Created him a +living Soul. Hence also, _The Word of God, the Son of God, the +Omnipotence of God_, &c. are in Holy Scripture oftentimes homonymous, +or of the like, and same import. + +It is no wonder therefore, if _Voice_ be natural to a Man, though he +be _Deaf_, because _Deaf Men_ Laugh, Cry out, Hollow, Weep, Sigh, and +Waile, and express the chief Motions of the Mind, by the _Voice_ which +is to an Observant Hearer, various, yea, they hardly ever signifie any +thing by Signs, but they mix with it some _Sound_ or _Voice_. Thus the +Exclamations of almost all Nations are alike; [_a_] is the _Sound_ of +him chiefly, who rejoyceth; [_i_] of him who is in Indignation, and +Angry; [_o_] of one in Commiseration, or Exclamation; not to mention +many such other-like. + +Now I shall briefly declare, wherein the nature of the _Voice_ +consisteth, where it is formed, and how it is formed: I shall also +discover, together therewith, wherein is the difference betwixt +_Voice_ and _Breath simply_, as what is in truth, of so much weight, +that if it be unknown, some Deaf Persons cannot learn to speak, as +shall be taught in the Third Chapter. Men ordinarily speak after two +manner of ways, viz. either when they may be heard by any one, who is +not too far distant from them, and that is properly call'd _Voice_; or +else, when they speak privately in another's Ear, and then they +pronounce a _Breath which is simple, but not Sonorous_. Deaf Men also +do know a _Voice_ to be different from a _Simple Breath_; for they can +speak both ways, and I also have learned this Distinction partly from +them. + +The Humane _Voice_ is Air, impregnated, and made Sonorous by the +impressed Character of the Life, or is such, as whilst it is in +breathing forth, doth smite upon the Organs of the _Voice_, so, as +_they tremble thereupon_; for indeed, without this tremulous Motion, +no _Voice_ is made: Yea, not only the _Larynx_, or Wind-pipe, doth +thereupon tremble, but the whole Skull also; yea, and sometimes _all +the Bones_ _of the whole Body_, which any one may easily find in +himself, by his applying his Hand to his Throat, and laying it on the +top of his Head. This trembling is very perceptible in most sounding +Bodies, and is (if I mistake not) owing for the most part to the +_Springiness_ of the Air; which, did I not study to be brief, I could +more fully explicate. Now the _Simple Breath_ is Air, breathed forth +by the opening of the Mouth or Nostrils, simply, and without any +smiting on the parts, which rather exciteth a whispering than a sound. +Hence is it, that Animals, whose Wind-pipe is cut beneath the Throat, +do indeed render a _Breathing_, but no _Voice_; for the Tube of the +Wind-pipe is too large, and too smooth, than that the Air can strike +upon it any where; and being thus reflected on its self, it can also +imprint a tremulous Motion on its neighbouring Bodies: This the +Physicians Pupils do know; who being about to dissect live Dogs, they +cut their Throats, that they may not be troubled with their barking: +For _Voice_ differs as much from a _Simple Breath_, as doth that +hoarse Sound, which we excite, by rubbing the tops of our Fingers hard +upon some Glass or Table, which is quite differing from that same +_soft whistling Sound_, which is heard when we lightly rub with the +Hand the same Glass or Table. + +The _Voice_ therefore, as it is the _Voice_, is generated in the +_Cartilages of the Wind-pipe_, then afterwards is formed into such or +such _Letters_; but that it may become a lovely _Voice_, it's +requisite, that those Cartilages be _smooth_, and _lined with no +mucous Matter_, else the _Voice_ will become Hoarse, and sometimes be +utterly lost, viz. when they have lost their Springy power. + +For _Pipes_; and other _Wind-Instruments_ do most notably explain to +us the nature of the _Voice_; for in them we see a certain _Voice_ or +_Sound_ to be generated out of Simple Air, whilst it is as it were, +rent in pieces, and forced into a tremulous Motion: Now, that in these +Instruments there is a little Tongue; or which is instead of a Tongue, +the same in a Man is the _Epiglott_, or Cover of the _Wind-pipe_, and +the _Uvula_, or Pallate of the Mouth; but the rest of the _Cartilages_ +of the _Throat_, besides that, they contribute much to the making of +the _Voice_, yet are they chiefly serviceable to it, in rendering it +to be more flat, and more sharp, and that especially by the _Bone of +the Tongue_, and the adjoyning Muscles: But I am unwilling to put from +this Office the Muscles which are proper to the _Wind-pipe_; for they +all unanimously conspire to make the _Cleft of the Throat_ either +wider, or narrower. But above all, here is that wonderful Faculty of +modifying the _Voice_, according to Will and Pleasure; which, even as +_Speech_ also, is not natural to us, but a Habite, contracted by long +Use or Custom. Hence it is, that the Unskilful are not only Ignorant +how to Sing, but also cannot so much as imitate others who are +Singing; so also such as are ignorant of any Language, do not only not +understand others who are speaking that Language, but also do not know +how presently to repeat that _Voice_ which they received by their +Ears. + +Things principally requisite to the _Voice_, are, that the +_Wind-pipe_, the former thereof be solid, dry, and of the nature of +_Resounding_ Bodies. By this _Hypothesis_, two of the most Eminent +_Phaenomena's of the Voice_ are discovered; why the _Voice_ should then +at length become firm and ripe, when the Bones have attained unto +their full Strength, and due Hardness, which cometh to pass much about +the Years of ripe age, when the vital Heat, doth in a greater degree +exert itself: The other Phaenomenon is _Hoarsness_ or an utter loss of +the _Voice_, which is, when the _Cartilages_, or _Gristles of the +Throat_, especially the _Epiglott_, or Coverlid of the _Wind-pipe_, is +lined or besmeared all over with a slimy Viscosity, whereby they lose +their _Elasticity_, or Springiness. Now these Symptoms of the _Voice_ +are also common to other _Wind-instruments_, when they become too much +moistned by any vapourous wetting Air. The same reason also is to be +assigned why the _Voice_ doth at last quite cease in those who have +made too long Harrangues, in speaking, and whose Jaws are quite dried +with an immoderate Heat; for in both these cases the top of the +_Wind-pipe_ is covered over with a clammy _Tenacious Phlegm_. + +There remains yet two other Symptoms of the _Voice_, which I have +undertaken to explicate, viz. why the _Voice_ sometimes leaps from one +_Eighth_ to another; and, as it is rightly said by the Vulgar +Expression, that it is broken: and why, when we strive to make our +_Voice_ either too sharp, or too flat, it at last plainly faileth us. +As to the first, let us consider when and how it cometh to pass; and +first, it's what principally happeneth to _Orators_, when they +endeavour to lift up their _Voice_ too high, or strongly; but how this +cometh to be, _Organ-pipes_, and the _Monochorde_, do teach us, _viz._ +when some Impediment interposing, doth divide the _ordinary Sound_ +into two; if therefore those parts are equal, either of them is by one +_Eighth_ more sharp than the former Sound, neither are they +distinguished from one another; but if they prove to be unequally +divided, then two _distinct Sounds_ are made at the same time, whereof +one is flatter than the ether, and this is commonly called a _broken +Voice_: But why our _Voice_ should fail us, when we endeavour to make +it more sharp, or more flat than it ought to be, the reason is, +because we strive either so to contract the _Cleft_ of the +_Wind-pipe_, and to press the _Spout-like Cartilage_, by help of the +_Bone of Tongue_, towards the _Epiglott_, that the going forth of the +_Voice_, and of the _Breath_, may be precluded, or else, on the +contrary, because that the said _Cleft_, through the drawing down of +the _Cartilages_, is so much widened, that the departing out of the +_Breath_, finds no hinderance. + +But here I had almost forgot to compare the _more dry_, the _more +moist_, the _more solid_, and the _more thin_ Constitution of the +_Larynx_, or _Wind-pipe_, which also make very much to the rendering +the _Voice_, to be either sharp, or flat. That same humming Noise, +which _many flying Insects_ make, not so much by the Wings, (for when +they are cut off, the humming still remains) as by a most swift and +brisk Motion of certain Muscles, hid in the Cavity of their Breasts, +seems to have somewhat of an affinity to the _Voice_; wherefore I +desire the Learned to examine, whether those small _Muscles, which are +proper to the Cartilages of the Wind-pipe_, cannot perform somewhat +like to that. + +Many more Particulars concerning the _Voice_ might yet further be +inquired into, such as, how it is, that every one may be known by his +_Voice_? How that _Sound_, which in Singing is called _Quavering_, or +_Trilling_, by a peculiarity, is excited, &c, But seeing that these +things do not properly respect the nature of the _Voice_, I, for +Brevities sake, do omit them. + + + + +CHAP. II. + + +_Expounding the Nature of the_ Letters, _and the manner how they are +formed_. + +Hitherto we have treated concerning the _Voice_ and _Breath_, and of +the manner of the formation of both of them, in general; now let us +see how the said _Voice_ and _Breath_ are, as a fit Matter for them, +framed into such or such _Letters_; for the _Voice_ and _Breath_ are +alone the material part of _Letters_, but the form of them is to be +sought out from the various Configurations of those hollow Channels, +thorough which they pass; _Letters_ therefore, not as they be certain +Characters, but as they are Pronounced or Spoken, are the _Voice_ and +_Breath_, diversly Figured by the Instruments ordained for the Speech. + +But here we must be pre-admonished concerning the _Letters_; that +there is a great Latitude almost amongst them all, and that one and +the same Character is not pronounced by one and the same Configuration +of the Mouth, yea, in one and the same Language; thus [_a_] and [_e_] +sometimes are sounded open, and sometimes close; also [_o_] hath its +own Latitude, so as many other Letters also may have; yea, as many as +are the divers Modes, by which the _Voice_ and _Breath_ can be +Figured, by the Organs of Speech; but the most easie, only, and the +most Conspicuous are received by all Nations, whose number never +almost exceedeth Twenty four, and have certain Characters annexed to +them: But seeing that these Characters are not every where pronounced +alike, yea, one and the same Letter sometimes is variously sounded by +one and the same People, therefore I have made choice of the _German +Letters_, which are of my Mother-Tongue, and the most _Simple_ of all +Letters, to be examined in this place: in as much as they are for the +most part sounded every where alike, their _Vowels_ are very _Simple_, +and agreeable to the nature of the thing, the _Diphthongs_ compounded +of them, do retain the Nature of their compounding _Vowels_, because +they are always heard pronounced in them, otherwise, than as it is in +most other Languages, which they stile living ones; for sometimes they +make their _Diphthongs_ out of the most _Simple Vowels_, as are [_au_] +[_ou_] [_ai_] amongst the _French_, and [_oe_] and [_eu_] amongst the +_Dutch_, or else they have such improper _Diphthongs_, that scarce +either of their compounding _Vowels_ can be heard, such are [_oi_] of +the _French_, and [_uy_] of the _Dutch_, not to mention more Examples, +or else they are variously sounded according to their various +Placings, so as if I were to teach some Deaf _French-man_, I would +from the beginning teach him, not the _French_, but the _German +Letters_, or else he would be plainly confounded. Nor is the state of +the _Consonants_ in better case for the Pronunciation of some of them, +is so very different, that there are scarce two Nations, which +pronounce the Character [_g_] after the same manner. + +But in the _German_ Alphabet, that which most disliketh me, is, their +Order; which, in good truth, is none; because scarce two Letters of +the same rank do follow mutually after one another, which would render +the information of Deaf Persons to be so much the more difficult; +wherefore I have reduced them into this following order, which seemed +to me to be the most natural. + + _a. e. i. j. y. o. u. ae. oe. + ue. m. n. ng. l. r. h. g. ch. s. + f. v. k. c. q. d. t. b. p. + x. z._ + +To those who observe well, it will from this order alone, appear, that +I have divided this whole Alphabet into _Vowels_, _Semi-vowels_, and +_Consonants_. The _Vowels_ are a _Voice_ or _Sound_ modified by a +various opening of the Mouth only, and are either _Simple_, or +Uniform, as _a. e. i. j. y. o. u. w._ Or else they are mixt, which out +of two, do so melt down into one, as that they are pronounced +together, and are different from _Diphthongs_, in as much as their +_Vowels_ are successively pronounced: Now these mixt _Vowels_, are ae. +oe. ue. which some Nations either have not at all, or else do write them +evilly; but of the manner of Formation, more shall be said hereafter. + +The _Semi-vowels_ are a middle sort between the _Genuine Voice_, and a +_Simple Breath_, and may at pleasure be brought forth in the manner as +_Vowels_ are; and they are either of the _Nose_, or _Nasall_ such are +_m. n. ng._ or else they be of the _Mouth_, or _Orall_, as _l. r._ +_Consonants_ are a _Simple Breath_, not sonorous, yet +variously modified, and are of three kinds: + +For they are either pronounced successively, and may be produced at +pleasure, as _g. ch. s. f. v._ + +Or are suddainly _shot forth_; which upon that score I call them +_explosive_, as _k. c. q. t. d. b. p._ + +Or else being _Compounded_ out of two foregoing ones, their number is +diverse in divers Nations; the _Germans_ have two; _viz._ _x._ and +_z._ + +To this Division, in which I have had respect chiefly to the nature, +and manner of pronouncing the _Letters_, may not impertinently be +added, that those _Letters_ are formed mostly in three _Regions of the +Mouth_, _viz._ in the bottom, or _Throat_; in the middle, or in the +_Palate_ and _Teeth_; and lastly, in the utmost part thereof, or in +the _Lips_: Hence it is, from every one of their Classes almost, are +three sorts; one _Guttural_, another _Dental_, and a third _Labial_; +but of these, more hereafter. + +I will here prevent the _Readers_ who may object to me in the +following Chapter, that this my Doctrin will be always lame, because +all Deaf Persons, whom we would teach by the Tongue, Lips, _&c._ will +never by their Sight attain unto these motions: But, besides that the +Sight doth not give place to the Hearing, as to a quick sensibility, I +affirm, that there is no need thereof, if once they have made but any +Progress; for even we our selves do very often not hear in +Pronunciation those Letters which I call _Consonants_, but we collect +them from the _Vowels_ and _Semi-vowels_, commixed together with them: +No Man, for Example, shall so pronounce _b. g._ or _d._ as that he may +be heard at a hundred Paces distant. And this seems to me to be the +principal reason why we can most rarely pronounce or repeat at the +first blush, any word spoken in a foreign Language. + +But before I shall unfold the nature, and manner of forming the +_Letters_ in special, I judged that it was not here to be omitted, how +that as all the _Letters_, yea also, and the _Vowels_ them-selves, +cannot by any means be pronounced, as they are a _Simple Breath_, and +not sonorous; for when we, for Example, do whisper somewhat to one in +his Ear, so the _Consonants_ also, excepting those which I call +_Explosive_, may be pronounced vocally, or with the _Voice_ conjoyned; +and there are Nations which pronounce thus, as the _French_ do their +_z._ and their _v._ + +I shall now treat of the _Letters_ especially, and will examine them +so, as both the absolute Simplicity of the _German Letters_ may be +manifested; and other Nations, from their Mode of Formation, may +learn, how they ought to pronounce them; upon this account also, I +shall add how improperly some Nations do render the same Letters in +their own Language. Now in this Explication I shall observe the same +order as I did in the Division of them, where readily it will appear, +that _Voice_ and _Breath_ are according to a triple Region of the +Mouth, triply figured or formed spontaneously. + +Therefore the Simple and Uniform _Vowels_ are, _a._ _e._ _i._ _j._ +_y._ _o._ _u._ _w._ and are formed after the following manner. + +_a._ is a _Gutteral Vowel_, and the most Simple of all; the Key of the +_Alphabet_, and therefore is by all Nations set first of all, +excepting only (as far as I know) the _Abyssines_, by whom, as Ludolf +testifieth, it is placed as the Thirteenth _Letter_. True indeed it +may be pronounced by various Placings of the _Tongue_, yet the common, +and most convenient is, that the _Tongue_ should be in its posture of +rest; and then being gently stretched forth in the _Mouth_, it may +only lightly, or not at all touch upon the utmost Border of the lower +_Teeth_; if therefore the lower _Jaw_ be drawn downwards, and thereby +the _Mouth_ be opened, that the _Voice_ formed in the _Throat_, +strikes not neither against the _Teeth_, nor against the _Lips_, than +a plain open [_a_] is heard, _e. i. j. y._ are _Dental Vowels_, or the +_Voice_, which in coming forth, smites more or less against the +_Teeth_; Hence it is that Infants, although they can say _Pappa, bo, +&c._ yet can they not pronounce these Letters until they have Teeth, +especially _the Cutters_, or _fore-Teeth_; and indeed [_e_] is +formed, when the _Voice_, (the _Lips_ being gently opened), strikes +against the _Teeth_ also moderately opened; now the +posture of the _Tongue_ is such, that it somewhat presses on each side +upon the _Dog-Teeth_ of the Inferior _Jaw_, for so the passage of the +_Voice_ is made narrower, and the [_e_] much more clear. + +_i. j._ and _y._ are the same _Vowel_, pronounced one while more +short, and another more long, nor doth it stand upon any Foundation, +[_i_] sometimes doth become a _Consonant_, but then is pronounced only +more swiftly, so as together with the following _Vowel_, it can make a +_Diphthong_; but [_i_] is formed after the same manner almost, +as [_e_] except that the _Teeth_ are for the most part, more stricken, +and the _Tongue_ put close to the _Teeth_, the passage of the _Voice_ +is rendred more strait, whence a more smart Sound also breaks forth, +which notwithstanding, can sometimes be hardly distinguished from +[_e_] [_y_,] also is [_i_] pronounced longer then usually, or [_i_] +doubled. _o. u. w._ are _Labial Vowels_, that is, such as are formed +by a different positure of the _Lips_; also [_o._] and [_u._] are +different from one another, just as much as [_e._] and [_i_]: But +[_w._] is to [_u._] just as _j._ is to [_i._] for indeed _a. u. w._ +are formed, when the _Teeth_ and _Tongue_ keep the same posture; but +the _Lips_ are more or less contracted, even as the _Teeth_ are in +[_e._] and [_i._] and so when they are less stricken, [_o._] is +produced, but when a little more [_u._] or [_w._]; but we ought +carefully to beware, whilst [_o._] or [_u._] are pronounced, least the +_Teeth_ should be seen; for else a certain kind of a soft _e._ will be +mingled; and instead of _oe._ or _ue._ there will be produced _o._ or +_u._ These Letters belong to the _French_, _au_ and _ou_, when +nevertheless they are nothing else but _Diphthongs_, also _oe._ of the +_Dutch_ is our _u._ but very improperly. + +Mixt _Vowels_ are _ae. oe. ue._ These Characters are peculiar to our +Language, and were invented very ingeniously by our Ancients, though +our Moderns mostly know not the reason thereof. Each hath its simple +Character, because the Sound which they signifie, is only one, tho' +mixt; for _a._ _o._ and _u._ are so pronounced, that the passage of +the _Voice_, the _Tongue_ and _Teeth_ being conjoyned for to +pronounce, _e._ becomes Straiter, and so _e._ together with the said +Letters, _a._ _o._ _u._ doth constitute but one only, yet a _mixt +vowel_. The _French_ utter them by _ai._ _eu._ and _u._ and in good +truth, badly enough, as any one may see. The _Dutch_ want _[ae]._ +_[oe]._ and express them by _eu._ but _[ue]._ by _u._ in no better a way +than the _French_. + +Concerning the _Diphthongs_ composed out of these _Vowels_, and which +may be thence compounded, I judge it needless to say much; for they +are nothing else in our Language than a more then usual swift +Pronunciation of the Component _Vowels_, yet successive; and thus they +differ from the _mixt Vowels_, but how improper and absurd +_Diphthongs_ some Nations have, any one may easily gather from what +hath been already said. + +The other sort of Letters are _Semi-Vowels_, which are therefore so +called, because that they be formed indeed out of a _Sounding Breath_ +or _Voice_, but such as in its progress is much broken. They are, as I +said, either _Nasalls_, or such as are pronounced through that open +passage, by which the _Nose_ opens into the Hollow of the _Mouth_: Now +the _Voice_ is forced to go that way, either when it flows to the +_Lips_ shut close, and rebounding from thence, is formed into [_m_;] +or when the _Tip of the Tongue_ is so applied to the roof of the +Mouth, and to the upper _Teeth_, the _Voice_ is made to rebound +through the _Nostrils_, and so [_n_] becomes formed; or lastly, when +together with the hinder part of the _Tongue_, the _Voice_ being +applied to the _Roof_, is so straitned that there is no Egress left +open for it, but through the _Nose_, and so [_n_] is formed; which is +a Sound, which hath no peculiar Character in any Language, as I know +of, yet it differs no less from the rest of the _Nasals_, (_k_) is +divers from (_t_) or (_p_,) if any one desires to try this by himself, +let him endeavour to pronounce; having his _Nose_ held close with his +Fingers, one of these three Letters, and he will not be able to do it. + +Or else these _Semivowels_ are _Orall_, which are indeed such as are +pronounced thro' the _Mouth_, but not so freely as are the _Genuin +Vowels_, and they be two, (_l_) and (_r;_) (_l_) is formed when the +_Tongue_ is so applied to the _Roof_, and the upper _Teeth_, that the +_Voice_ cannot, but by a small Thred, as it were, get forth by the +Sides of the _Tongue_; for if you compress the _Cheeks_ to the +_Grinders_, you stop up the Passage of the _Voice_, and it will be +very difficult for you to pronounce this _Letter_, (_r_,) is a _Voice_ +fluctuating with great swiftness, and is formed, when the more movable +part of the _Tongue_ does in the twinkling of an Eye, oftentimes +strike upon the _Roof of the Mouth_, and as often is drawn back again +from it; for thus the _Voice_ formed in the _Throat_, in its +pronouncing, flows and ebbs back again, and is uttered, as it were by +_Leaps_. Hence it is, that they, whose _Tongues_ be too heavy and +moist, and less voluble, will never pronounce this Letter, whether +they can Hear, or are Deaf. + +Now there still remains the _Consonants_, or the Letters, which are +formed out of an unsounding or mute _Breath_; yet, out of which, some +of the _Semi-vowels_ may be made, as _g. ch. s. f. v._ + +As the _Voice_ is the common matter of the _Consonants_, the sharper +part of which is (_h_) which is the most simple of them all, and out +of which diversly figurated, the rest of them are framed: And they are +either the _Sibilants_, which are formed out of _Breath_, which is +somewhat compressed or straitned, that the passing _Breath_ breaks +forth with a certain kind of _Hissing_, and with violence. + +Here _I_ judge that we are not to pass over in silence, how that there +are some parts in _Germany_, where there is so much of Affinity of +(_g_) with (_k_,) as (_b_) has with (_p_) and (_d_) with (_t_,) or +where (_g_) is pronounced like (_k_) but softer, so also the _French_ +do pronounce their (_g_) before _a. o. u._ and _ou._ + +(_s_) is formed, when the _Teeth_ and _Tongue_ are so clapt together, +that the _Breath_ cannot come forth, but by the _Spaces of the Teeth_: +But (_f_) or (_v_) (which differs not from (_f_) in our Language) is +formed, when the _neather Lip_ is so moved to the _Teeth_ above, that +the _Breath_ must break out thro' the said _Spaces of the Teeth_; +_ph._ is (_f_) being a Stranger in the _German_ Tongue, and differs +from it only in the _Character_. + +The other kind of _Consonants_ are explosive; which, _viz._ are +discharged at one push, and as it were, in the twinkling of an Eye and +are nothing else but _Breath_, which being got close together, either +in the fore, middle, or hinder Region of the Mouth, is discharged on a +suddain; and (_k_) is indeed formed in the hinder Region, when the +hinder part of the _Tongue_ is moved to the _Roof_, that the _Breath_ +cannot break forth, neither by the _Mouth_, nor by the _Nose_, but is +suddenly let loose again: For thus the imprisoned _Breath_ breaks out, +and by breaking out, maketh _k. c._ or _q._ which in _Germany_ are all +the same Letter; in the middle Region are _d._ and t. formed, when, +_viz._ the _Breath_, by help of the Tongues being moved to the +_Teeth_, or _Roof_, and suddainly drawn back again, being more or less +compressed, rusheth out by its own Springiness, and so _d._ or _t._ is +made, which only differs, as _b._ and _p._ according to the more or +less; in the outermost Region of the _Mouth_ are formed, (_b_) and +(_p_) when, _viz._ the _Breath_ being compressed in the whole _Cavity +of the Mouth_, they get out through the _Lips_ opened. + +Lastly; here follows those _Consonants_, which are compounded of +_Hissing and Explosion_, such are (_x_) or _ks._ and (_z_) or _ts._ +which only are the alone anomalous or irregular ones of the _German_ +Language; for if I may speak what I think; we might well enough want +these _Characters_; yet I disapprove not of the use of them, but only +shew what might be more convenient, _viz._ that _Voice_ or _Breath_ +which is simple, might be expressed also by a simple _Character_, and +on the contrary, that a _Character_, which is simple and only one, +would signifie but one only _Voice_ or _Breath:_ But if the commodious +use of _Short-hand_ may be objected, I would perswade to express all +possible Combinations, of _Vowels_, with _Semi-vowels_, and +_Consonants_, by simple _Characters_. + +This is what I determined to say concerning the Letters, and their +Formation; and seeing I am not willing to write a _Grammar_, what +might yet further be said of them, I pass by; but what I have +performed, I leave it to others to judge thereof, not so much to teach +them, as by what is here presented to excite them, being desirous, as +it becomes a young Man, to learn of them: I hope they will pardon my +Errors, because of my Youth. Yet certain I am, had the ancient +_Hebrews_, _Greeks_ and _Romans_, thus describ'd their Letters, there +would have been no contention about the manner of Pronounciation. + + + + +CHAP. III. + + + +_Teacheth the Method its self, by which such as are Deaf, and +consequently Dumb, may learn to Speak._ + +What hath been hitherto said may enough suffice to observant +_Readers_, inasmuch as the Fundamentals of the whole Artifice, are +therein contained; but least the curious should complain, that I have +only made their Mouth water, I shall ingeniously discover to them what +in four Years time, wherein I have endeavoured to instruct some Deaf +Persons, I have observed what is worthy, and most necessary to be +known. + +Now what I have effected by this my Method, especially to the Daughter +of Mr. _Kolard_, a Merchant of _Harlem_, I can appeal to a great part +of _Holland_, and universally almost to the whole City of _Harlem_, +and to innumerable other Witnesses, of all Ranks and Conditions. + +The first thing which I require in the Person I am to teach, is, that +he be of a docible Wit, and not too young of age; than that the +_Organs of Speech_ be rightly constituted in him; for stupid Persons +are capable of no Teaching, whose Age is yet too tender; nor do they +mind enough, nor know how Teaching will be for their Use and Benefit; +but those whose _Organs of Speech_ are altogether unfit, they may +learn indeed to understand others when they speak, and discover their +own Mind by Writing; but they will never learn to speak. + +Having therefore a fit subject, my first Care is to make him to sound +forth a _Voice_, without which, almost all labour is lost, but that +one point, whereby Deaf Persons do discern a _Voice_ from a _Mute +Breath_, is a great Mystery of Art; and if I may have leave to say so, +it is the _Hearing of Deaf Persons_, or at least equivolent thereunto, +_viz._ that trembling Motion and Titillation, which they perceive in +their own _Throat_, whilst they of their own accord do give forth a +_Voice_; that therefore the Deaf may know, that I open my Mouth _to +emitt a Voice_; not simply to yawn, or to draw forth a _Mute Breath_, +I put their Hand to my _Throat_ that they may be made sensible of that +tremulous Motion, when I utter my _Voice;_ then I put the same Hand of +theirs to their own _Throat_, and command them to imitate me; nor am I +discouraged, if at the beginning their _Voice_ is harsh and difficult; +for in time it becomes more and more polite. + +If I gain their _Voice_, which for the most part I do at the first +time, I soon learn them to pronounce _Vowels_, _viz._ I bid them so to +moderate the _opening of their Mouth_, whilst they do form a _Voice_ +in their _Throat_, as I have said above, concerning the Formation of +the _Vowels_; but that they may do that the more easily, I hold a +_Looking-Glass_ to them, because they cannot from Sight alone imitate +those diverse Motions of the _Jaws_, of the _Tongue_, and of the +_Lips_, unless they had oftentimes tried it before a Looking-Glass. +Thence I learned, that that common belief, (that so soon as Hearing is +restored to Deaf Persons, they will speak) to be false, for it seems +not to me, that there is so great a consent betwixt the Organs of +_Voice_, and of Hearing, that at the first blush they can imitate a +_Voice_ that is heard; but by often imitating a _Voice_ or _Breath_ +received from another, and also by hearing their own at the same time, +we find at length a likeness between both, and after this manner we +all learn to speak; for he who learns to speak, it is all one, as if +he did learn some other Art; for by a long accustoming, the Organs are +rendered apt and pliable: Hence it is, that sometimes we come not to +pronounce aright Foreign Letters but after a long time. Now, it would +be well observed or considered, that I presently prescribe all the +Letters to Deaf Persons, or else they could not fix in their Minds +their _Idea's_ of them, and I seldom teach more than two or three +Letters in one day, least the _Idea's_ be confounded; but I bid them +very often to repeat them, and to write them down as they are +pronounced by me. + +But if by chance, as it sometimes happeneth, that they should +pronounce one Letter for another; I blame them not, but rather commend +them, and grant with a nodd that they have satisfied me, and forthwith +I write down the Character of that Letter upon Paper, that they may +knit together the _Idea_ thereof with its figure. In the interim, +whilst they learn the _Vowels_, I very often put their Hand to my +_Throat_, that they may be accustomed to give forth a Sound. + +When the _Vowels_ are become familiar to them, I go next to the +_Semi-vowels_, which sometimes are more difficult, especially the +_Nasals_; for Deaf Persons, unless they be taught, never give forth +the _Voice_ by the _Nose_, thereupon I begin with [_m._] as that which +is most plain, and easier learnt than the rest, so that they thereby +may be accustomed to give a Sound at least thro' the _Nose_; therefore +I bid them shut together their _Lips_, and putting their Hand to their +_Throat_, to give forth a _Voice_, and by that means they necessarily +pronounce [_m._] and not [_em._] as it's vulgarly pronounced. + +The Daughter of Mr. _Kolard_, before she was committed to my Care, +could indeed say _Pappa_; for indeed it is a little word, which is +almost born with us; but her Father did confess, that he had more than +1000 times tried in vain to make her say _Mamma_, which yet I I +brought her to in a small time. + +And now, _Reader_, I commit to thee another Secret, _viz._ that if a +Deaf Person be committed to thee to teach, beware that you do not +teach him to pronounce together _Semi-vowels_ and _Consonants_, +together with their annexed _Vowels_; as for example, _em. en. ka. ef. +te, &c._ + +For thus they would learn neither to read, nor rightly to pronounce +any word. The power and force of _Semi-vowels_ and _Consonants_ +consists not in the adjoyned _Vowels_, but in a peculiar _Voice_ or +_Breath_; and when you would have a Deaf Person to say _Tafel_ or +_Swartz_, you shall hear from him nothing else but _Te. a. ef. e. el._ +or _Es. we. a. er. te. zet._ which is very uncouth, nor can you easily +mend it: But by this Method, so soon as ever they know their Letters, +they begin to read; for _to read is only to pronounce the Letters +successively_. + +Here note well, that in the Schools this very thing would be of great +use, chiefly when they are taught Languages, whose Letters are +expressed by whole words, as _Alpha, Omega, Gimel, double u, zet, &c._ +For more time is lost, and the desire of Learning taken away from +Children, before they are able to abstract the Letters of these +Sounds, and to connect them together in _Reading_; so that it is very +much to be wonder'd at, that this most eminent short way of reading +hath hitherto lain hid in the dark. + +The other _Nasalls_ [_u_] and [_ng_] have nothing peculiar, unless it +be that I shew the Deaf the posture of the _Tongue_ in a +Looking-Glass, and put their Hand to my _Nose_, whereby they may be +sensible, that there comes forth thorough the _Nostrils_ a _Sounding +Breath_. When I teach them [_l._] I bid them to apply the _Tongue_ to +the _upper Teeth_; but to the _Cutters_, and to the _Dog-Teeth_ only, +that then they may emit a _Voice_ thro' the Mouth I make a Sign with +my Hand; but least, instead of [_l._] they should pronounce [_n._] +which comes to pass when the _Tongue_ doth so hinder the coming forth +of the _Voice_, that it returns to get out by the _Nostrils_; +therefore, till they are better accustomed, I gently compress the +_Nostrils_ with my Fingers. + +The Letter [_r_] is the most difficult of all the rest, yet amongst +six Deaf Persons, which I have hitherto instructed, four of them +pronounce it with the greatest easiness; the other two cannot form it, +but in their Jaws; but I teach them, by moving the Hand one while to +the _Throat_, and another while to the _Mouth_, whereby they may, as +it were, feel the subsulting and interrupted Expulsion of the _Voice_; +also I bid them to look often in the Glass, to observe the tremulous +and fluctuating Motion of the _Tongue_; but no one can expect at the +first trial, the genuin Pronounciation of this Letter. + +When the _Vowels_ and _Semi-vowels_ are well inculcated into them, +_the Consonants_ are learnt without any trouble almost, for they are a +_Simple and Mute Breath_, coming forth, either successively, or +suddenly, according to the various _Openings of the Mouth_, and only +with putting the Hand to the Mouth almost, they may all easily be +learned. + +[_h_] is the most simple of all, nor is it any thing else but Air, +which is breathed out thicker, and more swiftly. + +[_g_] or _ch._ is sharper than [_h_] which I teach thus, when I shew +to my Deaf Patients the posture of the _Tongue_ in a Looking-Glass, +and give them to feel the expiring _Breath_; it is so in like manner +with [_s_] and [_f_] insomuch, as nothing is more easie than they, and +which may most easily be learned by the fore-going Description. + +I can teach a Deaf Man, (though he were blind) the _Explosive +Consonants_; for if I cause him to feel the _Breath_ discharged upon +him, he would necessarily pronounce one of the three; for I bid him to +look simply on my _Mouth_ and _Tongue_, and then having put his Hand +to my _Mouth_, I pronounce either [_k._] or [_b._] [_p._] or [_d._] +[_t._] and command him to do the like. + +(_x._) and (_z._) are pronounced no otherwise than is (_ks._) or +(_gs._) (when (_g_) is an _Explosive Consonant_) and (_ts._) wherefore +I shall add nothing concerning them. + +Deaf Persons are to be diligently accustomed to pronounce these +_Semi-vowels_, _n. ng. l. r._ also the following _Consonants_; _h. g. +k. t._ with some kind of opening the _Mouth_, else they may joyn them +sometimes with certain _Vowels_, not without a notable yawning, & a +discordant noise. Now in general, Winter-time is fitter almost for to +instruct the Deaf, because then they see the _Breath_ coming forth +from the _Mouth_, whilst Pronounciation is in doing. + +When therefore I taught any Deaf Person to pronounce the Letters +hitherto enumerated, and that one by one, I taught him so to utter two +or three of the easiest, that there should be interstice between them; +as for example, _ab. am. da. fa. ef. &c._ so that they might be +accustomed to pronounce the Letters successively; then by degrees I +use them to the more difficult Combinations, mutually mixing _Vowels_, +_Semi-vowels_ and _Consonants_, and thus with little trouble they +learn to read; but if when they have read any thing, I bid them look +upon my _Mouth_, and to repeat the same after it hath been pronounced +by me; for thus they become by degrees to be accustomed to imitate the +humane _Voice_, only by looking on; but I am unwilling to tire them +out with this labour, troublesome enough, until they have profited +much, because they may be frighted with it. + +In the mean time we must endeavour diligently; that when one +_Consonant_ follows another _Consonant_, as _ps. kt. ks. sch. &c._ or +a _Semi-vowel_, as _ls. lk. md. &c._ that they do immediately joyn +them in Pronounciation, least some (_i_) or (_e_) be heard between +them, which unless it be cautiously avoided, often happens. + +When they can read, and in a manner understand others when they speak, +I treat them like new-born Babes; first, I teach them _Nouns_, which +are obvious, as well _Substantives_ as _Adjectives_, so also the most +necessary _Verbs_ and _Adverbs_, than _Declinations_ and +_Conjugations_; but here that five-fold turning Orb was of most +excellent use to me, it being a rich Treasury of the whole _German_ +Tongue, which I found in the Mathematical Delights of _Swenter_, I +augmented it, and applied it also to the _Dutch_ Idiome; out of it may +they quickly, and with pleasure learn all possible _Combinations_ of +_Vowels_, _Semi-vowels_, and _Consonants_, also all terminations of +_German_ words, and that as well Derivatives as Compounds. The first +Orb contains _Prepositions_ and small _Mono-Syllables_, with which +_Nouns_ and _Verbs_ are compounded; the second, the _Initial Letters_; +the third, _Vowels_ and _Diphthongs_; the fourth, the _Final Letters_; +lastly, all the _German Terminations_. + +But there seems to be a great difficulty, that some Letters, as _e._ +and _i. a._ and _u._ are uttered by the same opening of the Mouth, and +consequently they must needs be confounded; but in good truth, it's of +small moment, because for the most part the difference is not heeded, +and the Letters, which according to their nature, are by far, more +different, are written almost after the same manner, chiefly when they +are pronounced hastily, as _m._ and _n. r._ and _n. a._ and _o. &c._ +which yet puts no stop to an exercised _Reader_. + +Others object, that the _Deaf_ thus taught, will, it may be, +understand no Body but my self: Indeed, this difficulty Teems to have +something of weight in it; but we must know, that Menst Men pronounce +most Letters badly alike, and write their Characters negligently; but +with such a one who learns to speak, it is all one as it is with him, +who is taught to read other Men's Writings: For first, he can scarce +read any thing but what is written by his Master, and then the +Writings of his School-fellows; and lastly, there is nothing which he +cannot read, tho' very badly written, it is therefore not to be +wondred at, if those I teach to speak, do at the beginning more easily +understand me, than others; (for I pronounce the Letters in their full +_extension_) and not _lamely_ (as many are wont to do) and after that +they come to understand their Domesticks and Familiars, and at last, +any Body. + +Here in the end I add, that most of the Letters may be formed, as well +by inspiring as by expiring, which thing I have very much wondred at +in some Persons, who _speak out of the Belly_: And once at _Amsterdam_ +I heard an old Woman speaking both ways, and made answers to her self, +as to questions, so as I would have sworn that she talked with her +Husband two or three Paces distant from her; for the _Voice_ being +swallowed up in her in Breathing, would seem to come from far. + +Behold, _Reader_, a small Tract of three days; if thou wilt offer any +thing more, right and true, I will receive it with thank: There are +yet some other things, _viz._ how a deaf Person may be made, so as to +be able to discern from one the other, some Letters pronounced by +another, as _m._ from _b. n._ from _d. ng._ from _k. &c._ or how the +quantity of Syllables is to be govern'd. But these, and the like, can +scarce be learnt, but by teaching. + +_A word is enough to the Wise._ + + + + +THE CONCLUSION. + +The _Author_ is thinking to turn this small Treatise into the _Dutch_, +and very speedily, God willing, to publish it for the good of the +Nation, and will so adapt it to the Idiom thereof, as to make it to be +accounted proper. Nothing being more in the _Authors_ care than that +by this his slender endeavour, he shall stir up some one to perform +the like, or at least to attempt it: Now if there occurs to any Body, +any thing, either too hard, or not sufficiently explained, he may +expect a more full Edition, or else let him repair to the _Author_, +who according to the Light granted unto him, will refuse nothing to +any Man. + + +_THE END_. + + + + + +Books Printed for _Tho. Howkins_, in _George Yard, Lumbard-Street_. + + +Humane Prudence; or the Compleat States-Man. 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