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diff --git a/12884-h/12884-h.htm b/12884-h/12884-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a385df8 --- /dev/null +++ b/12884-h/12884-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,8718 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" +"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Reed Anthony, Cowman, by Andy Adams</title> +<link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> +<style type="text/css"> + +body { margin-left: 20%; + margin-right: 20%; + text-align: justify; } + +h1, h2, h3, h4, h5 {text-align: center; font-style: normal; font-weight: +normal; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: .5em; margin-bottom: .5em;} + +h1 {font-size: 300%; + margin-top: 0.6em; + margin-bottom: 0.6em; + letter-spacing: 0.12em; + word-spacing: 0.2em; + text-indent: 0em;} +h2 {font-size: 150%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 1em;} +h3 {font-size: 130%; margin-top: 1em;} +h4 {font-size: 120%;} +h5 {font-size: 110%;} + +.no-break {page-break-before: avoid;} /* for epubs */ + +div.chapter {page-break-before: always; margin-top: 4em;} + +hr {width: 80%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em;} + +p {text-indent: 1em; + margin-top: 0.25em; + margin-bottom: 0.25em; } + +div.fig { display:block; + margin:0 auto; + text-align:center; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em;} + +p.caption {font-weight: bold; + text-align: center; } + +a:link {color:blue; text-decoration:none} +a:visited {color:blue; text-decoration:none} +a:hover {color:red} + +</style> + +</head> + +<body> + +<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Reed Anthony, Cowman, by Andy Adams</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and +most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms +of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online +at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you +are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the +country where you are located before using this eBook. +</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Reed Anthony, Cowman<br/> + An Autobiography</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Andy Adams</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: July 11, 2004 [eBook #12884]<br /> +[Most recently updated: November 6, 2023]</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team</div> +<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REED ANTHONY, COWMAN ***</div> + +<div class="fig" style="width:55%;"> +<img src="images/cover.jpg" style="width:100%;" alt="[Illustration]" /> +</div> + +<h1>REED ANTHONY, COWMAN</h1> + +<h3>An Autobiography</h3> + +<h2 class="no-break">by ANDY ADAMS</h2> + +<h4>1907</h4> + +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<img src="images/img01.jpg" width="600" height="398" alt="[Illustration]" /> +<p class="caption">THE COWMAN</p> +</div> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h3>TO</h3> + +<h5>CAPTAIN JOHN T. LYTLE</h5> + +<h5>SECRETARY OF</h5> + +<h5>THE TEXAS CATTLE RAISERS’ ASSOCIATION</h5> + +<h5>FORT WORTH, TEXAS</h5> + +<hr /> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2>Contents</h2> + +<table summary="" style=""> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap01">CHAPTER I IN RETROSPECT</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap02">CHAPTER II MY APPRENTICESHIP</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap03">CHAPTER III A SECOND TRIP TO FORT SUMNER</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap04">CHAPTER IV A FATAL TRIP</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap05">CHAPTER V SUMMER OF ’68</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap06">CHAPTER VI SOWING WILD OATS</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap07">CHAPTER VII “THE ANGEL”</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap08">CHAPTER VIII THE “LAZY L”</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap09">CHAPTER IX THE SCHOOL OF EXPERIENCE</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap10">CHAPTER X THE PANIC OF ’73</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap11">CHAPTER XI A PROSPEROUS YEAR</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap12">CHAPTER XII CLEAR FORK AND SHENANDOAH</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap13">CHAPTER XIII THE CENTENNIAL YEAR</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap14">CHAPTER XIV ESTABLISHING A NEW RANCH</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap15">CHAPTER XV HARVEST HOME</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap16">CHAPTER XVI AN ACTIVE SUMMER</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap17">CHAPTER XVII FORESHADOWS</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap18">CHAPTER XVIII THE BEGINNING OF THE BOOM</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap19">CHAPTER XIX THE CHEYENNE AND ARAPAHOE CATTLE COMPANY</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap20">CHAPTER XX HOLDING THE FORT</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap21">CHAPTER XXI THE FRUITS OF CONSPIRACY</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap22">CHAPTER XXII IN CONCLUSION</a></td> +</tr> + +</table> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap01"></a>CHAPTER I<br/> +IN RETROSPECT</h2> + +<p> +I can truthfully say that my entire life has been spent with cattle. Even +during my four years’ service in the Confederate army, the greater portion was +spent with the commissary department, in charge of its beef supplies. I was +wounded early in the second year of the war and disabled as a soldier, but +rather than remain at home I accepted a menial position under a quartermaster. +Those were strenuous times. During Lee’s invasion of Pennsylvania we followed +in the wake of the army with over a thousand cattle, and after Gettysburg we +led the retreat with double that number. Near the close of the war we +frequently had no cattle to hold, and I became little more than a +camp-follower. +</p> + +<p> +I was born in the Shenandoah Valley, northern Virginia, May 3, 1840. My father +was a thrifty planter and stockman, owned a few slaves, and as early as I can +remember fed cattle every winter for the eastern markets. Grandfather Anthony, +who died before I was born, was a Scotchman who had emigrated to the Old +Dominion at an early day, and acquired several large tracts of land on an +affluent of the Shenandoah. On my paternal side I never knew any of my +ancestors, but have good cause to believe they were adventurers. My mother’s +maiden name was Reed; she was of a gentle family, who were able to trace their +forbears beyond the colonial days, even to the gentry of England. Generations +of good birth were reflected in my mother; and across a rough and eventful life +I can distinctly remember the refinement of her manners, her courtesy to +guests, her kindness to child and slave. +</p> + +<p> +My boyhood days were happy ones. I attended a subscription school several miles +from home, riding back and forth on a pony. The studies were elementary, and +though I never distinguished myself in my classes, I was always ready to race +my pony, and never refused to play truant when the swimming was good. Evidently +my father never intended any of his boys for a professional career, though it +was an earnest hope of my mother that all of us should receive a college +education. My elder brother and I early developed business instincts, buying +calves and accompanying our father on his trading expeditions. Once during a +vacation, when we were about twelve and ten years old, both of us crossed the +mountains with him into what is now West Virginia, where he bought about two +hundred young steers and drove them back to our home in the valley. I must have +been blessed with an unfailing memory; over fifty years have passed since that, +my first trip from home, yet I remember it vividly—can recall conversations +between my father and the sellers as they haggled over the cattle. I remember +the money, gold and silver, with which to pay for the steers, was carried by my +father in ordinary saddle-bags thrown across his saddle. As occasion demanded, +frequently the funds were carried by a negro man of ours, and at night, when +among acquaintances, the heavy saddle-bags were thrown into a corner, every one +aware of their contents. +</p> + +<p> +But the great event of my boyhood was a trip to Baltimore. There was no +railroad at the time, and as that was our market for fat cattle, it was +necessary to drive the entire way. My father had made the trip yearly since I +could remember, the distance being nearly two hundred miles, and generally +carrying as many as one hundred and fifty big beeves. They traveled slowly, +pasturing or feeding grain on the way, in order that the cattle should arrive +at the market in salable condition. One horse was allowed with the herd, and on +another my father rode, far in advance, to engage pasture or feed and shelter +for his men. When on the road a boy always led a gentle ox in the lead of the +beeves; negro men walked on either flank, and the horseman brought up the rear. +I used to envy the boy leading the ox, even though he was a darky. The negro +boys on our plantation always pleaded with “Mars” John, my father, for the +privilege; and when one of them had made the trip to Baltimore as a toll boy he +easily outranked us younger whites. I must have made application for the +position when I was about seven years old, for it seemed an age before my +request was granted. My brother, only two years older than I, had made the trip +twice, and when I was twelve the great opportunity came. My father had nearly +two hundred cattle to go to market that year, and the start was made one +morning early in June. I can distinctly see my mother standing on the veranda +of our home as I led the herd by with a big red ox, trembling with fear that at +the final moment her permission might be withdrawn and that I should have to +remain behind. But she never interfered with my father, who took great pains to +teach his boys everything practical in the cattle business. +</p> + +<p> +It took us twenty days to reach Baltimore. We always started early in the +morning, allowing the beeves to graze and rest along the road, and securing +good pastures for them at night. Several times it rained, making the road soft, +but I stripped off my shoes and took it barefooted through the mud. The lead ox +was a fine, big fellow, each horn tipped with a brass knob, and he and I set +the pace, which was scarcely that of a snail. The days were long, I grew +desperately hungry between meals, and the novelty of leading that ox soon lost +its romance. But I was determined not to show that I was tired or hungry, and +frequently, when my father was with us and offered to take me up behind him on +his horse, I spurned his offer and trudged on till the end of the day. The mere +driving of the beeves would have been monotonous, but the constant change of +scene kept us in good spirits, and our darkies always crooned old songs when +the road passed through woodlands. After the beeves were marketed we spent a +day in the city, and my father took my brother and me to the theatre. Although +the world was unfolding rather rapidly for a country boy of twelve, it was with +difficulty that I was made to understand that what we had witnessed on the +stage was but mimicry. +</p> + +<p> +The third day after reaching the city we started on our return. The proceeds +from the sale of the cattle were sent home by boat. With only two horses, each +of which carried double, and walking turn about, we reached home in seven days, +settling all bills on the way. That year was a type of others until I was +eighteen, at which age I could guess within twenty pounds of the weight of any +beef on foot, and when I bought calves and yearling steers I knew just what +kind of cattle they would make at maturity. In the mean time, one summer my +father had gone west as far as the State of Missouri, traveling by boat to +Jefferson City, and thence inland on horseback. Several of our neighbors had +accompanied him, all of them buying land, my father securing four sections. I +had younger brothers growing up, and the year my oldest brother attained his +majority my father outfitted him with teams, wagons, and two trusty negro men, +and we started for the nearest point on the Ohio River, our destination being +the new lands in the West. We embarked on the first boat, drifting down the +Ohio, and up the other rivers, reaching the Ultima Thule of our hopes within a +month. The land was new; I liked it; we lived on venison and wild turkeys, and +when once we had built a log house and opened a few fields, we were at peace +with the earth. +</p> + +<p> +But this happy existence was of short duration. Rumors of war reached us in our +western elysium, and I turned my face homeward, as did many another son of +Virginia. My brother was sensible enough to remain behind on the new farm; but +with nothing to restrain me I soon found myself in St. Louis. There I met +kindred spirits, eager for the coming fray, and before attaining my majority I +was bearing arms and wearing the gray of the Confederacy. My regiment saw very +little service during the first year of the war, as it was stationed in the +western division, but early in 1862 it was engaged in numerous actions. +</p> + +<p> +I shall never forget my first glimpse of the Texas cavalry. We had moved out +from Corinth, under cover of darkness, to attack Grant at Pittsburg Landing. +When day broke, orders were given to open out and allow the cavalry to pass +ahead and reconnoitre our front. I had always felt proud of Virginian +horsemanship, but those Texans were in a class by themselves. Centaur-like they +sat their horses, and for our amusement, while passing at full gallop, swung +from their saddles and picked up hats and handkerchiefs. There was something +about the Texans that fascinated me, and that Sunday morning I resolved, if +spared, to make Texas my future home. I have good cause to remember the battle +of Shiloh, for during the second day I was twice wounded, yet saved from +falling into the enemy’s hands. +</p> + +<p> +My recovery was due to youth and a splendid constitution. Within six weeks I +was invalided home, and inside a few months I was assigned to the commissary +department with the army in Virginia. It was while in the latter service that I +made the acquaintance of many Texans, from whom I learned a great deal about +the resources of their State,—its immense herds of cattle, the cheapness of its +lands, and its perpetual summer. During the last year of the war, on account of +their ability to handle cattle, a number of Texans were detailed to care for +the army’s beef supply. From these men I received much information and a +pressing invitation to accompany them home, and after the parole at Appomattox +I took their address, promising to join them in the near future. On my return +to the old homestead I found the place desolate, with burnt barns and fields +laid waste. The Shenandoah Valley had experienced war in its dread reality, for +on every hand were the charred remains of once splendid homes. I had little +hope that the country would ever recover, but my father, stout-hearted as ever, +had already begun anew, and after helping him that summer and fall I again +drifted west to my brother’s farm. +</p> + +<p> +The war had developed a restless, vagabond spirit in me. I had little heart to +work, was unsettled as to my future, and, to add to my other troubles, after +reaching Missouri one of my wounds reopened. In the mean time my brother had +married, and had a fine farm opened up. He offered me every encouragement and +assistance to settle down to the life of a farmer; but I was impatient, +worthless, undergoing a formative period of early manhood, even spurning the +advice of father, mother, and dearest friends. If to-day, across the lapse of +years, the question were asked what led me from the bondage of my discontent, +it would remain unanswered. Possibly it was the advantage of good birth; surely +the prayers of a mother had always followed me, and my feet were finally led +into the paths of industry. Since that day of uncertainty, grandsons have sat +upon my knee, clamoring for a story about Indians, the war, or cattle trails. +If I were to assign a motive for thus leaving a tangible record of my life, it +would be that my posterity—not the present generation, absorbed in its greed of +gain, but a more distant and a saner one—should be enabled to glean a faint +idea of one of their forbears. A worthy and secondary motive is to give an idea +of the old West and to preserve from oblivion a rapidly vanishing type of +pioneers. +</p> + +<p> +My personal appearance can be of little interest to coming generations, but +rather what I felt, saw, and accomplished. It was always a matter of regret to +me that I was such a poor shot with a pistol. The only two exceptions worthy of +mention were mere accidents. In my boyhood’s home, in Virginia, my father +killed yearly a large number of hogs for the household needs as well as for +supplying our slave families with bacon. The hogs usually ran in the woods, +feeding and thriving on the mast, but before killing time we always baited them +into the fields and finished their fattening with peas and corn. It was +customary to wait until the beginning of winter, or about the second cold +spell, to butcher, and at the time in question there were about fifty large +hogs to kill. It was a gala event with us boys, the oldest of whom were allowed +to shoot one or more with a rifle. The hogs had been tolled into a small field +for the killing, and towards the close of the day a number of them, having been +wounded and requiring a second or third shot, became cross. These subsequent +shots were usually delivered from a six-shooter, and in order to have it at +hand in case of a miss I was intrusted with carrying the pistol. There was one +heavy-tusked five-year-old stag among the hogs that year who refused to present +his head for a target, and took refuge in a brier thicket. He was left until +the last, when we all sallied out to make the final kill. There were two +rifles, and had the chance come to my father, I think he would have killed him +easily; but the opportunity came to a neighbor, who overshot, merely causing a +slight wound. The next instant the stag charged at me from the cover of the +thickety fence corner. Not having sense enough to take to the nearest +protection, I turned and ran like a scared wolf across the field, the hog +following me like a hound. My father risked a running shot, which missed its +target. The darkies were yelling, “Run, chile! Run, Mars’ Reed! Shoot! Shoot!” +when it occurred to me that I had a pistol; and pointing it backward as I ran, +I blazed away, killing the big fellow in his tracks. +</p> + +<p> +The other occasion was years afterward, when I was a trail foreman at Abilene, +Kansas. My herd had arrived at that market in bad condition, gaunted from +almost constant stampedes at night, and I had gone into camp some distance from +town to quiet and recuperate them. That day I was sending home about half my +men, had taken them to the depot with our wagon, and intended hauling back a +load of supplies to my camp. After seeing the boys off I hastened about my +other business, and near the middle of the afternoon started out of town. The +distance to camp was nearly twenty miles, and with a heavy load, principally +salt, I knew it would be after nightfall when I reached there. About five miles +out of town there was a long, gradual slope to climb, and I had to give the +through team their time in pulling to its summit. Near the divide was a small +box house, the only one on the road if I remember rightly, and as I was nearing +it, four or five dogs ran out and scared my team. I managed to hold them in the +road, but they refused to quiet down, kicking, rearing, and plunging in spite +of their load; and once as they jerked me forward, I noticed there was a dog or +two under the wagon, nipping at their heels. There was a six-shooter lying on +the seat beside me, and reaching forward I fired it downward over the end gate +of the wagon. By the merest accident I hit a dog, who raised a cry, and the +last I saw of him he was spinning like a top and howling like a wolf. I quieted +the team as soon as possible, and as I looked back, there was a man and woman +pursuing me, the latter in the lead. I had gumption enough to know that they +were the owners of the dog, and whipped up the horses in the hope of getting +away from them. But the grade and the load were against me, and the next thing +I knew, a big, bony woman, with fire in her eye, was reaching for me. The wagon +wheel warded her off, and I leaned out of her reach to the far side, yet she +kept abreast of me, constantly calling for her husband to hurry up. I was +pouring the whip into the horses, fearful lest she would climb into the wagon, +when the hub of the front wheel struck her on the knee, knocking her down. I +was then nearing the summit of the divide, and on reaching it, I looked back +and saw the big woman giving her husband the pommeling that was intended for +me. She was altogether too near me yet, and I shook the lines over the horses, +firing a few shots to frighten them, and we tore down the farther slope like a +fire engine. +</p> + +<p> +There are two events in my life that this chronicle will not fully record. One +of them is my courtship and marriage, and the other my connection with a +government contract with the Indian department. Otherwise my life shall be as +an open book, not only for my own posterity, but that he who runs may read. It +has been a matter of observation with me that a plain man like myself scarcely +ever refers to his love affairs. At my time of life, now nearing my alloted +span, I have little sympathy with the great mass of fiction which exploits the +world-old passion. In no sense of the word am I a well-read man, yet I am +conscious of the fact that during my younger days the love story interested me; +but when compared with the real thing, the transcript is usually a poor one. My +wife and I have now walked up and down the paths of life for over thirty-five +years, and, if memory serves me right, neither one of us has ever mentioned the +idea of getting a divorce. In youth we shared our crust together; children soon +blessed and brightened our humble home, and to-day, surrounded by every comfort +that riches can bestow, no achievement in life has given me such great +pleasure, I know no music so sweet, as the prattle of my own grandchildren. +Therefore that feature of my life is sacred, and will not be disclosed in these +pages. +</p> + +<p> +I would omit entirely mention of the Indian contract, were it not that old +friends may read this, my biography, and wonder at the omission. I have no +apologies to offer for my connection with the transaction, as its true nature +was concealed from me in the beginning, and a scandal would have resulted had I +betrayed friends. Then again, before general amnesty was proclaimed I was +debarred from bidding on the many rich government contracts for cattle because +I had served in the Confederate army. Smarting under this injustice at the time +the Indian contract was awarded, I question if I was thoroughly +<i>reconstructed.</i> Before our disabilities were removed, we ex-Confederates +could do all the work, run all the risk, turn in all the cattle in filling the +outstanding contracts, but the middleman got the profits. The contract in +question was a blanket one, requiring about fifty thousand cows for delivery at +some twenty Indian agencies. The use of my name was all that was required of +me, as I was the only cowman in the entire ring. My duty was to bid on the +contract; the bonds would be furnished by my partners, of which I must have had +a dozen. The proposals called for sealed bids, in the usual form, to be in the +hands of the Department of the Interior before noon on a certain day, marked so +and so, and to be opened at high noon a week later. The contract was a large +one, the competition was ample. Several other Texas drovers besides myself had +submitted bids; but they stood no show—<i>I had been furnished the figures of +every competitor.</i> The ramifications of the ring of which I was the mere +figure-head can be readily imagined. I sublet the contract to the next lowest +bidder, who delivered the cattle, and we got a rake-off of a clean hundred +thousand dollars. Even then there was little in the transaction for me, as it +required too many people to handle it, and none of them stood behind the door +at the final “divvy.” In a single year I have since cleared twenty times what +my interest amounted to in that contract and have done honorably by my +fellowmen. That was my first, last, and only connection with a transaction that +would need deodorizing if one described the details. +</p> + +<p> +But I have seen life, have been witness to its poetry and pathos, have drunk +from the cup of sorrow and rejoiced as a strong man to run a race. I have +danced all night where wealth and beauty mingled, and again under the stars on +a battlefield I have helped carry a stretcher when the wails of the wounded on +every hand were like the despairing cries of lost souls. I have seen an old +demented man walking the streets of a city, picking up every scrap of paper and +scanning it carefully to see if a certain ship had arrived at port—a ship which +had been lost at sea over forty years before, and aboard of which were his wife +and children. I was once under the necessity of making a payment of twenty-five +thousand dollars in silver at an Indian village. There were no means of +transportation, and I was forced to carry the specie in on eight pack mules. +The distance was nearly two hundred miles, and as we neared the encampment we +were under the necessity of crossing a shallow river. It was summer-time, and +as we halted the tired mules to loosen the lash ropes, in order to allow them +to drink, a number of Indian children of both sexes, who were bathing in the +river, gathered naked on either embankment in bewilderment at such strange +intruders. In the innocence of these children of the wild there was no doubt +inspiration for a poet; but our mission was a commercial one, and we relashed +the mules and hurried into the village with the rent money. +</p> + +<p> +I have never kept a diary. One might wonder that the human mind could contain +such a mass of incident and experiences as has been my portion, yet I can +remember the day and date of occurrences of fifty years ago. The scoldings of +my father, the kind words of an indulgent mother, when not over five years of +age, are vivid in my memory as I write to-day. It may seem presumptuous, but I +can give the year and date of starting, arrival, and delivery of over one +hundred herds of cattle which I drove over the trail as a common hand, foreman, +or owner. Yet the warnings of years—the unsteady step, easily embarrassed, love +of home and dread of leaving it—bid me hasten these memoirs. Even my old wounds +act as a barometer in foretelling the coming of storms, as well as the change +of season, from both of which I am comfortably sheltered. But as I look into +the inquiring eyes of a circle of grandchildren, all anxious to know my life +story, it seems to sweeten the task, and I am encouraged to go on with the +work. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap02"></a>CHAPTER II<br/> +MY APPRENTICESHIP</h2> + +<p> +During the winter of 1865-66 I corresponded with several of my old comrades in +Texas. Beyond a welcome which could not be questioned, little encouragement +was, with one exception, offered me among my old friends. It was a period of +uncertainty throughout the South, yet a cheerful word reached me from an old +soldier crony living some distance west of Fort Worth on the Brazos River. I +had great confidence in my former comrade, and he held out a hope, assuring me +that if I would come, in case nothing else offered, we could take his ox teams +the next winter and bring in a cargo of buffalo robes. The plains to the +westward of Fort Griffin, he wrote, were swarming with buffalo, and wages could +be made in killing them for their hides. This caught my fancy and I was +impatient to start at once; but the healing of my reopened wound was slow, and +it was March before I started. My brother gave me a good horse and saddle, +twenty-five dollars in gold, and I started through a country unknown to me +personally. Southern Missouri had been in sympathy with the Confederacy, and +whatever I needed while traveling through that section was mine for the asking. +I avoided the Indian Territory until I reached Fort Smith, where I rested +several days with an old comrade, who gave me instructions and routed me across +the reservation of the Choctaw Indians, and I reached Paris, Texas, without +mishap. +</p> + +<p> +I remember the feeling that I experienced while being ferried across Red River. +That watercourse was the northern boundary of Texas, and while crossing it I +realized that I was leaving home and friends and entering a country the very +name of which to the outside world was a synonym for crime and outlawry. Yet +some of as good men as ever it was my pleasure to know came from that State, +and undaunted I held a true course for my destination. I was disappointed on +seeing Fort Worth, a straggling village on the Trinity River, and, merely +halting to feed my mount, passed on. I had a splendid horse and averaged thirty +to forty miles a day when traveling, and early in April reached the home of my +friend in Paolo Pinto County. The primitive valley of the Brazos was +enchanting, and the hospitality of the Edwards ranch was typical of my own +Virginia. George Edwards, my crony, was a year my junior, a native of the +State, his parents having moved west from Mississippi the year after Texas won +her independence from Mexico. The elder Edwards had moved to his present home +some fifteen years previous, carrying with him a stock of horses and cattle, +which had increased until in 1866 he was regarded as one of the substantial +ranchmen in the Brazos valley. The ranch house was a stanch one, built at a +time when defense was to be considered as well as comfort, and was surrounded +by fine cornfields. The only drawback I could see there was that there was no +market for anything, nor was there any money in the country. The consumption of +such a ranch made no impression on the increase of its herds, which grew to +maturity with no demand for the surplus. +</p> + +<p> +I soon became impatient to do something. George Edwards had likewise lost four +years in the army, and was as restless as myself. He knew the country, but the +only employment in sight for us was as teamsters with outfits, freighting +government supplies to Fort Griffin. I should have jumped at the chance of +driving oxen, for I was anxious to stay in the country, and suggested to George +that we ride up to Griffin. But the family interposed, assuring us that there +was no occasion for engaging in such menial work, and we folded our arms +obediently, or rode the range under the pretense of looking after the cattle. I +might as well admit right here that my anxiety to get away from the Edwards +ranch was fostered by the presence of several sisters of my former comrade. +Miss Gertrude was only four years my junior, a very dangerous age, and in spite +of all resolutions to the contrary, I felt myself constantly slipping. Nothing +but my poverty and the hopelessness of it kept me from falling desperately in +love. +</p> + +<p> +But a temporary relief came during the latter part of May. Reports came down +the river that a firm of drovers were putting up a herd of cattle for delivery +at Fort Sumner, New Mexico. Their headquarters were at Belknap, a long day’s +ride above, on the Brazos; and immediately, on receipt of the news, George and +I saddled, and started up the river. The elder Edwards was very anxious to sell +his beef-cattle and a surplus of cow-horses, and we were commissioned to offer +them to the drovers at prevailing prices. On arriving at Belknap we met the +pioneer drover of Texas, Oliver Loving, of the firm of Loving & Goodnight, +but were disappointed to learn that the offerings in making up the herd were +treble the drover’s requirements; neither was there any chance to sell horses. +But an application for work met with more favor. Mr. Loving warned us of the +nature of the country, the dangers to be encountered, all of which we waived, +and were accordingly employed at forty dollars a month in gold. The herd was to +start early in June. George Edwards returned home to report, but I was +immediately put to work, as the junior member of the firm was then out +receiving cattle. They had established a camp, and at the time of our +employment were gathering beef steers in Loving’s brand and holding the herd as +it arrived, so that I was initiated into my duties at once. +</p> + +<p> +I was allowed to retain my horse, provided he did his share of the work. A mule +and three range horses were also allotted to me, and I was cautioned about +their care. There were a number of saddle mules in the remuda, and Mr. Loving +explained that the route was through a dry country, and that experience had +taught him that a mule could withstand thirst longer than a horse. I was a new +man in the country, and absorbed every word and idea as a sponge does water. +With the exception of roping, I made a hand from the start. The outfit treated +me courteously, there was no concealment of my past occupation, and I soon had +the friendship of every man in the camp. It was some little time before I met +the junior partner, Charlie Goodnight, a strapping young fellow of about +thirty, who had served all through the war in the frontier battalion of Texas +Rangers. The Comanche Indians had been a constant menace on the western +frontier of the State, and during the rebellion had allied themselves with the +Federal side, and harassed the settlements along the border. It required a +regiment of mounted men to patrol the frontier from Red River to the coast, as +the Comanches claimed the whole western half of the State as their hunting +grounds. +</p> + +<p> +Early in June the herd began to assume its required numbers. George Edwards +returned, and we naturally became bunkies, sharing our blankets and having the +same guard on night-herd. The drovers encouraged all the men employed to bring +along their firearms, and when we were ready to start the camp looked like an +arsenal. I had a six-shooter, and my bunkie brought me a needle-gun from the +ranch, so that I felt armed for any emergency. Each of the men had a rifle of +some make or other, while a few of them had as many as four pistols,—two in +their belts and two in saddle holsters. It looked to me as if this was to be a +military expedition, and I began to wonder if I had not had enough war the past +few years, but kept quiet. The start was made June 10, 1866, from the Brazos +River, in what is now Young County, the herd numbering twenty-two hundred big +beeves. A chuck-wagon, heavily loaded with supplies and drawn by six yoke of +fine oxen, a remuda of eighty-five saddle horses and mules, together with +seventeen men, constituted the outfit. Fort Sumner lay to the northwest, and I +was mildly surprised when the herd bore off to the southwest. This was +explained by young Goodnight, who was in charge of the herd, saying that the +only route then open or known was on our present course to the Pecos River, and +thence up that stream to our destination. +</p> + +<p> +Indian sign was noticed a few days after starting. Goodnight and Loving both +read it as easily as if it had been print,—the abandoned camps, the course of +arrival and departure, the number of horses, indicating who and what they were, +war or hunting parties—everything apparently simple and plain as an alphabet to +these plainsmen. Around the camp-fire at night the chronicle of the Comanche +tribe for the last thirty years was reviewed, and their overbearing and defiant +attitude towards the people of Texas was discussed, not for my benefit, as it +was common history. Then for the first time I learned that the Comanches had +once mounted ten thousand warriors, had frequently raided the country to the +coast, carrying off horses and white children, even dictating their own terms +of peace to the republic of Texas. At the last council, called for the purpose +of negotiating for the return of captive white children in possession of the +Comanches, the assembly had witnessed a dramatic termination. The same +indignity had been offered before, and borne by the whites, too weak to resist +the numbers of the Comanche tribe. In this latter instance, one of the war +chiefs, in spurning the remuneration offered for the return of a certain white +girl, haughtily walked into the centre of the council, where an insult could be +seen by all. His act, a disgusting one, was anticipated, as it was not the +first time it had been witnessed, when one of the Texans present drew a +six-shooter and killed the chief in the act. The hatchet of the Comanche was +instantly dug up, and had not been buried at the time we were crossing a +country claimed by him as his hunting ground. +</p> + +<p> +Yet these drovers seemed to have no fear of an inferior race. We held our +course without a halt, scarcely a day passing without seeing more or less fresh +sign of Indians. After crossing the South Fork of the Brazos, we were attacked +one morning just at dawn, the favorite hour of the Indian for a surprise. Four +men were on herd with the cattle and one near by with the remuda, our night +horses all securely tied to the wagon wheels. A feint attack was made on the +commissary, but under the leadership of Goodnight a majority of us scrambled +into our saddles and rode to the rescue of the remuda, the chief objective of +the surprise. Two of the boys from the herd had joined the horse wrangler, and +on our arrival all three were wickedly throwing lead at the circling Indians. +The remuda was running at the time, and as we cut through between it and the +savages we gave them the benefit of our rifles and six-shooter in passing. The +shots turned the saddle stock back towards our camp and the mounted braves +continued on their course, not willing to try issues with us, although they +outnumbered us three to one. A few arrows had imbedded themselves in the ground +around camp at the first assault, but once our rifles were able to distinguish +an object clearly, the Indians kept well out of reach. The cattle made a few +surges, but once the remuda was safe, there was an abundance of help in holding +them, and they quieted down before sunrise. The Comanches had no use for +cattle, except to kill and torture them, as they preferred the flesh of the +buffalo, and once our saddle stock and the contents of the wagon were denied +them, they faded into the dips of the plain. +</p> + +<p> +The journey was resumed without the delay of an hour. Our first brush with the +noble red man served a good purpose, as we were doubly vigilant thereafter +whenever there was cause to expect an attack. There was an abundance of water, +as we followed up the South Fork and its tributaries, passing through Buffalo +Gap, which was afterward a well-known landmark on the Texas and Montana cattle +trail. Passing over the divide between the waters of the Brazos and Concho, we +struck the old Butterfield stage route, running by way of Fort Concho to El +Paso, Texas, on the Rio Grande. This stage road was the original Staked Plain, +surveyed and located by General John Pope in 1846. The route was originally +marked by stakes, until it became a thoroughfare, from which the whole of +northwest Texas afterward took its name. There was a ninety-six mile dry drive +between the headwaters of the Concho and Horsehead Crossing on the Pecos, and +before attempting it we rested a few days. Here Indians made a second attack on +us, and although as futile as the first, one of the horse wranglers received an +arrow in the shoulder. In attempting to remove it the shaft separated from the +steel arrowhead, leaving the latter imbedded in the lad’s shoulder. We were +then one hundred and twelve miles distant from Fort Concho, the nearest point +where medical relief might be expected. The drovers were alarmed for the man’s +welfare; it was impossible to hold the herd longer, so the young fellow +volunteered to make the ride alone. He was given the best horse in the remuda, +and with the falling of darkness started for Fort Concho. I had the pleasure of +meeting him afterward, as happy as he was hale and hearty. +</p> + +<p> +The start across the arid stretch was made at noon. Every hoof had been +thoroughly watered in advance, and with the heat of summer on us it promised to +be an ordeal to man and beast. But Loving had driven it before, and knew fully +what was before him as we trailed out under a noonday sun. An evening halt was +made for refreshing the inner man, and as soon as darkness settled over us the +herd was again started. We were conscious of the presence of Indians, and +deceived them by leaving our camp-fire burning, but holding our effects closely +together throughout the night, the remuda even mixing with the cattle. When day +broke we were fully thirty miles from our noon camp of the day before, yet with +the exception of an hour’s rest there was never a halt. A second day and night +were spent in forging ahead, though it is doubtful if we averaged much over a +mile an hour during that time. About fifteen miles out from the Pecos we were +due to enter a cañon known as Castle Mountain Gap, some three or four miles +long, the exit of which was in sight of the river. We were anxious to reach the +entrance of this cañon before darkness on the third day, as we could then cut +the cattle into bunches, the cliffs on either side forming a lane. Our horses +were as good as worthless during the third day, but the saddle mules seemed to +stand grief nobly, and by dint of ceaseless effort we reached the cañon and +turned the cattle loose into it. This was the turning-point in the dry drive. +That night two men took half the remuda and went through to Horsehead Crossing, +returning with them early the next morning, and we once more had fresh mounts. +The herd had been nursed through the cañon during the night, and although it +was still twelve miles to the river, I have always believed that those beeves +knew that water was at hand. They walked along briskly; instead of the constant +moaning, their heads were erect, bawling loud and deep. The oxen drawing the +wagon held their chains taut, and the commissary moved forward as if drawn by a +fresh team. There was no attempt to hold the herd compactly, and within an hour +after starting on our last lap the herd was strung out three miles. The rear +was finally abandoned, and when half the distance was covered, the drag cattle +to the number of fully five hundred turned out of the trail and struck direct +for the river. They had scented the water over five miles, and as far as +control was concerned the herd was as good as abandoned, except that the water +would hold them. +</p> + +<p> +Horsehead Crossing was named by General Pope. There is a difference of opinion +as to the origin of the name, some contending that it was due to the +meanderings of the river, forming a horse’s head, and others that the surveying +party was surprised by Indians and lost their stock. None of us had slept for +three nights, and the feeling of relief on reaching the Pecos, shared alike by +man and beast, is indescribable. Unless one has endured such a trial, only a +faint idea of its hardships can be fully imagined—the long hours of patient +travel at a snail’s pace, enveloped by clouds of dust by day, and at night +watching every shadow for a lurking savage. I have since slept many a time in +the saddle, but in crossing that arid belt the one consuming desire to reach +the water ahead benumbed every sense save watchfulness. +</p> + +<p> +All the cattle reached the river before the middle of the afternoon, covering a +front of five or six miles. The banks of the Pecos were abrupt, there being +fully one hundred and twenty-five feet of deep water in the channel at the +stage crossing. Entrance to the ford consisted of a wagon-way, cut through the +banks, and the cattle crowded into the river above and below, there being but +one exit on either side. Some miles above, the beeves had found several +passageways down to the water, but in drifting up and down stream they missed +these entrances on returning. A rally was made late that afternoon to rout the +cattle out of the river-bed, one half the outfit going above, the remainder +working around Horsehead, where the bulk of the herd had watered. I had gone +upstream with Goodnight, but before we reached the upper end of the cattle +fresh Indian sign was noticed. There was enough broken country along the river +to shelter the redskins, but we kept in the open and cautiously examined every +brake within gunshot of an entrance to the river. We succeeded in getting all +the animals out of the water before dark, with the exception of one bunch, +where the exit would require the use of a mattock before the cattle could climb +it, and a few head that had bogged in the quicksand below Horsehead Crossing. +There was little danger of a rise in the river, the loose contingent had a dry +sand-bar on which to rest, and as the Indians had no use for them there was +little danger of their being molested before morning. +</p> + +<p> +We fell back about a mile from the river and camped for the night. Although we +were all dead for sleep, extra caution was taken to prevent a surprise, either +Goodnight or Loving remaining on guard over the outfit, seeing that the men +kept awake on herd and that the guards changed promptly. Charlie Goodnight +owned a horse that he contended could scent an Indian five hundred yards, and I +have never questioned the statement. He had used him in the Ranger service. The +horse by various means would show his uneasiness in the immediate presence of +Indians, and once the following summer we moved camp at midnight on account of +the warnings of that same horse. We had only a remuda with us at the time, but +another outfit encamped with us refused to go, and they lost half their horses +from an Indian surprise the next morning and never recovered them. I remember +the ridicule which was expressed at our moving camp on the warnings of a horse. +“Injun-bit,” “Man-afraid-of-his-horses,” were some of the terms applied to +us,—yet the practical plainsman knew enough to take warning from his dumb +beast. Fear, no doubt, gives horses an unusual sense of smell, and I have known +them to detect the presence of a bear, on a favorable wind, at an incredible +distance. +</p> + +<p> +The night passed quietly, and early the next morning we rode to recover the +remainder of the cattle. An effort was also made to rescue the bogged ones. On +approaching the river, we found the beeves still resting quietly on the +sand-bar. But we had approached them at an angle, for directly over head and +across the river was a brake overgrown with thick brush, a splendid cover in +which Indians might be lurking in the hope of ambushing any one who attempted +to drive out the beeves. Two men were left with a single mattock to cut out and +improve the exit, while the rest of us reconnoitered the thickety motte across +the river. Goodnight was leery of the thicket, and suggested firing a few shots +into it. We all had long-range guns, the distance from bank to bank was over +two hundred yards, and a fusillade of shots was accordingly poured into the +motte. To my surprise we were rewarded by seeing fully twenty Indians skulk out +of the upper end of the cover. Every man raised his sights and gave them a +parting volley, but a mesquite thicket, in which their horses were secreted, +soon sheltered them and they fell back into the hills on the western side of +the river. With the coast thus cleared, half a dozen of us rode down into the +river-bed and drove out the last contingent of about three hundred cattle. +Goodnight informed us that those Indians had no doubt been watching us for +days, and cautioned us never to give a Comanche an advantage, advice which I +never forgot. +</p> + +<p> +On our return every one of the bogged cattle had been freed except two heavy +beeves. These animals were mired above the ford, in rather deep water, and it +was simply impossible to release them. The drovers were anxious to cross the +river that afternoon, and a final effort was made to rescue the two steers. The +oxen were accordingly yoked, and, with all the chain available, were driven +into the river and fastened on to the nearest one. Three mounted drivers had +charge of the team, and when the word was given six yoke of cattle bowed their +necks and threw their weight against the yokes; but the quicksand held the +steer in spite of all their efforts. The chain was freed from it, and the oxen +were brought around and made fast again, at an angle and where the footing was +better for the team. Again the word was given, and as the six yoke swung round, +whips and ropes were plied amid a general shouting, and the team brought out +the steer, but with a broken neck. There were no regrets, and our attention was +at once given to the other steer. The team circled around, every available +chain was brought into use, in order to afford the oxen good footing on a +straight-away pull with the position in which the beef lay bogged. The word was +given for an easy pull, the oxen barely stretched their chains, and were +stopped. Goodnight cautioned the drivers that unless the pull was straight +ahead another neck would be broken. A second trial was made; the oxen swung and +weaved, the chains fairly cried, the beef’s head went under water, but the team +was again checked in time to keep the steer from drowning. After a breathing +spell for oxen and victim, the call was made for a rush. A driver was placed +over every yoke and the word given, and the oxen fell to their knees in the +struggle, whips cracked over their backs, ropes were plied by every man in +charge, and, amid a din of profanity applied to the struggling cattle, the team +fell forward in a general collapse. At first it was thought the chain had +parted, but as the latter came out of the water it held in its iron grasp the +horns and a portion of the skull of the dying beef. Several of us rode out to +the victim, whose brain lay bare, still throbbing and twitching with life. +Rather than allow his remains to pollute the river, we made a last pull at an +angle, and the dead beef was removed. +</p> + +<p> +We bade Horsehead Crossing farewell that afternoon and camped for the night +above Dagger Bend. Our route now lay to the northwest, or up the Pecos River. +We were then out twenty-one days from Belknap, and although only half way to +our destination, the worst of it was considered over. There was some travel up +and down the Pecos valley, the route was even then known as the Chisum trail, +and afterward extended as far north as Fort Logan in Colorado and other +government posts in Wyoming. This cattle trace should never be confounded with +the Chisholm trail, first opened by a half-breed named Jesse Chisholm, which +ran from Red River Station on the northern boundary of Texas to various points +in Kansas. In cutting across the bends of the Rio Pecos we secured water each +day for the herd, although we were frequently under the necessity of sloping +down the banks with mattocks to let the cattle into the river. By this method +it often took us three or four hours to water the herd. Until we neared Fort +Sumner precaution never relaxed against an Indian surprise. Their sign was seen +almost daily, but as there were weaker outfits than ours passing through we +escaped any further molestation. +</p> + +<p> +The methods of handling such a herd were a constant surprise to me, as well as +the schooling of these plainsmen drovers. Goodnight had come to the plains when +a boy of ten, and was a thorough master of their secrets. On one occasion, +about midway between Horsehead Crossing and our destination, difficulty was +encountered in finding an entrance to the river on account of its abrupt banks. +It was late in the day, and in order to insure a quiet night with the cattle +water became an urgent necessity. Our young foreman rode ahead and found a dry, +sandy creek, its bed fully fifty yards wide, but no water, though the sand was +damp. The herd was held back until sunset, when the cattle were turned into the +creek bed and held as compactly as possible. The heavy beeves naturally walked +back and forth, up and down, the sand just moist enough to aggravate them after +a day’s travel under a July sun. But the tramping soon agitated the sands, and +within half an hour after the herd had entered the dry creek the water arose in +pools, and the cattle drank to their hearts’ content. As dew falls at night, +moisture likewise rises in the earth, and with the twilight hour, the agitation +of the sands, and the weight of the cattle, a spring was produced in the desert +waste. +</p> + +<p> +Fort Sumner was a six-company post and the agency of the Apaches and Navajos. +These two tribes numbered over nine thousand people, and our herd was intended +to supply the needs of the military post and these Indians. The contract was +held by Patterson & Roberts, eligible by virtue of having cast their +fortunes with the victor in “the late unpleasantness,” and otherwise fine men. +We reached the post on the 20th of July. There was a delay of several days +before the cattle were accepted, but all passed the inspection with the +exception of about one hundred head. These were cattle which had not +recuperated from the dry drive. Some few were footsore or thin in flesh, but +taken as a whole the delivery had every earmark of an honest one. Fortunately +this remnant was sold a few days later to some Colorado men, and we were +foot-loose and free. Even the oxen had gone in on the main delivery, and +harnesses were accordingly bought, a light tongue fitted to the wagon, and we +were ready to start homeward. Mules were substituted for the oxen, and we +averaged forty miles a day returning, almost itching for an Indian attack, as +we had supplied ourselves with ammunition from the post sutler. The trip had +been a financial success (the government was paying ten cents a pound for beef +on foot), friendly relations had been established with the holders of the +award, and we hastened home to gather and drive another herd. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap03"></a>CHAPTER III<br/> +A SECOND TRIP TO FORT SUMNER</h2> + +<p> +On the return trip we traveled mainly by night. The proceeds from the sale of +the herd were in the wagon, and had this fact been known it would have been a +tempting prize for either bandits or Indians. After leaving Horsehead Crossing +we had the advantage of the dark of the moon, as it was a well-known fact that +the Comanches usually choose moonlight nights for their marauding expeditions. +Another thing in our favor, both going and returning, was the lightness of +travel westward, it having almost ceased during the civil war, though in ’66 it +showed a slight prospect of resumption. Small bands of Indians were still +abroad on horse-stealing forays, but the rich prizes of wagon trains bound for +El Paso or Santa Fé no longer tempted the noble red man in force. This was +favorable wind to our sail, but these plainsmen drovers predicted that, once +traffic westward was resumed, the Comanche and his ally would be about the +first ones to know it. The redskins were constantly passing back and forth, to +and from their reservation in the Indian Territory, and news travels fast even +among savages. +</p> + +<p> +We reached the Brazos River early in August. As the second start was not to be +made until the latter part of the following month, a general settlement was +made with the men and all reëngaged for the next trip. I received eighty +dollars in gold as my portion, it being the first money I ever earned as a +citizen. The past two months were a splendid experience for one going through a +formative period, and I had returned feeling that I was once more a man among +men. All the uncertainty as to my future had fallen from me, and I began to +look forward to the day when I also might be the owner of lands and cattle. +There was no good reason why I should not, as the range was as free as it was +boundless. There were any quantity of wild cattle in the country awaiting an +owner, and a good mount of horses, a rope, and a branding iron were all the +capital required to start a brand. I knew the success which my father had made +in Virginia before the war and had seen it repeated on a smaller scale by my +elder brother in Missouri, but here was a country which discounted both of +those in rearing cattle without expense. Under the best reasoning at my +command, I had reached the promised land, and henceforth determined to cast my +fortunes with Texas. +</p> + +<p> +Rather than remain idle around the Loving headquarters for a month, I returned +with George Edwards to his home. Altogether too cordial a welcome was extended +us, but I repaid the hospitality of the ranch by relating our experiences of +trail and Indian surprise. Miss Gertrude was as charming as ever, but the trip +to Sumner and back had cooled my ardor and I behaved myself as an acceptable +guest should. The time passed rapidly, and on the last day of the month we +returned to Belknap. Active preparations were in progress for the driving of +the second herd, oxen had been secured, and a number of extra fine horses were +already added to the saddle stock. The remuda had enjoyed a good month’s rest +and were in strong working flesh, and within a few days all the boys reported +for duty. The senior member of the firm was the owner of a large number of +range cattle, and it was the intention to round up and gather as many of his +beeves as possible for the coming drive. We should have ample time to do this; +by waiting until the latter part of the month for starting, it was believed +that few Indians would be encountered, as the time was nearing for their annual +buffalo hunt for robes and a supply of winter meat. This was a gala occasion +with the tribes which depended on the bison for food and clothing; and as the +natural hunting grounds of the Comanches and Kiowas lay south of Red River, the +drovers considered that that would be an opportune time to start. The Indians +would no doubt confine their operations to the first few tiers of counties in +Texas, as the robes and dried meat would tax the carrying capacity of their +horses returning, making it an object to kill their supplies as near their +winter encampment as possible. +</p> + +<p> +Some twenty days were accordingly spent in gathering beeves along the main +Brazos and Clear Fork. Our herd consisted of about a thousand in the straight +ranch brand, and after receiving and road-branding five hundred outside cattle +we were ready to start. Sixteen men constituted our numbers, the horses were +culled down until but five were left to the man, and with the previous armament +the start was made. Never before or since have I enjoyed such an outing as this +was until we struck the dry drive on approaching the Pecos River. The absence +of the Indians was correctly anticipated, and either their presence elsewhere, +preying on the immense buffalo herds, or the drift of the seasons, had driven +countless numbers of that animal across our pathway. There were days and days +that we were never out of sight of the feeding myriads of these shaggy brutes, +and at night they became a menace to our sleeping herd. During the day, when +the cattle were strung out in trail formation, we had difficulty in keeping the +two species separated, but we shelled the buffalo right and left and moved +forward. Frequently, when they occupied the country ahead of us, several men +rode forward and scattered them on either hand until a right of way was +effected for the cattle to pass. While they remained with us we killed our +daily meat from their numbers, and several of the boys secured fine robes. They +were very gentle, but when occasion required could give a horse a good race, +bouncing along, lacking grace in flight. +</p> + +<p> +Our cook was a negro. One day as we were nearing Buffalo Gap, a number of big +bulls, attracted by the covered wagon, approached the commissary, the canvas +sheet of which shone like a white flag. The wagon was some distance in the +rear, and as the buffalo began to approach it they would scare and circle +around, but constantly coming nearer the object of their curiosity. The darky +finally became alarmed for fear they would gore his oxen, and unearthed an old +Creedmoor rifle which he carried in the wagon. The gun could be heard for +miles, and when the cook opened on the playful denizens of the plain, a number +of us hurried back, supposing it was an Indian attack. When within a +quarter-mile of the wagon and the situation became clear, we took it more +leisurely, but the fusillade never ceased until we rode up and it dawned on the +darky’s mind that rescue was at hand. He had halted his team, and from a secure +position in the front end of the wagon had shot down a dozen buffalo bulls. +Pure curiosity and the blood of their comrades had kept them within easy range +of the murderous Creedmoor; and the frenzied negro, supposing that his team +might be attacked any moment, had mown down a circle of the innocent animals. +We charged and drove away the remainder, after which we formed a guard of honor +in escorting the commissary until its timid driver overtook the herd. +</p> + +<p> +The last of the buffalo passed out of sight before we reached the headwaters of +the Concho. In crossing the dry drive approaching the Pecos we were unusually +fortunate. As before, we rested in advance of starting, and on the evening of +the second day out several showers fell, cooling the atmosphere until the night +was fairly chilly. The rainfall continued all the following day in a gentle +mist, and with little or no suffering to man or beast early in the afternoon we +entered the cañon known as Castle Mountain Gap, and the dry drive was virtually +over. Horsehead Crossing was reached early the next morning, the size of the +herd making it possible to hold it compactly, and thus preventing any +scattering along that stream. There had been no freshets in the river since +June, and the sandy sediment had solidified, making a safe crossing for both +herd and wagon. After the usual rest of a few days, the herd trailed up the +Pecos with scarcely an incident worthy of mention. Early in November we halted +some distance below Fort Sumner, where we were met by Mr. Loving,—who had gone +on to the post in our advance,—with the report that other cattle had just been +accepted, and that there was no prospect of an immediate delivery. In fact, the +outlook was anything but encouraging, unless we wintered ours and had them +ready for the first delivery in the spring. +</p> + +<p> +The herd was accordingly turned back to Bosque Grande on the river, and we went +into permanent quarters. There was a splendid winter range all along the Pecos, +and we loose-herded the beeves or rode lines in holding them in the different +bends of the river, some of which were natural inclosures. There was scarcely +any danger of Indian molestation during the winter months, and with the +exception of a few severe “northers” which swept down the valley, the cattle +did comparatively well. Tents were secured at the post; corn was purchased for +our saddle mules; and except during storms little or no privation was +experienced during the winter in that southern climate. Wood was plentiful in +the grove in which we were encamped, and a huge fireplace was built out of clay +and sticks in the end of each tent, assuring us comfort against the elements. +</p> + +<p> +The monotony of existence was frequently broken by the passing of trading +caravans, both up and down the river. There was a fair trade with the interior +of Mexico, as well as in various settlements along the Rio Grande and towns in +northern New Mexico. When other means of diversion failed we had recourse to +Sumner, where a sutler’s bar and gambling games flourished. But the most +romantic traveler to arrive or pass during the winter was Captain Burleson, +late of the Confederacy. As a sportsman the captain was a gem of the first +water, carrying with him, besides a herd of nearly a thousand cattle, three +race-horses, several baskets of fighting chickens, and a pack of hounds. He had +a large Mexican outfit in charge of his cattle, which were in bad condition on +their arrival in March, he having drifted about all winter, gambling, racing +his horses, and fighting his chickens. The herd represented his winnings. As we +had nothing to match, all we could offer was our hospitality. Captain Burleson +went into camp below us on the river and remained our neighbor until we rounded +up and broke camp in the spring. He had been as far west as El Paso during the +winter, and was then drifting north in the hope of finding a market for his +herd. We indulged in many hunts, and I found him the true gentleman and +sportsman in every sense of the word. As I recall him now, he was a lovable +vagabond, and for years afterward stories were told around Fort Sumner of his +wonderful nerve as a poker player. +</p> + +<p> +Early in April an opportunity occurred for a delivery of cattle to the post. +Ours were the only beeves in sight, those of Captain Burleson not qualifying, +and a round-up was made and the herd tendered for inspection. Only eight +hundred were received, which was quite a disappointment to the drovers, as at +least ninety per cent of the tender filled every qualification. The motive in +receiving the few soon became apparent, when a stranger appeared and offered to +buy the remaining seven hundred at a ridiculously low figure. But the drovers +had grown suspicious of the contractors and receiving agent, and, declining the +offer, went back and bought the herd of Captain Burleson. Then, throwing the +two contingents together, and boldly announcing their determination of driving +to Colorado, they started the herd out past Fort Sumner with every field-glass +in the post leveled on us. The military requirements of Sumner, for its own and +Indian use, were well known to the drovers, and a scarcity of beef was certain +to occur at that post before other cattle could be bargained for and arrive. My +employers had evidently figured out the situation to a nicety, for during the +forenoon of the second day out from the fort we were overtaken by the +contractors. Of course they threw on the government inspector all the blame for +the few cattle received, and offered to buy five or six hundred more out of the +herd. But the shoe was on the other foot now, the drovers acting as +independently as the proverbial hog on ice. The herd never halted, the +contractors followed up, and when we went into camp that evening a trade was +closed on one thousand steers at two dollars a head advance over those which +were received but a few days before. The oxen were even reserved, and after +delivering the beeves at Sumner we continued on northward with the remnant, +nearly all of which were the Burleson cattle. +</p> + +<p> +The latter part of April we arrived at the Colorado line. There we were halted +by the authorities of that territory, under some act of quarantine against +Texas cattle. We went into camp on the nearest water, expecting to prove that +our little herd had wintered at Fort Sumner, and were therefore immune from +quarantine, when buyers arrived from Trinidad, Colorado. The steers were a +mixed lot, running from a yearling to big, rough four and five year olds, and +when Goodnight returned from Sumner with a certificate, attested to by every +officer of that post, showing that the cattle had wintered north of latitude +34, a trade was closed at once, even the oxen going in at the phenomenal +figures of one hundred and fifty dollars a yoke. We delivered the herd near +Trinidad, going into that town to outfit before returning. The necessary +alterations were made to the wagon, mules were harnessed in, and we started +home in gala spirits. In a little over thirty days my employers had more than +doubled their money on the Burleson cattle and were naturally jubilant. +</p> + +<p> +The proceeds of the Trinidad sale were carried in the wagon returning, though +we had not as yet collected for the second delivery at Sumner. The songs of the +birds mixed with our own as we traveled homeward, and the freshness of early +summer on the primitive land, as it rolled away in dips and swells, made the +trip a delightful outing. Fort Sumner was reached within a week, where we +halted a day and then started on, having in the wagon a trifle over fifty +thousand dollars in gold and silver. At Sumner two men made application to +accompany us back to Texas, and as they were well armed and mounted, and +numbers were an advantage, they were made welcome. Our winter camp at Bosque +Grande was passed with but a single glance as we dropped down the Pecos valley +at the rate of forty miles a day. Little or no travel was encountered en route, +nor was there any sign of Indians until the afternoon of our reaching Horsehead +Crossing. While passing Dagger Bend, four miles above the ford, Goodnight and a +number of us boys were riding several hundred yards in advance of the wagon, +telling stories of old sweethearts. The road made a sudden bend around some +sand-hills, and the advance guard had passed out of sight of the rear, when a +fresh Indian trail was cut; and as we reined in our mounts to examine the sign, +we were fired on. The rifle-shots, followed by a flight of arrows, passed over +us, and we took to shelter like flushed quail. I was riding a good saddle horse +and bolted off on the opposite side of the road from the shooting; but in the +scattering which ensued a number of mules took down the road. One of the two +men picked up at the post was a German, whose mule stampeded after his mates, +and who received a galling fire from the concealed Indians, the rest of us +turning to the nearest shelter. With the exception of this one man, all of us +circled back through the mesquite brush and reached the wagon, which had +halted. Meanwhile the shooting had attracted the men behind, who charged +through the sand-dunes, flanking the Indians, who immediately decamped. +Security of the remuda and wagon was a first consideration, and danger of an +ambush prevented our men from following up the redskins. Order was soon +restored, when we proceeded, and shortly met the young German coming back up +the road, who merely remarked on meeting us, “Dem Injuns shot at me.” +</p> + +<p> +The Indians had evidently not been expecting us. From where they turned out and +where the attack was made we back-trailed them in the road for nearly a mile. +They had simply heard us coming, and, supposing that the advance guard was all +there was in the party, had made the attack and were in turn themselves +surprised at our numbers. But the warning was henceforth heeded, and on +reaching the crossing more Indian sign was detected. Several large parties had +evidently crossed the river that morning, and were no doubt at that moment +watching us from the surrounding hills. The cañon of Castle Mountain Gap was +well adapted for an Indian ambush; and as it was only twelve miles from the +ford to its mouth, we halted within a short distance of the entrance, as if +encamping for the night. All the horses under saddle were picketed fully a +quarter mile from the wagon,—easy marks for poor Lo,—and the remuda was allowed +to wander at will, an air of perfect carelessness prevailing in the camp. From +the sign which we had seen that day, there was little doubt but there were in +the neighborhood of five hundred Indians in the immediate vicinity of Horsehead +Crossing, and we did everything we could to create the impression that we were +tender-feet. But with the falling of darkness every horse was brought in and we +harnessed up and started, leaving the fire burning to identify our supposed +camp. The drovers gave our darky cook instructions, in case of an attack while +passing through the Gap, never to halt his team, but push ahead for the plain. +About one third of us took the immediate lead of the wagon, the remuda +following closely, and the remainder of the men bringing up the rear. The moon +was on the wane and would not rise until nearly midnight, and for the first few +miles, or until we entered the cañon, there was scarce a sound to disturb the +stillness of the night. The sandy road even muffled the noise of the wagon and +the tramping of horses; but once we entered that rocky cañon, the rattling of +our commissary seemed to summon every Comanche and his ally to come and rob us. +There was never a halt, the reverberations of our caravan seeming to reëcho +through the Gap, resounding forward and back, until our progress must have been +audible at Horsehead Crossing. But the expected never happens, and within an +hour we reached the summit of the plain, where the country was open and clear +and an attack could have been easily repelled. Four fresh mules had been +harnessed in for the night, and striking a free gait, we put twenty miles of +that arid stretch behind us before the moon rose. A short halt was made after +midnight, for a change of teams and saddle horses, and then we continued our +hurried travel until near dawn. +</p> + +<p> +Some indistinct objects in our front caused us to halt. It looked like a +caravan, and we hailed it without reply. Several of us dismounted and crept +forward, but the only sign of life was a dull, buzzing sound which seemed to +issue from an outfit of parked wagons. The report was laid before the two +drovers, who advised that we await the dawn, which was then breaking, as it was +possible that the caravan had been captured and robbed by Indians. A number of +us circled around to the farther side, and as we again approached the wagons in +the uncertain light we hailed again and received in reply a shot, which cut off +the upper lobe of one of the boys’ ears. We hugged the ground for some little +time, until the presence of our outfit was discovered by the lone guardian of +the caravan, who welcomed us. He apologized, saying that on awakening he +supposed we were Indians, not having heard our previous challenge, and fired on +us under the impulse of the moment. He was a well-known trader by the name of +“Honey” Allen, and was then on his way to El Paso, having pulled out on the dry +stretch about twenty-five miles and sent his oxen back to water. His present +cargo consisted of pecans, honey, and a large number of colonies of live bees, +the latter having done the buzzing on our first reconnoitre. At his +destination, so he informed us, the pecans were worth fifty cents a quart, the +honey a dollar a pound, and the bees one hundred dollars a hive. After +repairing the damaged ear, we hurried on, finding Allen’s oxen lying around the +water on our arrival. I met him several years afterward in Denver, Colorado, +dressed to kill, barbered, and highly perfumed. He had just sold eighteen +hundred two-year-old steers and had twenty-five thousand dollars in the bank. +“Son, let me tell you something,” said he, as we were taking a drink together; +“that Pecos country was a dangerous region to pick up an honest living in. I’m +going back to God’s country,—back where there ain’t no Injuns.” +</p> + +<p> +Yet Allen died in Texas. There was a charm in the frontier that held men +captive. I always promised myself to return to Virginia to spend the declining +years of my life, but the fulfillment never came. I can now realize how idle +was the expectation, having seen others make the attempt and fail. I recall the +experience of an old cowman, laboring under a similar delusion, who, after +nearly half a century in the Southwest, concluded to return to the scenes of +his boyhood. He had made a substantial fortune in cattle, and had fought his +way through the vicissitudes of the frontier until success crowned his efforts. +A large family had in the mean time grown up around him, and under the pretense +of giving his children the advantages of an older and established community he +sold his holdings and moved back to his native borough. Within six months he +returned to the straggling village which he had left on the plains, bringing +the family with him. Shortly afterwards I met him, and anxiously inquired the +cause of his return. “Well, Reed,” said he, “I can’t make you understand near +as well as though you had tried it yourself. You see I was a stranger in my +native town. The people were all right, I reckon, but I found out that it was +me who had changed. I tried to be sociable with them, but honest, Reed, I just +couldn’t stand it in a country where no one ever asked you to take a drink.” +</p> + +<p> +A week was spent in crossing the country between the Concho and Brazos rivers. +Not a day passed but Indian trails were cut, all heading southward, and on a +branch of the Clear Fork we nearly ran afoul of an encampment of forty teepees +and lean-tos, with several hundred horses in sight. But we never varied our +course a fraction, passing within a quarter mile of their camp, apparently +indifferent as to whether they showed fight or allowed us to pass in peace. Our +bluff had the desired effect; but we made it an object to reach Fort Griffin +near midnight before camping. The Comanche and his ally were great respecters, +not only of their own physical welfare, but of the Henri and Spencer rifle with +which the white man killed the buffalo at the distance of twice the flight of +an arrow. When every advantage was in his favor—ambush and surprise—Lo was a +warrior bold; otherwise he used discretion. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap04"></a>CHAPTER IV<br/> +A FATAL TRIP</h2> + +<p> +Before leaving Fort Sumner an agreement had been entered into between my +employers and the contractors for a third herd. The delivery was set for the +first week in September, and twenty-five hundred beeves were agreed upon, with +a liberal leeway above and below that number in case of accident en route. +Accordingly, on our return to Loving’s ranch active preparations were begun for +the next drive. Extra horses were purchased, several new guns of the most +modern make were secured, and the gathering of cattle in Loving’s brand began +at once, continuing for six weeks. We combed the hills and valleys along the +main Brazos, and then started west up the Clear Fork, carrying the beeves with +us while gathering. The range was in prime condition, the cattle were fat and +indolent, and with the exception of Indian rumors there was not a cloud in the +sky. +</p> + +<p> +Our last camp was made a few miles above Fort Griffin. Military protection was +not expected, yet our proximity to that post was considered a security from +Indian interference, as at times not over half the outfit were with the herd. +We had nearly completed our numbers when, one morning early in July, the +redskins struck our camp with the violence of a cyclone. The attack occurred, +as usual, about half an hour before dawn, and, to add to the difficulty of the +situation, the cattle stampeded with the first shot fired. I was on last guard +at the time, and conscious that it was an Indian attack I unslung a new Sharp’s +rifle and tore away in the lead of the herd. With the rumbling of over two +thousand running cattle in my ears, hearing was out of the question, while my +sense of sight was rendered useless by the darkness of the morning hour. Yet I +had some very distinct visions; not from the herd of frenzied beeves, +thundering at my heels, but every shade and shadow in the darkness looked like +a pursuing Comanche. Once I leveled my rifle at a shadow, but hesitated, when a +flash from a six-shooter revealed the object to be one of our own men. I knew +there were four of us with the herd when it stampeded, but if the rest were as +badly bewildered as I was, it was dangerous even to approach them. But I had a +king’s horse under me and trusted my life to him, and he led the run until +breaking dawn revealed our identity to each other. +</p> + +<p> +The presence of two other men with the running herd was then discovered. We +were fully five miles from camp, and giving our attention to the running cattle +we soon turned the lead. The main body of the herd was strung back for a mile, +but we fell on the leaders right and left, and soon had them headed back for +camp. In the mean time, and with the breaking of day, our trail had been taken +up by both drovers and half a dozen men, who overtook us shortly after sun-up. +A count was made and we had every hoof. A determined fight had occurred over +the remuda and commissary, and three of the Indians’ ponies had been killed, +while some thirty arrows had found lodgment in our wagon. There were no +casualties in the cow outfit, and if any occurred among the redskins, the +wounded or killed were carried away by their comrades before daybreak. All +agreed that there were fully one hundred warriors in the attacking party, and +as we slowly drifted the cattle back to camp doubt was expressed by the drovers +whether it was advisable to drive the herd to its destination in midsummer with +the Comanches out on their old hunting grounds. +</p> + +<p> +A report of the attack was sent into Griffin that morning, and a company of +cavalry took up the Indian trail, followed it until evening, and returned to +the post during the night. Approaching a government station was generally +looked upon as an audacious act of the redskins, but the contempt of the +Comanche and his ally for citizen and soldier alike was well known on the Texas +frontier and excited little comment. Several years later, in broad daylight, +they raided the town of Weatherford, untied every horse from the hitching +racks, and defiantly rode away with their spoil. But the prevailing spirits in +our camp were not the kind to yield to an inferior race, and, true to their +obligation to the contractors, they pushed forward preparations to start the +herd. Within a week our numbers were completed, two extra men were secured, and +on the morning of July 14, 1867, we trailed out up the Clear Fork with a few +over twenty-six hundred big beeves. It was the same old route to the southwest, +there was a decided lack of enthusiasm over the start, yet never a word of +discouragement escaped the lips of men or employers. I have never been a +superstitious man, have never had a premonition of impending danger, always +rather felt an enthusiasm in my undertakings, yet that morning when the flag +over Fort Griffin faded from our view, I believe there was not a man in the +outfit but realized that our journey would be disputed by Indians. +</p> + +<p> +Nor had we long to wait. Near the juncture of Elm Creek with the main Clear +Fork we were again attacked at the usual hour in the morning. The camp was the +best available, and yet not a good one for defense, as the ground was broken by +shallow draws and dry washes. There were about one hundred yards of clear space +on three sides of the camp, while on the exposed side, and thirty yards +distant, was a slight depression of several feet. Fortunately we had a moment’s +warning, by several horses snorting and pawing the ground, which caused +Goodnight to quietly awake the men sleeping near him, who in turn were arousing +the others, when a flight of arrows buried themselves in the ground around us +and the war-whoop of the Comanche sounded. Ever cautious, we had studied the +situation on encamping, and had tied our horses, cavalry fashion, to a heavy +rope stretched from the protected side of the wagon to a high stake driven for +the purpose. With the attack the majority of the men flung themselves into +their saddles and started to the rescue of the remuda, while three others and +myself, detailed in anticipation, ran for the ravine and dropped into it about +forty yards above the wagon. We could easily hear the exultations of the +redskins just below us in the shallow gorge, and an enfilade fire was poured +into them at short range. Two guns were cutting the grass from underneath the +wagon, and, knowing the Indians had crept up the depression on foot, we began a +rapid fire from our carbines and six-shooters, which created the impression of +a dozen rifles on their flank, and they took to their heels in a headlong rout. +</p> + +<p> +Once the firing ceased, we hailed our men under the wagon and returned to it. +Three men were with the commissary, one of whom was a mere boy, who was wounded +in the head from an arrow during the first moment of the attack, and was then +raving piteously from his sufferings. The darky cook, who was one of the +defenders of the wagon, was consoling the boy, so with a parting word of +encouragement we swung into our saddles and rode in the direction of dim firing +up the creek. The cattle were out of hearing, but the random shooting directed +our course, and halting several times, we were finally piloted to the scene of +activity. Our hail was met by a shout of welcome, and the next moment we dashed +in among our own and reported the repulse of the Indians from the wagon. The +remuda was dashing about, hither and yon, a mob of howling savages were +circling about, barely within gunshot, while our men rode cautiously, checking +and turning the frenzied saddle horses, and never missing a chance of +judiciously throwing a little lead. There was no sign of daybreak, and, fearful +for the safety of our commissary, we threw a cordon around the remuda and +started for camp. Although there must have been over one hundred Indians in the +general attack, we were still masters of the situation, though they followed us +until the wagon was reached and the horses secured in a rope corral. A number +of us again sought the protection of the ravine, and scattering above and +below, we got in some telling shots at short range, when the redskins gave up +the struggle and decamped. As they bore off westward on the main Clear Fork +their hilarious shoutings could be distinctly heard for miles on the stillness +of the morning air. +</p> + +<p> +An inventory of the camp was taken at dawn. The wounded lad received the first +attention. The arrowhead had buried itself below and behind the ear, but +nippers were applied and the steel point was extracted. The cook washed the +wound thoroughly and applied a poultice of meal, which afforded almost instant +relief. While horses were being saddled to follow the cattle, I cast my eye +over the camp and counted over two hundred arrows within a radius of fifty +yards. Two had found lodgment in the bear-skin on which I slept. Dozens were +imbedded in the running-gear and box of the wagon, while the stationary flashes +from the muzzle of the cook’s Creedmoor had concentrated an unusual number of +arrows in and around his citadel. The darky had exercised caution and corded +the six ox-yokes against the front wheel of the wagon in such a manner as to +form a barrier, using the spaces between the spokes as port-holes. As he never +varied his position under the wagon, the Indians had aimed at his flash, and +during the rather brief fight twenty arrows had buried themselves in that +barricade of ox-yokes. +</p> + +<p> +The trail of the beeves was taken at dawn. This made the fifth stampede of the +herd since we started, a very unfortunate thing, for stampeding easily becomes +a mania with range cattle. The steers had left the bed-ground in an easterly +direction, but finding that they were not pursued, the men had gradually turned +them to the right, and at daybreak the herd was near Elm Creek, where it was +checked. We rode the circle in a free gallop, the prairie being cut into dust +and the trail as easy to follow as a highway. As the herd happened to land on +our course, after the usual count the commissary was sent for, and it and the +remuda were brought up. With the exception of wearing hobbles, the oxen were +always given their freedom at night. This morning one of them was found in a +dying condition from an arrow in his stomach. A humane shot had relieved the +poor beast, and his mate trailed up to the herd, tied behind the wagon with a +rope. There were several odd oxen among the cattle and the vacancy was easily +filled. If I am lacking in compassion for my red brother, the lack has been +heightened by his fiendish atrocities to dumb animals. I have been witness to +the ruin of several wagon trains captured by Indians, have seen their ashes and +irons, and even charred human remains, and was scarce moved to pity because of +the completeness of the hellish work. Death is merciful and humane when +compared to the hamstringing of oxen, gouging out their eyes, severing their +ears, cutting deep slashes from shoulder to hip, and leaving the innocent +victim to a lingering death. And when dumb animals are thus mutilated in every +conceivable form of torment, as if for the amusement of the imps of the evil +one, my compassion for poor Lo ceases. +</p> + +<p> +It was impossible to send the wounded boy back to the settlements, so a +comfortable bunk was made for him in the wagon. Late in the evening we resumed +our journey, expecting to drive all night, as it was good starlight. Fair +progress was made, but towards morning a rainstorm struck us, and the cattle +again stampeded. In all my outdoor experience I never saw such pitchy darkness +as accompanied that storm; although galloping across a prairie in a blustering +rainfall, it required no strain of the imagination to see hills and mountains +and forests on every hand. Fourteen men were with the herd, yet it was +impossible to work in unison, and when day broke we had less than half the +cattle. The lead had been maintained, but in drifting at random with the storm +several contingents of beeves had cut off from the main body, supposedly from +the rear. When the sun rose, men were dispatched in pairs and trios, the trail +of the missing steers was picked up, and by ten o’clock every hoof was in hand +or accounted for. I came in with the last contingent and found the camp in an +uproar over the supposed desertion of one of the hands. Yankee Bill, a +sixteen-year-old boy, and another man were left in charge of the herd when the +rest of us struck out to hunt the missing cattle. An hour after sunrise the boy +was seen to ride deliberately away from his charge, without cause or excuse, +and had not returned. Desertion was the general supposition. Had he not been +mounted on one of the firm’s horses the offense might have been overlooked. But +the delivery of the herd depended on the saddle stock, and two men were sent on +his trail. The rain had freshened the ground, and after trailing the horse for +fifteen miles the boy was overtaken while following cattle tracks towards the +herd. He had simply fallen asleep in the saddle, and the horse had wandered +away. Yankee Bill had made the trip to Sumner with us the fall before, and +stood well with his employers, so the incident was forgiven and forgotten. +</p> + +<p> +From Elm Creek to the beginning of the dry drive was one continual struggle +with stampeding cattle or warding off Indians. In spite of careful handling, +the herd became spoiled, and would run from the howl of a wolf or the snort of +a horse. The dark hour before dawn was usually the crucial period, and until +the arid belt was reached all hands were aroused at two o’clock in the morning. +The start was timed so as to reach the dry drive during the full of the moon, +and although it was a test of endurance for man and beast, there was relief in +the desert waste—from the lurking savage—which recompensed for its severity. +Three sleepless nights were borne without a murmur, and on our reaching +Horsehead Crossing and watering the cattle they were turned back on the mesa +and freed for the time being. The presence of Indian sign around the ford was +the reason for turning loose, but at the round-up the next morning the +experiment proved a costly one, as three hundred and sixty-three beeves were +missing. The cattle were nervous and feverish through suffering from thirst, +and had they been bedded closely, stampeding would have resulted, the foreman +choosing the least of two alternatives in scattering the herd. That night we +slept the sleep of exhausted men, and the next morning even awaited the sun on +the cattle before throwing them together, giving the Indian thieves full ten +hours the start. The stealing of cattle by the Comanches was something unusual, +and there was just reason for believing that the present theft was instigated +by renegade Mexicans, allies in the war of ’36. Three distinct trails left the +range around the Crossing, all heading south, each accompanied by fully fifty +horsemen. One contingent crossed the Pecos at an Indian trail about twenty-five +miles below Horsehead, another still below, while the third continued on down +the left bank of the river. Yankee Bill and “Mocho” Wilson, a one-armed man, +followed the latter trail, sighting them late in the evening, but keeping well +in the open. When the Comanches had satisfied themselves that but two men were +following them, small bands of warriors dropped out under cover of the broken +country and attempted to gain the rear of our men. Wilson was an old plainsman, +and once he saw the hopelessness of recovering the cattle, he and Yankee Bill +began a cautious retreat. During the night and when opposite the ford where the +first contingent of beeves crossed, they were waylaid, while returning, by the +wily redskins. The nickering of a pony warned them of the presence of the +enemy, and circling wide, they avoided an ambush, though pursued by the +stealthy Comanches. Wilson was mounted on a good horse, while Yankee Bill rode +a mule, and so closely were they pursued, that on reaching the first broken +ground Bill turned into a coulee, while Mocho bore off on an angle, firing his +six-shooter to attract the enemy after him. Yankee Bill told us afterward how +he held the muzzle of his mule for an hour on dismounting, to keep the rascal +from bawling after the departing horse. Wilson reached camp after midnight and +reported the hopelessness of the situation; but morning came, and with it no +Yankee Bill in camp. Half a dozen of us started in search of him, under the +leadership of the one-armed plainsman, and an hour afterward Bill was met +riding leisurely up the river. When rebuked by his comrade for not coming in +under cover of darkness, he retorted, “Hell, man, I wasn’t going to run my mule +to death just because there were a few Comanches in the country!” +</p> + +<p> +In trailing the missing cattle the day previous, I had accompanied Mr. Loving +to the second Indian crossing. The country opposite the ford was broken and +brushy, the trail was five or six hours old, and, fearing an ambush, the drover +refused to follow them farther. With the return of Yankee Bill safe and sound +to camp, all hope of recovering the beeves was abandoned, and we crossed the +Pecos and turned up that river. An effort was now made to quiet the herd and +bring it back to a normal condition, in order to fit it for delivery. With +Indian raids, frenzy in stampeding, and an unavoidable dry drive, the cattle +had gaunted like rails. But with an abundance of water and by merely grazing +the remainder of the distance, it was believed that the beeves would recover +their old form and be ready for inspection at the end of the month of August. +Indian sign was still plentiful, but in smaller bands, and with an unceasing +vigilance we wormed our way up the Pecos valley. +</p> + +<p> +When within a day’s ride of the post, Mr. Loving took Wilson with him and +started in to Fort Sumner. The heat of August on the herd had made recovery +slow, but if a two weeks’ postponement could be agreed on, it was believed the +beeves would qualify. The circumstances were unavoidable; the government had +been lenient before; so, hopeful of accomplishing his mission, the senior +member of the firm set out on his way. The two men left camp at daybreak, +cautioned by Goodnight to cross the river by a well-known trail, keeping in the +open, even though it was farther, as a matter of safety. They were well mounted +for the trip, and no further concern was given to their welfare until the +second morning, when Loving’s horse came into camp, whinnying for his mates. +There were blood-stains on the saddle, and the story of a man who was cautious +for others and careless of himself was easily understood. Conjecture was rife. +The presence of the horse admitted of several interpretations. An Indian ambush +was the most probable, and a number of men were detailed to ferret out the +mystery. We were then seventy miles below Sumner, and with orders to return to +the herd at night six of us immediately started. The searching party was +divided into squads, one on either side of the Pecos River, but no results were +obtained from the first day’s hunt. The herd had moved up fifteen miles during +the day, and the next morning the search was resumed, the work beginning where +it had ceased the evening before. Late that afternoon and from the east bank, +as Goodnight and I were scanning the opposite side of the river, a lone man, +almost naked, emerged from a cave across the channel and above us. Had it not +been for his missing arm it is doubtful if we should have recognized him, for +he seemed demented. We rode opposite and hailed, when he skulked back into his +refuge; but we were satisfied that it was Wilson. The other searchers were +signaled to, and finding an entrance into the river, we swam it and rode up to +the cave. A shout of welcome greeted us, and the next instant Wilson staggered +out of the cavern, his eyes filled with tears. +</p> + +<p> +He was in a horrible physical condition, and bewildered. We were an hour +getting his story. They had been ambushed by Indians and ran for the brakes of +the river, but were compelled to abandon their horses, one of which was +captured, the other escaping. Loving was wounded twice, in the wrist and the +side, but from the cover gained they had stood off the savages until darkness +fell. During the night Loving, unable to walk, believed that he was going to +die, and begged Wilson to make his escape, and if possible return to the herd. +After making his employer as comfortable as possible, Wilson buried his own +rifle, pistols, and knife, and started on his return to the herd. Being +one-armed, he had discarded his boots and nearly all his clothing to assist him +in swimming the river, which he had done any number of times, traveling by +night and hiding during the day. When found in the cave, his feet were badly +swollen, compelling him to travel in the river-bed to protect them from +sandburs and thorns. He was taken up behind one of the boys on a horse, and we +returned to camp. +</p> + +<p> +Wilson firmly believed that Loving was dead, and described the scene of the +fight so clearly that any one familiar with the river would have no difficulty +in locating the exact spot. But the next morning as we were nearing the place +we met an ambulance in the road, the driver of which reported that Loving had +been brought into Sumner by a freight outfit. On receipt of this information +Goodnight hurried on to the post, while the rest of us looked over the scene, +recovered the buried guns of Wilson, and returned to the herd. Subsequently we +learned that the next morning after Wilson left Loving had crawled to the river +for a drink, and, looking upstream, saw some one a mile or more distant +watering a team. By firing his pistol he attracted attention to himself and so +was rescued, the Indians having decamped during the night. To his partner, Mr. +Loving corroborated Wilson’s story, and rejoiced to know that his comrade had +also escaped. Everything that medical science could do was done by the post +surgeons for the veteran cowman, but after lingering twenty-one days he died. +Wilson and the wounded boy both recovered, the cattle were delivered in two +installments, and early in October we started homeward, carrying the embalmed +remains of the pioneer drover in a light conveyance. The trip was uneventful, +the traveling was done principally by night, and on the arrival at Loving’s +frontier home, six hundred miles from Fort Sumner, his remains were laid at +rest with Masonic honors. +</p> + +<p> +Over thirty years afterward a claim was made against the government for the +cattle lost at Horsehead Crossing. Wilson and I were witnesses before the +commissioner sent to take evidence in the case. The hearing was held at a +federal court, and after it was over, Wilson, while drinking, accused me of +suspecting him of deserting his employer,—a suspicion I had, in fact, +entertained at the time we discovered him at the cave. I had never breathed it +to a living man, yet it was the truth, slumbering for a generation before +finding expression. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap05"></a>CHAPTER V<br/> +SUMMER OF ’68</h2> + +<p> +The death of Mr. Loving ended my employment in driving cattle to Fort Sumner. +The junior member of the firm was anxious to continue the trade then +established, but the absence of any protection against the Indians, either +state or federal, was hopeless. Texas was suffering from the internal troubles +of Reconstruction, the paternal government had small concern for the welfare of +a State recently in arms against the Union, and there was little or no hope for +protection of life or property under existing conditions. The outfit was +accordingly paid off, and I returned with George Edwards to his father’s ranch. +The past eighteen months had given me a strenuous schooling, but I had emerged +on my feet, feeling that once more I was entitled to a place among men. The +risk that had been incurred by the drovers acted like a physical stimulant, the +outdoor life had hardened me like iron, and I came out of the crucible bright +with the hope of youth and buoyant with health and strength. +</p> + +<p> +Meanwhile there had sprung up a small trade in cattle with the North. Baxter +Springs and Abilene, both in Kansas, were beginning to be mentioned as possible +markets, light drives having gone to those points during the present and +previous summers. The elder Edwards had been investigating the new outlet, and +on the return of George and myself was rather enthusiastic over the prospects +of a market. No Indian trouble had been experienced on the northern route, and +although demand generally was unsatisfactory, the faith of drovers in the +future was unshaken. A railroad had recently reached Abilene, stockyards had +been built for the accommodation of shippers during the summer of 1861, while a +firm of shrewd, far-seeing Yankees made great pretensions of having established +a market and meeting-point for buyers and sellers of Texas cattle. The +promoters of the scheme had a contract with the railroad, whereby they were to +receive a bonus on all cattle shipped from that point, and the Texas drovers +were offered every inducement to make Abilene their destination in the future. +The unfriendliness of other States against Texas cattle, caused by the ravages +of fever imparted by southern to domestic animals, had resulted in quarantine +being enforced against all stock from the South. Matters were in an unsettled +condition, and less than one per cent of the State’s holdings of cattle had +found an outside market during the year 1867, though ranchmen in general were +hopeful. +</p> + +<p> +I spent the remainder of the month of October at the Edwards ranch. We had +returned in time for the fall branding, and George and I both made acceptable +hands at the work. I had mastered the art of handling a rope, and while we +usually corralled everything, scarcely a day passed but occasion occurred to +rope wild cattle out of the brush. Anxiety to learn soon made me an expert, and +before the month ended I had caught and branded for myself over one hundred +mavericks. Cattle were so worthless that no one went to the trouble to brand +completely; the crumbs were acceptable to me, and, since no one else cared for +them and I did, the flotsam and jetsam of the range fell to my brand. Had I +been ambitious, double that number could have been easily secured, but we never +went off the home range in gathering calves to brand. All the hands on the +Edwards ranch, darkies and Mexicans, were constantly throwing into the corrals +and pointing out unclaimed cattle, while I threw and indelibly ran the figures +“44” on their sides. I was partial to heifers, and when one was sighted there +was no brush so thick or animal so wild that it was not “fish” to my rope. In +many instances a cow of unknown brand was still followed by her two-year-old, +yearling, and present calf. Under the customs of the country, any unbranded +animal, one year old or over, was a maverick, and the property of any one who +cared to brand the unclaimed stray. Thousands of cattle thus lived to old age, +multiplied and increased, died and became food for worms, unowned. +</p> + +<p> +The branding over, I soon grew impatient to be doing something. There would be +no movement in cattle before the following spring, and a winter of idleness was +not to my liking. Buffalo hunting had lost its charm with me, the contentious +savages were jealous of any intrusion on their old hunting grounds, and, having +met them on numerous occasions during the past eighteen months, I had no +further desire to cultivate their acquaintance. I still owned my horse, now +acclimated, and had money in my purse, and one morning I announced my intention +of visiting my other comrades in Texas. Protests were made against my going, +and as an incentive to have me remain, the elder Edwards offered to outfit +George and me the following spring with a herd of cattle and start us to +Kansas. I was anxious for employment, but assuring my host that he could count +on my services, I still pleaded my anxiety to see other portions of the State +and renew old acquaintances. The herd could not possibly start before the +middle of April, so telling my friends that I would be on hand to help gather +the cattle, I saddled my horse and took leave of the hospitable ranch. +</p> + +<p> +After a week of hard riding I reached the home of a former comrade on the +Colorado River below Austin. A hearty welcome awaited me, but the apparent +poverty of the family made my visit rather a brief one. Continuing eastward, my +next stop was in Washington County, one of the oldest settled communities in +the State. The blight of Reconstruction seemed to have settled over the people +like a pall, the frontier having escaped it. But having reached my destination, +I was determined to make the best of it. At the house of my next comrade I felt +a little more at home, he having married since his return and being naturally +of a cheerful disposition. For a year previous to the surrender he and I had +wrangled beef for the Confederacy and had been stanch cronies. We had also been +in considerable mischief together; and his wife seemed to know me by reputation +as well as I knew her husband. Before the wire edge wore off my visit I was as +free with the couple as though they had been my own brother and sister. The +fact was all too visible that they were struggling with poverty, though +lightened by cheerfulness, and to remain long a guest would have been an +imposition; accordingly I began to skirmish for something to do—anything, it +mattered not what. The only work in sight was with a carpet-bag dredging +company, improving the lower Brazos River, under a contract from the +Reconstruction government of the State. My old crony pleaded with me to have +nothing to do with the job, offering to share his last crust with me; but then +he had not had all the animosities of the war roughed out of him, and I had. I +would work for a Federal as soon as any one else, provided he paid me the +promised wage, and, giving rein to my impulse, I made application at the +dredging headquarters and was put in charge of a squad of negroes. +</p> + +<p> +I was to have sixty dollars a month and board. The company operated a +commissary store, a regular “pluck-me” concern, and I shortly understood the +incentive in offering me such good wages. All employees were encouraged and +expected to draw their pay in supplies, which were sold at treble their actual +value from the commissary. I had been raised among negroes, knew how to humor +and handle them, the work was easy, and I drifted along with all my faculties +alert. Before long I saw that the improvement of the river was the least of the +company’s concern, the employment of a large number of men being the chief +motive, so long as they drew their wages in supplies. True, we scattered a few +lodgments of driftwood; with the aid of a flat-bottomed scow we windlassed up +and cut out a number of old snags, felled trees into the river to prevent +erosion of its banks, and we built a large number of wind-dams to straighten or +change the channel. It seemed to be a blanket contract,—a reward to the +faithful,—and permitted of any number of extras which might be charged for at +any figures the contractors saw fit to make. At the end of the first month I +naturally looked for my wages. Various excuses were made, but I was cordially +invited to draw anything needed from the commissary. +</p> + +<p> +A second month passed, during which time the only currency current was in the +form of land certificates. The Commonwealth of Texas, on her admission into the +Union, retained the control of her lands, over half the entire area of the +State being unclaimed at the close of the civil war. The carpet-bag government, +then in the saddle, was prodigal to its favorites in bonuses of land to any and +all kinds of public improvement. Certificates were issued in the form of scrip +calling for sections of the public domain of six hundred and forty acres each, +and were current at from three to five cents an acre. The owner of one or more +could locate on any of the unoccupied lands of the present State by merely +surveying and recording his selection at the county seat. The scrip was bandied +about, no one caring for it, and on the termination of my second month I was +offered four sections for my services up to date, provided I would remain +longer in the company’s employ. I knew the value of land in the older States, +in fact, already had my eye on some splendid valleys on the Clear Fork, and +accepted the offered certificates. The idea found a firm lodgment in my mind, +and I traded one of my six-shooters even for a section of scrip, and won +several more in card games. I had learned to play poker in the army,—knew the +rudiments of the game at least,—and before the middle of March I was the +possessor of certificates calling for thirty sections of land. As the time was +drawing near for my return to Palo Pinto County, I severed my connection with +the dredging company and returned to the home of my old comrade. I had left my +horse with him, and under the pretense of paying for feeding the animal well +for the return trip, had slipped my crony a small gold piece several times +during the winter. He ridiculed me over my land scrip, but I was satisfied, and +after spending a day with the couple I started on my return. +</p> + +<p> +Evidences of spring were to be seen on every hand. My ride northward was a race +with the season, but I outrode the coming grass, the budding trees, the first +flowers, and the mating birds, and reached the Edwards ranch on the last day of +March. Any number of cattle had already been tendered in making up the herd, +over half the saddle horses necessary were in hand or promised, and they were +only awaiting my return. I had no idea what the requirements of the Kansas +market were, and no one else seemed to know, but it was finally decided to +drive a mixed herd of twenty-five hundred by way of experiment. The promoters +of the Abilene market had flooded Texas with advertising matter during the +winter, urging that only choice cattle should be driven, yet the information +was of little value where local customs classified all live stock. A beef was a +beef, whether he weighed eight or twelve hundred pounds, a cow was a cow when +over three years old, and so on to the end of the chapter. From a purely +selfish motive of wanting strong cattle for the trip, I suggested that nothing +under three-year-olds should be used in making up the herd, a preference to be +given matured beeves. George Edwards also favored the idea, and as our +experience in trailing cattle carried some little weight, orders were given to +gather nothing that had not age, flesh, and strength for the journey. +</p> + +<p> +I was to have fifty dollars a month and furnish my own mount. Horses were +cheap, but I wanted good ones, and after skirmishing about I secured four to my +liking in return for one hundred dollars in gold. I still had some money left +from my wages in driving cattle to Fort Sumner, and I began looking about for +oxen in which to invest the remainder. Having little, I must be very careful +and make my investment in something staple; and remembering the fine prices +current in Colorado the spring before for work cattle, I offered to supply the +oxen for the commissary. My proposal was accepted, and accordingly I began +making inquiry for wagon stock. Finally I heard of a freight outfit in the +adjoining county east, the owner of which had died the winter before, the +administrator offering his effects for sale. I lost no time in seeing the oxen +and hunting up their custodian, who proved to be a frontier surveyor at the +county seat. There were two teams of six yoke each, fine cattle, and I had +hopes of being able to buy six or eight oxen. But the surveyor insisted on +selling both teams, offering to credit me on any balance if I could give him +security. I had never mentioned my land scrip to any one, and wishing to see if +it had any value, I produced and tendered the certificates to the surveyor. He +looked them over, made a computation, and informed me that they were worth in +his county about five cents an acre, or nearly one thousand dollars. He also +offered to accept them as security, assuring me that he could use some of them +in locating lands for settlers. But it was not my idea to sell the land scrip, +and a trade was easily effected on the twenty-four oxen, yokes, and chains, I +paying what money I could spare and leaving the certificates for security on +the balance. As I look back over an eventful life, I remember no special time +in which I felt quite as rich as the evening that I drove into the Edwards +ranch with twelve yoke of oxen chained together in one team. The darkies and +Mexicans gathered about, even the family, to admire the big fellows, and I +remember a thrill which shivered through me as Miss Gertrude passed down the +column, kindly patting each near ox as though she felt a personal interest in +my possessions. +</p> + +<p> +We waited for good grass before beginning the gathering. Half a dozen round-ups +on the home range would be all that was necessary in completing the numbers +allotted to the Edwards ranch. Three other cowmen were going to turn in a +thousand head and furnish and mount a man each, there being no occasion to +road-brand, as every one knew the ranch, brands which would go to make up the +herd. An outfit of twelve men was considered sufficient, as it was an open +prairie country and through civilized tribes between Texas and Kansas. All the +darkies and Mexicans from the home ranch who could be spared were to be taken +along, making it necessary to hire only three outside men. The drive was looked +upon as an experiment, there being no outlay of money, even the meal and bacon +which went into the commissary being supplied from the Edwards household. The +country contributed the horses and cattle, and if the project paid out, well +and good; if not there was small loss, as they were worth nothing at home. The +20th of April was set for starting. Three days’ work on the home range and we +had two thousand cattle under herd, consisting of dry or barren cows and steers +three years old or over, fully half the latter being heavy beeves. We culled +back and trimmed our allotment down to sixteen hundred, and when the outside +contingents were thrown in we had a few over twenty-eight hundred cattle in the +herd. A Mexican was placed in charge of the remuda, a darky, with three yoke of +oxen, looked after the commissary, and with ten mounted men around the herd we +started. +</p> + +<p> +Five and six horses were allotted to the man, each one had one or two +six-shooters, while half a dozen rifles of different makes were carried in the +wagon. The herd moved northward by easy marches, open country being followed +until we reached Red River, where we had the misfortune to lose George Edwards +from sickness. He was the foreman from whom all took orders. While crossing +into the Chickasaw Nation it was necessary to swim the cattle. We cut them into +small bunches, and in fording and refording a whole afternoon was spent in the +water. Towards evening our foreman was rendered useless from a chill, followed +by fever during the night. The next morning he was worse, and as it was +necessary to move the herd out to open country, Edwards took an old negro with +him and went back to a ranch on the Texas side. Several days afterward the +darky overtook us with the word that his master would be unable to accompany +the cattle, and that I was to take the herd through to Abilene. The negro +remained with us, and at the first opportunity I picked up another man. Within +a week we encountered a country trail, bearing slightly northwest, over which +herds had recently passed. This trace led us into another, which followed up +the south side of the Washita River, and two weeks after reaching the Nation we +entered what afterward became famous as the Chisholm trail. The Chickasaw was +one of the civilized tribes; its members had intermarried with the whites until +their identity as Indians was almost lost. They owned fine homes and farms in +the Washita valley, were hospitable to strangers, and where the aboriginal +blood was properly diluted the women were strikingly beautiful. In this same +valley, fifteen years afterward, I saw a herd of one thousand and seven head of +corn-fed cattle. The grain was delivered at feed-lots at ten cents a bushel, +and the beeves had then been on full feed for nine months. There were no +railroads in the country and the only outlet for the surplus corn was to feed +it to cattle and drive them to some shipping-point in Kansas. +</p> + +<p> +Compared with the route to Fort Sumner, the northern one was a paradise. No day +passed but there was an abundance of water, while the grass simply carpeted the +country. We merely soldiered along, crossing what was then one of the No-man’s +lands and the Cherokee Outlet, never sighting another herd until after entering +Kansas. We amused ourselves like urchins out for a holiday, the country was +full of all kinds of game, and our darky cook was kept busy frying venison and +roasting turkeys. A calf was born on the trail, the mother of which was quite +gentle, and we broke her for a milk cow, while “Bull,” the youngster, became a +great pet. A cow-skin was slung under the wagon for carrying wood and heavy +cooking utensils, and the calf was given a berth in the hammock until he was +able to follow. But when Bull became older he hung around the wagon like a dog, +preferring the company of the outfit to that of his own mother. He soon learned +to eat cold biscuit and corn-pone, and would hang around at meal-time, ready +for the scraps. We always had to notice where the calf lay down to sleep, as he +was a black rascal, and the men were liable to stumble over him while changing +guards during the night. He never could be prevailed on to walk with his +mother, but followed the wagon or rode in his hammock, and was always happy as +a lark when the recipient of the outfit’s attentions. We sometimes secured as +much as two gallons of milk a day from the cow, but it was pitiful to watch her +futile efforts at coaxing her offspring away from the wagon. +</p> + +<p> +We passed to the west of the town of Wichita and reached our destination early +in June. There I found several letters awaiting me, with instructions to +dispose of the herd or to report what was the prospect of effecting a sale. We +camped about five miles from Abilene, and before I could post myself on cattle +values half a dozen buyers had looked the herd over. Men were in the market +anxious for beef cattle with which to fill army and Indian contracts, feeders +from Eastern States, shippers and speculators galore, cowmen looking for she +stuff with which to start new ranches, while scarcely a day passed but inquiry +was made by settlers for oxen with which to break prairie. A dozen herds had +arrived ahead of us, the market had fairly opened, and, once I got the drift of +current prices, I was as busy as a farmer getting ready to cut his buckwheat. +Every yoke of oxen was sold within a week, one ranchman took all the cows, an +army contractor took one thousand of the largest beeves, feeders from Iowa took +the younger steers, and within six weeks after arriving I did not have a hoof +left. In the mean time I kept an account of each sale, brands and numbers, in +order to render a statement to the owners of the cattle. As fast as the money +was received I sent it home by drafts, except the proceeds from the oxen, which +was a private matter. I bought and sold two whole remudas of horses on +speculation, clearing fifteen of the best ones and three hundred dollars on the +transactions. +</p> + +<p> +The facilities for handling cattle at Abilene were not completed until late in +the season of ’67, yet twenty-five thousand cattle found a market there that +summer and fall. The drive of the present year would triple that number, and +every one seemed pleased with future prospects. The town took on an air of +frontier prosperity; saloons and gambling and dance halls multiplied, and every +legitimate line of business flourished like a green bay tree. I made the +acquaintance of every drover and was generally looked upon as an extra good +salesman, the secret being in our cattle, which were choice. For instance, +Northern buyers could see three dollars a head difference in three-year-old +steers, but with the average Texan the age classified them all alike. My +boyhood knowledge of cattle had taught me the difference, but in range dealing +it was impossible to apply the principle. I made many warm friends among both +buyers and drovers, bringing them together and effecting sales, and it was +really a matter of regret that I had to leave before the season was over. I +loved the atmosphere of dicker and traffic, had made one of the largest sales +of the season with our beeves, and was leaving, firm in the conviction that I +had overlooked no feature of the market of future value. +</p> + +<p> +After selling the oxen we broke some of our saddle stock to harness, altered +the wagon tongue for horses, and started across the country for home, taking +our full remuda with us. Where I had gone up the trail with five horses, I was +going back with twenty; some of the oxen I had sold at treble their original +cost, while none of them failed to double my money—on credit. Taking it all in +all, I had never seen such good times and made money as easily. On the back +track we followed the trail, but instead of going down the Washita as we had +come, we followed the Chisholm trail to the Texas boundary, crossing at what +was afterward known as Red River Station. From there home was an easy matter, +and after an absence of four months and five days the outfit rode into the +Edwards ranch with a flourish. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap06"></a>CHAPTER VI<br/> +SOWING WILD OATS</h2> + +<p> +The results from driving cattle north were a surprise to every one. My +employers were delighted with their experiment, the general expense of handling +the herd not exceeding fifty cents a head. The enterprise had netted over +fifty-two thousand dollars, the saddle horses had returned in good condition, +while due credit was given me in the general management. From my sale accounts +I made out a statement, and once my expenses were approved it was an easy +matter to apportion each owner his just dues in the season’s drive. This over I +was free to go my way. The only incident of moment in the final settlement was +the waggish contention of one of the owners, who expressed amazement that I +ever remitted any funds or returned, roguishly admitting that no one expected +it. Then suddenly, pretending to have discovered the governing motive, he +summoned Miss Gertrude, and embarrassed her with a profusion of thanks, +averring that she alone had saved him from a loss of four hundred beeves. +</p> + +<p> +The next move was to redeem my land scrip. The surveyor was anxious to buy a +portion of it, but I was too rich to part with even a single section. During +our conversation, however, it developed that he held his commission from the +State, and when I mentioned my intention of locating land, he made application +to do the surveying. The fact that I expected to make my locations in another +county made no difference to a free-lance official, and accordingly we came to +an agreement. The apple of my eye was a valley on the Clear Fork, above its +juncture with the main Brazos, and from maps in the surveyor’s office I was +able to point out the locality where I expected to make my locations. He proved +an obliging official and gave me all the routine details, and an appointment +was made with him to report a week later at the Edwards ranch. A wagon and cook +would be necessary, chain carriers and flagmen must be taken along, and I began +skirmishing about for an outfit. The three hired men who had been up the trail +with me were still in the country, and I engaged them and secured a cook. +George Edwards loaned me a wagon and two yoke of oxen, even going along himself +for company. The commissary was outfitted for a month’s stay, and a day in +advance of the expected arrival of the surveyor the outfit was started up the +Brazos. Each of the men had one or more private horses, and taking all of mine +along, we had a remuda of thirty odd saddle horses. George and I remained +behind, and on the arrival of the surveyor we rode by way of Palo Pinto, the +county seat, to which all unorganized territory to the west was attached for +legal purposes. Our chief motive in passing the town was to see if there were +any lands located near the juncture of the Clear Fork with the mother stream, +and thus secure an established corner from which to begin our survey. But the +records showed no land taken up around the confluence of these watercourses, +making it necessary to establish a corner. +</p> + +<p> +Under the old customs, handed down from the Spanish to the Texans, corners were +always established from natural landmarks. The union of creeks arid rivers, +mounds, lagoons, outcropping of rock, in fact anything unchangeable and +established by nature, were used as a point of commencement. In the locating of +Spanish land grants a century and a half previous, sand-dunes were frequently +used, and when these old concessions became of value and were surveyed, some of +the corners had shifted a mile or more by the action of the wind and seasons on +the sand-hills. Accordingly, on overtaking our outfit we headed for the +juncture of the Brazos and Clear Fork, reaching our destination the second day. +The first thing was to establish a corner or commencement point. Some heavy +timber grew around the confluence, so, selecting an old patriarch pin oak +between the two streams, we notched the tree and ran a line to low water at the +juncture of the two rivers. Other witness trees were established and notched, +lines were run at angles to the banks of either stream, and a hole was dug two +feet deep between the roots of the pin oak, a stake set therein, and the +excavation filled with charcoal and covered. A legal corner or commencement +point was thus established; but as the land that I coveted lay some distance up +the Clear Fork, it was necessary first to run due south six miles and establish +a corner, and thence run west the same distance and locate another one. +</p> + +<p> +The thirty sections of land scrip would entitle me to a block of ground five by +six miles in extent, and I concluded to locate the bulk of it on the south side +of the Clear Fork. A permanent camp was now established, the actual work of +locating the land requiring about ten days, when the surveyor and Edwards set +out on their return. They were to touch at the county seat, record the +established corners and file my locations, leaving the other boys and me +behind. It was my intention to build a corral and possibly a cabin on the land, +having no idea that we would remain more than a few weeks longer. Timber was +plentiful, and, selecting a site well out on the prairie, we began the corral. +It was no easy task; palisades were cut twelve feet long and out of durable +woods, and the gate-posts were fourteen inches in diameter at the small end, +requiring both yoke of oxen to draw them to the chosen site. The latter were +cut two feet longer than the palisades, the extra length being inserted in the +ground, giving them a stability to carry the bars with which the gateway was +closed. Ten days were spent in cutting and drawing timber, some of the larger +palisades being split in two so as to enable five men to load them on the +wagon. The digging of the narrow trench, five feet deep, in which the palisades +were set upright, was a sore trial; but the ground was sandy, and by dint of +perseverance it was accomplished. Instead of a few weeks, over a month was +spent on the corral, but when it was finished it would hold a thousand +stampeding cattle through the stormiest night that ever blew. +</p> + +<p> +After finishing the corral we hunted a week. The country was alive with game of +all kinds, even an occasional buffalo, while wild and unbranded cattle were +seen daily. None of the men seemed anxious to leave the valley, but the +commissary had to be replenished, so two of us made the trip to Belknap with a +pack horse, returning the next day with meal, sugar, and coffee. A cabin was +begun and completed in ten days, a crude but stable affair, with clapboard +roof, clay floor, and ample fireplace. It was now late in September, and as the +usual branding season was at hand, cow-hunting outfits might be expected to +pass down the valley. The advantage of corrals would naturally make my place +headquarters for cowmen, and we accordingly settled down until the branding +season was over. But the abundance of mavericks and wild cattle was so tempting +that we had three hundred under herd when the first cow-hunting outfits +arrived. At one lake on what is now known as South Prairie, in a single +moonlight night, we roped and tied down forty head, the next morning finding +thirty of them unbranded and therefore unowned. All tame cattle would naturally +water in the daytime, and anything coming in at night fell a victim to our +ropes. A wooden toggle was fastened with rawhide to its neck, so it would trail +between its forelegs, to prevent running, when the wild maverick was freed and +allowed to enter the herd. After a week or ten days, if an animal showed any +disposition to quiet down, it was again thrown, branded, and the toggle +removed. We corralled the little herd every night, adding to it daily, scouting +far and wide for unowned or wild cattle. But when other outfits came up or down +the valley of the Clear Fork we joined forces with them, tendering our corrals +for branding purposes, our rake-off being the mavericks and eligible strays. +Many a fine quarter of beef was left at our cabin by passing ranchmen, and when +the gathering ended we had a few over five hundred cattle for our time and +trouble. +</p> + +<p> +Fine weather favored us and we held the mavericks under herd until late in +December. The wild ones gradually became gentle, and with constant handling +these wild animals were located until they would come in of their own accord +for the privilege of sleeping in a corral. But when winter approached the herd +was turned free, that the cattle might protect themselves from storms, and we +gathered our few effects together and started for the settlements. It was with +reluctance that I left that primitive valley. Somehow or other, primal +conditions possessed a charm for me which, coupled with an innate love of the +land and the animals that inhabit it, seemed to influence and outline my future +course of life. The pride of possession was mine; with my own hands and +abilities had I earned the land, while the overflow from a thousand hills +stocked my new ranch. I was now the owner of lands and cattle; my father in his +palmiest days never dreamed of such possessions as were mine, while youth and +opportunity encouraged me to greater exertions. +</p> + +<p> +We reached the Edwards ranch a few days before Christmas. The boys were settled +with and returned to their homes, and I was once more adrift. Forty odd calves +had been branded as the increase of my mavericking of the year before, and, +still basking in the smile of fortune, I found a letter awaiting me from Major +Seth Mabry of Austin, anxious to engage my services as a trail foreman for the +coming summer. I had met Major Seth the spring before at Abilene, and was +instrumental in finding him a buyer for his herd, and otherwise we became fast +friends. There were no outstanding obligations to my former employers, so when +a protest was finally raised against my going, I had the satisfaction of +vouching for George Edwards, to the manner born, and a better range cowman than +I was. The same group of ranchmen expected to drive another herd the coming +spring, and I made it a point to see each one personally, urging that nothing +but choice cattle should be sent up the trail. My long acquaintance with the +junior Edwards enabled me to speak emphatically and to the point, and I +lectured him thoroughly as to the requirements of the Abilene market. +</p> + +<p> +I notified Major Mabry that I would be on hand within a month. The holiday +season soon passed, and leaving my horses at the Edwards ranch, I saddled the +most worthless one and started south. The trip was uneventful, except that I +traded horses twice, reaching my destination within a week, having seen no +country en route that could compare with the valley of the Clear Fork. The +capital city was a straggling village on the banks of the Colorado River, inert +through political usurpation, yet the home of many fine people. Quite a number +of cowmen resided there, owning ranches in outlying and adjoining counties, +among them being my acquaintance of the year before and present employer. It +was too early by nearly a month to begin active operations, and I contented +myself about town, making the acquaintance of other cowmen and their foremen +who expected to drive that year. New Orleans had previously been the only +outlet for beef cattle in southern Texas, and even in the spring of ’69 very +few had any confidence of a market in the north. Major Mabry, however, was +going to drive two herds to Abilene, one of beeves and the other of younger +steers, dry cows, and thrifty two-year-old heifers, and I was to have charge of +the heavy cattle. Both herds would be put up in Llano County, it being the +intention to start with the grass. Mules were to be worked to the wagons, oxen +being considered too slow, while both outfits were to be mounted seven horses +to the man. +</p> + +<p> +During my stay at Austin I frequently made inquiry for land scrip. Nearly all +the merchants had more or less, the current prices being about five cents an +acre. There was a clear distinction, however, in case one was a buyer or +seller, the former being shown every attention. I allowed the impression to +circulate that I would buy, which brought me numerous offers, and before +leaving the town I secured twenty sections for five hundred dollars. I needed +just that amount to cover a four-mile bend of the Clear Fork on the west end of +my new ranch,—a possession which gave me ten miles of that virgin valley. My +employer congratulated me on my investment, and assured me that if the people +ever overthrew the Reconstruction usurpers the public domain would no longer be +bartered away for chips and whetstones. I was too busy to take much interest in +the political situation, and, so long as I was prosperous and employed, gave +little heed to politics. +</p> + +<p> +Major Mabry owned a ranch and extensive cattle interests northwest in Llano +County. As we expected to start the herds as early as possible, the latter part +of February found us at the ranch actively engaged in arranging for the +summer’s work. There were horses to buy, wagons to outfit, and hands to secure, +and a busy fortnight was spent in getting ready for the drive. The spring +before I had started out in debt; now, on permission being given me, I bought +ten horses for my own use and invested the balance of my money in four yoke of +oxen. Had I remained in Palo Pinto County the chances were that I might have +enlarged my holdings in the coming drive, as in order to have me remain several +offered to sell me cattle on credit. But so long as I was enlarging my +experience I was content, while the wages offered me were double what I +received the summer before. +</p> + +<p> +We went into camp and began rounding up near the middle of March. All classes +of cattle were first gathered into one herd, after which the beeves were cut +separate and taken charge of by my outfit. We gathered a few over fifteen +hundred of the latter, all prairie-raised cattle, four years old or over, and +in the single ranch brand of my employer. Major Seth had also contracted for +one thousand other beeves, and it became our duty to receive them. These +outside contingents would have to be road-branded before starting, as they were +in a dozen or more brands, the work being done in a chute built for that +purpose. My employer and I fully agreed on the quality of cattle to be +received, and when possible we both passed on each tender of beeves before +accepting them. The two herds were being held separate, and a friendly rivalry +existed between the outfits as to which herd would be ready to start first. It +only required a few days extra to receive and road-brand the outside cattle, +when all were ready to start. As Major Seth knew the most practical route, in +deference to his years and experience I insisted that he should take the lead +until after Red River was crossed. I had been urging the Chisholm trail in +preference to more eastern ones, and with the compromise that I should take the +lead after passing Fort Worth, the two herds started on the last day of March. +</p> + +<p> +There was no particular trail to follow. The country was all open, and the +grass was coming rapidly, while the horses and cattle were shedding their +winter coats with the change of the season. Fine weather favored us, no rains +at night and few storms, and within two weeks we passed Fort Worth, after which +I took the lead. I remember that at the latter point I wrote a letter to the +elder Edwards, inclosing my land scrip, and asking him to send a man out to my +new ranch occasionally to see that the improvements were not destroyed. Several +herds had already passed the fort, their destination being the same as ours, +and from thence onward we had the advantage of following a trail. As we neared +Red River, nearly all the herds bore off to the eastward, but we held our +course, crossing into the Chickasaw Nation at the regular Chisholm ford. A few +beggarly Indians, renegades from the Kiowas and Comanches on the west, annoyed +us for the first week, but were easily appeased with a lame or stray beef. The +two herds held rather close together as a matter of mutual protection, as in +some of the encampments were fully fifty lodges with possibly as many +able-bodied warriors. But after crossing the Washita River no further trouble +was encountered from the natives, and we swept northward at the steady pace of +an advancing army. Other herds were seen in our rear and front, and as we +neared the Kansas line several long columns of cattle were sighted coming in +over the safer eastern routes. +</p> + +<p> +The last lap of the drive was reached. A fortnight later we went into camp +within twelve miles of Abilene, having been on the trail two months and eleven +days. The same week we moved north of the railroad, finding ample range within +seven miles of town. Herds were coming in rapidly, and it was important to +secure good grazing grounds for our cattle. Buyers were arriving from every +territory in the Northwest, including California, while the usual contingent of +Eastern dealers, shippers, and market-scalpers was on hand. It could hardly be +said that prices had yet opened, though several contracted herds had already +been delivered, while every purchaser was bearing the market and prophesying a +drive of a quarter million cattle. The drovers, on the other hand, were +combating every report in circulation, even offering to wager that the arrivals +of stock for the entire summer would not exceed one hundred thousand head. +Cowmen reported en route with ten thousand beeves came in with one fifth the +number, and sellers held the whip hand, the market actually opening at better +figures than the summer before. Once prices were established, I was in the +thick of the fight, selling my oxen the first week to a freighter, constantly +on the skirmish for a buyer, and never failing to recognize one with whom I had +done business the summer before. In case Major Mabry had nothing to suit, the +herd in charge of George Edwards was always shown, and I easily effected two +sales, aggregating fifteen hundred head, from the latter cattle, with customers +of the year previous. +</p> + +<p> +But my zeal for bartering in cattle came to a sudden end near the close of +June. A conservative estimate of the arrivals then in sight or known to be en +route for Abilene was placed at one hundred and fifty thousand cattle. Yet +instead of any weakening in prices, they seemed to strengthen with the influx +of buyers from the corn regions, as the prospects of the season assured a +bountiful new crop. Where States had quarantined against Texas cattle the law +was easily circumvented by a statement that the cattle were immune from having +wintered in the north, which satisfied the statutes—as there was no doubt but +they had wintered somewhere. Steer cattle of acceptable age and smoothness of +build were in demand by feeders; all classes in fact felt a stimulus. My beeves +were sold for delivery north of Cheyenne, Wyoming, the buyers, who were +ranchmen as well as army contractors, taking the herd complete, including the +remuda and wagon. Under the terms, the cattle were to start immediately and be +grazed through. I was given until the middle of September to reach my +destination, and at once moved out on a northwest course. On reaching the +Republican River, we followed it to the Colorado line, and then tacked north +for Cheyenne. Reporting our progress to the buyers, we were met and directed to +pass to the eastward of that village, where we halted a week, and seven hundred +of the fattest beeves were cut out for delivery at Fort Russell. By various +excuses we were detained until frost fell before we reached the ranch, and a +second and a third contingent of beeves were cut out for other deliveries, +making it nearly the middle of October before I was finally relieved. +</p> + +<p> +With the exception of myself, a new outfit of men had been secured at Abilene. +Some of them were retained at the ranch of the contractors, the remainder being +discharged, all of us returning to Cheyenne together, whence we scattered to +the four winds. I spent a week in Denver, meeting Charlie Goodnight, who had +again fought his way up the Pecos route and delivered his cattle to the +contractors at Fort Logan. Continuing homeward, I took the train for Abilene, +hesitating whether to stop there or visit my brother in Missouri before +returning to Texas. I had twelve hundred dollars with me, as the proceeds of my +wages, horses, and oxen, and, feeling rather affluent, I decided to stop over a +day at the new trail town. I knew the market was virtually over, and what evil +influence ever suggested my stopping at Abilene is unexplainable. But I did +stop, and found things just as I expected,—everybody sold out and gone home. A +few trail foremen were still hanging around the town under the pretense of +attending to unsettled business, and these welcomed me with a fraternal +greeting. Two of them who had served in the Confederate army came to me and +frankly admitted that they were broke, and begged me to help them out of town +by redeeming their horses and saddles. Feed bills had accumulated and hotel +accounts were unpaid; the appeals of the rascals would have moved a stone to +pity. +</p> + +<p> +The upshot of the whole matter was that I bought a span of mules and wagon and +invited seven of the boys to accompany me overland to Texas. My friends +insisted that we could sell the outfit in the lower country for more than cost, +but before I got out of town my philanthropic venture had absorbed over half my +savings. As long as I had money the purse seemed a public one, and all the boys +borrowed just as freely as if they expected to repay it. I am sure they felt +grateful, and had I been one of the needy no doubt any of my friends would have +shared his purse with me. +</p> + +<p> +It was a delightful trip across the Indian Territory, and we reached Sherman, +Texas, just before the holidays. Every one had become tired of the wagon, and I +was fortunate enough to sell it without loss. Those who had saddle horses +excused themselves and hurried home for the Christmas festivities, leaving a +quartette of us behind. But before the remainder of us proceeded to our +destinations two of the boys discovered a splendid opening for a monte game, in +which we could easily recoup all our expenses for the trip. I was the only +dissenter to the programme, not even knowing the game; but under the pressure +which was brought to bear I finally yielded, and became banker for my friends. +The results are easily told. The second night there was heavy play, and before +ten o’clock the monte bank closed for want of funds, it having been tapped for +its last dollar. The next morning I took stage for Dallas, where I arrived with +less than twenty dollars, and spent the most miserable Christmas day of my +life. I had written George Edwards from Denver that I expected to go to +Missouri, and asked him to take my horses and go out to the little ranch and +brand my calves. There was no occasion now to contradict my advice of that +letter, neither would I go near the Edwards ranch, yet I hungered for that land +scrip and roundly cursed myself for being a fool. It would be two months and a +half before spring work opened, and what to do in the mean time was the one +absorbing question. My needs were too urgent to allow me to remain idle long, +and, drifting south, working when work was to be had, at last I reached the +home of my soldier crony in Washington County, walking and riding in country +wagons the last hundred miles of the distance. No experience in my life ever +humiliated me as that one did, yet I have laughed about it since. I may have +previously heard of riches taking wings, but in this instance, now mellowed by +time, no injustice will be done by simply recording it as the parting of a fool +and his money. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap07"></a>CHAPTER VII<br/> +“THE ANGEL”</h2> + +<p> +The winds of adversity were tempered by the welcome extended me by my old +comrade and his wife. There was no concealment as to my financial condition, +but when I explained the causes my former crony laughed at me until the tears +stood in his eyes. Nor did I protest, because I so richly deserved it. +Fortunately the circumstances of my friends had bettered since my previous +visit, and I was accordingly relieved from any feeling of intrusion. In two +short years the wheel had gone round, and I was walking heavily on my uppers +and continually felt like a pauper or poor relation. To make matters more +embarrassing, I could appeal to no one, and, fortified by pride from birth, I +ground my teeth over resolutions that will last me till death. Any one of half +a dozen friends, had they known my true condition, would have gladly come to my +aid, but circumstances prevented me from making any appeal. To my brother in +Missouri I had previously written of my affluence; as for friends in Palo Pinto +County,—well, for the very best of reasons my condition would remain a sealed +book in that quarter; and to appeal to Major Mabry might arouse his suspicions. +I had handled a great deal of money for him, accounting for every cent, but had +he known of my inability to take care of my own frugal earnings it might have +aroused his distrust. I was sure of a position with him again as trail foreman, +and not for the world would I have had him know that I could be such a fool as +to squander my savings thoughtlessly. +</p> + +<p> +What little correspondence I conducted that winter was by roundabout methods. I +occasionally wrote my brother that I was wallowing in wealth, always inclosing +a letter to Gertrude Edwards with instructions to remail, conveying the idea to +her family that I was spending the winter with relatives in Missouri. As yet +there was no tacit understanding between Miss Gertrude and me, but I conveyed +that impression to my brother, and as I knew he had run away with his wife, I +had confidence he would do my bidding. In writing my employer I reported myself +as busy dealing in land scrip, and begged him not to insist on my appearance +until it was absolutely necessary. He replied that I might have until the 15th +of March in which to report at Austin, as my herd had been contracted for north +in Williamson County. Major Mabry expected to drive three herds that spring, +the one already mentioned and two from Llano County, where he had recently +acquired another ranch with an extensive stock of cattle. It therefore behooved +me to keep my reputation unsullied, a rather difficult thing to do when our +escapade at Sherman was known to three other trail foremen. They might look +upon it as a good joke, while to me it was a serious matter. +</p> + +<p> +Had there been anything to do in Washington County, it was my intention to go +to work. The dredging company had departed for newer fields, there was no other +work in sight, and I was compelled to fold my hands and bide my time. My crony +and I blotted out the days by hunting deer and turkeys, using hounds for the +former and shooting the animals at game crossings. By using a turkey-call we +could entice the gobblers within rifle-shot, and in several instances we were +able to locate their roosts. The wild turkey of Texas was a wary bird, and +although I have seen flocks of hundreds, it takes a crafty hunter to bag one. I +have always loved a gun and been fond of hunting, yet the time hung heavy on my +hands, and I counted the days like a prisoner until I could go to work. But my +sentence finally expired, and preparations were made for my start to Austin. My +friends offered their best wishes,—about all they had,—and my old comrade went +so far as to take me one day on horseback to where he had an acquaintance +living. There we stayed over night, which was more than half way to my +destination, and the next morning we parted, he to his home with the horses, +while I traveled on foot or trusted to country wagons. I arrived in Austin on +the appointed day, with less than five dollars in my pocket, and registered at +the best hotel in the capital. I needed a saddle, having sold mine in Wyoming +the fall before, and at once reported to my employer. Fortunately my arrival +was being awaited to start a remuda and wagon to Williamson County, and when I +assured Major Mabry that all I lacked was a saddle, he gave me an order on a +local dealer, and we started that same evening. +</p> + +<p> +At last I was saved. With the opening of work my troubles lifted like a night +fog before the rising sun. Even the first view of the remuda revived my +spirits, as I had been allotted one hundred fine cow-horses. They had been +brought up during the winter, had run in a good pasture for some time, and with +the opening of spring were in fine condition. Many trail men were short-sighted +in regard to mounting their outfits, and although we had our differences, I +want to say that Major Mabry and his later associates never expected a man to +render an honest day’s work unless he was properly supplied with horses. My +allowance for the spring of 1870 was again seven horses to the man, with two +extra for the foreman, which at that early day in trailing cattle was +considered the maximum where Kansas was the destination. Many drovers allowed +only five horses to the man, but their men were frequently seen walking with +the herd, their mounts mingling with the cattle, unable to carry their riders +longer. +</p> + +<p> +The receiving of the herd in Williamson County was an easy matter. Four +prominent ranchmen were to supply the beeves to the number of three thousand. +Nearly every hoof was in the straight ranch brand of the sellers, only some two +hundred being mixed brands and requiring the usual road-branding. In spite of +every effort to hold the herd down to the contracted number, we received one +hundred and fifty extra; but then they were cattle that no justifiable excuse +could be offered in refusing. The last beeves were received on the 22d of the +month, and after cutting separate all cattle of outside brands, they were sent +to the chute to receive the road-mark. Major Mabry was present, and a +controversy arose between the sellers and himself over our refusal to +road-brand, or at least vent the ranch brands, on the great bulk of the herd. +Too many brands on an animal was an objection to the shippers and feeders of +the North, and we were anxious to cater to their wishes as far as possible. The +sellers protested against the cattle leaving their range without some mark to +indicate their change of ownership. The country was all open; in case of a +stampede and loss of cattle within a few hundred miles they were certain to +drift back to their home range, with nothing to distinguish them from their +brothers of the same age. Flesh marks are not a good title by which to identify +one’s property, where those possessions consist of range cattle, and the law +recognized the holding brand as the hall-mark of ownership. But a compromise +was finally agreed upon, whereby we were to run the beeves through the chute +and cut the brush from their tails. In a four or five year old animal this +tally-mark would hold for a year, and in no wise work any hardship to the +animal in warding off insect life. In case of any loss on the trail my employer +agreed to pay one dollar a head for regathering any stragglers that returned +within a year. The proposition was a fair one, the ranchmen yielded, and we ran +the whole herd through the chute, cutting the brush within a few inches of the +end of the tail-bone. By tightly wrapping the brush once around the blade of a +sharp knife, it was quick work to thus vent a chuteful of cattle, both the +road-branding and tally-marking being done in two days. +</p> + +<p> +The herd started on the morning of the 25th. I had a good outfit of men, only +four of whom were with me the year before. The spring could not be considered +an early one, and therefore we traveled slow for the first few weeks, meeting +with two bad runs, three days apart, but without the loss of a hoof. These +panics among the cattle were unexplainable, as they were always gorged with +grass and water at bedding time, the weather was favorable, no unseemly noises +were heard by the men on guard, and both runs occurred within two hours of +daybreak. There was a half-breed Mexican in the outfit, a very quiet man, and +when the causes of the stampedes were being discussed around the camp-fire, I +noticed that he shrugged his shoulders in derision of the reasons advanced. The +half-breed was my horse wrangler, old in years and experience, and the idea +struck me to sound him as to his version of the existing trouble among the +cattle. He was inclined to be distant, but I approached him cautiously, +complimented him on his handling of the remuda, rode with him several hours, +and adroitly drew out his opinion of what caused our two stampedes. As he had +never worked with the herd, his first question was, did we receive any blind +cattle or had any gone blind since we started? He then informed me that the old +Spanish rancheros would never leave a sightless animal in a corral with sound +ones during the night for fear of a stampede. He cautioned me to look the herd +over carefully, and if there was a blind animal found to cut it out or the +trouble would he repeated in spite of all precaution. I rode back and met the +herd, accosting every swing man on one side with the inquiry if any blind +animal had been seen, without results until the drag end of the cattle was +reached. Two men were at the rear, and when approached with the question, both +admitted noticing, for the past week, a beef which acted as if he might be +crazy. I had them point out the steer, and before I had watched him ten minutes +was satisfied that he was stone blind. He was a fine, big fellow, in splendid +flesh, but it was impossible to keep him in the column; he was always +straggling out and constantly shying from imaginary objects. I had the steer +roped for three or four nights and tied to a tree, and as the stampeding ceased +we cut him out every evening when bedding down the herd, and allowed him to +sleep alone. The poor fellow followed us, never venturing to leave either day +or night, but finally fell into a deep ravine and broke his neck. His +affliction had befallen him on the trail, affecting his nervous system to such +an extent that he would jump from imaginary objects and thus stampede his +brethren. I remember it occurred to me, then, how little I knew about cattle, +and that my wrangler and I ought to exchange places. Since that day I have +always been an attentive listener to the humblest of my fellowmen when +interpreting the secrets of animal life. +</p> + +<p> +Another incident occurred on this trip which showed the observation and insight +of my half-breed wrangler. We were passing through some cross-timbers one +morning in northern Texas, the remuda and wagon far in the lead. We were +holding the herd as compactly as possible to prevent any straying of cattle, +when our saddle horses were noticed abandoned in thick timber. It was +impossible to leave the herd at the time, but on reaching the nearest opening, +about two miles ahead, I turned and galloped back for fear of losing horses. I +counted the remuda and found them all there, but the wrangler was missing. +Thoughts of desertion flashed through my mind, the situation was unexplainable, +and after calling, shooting, and circling around for over an hour, I took the +remuda in hand and started after the herd, mentally preparing a lecture in case +my wrangler returned. While nooning that day some six or seven miles distant, +the half-breed jauntily rode into camp, leading a fine horse, saddled and +bridled, with a man’s coat tied to the cantle-strings. He explained to us that +he had noticed the trail of a horse crossing our course at right angles. The +freshness of the sign attracted his attention, and trailing it a short distance +in the dewy morning he had noticed that something attached to the animal was +trailing. A closer examination was made, and he decided that it was a bridle +rein and not a rope that was attached to the wandering horse. From the +freshness of the trail, he felt positive that he would overtake the animal +shortly, but after finding him some difficulty was encountered before the horse +would allow himself to be caught. He apologized for his neglect of duty, +considering the incident as nothing unusual, and I had not the heart even to +scold him. There were letters in the pocket of the coat, from which the owner +was identified, and on arriving at Abilene the pleasure was mine of returning +the horse and accoutrements and receiving a twenty-dollar gold piece for my +wrangler. A stampede of trail cattle had occurred some forty miles to the +northwest but a few nights before our finding the horse, during which the herd +ran into some timber, and a low-hanging limb unhorsed the foreman, the animal +escaping until captured by my man. +</p> + +<p> +On approaching Fort Worth, still traveling slowly on account of the lateness of +the spring, I decided to pay a flying visit to Palo Pinto County. It was fully +eighty miles from the Fort across to the Edwards ranch, and appointing one of +my old men as segundo, I saddled my best horse and set out an hour before +sunset. I had made the same ride four years previously on coming to the +country, a cool night favored my mount, and at daybreak I struck the Brazos +River within two miles of the ranch. An eventful day followed; I reeled off +innocent white-faced lies by the yard, in explaining the delightful winter I +had spent with my brother in Missouri. Fortunately the elder Edwards was not +driving any cattle that year, and George was absent buying oxen for a Fort +Griffin freighter. Good reports of my new ranch awaited me, my cattle were +increasing, and the smile of prosperity again shed its benediction over me. No +one had located any lands near my little ranch, and the coveted addition on the +west was still vacant and unoccupied. The silent monitor within my breast was +my only accuser, but as I rode away from the Edwards ranch in the shade of +evening, even it was silenced, for I held the promise of a splendid girl to +become my wife. A second sleepless night passed like a pleasant dream, and +early the next morning, firmly anchored in resolutions that no vagabond friends +could ever shake, I overtook my herd. +</p> + +<p> +After crossing Red River, the sweep across the Indian country was but a +repetition of other years, with its varying monotony. Once we were waterbound +for three days, severe drifts from storms at night were experienced, delaying +our progress, and we did not reach Abilene until June 15. We were aware, +however, of an increased drive of cattle to the north; evidences were to be +seen on every hand; owners were hanging around the different fords and +junctions of trails, inquiring if herds in such and such brands had been seen +or spoken. While we were crossing the Nations, men were daily met hunting for +lost horses or inquiring for stampeded cattle, while the regular trails were +being cut into established thoroughfares from increasing use. Neither of the +other Mabry herds had reached their destination on our arrival, though Major +Seth put in an appearance within a week and reported the other two about one +hundred miles to the rear. Cattle were arriving by the thousands, buyers from +the north, east, and west were congregating, and the prospect of good prices +was flattering. I was fortunate in securing my old camp-ground north of the +town; a dry season had set in nearly a month before, maturing the grass, and +our cattle took on flesh rapidly. Buyers looked them over daily, our prices +being firm. Wintered cattle were up in the pictures, a rate war was on between +all railroad lines east of the Mississippi River, cutting to the bone to secure +the Western live-stock traffic. Three-year-old steers bought the fall before at +twenty dollars and wintered on the Kansas prairies were netting their owners as +high as sixty dollars on the Chicago market. The man with good cattle for sale +could afford to be firm. +</p> + +<p> +At this juncture a regrettable incident occurred, which, however, proved a boon +to me. Some busybody went to the trouble of telling Major Mabry about my return +to Abilene the fall before and my subsequent escapade in Texas, embellishing +the details and even intimating that I had squandered funds not my own. I was +thirty years old and as touchy as gunpowder, and felt the injustice of the +charge like a knife-blade in my heart. There was nothing to do but ask for my +release, place the facts in the hands of my employer, and court a thorough +investigation. I had always entertained the highest regard for Major Mabry, and +before the season ended I was fully vindicated and we were once more fast +friends. +</p> + +<p> +In the mean time I was not idle. By the first of July it was known that three +hundred thousand cattle would be the minimum of the summer’s drive to Abilene. +My extensive acquaintance among buyers made my services of value to new +drovers. A commission of twenty-five cents a head was offered me for effecting +sales. The first week after severing my connection with Major Seth my earnings +from a single trade amounted to seven hundred and fifty dollars. Thenceforth I +was launched on a business of my own. Fortune smiled on me, acquaintances +nicknamed me “The Angel,” and instead of my foolishness reflecting on me, it +made me a host of friends. Cowmen insisted on my selling their cattle, shippers +consulted me, and I was constantly in demand with buyers, who wished my opinion +on young steers before closing trades. I was chosen referee in a dozen disputes +in classifying cattle, my decisions always giving satisfaction. Frequently, on +an order, I turned buyer. Northern men seemed timid in relying on their own +judgment of Texas cattle. Often, after a trade was made, the buyer paid me the +regular commission for cutting and receiving, not willing to risk his judgment +on range cattle. During the second week in August I sold five thousand head and +bought fifteen hundred. Every man who had purchased cattle the year before had +made money and was back in the market for more. Prices were easily advanced as +the season wore on, whole herds were taken by three or four farmers from the +corn regions, and the year closed with a flourish. In the space of four months +I was instrumental in selling, buying, cutting, or receiving a few over thirty +thousand head, on all of which I received a commission. +</p> + +<p> +I established a camp of my own during the latter part of August. In order to +avoid night-herding his cattle the summer before, some one had built a corral +about ten miles northeast of Abilene. It was a temporary affair, the abrupt, +bluff banks of a creek making a perfect horseshoe, requiring only four hundred +feet of fence across the neck to inclose a corral of fully eight acres. The +inclosure was not in use, so I hired three men and took possession of it for +the time being. I had noticed in previous years that when a drover had sold all +his herd but a remnant, he usually sacrificed his culls in order to reduce the +expense of an outfit and return home. I had an idea that there was money in +buying up these remnants and doing a small jobbing business. Frequently I had +as many as seven hundred cull cattle on hand. Besides, I was constantly buying +and selling whole remudas of saddle horses. So when a drover had sold all but a +few hundred cattle he would come to me, and I would afford him the relief he +wanted. Cripples and sore-footed animals were usually thrown in for good +measure, or accepted at the price of their hides. Some buyers demanded quality +and some cared only for numbers. I remember effecting a sale of one hundred +culls to a settler, southeast on the Smoky River, at seven dollars a head. The +terms were that I was to cut out the cattle, and as many were cripples and cost +me little or nothing, they afforded a nice profit besides cleaning up my herd. +When selling my own, I always priced a choice of my cattle at a reasonable +figure, or offered to cull out the same number at half the price. By this +method my herd was kept trimmed from both ends and the happy medium preserved. +</p> + +<p> +I love to think of those good old days. Without either foresight or effort I +made all kinds of money during the summer of 1870. Our best patrons that fall +were small ranchmen from Kansas and Nebraska, every one of whom had coined +money on their purchases of the summer before. One hundred per cent for +wintering a steer and carrying him less than a year had brought every cattleman +and his cousin back to Abilene to duplicate their former ventures. The little +ranchman who bought five hundred steers in the fall of 1869 was in the market +the present summer for a thousand head. Demand always seemed to meet supply a +little over half-way. The market closed firm, with every hoof taken and at +prices that were entirely satisfactory to drovers. It would seem an +impossibility were I to admit my profits for that year, yet at the close of the +season I started overland to Texas with fifty choice saddle horses and a snug +bank account. Surely those were the golden days of the old West. +</p> + +<p> +My last act before leaving Abilene that fall was to meet my enemy and force a +personal settlement. Major Mabry washed his hands by firmly refusing to name my +accuser, but from other sources I traced my defamer to a liveryman of the town. +The fall before, on four horses and saddles, I paid a lien, in the form of a +feed bill, of one hundred and twenty dollars for my stranded friends. The +following day the same man presented me another bill for nearly an equal +amount, claiming it had been assigned to him in a settlement with other +parties. I investigated the matter, found it to be a disputed gambling account, +and refused payment. An attempt was made, only for a moment, to hold the +horses, resulting in my incurring the stableman’s displeasure. The outcome was +that on our return the next spring our patronage went to another <i>bran</i>, +and the story, born in malice and falsehood, was started between employer and +employee. I had made arrangements to return to Texas with the last one of Major +Mabry’s outfits, and the wagon and remuda had already started, when I located +my traducer in a well-known saloon. I invited him to a seat at a table, +determined to bring matters to an issue. He reluctantly complied, when I +branded him with every vile epithet that my tongue could command, concluding by +arraigning him as a coward. I was hungering for him to show some resistance, +expecting to kill him, and when he refused to notice my insults, I called the +barkeeper and asked for two glasses of whiskey and a pair of six-shooters. Not +a word passed between us until the bartender brought the drinks and guns on a +tray. “Now take your choice,” said I. He replied, “I believe a little whiskey +will do me good.” +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap08"></a>CHAPTER VIII<br/> +THE “LAZY L”</h2> + +<p> +The homeward trip was a picnic. Counting mine, we had one hundred and fifty +saddle horses. All surplus men in the employ of Major Mabry had been previously +sent home until there remained at the close of the season only the drover, +seven men, and myself. We averaged forty miles a day returning, sweeping down +the plains like a north wind until Red River Station was reached. There our +ways parted, and cutting separate my horses, we bade each other farewell, the +main outfit heading for Fort Worth, while I bore to the westward for Palo +Pinto. Major Seth was anxious to secure my services for another year, but I +made no definite promises. We parted the best of friends. There were scattering +ranches on my route, but driving fifty loose horses made traveling slow, and it +was nearly a week before I reached the Edwards ranch. +</p> + +<p> +The branding season was nearly over. After a few days’ rest, an outfit of men +was secured, and we started for my little ranch on the Clear Fork. Word was +sent to the county seat, appointing a date with the surveyor, and on arriving +at the new ranch I found that the corrals had been in active use by branding +parties. We were soon in the thick of the fray, easily holding our own, +branding every maverick on the range as well as catching wild cattle. My +weakness for a good horse was the secret of much of my success in ranching +during the early days, for with a remuda of seventy picked horses it was +impossible for any unowned animal to escape us. Our drag-net scoured the hills +and valleys, and before the arrival of the surveyor we had run the “44” on over +five hundred calves, mavericks, and wild cattle. Different outfits came down +the Brazos and passed up the Clear Fork, always using my corrals when working +in the latter valley. We usually joined in with these cow-hunting parties, +extending to them every possible courtesy, and in return many a thrifty +yearling was added to my brand. Except some wild-cattle hunting which we had in +view, every hoof was branded up by the time the surveyor arrived at the ranch. +</p> + +<p> +The locating of twenty sections of land was an easy matter. We had established +corners from which to work, and commencing on the west end of my original +location, we ran off an area of country, four miles west by five south. New +outside corners were established with buried charcoal and stakes, while the +inner ones were indicated by half-buried rock, nothing divisional being done +except to locate the land in sections. It was a beautiful tract, embracing a +large bend of the Clear Fork, heavily timbered in several places, the soil +being of a rich, sandy loam and covered with grass. I was proud of my landed +interest, though small compared to modern ranches; and after the surveying +ended, we spent a few weeks hunting out several rendezvous of wild cattle +before returning to the Edwards ranch. +</p> + +<p> +I married during the holidays. The new ranch was abandoned during the winter +months, as the cattle readily cared for themselves, requiring no attention. I +now had a good working capital, and having established myself by marriage into +a respectable family of the country, I found several avenues open before me. +Among the different openings for attractive investment was a brand of cattle +belonging to an estate south in Comanche County. If the cattle were as good as +represented they were certainly a bargain, as the brand was offered straight +through at four dollars and a half a head. It was represented that nothing had +been sold from the brand in a number of years, the estate was insolvent, and +the trustee was anxious to sell the entire stock outright. I was impressed with +the opportunity, and early in the winter George Edwards and I rode down to look +the situation over. By riding around the range a few days we were able to get a +good idea of the stock, and on inquiry among neighbors and men familiar with +the brand, I was satisfied that the cattle were a bargain. A lawyer at the +county seat was the trustee, and on opening negotiations with him it was +readily to be seen that all he knew about the stock was that shown by the books +and accounts. According to the branding for the past few years, it would +indicate a brand of five or six thousand cattle. The only trouble in trading +was to arrange the terms, my offer being half cash and the balance in six +months, the cattle to be gathered early the coming spring. A bewildering list +of references was given and we returned home. Within a fortnight a letter came +from the trustee, accepting my offer and asking me to set a date for the +gathering. I felt positive that the brand ought to run forty per cent steer +cattle, and unless there was some deception, there would be in the neighborhood +of two thousand head fit for the trail. I at once bought thirty more saddle +horses, outfitted a wagon with oxen to draw it, besides hiring fifteen +cow-hands. Early in March we started for Comanche County, having in the mean +time made arrangements with the elder Edwards to supply one thousand head of +trail cattle, intended for the Kansas market. +</p> + +<p> +An early spring favored the work. By the 10th of the month we were actively +engaged in gathering the stock. It was understood that we were to have the +assistance of the ranch outfit in holding the cattle, but as they numbered only +half a dozen and were miserably mounted, they were of little use except as +herders. All the neighboring ranches gave us round-ups, and by the time we +reached the home range of the brand I was beginning to get uneasy on account of +the numbers under herd. My capital was limited, and if we gathered six thousand +head it would absorb my money. I needed a little for expenses on the trail, and +too many cattle would be embarrassing. There was no intention on my part to act +dishonestly in the premises, even if we did drop out any number of yearlings +during the last few days of the gathering. It was absolutely necessary to hold +the numbers down to five thousand head, or as near that number as possible, and +by keeping the ranch outfit on herd and my men out on round-ups, it was managed +quietly, though we let no steer cattle two years old or over escape. When the +gathering was finished, to the surprise of every one the herd counted out +fifty-six hundred and odd cattle. But the numbers were still within the limits +of my capital, and at the final settlement I asked the privilege of cutting out +and leaving on the range one hundred head of weak, thin stock and cows heavy in +calf. I offered to tally-mark and send after them during the fall branding, +when the trustee begged me to make him an offer on any remnant of cattle, +making me full owner of the brand. I hesitated to involve myself deeper in +debt, but when he finally offered me the “Lazy L” brand outright for the sum of +one thousand dollars, and on a credit, I never stuttered in accepting his +proposal. +</p> + +<p> +I culled back one hundred before starting, there being no occasion now to +tally-mark, as I was in full possession of the brand. This amount of cattle in +one herd was unwieldy to handle. The first day’s drive we scarcely made ten +miles, it being nearly impossible to water such an unmanageable body of +animals, even from a running stream. The second noon we cut separate all the +steers two years old and upward, finding a few under twenty-three hundred in +the latter class. This left three thousand and odd hundred in the mixed herd, +running from yearlings to old range bulls. A few extra men were secured, and +some progress was made for the next few days, the steers keeping well in the +lead, the two herds using the same wagon, and camping within half a mile of +each other at night. It was fully ninety miles to the Edwards ranch; and when +about two thirds the distance was covered, a messenger met us and reported the +home cattle under herd and ready to start. It still lacked two days of the +appointed time for our return, but rather than disappoint any one, I took seven +men and sixty horses with the lead herd and started in to the ranch, leaving +the mixed cattle to follow with the wagon. We took a day’s rations on a pack +horse, touched at a ranch, and on the second evening reached home. My +contingent to the trail herd would have classified approximately seven hundred +twos, six hundred threes, and one thousand four years old or over. +</p> + +<p> +The next morning the herd started up the trail under George Edwards as foreman. +It numbered a few over thirty-three hundred head and had fourteen men, all +told, and ninety-odd horses, with four good mules to a new wagon. I promised to +overtake them within a week, and the same evening rejoined the mixed herd some +ten miles back down the country. Calves were dropping at an alarming rate, +fully twenty of them were in the wagon, their advent delaying the progress of +the herd. By dint of great exertion we managed to reach the ranch the next +evening, where we lay over a day and rigged up a second wagon, purposely for +calves. It was the intention to send the stock cattle to my new ranch on the +Clear Fork, and releasing all but four men, the idle help about the home ranch +were substituted. In moving cattle from one range to another, it should always +be done with the coming of grass, as it gives them a full summer to locate and +become attached to their new range. When possible, the coming calf crop should +be born where the mothers are to be located, as it strengthens the ties between +an animal and its range by making sacred the birthplace of its young. From +instinctive warnings of maternity, cows will frequently return to the same +retreat annually to give birth to their calves. +</p> + +<p> +It was about fifty miles between the home and the new ranch. As it was +important to get the cattle located as soon as possible, they were accordingly +started with but the loss of a single day. Two wagons accompanied them, every +calf was saved, and by nursing the herd early and late we managed to average +ten miles between sunrise and sunset. The elder Edwards, anxious to see the new +ranch, accompanied us, his patience with a cow being something remarkable. When +we lacked but a day’s drive of the Clear Fork it was considered advisable for +me to return. Once the cattle reached the new range, four men would loose-herd +them for a month, after which they would continue to ride the range and turn +back all stragglers. The veteran cowman assumed control, and I returned to the +home ranch, where a horse had been left on which to overtake the trail herd. My +wife caught several glimpses of me that spring; with stocking a new ranch and +starting a herd on the trail I was as busy as the proverbial +cranberry-merchant. Where a year before I was moneyless, now my obligations +were accepted for nearly fourteen thousand dollars. +</p> + +<p> +I overtook the herd within one day’s drive of Red River. Everything was moving +nicely, the cattle were well trail-broken, not a run had occurred, and all was +serene and lovely. We crossed into the Nations at the regular ford, nothing of +importance occurring until we reached the Washita River. The Indians had been +bothering us more or less, but we brushed them aside or appeased their begging +with a stray beef. At the crossing of the Washita quite an encampment had +congregated, demanding six cattle and threatening to dispute our entrance to +the ford. Several of the boys with us pretended to understand the sign +language, and this resulted in an animosity being engendered between two of the +outfit over interpreting a sign made by a chief. After we had given the Indians +two strays, quite a band of bucks gathered on foot at the crossing, refusing to +let us pass until their demand had been fulfilled. We had a few carbines, every +lad had a six-shooter or two, and, summoning every mounted man, we rode up to +the ford. The braves outnumbered us about three to one, and it was easy to be +seen that they had bows and arrows concealed under their blankets. I was +determined to give up no more cattle, and in the powwow that followed the chief +of the band became very defiant. I accused him and his band of being armed, and +when he denied it one of the boys jumped a horse against the chief, knocking +him down. In the mêlée, the leader’s blanket was thrown from him, exposing a +strung bow and quiver of arrows, and at the same instant every man brought his +carbine or six-shooter to bear on the astonished braves. Not a shot was fired, +nor was there any further resistance offered on the part of the Indians; but as +they turned to leave the humiliated chief pointed to the sun and made a circle +around his head as if to indicate a threat of scalping. +</p> + +<p> +It was in interpreting this latter sign that the dispute arose between two of +the outfit. One of the boys contended that I was to be scalped before the sun +set, while the other interpreted the threat that we would all he scalped before +the sun rose again. Neither version troubled me, but the two fellows quarreled +over the matter while returning to the herd, until the lie was passed and their +six-shooters began talking. Fortunately they were both mounted on horses that +were gun-shy, and with the rearing and plunging the shots went wild. Every man +in the outfit interfered, the two fellows were disarmed, and we started on with +the cattle. No interference was offered by the Indians at the ford, the guards +were doubled that night, and the incident was forgotten within a week. I simply +mention this to give some idea of the men of that day, willing to back their +opinions, even on trivial matters, with their lives. “I’m the quickest man on +the trigger that ever came over the trail,” said a cowpuncher to me one night +in a saloon in Abilene. “You’re a blankety blank liar,” said a quiet little +man, a perfect stranger to both of us, not even casting a glance our way. I +wrested a six-shooter from the hand of my acquaintance and hustled him out of +the house, getting roundly cursed for my interference, though no doubt I saved +human life. +</p> + +<p> +On reaching Stone’s Store, on the Kansas line, I left the herd to follow, and +arrived at Abilene in two days and a half. Only some twenty-five herds were +ahead of ours, though I must have passed a dozen or more in my brief ride, +staying over night with them and scarcely ever missing a meal on the road. My +motive in reaching Abilene in advance of our cattle was to get in touch with +the market, secure my trading-corrals again, and perfect my arrangements to do +a commission business. But on arriving, instead of having the field to myself, +I found the old corrals occupied by a trio of jobbers, while two new ones had +been built within ten miles of town, and half a dozen firms were offering their +services as salesmen. There was a lack of actual buyers, at least among my +acquaintances, and the railroads had adjusted their rates, while a largely +increased drive was predicted. The spring had been a wet one, the grass was +washy and devoid of nutriment, and there was nothing in the outlook of an +encouraging nature. Yet the majority of the drovers were very optimistic of the +future, freely predicting better prices than ever before, while many declared +their intention of wintering in case their hopes were not realized. By the time +our herd arrived, I had grown timid of the market in general and was willing to +sell out and go home. I make no pretension to having any extra foresight, +probably it was my outstanding obligations in Texas that fostered my anxiety, +but I was prepared to sell to the first man who talked business. +</p> + +<p> +Our cattle arrived in good condition. The weather continued wet and stormy, the +rank grass harbored myriads of flies and mosquitoes, and the through cattle +failed to take on flesh as in former years. Rival towns were competing for the +trail business, wintered cattle were lower, and a perfect chaos existed as to +future prices, drovers bolstering and pretended buyers depressing them. Within +a week after their arrival I sold fifteen hundred of our heaviest beeves to an +army contractor from Fort Russell in Dakota. He had brought his own outfit down +to receive the cattle, and as his contract called for a million and a half +pounds on foot, I assisted him in buying sixteen hundred more. The contractor +was a shrewd Yankee, and although I admitted having served in the Confederate +army, he offered to form a partnership with me for supplying beef to the army +posts along the upper Missouri River. He gave me an insight into the profits in +that particular trade, and even urged the partnership, but while the +opportunity was a golden one, I was distrustful of a Northern man and declined +the alliance. Within a year I regretted not forming the partnership, as the +government was a stable patron, and my adopted State had any quantity of beef +cattle. +</p> + +<p> +My brother paid me a visit during the latter part of June. We had not seen each +other in five years, during which time he had developed into a prosperous +stockman, feeding cattle every winter on his Missouri farm. He was anxious to +interest me in corn-feeding steers, but I had my hands full at home, and within +a week he went on west and bought two hundred Colorado natives, shipping them +home to feed the coming winter. Meanwhile a perfect glut of cattle was arriving +at Abilene, fully six hundred thousand having registered at Stone’s Store on +passing into Kansas, yet prices remained firm, considering the condition of the +stock. Many drovers halted only a day or two, and turned westward looking for +ranges on which to winter their herds. Barely half the arrivals were even +offered, which afforded fair prices to those who wished to sell. Before the +middle of July the last of ours was closed out at satisfactory prices, and the +next day the outfit started home, leaving me behind. I was anxious to secure an +extra remuda of horses, and, finding no opposition in that particular field, +had traded extensively in saddle stock ever since my arrival at Abilene. Gentle +horses were in good demand among shippers and ranchmen, and during my brief +stay I must have handled a thousand head, buying whole remudas and retailing in +quantities to suit, not failing to keep the choice ones for my own use. Within +two weeks after George Edwards started home, I closed up my business, fell in +with a returning outfit, and started back with one hundred and ten picked +saddle horses. After crossing Red River, I hired a boy to assist me in driving +the remuda, and I reached home only ten days behind the others. +</p> + +<p> +I was now the proud possessor of over two hundred saddle horses which had +actually cost me nothing. To use a borrowed term, they were the “velvet” of my +trading operations. I hardly feel able to convey an idea of the important rôle +that the horses play in the operations of a cowman. Whether on the trail or on +the ranch, there is a complete helplessness when the men are not properly +mounted and able to cope with any emergency that may arise. On the contrary, +and especially in trail work, when men are well mounted, there is no excuse for +not riding in the lead of any stampede, drifting with the herd on the stormiest +night, or trailing lost cattle until overtaken. Owing to the nature of the +occupation, a man may be frequently wet, cold, and hungry, and entitled to +little sympathy; but once he feels that he is no longer mounted, his grievance +becomes a real one. The cow-horse subsisted on the range, and if ever used to +exhaustion was worthless for weeks afterward. Hence the value of a good mount +in numbers, and the importance of frequent changes when the duties were +arduous. The importance of good horses was first impressed on me during my +trips to Fort Sumner, and I then resolved that if fortune ever favored me to +reach the prominence of a cowman, the saddle stock would have my first +consideration. +</p> + +<p> +On my return it was too early for the fall branding. I made a trip out to the +new ranch, taking along ample winter supplies, two extra lads, and the old +remuda of sixty horses. The men had located the new cattle fairly well, the +calf crop was abundant, and after spending a week I returned home. I had +previously settled my indebtedness in Comanche County by remittances from +Abilene, and early in the fall I made up an outfit to go down and gather the +remnant of “Lazy L” cattle. Taking along the entire new remuda, we dropped down +in advance of the branding season, visited among the neighboring ranches, and +offered a dollar a head for solitary animals that had drifted any great +distance from the range of the brand. A camp was established at some corrals on +the original range, extra men were employed with the opening of the branding +season, and after twenty days’ constant riding we started home with a few over +nine hundred head, not counting two hundred and odd calves. Little wonder the +trustee threatened to sue me; but then it was his own proposition. +</p> + +<p> +On arriving at the Edwards ranch, we halted a few days in order to gather the +fruits of my first mavericking. The fall work was nearly finished, and having +previously made arrangements to put my brand under herd, we received two +hundred and fifty more, with seventy-five thrifty calves, before proceeding on +to the new ranch on the Clear Fork. On arriving there we branded the calves, +put the two brands under herd, corralling them at night and familiarizing them +with their new home, and turning them loose at the end of two weeks. Moving +cattle in the fall was contrary to the best results, but it was an idle time, +and they were all young stuff and easily located. During the interim of +loose-herding this second contingent of stock cattle, the branding had been +finished on the ranch, and I was able to take an account of my year’s work. The +“Lazy L” was continued, and from that brand alone there was an increase of over +seventeen hundred calves. With all the expenses of the trail deducted, the +steer cattle alone had paid for the entire brand, besides adding over five +thousand dollars to my cash capital. Who will gainsay my statement that Texas +was a good country in the year 1871? +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap09"></a>CHAPTER IX<br/> +THE SCHOOL OF EXPERIENCE</h2> + +<p> +Success had made me daring. And yet I must have been wandering aimlessly, for +had my ambition been well directed, there is no telling to what extent I might +have amassed a fortune. Opportunity was knocking at my gate, a giant young +commonwealth was struggling in the throes of political revolution, while I +wandered through it all like a blind man led by a child. Precedent was of +little value, as present environment controlled my actions. The best people in +Texas were doubtful of ever ridding themselves of the baneful incubus of +Reconstruction. Men on whose judgment I relied laughed at me for acquiring more +land than a mere homestead. Stock cattle were in such disrepute that they had +no cash value. Many a section of deeded land changed owners for a milk cow, +while surveyors would no longer locate new lands for the customary third, but +insisted on a half interest. Ranchmen were so indifferent that many never went +off their home range in branding the calf crop, not considering a ten or twenty +per cent loss of any importance. Yet through it all—from my Virginia +rearing—there lurked a wavering belief that some day, in some manner, these +lands and cattle would have a value. But my faith was neither the bold nor the +assertive kind, and I drifted along, clinging to any passing straw of opinion. +</p> + +<p> +The Indians were still giving trouble along the Texas frontier. A line of +government posts, extending from Red River on the north to the Rio Grande on +the south, made a pretense of holding the Comanches and their allies in check, +while this arm of the service was ably seconded by the Texas Rangers. Yet in +spite of all precaution, the redskins raided the settlements at their pleasure, +stealing horses and adding rapine and murder to their category of crimes. Hence +for a number of years after my marriage we lived at the Edwards ranch as a +matter of precaution against Indian raids. I was absent from home so much that +this arrangement suited me, and as the new ranch was distant but a day’s ride, +any inconvenience was more than recompensed in security. It was my intention to +follow the trail and trading, at the same time running a ranch where anything +unfit for market might be sent to mature or increase. As long as I could add to +my working capital, I was content, while the remnants of my speculations found +a refuge on the Clear Fork. +</p> + +<p> +During the winter of 1871-72 very little of importance transpired. Several +social letters passed between Major Mabry and myself, in one of which he +casually mentioned the fact that land scrip had declined until it was offered +on the streets of the capital as low as twenty dollars a section. He knew I had +been dabbling in land certificates, and in a friendly spirit wanted to post me +on their decline, and had incidentally mentioned the fact for my information. +Some inkling of horse sense told me that I ought to secure more land, and after +thinking the matter over, I wrote to a merchant in Austin, and had him buy me +one hundred sections. He was very anxious to purchase a second hundred at the +same figure, but it would make too serious an inroad into my trading capital, +and I declined his friendly assistance. My wife was the only person whom I took +into confidence in buying the scrip, and I even had her secrete it in the +bottom of a trunk, with strict admonitions never to mention it unless it became +of value. It was not taxable, the public domain was bountiful, and I was young +enough man those days to bide my time. +</p> + +<p> +The winter proved a severe one in Kansas. Nearly every drover who wintered his +cattle in the north met with almost complete loss. The previous summer had been +too wet for cattle to do well, and they had gone into winter thin in flesh. +Instead of curing like hay, the buffalo grass had rotted from excessive rains, +losing its nutritive qualities, and this resulted in serious loss among all +range cattle. The result was financial ruin to many drovers, and even augured a +lighter drive north the coming spring. Early in the winter I bought two brands +of cattle in Erath County, paying half cash and getting six months’ time on the +remainder. Both brands occupied the same range, and when we gathered them in +the early spring, they counted out a few over six thousand animals. These two +contingents were extra good cattle, costing me five dollars a head, counting +yearlings up, and from them I selected two thousand steer cattle for the trail. +The mixed stuff was again sent to my Clear Fork ranch, and the steers went into +a neighborhood herd intended for the Kansas market. But when the latter was all +ready to start, such discouraging reports came down from the north that my +friends weakened, and I bought their cattle outright. +</p> + +<p> +My reputation as a good trader was my capital. I had the necessary horses, and, +straining my credit, the herd started thirty-one hundred strong. The usual +incidents of flood and storm, of begging Indians and caravans like ourselves, +formed the chronicle of the trip. Before arriving at the Kansas line we were +met by solicitors of rival towns, each urging the advantages of their +respective markets for our cattle. The summer before a small business had +sprung up at Newton, Kansas, it being then the terminal of the Santa Fé +Railway. And although Newton lasted as a trail town but a single summer, its +reputation for bloodshed and riotous disorder stands notoriously alone among +its rivals. In the mean time the Santa Fé had been extended to Wichita on the +Arkansas River, and its representatives were now bidding for our patronage. +Abilene was abandoned, yet a rival to Wichita had sprung up at Ellsworth, some +sixty-five miles west of the former market, on the Kansas Pacific Railway. The +railroads were competing for the cattle traffic, each one advertising its +superior advantages to drovers, shippers, and feeders. I was impartial, but as +Wichita was fully one hundred miles the nearest, my cattle were turned for that +point. +</p> + +<p> +Wichita was a frontier village of about two thousand inhabitants. We found a +convenient camp northwest of town, and went into permanent quarters to await +the opening of the market. Within a few weeks a light drive was assured, and +prices opened firm. Fully a quarter-million less cattle would reach the markets +within the State that year, and buyers became active in securing their needed +supply. Early in July I sold the last of my herd and started my outfit home, +remaining behind to await the arrival of my brother. The trip was successful; +the purchased cattle had afforded me a nice profit, while the steers from the +two brands had more than paid for the mixed stuff left at home on the ranch. +Meanwhile I renewed old acquaintances among drovers and dealers, Major Mabry +among the former. In a confidential mood I confessed to him that I had bought, +on the recent decline, one hundred certificates of land scrip, when he +surprised me by saying that there had been a later decline to sixteen dollars a +section. I was unnerved for an instant, but Major Mabry agreed with me that to +a man who wanted the land the price was certainly cheap enough,—two and a half +cents an acre. I pondered over the matter, and as my nerve returned I sent my +merchant friend at Austin a draft and authorized him to buy me two hundred +sections more of land scrip. I was actually nettled to think that my judgment +was so short-sighted as to buy anything that would depreciate in value. +</p> + +<p> +My brother arrived and reported splendid success in feeding Colorado cattle. He +was anxious to have me join forces with him and corn-feed an increased number +of beeves the coming winter on his Missouri farm. My judgment hardly approved +of the venture, but when he urged a promised visit of our parents to his home, +I consented and agreed to furnish the cattle. He also encouraged me to bring as +many as my capital would admit of, assuring me that I would find a ready sale +for any surplus among his neighbors. My brother returned to Missouri, and I +took the train for Ellsworth, where I bought a carload of picked cow-horses, +shipping them to Kit Carson, Colorado. From there I drifted into the Fountain +valley at the base of the mountains, where I made a trade for seven hundred +native steers, three and four years old. They were fine cattle, nearly all reds +and roans. While I was gathering them a number of amusing incidents occurred. +The round-ups carried us down on to the main Arkansas River, and in passing +Pueblo we discovered a number of range cattle impounded in the town. I cannot +give it as a fact, but the supposition among the cowmen was that the object of +the officials was to raise some revenue by distressing the cattle. The result +was that an outfit of men rode into the village during the night, tore down the +pound, and turned the cattle back on the prairie. The prime movers in the raid +were suspected, and the next evening when a number of us rode into town an +attempt was made to arrest us, resulting in a fight, in which an officer was +killed and two cowboys wounded. The citizens rallied to the support of the +officers, and about thirty range men, including myself, were arrested and +thrown into jail. We sent for a lawyer, and the following morning the majority +of us were acquitted. Some three or four of the boys were held for trial, bonds +being furnished by the best men in the town, and that night a party of cowboys +reëntered the village, carried away the two wounded men and spirited them out +of the country. +</p> + +<p> +Pueblo at that time was a unique town. Live-stock interests were its main +support, and I distinctly remember Gann’s outfitting store. At night one could +find anywhere from ten to thirty cowboys sleeping on the counters, the +proprietor turning the keys over to them at closing time, not knowing one in +ten, and sleeping at his own residence. The same custom prevailed at Gallup the +saddler’s, never an article being missed from either establishment, and both +men amassing fortunes out of the cattle trade in subsequent years. The range +man’s patronage had its peculiarities; the firm of Wright, Beverly & Co. of +Dodge City, Kansas, accumulated seven thousand odd vests during the trail days. +When a cow-puncher bought a new suit he had no use for an unnecessary garment +like a vest and left it behind. It was restored to the stock, where it can yet +be found. +</p> + +<p> +Early in August the herd was completed. I accepted seven hundred and twenty +steers, investing every cent of spare money, reserving only sufficient to pay +my expenses en route. It was my intention to drive the cattle through to +Missouri, the distance being a trifle less than six hundred miles or a matter +of six weeks’ travel. Four men were secured, a horse was packed with provisions +and blankets, and we started down the Arkansas River. For the first few days I +did very little but build air castles. I pictured myself driving herds from +Texas in the spring, reinvesting the proceeds in better grades of cattle and +feeding them corn in the older States, selling in time to again buy and come up +the trail. I even planned to send for my wife and baby, and looked forward to a +happy reunion with my parents during the coming winter, with not a cloud in my +roseate sky. But there were breakers ahead. +</p> + +<p> +An old military trail ran southeast from Fort Larned to other posts in the +Indian Territory. Over this government road had come a number of herds of Texas +cattle, all of them under contract, which, in reaching their destination, had +avoided the markets of Wichita and Ellsworth. I crossed their trail with my +Colorado natives,—the through cattle having passed a month or more +before,—never dreaming of any danger. Ten days afterward I noticed a number of +my steers were ailing; their ears drooped, they refused to eat, and fell to the +rear as we grazed forward. The next morning there were forty head unable to +leave the bed-ground, and by noon a number of them had died. I had heard of +Texas fever, but always treated it as more or less a myth, and now it held my +little herd of natives in its toils. By this time we had reached some +settlement on the Cottonwood, and the pioneer settlers in Kansas arose in arms +and quarantined me. No one knew what the trouble was, yet the cattle began +dying like sheep; I was perfectly helpless, not knowing which way to turn or +what to do. Quarantine was unnecessary, as within a few days half the cattle +were sick, and it was all we could do to move away from the stench of the dead +ones. +</p> + +<p> +A veterinary was sent for, who pronounced it Texas fever. I had previously cut +open a number of dead animals, and found the contents of their stomachs and +manifolds so dry that they would flash and burn like powder. The fever had +dried up their very internals. In the hope of administering a purgative, I +bought whole fields of green corn, and turned the sick and dying cattle into +them. I bought oils by the barrel, my men and myself worked night and day, +inwardly drenching affected animals, yet we were unable to stay the ravages of +death. Once the cause of the trouble was located,—crossing ground over which +Texas cattle had passed,—the neighbors became friendly, and sympathized with +me. I gave them permission to take the fallen hides, and in return received +many kindnesses where a few days before I had been confronted by shotguns. This +was my first experience with Texas fever, and the lessons that I learned then +and afterward make me skeptical of all theories regarding the transmission of +the germ. +</p> + +<p> +The story of the loss of my Colorado herd is a ghastly one. This fever is +sometimes called splenic, and in the present case, where animals lingered a +week or ten days, while yet alive, their skins frequently cracked along the +spine until one could have laid two fingers in the opening. The whole herd was +stricken, less than half a dozen animals escaping attack, scores dying within +three days, the majority lingering a week or more. In spite of our every effort +to save them, as many as one hundred died in a single day. I stayed with them +for six weeks, or until the fever had run through the herd, spent my last +available dollar in an effort to save the dumb beasts, and, having my hopes +frustrated, sold the remnant of twenty-six head for five dollars apiece. I +question if they were worth the money, as three fourths of them were +fever-burnt and would barely survive a winter, the only animals of value being +some half dozen which had escaped the general plague. I gave each of my men two +horses apiece, and divided my money with them, and they started back to +Colorado, while I turned homeward a wiser but poorer man. Whereas I had left +Wichita three months before with over sixteen thousand dollars clear cash, I +returned with eighteen saddle horses and not as many dollars in money. +</p> + +<p> +My air-castles had fallen. Troubles never come singly, and for the last two +weeks, while working with the dying cattle, I had suffered with chills and +fever. The summer had been an unusually wet one, vegetation had grown up rankly +in the valley of the Arkansas, and after the first few frosts the very +atmosphere reeked with malaria. I had been sleeping on the ground along the +river for over a month, drinking impure water from the creeks, and I fell an +easy victim to the prevailing miasma. Nearly all the Texas drovers had gone +home, but, luckily for me, Jim Daugherty had an outfit yet at Wichita and +invited me to his wagon. It might be a week or ten days before he would start +homeward, as he was holding a herd of cows, sold to an Indian contractor, who +was to receive the same within two weeks. In the interim of waiting, still +suffering from fever and ague, I visited around among the few other cow-camps +scattered up and down the river. At one of these I met a stranger, a quiet +little man, who also had been under the weather from malaria, but was then +recovering. He took an interest in my case and gave me some medicine to break +the chills, and we visited back and forth. I soon learned that he had come down +with some of his neighbors from Council Grove; that they expected to buy +cattle, and that he was banker for the party. He was much interested in +everything pertaining to Texas; and when I had given him an idea of the +cheapness of lands and live stock in my adopted State, he expressed himself as +anxious to engage in trailing cattle north. A great many Texas cattle had been +matured in his home county, and he thoroughly understood the advantages of +developing southern steers in a northern climate. Many of his neighbors had +made small fortunes in buying young stock at Abilene, holding them a year or +two, and shipping them to market as fat cattle. +</p> + +<p> +The party bought six hundred two-year-old steers, and my new-found friend, the +banker, invited me to assist in the receiving. My knowledge of range cattle was +a decided advantage to the buyers, who no doubt were good farmers, yet were +sadly handicapped when given pick and choice from a Texas herd and confined to +ages. I cut, counted, and received the steers, my work giving such satisfaction +that the party offered to pay me for my services. It was but a neighborly act, +unworthy of recompense, yet I won the lasting regard of the banker in +protecting the interests of his customers. The upshot of the acquaintance was +that we met in town that evening and had a few drinks together. Neither one +ever made any inquiry of the other’s past or antecedents, both seeming to be +satisfied with a soldier’s acquaintance. At the final parting, I gave him my +name and address and invited him to visit me, promising that we would buy a +herd of cattle together and drive them up the trail the following spring. He +accepted the invitation with a hearty grasp of the hand, and the simple promise +“I’ll come.” Those words were the beginning of a partnership which lasted +eighteen years, and a friendship that death alone will terminate. +</p> + +<p> +The Indian contractor returned on time, and the next day I started home with +Daugherty’s outfit. And on the way, as if I were pursued by some unrelenting +Nemesis, two of my horses, with others, were stolen by the Indians one night +when we were encamped near Red River. We trailed them westward nearly fifty +miles, but, on being satisfied they were traveling night and day, turned back +and continued our journey. I reached home with sixteen horses, which for years +afterwards, among my hands and neighbors, were pointed out as Anthony’s +thousand-dollar cow-ponies. There is no denying the fact that I keenly felt the +loss of my money, as it crippled me in my business, while my ranch expenses, +amounting to over one thousand dollars, were unpaid. I was rich in unsalable +cattle, owned a thirty-two-thousand-acre ranch, saddle horses galore, and was +in debt. My wife’s trunk was half full of land scrip, and to have admitted the +fact would only have invited ridicule. But my tuition was paid, and all I asked +was a chance, for I knew the ropes in handling range cattle. Yet this was the +second time that I had lost my money and I began to doubt myself. “You stick to +cows,” said Charlie Goodnight to me that winter, “and they’ll bring you out on +top some day. I thought I saw something in you when you first went to work for +Loving and me. Reed, if you’ll just imbibe a little caution with your energy, +you’ll make a fortune out of cattle yet.” +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap10"></a>CHAPTER X<br/> +THE PANIC OF ’73</h2> + +<p> +I have never forgotten those encouraging words of my first employer. Friends +tided my finances over, and letters passed between my banker friend and myself, +resulting in an appointment to meet him at Fort Worth early in February. There +was no direct railroad at the time, the route being by St. Louis and Texarkana, +with a long trip by stage to the meeting point. No definite agreement existed +between us; he was simply paying me a visit, with the view of looking into the +cattle trade then existing between our respective States. There was no +obligation whatever, yet I had hopes of interesting him sufficiently to join +issues with me in driving a herd of cattle. I wish I could describe the actual +feelings of a man who has had money and lost it. Never in my life did such +opportunities present themselves for investment as were tendered to me that +winter. No less than half a dozen brands of cattle were offered to me at the +former terms of half cash and the balance to suit my own convenience. But I +lacked the means to even provision a wagon for a month’s work, and I was +compelled to turn my back on all bargains, many of which were duplicates of my +former successes. I was humbled to the very dust; I bowed my neck to the heel +of circumstances, and looked forward to the coming of my casual acquaintance. +</p> + +<p> +I have read a few essays on the relation of money to a community. None of our +family were ever given to theorizing, yet I know how it feels to be moneyless, +my experience with Texas fever affording me a post-graduate course. Born with a +restless energy, I have lived in the pit of despair for the want of money, and +again, with the use of it, have bent a legislature to my will and wish. All of +which is foreign to my tale, and I hasten on. During the first week in February +I drove in to Fort Worth to await the arrival of my friend, Calvin Hunter, +banker and stockman of Council Grove, Kansas. Several letters were awaiting me +in the town, notifying me of his progress, and in due time he arrived and was +welcomed. The next morning we started, driving a good span of mules to a +buckboard, expecting to cover the distance to the Brazos in two days. There +were several ranches at which we could touch, en route, but we loitered along, +making wide detours in order to drive through cattle, not a feature of the +country escaping the attention of my quiet little companion. The soil, the +native grasses, the natural waters, the general topography of the country, rich +in its primal beauty, furnished a panorama to the eye both pleasing and +exhilarating. But the main interest centred in the cattle, thousands of which +were always in sight, lingering along the watercourses or grazing at random. +</p> + +<p> +We reached the Edwards ranch early the second evening. In the two days’ travel, +possibly twenty thousand cattle came under our immediate observation. All the +country was an open range, brands intermingling, all ages and conditions, +running from a sullen bull to seven-year-old beeves, or from a yearling heifer +to the grandmother of younger generations. My anxiety to show the country and +its cattle met a hearty second in Mr. Hunter, and abandoning the buckboard, we +took horses and rode up the Brazos River as far as old Fort Belknap. All cattle +were wintering strong. Turning south, we struck the Clear Fork above my range +and spent a night at the ranch, where my men had built a second cabin, +connecting the two by a hallway. After riding through my stock for two days, we +turned back for the Brazos. My ranch hands had branded thirty-one hundred +calves the fall before, and while riding over the range I was delighted to see +so many young steers in my different brands. But our jaunt had only whetted the +appetite of my guest to see more of the country, and without any waste of time +we started south with the buckboard, going as far as Comanche County. Every +day’s travel brought us in contact with cattle for sale; the prices were an +incentive, but we turned east and came back up the valley of the Brazos. I +offered to continue our sightseeing, but my guest pleaded for a few days’ time +until he could hear from his banking associates. I needed a partner and needed +one badly, and was determined to interest Mr. Hunter if it took a whole month. +And thereby hangs a tale. +</p> + +<p> +The native Texan is not distinguished for energy or ambition. His success in +cattle is largely due to the fact that nearly all the work can be done on +horseback. Yet in that particular field he stands at the head of his class; for +whether in Montana or his own sunny Texas, when it comes to handling cattle, +from reading brands to cutting a trainload of beeves, he is without a peer. +During the palmy days of the Cherokee Strip, a Texan invited Captain Stone, a +Kansas City man, to visit his ranch in Tom Green County and put up a herd of +steers to be driven to Stone’s beef ranch in the Cherokee Outlet. The +invitation was accepted, and on the arrival of the Kansas City man at the +Texan’s ranch, host and guest indulged in a friendly visit of several days’ +duration. It was the northern cowman’s first visit to the Lone Star State, and +he naturally felt impatient to see the cattle which he expected to buy. But the +host made no movement to show the stock until patience ceased to be a virtue, +when Captain Stone moved an adjournment of the social session and politely +asked to be shown a sample of the country’s cattle. The two cowmen were fast +friends, and no offense was intended or taken; but the host assured his guest +there was no hurry, offering to get up horses and show the stock the following +day. Captain Stone yielded, and the next morning they started, but within a few +miles met a neighbor, when all three dismounted in the shade of a tree. +Commonplace chat of the country occupied the attention of the two Texans until +hunger or some other warning caused one of them to look at his watch, when it +was discovered to be three o’clock in the afternoon. It was then too late in +the day to make an extensive ride, and the ranchman invited his neighbor and +guest to return to the ranch for the night. Another day was wasted in +entertaining the neighbor, the northern cowman, in the meantime, impatient and +walking on nettles until a second start was made to see the cattle. It was a +foggy morning, and they started on a different route from that previously +taken, the visiting ranchman going along. Unnoticed, a pack of hounds followed +the trio of horsemen, and before the fog lifted a cougar trail was struck and +the dogs opened in a brilliant chorus. The two Texans put spurs to their horses +in following the pack, the cattle buyer of necessity joining in, the chase +leading into some hills, from which they returned after darkness, having never +seen a cow during the day. One trivial incident after another interfered with +seeing the cattle for ten days, when the guest took his host aside and kindly +told him that he must be shown the cattle or he would go home. +</p> + +<p> +“You’re not in a hurry, are you, captain?” innocently asked the Texan. “All +right, then; no trouble to show the cattle. Yes, they run right around home +here within twenty-five miles of the ranch. Show you a sample of the stock +within an hour’s ride. You can just bet that old Tom Green County has got the +steers! Sugar, if I’d a-known that you was in a hurry, I could have shown you +the cattle the next morning after you come. Captain, you ought to know me well +enough by this time to speak your little piece without any prelude. You Yankees +are so restless and impatient that I seriously doubt if you get all the comfort +and enjoyment out of life that’s coming to you. Make haste, some of you boys, +and bring in a remuda; Captain Stone and I are going to ride over on the Middle +Fork this morning. Make haste, now; we’re in a hurry.” +</p> + +<p> +In due time I suppose I drifted into the languorous ways of the Texan; but on +the occasion of Mr. Hunter’s first visit I was in the need of a moneyed +partner, and accordingly danced attendance. Once communication was opened with +his Northern associates, we made several short rides into adjoining counties, +never being gone over two or three days. When we had looked at cattle to his +satisfaction, he surprised me by offering to put fifty thousand dollars into +young steers for the Kansas trade. I never fainted in my life, but his +proposition stunned me for an instant, or until I could get my bearings. The +upshot of the proposal was that we entered into an agreement whereby I was to +purchase and handle the cattle, and he was to make himself useful in selling +and placing the stock in his State. A silent partner was furnishing an equal +portion of the means, and I was to have a third of the net profits. Within a +week after this agreement was perfected, things were moving. I had the horses +and wagons, men were plentiful, and two outfits were engaged. Early in March a +contract was let in Parker County for thirty-one hundred two-year-old steers, +and another in Young for fourteen hundred threes, the latter to be delivered at +my ranch. George Edwards was to have the younger cattle, and he and Mr. Hunter +received the same, after which the latter hurried west, fully ninety miles, to +settle for those bought for delivery on the Clear Fork. In the mean time my +ranch outfit had gathered all our steer cattle two years old and over, having +nearly twenty-five hundred head under herd on my arrival to receive the +three-year-olds. This amount would make an unwieldy herd, and I culled back all +short-aged twos and thin steers until my individual contingent numbered even +two thousand. The contracted steers came in on time, fully up to the +specifications, and my herd was ready to start on the appointed day. +</p> + +<p> +Every dollar of the fifty thousand was invested in cattle, save enough to +provision the wagons en route. My ranch outfit, with the exception of two men +and ten horses, was pressed into trail work as a matter of economy, for I was +determined to make some money for my partners. Both herds were to meet and +cross at Red River Station. The season was favorable, and everything augured +for a prosperous summer. At the very last moment a cloud arose between Mr. +Hunter and me, but happily passed without a storm. The night before the second +herd started, he and I sat up until a late hour, arranging our affairs, as it +was not his intention to accompany the herds overland. After all business +matters were settled, lounging around a camp-fire, we grew reminiscent, when +the fact developed that my quiet little partner had served in the Union army, +and with the rank of major. I always enjoy a joke, even on myself, but I +flashed hot and cold on this confession. What! Reed Anthony forming a +partnership with a Yankee major? It seemed as though I had. Fortunately I +controlled myself, and under the excuse of starting the herd at daybreak, I +excused myself and sought my blankets. But not to sleep. On the one hand, in +the stillness of the night and across the years, came the accusing voices of +old comrades. My very wounds seemed to reopen and curse me. Did my sufferings +after Pittsburg Landing mean nothing? A vision of my dear old mother in +Virginia, welcoming me, the only one of her three sons who returned from the +war, arraigned me sorely. And yet, on the other hand, this man was my guest. On +my invitation he had eaten my salt. For mutual benefit we had entered into a +partnership, and I expected to profit from the investment of his money. More +important, he had not deceived me nor concealed anything; neither did he know +that I had served in the Confederate army. The man was honest. I was anxious to +do right. Soldiers are generous to a foe. While he lay asleep in my camp, I +reviewed the situation carefully, and judged him blameless. The next morning, +and ever afterward, I addressed him by his military title. Nearly a year passed +before Major Hunter knew that he and his Texas partner had served in the civil +war under different flags. +</p> + +<p> +My partner returned to the Edwards ranch and was sent in to Fort Worth, where +he took stage and train for home. The straight two-year-old herd needed +road-branding, as they were accepted in a score or more brands, which delayed +them in starting. Major Hunter expected to sell to farmers, to whom brands were +offensive, and was therefore opposed to more branding than was absolutely +necessary. In order to overcome this objection, I tally-marked all outside +cattle which went into my herd by sawing from each steer about two inches from +the right horn. As fast as the cattle were received this work was easily done +in a chute, while in case of any loss by stampede the mark would last for +years. The grass was well forward when both herds started, but on arriving at +Red River no less than half a dozen herds were waterbound, one of which was +George Edwards’s. A delay of three days occurred, during which two other herds +arrived, when the river fell, permitting us to cross. I took the lead +thereafter, the second herd half a day to the rear, with the almost weekly +incident of being waterbound by intervening rivers. But as we moved northward +the floods seemed lighter, and on our arrival at Wichita the weather settled +into well-ordered summer. +</p> + +<p> +I secured my camp of the year before. Major Hunter came down by train, and +within a week after our arrival my outfit was settled with and sent home. It +was customary to allow a man half wages returning, my partner approving and +paying the men, also taking charge of all the expense accounts. Everything was +kept as straight as a bank, and with one outfit holding both herds separate, +expenses were reduced to a minimum. Major Hunter was back and forth, between +his home town and Wichita, and on nearly every occasion brought along buyers, +effecting sales at extra good prices. Cattle paper was considered gilt-edge +security among financial men, and we sold to worthy parties a great many cattle +on credit, the home bank with which my partners were associated taking the +notes at their face. Matters rocked along, we sold when we had an opportunity, +and early in August the remnant of each herd was thrown together and half the +remaining outfit sent home. A drive of fully half a million cattle had reached +Kansas that year, the greater portion of which had centred at Wichita. We were +persistent in selling, and, having strong local connections, had sold out all +our cattle long before the financial panic of ’73 even started. There was a +profitable business, however, in buying herds and selling again in small +quantities to farmers and stockmen. My partners were anxious to have me remain +to the end of the season, doing the buying, maintaining the camp, and holding +any stock on hand. In rummaging through the old musty account-books, I find +that we handled nearly seven thousand head besides our own drive, fifteen +hundred being the most we ever had on hand at any one time. +</p> + +<p> +My active partner proved a shrewd man in business, and in spite of the past our +friendship broadened and strengthened. Weeks before the financial crash reached +us he knew of its coming, and our house was set in order. When the panic struck +the West we did not own a hoof of cattle, while the horses on hand were mine +and not for sale; and the firm of Hunter, Anthony & Co. rode the gale like +a seaworthy ship. The panic reached Wichita with over half the drive of that +year unsold. The local banks began calling in money advanced to drovers, buyers +deserted the market, and prices went down with a crash. Shipments of the best +through cattle failed to realize more than sufficient to pay commission charges +and freight. Ruin stared in the face every Texan drover whose cattle were +unsold. Only a few herds were under contract for fall delivery to Indian and +army contractors. We had run from the approaching storm in the nick of time, +even settling with and sending my outfit home before the financial cyclone +reached the prairies of Kansas. My last trade before the panic struck was an +individual account, my innate weakness for an abundance of saddle horses +asserting itself in buying ninety head and sending them home with my men. +</p> + +<p> +I now began to see the advantages of shrewd and far-seeing business associates. +When the crash came, scarce a dozen drovers had sold out, while of those +holding cattle at Wichita nearly every one had locally borrowed money or owed +at home for their herds. When the banks, panic-stricken themselves, began +calling in short-time loans, their frenzy paralyzed the market, many cattle +being sacrificed at forced sale and with scarce a buyer. In the depreciation of +values from the prices which prevailed in the early summer, the losses to the +Texas drovers, caused by the panic, would amount to several million dollars. I +came out of the general wreck and ruin untouched, though personally claiming no +credit, as that must be given my partners. The year before, when every other +drover went home prosperous and happy, I returned “broke,” while now the +situation was reversed. +</p> + +<p> +I spent a week at Council Grove, visiting with my business associates. After a +settlement of the year’s business, I was anxious to return home, having agreed +to drive cattle the next year on the same terms and conditions. My partners +gave me a cash settlement, and outside of my individual cattle, I cleared over +ten thousand dollars on my summer’s work. Major Hunter, however, had an idea of +reëntering the market,—with the first symptom of improvement in the financial +horizon in the East,—and I was detained. The proposition of buying a herd of +cattle and wintering them on the range had been fully discussed between us, and +prices were certainly an incentive to make the venture. In an ordinary open +winter, stock subsisted on the range all over western Kansas, especially when a +dry fall had matured and cured the buffalo-grass like hay. The range was all +one could wish, and Major Hunter and I accordingly dropped down to Wichita to +look the situation over. We arrived in the midst of the panic and found matters +in a deplorable condition. Drovers besought and even begged us to make an offer +on their herds, while the prevailing prices of a month before had declined over +half. Major Hunter and I agreed that at present figures, even if half the +cattle were lost by a severe winter, there would still be money in the venture. +Through financial connections East my partners knew of the first signs of +improvement in the money-centres of the country. As I recall the circumstances, +the panic began in the East about the middle of September, and it was the +latter part of October before confidence was restored, or there was any +noticeable change for the better in the monetary situation. But when this came, +it found us busy buying saddle horses and cattle. The great bulk of the unsold +stock consisted of cows, heifers, and young steers unfit for beef. My partners +contended that a three-year-old steer ought to winter anywhere a buffalo could, +provided he had the flesh and strength to withstand the rigors of the climate. +I had no opinions, except what other cowmen had told me, but was willing to +take the chances where there was a reasonable hope of success. +</p> + +<p> +The first move was to buy an outfit of good horses. This was done by selecting +from half a dozen remudas, a trail wagon was picked up, and a complement of men +secured. Once it was known that we were in the market for cattle, competition +was brisk, the sellers bidding against each other and fixing the prices at +which we accepted the stock. None but three-year-old steers were taken, and in +a single day we closed trades on five thousand head. I received the cattle, +confining my selections to five road and ten single-ranch brands, as it was not +our intention to rebrand so late in the season. There was nothing to do but +cut, count, and accept, and on the evening of the third day the herd was all +ready to start for its winter range. The wagon had been well provisioned, and +we started southwest, expecting to go into winter quarters on the first good +range encountered. I had taken a third interest in the herd, paying one sixth +of its purchase price, the balance being carried for me by my partners. Major +Hunter accompanied us, the herd being altogether too large and unwieldy to +handle well, but we grazed it forward with a front a mile wide. Delightful fall +weather favored the cattle, and on the tenth day we reached the Medicine River, +where, by the unwritten law of squatter’s rights, we preëmpted ten miles of its +virgin valley. The country was fairly carpeted with well-cured buffalo-grass; +on the north and west was a range of sand-dunes, while on the south the country +was broken by deep coulees, affording splendid shelter in case of blizzards or +wintry storms. +</p> + +<p> +A dugout was built on either end of the range. Major Hunter took the wagon and +team and went to the nearest settlement, returning with a load of corn, having +contracted for the delivery of five hundred bushels more. Meanwhile I was busy +locating the cattle, scattering them sparsely over the surrounding country, +cutting them into bunches of not more than ten to twenty head. Corrals and cosy +shelters were built for a few horses, comfortable quarters for the men, and we +settled down for the winter with everything snug and secure. By the first of +December the force was reduced to four men at each camp, all of whom were +experienced in holding cattle in the winter. Lines giving ample room to our +cattle were established, which were to be ridden both evening and morning in +any and all weather. Two Texans, both experts as trailers, were detailed to +trail down any cattle which left the boundaries of the range. The weather +continued fine, and with the camps well provisioned, the major and I returned +to the railroad and took train for Council Grove. I was impatient to go home, +and took the most direct route then available. Railroads were just beginning to +enter the West, and one had recently been completed across the eastern portion +of the Indian Territory, its destination being south of Red River. With nothing +but the clothes on my back and a saddle, I started home, and within twenty-four +hours arrived at Denison, Texas. Connecting stages carried me to Fort Worth, +where I bought a saddle horse, and the next evening I was playing with the +babies at the home ranch. It had been an active summer with me, but success had +amply rewarded my labors, while every cloud had disappeared and the future was +rich in promise. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap11"></a>CHAPTER XI<br/> +A PROSPEROUS YEAR</h2> + +<p> +An open winter favored the cattle on the Medicine River. My partners in Kansas +wrote me encouragingly, and plans were outlined for increasing our business for +the coming summer. There was no activity in live stock during the winter in +Texas, and there would be no trouble in putting up herds at prevailing prices +of the spring before. I spent an inactive winter, riding back and forth to my +ranch, hunting with hounds, and killing an occasional deer. While visiting at +Council Grove the fall before, Major Hunter explained to our silent partner the +cheapness of Texas lands. Neither one of my associates cared to scatter their +interests beyond the boundaries of their own State, yet both urged me to +acquire every acre of cheap land that my means would permit. They both recited +the history and growth in value of the lands surrounding The Grove, telling me +how cheaply they could have bought the same ten years before,—at the government +price of a dollar and a quarter an acre,—and that already there had been an +advance of four to five hundred per cent. They urged me to buy scrip and locate +land, assuring me that it was only a question of time until the people of Texas +would arise in their might and throw off the yoke of Reconstruction. +</p> + +<p> +At home general opinion was just the reverse. No one cared for more land than a +homestead or for immediate use. No locations had been made adjoining my ranch +on the Clear Fork, and it began to look as if I had more land than I needed. +Yet I had confidence enough in the advice of my partners to reopen negotiations +with my merchant friend at Austin for the purchase of more land scrip. The +panic of the fall before had scarcely affected the frontier of Texas, and was +felt in only a few towns of any prominence in the State. There had been no +money in circulation since the war, and a financial stringency elsewhere made +little difference among the local people. True, the Kansas cattle market had +sent a little money home, but a bad winter with drovers holding cattle in the +North, followed by a panic, had bankrupted nearly every cowman, many of them +with heavy liabilities in Texas. There were very few banks in the State, and +what little money there was among the people was generally hoarded to await the +dawn of a brighter day. +</p> + +<p> +My wife tells a story about her father, which shows similar conditions +prevailing during the civil war. The only outlet for cotton in Texas during the +rebellion was by way of Mexico. Matamoros, near the mouth of the Rio Grande, +waxed opulent in its trade of contrabrand cotton, the Texas product crossing +the river anywhere for hundreds of miles above and being freighted down on the +Mexican side to tide-water. The town did an immense business during the +blockade of coast seaports, twenty-dollar gold pieces being more plentiful then +than nickels are to-day, the cotton finding a ready market at war prices and +safe shipment under foreign flags. My wife’s father was engaged in the trade of +buying cotton at interior points, freighting it by ox trains over the Mexican +frontier, and thence down the river to Matamoros. Once the staple reached +neutral soil, it was palmed off as a local product, and the Federal government +dared not touch it, even though they knew it to be contrabrand of war. The +business was transacted in gold, and it was Mr. Edwards’s custom to bury the +coin on his return from each trading trip. My wife, then a mere girl and the +oldest of the children at home, was taken into her father’s confidence in +secreting the money. The country was full of bandits, either government would +have confiscated the gold had they known its whereabouts, and the only way to +insure its safety was to bury it. After several years trading in cotton, Mr. +Edwards accumulated considerable money, and on one occasion buried the treasure +at night between two trees in an adjoining wood. Unexpectedly one day he had +occasion to use some money in buying a cargo of cotton, the children were at a +distant neighbor’s, and he went into the woods alone to unearth the gold. But +hogs, running in the timber, had rooted up the ground in search of edible +roots, and Edwards was unable to locate the spot where his treasure lay buried. +Fearful that possibly the money had been uprooted and stolen, he sent for the +girl, who hastily returned. As my wife tells the story, great beads of +perspiration were dripping from her father’s brow as the two entered the woods. +And although the ground was rooted up, the girl pointed out the spot, midway +between two trees, and the treasure was recovered without a coin missing. Mr. +Edwards lost confidence in himself, and thereafter, until peace was restored, +my wife and a younger sister always buried the family treasure by night, +keeping the secret to themselves, and producing the money on demand. +</p> + +<p> +The merchant at Austin reported land scrip plentiful at fifteen to sixteen +dollars a section. I gave him an order for two hundred certificates, and he +filled the bill so promptly that I ordered another hundred, bringing my +unlocated holdings up to six hundred sections. My land scrip was a standing +joke between my wife and me, and I often promised her that when we built a +house and moved to the Clear Fork, if the scrip was still worthless she might +have the certificates to paper a room with. They were nicely lithographed, the +paper was of the very best quality, and they went into my wife’s trunk to await +their destiny. Had it been known outside that I held such an amount of scrip, I +would have been subjected to ridicule, and no doubt would have given it to some +surveyor to locate on shares. Still I had a vague idea that land at two and a +half cents an acre would never hurt me. Several times in the past I had needed +the money tied up in scrip, and then I would regret having bought it. After the +loss of my entire working capital by Texas fever, I was glad I had foresight +enough to buy a quantity that summer. And thus I swung like a pendulum between +personal necessities and public opinion; but when those long-headed Yankee +partners of mine urged me to buy land, I felt once more that I was on the right +track and recovered my grasp. I might have located fifty miles of the valley of +the Clear Fork that winter, but it would have entailed some little expense, the +land would then have been taxable, and I had the use of it without outlay or +trouble. +</p> + +<p> +An event of great importance to the people of Texas occurred during the winter +of 1873-74. The election the fall before ended in dispute, both great parties +claiming the victory. On the meeting of the legislature to canvass the vote, +all the negro militia of the State were concentrated in and around the capitol +building. The Reconstruction régime refused to vacate, and were fighting to +retain control; the best element of the people were asserting in no +unmistakable terms their rights and bloodshed seemed inevitable. The federal +government was appealed to, but refused to interfere. The legislature was with +the people, and when the latter refused to be intimidated by a display of +force, those in possession yielded the reins, and Governor Coke was inaugurated +January 15, 1874; and thus the prediction of my partners, uttered but a few +mouths before, became history. +</p> + +<p> +Major Hunter came down again about the last of February. Still unshaken in his +confidence in the future of Texas, he complimented me on securing more land +scrip. He had just returned from our camps on the Medicine River, and reported +the cattle coming through in splendid condition. Gray wolves had harassed the +herd during the early winter; but long-range rifles and poison were furnished, +and our men waged a relentless war on these pirates along the Medicine. Cattle +in Texas had wintered strong, which would permit of active operations beginning +earlier than usual, and after riding the range for a week we were ready for +business. It was well known in all the surrounding country that we would again +be in the market for trail cattle, and offerings were plentiful. These tenders +ran anywhere from stock cattle to heavy beeves; but the market which we were +building up with farmers at Council Grove required young two and three year old +steers. It again fell to my province to do the buying, and with the number of +brands for sale in the country I expected, with the consent of my partners, to +make a new departure. I was beginning to understand the advantages of growing +cattle. My holdings of mixed stock on the Clear Fork had virtually cost me +nothing, and while they may have been unsalable, yet there was a steady growth +and they were a promising source of income. From the results of my mavericking +and my trading operations I had been enabled to send two thousand young steers +up the trail the spring before, and the proceeds from their sale had lifted me +from the slough of despond and set me on a financial rock. Therefore my regard +for the eternal cow was enhancing. +</p> + +<p> +Home prices were again ten dollars for two-year-old steers and twelve for +threes. Instead of buying outright at these figures, my proposition was to buy +individually brands of stock cattle, and turn over all steers of acceptable +ages at prevailing prices to the firm of Hunter, Anthony & Co. in making up +trail herds. We had already agreed to drive ten thousand head that spring, and +my active partner readily saw the advantages that would accrue where one had +the range and outfit to take care of the remnants of mixed stock. My partners +were both straining their credit at home, and since it was immaterial to them, +I was given permission to go ahead. This method of buying might slightly delay +the starting of herds, and rather than do so I contracted for three thousand +straight threes in Erath County. This herd would start ten days in advance of +any other, which would give us cattle on the market at Wichita with the opening +of the season. My next purchase was two brands whose range was around the +juncture of the main Brazos and Clear Fork, adjoining my ranch. These cattle +were to be delivered at our corrals, as, having received the three-year-olds +from both brands the spring before, I had a good idea how the stock ought to +classify. A third brand was secured up the Clear Fork, adjacent to my range, +supposed to number about three thousand, from which nothing had been sold in +four years. This latter contingent cost me five dollars a head, but my boys +knew the brand well enough to know that they would run forty per cent steer +cattle. In all three cases I bought all right and title to the brand, giving +them until the last day of March to gather, and anything not tendered for count +on receiving, the tail went with the hide. +</p> + +<p> +From these three brands I expected to make up the second herd easily. With no +market for cattle, it was safe to count on a brand running one third steers or +better, from which I ought to get twenty-five per cent of age for trail +purposes. Long before any receiving began I bought four more brands outright in +adjoining counties, setting the day for receiving on the 5th of April, +everything to be delivered on my ranch on the Clear Fork. There were fully +twenty-five thousand cattle in these seven brands, and as I had bought them all +half cash and the balance on six months’ time, it behooved me to be on the +alert and protect my interests. A trusty man was accordingly sent from my ranch +to assist in the gathering of each of the four outside brands, to be present at +all round-ups, to see that no steer cattle were held back, and that the +dropping calves were cared for and saved. This precaution was not taken around +my ranch, for any animal which failed to be counted my own men would look out +for by virtue of ownership of the brand. My saddle horses were all in fine +condition, and were cut into remudas of ninety head each, two new wagons were +fitted up, and all was ready to move. +</p> + +<p> +The Erath County herd was to be delivered to us on the 20th of March. George +Edwards was to have charge, and he and Major Hunter started in ample time to +receive the cattle, the latter proving an apt scholar, while the former was a +thorough cowman. In the mean time I had made up a second outfit, putting a man +who had made a number of trips with me as foreman in charge, and we moved out +to the Clear Fork. The first herd started on the 22d, Major Hunter accompanying +it past the Edwards ranch and then joining us on my range. We had kept in close +touch with the work then in progress along the Brazos and Clear Fork, and it +was probable that we might be able to receive in advance of the appointed day. +Fortunately this happened in two cases, both brands overrunning all +expectations in general numbers and the quantity of steer cattle. These +contingents were met, counted, and received ten miles from the ranch, nothing +but the steers two years old and upward being brought in to the corrals. The +third brand, from west on the Clear Fork, came in on the dot, and this also +surprised me in its numbers of heavy steer cattle. From the three contingents I +received over thirteen thousand head, nearly four thousand of which were steers +of trail age. On the first day of April we started the second herd of +thirty-five hundred twos and threes, the latter being slightly in the majority, +but we classified them equally. Major Hunter was pleased with the quality of +the cattle, and I was more than satisfied with results, as I had nearly five +hundred heavy steers left which would easily qualify as beeves. Estimating the +latter at what they ought to net me at Wichita, the remnants of stock cattle +cost me about a dollar and a half a head, while I had received more cash than +the amount of the half payment. +</p> + +<p> +The beef steers were held under herd to await the arrival of the other +contingents. If they fell short in twos and threes, I had hopes of finding an +outlet for my beeves with the last herd. The young stuff and stock cattle were +allowed to drift back on their own ranges, and we rested on our oars. We had +warning of the approach of outside brands, several arriving in advance of +appointment, and they were received at once. As before, every brand overran +expectations, with no shortage in steers. My men had been wide awake, any +number of mature beeves coming in with the mixed stock. As fast as they arrived +we cut all steers of desirable age into our herd of beeves, sending the remnant +up the river about ten miles to be put under loose herd for the first month. +Fifteen-thousand cattle were tendered in the four brands, from which we cut out +forty-six hundred steers of trail age. The numbers were actually embarrassing, +not in stock cattle, but in steers, as our trail herd numbered now over five +thousand. The outside outfits were all detained a few days for a settlement, +lending their assistance, as we tally-marked all the stock cattle before +sending them up the river to be put under herd. This work was done in a chute +with branding irons, running a short bar over the holding-brand, the object +being to distinguish animals received then from what might be gathered +afterward. There were nearly one hundred men present, and with the amount of +help available the third herd was ready to start on the morning of the 6th. It +numbered thirty-five hundred, again nearly equal in twos and threes, my ranch +foreman having charge. With the third herd started, the question arose what to +do with the remnant of a few over sixteen hundred beeves. To turn them loose +meant that with the first norther that blew they would go back to their own +range. Major Hunter suggested that I drive an individual herd. I tried to sell +him an interest in the cattle, but as their ages were unsuited to his market, +he pleaded bankruptcy, yet encouraged me to fill up the herd and drive them on +my own account. +</p> + +<p> +Something had to be done. I bought sixty horses from the different outfits then +waiting for a settlement, adding thirty of my own to the remuda, made up an +outfit from the men present, rigged a wagon, and called for a general round-up +of my range. Two days afterward we had fifteen hundred younger steers of my own +raising in the herd, and on the 10th of the month the fourth one moved out. A +day was lost in making a general settlement, after which Major Hunter and I +rode through the mixed cattle under herd, finding them contentedly occupying +nearly ten miles of the valley of the Clear Fork. Calves were dropping at the +rate of one hundred a day, two camps of five men each held them on an ample +range, riding lines well back from the valley. The next morning we turned +homeward, passing my ranch and corrals, which but a few days before were scenes +of activity, but now deserted even by the dogs. From the Edwards ranch we were +driven in to Fort Worth, and by the middle of the month reached Wichita. +</p> + +<p> +No herds were due to arrive for a month. My active partner continued on to his +home at The Grove, and I started for our camps on the Medicine River. The grass +was coming with a rush, the cattle were beginning to shed their winter coats, +and our men assured me that the known loss amounted to less than twenty head. +The boys had spent an active winter, only a few storms ever bunching the +cattle, with less than half a dozen contingents crossing the established lines. +Even these were followed by our trailers and brought back to their own range; +and together with wolfing the time had passed pleasantly. An incident occurred +at the upper camp that winter which clearly shows the difference between the +cow-hand of that day and the modern bronco-buster. In baiting for wolves, many +miles above our range, a supposed trail of cattle was cut by one of the boys, +who immediately reported the matter to our Texas trailer at camp. They were not +our cattle to a certainty, yet it was but a neighborly act to catch them, so +the two men took up the trail. From appearances there were not over fifteen +head in the bunch, and before following them many miles, the trailer became +suspicious that they were buffalo and not cattle. He trailed them until they +bedded down, when he dismounted and examined every bed. No cow ever lay down +without leaving hair on its bed, so when the Texan had examined the ground +where half a dozen had slept, his suspicions were confirmed. Declaring them +buffalo, the two men took up the trail in a gallop, overtaking the band within +ten miles and securing four fine robes. There is little or no difference in the +tracks of the two animals. I simply mention this, as my patience has been +sorely tried with the modern picturesque cowboy, who is merely an amateur when +compared with the men of earlier days. +</p> + +<p> +I spent three weeks riding the range on the Medicine. The cattle had been +carefully selected, now four and five years old, and if the season was +favorable they would be ready for shipment early in the fall. The lower camp +was abandoned in order to enlarge the range nearly one third, and after +providing for the wants of the men, I rode away to the southeast to intercept +the Chisholm trail where it crossed the Kansas line south of Wichita. The town +of Caldwell afterward sprang up on the border, but at this time among drovers +it was known as Stone’s Store, a trading-post conducted by Captain Stone, +afterward a cowman, and already mentioned in these memoirs. Several herds had +already passed on my arrival; I watched the trail, meeting every outfit for +nearly a week, and finally George Edwards came snailing along. He reported our +other cattle from seven to ten days behind, but was not aware that I had an +individual herd on the trail. Edwards moved on to Wichita, and I awaited the +arrival of our second outfit. A brisk rivalry existed between the solicitors +for Ellsworth and Wichita, every man working faithfully for his railroad or +town, and at night they generally met in social session over a poker game. I +never played a card for money now, not that my morals were any too good, but I +was married and had partners, and business generally absorbed me to such an +extent that I neglected the game. +</p> + +<p> +I met the second herd at Pond Creek, south in the Cherokee Outlet, and after +spending a night with them rode through to Wichita in a day and night. We went +into camp that year well up the Arkansas River, as two outfits would again hold +the four herds. Our second outfit arrived at the chosen grazing grounds on +time, the men were instantly relieved, and after a good carouse in town they +started home. The two other herds came in without delay, the beeves arriving on +the last of the month. Barely half as many cattle would arrive from Texas that +summer, as many former drovers from that section were bankrupt on account of +the panic of the year before. Yet the market was fairly well supplied with +offerings of wintered Texans, the two classes being so distinct that there was +very little competition between them. My active partner was on hand early, +reporting a healthy inquiry among former customers, all of whom were more than +pleased with the cattle supplied them the year before. By being in a position +to extend a credit to reliable men, we were enabled to effect sales where other +drovers dared not venture. +</p> + +<p> +Business opened early with us. I sold fifteen hundred of my heaviest beeves to +an army contractor from Wyoming. My active partner sold the straight +three-year-old herd from Erath County to an ex-governor from Nebraska, and we +delivered it on the Republican River in that State. Small bunches of from three +to five hundred were sold to farmers, and by the first of August we had our +holdings reduced to two herds in charge of one outfit. When the hipping season +began with our customers at The Grove, trade became active with us at Wichita. +Scarcely a week passed but Major Hunter sold a thousand or more to his +neighbors, while I skirmished around in the general market. When the outfit +returned from the Republican River, I took it in charge, went down on the +Medicine, and cut out a thousand beeves, bringing them to the railroad and +shipping them to St. Louis. I never saw fatter cattle in my life. When we got +the returns from the first consignment, we shipped two trainloads every +fortnight until our holding’s on the Medicine were reduced to a remnant. A +competent bookkeeper was employed early in the year, and in keeping our +accounts at Wichita, looking after our shipments, keeping individual interests, +by brands, separate from the firm’s, he was about the busiest man connected +with the summer’s business. Aside from our drive of over thirteen thousand +head, we bought three whole herds, retailing them in small quantities to our +customers, all of which was profitable. I bought four whole remudas on personal +account, culled out one hundred and fifty head and sold them at a sacrifice, +sending home the remaining two hundred saddle horses. I found it much cheaper +and more convenient to buy my supply of saddle stock at trail terminals than at +home. Once railroad connections were in operation direct between Kansas and +Texas, every outfit preferred to go home by rail, but I adhered to former +methods for many years. +</p> + +<p> +In summing up the year’s business, never were three partners more surprised. +With a remnant of nearly one hundred beeves unfit for shipment, the Medicine +River venture had cleared us over two hundred per cent, while the horses on +hand were worth ten dollars a head more than what they had cost, owing to their +having wintered in the North. The ten thousand trail cattle paid splendidly, +while my individual herd had sold out in a manner, leaving the stock cattle at +home clear velvet. A programme was outlined for enlarging our business for the +coming year, and every dollar of our profits was to be reinvested in wintering +and trailing cattle from Texas. Next to the last shipment, the through outfit +went home, taking the extra two hundred saddle horses with it, the final +consignment being brought in to Wichita for loading out by our ranch help. The +shipping ended in October. My last work of the year was the purchase of seven +thousand three-year-old steers, intended for our Medicine River range. We had +intentionally held George Edwards and his outfit for this purpose, and cutting +the numbers into two herds, the Medicine River lads led off for winter +quarters. We had bought the cattle worth the money, but not at a sacrifice like +the year before, neither would we expect such profits. It takes a good nerve, +but experience has taught me that in land and cattle the time of the worst +depression is the time to buy. Major Hunter accompanied the herds to their +winter quarters, sending Edwards with his outfit, after their arrival on the +Medicine, back to Texas, while I took the train and reached home during the +first week in November. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap12"></a>CHAPTER XII<br/> +CLEAR FORK AND SHENANDOAH</h2> + +<p> +I arrived home in good time for the fall work. The first outfit relieved at +Wichita had instructions to begin, immediately on reaching the ranch, a general +cow-hunt for outside brands. It was possible that a few head might have escaped +from the Clear Fork range and returned to their old haunts, but these would +bear a tally-mark distinguishing them from any not gathered at the spring +delivery. My regular ranch hands looked after the three purchased brands +adjoining our home range, but an independent outfit had been working the past +four months gathering strays and remnants in localities where I had previously +bought brands. They went as far south as Comanche County and picked up nearly +one hundred “Lazy L’s,” scoured the country where I had purchased the two +brands in the spring of 1872, and afterward confined themselves to ranges from +which the outside cattle were received that spring. They had made one delivery +on the Clear Fork of seven hundred head before my return, and were then away on +a second cow-hunt. +</p> + +<p> +On my reaching the ranch the first contingent of gathered cattle were under +herd. They were a rag-tag lot, many of them big steers, while much of the +younger stuff was clear of earmark or brand until after their arrival at the +home corrals. The ranch help herded them by day and penned them at night, but +on the arrival of the independent outfit with another contingent of fifteen +hundred the first were freed and the second put under herd. Counting both +bunches, the strays numbered nearly a thousand head, and cattle bearing no +tally-mark fully as many more, while the remainder were mavericks and would +have paid the expenses of the outfit for the past four months. I now had over +thirty thousand cattle on the Clear Fork, holding them in eleven brands, but +decided thereafter to run all the increase in the original “44.” This rule had +gone into effect the fall previous, and I now proposed to run it on all calves +branded. Never before had I felt the necessity of increasing my holdings in +land, but with the number of cattle on hand it behooved me to possess a larger +acreage of the Clear Fork valley. A surveyor was accordingly sent for, and +while the double outfit was branding the home calf crop, I located on the west +end of my range a strip of land ten miles long by five wide. At the east end of +my ranch another tract was located, five by ten miles, running north and taking +in all that country around the junction of the Clear Fork with the mother +Brazos. This gave me one hundred and fifty sections of land, lying in the form +of an immense Lazy L, and I felt that the expense was justified in securing an +ample range for my stock cattle. +</p> + +<p> +My calf crop that fall ran a few over seven thousand head. They were good +northern Texas calves, and it would cost but a trifle to run them until they +were two-year-olds; and if demand continued in the upper country, some day a +trail herd of steers could easily be made up from their numbers. I was +beginning to feel rather proud of my land and cattle; the former had cost me +but a small outlay, while the latter were clear velvet, as I had sold +thirty-five hundred from their increase during the past two years. Once the +surveying and branding was over, I returned to the Edwards ranch for the +winter. The general outlook in Texas was for the better; quite a mileage of +railroad had been built within the State during the past year, and new and +prosperous towns had sprung up along their lines. The political situation had +quieted down, and it was generally admitted that a Reconstruction government +could never again rear its head on Texas soil. The result was that confidence +was slowly being restored among the local people, and the press of the State +was making a fight for recognition, all of which augured for a brighter future. +Living on the frontier and absent the greater portion of the time, I took +little interest in local politics, yet could not help but feel that the +restoration of self-government to the best elements of our people would in time +reflect on the welfare of the State. Since my advent in Texas I had been +witness to the growth of Fort Worth from a straggling village in the spring of +1866 to quite a pretentious town in the fall of 1874. +</p> + +<p> +Ever since the partnership was formed I had been aware of and had fostered the +political ambitions of the firm’s silent member. He had been prominently +identified with the State of Kansas since it was a territory, had held +positions of trust, and had been a representative in Congress, and all three of +us secretly hoped to see him advanced to the United States Senate. We had fully +discussed the matter on various occasions, and as the fall elections had gone +favorably, the present was considered the opportune time to strike. The firm +mutually agreed to stand the expense of the canvass, which was estimated on a +reasonable basis, and the campaign opened with a blare of trumpets. Assuming +the rôle of a silent partner, I had reports furnished me regularly, and it soon +developed that our estimate on the probable expense was too low. We had boldly +entered the canvass, our man was worthy, and I wrote back instructing my +partners to spare no expense in winning the fight. There were a number of +candidates in the race and the legislature was in session, when an urgent +letter reached me, urging my presence at the capital of Kansas. The race was +narrowing to a close, a personal consultation was urged, and I hastened north +as fast as a relay of horses and railroad trains could carry me. On my arrival +at Topeka the fight had almost narrowed to a financial one, and we questioned +if the game were worth the candle. Yet we were already involved in a +considerable outlay, and the consultation resulted in our determination to win, +which we did, but at an expense of a little over four times the original +estimate, which, however, afterward proved a splendid investment. +</p> + +<p> +I now had hopes that we might enlarge our operations in handling government +contracts. Major Hunter saw possibilities along the same line, and our silent +partner was awakened to the importance of maintaining friendly relations with +the Interior and War departments, gathering all the details in contracting beef +with the government for its Indian agencies and army posts in the West. Up to +date this had been a lucrative field which only a few Texas drovers had +ventured into, most of the contractors being Northern and Eastern men, and +usually buying the cattle with which to fill the contracts near the point of +delivery. I was impatient to get into this trade, as the Indian deliveries +generally took cows, and the army heavy beef, two grades of cattle that at +present our firm had no certain demand for. Also the market was gradually +moving west from Wichita, and it was only a question of a few years until the +settlements of eastern Kansas would cut us off from our established trade +around The Grove. I had seen Abilene pass away as a market, Wichita was doomed +by the encroachments of agriculture, and it behooved us to be alert for a new +outlet. +</p> + +<p> +I made up my mind to buy more land scrip. Not that there had been any +perceptible improvement in wild lands, but the general outlook justified its +purchase. My agent at Austin reported scrip to be had in ordinary quantities at +former prices, and suggested that I supply myself fully, as the new +administration was an economical one, and once the great flood of certificates +issued by the last Reconstruction régime were absorbed, an advance in land +scrip was anticipated. I accordingly bought three hundred sections more, hardly +knowing what to do with it, yet I knew there was an empire of fine grazing +country between my present home and the Pecos River. If ever the Comanches were +brought under subjection there would be ranches and room for all; and our +babies were principally boys. +</p> + +<p> +Major Hunter came down earlier than usual. He reported a clear, cold winter on +the Medicine and no serious drift of cattle, and expressed the belief that we +would come through with a loss not exceeding one per cent. This was +encouraging, as it meant fat cattle next fall, fit for any market in the +country. It was yet too early to make any move towards putting up herds for the +trail, and we took train and went down the country as far as Austin. There was +always a difference in cattle prices, running from one to two dollars a head, +between the northern and southern parts of the State. Both of us were anxious +to acquaint ourselves with the different grades, and made stops in several +intervening counties, looking at cattle on the range and pricing them. We spent +a week at the capital city and met all the trail drovers living there, many of +whom expected to put up herds for that year southeast on the Colorado River. +“Shanghai” Pierce had for some time been a prominent figure in the markets of +Abilene and Wichita, driving herds of his own from the extreme coast country. +But our market required a better quality than coasters and Mexican cattle, and +we turned back up the country. Before leaving the capital, Major Hunter and I +had a long talk with my merchant friend over the land scrip market, and the +latter urged its purchase at once, if wanted, as the issue afloat was being +gradually absorbed. Already there had been a noticeable advance in the price, +and my partner gave me no peace until I bought, at eighteen dollars a section, +two hundred certificates more. Its purchase was making an inroad on my working +capital, but the major frowned on my every protest, and I yielded out of +deference to his superior judgment. +</p> + +<p> +Returning, we stopped in Bell County, where we contracted for fifteen thousand +two and three year old steers. They were good prairie-raised cattle, and we +secured them at a dollar a head less than the prices prevailing in the first +few counties south of Red River. Major Hunter remained behind, arranging his +banking facilities, and I returned home after my outfits. Before leaving Bell +County, I left word that we could use fifty good men for the trail, but they +would have to come recommended by the ranchmen with whom we were dealing. We +expected to make up five herds, and the cattle were to be ready for delivery to +us between the 15th and 30th of March. I hastened home and out to the ranch, +gathered our saddle stock, outfitted wagons, and engaged all my old foremen and +twenty trusty men, and we started with a remuda of five hundred horses to begin +the operations of the coming summer. Receiving cattle with me was an old story +by this time, and frequently matters came to a standstill between the sellers +and ourselves. We paid no attention to former customs of the country; all +cattle had to come up full-aged or go into the younger class, while inferior or +knotty stags were turned back as not wanted. Scarcely a day passed but there +was more or less dispute; but we proposed paying for them, and insisted that +all cattle tendered must come up to the specifications of the contract. We +stood firm, and after the first two herds were received, all trouble on that +score passed, and in making up the last three herds there was actually a +surplus of cattle tendered. We used a road brand that year on all steers +purchased, and the herds moved out from two to three days apart, the last two +being made up in Coryell, the adjoining county north. +</p> + +<p> +George Edwards had charge of the rear herd. There were fourteen days between +the first and the last starts, a fortnight of hard work, and we frequently +received from ten to thirty miles distant from the branding pens. I rode almost +night and day, and Edwards likewise, while Major Hunter kept all the accounts +and settled with the sellers. As fast as one herd was ready, it moved out under +a foreman and fourteen men, one hundred saddle horses, and a well-stocked +commissary. We did our banking at Belton, the county seat, and after the last +herd started we returned to town and received quite an ovation from the +business men of the village. We had invested a little over one hundred and +fifty thousand dollars in cattle in that community, and a banquet was even +suggested in our honor by some of the leading citizens. Most of the contracts +were made with merchants, many of whom did not own a hoof of cattle, but +depended on their customers to deliver the steers. The business interests of +the town were anxious to have us return next year. We declined the proposed +dinner, as neither Major Hunter nor myself would have made a presentable guest. +A month or more had passed since I had left the ranch on the Clear Fork, the +only clothes I had were on my back, and they were torn in a dozen places from +running cattle in the brush. My partner had been living in cow-camps for the +past three weeks, and preferred to be excused from receiving any social +attentions. So we thanked our friends and started for the railroad. +</p> + +<p> +Major Hunter went through to The Grove, while I stopped at Fort Worth. A +buckboard from home was awaiting me, and the next morning I was at the Edwards +ranch. A relay team was harnessed in, and after counting the babies I started +for the Clear Fork. By early evening I was in consultation with my ranch +foreman, as it was my intention to drive an individual herd if everything +justified the venture. I never saw the range on the Clear Fork look better, and +the books showed that we could easily gather two thousand twos and threes, +while the balance of the herd could be made up of dry and barren cows. All we +lacked was about thirty horses, and my ranch hands were anxious to go up the +trail; but after riding the range one day I decided that it would be a pity to +disturb the pastoral serenity of the valley. It was fairly dotted with my own +cattle; month-old calves were playing in groups, while my horse frequently +shied at new-born ones, lying like fawns in the tall grass. A round-up at that +time meant the separation of mothers from their offspring and injury to cows +approaching maternity, and I decided that no commercial necessity demanded the +sacrifice. Then again it seemed a short-sighted policy to send half-matured +steers to market, when no man could bring the same animals to a full +development as cheaply as I could. Barring contagious diseases, cattle are the +healthiest creatures that walk the earth, and even on an open range seldom if +ever does one voluntarily forsake its birthplace. +</p> + +<p> +I spent two weeks on the ranch and could have stayed the summer through, for I +love cattle. Our lead herd was due on the Kansas state line early in May, so +remaining at the Edwards ranch until the last possible hour, I took train and +reached Wichita, where my active partner was awaiting me. He had just returned +from the Medicine River, and reported everything serene. He had made +arrangements to have the men attend all the country round-ups within one +hundred miles of our range. Several herds had already reached Wichita, and the +next day I started south on horseback to meet our cattle at Caldwell on the +line, or at Pond Creek in the Cherokee Outlet. It was going to be difficult to +secure range for herds within fifteen miles of Wichita, and the opinion seemed +general that this would be the last year that town could hope to hold any +portion of the Texas cattle trade. On arriving at Pond Creek I found that fully +half the herds were turning up that stream, heading for Great Bend, Ellsworth, +Ellis, and Nickerson, all markets within the State of Kansas. The year before +nearly one third the drive had gone to the two first-named points, and now +other towns were offering inducements and bidding for a share of the present +cattle exodus. +</p> + +<p> +Our lead herd arrived without an incident en route. The second one came in +promptly, both passing on and picking their way through the border settlements +to Wichita. I waited until the third one put in an appearance, leaving orders +for it and the two rear ones to camp on some convenient creek in the Outlet +near Caldwell. Arrangements were made with Captain Stone for supplying the +outfits, and I hurried on to overtake the lead herds, then nearing Wichita. An +ample range was found but twenty miles up the Arkansas River, and the third day +all the Bell County men in the two outfits were sent home by train. The market +was much the same as the year before: one herd of three thousand two-year-olds +was our largest individual sale. Early in August the last herd was brought from +the state line and the through help reduced to two outfits, one holding cattle +at Wichita and the other bringing in shipments of beeves from the Medicine +River range. The latter were splendid cattle, fatted to a finish for grass +animals, and brought top prices in the different markets to which they were +consigned. Omitting details, I will say it was an active year, as we bought and +sold fully as many more as our drive amounted to, while I added to my stock of +saddle horses an even three hundred head. +</p> + +<p> +An amusing incident occurred with one of my men while holding cattle that fall +at Wichita. The boys were in and out of town frequently, and one of them +returned to camp one evening and informed me that he wanted to quit work, as he +intended to return to Wichita and kill a man. He was a good hand and I tried to +persuade him out of the idea, but he insisted that it was absolutely necessary +to preserve his honor. I threatened to refuse him a horse, but seeing that +menace and persuasion were useless, I ordered him to pick my holdings of saddle +stock, gave him his wages due, and told him to be sure and shoot first. He bade +us all good-by, and a chum of his went with him. About an hour before daybreak +they returned and awoke me, when the aggrieved boy said: “Mr. Anthony, I didn’t +kill him. No, I didn’t kill him. He’s a good man. You bet he’s a game one. Oh, +he’s a good man all right.” That morning when I awoke both lads were out on +herd, and I had an early appointment to meet parties in town. Major Hunter gave +me the story immediately on my arrival. The boys had located the offender in a +store, and he anticipated the fact that they were on his trail. As our men +entered the place, the enemy stepped from behind a pile of clothing with two +six-shooters leveled in their faces, and ordered a clerk to relieve the pair of +their pistols, which was promptly done. Once the particulars were known at +camp, it was looked upon as a good joke on the lad, and whenever he was asked +what he thought of Mr. Blank, his reply invariably was, “He’s a good man.” +</p> + +<p> +The drive that year to the different markets in Kansas amounted to about five +hundred thousand cattle. One half this number were handled at Wichita, the +surrounding country absorbing them to such an extent that when it came time to +restock our Medicine River range I was compelled to go to Great Bend to secure +the needed cattle. All saddle horses, both purchased and my own remudas, with +wagons, were sent to our winter camps by the shipping crew, so that the final +start for Texas would be made from the Medicine River. It was the last of +October that the last six trains of beeves were brought in to the railroad for +shipment, the season’s work drawing to an end. Meanwhile I had closed contracts +on ten thousand three-year-old steers at “The Bend,” so as fast as the three +outfits were relieved of their consignment of beeves they pulled out up the +Arkansas River to receive the last cattle of the year. It was nearly one +hundred miles from Wichita, and on the arrival of the shipping crews the herds +were received and started south for their winter range. Major Hunter and I +accompanied the herds to the Medicine, and within a week after reaching the +range the two through outfits started home with five wagons and eight hundred +saddle horses. +</p> + +<p> +It was the latter part of November when we left our winter camps and returned +to The Grove for the annual settlement. Our silent partner was present, and we +broke the necks of a number of champagne bottles in properly celebrating the +success of the year’s work. The wintered cattle had cleared the Dutchman’s one +per cent, while every hoof in the through and purchased herds was a fine source +of profit. Congress would convene within a week, and our silent partner +suggested that all three of us go down to Washington and attend the opening +exercises. He had already looked into the contracting of beef to the +government, and was particularly anxious to have my opinion on a number of +contracts to be let the coming winter. It had been ten years since I left my +old home in the Shenandoah Valley, my parents were still living, and all I +asked was time enough to write a letter to my wife, and buy some decent +clothing. The trio started in good time for the opening of Congress, but once +we sighted the Potomac River the old home hunger came on me and I left the +train at Harper’s Ferry. My mother knew and greeted me just as if I had left +home that morning on an errand, and had now returned. My father was breaking +with years, yet had a mental alertness that was remarkable and a commercial +instinct that understood the value of a Texas cow or a section of land scrip. +The younger members of the family gathered from their homes to meet “Texas” +Anthony, and for ten continuous days I did nothing but answer questions, +running from the color of the baby’s eyes to why we did not drive the fifteen +thousand cattle in one herd, or how big a section of country would one thousand +certificates of land scrip cover. My visit was broken by the necessity of +conferring with my partners, so, promising to spend Christmas with my mother, I +was excused until that date. +</p> + +<p> +At the War and Interior departments I made many friends. I understood cattle so +thoroughly that there was no feature of a delivery to the government that +embarrassed me in the least. A list of contracts to be let from each department +was courteously furnished us, but not wishing to scatter our business too wide, +we submitted bids for six Indian contracts and four for delivery to army posts +on the upper Missouri River. Two of the latter were to be northern wintered +cattle, and we had them on the Medicine River; but we also had a sure market on +them, and it was a matter of indifference whether we secured them or not. The +Indian contracts called for cows, and I was anxious to secure as many as +possible, as it meant a market for the aging she stuff on my ranch. Heretofore +this class had fulfilled their mission in perpetuating their kind, had lived +their day, and the weeds grew rankly where their remains enriched the soil. The +bids would not be opened until the middle of January, and we should have notice +at once if fortunate in securing any of the awards. The holiday season was +approaching, Major Hunter was expected at home, and the firm separated for the +time being. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap13"></a>CHAPTER XIII<br/> +THE CENTENNIAL YEAR</h2> + +<p> +I returned to Texas early in January. Quite a change had come over the +situation since my leaving home the spring before. Except on the frontier, +business was booming in the new towns, while a regular revolution had taken +place within the past month in land values. The cheapness of wild lands had +attracted outside capital, resulting in a syndicate being formed by Northern +capitalists to buy up the outstanding issue of land scrip. The movement had +been handled cautiously, and had possibly been in active operation for a year +or more, as its methods were conducted with the utmost secrecy. Options had +been taken on all scrip voted to corporations in the State and still in their +possession, agents of the syndicate were stationed at all centres where any +amount was afloat, and on a given day throughout the State every certificate on +the market was purchased. The next morning land scrip was worth fifty dollars a +section, and on my return one hundred dollars a certificate was being freely +bid, while every surveyor in the State was working night and day locating lands +for individual holders of scrip. +</p> + +<p> +This condition of affairs was largely augmented by a boom in sheep. San Antonio +was the leading wool market in the State, many clips having sold as high as +forty cents a pound for several years past on the streets of that city. Free +range and the high price of wool was inviting every man and his cousin to come +to Texas and make his fortune. Money was feverish for investment in sheep, +flock-masters were buying land on which to run their bands, and a sheepman was +an envied personage. Up to this time there had been little or no occasion to +own the land on which the immense flocks grazed the year round, yet under +existing cheap prices of land nearly all the watercourses in the immediate +country had been taken up. Personally I was dumfounded at the sudden and +unexpected change of affairs, and what nettled me most was that all the land +adjoining my ranch had been filed on within the past month. The Clear Fork +valley all the way up to Fort Griffin had been located, while every vacant acre +on the mother Brazos, as far north as Belknap, was surveyed and recorded. I was +mortified to think that I had been asleep, but then the change had come like a +thief in the night. My wife’s trunk was half full of scrip, I had had a +surveyor on the ground only a year before, and now the opportunity had passed. +</p> + +<p> +But my disappointment was my wife’s delight, as there was no longer any +necessity for keeping secret our holdings in land scrip. The little tin trunk +held a snug fortune, and next to the babies, my wife took great pride in +showing visitors the beautiful lithographed certificates. My ambition was land +and cattle, but now that the scrip had a cash value, my wife took as much pride +in those vouchers as if the land had been surveyed, recorded, and covered with +our own herds. I had met so many reverses that I was grateful for any smile of +fortune, and bore my disappointment with becoming grace. My ranch had branded +over eight thousand calves that fall, and as long as it remained an open range +I had room for my holdings of cattle. There was no question but that the public +domain was bountiful, and if it were necessary I could go farther west and +locate a new ranch. But it secretly grieved me to realize that what I had so +fondly hoped for had come without warning and found me unprepared. I might as +well have held title to half a million acres of the Clear Fork Valley as a +paltry hundred and fifty sections. +</p> + +<p> +Little time was given me to lament over spilt milk. On the return from my first +trip to the Clear Fork, reports from the War and Interior departments were +awaiting me. Two contracts to the army and four to Indian agencies had been +awarded us, all of which could be filled with through cattle. The military +allotments would require six thousand heavy beeves for delivery on the upper +Missouri River in Dakota, while the nation’s wards would require thirteen +thousand cows at four different agencies in the Indian Territory. My active +partner was due in Fort Worth within a week, while bonds for the faithful +fulfillment of our contracts would be executed by our silent partner at +Washington, D.C. These awards meant an active year to our firm, and besides +there was our established trade around The Grove, which we had no intention of +abandoning. The government was a sure market, and as long as a healthy demand +continued in Kansas for young cattle, the firm of Hunter, Anthony & Co. +would be found actively engaged in supplying the same. +</p> + +<p> +Major Hunter arrived under a high pressure of enthusiasm. By appointment we met +in Fort Worth, and after carefully reviewing the situation we took train and +continued on south to San Antonio. I had seen a herd of beeves, a few years +before, from the upper Nueces River, and remembered them as good heavy cattle. +There were two dollars a head difference, even in ages among younger stock, +between the lower and upper counties in the State, and as it was pounds +quantity that we wanted for the army, it was our intention to look over the +cattle along the Nueces River before buying our supply of beeves. We met a +number of acquaintances in San Antonio, all of whom recommended us to go west +if in search of heavy cattle, and a few days later we reached Uvalde County. +This was the section from which the beeves had come that impressed me so +favorably; I even remembered the ranch brands, and without any difficulty we +located the owners, finding them anxious to meet buyers for their mature +surplus cattle. We spent a week along the Frio, Leona, and Nueces rivers, and +closed contracts on sixty-one hundred five to seven year old beeves. The cattle +were not as good a quality as prairie-raised north Texas stock, but the pounds +avoirdupois were there, the defects being in their mongrel colors, length of +legs, and breadth of horns, heritages from the original Spanish stock. +Otherwise they were tall as a horse, clean-limbed as a deer, and active on +their feet, and they looked like fine walkers. I estimated that two bits a head +would drive them to Red River, and as we bought them at three dollars a head +less than prevailing prices for the same-aged beeves north of or parallel to +Fort Worth, we were well repaid for our time and trouble. +</p> + +<p> +We returned to San Antonio and opened a bank account. The 15th of March was +agreed on to receive. Two remudas of horses would have to be secured, wagons +fitted up, and outfits engaged. Heretofore I had furnished all horses for trail +work, but now, with our enlarging business, it would be necessary to buy +others, which would be done at the expense of the firm. George Edwards was +accordingly sent for, and met us at Waco. He was furnished a letter of credit +on our San Antonio bank, and authorized to buy and equip two complete outfits +for the Uvalde beeves. Edwards was a good judge of horses, there was an +abundance of saddle stock in the country, and he was instructed to buy not less +than one hundred and twenty-five head for each remuda, to outfit his wagons +with four-mule teams, and announce us as willing to engage fourteen men to the +herd. Once these details were arranged for, Major Hunter and myself bought two +good horses and struck west for Coryell County, where we had put up two herds +the spring before. Our return met with a flood of offerings, prices of the +previous year still prevailed, and we let contracts for sixty-five hundred +three-year-old steers and an equal number of dry and barren cows. We paid seven +dollars a head for the latter, and in order to avoid any dispute at the final +tender it was stipulated that the offerings must be in good flesh, not under +five nor over eight years old, full average in weight, and showing no evidence +of pregnancy. Under local customs, “a cow was a cow,” and we had to be +specific. +</p> + +<p> +We did our banking at Waco for the Coryell herds. Hastening north, our next +halt was in Hood County, where we bought thirty-three hundred two-year-old +steers and three thousand and odd cows. This completed eight herds +secured—three of young steers for the agricultural regions, and five intended +for government delivery. We still lacked one for the Indian Bureau, and as I +offered to make it up from my holdings, and on a credit, my active partner +consented. I was putting in every dollar at my command, my partners were +borrowing freely at home, and we were pulling together like a six-mule team to +make a success of the coming summer’s work. It was now the middle of February, +and my active partner went to Fort Worth, where I did my banking, to complete +his financial arrangements, while I returned to the ranch to organize the +forces for the coming campaign. All the latter were intrusted to me, and while +I had my old foremen at my beck and call, it was necessary to employ five or +six new ones. With our deliveries scattered from the Indian Territory to the +upper Missouri River, as well as our established trade at The Grove, two of us +could not cover the field, and George Edwards had been decided on as the third +and trusted man. In a practical way he was a better cowman than I was, and with +my active Yankee partner for a running mate they made a team that would take +care of themselves in any cow country. +</p> + +<p> +A good foreman is a very important man in trail work. The drover or firm may or +may not be practical cowmen, but the executive in the field must be the master +of any possible situation that may arise, combining the qualities of +generalship with the caution of an explorer. He must be a hail-fellow among his +men, for he must command by deserving obedience; he must know the inmost +thoughts of his herd, noting every sign of alarm or distress, and willingly +sacrifice any personal comfort in the interest of his cattle or outfit. I had a +few such men, boys who had grown up in my employ, several of whom I would +rather trust in a dangerous situation with a herd than take active charge +myself. No concern was given for their morals, but they must be capable, +trustworthy, and honest, as they frequently handled large sums of money. All my +old foremen swore by me, not one of them would accept a similar situation +elsewhere, and in selecting the extra trail bosses their opinion was valued and +given due consideration. +</p> + +<p> +Not having driven anything from my ranch the year before, a fine herd of twos, +threes, and four-year-old steers could easily be made up. It was possible that +a tenth and individual herd might be sent up the country, but no movement to +that effect was decided on, and my regular ranch hands had orders only to throw +in on the home range and gather outside steer cattle and dry cows. I had +wintered all my saddle horses on the Clear Fork, and once the foremen were +decided on, they repaired to the ranch and began outfitting for the start. The +Coryell herds were to be received one week later than the beef cattle, and the +outfits would necessarily have to start in ample time to meet us on our return +from the upper Nueces River country. The two foremen allotted to Hood County +would start a week later still, so that we would really move north with the +advance of the season in receiving the cattle under contract. Only a few days +were required in securing the necessary foremen, a remuda was apportioned to +each, and credit for the commissary supplies arranged for, the employment of +the men being left entirely to the trail bosses. Taking two of my older foremen +with me, I started for Fort Worth, where an agreeable surprise awaited me. We +had been underbidden at the War Department on both our proposals for northern +wintered beeves. The fortunate bidder on one contract was refused the +award,—for some duplicity in a former transaction, I learned later,—and the +Secretary of War had approached our silent partner to fill the deficiency. Six +weeks had elapsed, there was no obligation outstanding, and rather than +advertise and relet the contract, the head of the War Department had concluded +to allot the deficiency by private award. Major Hunter had been burning the +wires between Fort Worth and Washington, in order to hold the matter open until +I came in for a consultation. The department had offered half a cent a pound +over and above our previous bid, and we bribed an operator to reopen his office +that night and send a message of acceptance. We had ten thousand cattle +wintering on the Medicine River, and it would just trim them up nicely to pick +out all the heavy, rough beeves for filling an army contract. +</p> + +<p> +When we had got a confirmation of our message, we proceeded on south, +accompanied by the two foremen, and reached Uvalde County within a week of the +time set for receiving. Edwards had two good remudas in pastures, wagons and +teams secured, and cooks and wranglers on hand, and it only remained to pick +the men to complete the outfits. With three old trail foremen on the alert for +good hands while the gathering and receiving was going on, the help would be +ready in ample time to receive the herds. Gathering the beeves was in active +operation on our arrival, a branding chute had been built to facilitate the +work, and all five of us took to the saddle in assisting ranchmen in holding +under herd, as we permitted nothing to be corralled night or day. The first +herd was completed on the 14th, and the second a day later, both moving out +without an hour’s delay, the only instructions being to touch at Great Bend, +Kansas, for final orders. The cattle more than came up to expectations, three +fourths of them being six and seven years old, and as heavy as oxen. There was +something about the days of the open range that left its impression on animals, +as these two herds were as uniform in build as deer, and I question if the same +country to-day has as heavy beeves. +</p> + +<p> +Three days were lost in reaching Coryell County, where our outfits were in +waiting and twenty others were at work gathering cattle. The herds were made up +and started without a hitch, and we passed on to Hood County, meeting every +date promptly and again finding the trail outfits awaiting us. Leaving my +active partner and George Edwards to receive the two herds, I rode through to +the Clear Fork in a single day. A double outfit had been at work for the past +two weeks gathering outside cattle and had over a thousand under herd on my +arrival. Everything had worked out so nicely in receiving the purchased herds +that I finally concluded to send out my steers, and we began gathering on the +home range. By making small round-ups, we disturbed the young calves as little +as possible. I took charge of the extra outfit and my ranch foreman of his own, +one beginning on the west end of my range, the other going north and coming +down the Brazos. At the end of a week the two crews came together with nearly +eight thousand cattle under herd. The next day we cut out thirty-five hundred +cows and started them on the trail, turning free the remnant of she stuff, and +began shaping up the steers, using only the oldest in making up thirty-two +hundred head. There were fully two thousand threes, the remainder being nearly +equally divided between twos and fours. No road branding was necessary; the +only delay in moving out was in provisioning a wagon and securing a foreman. +Failing in two or three quarters, I at last decided on a young fellow on my +ranch, and he was placed in charge of the last herd. Great Bend was his +destination, I instructed him where to turn off the Chisholm trail,—north of +the Salt Fork in the Cherokee Outlet,—and he started like an army with banners. +</p> + +<p> +I rejoined my active partner at Fort Worth. The Hood County cattle had started +a week before, so taking George Edwards with us, we took train for Kansas. +Major Hunter returned to his home, while Edwards and I lost no time in reaching +the Medicine River. A fortnight was spent in riding our northern range, when we +took horses and struck out for Pond Creek in the Outlet. The lead herds were +due at this point early in May, and on our arrival a number had already passed. +A road house and stage stand had previously been established, the proprietor of +which kept a register of passing herds for the convenience of owners. None of +ours were due, yet we looked over the “arrivals” with interest, and continued +on down the trail to Red Fork. The latter was a branch of the Arkansas River, +and at low water was inclined to be brackish, and hence was sometimes called +the Salt Fork, with nothing to differentiate it from one of the same name sixty +miles farther north. There was an old Indian trading post at Red Fork, and I +lay over there while Edwards went on south to meet the cows. His work for the +summer was to oversee the deliveries at the Indian agencies, Major Hunter was +to look after the market at The Bend, and I was to attend to the contracts at +army posts on the upper Missouri. Our first steer herd to arrive was from Hood +County, and after seeing them safely on the Great Bend trail at Pond Creek, I +waited for the other steer cattle from Coryell to arrive. Both herds came in +within a day of each other, and I loitered along with them, finally overtaking +the lead one when within fifty miles of The Bend. In fair weather it was a +delightful existence to loaf along with the cattle; but once all three herds +reached their destination, two outfits held them, and I took the Hood County +lads and dropped back on the Medicine. Our ranch hands had everything shaped up +nicely, and by working a double outfit and making round-ups at noon, when the +cattle were on water, we quietly cut out three thousand head of our biggest +beeves without materially disturbing our holdings on that range. These northern +wintered cattle were intended for delivery at Fort Abraham Lincoln on the +Missouri River in what is now North Dakota. The through heavy beeves from +Uvalde County were intended for Fort Randall and intermediate posts, some of +them for reissue to various Indian agencies. The reservations of half a dozen +tribes were tributary to the forts along the upper Missouri, and the government +was very liberal in supplying its wards with fresh beef. +</p> + +<p> +The Medicine River beeves were to be grazed up the country to Fort Lincoln. We +passed old Fort Larned within a week, and I left the outfit there and returned +to The Bend. The outfit in charge of the wintered cattle had orders to touch at +and cross the Missouri River at Fort Randall, where I would meet them again +near the middle of July. The market had fairly opened at Great Bend, and I was +kept busy assisting Major Hunter until the arrival of the Uvalde beef herds. +Both came through in splendid condition, were admired by every buyer in the +market, and passed on north under orders to graze ten miles a day until +reaching their destination. By this time the whereabouts of all the Indian +herds were known, yet not a word had reached me from the foreman of my +individual cattle after crossing into the Nations. It was now the middle of +June, and there were several points en route from which he might have mailed a +letter, as did all the other foremen. Herds, which crossed at Red River Station +a week after my steers, came into The Bend and reported having spoken no “44” +cattle en route. I became uneasy and sent a courier as far south as the state +line, who returned with a comfortless message. Finally a foreman in the employ +of Jess Evens came to me and reported having taken dinner with a “44” outfit on +the South Canadian; that the herd swam the river that afternoon, after which he +never hailed them again. They were my own dear cattle, and I was worrying; I +was overdue at Fort Randall, and in duty bound to look after the interests of +the firm. Major Hunter came to the rescue, in his usual calm manner, and +expressed his confidence that all would come out right in the end; that when +the mystery was unraveled the foreman would be found blameless. +</p> + +<p> +I took a night train for the north, connected with a boat on the Missouri +River, and by finally taking stage reached Fort Randall. The mental worry of +those four days would age an ordinary man, but on my arrival at the post a +message from my active partner informed me that my cattle had reached Dodge +City two weeks before my leaving. Then the scales fell from my eyes, as I could +understand that when inquiries were made for the Salt Fork, some wayfarer had +given that name to the Red Fork; and the new Dodge trail turned to the left, +from the Chisholm, at Little Turkey, the first creek crossed after leaving the +river. The message was supplemented a few days later by a letter, stating that +Dodge City would possibly be a better market than the Bend, and that my +interests would be looked after as well as if I were present. A load was lifted +from my shoulders, and when the wintered cattle passed Randall, the whole post +turned out to see the beef herd on its way up to Lincoln. The government line +of forts along the Missouri River had the whitest lot of officers that it was +ever my good fortune to meet. I was from Texas, my tongue and colloquialisms of +speech proclaimed me Southern-born, and when I admitted having served in the +Confederate army, interest and attention was only heightened, while every +possible kindness was simply showered on me. +</p> + +<p> +The first delivery occurred at Fort Lincoln. It was a very simple affair. We +cut out half a dozen average beeves, killed, dressed, and weighed them, and an +honest average on the herd was thus secured. The contract called for one and a +half million pounds on foot; our tender overran twelve per cent; but this +surplus was accepted and paid for. The second delivery was at Fort Pierre and +the last at Randall, both of which passed pleasantly, the many acquaintances +among army men that summer being one of my happiest memories. Leaving Randall, +we put in to the nearest railroad point returning, where thirty men were sent +home, after which we swept down the country and arrived at Great Bend during +the last week in September. My active partner had handled his assignment of the +summer’s work in a masterly manner, having wholesaled my herd at Dodge City at +as good figures as our other cattle brought in retail quantities at The Bend. +The former point had received three hundred and fifty thousand Texas cattle +that summer, while every one conceded that Great Bend’s business as a trail +terminal would close with that season. The latter had handled nearly a +quarter-million cattle that year, but like Abilene, Wichita, and other trail +towns in eastern Kansas, it was doomed to succumb to the advance guard of +pioneer settlers. +</p> + +<p> +The best sale of the year fell to my active partner. Before the shipping season +opened, he sold, range count, our holdings on the Medicine River, including +saddle stock, improvements, and good will. The cattle might possibly have +netted us more by marketing them, but it was only a question of time until the +flow of immigration would demand our range, and Major Hunter had sold our +squatter’s rights while they had a value. A new foreman had been installed on +our giving up possession, and our old one had been skirmishing the surrounding +country the past month for a new range, making a favorable report on the Eagle +Chief in the Outlet. By paying a trifling rental to the Cherokee Nation, +permission could be secured to hold cattle on these lands, set aside as a +hunting ground. George Edwards had been rotting all summer in issuing cows at +Indian agencies, but on the first of October the residue of his herds would be +put in pastures or turned free for the winter. Major Hunter had wound up his +affairs at The Bend, and nothing remained but a general settlement of the +summer’s work. This took place at Council Grove, our silent partner and Edwards +both being present. The profits of the year staggered us all. I was anxious to +go home, the different outfits having all gone by rail or overland with the +remudas, with the exception of the two from Uvalde, which were property of the +firm. I had bought three hundred extra horses at The Bend, sending them home +with the others, and now nothing remained but to stock the new range in the +Cherokee Outlet. Edwards and my active partner volunteered for this work, it +being understood that the Uvalde remudas would be retained for ranch use, and +that not over ten thousand cattle were to be put on the new range for the +winter. Our silent partner was rapidly awakening to the importance of his +usefulness in securing future contracts with the War and Indian departments, +and vaguely outlining the future, we separated to three points of the compass. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap14"></a>CHAPTER XIV<br/> +ESTABLISHING A NEW RANCH</h2> + +<p> +I hardly knew Fort Worth on my return. The town was in the midst of a boom. The +foundations of many store buildings were laid on Monday morning, and by +Saturday night they were occupied and doing a land-office business. Lots that +could have been bought in the spring for one hundred dollars were now +commanding a thousand, while land scrip was quoted as scarce at twenty-five +cents an acre. I hurried home, spoke to my wife, and engaged two surveyors to +report one week later at my ranch on the Clear Fork. Big as was the State and +boundless as was her public domain, I could not afford to allow this advancing +prosperity to catch me asleep again, and I firmly concluded to empty that +little tin trunk of its musty land scrip. True enough, the present boom was not +noticeable on the frontier, yet there was a buoyant feeling in the air that +betokened a brilliant future. Something enthused me, and as my creed was land +and cattle, I made up my mind to plunge into both to my full capacity. +</p> + +<p> +The last outfit to return from the summer’s drive was detained on the Clear +Fork to assist in the fall branding. Another one of fifteen men all told was +chosen from the relieved lads in making up a surveying party, and taking fifty +saddle horses and a well-stocked commissary with us, we started due west. I +knew the country for some distance beyond Fort Griffin, and from late maps in +possession of the surveyors, we knew that by holding our course, we were due to +strike a fork of the mother Brazos before reaching the Staked Plain. Holding +our course contrary to the needle, we crossed the Double Mountain Fork, and +after a week out from the ranch the brakes which form the border between the +lowlands and the Llano Estacado were sighted. Within view of the foothills +which form the approach of the famous plain, the Salt and Double Mountain forks +of the Brazos are not over twelve miles apart. We traveled up the divide +between these two rivers, and when within thirty miles of the low-browed +borderland a halt was called and we went into camp. From the view before us one +could almost imagine the feelings of the discoverer of this continent when he +first sighted land; for I remember the thrill which possessed our little party +as we looked off into either valley or forward to the menacing Staked Plain in +our front. There was something primal in the scene,—something that brought back +the words, “In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.” Men who +knew neither creed nor profession of faith felt themselves drawn very near to +some great creative power. The surrounding view held us spellbound by its +beauty and strength. It was like a rush of fern-scents, the breath of pine +forests, the music of the stars, the first lovelight in a mother’s eye; and now +its pristine beauty was to be marred, as covetous eyes and a lust of possession +moved an earth-born man to lay hands on all things created for his use. +</p> + +<p> +Camp was established on the Double Mountain Fork. Many miles to the north, a +spur of the Plain extended eastward, in the elbow of which it was my intention +to locate the new ranch. A corner was established, a meridian line was run +north beyond the Salt Fork and a random one west to the foothills. After a few +days one surveyor ran the principal lines while the other did the +cross-sectioning and correcting back, both working from the same camp, the +wagon following up the work. Antelope were seen by the thousands, frequently +buffaloes were sighted, and scarcely a day passed but our rifles added to the +larder of our commissary supplies. Within a month we located four hundred +sections, covering either side of the Double Mountain Fork, and embracing a +country ten miles wide by forty long. Coming back to our original meridian line +across to the Salt Fork, the work of surveying that valley was begun, when I +was compelled to turn homeward. A list of contracts to be let by the War and +Interior departments would be ready by December 1, and my partners relied on my +making all the estimates. There was a noticeable advance of fully one dollar a +head on steer cattle since the spring before, and I was supposed to have my +finger on the pulse of supply and prices, as all government awards were let far +in advance of delivery. George Edwards had returned a few days before and +reported having stocked the new ranch in the Outlet with twelve thousand +steers. The list of contracts to be let had arrived, and the two of us went +over them carefully. The government was asking for bids on the delivery of over +two hundred thousand cattle at various posts and agencies in the West, and +confining ourselves to well-known territory, we submitted bids on fifteen +awards, calling for forty-five thousand cattle in their fulfillment. +</p> + +<p> +Our estimates were sent to Major Hunter for his approval, who in turn forwarded +them to our silent partner at Washington, to be submitted to the proper +departments. As the awards would not be made until the middle of January, +nothing definite could be done until then, so, accompanied by George Edwards, I +returned to the surveying party on the Salt Fork of the Brazos. We found them +busy at their work, the only interruption having been an Indian scare, which +only lasted a few days. The men still carried rifles against surprise, kept a +scout on the lookout while at work, and maintained a guard over the camp and +remuda at night. During my absence they had located a strip of country ten by +thirty miles, covering the valley of the Salt Fork, and we still lacked three +hundred sections of using up the scrip. The river, along which they were +surveying, made an abrupt turn to the north, and offsetting by sections around +the bend, we continued on up the valley for twenty miles or until the brakes of +the Plain made the land no longer desirable. Returning to our commencement +point with still one hundred certificates left, we extended the survey five +miles down both rivers, using up the last acre of scrip. The new ranch was +irregular in form, but it controlled the waters of fully one million acres of +fine grazing land and was clothed with a carpet of nutritive grasses. This was +the range of the buffalo, and the instinct of that animal could be relied on in +choosing a range for its successor, the Texas cow. +</p> + +<p> +The surveying over, nothing remained but the recording of the locations at the +county seat to which for legal purposes this unorganized country was attached. +All of us accompanied the outfit returning, and a gala week we spent, as no +less than half a dozen buffalo robes were secured before reaching Fort Griffin. +Deer and turkey were plentiful, and it was with difficulty that I restrained +the boys from killing wantonly, as they were young fellows whose very blood +yearned for the chase or any diverting excitement. We reached the ranch on the +Clear Fork during the second week in January, and those of the outfit who had +no regular homes were made welcome guests until work opened in the spring. My +calf crop that fall had exceeded all expectations, nearly nine thousand having +been branded, while the cattle were wintering in splendid condition. There was +little or nothing to do, a few hunts with the hounds merely killing time until +we got reports from Washington. In spite of all competition we secured eight +contracts, five with the army and the remainder with the Indian Bureau. +</p> + +<p> +Then the work opened in earnest. My active partner was due the first of +February, and during the interim George Edwards and I rode a circle of five +counties in search of brands of cattle for sale. In the course of our rounds a +large number of whole stocks were offered us, but at firmer prices, yet we +closed no trades, though many brands were bargains. It was my intention to +stock the new ranch on the Double Mountain Fork the coming summer, and if +arrangements could be agreed on with Major Hunter, I might be able to repeat my +success of the summer of ’74. Emigration to Texas was crowding the ranches to +the frontier, many of them unwillingly, and it appealed to me strongly that the +time was opportune for securing an ample holding of stock cattle. The +appearance of my active partner was the beginning of active operations, and +after we had outlined the programme for the summer and gone through all the +details thoroughly, I asked for the privilege of supplying the cows on the +Indian contracts. Never did partners stand more willingly by each other than +did the firm of Hunter, Anthony & Co., and I only had to explain the +opportunity of buying brands at wholesale, sending the young steers up the +trail and the aging, dry, and barren cows to Indian agencies, to gain the +hearty approval of the little Yankee major. He was entitled to a great deal of +credit for my holdings in land, for from his first sight of Texas, day after +day, line upon line, precept upon precept, he had urged upon me the importance +of securing title to realty, while its equivalent in scrip was being hawked +about, begging a buyer. Now we rejoiced together in the fulfillment of his +prophecy, as I can lay little claim to any foresight, but am particularly +anxious to give credit where credit is due. +</p> + +<p> +With an asylum for any and all remnants of stock cattle, we authorized George +Edwards to close trades on a number of brands. Taking with us the two foremen +who had brought beef herds out of Uvalde County the spring before, the major +and I started south on the lookout for beeves. The headwaters of the Nueces and +its tributaries were again our destination, and the usual welcome to buyers was +extended with that hospitality that only the days of the open range knew and +practiced. We closed contracts with former customers without looking at their +cattle. When a ranchman gave us his word to deliver us as good or better beeves +than the spring before, there was no occasion to question his ability, and the +cattle never deceived. There might arise petty wrangles over trifles, but the +general hungering for a market among cowmen had not yet been satiated, and they +offered us their best that we might come again. We placed our contracts along +three rivers and over as many counties, limiting the number to ten thousand +beeves of the same ages and paying one dollar a head above the previous spring. +One of our foremen was provided with a letter of credit, and the two were left +behind to make up three new and complete outfits for the trail. +</p> + +<p> +This completed the purchase of beef cattle. Two of our contracts called for +northern wintered beeves, which would be filled out of our holdings in the +Cherokee Outlet. We again stopped in central Texas, but prices were too firm, +and we passed on west to San Saba and Lampasas counties, where we effected +trades on nine thousand five hundred three-year-old steers. My own outfits +would drop down from the Clear Fork to receive these cattle, and after we had +perfected our banking arrangements the major returned to San Antonio and I +started homeward. George Edwards had in the mean time bargained for ten brands, +running anywhere from one to five thousand head, paying straight through five +to seven dollars, half cash and the balance in eight months, everything to be +delivered on the Clear Fork. We intentionally made these deliveries late—during +the last week in March and the first one in April—in order that Major Hunter +might approve of the three herds of cows for Indian delivery. Once I had been +put in possession of all necessary details, Edwards started south to join Major +Hunter, as the receiving of the Nueces River beeves was set for from the 10th +to the 15th of March. +</p> + +<p> +I could see a busy time ahead. There was wood to haul for the branding, three +complete outfits to start for the central part of the State, new wagons to +equip for the trail, and others to care for the calf crop while en route to the +Double Mountain Fork. There were oxen to buy in equipping teams to accompany +the stock cattle to the new ranch, two yoke being allowed to each wagon, as it +was strength and not speed that was desired. My old foremen rallied at a word +and relieved me of the lesser details of provisioning the commissaries and +engaging the help. Trusty men were sent to oversee and look out for my +interests in gathering the different brands, the ranges of many of them being +fifty to one hundred miles distant. The different brands were coming from six +separate counties along the border, and on their arrival at my ranch we must be +ready to receive, brand, and separate the herds into their respective classes, +sending two grades to market and the remnant to their new home at the foot of +the Staked Plain. The condition of the mules must be taken into consideration +before the army can move, and in cattle life the same reliance is placed on the +fitness for duty of the saddle horses. I had enough picked ones to make up a +dozen remudas if necessary, and rested easy on that score. The date for +receiving arrived and found us all ready and waiting. +</p> + +<p> +The first herd was announced to arrive on the 25th of March. I met it ten miles +from the ranch. My man assured me that the brand as gathered was intact and +that it would run fifty per cent dry cows and steers over two years old. A +number of mature beeves even were noticeable and younger steers were numerous, +while the miscellany of the herd ran to every class and condition of the bovine +race. Two other brands were expected the next day, and that evening the first +one to arrive was counted and accepted. The next morning the entire herd was +run through a branding chute and classified, all steers above a yearling and +dry and aging cows going into one contingent and the mixed cattle into another. +In order to save horseflesh, this work was easily done in the corrals. By +hanging a gate at the exit of the branding chute, a man sat overhead and by +swinging it a variation of two feet, as the cattle trailed through the trough +in single file, the herd was cut into two classes. Those intended for the trail +were put under herd, while the stock cattle were branded into the “44” and held +separate. The second and third herds were treated in a similar manner, when we +found ourselves with over eleven thousand cattle on hand, with two other brands +due in a few days. But the evening of the fourth day saw a herd of thirty-three +hundred steers on its way to Kansas, while a second one, numbering two hundred +more than the first, was lopped off from the mixed stuff and started west for +the Double Mountain Fork. +</p> + +<p> +The situation was eased. A conveyance had been sent to the railroad to meet my +partner, and before he and Edwards arrived two other brands had been received. +A herd of thirty-five hundred dry cows was approved and started at once for the +Indian Territory, while a second one moved out for the west, cleaning up the +holdings of mixed stuff. The congestion was again relieved, and as the next few +brands were expected to run light in steers, everything except cows was held +under herd until all had been received. The final contingent came in from Wise +County and were shaped up, and the last herd of cows, completing ten thousand +five hundred, started for the Washita agency. I still had nearly sixty-five +hundred steers on hand, and cutting back all of a small overplus of thin light +cows, I had three brands of steers cut into one herd and four into another, +both moving out for Dodge City. This left me with fully eight thousand +miscellany on hand, with nothing but my ranch outfit to hold them, +close-herding by day and bedding down and guarding them by night. Settlements +were made with the different sellers, my outstanding obligations amounting to +over one hundred thousand dollars, which the three steer herds were expected to +liquidate. My active partner and George Edwards took train for the north. The +only change in the programme was that Major Hunter was to look after our +deliveries at army posts, while I was to meet our herds on their arrival in +Dodge City. The cows were sold to the firm, and including my individual cattle, +we had twelve herds on the trail, or a total of thirty-nine thousand five +hundred head. +</p> + +<p> +On the return of the first outfit from the west, some three weeks after +leaving, the herd of stock cattle was cut in two and started. But a single man +was left on the Clear Fork, my ranch foreman taking one herd, while I +accompanied the other. It requires the patience of a saint to handle cows and +calves, two wagons to the herd being frequently taxed to their capacity in +picking up the youngsters. It was a constant sight to see some of the boys +carrying a new-born calf across the saddle seat, followed by the mother, until +camp or the wagon was reached. I was ashamed of my own lack of patience on that +trip, while irritable men could while away the long hours, nursing along the +drag end of a herd of cows and their toddling offspring. We averaged only about +ten miles a day, the herds were large and unwieldy, and after twelve days out +both were scattered along the Salt Fork and given their freedom. Leaving one +outfit to locate the cattle on the new range, the other two hastened back to +the Clear Fork and gathered two herds, numbering thirty-five hundred each, of +young cows and heifers from the ranch stock. But a single day was lost in +rounding-up, when they were started west, half a day apart, and I again took +charge of an outfit, the trip being an easy one and made in ten days, as the +calves were large enough to follow and there were no drag cattle among them. On +our arrival at the new ranch, the cows and heifers were scattered among the +former herds, and both outfits started back, one to look after the Clear Fork +and the other to bring through the last herd in stocking my new possessions. +This gave me fully twenty-five thousand mixed cattle on my new range, relieving +the old ranch of a portion of its she stuff and shaping up both stocks to +better advantage. +</p> + +<p> +It was my intention to make my home on the Clear Fork thereafter, and the ranch +outfit had orders to build a comfortable house during the summer. The frontier +was rapidly moving westward, the Indian was no longer a dread, as it was only a +question of time until the Comanche and his ally would imitate their red +brethren and accept the dole of the superior race. I was due in Dodge City the +first of June, the ranches would take care of themselves, and touching at the +Edwards ranch for a day, I reached “Dodge” before any of the herds arrived. +Here was a typical trail town, a winter resort for buffalo hunters, no +settlement for fifty miles to the east, and an almost boundless range on which +to hold through Texas cattle. The business was bound to concentrate at this +place, as all other markets were abandoned within the State, while it was +easily accessible to the mountain regions on the west. It was the logical +meeting point for buyers and drovers; and while the town of that day has passed +into history as “wicked Dodge,” it had many redeeming features. The veneer of +civilization may have fallen, to a certain extent, from the wayfaring man who +tarried in this cow town, yet his word was a bond, and he reverenced the pure +in womanhood, though to insult him invited death. +</p> + +<p> +George Edwards and Major Hunter had become such great chums that I was actually +jealous of being supplanted in the affections of the Yankee major. The two had +been inseparable for months, visiting at The Grove, spending a fortnight +together at the beef ranch in the Outlet, and finally putting in an appearance +at Dodge. Headquarters for the summer were established at the latter point, our +bookkeeper arrived, and we were ready for business. The market opened earlier +than at more eastern points. The bulk of the sales were made to ranchmen, who +used whole herds where the agricultural regions only bought cattle by the +hundreds. It was more satisfactory than the retail trade; credit was out of the +question, and there was no haggling over prices. Cattle companies were forming +and stocking new ranges, and an influx of English and Scotch capital was +seeking investment in ranches and live stock in the West,—a mere forerunner of +what was to follow in later years. +</p> + +<p> +Our herds began arriving, and as soon as an outfit could be freed it was +started for the beef ranch under George Edwards, where a herd of wintered +beeves was already made up to start for the upper Missouri River. Major Hunter +followed a week later with the second relieved outfit, and our cattle were all +moving for their destinations. The through beef herds from the upper Nueces +River had orders to touch at old Fort Larned to the eastward, Edwards drifted +on to the Indian agencies, and I bestirred myself to the task of selling six +herds of young cattle at Dodge. Once more I was back in my old element, except +that every feature of the latter market was on an enlarged scale. Two herds +were sold to one man in Colorado, three others went under contract to the +Republican River in Nebraska, and the last one was cut into blocks and found a +market with feeders in Kansas. Long before deliveries were concluded to the War +or Interior departments, headquarters were moved back to The Grove, my work +being done. In the interim of waiting for the close of the year’s business, our +bookkeeper looked after two shipments of a thousand head each from the beef +ranch, while I visited my brother in Missouri and surprised him by buying a +carload of thoroughbred bulls. Arrangements were made for shipping them to Fort +Worth during the last week in November, and promising to call for them, I +returned to The Grove to meet my partners and adjust all accounts for the year. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap15"></a>CHAPTER XV<br/> +HARVEST HOME</h2> + +<p> +The firm’s profits for the summer of ’77 footed up over two hundred thousand +dollars. The government herds from the Cherokee Outlet paid the best, those +sent to market next, while the through cattle remunerated us in the order of +beeves, young steers, and lastly cows. There was a satisfactory profit even in +the latter, yet the same investment in other classes paid a better per cent +profit, and the banking instincts of my partners could be relied on to seek the +best market for our capital. There was nothing haphazard about our business; +separate accounts were kept on every herd, and at the end of the season the +percentage profit on each told their own story. For instance, in the above year +it cost us more to deliver a cow at an agency in the Indian Territory than a +steer at Dodge City, Kansas. The herds sold in Colorado had been driven at an +expense of eighty-five cents a head, those delivered on the Republican River +ninety, and every cow driven that year cost us over one dollar a head in +general expense. The necessity of holding the latter for a period of four +months near agencies for issuing purposes added to the cost, and was charged to +that particular department of our business. +</p> + +<p> +George Edwards and my active partner agreed to restock our beef ranch in the +Outlet, and I returned to Missouri. I make no claim of being the first cowman +to improve the native cattle of Texas, yet forty years’ keen observation has +confirmed my original idea,—that improvement must come through the native and +gradually. Climatic conditions in Texas are such that the best types of the +bovine race would deteriorate if compelled to subsist the year round on the +open range. The strongest point in the original Spanish cattle was their inborn +ability as foragers, being inured for centuries to drouth, the heat of summer, +and the northers of winter, subsisting for months on prickly pear, a species of +the cactus family, or drifting like game animals to more favored localities in +avoiding the natural afflictions that beset an arid country. In producing the +ideal range animal it was more important to retain those rustling qualities +than to gain a better color, a few pounds in weight, and a shortening of horns +and legs, unless their possessor could withstand the rigors of a variable +climate. Nature befriends the animal race. The buffalo of Montana could face +the blizzard, while his brother on the plains of Texas sought shelter from the +northers in cañons and behind sand-dunes, guided by an instinct that foretold +the coming storm. +</p> + +<p> +I accompanied my car of thoroughbred bulls and unloaded them at the first +station north of Fort Worth. They numbered twenty-five, all two-year-olds past, +and were representative of three leading beef brands of established reputation. +Others had tried the experiment before me, the main trouble being in +acclimation, which affects animals the same as the human family. But by +wintering them at their destination, I had hopes of inuring the importation so +that they would withstand the coming summer, the heat of which was a sore trial +to a northern-bred animal. Accordingly I made arrangements with a farmer to +feed my car of bulls during the winter, hay and grain both being plentiful. +They had cost me over five thousand dollars, and rather than risk the loss of a +single one by chancing them on the range, an additional outlay of a few hundred +dollars was justified. Limiting the corn fed to three barrels to the animal a +month, with plenty of rough feed, ought to bring them through the winter in +good, healthy form. The farmer promised to report monthly on their condition, +and agreeing to send for them by the first of April, I hastened on home. +</p> + +<p> +My wife had taken a hand in the building of the new house on the Clear Fork. It +was quite a pretentious affair, built of hewed logs, and consisted of two large +rooms with a hallway between, a gallery on three sides, and a kitchen at the +rear. Each of the main rooms had an ample fireplace, both hearths and chimneys +built from rock, the only material foreign to the ranch being the lumber in the +floors, doors, and windows. Nearly all the work was done by the ranch hands, +even the clapboards were riven from oak that grew along the mother Brazos, and +my wife showed me over the house as though it had been a castle that she had +inherited from some feudal forbear. I was easily satisfied; the main concern +was for the family, as I hardly lived at home enough to give any serious +thought to the roof that sheltered me. The original buildings had been improved +and enlarged for the men, and an air of prosperity pervaded the Anthony ranch +consistent with the times and the success of its owner. +</p> + +<p> +The two ranches reported a few over fifteen thousand calves branded that fall. +A dim wagon road had been established between the ranches, by going and +returning outfits during the stocking of the new ranch the spring before, and +the distance could now be covered in two days by buckboard. The list of +government contracts to be let was awaiting my attention, and after my +estimates had been prepared, and forwarded to my active partner, it was nearly +the middle of December before I found time to visit the new ranch. The hands at +Double Mountain had not been idle, snug headquarters were established, and +three line camps on the outskirts of the range were comfortably equipped to +shelter men and horses. The cattle had located nicely, two large corrals had +been built on each river, and the calves were as thrifty as weeds. Gray wolves +were the worst enemy encountered, running in large bands and finding shelter in +the cedar brakes in the cañons and foothills which border on the Staked Plain. +My foreman on the Double Mountain ranch was using poison judiciously, all the +line camps were supplied with the same, and an active winter of poisoning +wolves was already inaugurated before my arrival. Long-range rifles would +supplement the work, and a few years of relentless war on these pests would rid +the ranch of this enemy of live stock. +</p> + +<p> +Together my foreman and I planned for starting an improved herd of cattle. A +cañon on the west was decided on as a range, as it was well watered from living +springs, having a valley several miles wide, forming a park with ample range +for two thousand cattle. The bluffs on either side were abrupt, almost an in +closure, making it an easy matter for two men to loose-herd a small amount of +stock, holding them adjoining my deeded range, yet separate. The survival of +the fittest was adopted as the rule in beginning the herd, five hundred choice +cows were to form the nucleus, to be the pick of the new ranch, thrift and +formation to decide their selection. Solid colors only were to be chosen, every +natural point in a cow was to be considered, with the view of reproducing the +race in improved form. My foreman—an intelligent young fellow—was in complete +sympathy, and promised me that he would comb the range in selecting the herd. +The first appearance of grass in the spring was agreed on as the time for +gathering the cows, when he would personally come to the Clear Fork and receive +the importation of bulls, thus fully taking all responsibility in establishing +the improved herd. By this method, unless our plans miscarried, in the course +of a few years we expected to be raising quarter-bloods in the main ranch +stock, and at the same time retaining all those essential qualities that +distinguish the range-raised from the domestic-bred animal. +</p> + +<p> +On my return to the Clear Fork, which was now my home, a letter from my active +partner was waiting, informing me that he and Edwards would reach Texas about +the time the list of awards would arrive. They had been unsuccessful in fully +stocking our beef ranch, securing only three thousand head, as prices were +against them, and the letter intimated that something must be done to provide +against a repetition of this unforeseen situation. The ranch in the Outlet had +paid us a higher per cent on the investment than any of our ventures, and to +neglect fully stocking it was contrary to the creed of Hunter, Anthony & +Co. True, we were double-wintering some four thousand head of cattle on our +Cherokee range, but if a fair allowance of awards was allotted the firm, +requiring northern wintered cattle in filling, it might embarrass us to supply +the same when we did not have the beeves in hand; it was our business to have +the beef. +</p> + +<p> +At the appointed time the buckboard was sent to Fort Worth, and a few days +later Major Hunter and our main segundo drove up to the Clear Fork. Omitting +all preludes, atmosphere, and sunsets, we got down to business at once. If we +could drive cattle to Dodge City and market them for eighty-five cents, we +ought to be able to deliver them on our northern range for six bits, and the +horses could be returned or sold at a profit. If any of our established trade +must be sacrificed, why, drop what paid the least; but half stock our beef +ranch? Never again! This was to be the slogan for the coming summer, and, on +receiving the report from Washington, we were enabled to outline a programme +for the year. The gradually advancing prices in cattle were alarming me, as it +was now perceptible in cows, and in submitting our bids on Indian awards I had +made the allowance of one dollar a head advance over the spring before. In +spite of this we were allotted five contracts from the Interior Department and +seven to the Army, three of the latter requiring ten thousand northern wintered +beeves,—only oversold three thousand head. Major Hunter met my criticisms by +taking the ground that we virtually had none of the cattle on hand, and if we +could buy Southern stock to meet our requirements, why not the three thousand +that we lacked in the North. Our bids had passed through his hands last; he +knew our northern range was not fully stocked, and had forwarded the estimates +to our silent partner at Washington, and now the firm had been assigned awards +in excess of their holdings. But he was the kind of a partner I liked, and if +he could see his way clear, he could depend on my backing him to the extent of +my ability and credit. +</p> + +<p> +The business of the firm had grown so rapidly that it was deemed advisable to +divide it into three departments,—the Army, the Indian, the beef ranch and +general market. Major Hunter was specially qualified to handle the first +division, the second fell to Edwards, and the last was assumed by myself. We +were to consult each other when convenient, but each was to act separately for +the firm, my commission requiring fifteen thousand cattle for our ranch in the +Outlet, and three herds for the market at Dodge City. Our banking points were +limited to Fort Worth and San Antonio, so agreeing to meet at the latter point +on the 1st of February for a general consultation, we separated with a view to +feeling the home market. Our man Edwards dropped out in the central part of the +State, my active partner wished to look into the situation on the lower Nueces +River, and I returned to the headwaters of that stream. During the past two +summers we had driven five herds of heavy beeves from Uvalde and adjoining +counties, and while we liked the cattle of that section, it was considered +advisable to look elsewhere for our beef supply. Within a week I let contracts +for five herds of two and three year old steers, then dropped back to the +Colorado River and bought ten thousand more in San Saba and McCulloch counties. +This completed the purchases in my department, and I hastened back to San +Antonio for the expected consultation. Neither my active partner nor my trusted +man had arrived, nor was there a line to indicate where they were or when they +might be expected, though Major Hunter had called at our hotel a few days +previously for his mail. The designated day was waning, and I was worried by +the non-appearance of either, when I received a wire from Austin, saying they +had just sublet the Indian contracts. +</p> + +<p> +The next morning my active partner and Edwards arrived. The latter had met some +parties at the capital who were anxious to fill our Indian deliveries, and had +wired us in the firm’s name, and Major Hunter had taken the first train for +Austin. Both returned wreathed in smiles, having sublet our awards at figures +that netted us more than we could have realized had we bought and delivered the +cattle at our own risk. It was clear money, requiring not a stroke of work, +while it freed a valuable man in outfitting, receiving, and starting our other +herds, as well as relieving a snug sum for reinvestment. Our capital lay idle +half the year, the spring months were our harvest, and, assigning Edwards full +charge of the cattle bought on the Colorado River, we instructed him to buy for +the Dodge market four herds more in adjoining counties, bringing down the +necessary outfits to handle them from my ranch on the Clear Fork. Previous to +his return to San Antonio my active partner had closed contracts on thirteen +thousand heavy beeves on the Frio River and lower Nueces, thus completing our +purchases. A healthy advance was noticeable all around in steer cattle, though +hardly affecting cows; but having anticipated a growing appreciation in +submitting our bids, we suffered no disappointment. A week was lost in awaiting +the arrival of half a dozen old foremen. On their arrival we divided them +between us and intrusted them with the buying of horses and all details in +making up outfits. +</p> + +<p> +The trails leading out of southern Texas were purely local ones, the only +established trace running from San Antonio north, touching at Fort Griffin, and +crossing into the Nations at Red River Station in Montague County. All our +previous herds from the Uvalde regions had turned eastward to intercept this +main thoroughfare, though we had been frequently advised to try a western +outlet known as the Nueces Cañon route. The latter course would bring us out on +high tablelands, but before risking our herds through it, I decided to ride out +the country in advance. The cañon proper was about forty miles long, through +which ran the source of the Nueces River, and if the way were barely possible +it looked like a feasible route. Taking a pack horse and guide with me, I rode +through and out on the mesa beyond. General McKinzie had used this route during +his Indian campaigns, and had even built mounds of rock on the hills to guide +the wayfarer, from the exit of the cañon across to the South Llano River. The +trail was a rough one, but there was grass sufficient to sustain the herds and +ample bed-grounds in the valleys, and I decided to try the western outlet from +Uvalde. An early, seasonable spring favored us with fine grass on which to put +up and start the herds, all five moving out within a week of each other. I +promised my foremen to accompany them through the cañon, knowing that the +passage would be a trial to man and beast, and asked the old bosses to loiter +along, so that there would be but a few hours’ difference between the rear and +lead herds. +</p> + +<p> +I received sixteen thousand cattle, and the four days required in passing +through Nueces Cañon and reaching water beyond were the supreme physical test +of my life. It was a wild section, wholly unsettled, between low mountains, the +river-bed constantly shifting from one flank of the valley to the other, while +cliffs from three to five hundred feet high alternated from side to side. In +traveling the first twenty-five miles we crossed the bed of the river +twenty-one times; and besides the river there were a great number of creeks and +dry arroyos putting in from the surrounding hills, so that we were constantly +crossing rough ground. The beds of the streams were covered with smooth, +water-worn pebbles, white as marble, and then again we encountered limestone in +lava formation, honeycombed with millions of sharp, up-turned cells. Some of +the descents were nearly impossible for wagons, but we locked both hind wheels +and just let them slide down and bounce over the boulders at the bottom. +Half-way through the cañon the water failed us, with the south fork of the +Llano forty miles distant in our front. We were compelled to allow the cattle +to pick their way over the rocky trail, the herds not over a mile apart, and +scarcely maintaining a snail’s pace. I rode from rear to front and back again a +dozen times in clearing the defile, and noted that splotches of blood from +tender-footed cattle marked the white pebbles at every crossing of the +river-bed. On the evening of the third day, the rear herd passed the exit of +the cañon, the others having turned aside to camp for the night. Two whole days +had now elapsed without water for the cattle. +</p> + +<p> +I had not slept a wink the two previous nights. The south fork of the Llano lay +over twenty miles distant, and although it had ample water two weeks before, +one of the foremen and I rode through to it that night to satisfy ourselves. +The supply was found sufficient, and before daybreak we were back in camp, +arousing the outfits and starting the herds. In the spring of 1878 the old +military trail, with its rocky sentinels, was still dimly defined from Nueces +Cañon north to the McKinzie water-hole on the South Llano. The herds moved out +with the dawn. Thousands of the cattle were travel-sore, while a few hundred +were actually tender-footed. The evening before, as we came out into the open +country, we had seen quite a local shower of rain in our front, which had +apparently crossed our course nearly ten miles distant, though it had not been +noticeable during our night’s ride. The herds fell in behind one another that +morning like columns of cavalry, and after a few miles their stiffness passed +and they led out as if they had knowledge of the water ahead. Within two hours +after starting we crossed a swell of the mesa, when the lead herd caught a +breeze from off the damp hills to the left where the shower had fallen the +evening before. As they struck this rise, the feverish cattle raised their +heads and pulled out as if that vagrant breeze had brought them a message that +succor and rest lay just beyond. The point men had orders to let them go, and +as fast as the rear herds came up and struck this imaginary line or air +current, a single moan would surge back through the herd until it died out at +the rear. By noon there was a solid column of cattle ten miles long, and two +hours later the drag and point men had trouble in keeping the different herds +from mixing. Without a halt, by three o’clock the lead foremen were turning +their charges right and left, and shortly afterward the lead cattle were +plunging into the purling waters of the South Llano. The rear herds turned off +above and below, filling the river for five miles, while the hollow-eyed +animals gorged themselves until a half dozen died that evening and night. +</p> + +<p> +Leaving orders with the foremen to rest their herds well and move out half a +day apart, I rode night and day returning to Uvalde. Catching the first stage +out, I reached San Antonio in time to overtake Major Hunter, who was awaiting +the arrival of the last beef herd from the lower country, the three lead ones +having already passed that point. All trail outfits from the south then touched +at San Antonio to provision the wagons, and on the approach of our last herd I +met it and spent half a day with it,—my first, last, and only glimpse of our +heavy beeves. They were big rangy fellows many of them six and seven years old, +and from the general uniformity of the herd, I felt proud of the cowman that my +protégé and active partner had developed into. Major Hunter was anxious to +reach home as soon as possible, in order to buy in our complement of northern +wintered cattle; so, settling our business affairs in southern Texas, the day +after the rear beeves passed we took train north. I stopped in the central part +of the State, joining Edwards riding night and day in covering his appointments +to receive cattle; and when the last trail herd moved out from the Colorado +River there were no regrets. +</p> + +<p> +Hastening on home, on my arrival I was assured by my ranch foreman that he +could gather a trail herd in less than a week. My saddle stock now numbered +over a thousand head, one hundred of which were on the Double Mountain ranch, +seven remudas on the trail, leaving available over two hundred on the Clear +Fork. I had the horses and cattle, and on the word being given my ranch foreman +began gathering our oldest steers, while I outfitted and provisioned a +commissary and secured half a dozen men. On the morning of the seventh day +after my arrival, an individual herd, numbering thirty-five hundred, moved out +from the Clear Fork, every animal in the straight ranch brand. An old trail +foreman was given charge, Dodge City was the destination, and a finer herd of +three-year-olds could not have been found in one brand within the boundaries of +the State. This completed our cattle on the trail, and a breathing spell of a +few weeks might now be indulged in, yet there was little rest for a cowman. Not +counting the contracts to the Indian Bureau, sublet to others, and the northern +wintered beeves, we had, for the firm and individually, seventeen herds, +numbering fifty-four thousand five hundred cattle on the trail. In order to +carry on our growing business unhampered for want of funds, the firm had +borrowed on short time nearly a quarter-million dollars that spring, pledging +the credit of the three partners for its repayment. We had been making money +ever since the partnership was formed, and we had husbanded our profits, yet +our business seemed to outgrow our means, compelling us to borrow every spring +when buying trail herds. +</p> + +<p> +In the mean time and while we were gathering the home cattle, my foreman and +two men from the Double Mountain ranch arrived on the Clear Fork to receive the +importation of bulls. The latter had not yet arrived, so pressing the boys into +work, we got the trail herd away before the thoroughbreds put in an appearance. +A wagon and three men from the home ranch had gone after them before my return, +and they were simply loafing along, grazing five to ten miles a day, carrying +corn in the wagon to feed on the grass. Their arrival found the ranch at +leisure, and after resting a few days they proceeded on to their destination at +a leisurely gait. The importation had wintered finely,—now all +three-year-olds,—but hereafter they must subsist on the range, as corn was out +of the question, and the boys had brought nothing but a pack horse from the +western ranch. This was an experiment with me, but I was ably seconded by my +foreman, who had personally selected every cow over a month before, and this +was to make up the beginning of the improved herd. I accompanied them beyond my +range and urged seven miles a day as the limit of travel. I then started for +home, and within a week reached Dodge City, Kansas. +</p> + +<p> +Headquarters were again established at Dodge. Fortunately a new market was +being developed at Ogalalla on the Platte River in Nebraska, and fully one +third the trail herds passed on to the upper point. Before my arrival Major +Hunter had bought the deficiency of northern wintered beeves, and early in June +three herds started from our range in the Outlet for the upper Missouri River +army posts. We had wintered all horses belonging to the firm on the beef ranch, +and within a fortnight after its desertion, the young steers from the upper +Nueces River began arriving and were turned loose on the Eagle Chief, +preempting our old range. One outfit was retained to locate the cattle, the +remaining ones coming in to Dodge and returning home by train. George Edwards +lent me valuable assistance in handling our affairs economically, but with the +arrival of the herds at Dodge he was compelled to look after our sub-contracts +at Indian agencies. The latter were delivered in our name, all money passed +through our hands in settlement, so it was necessary to have a man on the +ground to protect our interests. With nothing but the selling of eight herds of +cattle in an active market like Dodge, I felt that the work of the summer was +virtually over. One cattle company took ten thousand three-year-old steers, two +herds were sold for delivery at Ogalalla, and the remaining three were placed +within a month after their arrival. The occupation of the West was on with a +feverish haste, and money was pouring into ranches and cattle, affording a +ready market to the drover from Texas. +</p> + +<p> +Nothing now remained for me but to draw the threads of our business together +and await the season’s settlement in the fall. I sold all the wagons and sent +the remudas to our range in the Outlet, while from the first cattle sold the +borrowed money was repaid. I visited Ogalalla to acquaint myself with its +market, looked over our beef ranch in the Cherokee Strip during the lull, and +even paid the different Indian agencies my respects to perfect my knowledge of +the requirements of our business. Our firm was a strong one, enlarging its +business year by year; and while we could not foresee the future, the present +was a Harvest Home to Hunter, Anthony & Co. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap16"></a>CHAPTER XVI<br/> +AN ACTIVE SUMMER</h2> + +<p> +The summer of 1878 closed with but a single cloud on the horizon. Like +ourselves, a great many cattlemen had established beef ranches in the Cherokee +Outlet, then a vacant country, paying a trifling rental to that tribe of +civilized Indians. But a difference of opinion arose, some contending that the +Cherokees held no title to the land; that the strip of country sixty miles wide +by two hundred long set aside by treaty as a hunting ground, when no longer +used for that purpose by the tribe, had reverted to the government. Some +refused to pay the rent money, the council of the Cherokee Nation appealed to +the general government, and troops were ordered in to preserve the peace. We +felt no uneasiness over our holdings of cattle on the Strip, as we were paying +a nominal rent, amounting to two bits a head a year, and were otherwise +fortified in possession of our range. If necessary we could have secured a +permit from the War Department, on the grounds of being government contractors +and requiring a northern range on which to hold our cattle. But rather than do +this, Major Hunter hit upon a happy solution of the difficulty by suggesting +that we employ an Indian citizen as foreman, and hold the cattle in his name. +The major had an old acquaintance, a half-breed Cherokee named LaFlors, who was +promptly installed as owner of the range, but holding beeves for Hunter, +Anthony & Co., government beef contractors. +</p> + +<p> +I was unexpectedly called to Texas before the general settlement that fall. +Early in the summer, at Dodge, I met a gentleman who was representing a +distillery in Illinois. He was in the market for a thousand range bulls to +slop-feed, and as no such cattle ever came over the trail, I offered to sell +them to him delivered at Fort Worth. I showed him the sights around Dodge and +we became quite friendly, but I was unable to sell him his requirements unless +I could show the stock. It was easily to be seen that he was not a range +cattleman, and I humored him until he took my address, saying that if he were +unable to fill his wants in other Western markets he would write me later. The +acquaintance resulted in several letters passing between us that autumn, and +finally an appointment was made to meet in Kansas City and go down to Texas +together. I had written home to have the buckboard meet us at Fort Worth on +October 1, and a few days later we were riding the range on the Brazos and +Clear Fork. In the past there never had been any market for this class of +drones, old age and death being the only relief, and from the great number of +brands that I had purchased during my ranching and trail operations, my range +was simply cluttered with these old cumberers. Their hides would not have paid +freighting and transportation to a market, and they had become an actual +drawback to a ranch, when the opportunity occurred and I sold twelve hundred +head to the Illinois distillery. The buyer informed me that they fattened well; +that there was a special demand for this quality in the export trade of dressed +beef, and that owing to their cheapness and consequent profit they were in +demand for distillery feeding. +</p> + +<p> +Fifteen dollars a head was agreed on as the price, and we earned it a second +time in delivering that herd at Fort Worth. Many of the animals were ten years +old, surly when irritated, and ready for a fight when their day-dreams were +disturbed. There was no treating them humanely, for every effort in that +direction was resented by the old rascals, individually and collectively. The +first day we gathered two hundred, and the attempt to hold them under herd was +a constant fight, resulting in every hoof arising on the bed-ground at midnight +and escaping to their old haunts. I worked as good a ranch outfit of men as the +State ever bred, I was right there in the saddle with them, yet, in spite of +every effort, to say nothing of the profanity wasted, we lost the herd. The +next morning every lad armed himself with a prod-pole long as a lance and +tipped with a sharp steel brad, and we commenced regathering. Thereafter we +corralled them at night, which always called for a free use of ropes, as a +number usually broke away on approaching the pens. Often we hog-tied as many as +a dozen, letting them lie outside all night and freeing them back into the herd +in the morning. Even the day-herding was a constant fight, as scarcely an hour +passed but some old resident would scorn the restraint imposed upon his +liberties and deliberately make a break for freedom. A pair of horsemen would +double on the deserter, and with a prod-pole to his ear and the pressure of a +man and horse bearing their weight on the same, a circle would be covered and +Toro always reëntered the day-herd. One such lesson was usually sufficient, and +by reaching corrals every night and penning them, we managed, after two weeks’ +hard work, to land them in the stockyards at Fort Worth. The buyer remained +with and accompanied us during the gathering and en route to the railroad, +evidently enjoying the continuous performance. He proved a good mixer, too, and +returned annually thereafter. For years following I contracted with him, and +finally shipped on consignment, our business relations always pleasant and +increasing in volume until his death. +</p> + +<p> +Returning with the outfit, I continued on west to the new ranch, while the men +began the fall branding at home. On arriving on the Double Mountain range, I +found the outfit in the saddle, ironing up a big calf crop, while the improved +herd was the joy and pride of my foreman. An altitude of about four thousand +feet above sea-level had proved congenial to the thoroughbreds, who had +acclimated nicely, the only loss being one from lightning. Two men were easily +holding the isolated herd in their cañon home, the sheltering bluffs affording +them ample protection from wintry weather, and there was nothing henceforth to +fear in regard to the experiment. I spent a week with the outfit; my ranch +foreman assured me that the brand could turn out a trail herd of three-year-old +steers the following spring and a second one of twos, if it was my wish to send +them to market. But it was too soon to anticipate the coming summer; and then +it seemed a shame to move young steers to a northern climate to be matured, yet +it was an economic necessity. Ranch headquarters looked like a trapper’s cave +with wolf-skins and buffalo-robes taken the winter before, and it was with +reluctance that I took my leave of the cosy dugouts on the Double Mountain +Fork. +</p> + +<p> +On returning home I found a statement for the year and a pressing invitation +awaiting me to come on to the national capital at once. The profits of the +summer had exceeded the previous one, but some bills for demurrage remained to +be adjusted with the War and Interior departments, and my active partner and +George Edwards had already started for Washington. It was urged on me that the +firm should make themselves known at the different departments, and the +invitation was supplemented by a special request from our silent partner, the +Senator, to spend at least a month at the capital. For years I had been +promising my wife to take her on a visit to Virginia, and now when the +opportunity offered, womanlike, she pleaded her nakedness in the midst of +plenty. I never had but one suit at a time in my life, and often I had seen my +wife dressed in the best the frontier of Texas afforded, which was all that +ought to be expected. A day’s notice was given her, the eldest children were +sent to their grandparents, and taking the two youngest with us, we started for +Fort Worth. I was anxious that my wife should make a favorable impression on my +people, and in turn she was fretting about my general appearance. Out of a +saddle a cowman never looks well, and every effort to improve his personal +appearance only makes him the more ridiculous. Thus with each trying to make +the other presentable, we started. We stopped a week at my brother’s in +Missouri, and finally reached the Shenandoah Valley during the last week in +November. Leaving my wife to speak for herself and the remainder of the family, +I hurried on to Washington and found the others quartered at a prominent hotel. +A less pretentious one would have suited me, but then a United States senator +must befittingly entertain his friends. New men had succeeded to the War and +Interior departments, and I was properly introduced to each as the Texas +partner of the firm of Hunter, Anthony & Co. Within a week, several little +dinners were given at the hotel, at which from a dozen to twenty men sat down, +all feverish to hear about the West and the cattle business in particular. +Already several companies had been organized to engage in ranching, and the +capital had been over-subscribed in every instance; and actually one would have +supposed from the chat that we were holding a cattle convention in the West +instead of dining with a few representatives and government officials at +Washington. +</p> + +<p> +I soon became the object of marked attention. Possibly it was my vocabulary, +which was consistent with my vocation, together with my ungainly appearance, +that differentiated me from my partners. George Edwards was neat in appearance, +had a great fund of Western stories and experiences, and the two of us were +constantly being importuned for incidents of a frontier nature. Both my +partners, especially the Senator, were constantly introducing me and referring +to me as a man who, in the course of ten years, had accumulated fifty thousand +cattle and acquired title to three quarters of a million acres of land. I was +willing to be a sociable fellow among my friends, but notoriety of this +character was offensive, and in a private lecture I took my partners to task +for unnecessary laudation. The matter was smoothed over, our estimates for the +coming year were submitted, and after spending the holidays with my parents in +Virginia, I returned to the capital to await the allotments for future delivery +of cattle to the Army and Indian service. Pending the date of the opening of +the bids a dinner was given by a senator from one of the Southern States, to +which all members of our firm were invited, when the project was launched of +organizing a cattle company with one million dollars capital. The many +advantages that would accrue where government influence could be counted on +were dwelt upon at length, the rapid occupation of the West was cited, the +concentration of all Indian tribes on reservations, and the necessary +requirements of beef in feeding the same was openly commented on as the +opportunity of the hour. I took no hand in the general discussion, except to +answer questions, but when the management of such a company was tendered me, I +emphatically declined. My partners professed surprise at my refusal, but when +the privacy of our rooms was reached I unburdened myself on the proposition. We +had begun at the foot of the hill, and now having established ourselves in a +profitable business, I was loath to give it up or share it with others. I +argued that our trade was as valuable as realty or cattle in hand; that no +blandishments of salary as manager could induce me to forsake legitimate +channels for possibilities in other fields. “Go slow and learn to peddle,” was +the motto of successful merchants; I had got out on a limb before and met with +failure, and had no desire to rush in where angels fear for their footing. Let +others organize companies and we would sell them the necessary cattle; the more +money seeking investment the better the market. +</p> + +<p> +Major Hunter was Western in his sympathies and coincided with my views, the +Senator was won over from the enterprise, and the project failed to +materialize. The friendly relations of our firm were slightly strained over the +outcome, but on the announcement of the awards we pulled together again like +brothers. In the allotment for delivery during the summer and fall of 1879, +some eighteen contracts fell to us,—six in the Indian Bureau and the remainder +to the Army, four of the latter requiring northern wintered beeves. A single +award for Fort Buford in Dakota called for five million pounds on foot and +could be filled with Southern cattle. Others in the same department ran from +one and a half to three million pounds, varying, as wanted for future or +present use, to through or wintered beeves. The latter fattened even on the +trail and were ready for the shambles on their arrival, while Southern stock +required a winter and time to acclimate to reach the pink of condition. The +government maintained several distributing points in the new Northwest, one of +which was Fort Buford, where for many succeeding years ten thousand cattle were +annually received and assigned to lesser posts. This was the market that I +knew. I had felt every throb of its pulse ever since I had worked as a common +hand in driving beef to Fort Sumner in 1866. The intervening years had been +active ones, and I had learned the lessons of the trail, knew to a fraction the +cost of delivering a herd, and could figure on a contract with any other +cowman. +</p> + +<p> +Leaving the arrangement of the bonds to our silent partner, the next day after +the awards were announced we turned our faces to the Southwest. February 1 was +agreed on for the meeting at Fort Worth, so picking up the wife and babies in +Virginia, we embarked for our Texas home. My better half was disappointed in my +not joining in the proposed cattle company, with its officers, its directorate, +annual meeting, and other high-sounding functions. I could have turned into the +company my two ranches at fifty cents an acre, could have sold my brand +outright at a fancy figure, taking stock in lieu for the same, but I preferred +to keep them private property. I have since known other cowmen who put their +lands and cattle into companies, and after a few years’ manipulation all they +owned was some handsome certificates, possibly having drawn a dividend or two +and held an honorary office. I did not then have even the experience of others +to guide my feet, but some silent monitor warned me to stick to my trade, cows. +</p> + +<p> +Leaving the family at the Edwards ranch, I returned to Fort Worth in ample time +for the appointed meeting. My active partner and our segundo had become as +thick as thieves, the two being inseparable at idle times, and on their arrival +we got down to business at once. The remudas were the first consideration. +Besides my personal holdings of saddle stock, we had sent the fall before one +thousand horses belonging to the firm back to the Clear Fork to winter. Thus +equipped with eighteen remudas for the trail, we were fairly independent in +that line. Among the five herds driven the year before to our beef ranch in the +Outlet, the books showed not over ten thousand coming four years old that +spring, leaving a deficiency of northern wintered beeves to be purchased. It +was decided to restock the range with straight threes, and we again divided the +buying into departments, each taking the same division as the year before. The +purchase of eight herds of heavy beeves would thus fall to Major Hunter. Austin +and San Antonio were decided on as headquarters and banking points, and we +started out on a preliminary skirmish. George Edwards had an idea that the +Indian awards could again be relet to advantage, and started for the capital, +while the major and I journeyed on south. Some former sellers whom we +accidentally met in San Antonio complained that we had forsaken them and +assured us that their county, Medina, had not less than fifty thousand mature +beeves. They offered to meet any one’s prices, and Major Hunter urged that I +see a sample of the cattle while en route to the Uvalde country. If they came +up to requirements, I was further authorized to buy in sufficient to fill our +contract at Fort Buford, which would require three herds, or ten thousand head. +It was an advantage to have this delivery start from the same section, hold +together en route, and arrive at their destination as a unit. I was surprised +at both the quality and the quantity of the beeves along the tributaries of the +Frio River, and readily let a contract to a few leading cowmen for the full +allotment. My active partner was notified, and I went on to the headwaters of +the Nueces River. I knew the cattle of this section so well that there was no +occasion even to look at them, and in a few days contracted for five herds of +straight threes. While in the latter section, word reached me that Edwards had +sublet four of our Indian contacts, or those intended for delivery at agencies +in the Indian Territory. The remaining two were for tribes in Colorado, and +notifying our segundo to hold the others open until we met, I took stage back +to San Antonio. My return was awaited by both Major Hunter and Edwards, and +casting up our purchases on through cattle, we found we lacked only two herds +of cows and the same of beeves. I offered to make up the Indian awards from my +ranches, the major had unlimited offerings from which to pick, and we turned +our attention to securing young steers for the open market. Our segundo was +fully relieved and ordered back to his old stamping-ground on the Colorado +River to contract for six herds of young cattle. It was my intention to bring +remudas down from the Clear Fork to handle the cattle from Uvalde and Medina +counties, but my active partner would have to look out for his own saddle stock +for the other beef herds. Hurrying home, I started eight hundred saddle horses +belonging to the firm to the lower country, assigned two remudas to leave for +the Double Mountain ranch, detailed the same number for the Clear Fork, and +authorized the remaining six to report to Edwards on the Colorado River. +</p> + +<p> +This completed the main details for moving the herds. There was an increase in +prices over the preceding spring throughout the State, amounting on a general +average to fully one dollar a head. We had anticipated the advance in making +our contracts, there was an abundance of water everywhere, and everything +promised well for an auspicious start. Only a single incident occurred to mar +the otherwise pleasant relations with our ranchmen friends. In contracting for +the straight threes from Uvalde County, I had stipulated that every animal +tendered must be full-aged at the date of receiving; we were paying an extra +price and the cattle must come up to specifications. Major Hunter had moved his +herds out in time to join me in receiving the last one of the younger cattle, +and I had pressed him into use as a tally clerk while receiving. Every one had +been invited to turn in stock in making up the herd, but at the last moment we +fell short of threes, when I offered to fill out with twos at the customary +difference in price. The sellers were satisfied. We called them by ages as they +were cut out, when a row threatened over a white steer. The foreman who was +assisting me cut the animal in question for a two-year-old, Major Hunter +repeated the age in tallying the steer, when the owner of the brand, a small +ranchman, galloped up and contended that the steer was a three-year-old, though +he lacked fully two months of that age. The owner swore the steer had been +raised a milk calf; that he knew his age to a day; but Major Hunter firmly yet +kindly told the man that he must observe the letter of the contract and that +the steer must go as a two-year-old or not at all. In reply a six-shooter was +thrown in the major’s face, when a number of us rushed in on our horses and the +pistol was struck from the man’s hand. An explanation was demanded, but the +only intelligent reply that could be elicited from the owner of the white steer +was, “No G—— d—— Yankee can classify my cattle.” One of the ranchmen with whom +we were contracting took the insult off my hands and gave the man his +choice,—to fight or apologize. The seller cooled down, apologies followed, and +the unfortunate incident passed and was forgotten with the day’s work. +</p> + +<p> +A week later the herds on the Colorado River moved out. Major Hunter and I +looked them over before they got away, after which he continued on north to buy +in the deficiency of three thousand wintered beeves, while I returned home to +start my individual cattle. The ranch outfit had been at work for ten days +previous to my arrival gathering the three-year-old steers and all dry and +barren cows. On my return they had about eight thousand head of mixed stock +under herd and two trail outfits were in readiness, so cutting them separate +and culling them down, we started them, the cows for Dodge and the steers for +Ogalalla, each thirty-five hundred strong. Two outfits had left for the Double +Mountain range ten days before, and driving night and day, I reached the ranch +to find both herds shaped up and ready for orders. Both foremen were anxious to +strike due north, several herds having crossed Red River as far west as Doan’s +Store the year before; but I was afraid of Indian troubles and routed them +northeast for the old ford on the Chisholm trail. They would follow down the +Brazos, cross over to the Wichita River, and pass about sixty miles to the +north of the home ranch on the Clear Fork. I joined them for the first few days +out, destinations were the same as the other private herds, and promising to +meet them in Dodge, I turned homeward. The starting of these last two gave the +firm and me personally twenty-three herds, numbering seventy-six thousand one +hundred cattle on the trail. +</p> + +<p> +An active summer followed. Each one was busy in his department. I met Major +Hunter once for an hour during the spring months, and we never saw each other +again until late fall. Our segundo again rendered valuable assistance in +meeting outfits on their arrival at the beef ranch, as it was deemed advisable +to hold the through and wintered cattle separate for fear of Texas fever. All +beef herds were routed to touch at headquarters in the Outlet, and thence going +north, they skirted the borders of settlement in crossing Kansas and Nebraska. +Where possible, all correspondence was conducted by wire, and with the arrival +of the herds at Dodge I was kept in the saddle thenceforth. The demand for +cattle was growing with each succeeding year, prices were firmer, and a general +advance was maintained in all grades of trail stock. On the arrival of the +cattle from the Colorado River, I had them reclassed, sending three herds of +threes on to Ogalalla. The upper country wanted older stock, believing that it +withstood the rigors of winter better, and I trimmed my sail to catch the wind. +The cows came in early and were started west for their destination, the rear +herds arrived and were located, while Dodge and Ogalalla howled their +advantages as rival trail towns. The three herds of two-year-olds were sold and +started for the Cherokee Strip, and I took train for the west and reached the +Platte River, to find our cattle safely arrived at Ogalalla. Near the middle of +July a Wyoming cattle company bought all the central Texas steers for delivery +a month later at Cheyenne, and we grazed them up the South Platte and counted +them out to the buyers, ten thousand strong. My individual herds classed as +Pan-Handle cattle, exempt from quarantine, netted one dollar a head above the +others, and were sold to speculators from the corn regions on the western +borders of Nebraska. One herd of cows was intended for the Southern and the +other for the Uncompahgre Utes, and they had been picking their way through and +across the mountains to those agencies during the summer mouths. Late in August +both deliveries were made wholesale to the agents of the different tribes, and +my work was at an end. All unsold remudas returned to Dodge, the outfits were +sent home, and the saddle stock to our beef ranch, there to await the close of +the summer’s drive. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap17"></a>CHAPTER XVII<br/> +FORESHADOWS</h2> + +<p> +I returned to Texas early in September. My foreman on the Double Mountain ranch +had written me several times during the summer, promising me a surprise on the +half-blood calves. There was nothing of importance in the North except the +shipping of a few trainloads of beeves from our ranch in the Outlet, and as the +bookkeeper could attend to that, I decided to go back. I offered other excuses +for going, but home-hunger and the improved herd were the main reasons. It was +a fortunate thing that I went home, for it enabled me to get into touch with +the popular feeling in my adopted State over the outlook for live stock in the +future. Up to this time there had been no general movement in cattle, in +sympathy with other branches of industry, notably in sheep and wool, supply +always far exceeding demand. There had been a gradual appreciation in +marketable steers, first noticeable in 1876, and gaining thereafter about one +dollar a year per head on all grades, yet so slowly as not to disturb or excite +the trade. During the fall of 1879, however, there was a feeling of unrest in +cattle circles in Texas, and predictions of a notable advance could be heard on +every side. The trail had been established as far north as Montana, capital by +the millions was seeking investment in ranching, and everything augured for a +brighter future. That very summer the trail had absorbed six hundred and fifty +thousand cattle, or possibly ten per cent of the home supply, which readily +found a market at army posts, Indian agencies, and two little cow towns in the +North. Investment in Texas steers was paying fifty to one hundred per cent +annually, the whole Northwest was turning into one immense pasture, and the +feeling was general that the time had come for the Lone Star State to expect a +fair share in the profits of this immense industry. +</p> + +<p> +Cattle associations, organized for mutual protection and the promotion of +community interests, were active agencies in enlarging the Texas market. +National conventions were held annually, at which every live-stock organization +in the West was represented, and buyer and seller met on common ground. Two +years before the Cattle Raisers’ Association of Texas was formed, other States +and Territories founded similar organizations, and when these met in national +assembly the cattle on a thousand hills were represented. No one was more +anxious than myself that a proper appreciation should follow the enlargement of +our home market, yet I had hopes that it would come gradually and not excite or +disturb settled conditions. In our contracts with the government, we were under +the necessity of anticipating the market ten months in advance, and any sudden +or unseen change in prices in the interim between submitting our estimates and +buying in the cattle to fill the same would be ruinous. Therefore it was +important to keep a finger on the pulse of the home market, to note the drift +of straws, and to listen for every rumor afloat. Lands in Texas were advancing +in value, a general wave of prosperity had followed self-government and the +building of railroads, and cattle alone was the only commodity that had not +proportionally risen in value. +</p> + +<p> +In spite of my hopes to the contrary, I had a well-grounded belief that a +revolution in cattle prices was coming. Daily meeting with men from the +Northwest, at Dodge and Ogalalla, during the summer just passed, I had felt +every throb of the demand that pulsated those markets. There was a general +inquiry for young steers, she stuff with which to start ranches was eagerly +snapped up, and it stood to reason that if this reckless Northern demand +continued, its influence would soon be felt on the plains of Texas. Susceptible +to all these influences, I had returned home to find both my ranches littered +with a big calf crop, the brand actually increasing in numbers in spite of the +drain of trail herds annually cut out. But the idol of my eye was those +half-blood calves. Out of a possible five hundred, there were four hundred and +fifty odd by actual count, all big as yearlings and reflecting the selection of +their parents. I loafed away a week at the cañon camp, rode through them daily, +and laughed at their innocent antics as they horned the bluffs or fought their +mimic fights. The Double Mountain ranch was my pride, and before leaving, the +foreman and I outlined some landed additions to fill and square up my holdings, +in case it should ever be necessary to fence the range. +</p> + +<p> +On my return to the Clear Fork, the ranch outfit had just finished gathering +from my own and adjoining ranges fifteen hundred bulls for distillery feeding. +The sale had been effected by correspondence with my former customer, and when +the herd started the two of us drove on ahead into Fort Worth. The Illinois man +was an extensive dealer in cattle and had followed the business for years in +his own State, and in the week we spent together awaiting the arrival of his +purchase, I learned much of value. There was a distinct difference between a +range cowman and a stockman from the older Western States; but while the +occupations were different, there was much in common between the two. Through +my customer I learned that Western range cattle, when well fatted, were +competing with grass beeves from his own State; that they dressed more to their +gross weight than natives, and that the quality of their flesh was unsurpassed. +As to the future, the Illinois buyer could see little to hope for in his own +country, but was enthusiastic over the outlook for us ranchmen in the +Southwest. All these things were but straws which foretold the course of the +wind, yet neither of us looked for the cyclone which was hovering near. +</p> + +<p> +I accompanied the last train of the shipment as far as Parsons, Kansas, where +our ways parted, my customer going to Peoria, Illinois, while I continued on to +The Grove. Both my partners and our segundo were awaiting me, the bookkeeper +had all accounts in hand, and the profits of the year were enough to turn +ordinary men’s heads. But I sounded a note of warning,—that there were breakers +ahead,—though none of them took me seriously until I called for the individual +herd accounts. With all the friendly advantages shown us by the War and +Interior departments, the six herds from the Colorado River, taking their +chances in the open market, had cleared more money per head than had the heavy +beeves requiring thirty-three per cent a larger investment. In summing up my +warning, I suggested that now, while we were winners, would be a good time to +drop contracting with the government and confine ourselves strictly to the open +market. Instead of ten months between assuming obligations and their +fulfillment, why not reduce the chances to three or four, with the hungry, +clamoring West for our market? +</p> + +<p> +The powwow lasted several days. Finally all agreed to sever our dealings with +the Interior Department, which required cows for Indian agencies, and confine +our business to the open market and supplying the Army with beef. Our partner +the Senator reluctantly yielded to the opinions of Major Hunter and myself, +urging our loss of prestige and its reflection on his standing at the national +capital. But we countered on him, arguing that as a representative of the West +the opportunity of the hour was his to insist on larger estimates for the +coming year, and to secure proportionate appropriations for both the War and +Interior departments, if they wished to attract responsible bidders. If only +the ordinary estimates and allowances were made, it would result in a +deficiency in these departments, and no one cared for vouchers, even against +the government, when the funds were not available to meet the same on +presentation. Major Hunter suggested to our partner that as beef contractors we +be called in consultation with the head of each department, and allowed to +offer our views for the general benefit of the service. The Senator saw his +opportunity, promising to hasten on to Washington at once, while the rest of us +agreed to hold ourselves in readiness to respond to any call. +</p> + +<p> +Edwards and I returned to Texas. The former was stationed for the winter at San +Antonio, under instructions to keep in touch with the market, while I loitered +between Fort Worth and the home ranch. The arrival of the list of awards came +promptly as usual, but beyond a random glance was neglected pending state +developments. An advance of two dollars and a half a head was predicted on all +grades, and buyers and superintendents of cattle companies in the North and +West were quietly dropping down into Texas for the winter, inquiring for and +offering to contract cattle for spring delivery at Dodge and Ogalalla. I was +quietly resting on my oars at the ranch, when a special messenger arrived +summoning me to Washington. The motive was easily understood, and on my +reaching Fort Worth the message was supplemented by another one from Major +Hunter, asking me to touch at Council Grove en route. Writing Edwards fully +what would be expected of him during my absence, I reached The Grove and was +joined by my partner, and we proceeded on to the national capital. Arriving +fully two weeks in advance of the closing day for bids, all three of us called +and paid our respects to the heads of the War and Interior departments. On +special request of the Secretaries, an appointment was made for the following +day, when the Senator took Major Hunter and me under his wing and coached us in +support of his suggestions to either department. There was no occasion to warn +me, as I had just come from the seat of beef supply, and knew the feverish +condition of affairs at home. +</p> + +<p> +The appointments were kept promptly. At the Interior Department we tarried but +a few minutes after informing the Secretary that we were submitting no bids +that year in his division, but allowed ourselves to be drawn out as to the why +and wherefore. Major Hunter was a man of moderate schooling, apt in +conversation, and did nearly all the talking, though I put in a few general +observations. We were cordially greeted at the War Office, good cigars were +lighted, and we went over the situation fully. The reports of the year before +were gone over, and we were complimented on our different deliveries to the +Army. We accepted all flatteries as a matter of course, though the past is poor +security for the future. When the matter of contracting for the present year +was broached, we confessed our ability to handle any awards in our territory to +the number of fifty to seventy-five thousand beeves, but would like some +assurance that the present or forthcoming appropriations would be ample to meet +all contracts. Our doubts were readily removed by the firmness of the Secretary +when as we arose to leave, Major Hunter suggested, by way of friendly advice, +that the government ought to look well to the bonds of contractors, saying that +the beef-producing regions of the West and South had experienced an advance in +prices recently, which made contracting cattle for future delivery extremely +hazardous. At parting regret was expressed that the sudden change in affairs +would prevent our submitting estimates only so far as we had the cattle in +hand. +</p> + +<p> +Three days before the limit expired, we submitted twenty bids to the War +Department. Our figures were such that we felt fully protected, as we had +twenty thousand cattle on our Northern range, while advice was reaching us +daily from the beef regions of Texas. The opening of proposals was no surprise, +only seven falling to us, and all admitting of Southern beeves. Within an hour +after the result was known, a wire was sent to Edwards, authorizing him to +contract immediately for twenty-two thousand heavy steer cattle and advance +money liberally on every agreement. Duplicates of our estimates had been sent +him the same day they were submitted at the War Office. Our segundo had triple +the number of cattle in sight, and was then in a position to act intelligently. +The next morning Major Hunter and I left the capital for San Antonio, taking a +southern route through Virginia, sighting old battlefields where both had seen +service on opposing sides, but now standing shoulder to shoulder as trail +drovers and army contractors. We arrived at our destination promptly. Edwards +was missing, but inquiry among our bankers developed the fact that he had been +drawing heavily the past few days, and we knew that all was well. A few nights +later he came in, having secured our requirements at an advance of two to three +dollars a head over the prices of the preceding spring. +</p> + +<p> +The live-stock interests of the State were centring in the coming cattle +convention, which would be held at Fort Worth in February. At this meeting +heavy trading was anticipated for present and future delivery, and any sales +effected would establish prices for the coming spring. From the number of +Northern buyers that were in Texas, and others expected at the convention, +Edwards suggested buying, before the meeting, at least half the requirements +for our beef ranch and trail cattle. Major Hunter and I both fell in with the +idea of our segundo, and we scattered to our old haunts under agreement to +report at Fort Worth for the meeting of the clans. I spent two weeks among my +ranchmen friends on the headwaters of the Frio and Nueces rivers, and while +they were fully awake to the advance in prices, I closed trades on twenty-one +thousand two and three year old steers for March delivery. It was always a +weakness in me to overbuy, and in receiving I could never hold a herd down to +the agreed numbers, but my shortcomings in this instance proved a boon. On +arriving at Fort Worth, the other two reported having combed their old +stamping-grounds of half a dozen counties along the Colorado River, and having +secured only fifteen thousand head. Every one was waiting until after the +cattle convention, and only those who had the stock in hand could be induced to +talk business or enter into agreements. +</p> + +<p> +The convention was a notable affair. Men from Montana and intervening States +and Territories rubbed elbows and clinked their glasses with the Texans to +“Here’s to a better acquaintance.” The trail drovers were there to a man, the +very atmosphere was tainted with cigar smoke, the only sounds were cattle talk, +and the nights were wild and sleepless. “I’ll sell ten thousand Pan-Handle +three-year-old steers for delivery at Ogalalla,” spoken in the lobby of a hotel +or barroom, would instantly attract the attention of half a dozen men in fur +overcoats and heavy flannel. “What are your cattle worth laid down on the +Platte?” was the usual rejoinder, followed by a drink, a cigar, and a +conference, sometimes ending in a deal or terminating in a friendly +acquaintance. I had met many of these men at Abilene, Wichita, and Great Bend, +and later at Dodge City and Ogalalla, and now they had invaded Texas, and the +son of a prophet could not foretell the future. Our firm never offered a hoof, +but the three days of the convention were forewarnings of the next few years to +follow. I was personally interested in the general tendency of the men from the +upper country to contract for heifers and young cows, and while the prices +offered for Northern delivery were a distinct advance over those of the summer +before, I resisted all temptations to enter into agreements. The Northern +buyers and trail drovers selfishly joined issues in bearing prices in Texas; +yet, in spite of their united efforts, over two hundred thousand cattle were +sold during the meeting, and at figures averaging fully three dollars a head +over those of the previous spring. +</p> + +<p> +The convention adjourned, and those in attendance scattered to their homes and +business. Between midnight and morning of the last day of the meeting, Major +Hunter and I closed contracts for two trail herds of sixty-five hundred head in +Erath and Comanche counties. Within a week two others of straight +three-year-olds were secured,—one in my home county and the other fifty miles +northwest in Throckmorton. This completed our purchases for the present, giving +us a chain of cattle to receive from within one county of the Rio Grande on the +south to the same distance from Red River on the north. The work was divided +into divisions. One thousand extra saddle horses were needed for the beef herds +and others, and men were sent south, to secure them. All private and company +remudas had returned to the Clear Fork to winter, and from there would be +issued wherever we had cattle to receive. A carload of wagons was bought at the +Fort, teams were sent in after them, and a busy fortnight followed in +organizing the forces. Edwards was assigned to assist Major Hunter in receiving +the beef cattle along the lower Frio and Nueces, starting in ample time to +receive the saddle stock in advance of the beeves. There was three weeks’ +difference in the starting of grass between northern and southern Texas, and we +made our dates for receiving accordingly, mine for Medina and Uvalde counties +following on the heels of the beef herds from the lower country. +</p> + +<p> +From the 12th of March I was kept in the saddle ten days, receiving cattle from +the headwaters of the Frio and Nueces rivers. All my old foremen rendered +valuable assistance, two and three herds being in the course of formation at a +time, and, as usual, we received eleven hundred over and above the contracts. +The herds moved out on good grass and plenty of water, the last of the heavy +beeves had passed north on my return to San Antonio, and I caught the first +train out to join the others in central Texas. My buckboard had been brought +down with the remudas and was awaiting me at the station, the Colorado River on +the west was reached that night, and by noon the next day I was in the thick of +the receiving. When three herds had started, I reported in Comanche and Erath +counties, where gathering for our herds was in progress; and fixing definite +dates that would allow Edwards and my partner to arrive, I drove on through to +the Clear Fork. Under previous instructions, a herd of thirty-five hundred +two-year-old heifers was ready to start, while nearly four thousand steers were +in hand, with one outfit yet to come in from up the Brazos. We were gathering +close that year, everything three years old or over must go, and the outfits +were ranging far and wide. The steer herd was held down to thirty-two hundred, +both it and the heifers moving out the same day, with a remnant of over a +thousand three-year-old steers left over. +</p> + +<p> +The herd under contract to the firm in the home county came up full in number, +and was the next to get away. A courier arrived from the Double Mountain range +and reported a second contingent of heifers ready, but that the steers would +overrun for a wieldy herd. The next morning the overplus from the Clear Fork +was started for the new ranch, with orders to make up a third steer herd and +cross Red River at Doan’s. This cleaned the boards on my ranches, and the next +day I was in Throckmorton County, where everything was in readiness to pass +upon. This last herd was of Clear Fork cattle, put up within twenty-five miles +of Fort Griffin, every brand as familiar as my own, and there was little to do +but count and receive. Road-branding was necessary, however; and while this +work was in progress, a relay messenger arrived from the ranch, summoning me to +Fort Worth posthaste. The message was from Major Hunter, and from the hurried +scribbling I made out that several herds were tied up when ready to start, and +that they would be thrown on the market. I hurried home, changed teams, and by +night and day driving reached Fort Worth and awakened my active partner and +Edwards out of their beds to get the particulars. The responsible man of a firm +of drovers, with five herds on hand, had suddenly died, and the banks refused +to advance the necessary funds to complete their payments. The cattle were +under herd in Wise and Cook counties, both Major Hunter and our segundo had +looked them over, and both pronounced the herds gilt-edged north Texas steers. +It would require three hundred thousand dollars to buy and clear the herds, and +all our accounts were already overdrawn, but it was decided to strain our +credit. The situation was fully explained in a lengthy message to a bank in +Kansas City, the wires were kept busy all day answering questions; but before +the close of business we had authority to draw for the amount needed, and the +herds, with remudas and outfits complete, passed into our hands and were +started the next day. This gave the firm and me personally thirty-three herds, +requiring four hundred and ninety-odd men and over thirty-five hundred horses, +while the cattle numbered one hundred and four thousand head. +</p> + +<p> +Two thirds of the herds were routed by way of Doan’s Crossing in leaving Texas, +while all would touch at Dodge in passing up the country. George Edwards +accompanied the north Texas herds, and Major Hunter hastened on to Kansas City +to protect our credit, while I hung around Doan’s Store until our last cattle +crossed Red River. The annual exodus from Texas to the North was on with a +fury, and on my arrival at Dodge all precedents in former prices were swept +aside in the eager rush to secure cattle. Herds were sold weeks before their +arrival, others were met as far south as Camp Supply, and it was easily to be +seen that it was a seller’s market. Two thirds of the trail herds merely took +on new supplies at Dodge and passed on to the Platte. Once our heavy beeves had +crossed the Arkansas, my partner and I swung round to Ogalalla and met our +advance herd, the foreman of which reported meeting buyers as far south as the +Republican River. It was actually dangerous to price cattle for fear of being +under the market; new classifications were being introduced, Pan-Handle and +north Texas steers commanding as much as three dollars a head over their +brethren from the coast and far south. +</p> + +<p> +The boom in cattle of the early ’80’s was on with a vengeance. There was no +trouble to sell herds that year. One morning, while I was looking for a range +on the north fork of the Platte, Major Hunter sold my seven thousand heifers at +twenty-five dollars around, commanding two dollars and a half a head over +steers of the same age. Edwards had been left in charge at Dodge, and my active +partner reluctantly tore himself away from the market at Ogalalla to attend our +deliveries of beef at army posts. Within six weeks after arriving at Dodge and +Ogalalla the last of our herds had changed owners, requiring another month to +complete the transfers at different destinations. Many of the steers went as +far north as the Yellowstone River, and Wyoming and Nebraska were liberal +buyers at the upper market, while Colorado, Kansas, and the Indian Territory +absorbed all offerings at the lower point. Horses were even in demand, and +while we made no effort to sell our remudas, over half of them changed owners +with the herds they had accompanied into the North. +</p> + +<p> +The season closed with a flourish. After we had wound up our affairs, Edwards +and I drifted down to the beef ranch with the unsold saddle stock, and the +shipping season opened. The Santa Fé Railway had built south to Caldwell that +spring, affording us a nearer shipping point, and we moved out five to ten +trainloads a week of single and double wintered beeves. The through cattle for +restocking the range had arrived early and were held separate until the first +frost, when everything would be turned loose on the Eagle Chief. Trouble was +still brewing between the Cherokee Nation and the government on the one side +and those holding cattle in the Strip, and a clash occurred that fall between a +lieutenant of cavalry and our half-breed foreman LaFlors. The troops had been +burning hay and destroying improvements belonging to cattle outfits, and had +paid our range a visit and mixed things with our foreman. The latter stood firm +on his rights as a Cherokee citizen and cited his employers as government beef +contractors, but the young lieutenant haughtily ignored all statements and +ordered the hay, stabling, and dug-outs burned. Like a flash of light, LaFlors +aimed a six-shooter at the officer’s breast, and was instantly covered by a +dozen carbines in the hands of troopers. +</p> + +<p> +“Order them to shoot if you dare,” smilingly said the Cherokee to the young +lieutenant, a cocked pistol leveled at the latter’s heart, “and she goes +double. There isn’t a man under you can pull a trigger quicker than I can.” The +hay was not burned, and the stabling and dug-outs housed our men and horses for +several winters to come. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap18"></a>CHAPTER XVIII<br/> +THE BEGINNING OF THE BOOM</h2> + +<p> +The great boom in cattle which began in 1880 and lasted nearly five years was +the beginning of a ruinous end. The frenzy swept all over the northern and +western half of the United States, extended into the British possessions in +western Canada, and in the receding wave the Texan forgot the pit from which he +was lifted and bowed down and worshiped the living calf. During this brief +period the great breeding grounds of Texas were tested to their utmost capacity +to supply the demand, the canebrakes of Arkansas and Louisiana were called upon +for their knotty specimens of the bovine race, even Mexico responded, and still +the insatiable maw of the early West called for more cattle. The whirlpool of +speculation and investment in ranches and range stock defied the deserts on the +west, sweeping across into New Mexico and Arizona, where it met a counter wave +pushing inland from California to possess the new and inviting pastures. +Naturally the Texan was the last to catch the enthusiasm, but when he found his +herds depleted to a remnant of their former numbers, he lost his head and +plunged into the vortex with the impetuosity of a gambler. Pasture lands that +he had scorned at ten cents an acre but a decade before were eagerly sought at +two and three dollars, and the cattle that he had bartered away he bought back +at double and triple their former prices. +</p> + +<p> +How I ever weathered those years without becoming bankrupt is unexplainable. No +credit or foresight must be claimed, for the opinions of men and babes were on +a parity; yet I am inclined to think it was my dread of debt, coupled with an +innate love of land and cattle, that saved me from the almost universal fate of +my fellow cowmen. Due acknowledgment must be given my partners, for while I +held them in check in certain directions, the soundness of their advice saved +my feet from many a stumble. Major Hunter was an unusually shrewd man, a +financier of the rough and ready Western school; and while we made our +mistakes, they were such as human foresight could not have avoided. Nor do I +withhold a word of credit from our silent partner, the Senator, who was the +keystone to the arch of Hunter, Anthony & Co., standing in the shadow in +our beginning as trail drovers, backing us with his means and credit, and +fighting valiantly for our mutual interests when the firm met its Waterloo. +</p> + +<p> +The success of our drive for the summer of 1880 changed all plans for the +future. I had learned that percentage was my ablest argument in suggesting a +change of policy, and in casting up accounts for the year we found that our +heavy beeves had paid the least in the general investment. The banking +instincts of my partners were unerring, and in view of the open market that we +had enjoyed that summer it was decided to withdraw from further contracting +with the government. Our profits for the year were dazzling, and the actual +growth of our beeves in the Outlet was in itself a snug fortune, while the five +herds bought at the eleventh hour cleared over one hundred thousand dollars, +mere pin-money. I hurried home to find that fortune favored me personally, as +the Texas and Pacific Railway had built west from Fort Worth during the summer +as far as Weatherford, while the survey on westward was within easy striking +distance of both my ranches. My wife was dazed and delighted over the success +of the summer’s drive, and when I offered her the money with which to build a +fine house at Fort Worth, she balked, but consented to employ a tutor at the +ranch for the children. +</p> + +<p> +I had a little leisure time on my hands that fall. Activity in wild lands was +just beginning to be felt throughout the State, and the heavy holders of scrip +were offering to locate large tracts to suit the convenience of purchasers. +Several railroads held immense quantities of scrip voted to them as bonuses, +all the charitable institutions of the State were endowed with liberal grants, +and the great bulk of certificates issued during the Reconstruction régime for +minor purposes had fallen into the hands of shrewd speculators. Among the +latter was a Chicago firm, who had opened an office at Fort Worth and employed +a corps of their own surveyors to locate lands for customers. They held +millions of acres of scrip, and I opened negotiations with them to survey a +number of additions to my Double Mountain range. Valuable water-fronts were +becoming rather scarce, and the legislature had recently enacted a law setting +apart every alternate section of land for the public schools, out of which grew +the State’s splendid system of education. After the exchange of a few letters, +I went to Fort Worth and closed a contract with the Chicago firm to survey for +my account three hundred thousand acres adjoining my ranch on the Salt and +Double Mountain forks of the Brazos. In my own previous locations, the +water-front and valley lands were all that I had coveted, the tracts not even +adjoining, the one on the Salt Fork lying like a boot, while the lower one +zigzagged like a stairway in following the watercourse. The prices agreed on +were twenty cents an acre for arid land, forty for medium, and sixty for choice +tracts, every other section to be set aside for school purposes in compliance +with the law. My foreman would designate the land wanted, and the firm agreed +to put an outfit of surveyors into the field at once. +</p> + +<p> +My two ranches were proving a valuable source of profit. After starting five +herds of seventeen thousand cattle on the trail that spring, and shipping on +consignment fifteen hundred bulls to distilleries that fall, we branded +nineteen thousand five hundred calves on the two ranges. In spite of the heavy +drain, the brand was actually growing in numbers, and as long as it remained an +open country I had ample room for my cattle even on the Clear Fork. Each stock +was in splendid shape, as the culling of the aging and barren of both sexes to +Indian agencies and distilleries had preserved the brand vigorous and +productive. The first few years of its establishment I am satisfied that the +Double Mountain ranch increased at the rate of ninety calves to the hundred +cows, and once the Clear Fork range was rid of its drones, a similar ratio was +easily maintained on that range. There was no such thing as counting one’s +holdings; the increase only was known, and these conclusions, with due +allowance for their selection, were arrived at from the calf crop of the +improved herd. Its numbers were known to an animal, all chosen for their vigor +and thrift, the increase for the first two years averaging ninety-four per +cent. +</p> + +<p> +There is little rest for the wicked and none for a cowman. I was planning an +enjoyable winter, hunting with my hounds, when the former proposition of +organizing an immense cattle company was revived at Washington. Our silent +partner was sought on every hand by capitalists eager for investment in Western +enterprises, and as cattle were absorbing general attention at the time, the +tendency of speculation was all one way. The same old crowd that we had turned +down two winters before was behind the movement, and as certain predictions +that were made at that time by Major Hunter and myself had since come true, +they were all the more anxious to secure our firm as associates. Our experience +and resultant profits from wintering cattle in southern Kansas and the Cherokee +Strip were well known to the Senator, and, to judge from his letters and +frequent conversations, he was envied by his intimate acquaintances in +Congress. In the revival of the original proposition it was agreed that our +firm might direct the management of the enterprise, all three of us to serve on +the directorate and to have positions on the executive committee. This sounded +reasonable, and as there was a movement on foot to lease the entire Cherokee +Outlet from that Nation, if an adequate range could be secured, such a cattle +company as suggested ought to be profitable. +</p> + +<p> +Major Hunter and I were a unit in business matters, and after an exchange of +views by letter, it was agreed to run down to the capital and hold a conference +with the promoters of the proposed company. My parents were aging fast, and now +that I was moderately wealthy it was a pleasure to drop in on them for a week +and hearten their declining years. Accordingly with the expectation of +combining filial duty and business, I took Edwards with me and picked up the +major at his home, and the trio of us journeyed eastward. I was ten days late +in reaching Washington. It was the Christmas season in the valley; every darky +that our family ever owned renewed his acquaintance with Mars’ Reed, and was +remembered in a way befitting the season. The recess for the holidays was over +on my reaching the capital, yet in the mean time a crude outline of the +proposed company was under consideration. On the advice of our silent partner, +who well knew that his business associates were slightly out of their element +at social functions and might take alarm, all banquets were cut out, and we met +in little parties at cafés and swell barrooms. In the course of a few days all +the preliminaries were agreed on, and a general conference was called. +</p> + +<p> +Neither my active partner nor myself was an orator, but we had coached the +silent member of the firm to act in our behalf. The Senator was a flowery +talker, and in prefacing his remarks he delved into antiquity, mentioning the +Aryan myth wherein the drifting clouds were supposed to be the cows of the +gods, driven to and from their feeding grounds. Coming down to a later period, +he referred to cattle being figured on Egyptian monuments raised two thousand +years before the Christian era, and to the important part they were made to +play in Greek and Roman mythology. Referring to ancient biblical times, he +dwelt upon the pastoral existence of the old patriarchs, as they peacefully led +their herds from sheltered nook to pastures green. Passing down and through the +cycles of change from ancient to modern times, he touched upon the relation of +cattle to the food supply of the world, and finally the object of the meeting +was reached. In few and concise words, an outline of the proposed company was +set forth, its objects and limitations. A pound of beef, it was asserted, was +as staple as a loaf of bread, the production of the one was as simple as the +making of the other, and both were looked upon equally as the staff of life. +Other remarks of a general nature followed. The capital was limited to one +million dollars, though double the capitalization could have been readily +placed at the first meeting. Satisfactory committees were appointed on +organization and other preliminary steps, and books were opened for +subscriptions. Deference was shown our firm, and I subscribed the same amount +as my partners, except that half my subscription was made in the name of George +Edwards, as I wanted him on the executive committee if the company ever got +beyond its present embryo state. The trio of us taking only one hundred and +fifty thousand dollars, there was a general scramble for the remainder. +</p> + +<p> +The preliminary steps having been taken, nothing further could be done until a +range was secured. My active partner, George Edwards, and myself were appointed +on this committee, and promising to report at the earliest convenience, we made +preparations for returning West. A change of administration was approaching, +and before leaving the capital, Edwards, my partners, and myself called on +Secretaries Schurz of the Interior Department and Ramsey of the War Department. +We had done an extensive business with both departments in the past, and were +anxious to learn the attitude of the government in regard to leasing lands from +the civilized Indian nations. A lease for the Cherokee Outlet was pending, but +for lack of precedent the retiring Secretary of the Interior, for fear of +reversal by the succeeding administration, lent only a qualified approval of +the same. There were six million acres of land in the Outlet, a splendid range +for maturing beef, and if an adequate-sized ranch could be secured the new +company could begin operations at once. The Cherokee Nation was anxious to +secure a just rental, an association had offered $200,000 a year for the Strip, +and all that was lacking was a single word of indorsement from the paternal +government. +</p> + +<p> +Hoping that the incoming administration would take favorable action permitting +civilized Indian tribes to lease their surplus lands, we returned to our homes. +The Cherokee Strip Cattle Association had been temporarily organized some time +previous,—not being chartered, however, until March, 1883,—and was the proposed +lessee of the Outlet in which our beef ranch lay. The organization was a local +one, created for the purpose of removing all friction between the Cherokees and +the individual holders of cattle in the Strip. The officers and directors of +the association were all practical cattlemen, owners of herds and ranges in the +Outlet, paying the same rental as others into the general treasury of the +organization. Major Hunter was well acquainted with the officers, and +volunteered to take the matter up at once, by making application in person for +a large range in the Cherokee Strip. There was no intention on the part of our +firm to forsake the trail, this cattle company being merely a side issue, and +active preparations were begun for the coming summer. +</p> + +<p> +The annual cattle convention would meet again in Fort Worth in February. With +the West for our market and Texas the main source of supply, there was no +occasion for any delay in placing our contracts for trail stock. The closing +figures obtainable at Dodge and Ogalalla the previous summer had established a +new scale of prices for Texas, and a buyer must either pay the advance or let +the cattle alone. Edwards and I were in the field fully three weeks before the +convention met, covering our old buying grounds and venturing into new ones, +advancing money liberally on all contracts, and returning to the meeting with +thirty herds secured. Major Hunter met us at the convention, and while nothing +definite was accomplished in securing a range, a hopeful word had reached us in +regard to the new administration. Starting the new company that spring was out +of the question, and all energies were thrown into the forthcoming drive. +Representatives from the Northwest again swept down on the convention, all +Texas was there, and for three days and nights the cattle interests carried the +keys of the city. Our firm offered nothing, but, on the other hand, bought +three herds of Pan-Handle steers for acceptance early in April. Three weeks of +active work were required to receive the cattle, the herds starting again with +the grass. My individual contingent included ten thousand three-year-old +steers, two full herds of two-year-old heifers, and seven thousand cows. The +latter were driven in two herds; extra wagons with oxen attached accompanied +each in order to save the calves, as a youngster was an assistance in selling +an old cow. Everything was routed by Doan’s Crossing, both Edwards and myself +accompanying the herds, while Major Hunter returned as usual by rail. The new +route, known as the Western trail, was more direct than the Chisholm though +beset by Comanche and Kiowa Indians once powerful tribes, but now little more +than beggars. The trip was nearly featureless, except that during a terrible +storm on Big Elk, a number of Indians took shelter under and around one of our +wagons and a squaw was killed by lightning. For some unaccountable reason the +old dame defied the elements and had climbed up on a water barrel which was +ironed to the side of the commissary wagon, when the bolt struck her and she +tumbled off dead among her people. The incident created quite a commotion among +the Indians, who set up a keening, and the husband of the squaw refused to be +comforted until I gave him a stray cow, when he smiled and asked for a bill of +sale so that he could sell the hide at the agency. I shook my head, and the +cook told him in Spanish that no one but the owner could give a bill of sale, +when he looked reproachfully at me and said, “Mebby so you steal him.” +</p> + +<p> +I caught a stage at Camp Supply and reached Dodge a week in advance of the +herds. Major Hunter was awaiting me with the report that our application for an +extra lease in the Cherokee Strip had been refused. Those already holding +cattle in the Outlet were to retain their old grazing grounds, and as we had no +more range than we needed for the firm’s holding of stock, we must look +elsewhere to secure one for the new company. A movement was being furthered in +Washington, however, to secure a lease from the Cheyenne and Arapahoe tribes, +blanket Indians, whose reservation lay just south of the Strip, near the centre +of the Territory and between the Chisholm and Western trails. George Edwards +knew the country, having issued cows at those agencies for several summers, and +reported the country well adapted for ranging cattle. We had a number of +congressmen and several distinguished senators in our company, and if there was +such a thing as pulling the wires with the new administration, there was little +doubt but it would be done. Kirkwood of Iowa had succeeded Schurz in the +Interior Department, and our information was that he would at least approve of +any lease secured. We were urged at the earliest opportunity to visit the +Cheyenne and Arapahoe agency, and open negotiations with the ruling chiefs of +those tribes. This was impossible just at present, for with forty herds, +numbering one hundred and twenty-six thousand cattle, on the trail and for our +beef ranch, a busy summer lay before us. Edwards was dispatched to meet and +turn off the herds intended for our range in the Outlet, Major Hunter proceeded +on to Ogalalla, while I remained at Dodge until the last cattle arrived or +passed that point. +</p> + +<p> +The summer of 1881 proved a splendid market for the drover. Demand far exceeded +supply and prices soared upward, while she stuff commanded a premium of three +to five dollars a head over steers of the same age. Pan-Handle and north Texas +cattle topped the market, their quality easily classifying them above Mexican, +coast, and southern breeding. Herds were sold and cleared out for their +destination almost as fast as they arrived; the Old West wanted the cattle and +had the range and to spare, all of which was a tempered wind to the Texas +drover. I spent several months in Dodge, shaping up our herds as they arrived, +and sending the majority of them on to Ogalalla. The cows were the last to +arrive on the Arkansas, and they sold like pies to hungry boys, while all the +remainder of my individual stock went on to the Platte and were handled by our +segundo and my active partner. Near the middle of the summer I closed up our +affairs at Dodge, and, taking the assistant bookkeeper with me, moved up to +Ogalalla. Shortly after my arrival there, it was necessary to send a member of +the firm to Miles City, on the Yellowstone River in Montana, and the mission +fell to me. Major Hunter had sold twenty thousand threes for delivery at that +point, and the cattle were already en route to their destination on my arrival. +I took train and stage and met the herds on the Yellowstone. +</p> + +<p> +On my return to Ogalalla the season was drawing to a feverish close. All our +cattle were sold, the only delay being in deliveries and settlements. Several +of our herds were received on the Platte, but, as it happened, nearly all our +sales were effected with new cattle companies, and they had too much confidence +in the ability of the Texas outfits to deliver to assume the risk themselves. +Everything was fish to our net, and if a buyer had insisted on our delivering +in Canada, I think Major Hunter would have met the request had the price been +satisfactory. We had the outfits and horses, and our men were plainsmen and +were at home as long as they could see the north star. Edwards attended a +delivery on the Crazy Woman in Wyoming, Major Hunter made a trip for a similar +purpose to the Niobrara in Nebraska, and various trail foremen represented the +firm at minor deliveries. All trail business was closed before the middle of +September, the bookkeepers made up their final statements, and we shook hands +all round and broke the necks of a few bottles. +</p> + +<p> +But the climax of the year’s profits came from the beef ranch in the Outlet. +The Eastern markets were clamoring for well-fatted Western stock, and we sent +out train after train of double wintered beeves that paid one hundred per cent +profit on every year we had held them. The single wintered cattle paid nearly +as well, and in making ample room for the through steers we shipped out +eighteen thousand head from our holdings on the Eagle Chief. The splendid +profits from maturing beeves on Northern ranges naturally made us anxious to +start the new company. We were doing fairly well as a firm and personally, and +with our mastery of the business it was but natural that we should enlarge +rather than restrict our operations. There had been no decrease of the foreign +capital, principally Scotch and English, for investment in ranges and cattle in +the West during the summer just past, and it was contrary to the policy of +Hunter, Anthony & Co. to take a backward step. The frenzy for organizing +cattle companies was on with a fury, and half-breed Indians and squaw-men, with +rights on reservations, were in demand as partners in business or as managers +of cattle syndicates. +</p> + +<p> +An amusing situation developed during the summer of 1881 at Dodge. The Texas +drovers formed a social club and rented and furnished quarters, which +immediately became the rendezvous of the wayfaring mavericks. Cigars and +refreshments were added, social games introduced, and in burlesque of the +general craze of organizing stock companies to engage in cattle ranching, our +club adopted the name of The Juan-Jinglero Cattle Company, Limited. The capital +stock was placed at five million, full-paid and non-assessable, with John T. +Lytle as treasurer, E.G. Head as secretary, Jess Pressnall as attorney, Captain +E.G. Millet as fiscal agent for placing the stock, and a dozen leading drovers +as vice-presidents, while the presidency fell to me. We used the best of +printed stationery, and all the papers of Kansas City and Omaha innocently took +it up and gave the new cattle company the widest publicity. The promoters of +the club intended it as a joke, but the prominence of its officers fooled the +outside public, and applications began to pour in to secure stock in the new +company. No explanation was offered, but all applications were courteously +refused, on the ground that the capital was already over-subscribed. All +members were freely using the club stationery, thus daily advertising us far +and wide, while no end of jokes were indulged in at the expense of the +burlesque company. For instance, Major Seth Mabry left word at the club to +forward his mail to Kansas City, care of Armour’s Bank, as he expected to be +away from Dodge for a week. No sooner had he gone than every member of the club +wrote him a letter, in care of that popular bank, addressing him as first +vice-president and director of The Juan-Jinglero Cattle Company. While +attending to business Major Mabry was hourly honored by bankers and intimate +friends desiring to secure stock in the company, to all of whom he turned a +deaf ear, but kept the secret. “I told the boys,” said Major Seth on his +return, “that our company was a close corporation, and unless we increased the +capital stock, there was no hope of them getting in on the ground floor.” +</p> + +<p> +In Dodge practical joking was carried to the extreme, both by citizens and +cowmen. One night a tipsy foreman, who had just arrived over the trail, +insisted on going the rounds with a party of us, and in order to shake him we +entered a variety theatre, where my maudlin friend soon fell asleep in his +seat. The rest of us left the theatre, and after seeing the sights I wandered +back to the vaudeville, finding the performance over and my friend still sound +asleep. I awoke him, never letting him know that I had been absent for hours, +and after rubbing his eyes open, he said: “Reed, is it all over? No dance or +concert? They give a good show here, don’t they?” +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap19"></a>CHAPTER XIX<br/> +THE CHEYENNE AND ARAPAHOE CATTLE COMPANY</h2> + +<p> +The assassination of President Garfield temporarily checked our plans in +forming the new cattle company. Kirkwood of the Interior Department was +disposed to be friendly to all Western enterprises, but our advices from +Washington anticipated a reorganization of the cabinet under Arthur. Senator +Teller was slated to succeed Kirkwood, and as there was no question about the +former being fully in sympathy with everything pertaining to the West, every +one interested in the pending project lent his influence in supporting the +Colorado man for the Interior portfolio. Several senators and any number of +representatives were subscribers to our company, and by early fall the outlook +was so encouraging that we concluded at least to open negotiations for a lease +on the Cheyenne and Arapahoe reservation. A friendly acquaintance was +accordingly to be cultivated with the Indian agent of these tribes. George +Edwards knew him personally, and, well in advance of Major Hunter and myself, +dropped down to the agency and made known his errand. There were already a +number of cattle being held on the reservation by squaw-men, sutlers, +contractors, and other army followers stationed at Fort Reno. The latter +ignored all rights of the tribes, and even collected a rental from outside +cattle for grazing on the reservation, and were naturally antagonistic to any +interference with their personal plans. There had been more or less friction +between the Indian agent and these usurpers of the grazing privileges, and a +proposition to lease a million acres at an annual rental of fifty thousand +dollars at once met with the sanction of the agent. Major Hunter and I were +notified of the outlook, and at the close of the beef-shipping season we took +stage for the Cheyenne and Arapahoe Agency. Our segundo had thoroughly ridden +over the country, the range was a desirable one, and we soon came to terms with +the agent. He was looked upon as a necessary adjunct to the success of our +company, a small block of stock was set aside for his account, while his +usefulness in various ways would entitle his name to grace the salary list. For +the present the opposition of the army followers was to be ignored, as no one +gave them credit for being able to thwart our plans. +</p> + +<p> +The Indian agent called the head men of the two tribes together. The powwow was +held at the summer encampment of the Cheyennes, and the principal chiefs of the +Arapahoes were present. A beef was barbecued at our expense, and a great deal +of good tobacco was smoked. Aside from the agent, we employed a number of +interpreters; the council lasted two days, and on its conclusion we held a five +years’ lease, with the privilege of renewal, on a million acres of as fine +grazing land as the West could boast. The agreement was signed by every chief +present, and it gave us the privilege to fence our range, build shelter and +stabling for our men and horses, and otherwise equip ourselves for ranching. +The rental was payable semiannually in advance, to begin with the occupation of +the country the following spring, and both parties to the lease were satisfied +with the terms and conditions. In the territory allotted to us grazed two small +stocks of cattle, one of which had comfortable winter shelters on Quartermaster +Creek. Our next move was to buy both these brands and thus gain the good will +of the only occupants of the range. Possession was given at once, and leaving +Edwards and a few men to hold the range, the major and I returned to Kansas and +reported our success to Washington. +</p> + +<p> +The organization was perfected, and The Cheyenne and Arapahoe Cattle Company +began operations with all the rights and privileges of an individual. One +fourth of the capital stock was at once paid into the hands of the treasurer, +the lease and cattle on hand were transferred to the new company, and the +executive committee began operations for the future. Barbed wire by the carload +was purchased sufficient to build one hundred miles of four-strand fence, and +arrangements were made to have the same freighted one hundred and fifty miles +inland by wagon from the railway terminal to the new ranch on Quartermaster +Creek. Contracts were let to different men for cutting the posts and building +the fence, and one of the old trail bosses came on from Texas and was installed +as foreman of the new range. The first meeting of stockholders—for permanent +organization—was awaiting the convenience of the Western contingent; and once +Edwards was relieved, he and Major Hunter took my proxy and went on to the +national capital. Every interest had been advanced to the farthest possible +degree: surveyors would run the lines, the posts would be cut and hauled during +the winter, and by the first of June the fences would be up and the range ready +to receive the cattle. +</p> + +<p> +I returned to Texas to find everything in a prosperous condition. The Texas and +Pacific railway had built their line westward during the past summer, crossing +the Colorado River sixty miles south of headquarters on the Double Mountain +ranch and paralleling my Clear Fork range about half that distance below. +Previous to my return, the foreman on my Western ranch shipped out four trains +of sixteen hundred bulls on consignment to our regular customer in Illinois, it +being the largest single shipment made from Colorado City since the railway +reached that point. Thrifty little towns were springing up along the railroad, +land was in demand as a result of the boom in cattle, and an air of prosperity +pervaded both city and hamlet and was reflected in a general activity +throughout the State. The improved herd was the pride of the Double Mountain +ranch, now increased by over seven hundred half-blood heifers, while the young +males were annually claimed for the improvement of the main ranch stock. For +fear of in-and-in breeding, three years was the limit of use of any bulls among +the improved cattle, the first importation going to the main stock, and a +second consignment supplanting them at the head of the herd. +</p> + +<p> +In the permanent organization of The Cheyenne and Arapahoe Cattle Company, the +position of general manager fell to me. It was my wish that this place should +have gone to Edwards, as he was well qualified to fill it, while I was busy +looking after the firm and individual interests. Major Hunter likewise favored +our segundo, but the Eastern stockholders were insistent that the management of +the new company should rest in the hands of a successful cowman. The salary +contingent with the position was no inducement to me, but, with the pressure +brought to bear and in the interests of harmony, I was finally prevailed on to +accept the management. The proposition was a simple one,—the maturing and +marketing of beeves; we had made a success of the firm’s beef ranch in the +Cherokee Outlet, and as far as human foresight went, all things augured for a +profitable future. +</p> + +<p> +There was no intention on the part of the old firm to retire from the enviable +position that we occupied as trail drovers. Thus enlarging the scope of our +operations as cowmen simply meant that greater responsibility would rest on the +shoulders of the active partners and our trusted men. Accepting the management +of the new company meant, to a certain extent, a severance of my personal +connection with the firm, yet my every interest was maintained in the trail and +beef ranch. One of my first acts as manager of the new company was to serve a +notice through our secretary-treasurer calling for the capital stock to be paid +in on or before February 1, 1882. It was my intention to lay the foundation of +the new company on a solid basis, and with ample capital at my command I gave +the practical experiences of my life to the venture. During the winter I bought +five hundred head of choice saddle horses, all bred in north Texas and the +Pan-Handle, every one of which I passed on personally before accepting. +</p> + +<p> +Thus outfitted, I awaited the annual cattle convention. Major Hunter and our +segundo were present, and while we worked in harmony, I was as wide awake for a +bargain in the interests of the new company as they were in that of the old +firm. I let contracts for five herds of fifteen thousand Pan-Handle +three-year-old steers for delivery on the new range in the Indian Territory, +and bought nine thousand twos to be driven on company account. There was the +usual whoop and hurrah at the convention, and when it closed I lacked only six +thousand head of my complement for the new ranch. I was confining myself +strictly to north Texas and Pan-Handle cattle, for through Montana cowmen I +learned that there was an advantage, at maturity, in the northern-bred animal. +Major Hunter and our segundo bought and contracted in a dozen counties from the +Rio Grande to Red River during the convention, and at the close we scattered to +the four winds in the interests of our respective work. In order to give my +time and attention to the new organization, I assigned my individual cattle to +the care of the firm, of which I was sending out ten thousand three-year-old +steers and two herds of aging and dry cows. They would take their chances in +the open market, though I would have dearly loved to take over the young steers +for the new company rather than have bought their equivalent in numbers. I had +a dislike to parting with an animal of my own breeding, and to have brought +these to a ripe maturity under my own eye would have been a pleasure and a +satisfaction. But such an action might have caused distrust of my management, +and an honest name is a valuable asset in a cowman’s capital. +</p> + +<p> +My ranch foremen made up the herds and started my individual cattle on the +trail. I had previously bought the two remaining herds in Archer and Clay +counties, and in the five that were contracted for and would be driven at +company risk and account, every animal passed and was received under my +personal inspection. Three of the latter were routed by way of the Chisholm +trail, and two by the Western, while the cattle under contract for delivery at +the company ranch went by any route that their will and pleasure saw fit. I saw +very little of my old associates during the spring months, for no sooner had I +started the herds than I hastened to overtake the lead one so as to arrive with +the cattle at their new range. I had kept in touch with the building of fences, +and on our arrival, near the middle of May, the western and southern strings +were completed. It was not my intention to inclose the entire range, only so +far as to catch any possible drift of cattle to the south or west. A +twenty-mile spur of fence on the east, with half that line and all the north +one open, would be sufficient until further encroachments were made on our +range. We would have to ride the fences daily, anyhow, and where there was no +danger of drifting, an open line was as good as a fence. +</p> + +<p> +As fast as the cattle arrived they were placed under loose herd for the first +two weeks. Early in June the last of the contracted herds arrived and were +scattered over the range, the outfits returning to Texas. I reduced my help +gradually, as the cattle quieted down and became located, until by the middle +of summer we were running the ranch with thirty men, which were later reduced +to twenty for the winter. Line camps were established on the north and east, +comfortable quarters were built for fence-riders and their horses, and aside +from headquarters camp, half a dozen outposts were maintained. Hay contracts +were let for sufficient forage to winter forty horses, the cattle located +nicely within a month, and time rolled by without a cloud on the horizon of the +new cattle company. I paid a flying visit to Dodge and Ogalalla, but, finding +the season drawing to a close and the firm’s cattle all sold, I contentedly +returned to my accepted task. I had been buried for several months in the heart +of the Indian Territory, and to get out where one could read the daily papers +was a treat. During my banishment, Senator Teller had been confirmed as +Secretary of the Interior, an appointment that augured well for the future of +the Cheyenne and Arapahoe Cattle Company. Advices from Washington were +encouraging, and while the new secretary lacked authority to sanction our +lease, his tacit approval was assured. +</p> + +<p> +The firm of Hunter, Anthony & Co. made a barrel of money in trailing cattle +and from their beef ranch during the summer of 1882. I actually felt grieved +over my portion of the season’s work for while I had established a promising +ranch, I had little to show, the improvement account being heavy, owing to our +isolation. It was doubtful if we could have sold the ranch and cattle at a +profit, yet I was complimented on my management, and given to understand that +the stockholders were anxious to double the capitalization should I consent. +Range was becoming valuable, and at a meeting of the directors that fall a +resolution was passed, authorizing me to secure a lease adjoining our present +one. Accordingly, when paying the second installment of rent money, I took the +Indian agent of the two tribes with me. The leading chiefs were pleased with my +punctuality in meeting the rental, and a proposition to double their income of +“grass” money met with hearty grunts of approval. I made the council a little +speech,—my maiden endeavor,—and when it was interpreted to the squatting circle +I had won the confidence of these simple aborigines. A duplicate of our former +lease in acreage and terms was drawn up and signed; and during the existence of +our company the best teepee in the winter or summer encampments, of either the +Cheyennes or Arapahoes, was none too good for Reed Anthony when he came with +the rent money or on other business. +</p> + +<p> +Our capital stock was increased to two million dollars, in the latter half of +which, one hundred thousand was asked for and allotted to me. I stayed on the +range until the first of December, freighting in a thousand bushels of corn for +the horses and otherwise seeing that the camps were fully provisioned before +returning to my home in Texas. The winter proved dry and cold, the cattle +coming through in fine condition, not one per cent of loss being sustained, +which is a good record for through stock. Spring came and found me on the +trail, with five herds on company account and eight herds under contract,—a +total of forty thousand cattle intended for the enlarged range. All these had +been bought north of the quarantine line in Texas, and were turned loose with +the wintered ones, fever having been unknown among our holdings of the year +before. In the mean time the eastern spur of fence had been taken down and the +southern line extended forty miles eastward and north the same distance. The +northern line of our range was left open, the fences being merely intended to +catch any possible drift from summer storms or wintry blizzards. Yet in spite +of this precaution, two round-up outfits were kept in the field through the +early summer, one crossing into the Chickasaw Nation and the other going as far +south as Red River, gathering any possible strays from the new range. +</p> + +<p> +I was giving my best services to the new company. Save for the fact that I had +capable foremen on my individual ranches in Texas, my absence was felt in +directing the interests of the firm and personally. Major Hunter had promoted +an old foreman to a trusted man, and the firm kept up the volume of business on +the trail and ranch, though I was summoned once to Dodge and twice to Ogalalla +during the summer of 1883. Issues had arisen making my presence necessary, but +after the last trail herd was sold I returned to my post. The boom was still on +in cattle at the trail markets, and Texas was straining every energy to supply +the demand, yet the cry swept down from the North for more cattle. I was +branding twenty thousand calves a year on my two ranches, holding the increase +down to that number by sending she stuff up the country on sale, and from half +a dozen sources of income I was coining money beyond human need or necessity. I +was then in the physical prime of my life and was master of a profitable +business, while vistas of a brilliant future opened before me on every hand. +</p> + +<p> +When the round-up outfits came in for the summer, the beef shipping began. In +the first two contingents of cattle purchased in securing the good will of the +original range, we now had five thousand double wintered beeves. It was my +intention to ship out the best of the single wintered ones, and five separate +outfits were ordered into the saddle for that purpose. With the exception of +line and fence riders,—for two hundred and forty miles were ridden daily, rain +or shine, summer or winter,—every man on the ranch took up his abode with the +wagons. Caldwell and Hunnewell, on the Kansas state line were the nearest +shipping points, requiring fifteen days’ travel with beeves, and if there was +no delay in cars, an outfit could easily gather the cattle and make a round +trip in less than a month. Three or four trainloads, numbering from one +thousand and fifty to fourteen hundred head, were cut out at a time and handled +by a single outfit. I covered the country between the ranch and shipping +points, riding night and day ahead in ordering cars, and dropping back to the +ranch to superintend the cutting out of the next consignment of cattle. Each +outfit made three trips, shipping out fifteen thousand beeves that fall, +leaving sixty thousand cattle to winter on the range. +</p> + +<p> +Several times that fall, when shipping beeves from Caldwell, we met up with the +firm’s outfits from the Eagle Chief in the Cherokee Outlet. Naturally the +different shipping crews looked over each other’s cattle, and an intense +rivalry sprang up between the different foremen and men. The cattle of the new +company outshone those of the old firm, and were outselling them in the +markets, while the former’s remudas were in a class by themselves, all of which +was salt to open wounds and magnified the jealousy between our own outfits. The +rivalry amused me, and until petty personalities were freely indulged in, I +encouraged and widened the breach between the rival crews. The outfits under my +direction had accumulated a large supply of saddle and sleeping blankets +procured from the Indians, gaudy in color, manufactured in sizes for papoose, +squaw, and buck. These goods were of the finest quality, but during the annual +festivals of the tribe Lo’s hunger for gambling induced him to part, for a mere +song, with the blanket that the paternal government intended should shelter him +during the storms of winter. Every man in my outfits owned from six to ten +blankets, and the Eagle Chief lads rechristened the others, including myself, +with the most odious of Indian names. In return, we refused to visit or eat at +their wagons, claiming that they lived slovenly and were lousy. The latter had +an educated Scotchman with them, McDougle by name, the ranch bookkeeper, who +always went into town in advance to order cars. McDougle had a weakness for the +cup, and on one occasion he fell into the hands of my men, who humored his +failing, marching him through the streets, saloons, and hotels shouting at the +top of his voice, “Hunter, Anthony & Company are going to ship!” The +expression became a byword among the citizens of the town, and every +reappearance of McDougle was accepted as a herald that our outfits from the +Eagle Chief were coming in with cattle. +</p> + +<p> +A special meeting of the stockholders was called at Washington that fall, which +all the Western members attended. Reports were submitted by the +secretary-treasurer and myself, the executive committee made several +suggestions, the proposition, to pay a dividend was overwhelmingly voted down, +and a further increase of the capital stock was urged by the Eastern +contingent. I sounded a note of warning, called attention to the single cloud +on the horizon, which was the enmity that we had engendered in a clique of army +followers in and around Fort Reno. These men had in the past, were even then, +collecting toll from every other holder of cattle on the Cheyenne and Arapahoe +reservation. That this coterie of usurpers hated the new company and me +personally was a well-known fact, while its influence was proving much stronger +than at first anticipated, and I cheerfully admitted the same to the +stockholders assembled. The Eastern mind, living under established conditions, +could hardly realize the chaotic state of affairs in the West, with its vicious +morals, and any attempt to levy tribute in the form of blackmail was repudiated +by the stockholders in assembly. Major Hunter understood my position and +delicately suggested coming to terms with the company’s avowed enemies as the +only feasible solution of the impending trouble. To further enlarge our +holdings of cattle and leased range, he urged, would be throwing down the +gauntlet in defiance of the clique of army attaches. Evidently no one took us +seriously, and instead, ringing resolutions passed, enlarging the capital stock +by another million, with instructions to increase our leases accordingly. +</p> + +<p> +The Western contingent returned home with some misgivings as to the future. +Nothing was to be feared from the tribes from whom we were leasing, nor the +Comanche and his allies on the southwest, though there were renegades in both; +but the danger lay in the flotsam of the superior race which infested the +frontier. I felt no concern for my personal welfare, riding in and out from +Fort Reno at my will and pleasure, though I well knew that my presence on the +reservation was a thorn in the flesh of my enemies. There was little to fear, +however, as the latter class of men never met an adversary in the open, but by +secret methods sought to accomplish their objects. The breach between the +Indian agent and these parasites of the army was constantly widening, and an +effort had been made to have the former removed, but our friends at the +national capital took a hand, and the movement was thwarted. Fuel was being +constantly added to the fire, and on our taking a third lease on a million +acres, the smoke gave way to flames. Our usual pacific measures were pursued, +buying out any cattle in conflict, but fencing our entire range. The last +addition to our pasture embraced a strip of country twenty miles wide, lying +north of and parallel to the two former leases, and gave us a range on which no +animal need ever feel the restriction of a fence. Ten to fifteen acres were +sufficient to graze a steer the year round, but owing to the fact that we +depended entirely on running water, much of the range would be valueless during +the dry summer months. I readily understood the advantages of a half-stocked +range, and expected in the future to allow twenty-five acres in the summer and +thirty in the winter to the pasture’s holdings. Everything being snug for the +winter, orders were left to ride certain fences twice a day,—lines where we +feared fence-cutting,—and I took my departure for home. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap20"></a>CHAPTER XX<br/> +HOLDING THE FORT</h2> + +<p> +As in many other lines of business, there were ebb and flood tides in cattle. +The opening of the trail through to the extreme Northwest gave the range live +stock industry its greatest impetus. There have always been seasons of +depression and advances, the cycles covering periods of ten to a dozen years, +the duration of the ebb and stationary tides being double that of the flood. +Outside influences have had their bearing, and the wresting of an empire from +its savage possessors in the West, and its immediate occupancy by the dominant +race in ranching, stimulated cattle prices far beyond what was justified by the +laws of supply and demand. The boom in live stock in the Southwest which began +in the early ’80’s stands alone in the market variations of the last +half-century. And as if to rebuke the folly of man and remind him that he is +but grass, Nature frowned with two successive severe winters, humbling the +kings and princes of the range. +</p> + +<p> +Up to and including the winter of 1883-84 the loss among range cattle was +trifling. The country was new and open, and when the stock could drift freely +in advance of storms, their instincts carried them to the sheltering coulees, +cut banks, and broken country until the blizzard had passed. Since our firm +began maturing beeves ten years before, the losses attributable to winter were +never noticed, nor did they in the least affect our profits. On my ranches in +Texas the primitive law of survival of the fittest prevailed, the winter-kill +falling sorest among the weak and aging cows. My personal loss was always +heavier than that of the firm, owing to my holdings being mixed stock, and due +to the fact that an animal in the South never took on tallow enough to assist +materially in resisting a winter. The cattle of the North always had the flesh +to withstand the rigors of the wintry season, dry, cold, zero weather being +preferable to rain, sleet, and the northers that swept across the plains of +Texas. The range of the new company was intermediate between the extremes of +north and south, and as we handled all steer cattle, no one entertained any +fear from the climate. +</p> + +<p> +I passed a comparatively idle winter at my home on the Clear Fork. Weekly +reports reached me from the new ranch, several of which caused uneasiness, as +our fences were several times cut on the southwest, and a prairie fire, the +work of an incendiary, broke out at midnight on our range. Happily the wind +fell, and by daybreak the smoke arose in columns, summoning every man on the +ranch, and the fire was soon brought under control. As a precaution to such a +possibility we had burned fire-guards entirely around the range by plowing +furrows one hundred feet apart and burning out the middle. Taking advantage of +creeks and watercourses, natural boundaries that a prairie fire could hardly +jump, we had cut and quartered the pasture with fire-guards in such a manner +that, unless there was a concerted action on the part of any hirelings of our +enemies, it would have been impossible to have burned more than a small portion +of the range at any one time. But these malicious attempts at our injury made +the outfit doubly vigilant, and cutting fences and burning range would have +proven unhealthful occupations had the perpetrators, red or white, fallen into +the hands of the foreman and his men. I naturally looked on the bright side of +the future, and in the hope that, once the entire range was fenced, we could +keep trespassers out, I made preparations for the spring drive. +</p> + +<p> +With the first appearance of grass, all the surplus horses were ordered down to +Texas from the company ranch. There was a noticeable lull at the cattle +convention that spring, and an absence of buyers from the Northwest was +apparent, resulting in little or no trouble in contracting for delivery on the +ranch, and in buying on company account at the prevailing prices of the spring +before. Cattle were high enough as it was; in fact the market was top-heavy and +wobbling on its feet, though the brightest of us cowmen naturally supposed that +current values would always remain up in the pictures. As manager of the new +company, I bought and contracted for fifty thousand steers, ten herds of which +were to be driven on company account. All the cattle came from the Pan-Handle +and north Texas, above the quarantine line, the latter precaution being +necessary in order to avoid any possibility of fever, in mixing through and +northern wintered stock. With the opening of spring two of my old foremen were +promoted to assist in the receiving, as my contracts called for everything to +be passed upon on the home range before starting the herds. Some little +friction had occurred the summer before with the deliveries at the company +ranch in an effort to turn in short-aged cattle. All contracts this year and +the year before called for threes, and frequently several hundred long twos +were found in a single herd, and I refused to accept them unless at the +customary difference in price. More or less contention arose, and, for the +present spring, I proposed to curb all friction at home, allotting to my +assistants the receiving of the herds for company risk, and personally passing +on seven under contract. +</p> + +<p> +The original firm was still in the field, operating exclusively in central +Texas and Pan-Handle cattle. Both my ranches sent out their usual contribution +of steers and cows, consigned to the care of the firm, which was now giving +more attention to quality than quantity. The absence of the men from the +Northwest at the cattle convention that spring was taken as an omen that the +upper country would soon be satiated, a hint that retrenchment was in order, +and a better class of stock was to receive the firm’s attention in its future +operations. My personal contingent of steers would have passed muster in any +country, and as to my consignment of cows, they were pure velvet, and could +defy competition in the upper range markets. Everything moved out with the +grass as usual, and when the last of the company herds had crossed Red River, I +rode through to the new ranch. The north and east line of fence was nearing +completion, the western string was joined to the original boundary, and, with +the range fully inclosed, my ranch foreman, the men, and myself looked forward +to a prosperous future. +</p> + +<p> +The herds arrived and were located, the usual round-up outfits were sent out +wherever there was the possibility of a stray, and we settled down in pastoral +security. The ranch outfit had held their own during the winter just passed, +had trailed down stolen cattle, and knew to a certainty who the thieves were +and where they came from. Except what had been slaughtered, all the stock was +recovered, and due notice given to offenders that Judge Lynch would preside +should any one suspected of fence-cutting, starting incendiary fires, or +stealing cattle be caught within the boundaries of our leases. Fortunately the +other cowmen were tiring of paying tribute to the usurpers, and our determined +stand heartened holders of cattle on the reservation, many of whom were now +seeking leases direct from the tribes. I made it my business personally to see +every other owner of live stock occupying the country, and urge upon them the +securing of leases and making an organized fight for our safety. Lessees in the +Cherokee Strip had fenced as a matter of convenience and protection, and I +urged the same course on the Cheyenne and Arapahoe reservation, offering the +free use of our line fences to any one who wished to adjoin our pastures. In +the course of a month, nearly every acre of the surrounding country was taken, +only one or two squaw-men holding out, and these claiming their ranges under +Indian rights. The movement was made so aggressive that the usurpers were +driven into obscurity, never showing their hand again until after the +presidential election that fall. +</p> + +<p> +During the summer a deputation of Cheyennes and Arapahoes visited me at ranch +headquarters. On the last lease taken, and now inclosed in our pasture, there +were a number of wild plum groves, covering thousands of acres, and the Indians +wanted permission to gather the ripening fruit. Taking advantage of the +opportunity, in granting the request I made it a point to fortify the friendly +relations, not only with ourselves, but with all other cattlemen on the +reservation. Ten days’ permission was given to gather the wild plums, camps +were allotted to the Indians, and when the fruit was all gathered, I barbecued +five stray beeves in parting with my guests. The Indian agent and every cowman +on the reservation were invited, and at the conclusion of the festival the +Quaker agent made the assembled chiefs a fatherly talk. Torpid from feasting, +the bucks grunted approval of the new order of things, and an Arapahoe chief, +responding in behalf of his tribe, said that the rent from the grass now fed +his people better than under the old buffalo days. Pledging anew the fraternal +bond, and appointing the gathering of the plums as an annual festival +thereafter, the tribes took up their march in returning to their encampment. +</p> + +<p> +I was called to Dodge but once during the summer of 1884. My steers had gone to +Ogalalla and were sold, the cows remaining at the lower market, all of which +had changed owners with the exception of one thousand head. The demand had +fallen off, and a dull close of the season was predicted, but I shaded prices +and closed up my personal holdings before returning. Several of the firm’s +steer herds were unsold at Dodge, but on the approach of the shipping season I +returned to my task, and we began to move out our beeves with seven outfits in +the saddle. Four round trips were made to the crew, shipping out twenty +thousand double and half that number of single wintered cattle. The grass had +been fine that summer, and the beeves came up in prime condition, always +topping the market as range cattle at the markets to which they were consigned. +That branch of the work over, every energy was centred in making the ranch snug +for the winter. Extra fire-guards were plowed, and the middles burned out, +cutting the range into a dozen parcels, and thus, as far as possible, the +winter forage was secured for our holdings of eighty thousand cattle. Hay and +grain contracts had been previously let, the latter to be freighted in from +southern Kansas, when the news reached us that the recent election had resulted +in a political change of administration. What effect this would have on our +holding cattle on Indian lands was pure conjecture, though our enemies came out +of hiding, gloating over the change, and swearing vengeance on the cowmen on +the Cheyenne and Arapahoe reservation. +</p> + +<p> +The turn of the tide in cattle prices was noticeable at all the range markets +that fall. A number of herds were unsold at Dodge, among them being one of +ours, but we turned it southeast early in September and wintered it on our +range in the Outlet. The largest drive in the history of the trail had taken +place that summer, and the failure of the West and Northwest to absorb the +entire offerings of the drovers made the old firm apprehensive of the future. +There was a noticeable shrinkage in our profits from trail operations, but with +the supposition that it was merely an off year, the matter was passed for the +present. It was the opinion of the directors of the new company that no +dividends should he declared until our range was stocked to its full capacity, +or until there was a comfortable surplus. This suited me, and, returning home, +I expected to spend the winter with my family, now increased to four girls and +six boys. +</p> + +<p> +But a cowman can promise himself little rest or pleasure. After a delightful +week spent on my western ranch, I returned to the Clear Fork, and during the +latter part of November a terrible norther swept down and caught me in a +hunting-camp twenty-five miles from home. My two oldest boys were along, a +negro cook, and a few hands, and in spite of our cosy camp, we all nearly froze +to death. Nothing but a roaring fire saved us during the first night of its +duration, and the next morning we saddled our horses and struck out for home, +riding in the face of a sleet that froze our clothing like armor. Norther +followed norther, and I was getting uneasy about the company ranch, when I +received a letter from Major Hunter, stating that he was starting for our range +in the Outlet and predicting a heavy loss of cattle. Headquarters in the Indian +Territory were fully two hundred and fifty miles due north, and within an hour +after receiving the letter, I started overland on horseback, using two of my +best saddlers for the trip. To have gone by rail and stage would have taken +four days, and if fair weather favored me I could nearly divide that time by +half. Changing horses frequently, one day out I had left Red River in my rear, +but before me lay an uninhabited country, unless I veered from my course and +went through the Chickasaw Nation. For the sake of securing grain for the +horses, this tack was made, following the old Chisholm trail for nearly one +hundred miles. The country was in the grip of winter, sleet and snow covering +the ground, with succor for man and horse far apart. Mumford Johnson’s ranch on +the Washita River was reached late the second night, and by daybreak the next +morning I was on the trail, making Quartermaster Creek by one o’clock that day. +Fortunately no storms were encountered en route, but King Winter ruled the +range with an iron hand, fully six inches of snow covering the pasture, over +which was a crusted sleet capable of carrying the weight of a beef. The foreman +and his men were working night and day to succor the cattle. Between storms, +two crews of the boys drifted everything back from the south line of fence, +while others cut ice and opened the water to the perishing animals. Scarcity of +food was the most serious matter; being unable to reach the grass under its +coat of sleet and snow, the cattle had eaten the willows down to the ground. +When a boy in Virginia I had often helped cut down basswood and maple trees in +the spring for the cattle to browse upon, and, sending to the agency for new +axes, I armed every man on the ranch with one, and we began felling the +cottonwood and other edible timber along the creeks and rivers in the pasture. +The cattle followed the axemen like sheep, eating the tender branches of the +softer woods to the size of a man’s wrist, the crash of a falling tree bringing +them by the dozens to browse and stay their hunger. I swung an axe with the +men, and never did slaves under the eye of a task-master work as faithfully or +as long as we did in cutting ice and falling timber in succoring our holding of +cattle. Several times the sun shone warm for a few days, melting the snow off +the southern slopes, when we took to our saddles, breaking the crust with long +poles, the cattle following to where the range was bared that they might get a +bit of grass. Had it not been for a few such sunny days, our loss would have +been double what it was; but as it was, with the general range in the clutches +of sleet and snow for over fifty days, about twenty per cent, of our holdings +were winter-killed, principally of through cattle. +</p> + +<p> +Our saddle stock, outside of what was stabled and grain-fed, braved the winter, +pawing away the snow and sleet in foraging for their subsistence. A few weeks +of fine balmy weather in January and February followed the distressing season +of wintry storms, the cattle taking to the short buffalo-grass and rapidly +recuperating. But just when we felt that the worst was over, simultaneously +half a dozen prairie fires broke out in different portions of the pasture, +calling every man to a fight that lasted three days. Our enemies, not content +with havoc wrought by the elements, were again in the saddle, striking in the +dark and escaping before dawn, inflicting injuries on dumb animals in harassing +their owners. That it was the work of hireling renegades, more likely white +than red, there was little question; but the necessity of preserving the range +withheld us from trailing them down and meting out a justice they so richly +deserved. Dividing the ranch help into half a dozen crews, we rode to the +burning grass and began counter-firing and otherwise resorting to every known +method in checking the consuming flames. One of the best-known devices, in +short grass and flank-fires, was the killing of a light beef, beheading and +splitting it open, leaving the hide to hold the parts together. By turning the +animal flesh side down and taking ropes from a front and hind foot to the +pommels of two saddles, the men, by riding apart, could straddle the flames, +virtually rubbing the fire out with the dragging carcass. Other men followed +with wet blankets and beat out any remaining flames, the work being carried on +at a gallop, with a change of horses every mile or so, and the fire was thus +constantly hemmed in to a point. The variations of the wind sometimes entirely +checked all effort, between midnight and morning being the hours in which most +progress was accomplished. No sooner was one section of the fire brought under +control than we divided the forces and hastened to lend assistance to the next +nearest section, the cooks with commissaries following up the firefighters. +While a single blade of grass was burning, no one thought of sleeping, and +after one third of the range was consumed, the last of the incendiary fires was +stamped out, when we lay down around the wagons and slept the sleep of +exhaustion. +</p> + +<p> +There was still enough range saved to bring the cattle safely through until +spring. Leaving the entire ranch outfit to ride the fences—several lines of +which were found cut by the renegades in entering and leaving the pasture—and +guard the gates, I took train and stage for the Grove. Major Hunter had +returned from the firm’s ranch in the Strip, where heavy losses were +encountered, though it then rested in perfect security from any influence +except the elements. With me, the burning of the company range might be renewed +at any moment, in which event we should have to cut our own fences and let the +cattle drift south through an Indian country, with nothing to check them except +Red River. A climax was approaching in the company’s existence, and the delay +of a day or week might mean inestimable loss. In cunning and craftiness our +enemies were expert; they knew their control of the situation fully, and +nothing but cowardice would prevent their striking the final, victorious blow. +My old partner and I were a unit as to the only course to pursue,—one which +meant a dishonorable compromise with our enemies, as the only hope of saving +the cattle. A wire was accordingly sent East, calling a special meeting of the +stockholders. We followed ourselves within an hour. On arriving at the national +capital, we found that all outside shareholders had arrived in advance of +ourselves, and we went into session with closed doors and the committee on +entertainment and banquets inactive. In as plain words as the English language +would permit, as general manager of the company, I stated the cause for calling +the meeting, and bluntly suggested the only avenue of escape. Call it tribute, +blackmail, or what you will, we were at the mercy of as heartless a set of +scoundrels as ever missed a rope, whose mercenaries, like the willing hirelings +that they were, would cheerfully do the bidding of their superiors. Major +Hunter, in his remarks before the meeting, modified my rather radical +statement, with the more plausible argument that this tribute money was merely +insurance, and what was five or ten thousand dollars a year, where an original +investment of three millions and our surplus were in jeopardy? Would any +line—life, fire, or marine—carry our risk as cheaply? These men had been +receiving toll from our predecessors, and were then in a position to levy +tribute or wreck the company. +</p> + +<p> +Notwithstanding our request for immediate action, an adjournment was taken. A +wire could have been sent to a friend in Fort Reno that night, and all would +have gone well for the future security of the Cheyenne and Arapahoe Cattle +Company. But I lacked authority to send it, and the next morning at the +meeting, the New England blood that had descended from the Puritan Fathers was +again in the saddle, shouting the old slogans of no compromise while they had +God and right on their side. Major Hunter and I both keenly felt the rebuke, +but personal friends prevented an open rupture, while the more conservative +ones saw brighter prospects in the political change of administration which was +soon to assume the reins of government. A number of congressmen and senators +among our stockholders were prominent in the ascendant party, and once the new +régime took charge, a general shake-up of affairs in and around Fort Reno was +promised. I remembered the old maxim of a new broom; yet in spite of the +blandishments that were showered down in silencing my active partner and me, I +could almost smell the burning range, see the horizon lighted up at night by +the licking flames, hear the gloating of our enemies, in the hour of their +victory, and the click of the nippers of my own men, in cutting the wire that +the cattle might escape and live. +</p> + +<p> +I left Washington somewhat heartened. Major Hunter, ever inclined to look on +the bright side of things, believed that the crisis had passed, even bolstering +up my hopes in the next administration. It was the immediate necessity that was +worrying me, for it meant a summer’s work to gather our cattle on Red River and +in the intermediate country, and bring them back to the home range. The +mysterious absence of any report from my foreman on my arrival at the Grove did +not mislead me to believe that no news was good news, and I accordingly hurried +on to the front. There was a marked respect shown me by the civilians located +at Fort Reno, something unusual; but I hurried on to the agency, where all was +quiet, and thence to ranch headquarters. There I learned that a second attempt +to burn the range had been frustrated; that one of our boys had shot dead a +white man in the act of cutting the east string of fence; that the same night +three fires had broken out in the pasture, and that a squad of our men, in +riding to the light, had run afoul of two renegade Cheyennes armed with +wire-nippers, whose remains then lay in the pasture unburied. Both horses were +captured and identified as not belonging to the Indians, while their owners +were well known. Fortunately the wind veered shortly after the fires started, +driving the flames back against the plowed guards, and the attempt to burn the +range came to naught. A salutary lesson had been administered to the hirelings +of the usurpers, and with a new moon approaching its full, it was believed that +night marauding had ended for that winter. None of our boys recognized the +white man, there being no doubt but he was imported for the purpose, and he was +buried where he fell; but I notified the Indian agent, who sent for the remains +of the two renegades and took possession of the horses. The season for the +beginning of active operations on trail and for ranch account was fast +approaching, and, leaving the boys to hold the fort during my absence, I took +my private horses and turned homeward. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap21"></a>CHAPTER XXI<br/> +THE FRUITS OF CONSPIRACY</h2> + +<p> +With a loss of fully fifteen thousand cattle staring me in the face, I began +planning to recuperate the fortunes of the company. The cattle convention, +which was then over, was conspicuous by the absence of all Northern buyers. +George Edwards had attended the meeting, was cautious enough to make no +contracts for the firm, and fully warned me of the situation. I was in a +quandary; with an idle treasury of over a million, my stewardship would be +subject to criticism unless I became active in the interests of my company. On +the other hand, a dangerous cloud hung over the range, and until that was +removed I felt like a man who was sent for and did not want to go. The falling +market in Texas was an encouragement, but my experience of the previous winter +had had a dampening effect, and I was simply drifting between adverse winds. +But once it was known that I had returned home, my old customers approached me +by letter and personally, anxious to sell and contract for immediate delivery. +Trail drovers were standing aloof, afraid of the upper markets, and I could +have easily bought double my requirements without leaving the ranch. The grass +was peeping here and there, favorable reports came down from the reservation, +and still I sat idle. +</p> + +<p> +The appearance of Major Hunter acted like a stimulus. Reports about the new +administration were encouraging—not from our silent partner, who was not in +sympathy with the dominant party, but from other prominent stockholders who +were. The original trio—the little major, our segundo, and myself—lay around +under the shade of the trees several days and argued the possibilities that +confronted us on trail and ranch. Edwards reproached me for my fears, referring +to the time, nineteen years before, when as common hands we fought our way +across the Staked Plain and delivered the cattle safely at Fort Sumner. He even +taunted me with the fact that our employers then never hesitated, even if half +the Comanche tribe were abroad, roving over their old hunting grounds, and that +now I was afraid of a handful of army followers, contractors, and owners of bar +concessions. Edwards knew that I would stand his censure and abuse as long as +the truth was told, and with the major acting as peacemaker between us I was +finally whipped into line. With a fortune already in hand, rounding out my +forty-fifth year, I looted the treasury by contracting and buying sixty +thousand cattle for my company. +</p> + +<p> +The surplus horses were ordered down from above, and the spring campaign began +in earnest. The old firm was to confine its operations to fine steers, handling +my personal contribution as before, while I rallied my assistants, and we began +receiving the contracted cattle at once. Observation had taught me that in +wintering beeves in the North it was important to give the animals every +possible moment of time to locate before the approach of winter. The instinct +of a dumb beast is unexplainable yet unerring. The owner of a horse may choose +a range that seems perfect in every appointment, but the animal will spurn the +human selection and take up his abode on some flinty hills, and there thrive +like a garden plant. Cattle, especially steers, locate slowly, and a good +summer’s rest usually fortifies them with an inward coat of tallow and an +outward one of furry robe, against the wintry storms. I was anxious to get the +through cattle to the new range as soon as practicable, and allowed the sellers +to set their dates as early as possible, many of them agreeing to deliver on +the reservation as soon as the middle of May. Ten wagons and a thousand horses +came down during the last days of March, and early in April started back with +thirty thousand cattle at company risk. +</p> + +<p> +All animals were passed upon on the Texas range, and on their arrival at the +pasture there was little to do but scatter them over the ranch to locate. I +reached the reservation with the lead herd, and was glad to learn from +neighboring cowmen that a suggestion of mine, made the fall before, had taken +root. My proposition was to organize all the cattlemen on the Cheyenne and +Arapahoe reservation into an association for mutual protection. By coöperation +we could present a united front to our enemies, the usurpers, and defy them in +their nefarious schemes of exacting tribute. Other ranges besides ours had +suffered by fire and fence-cutters during the winter just passed, and I +returned to find my fellow cowmen a unit for organization. A meeting was called +at the agency, every owner of cattle on the reservation responded, and an +association was perfected for our mutual interest and protection. The +reservation was easily capable of carrying half a million cattle, the tribes +were pleased with the new order of things, and we settled down with a feeling +of security not enjoyed in many a day. +</p> + +<p> +But our tranquil existence received a shock within a month, when a cowboy from +a neighboring ranch, and without provocation, was shot down by Indian police in +a trader’s store at the agency. The young fellow was a popular Texan, and as +nearly all the men employed on the reservation came from the South, it was with +difficulty that our boys were restrained from retaliating. Those from Texas had +little or no love for an Indian anyhow, and nothing but the plea of policy in +preserving peaceful relations with the tribes held them in check. The +occasional killing of cattle by Indians was overlooked, until they became so +bold as to leave the hides and heads in the pasture, when an appeal was made to +the agent. But the aborigine, like his white brother, has sinful ways, and the +influence of one evil man can readily combat the good advice of half a dozen +right-minded ones, and the Quaker agent found his task not an easy one. Cattle +were being killed in remote and unfrequented places, and still we bore with it, +the better class of Indians, however, lending their assistance to check the +abuse. On one occasion two boys and myself detected a band of five young bucks +skinning a beef in our pasture, and nothing but my presence prevented a clash +between my men and the thieves. But it was near the wild-plum season, and as we +were making preparations to celebrate that event, the killing of a few Indians +might cause distrust, and we dropped out of sight and left them to the +enjoyment of their booty. It was pure policy on my part, as we could shame or +humble the Indian, and if the abuse was not abated, we could remunerate +ourselves by with-holding from the rent money the value of cattle killed. +</p> + +<p> +Our organization for mutual protection was accepted by our enemies as a final +defiance. A pirate fights as valiantly as if his cause were just, and, through +intermediaries, the gauntlet was thrown back in our faces and notice served +that the conflict had reached a critical stage. I never discussed the issue +direct with members of the clique, as they looked upon me as the leader in +resisting their levy of tribute, but indirectly their grievances were made +known. We were accused of having taken the bread out of their very mouths, +which was true in a sense, but we had restored it tenfold where it was entitled +to go,—among the Indians. With the exception of an occasional bottle of +whiskey, none of the tribute money went to the tribes, but was divided among +the usurpers. They waxed fat in their calling and were insolent and determined, +while our replies to all overtures looking to peace were firm and to the point. +Even at that late hour I personally knew that the clique had strength in +reserve, and had I enjoyed the support of my company, would willingly have +stood for a compromise. But it was out of the question to suggest it, and, +trusting to the new administration, we politely told them to crack their whips. +</p> + +<p> +The <i>fiesta</i> which followed the plum gathering was made a notable +occasion. All the cowmen on the reservation had each contributed a beef to the +barbecue, the agent saw to it that all the principal chiefs of both tribes were +present, and after two days of feasting, the agent made a Quaker talk, +insisting that the bond between the tribes and the cowmen must be observed to +the letter. He reviewed at length the complaints that had reached him of the +killing of cattle, traceable to the young and thoughtless, and pointed out the +patience of the cattlemen in not retaliating, but in spreading a banquet +instead to those who had wronged them. In concluding, he warned them that the +patience of the white man had a limit, and, while they hoped to live in peace, +unless the stealing of beef was stopped immediately, double the value of the +cattle killed would be withheld from the next payment of grass money. It was in +the power of the chiefs present to demand this observance of faith among their +young men, if the bond to which their signatures were attached was to be +respected in the future. The leading chiefs of both tribes spoke in defense, +pleading their inability to hold their young men in check as long as certain +evil influences were at work among their people. The love of gambling and +strong drink was yearly growing among their men, making them forget their +spoken word, until they were known as thieves and liars. The remedy lay in +removing these evil spirits and trusting the tribes to punish their own +offenders, as the red man knew no laws except his own. +</p> + +<p> +The festival was well worth while and augured hopefully for the future. Clouds +were hovering on the horizon, however, and, while at Ogalalla, I received a +wire that a complaint had been filed against us at the national capital, and +that the President had instructed the Lieutenant-General of the Army to make an +investigation. Just what the inquiry was to be was a matter of conjecture; +possibly to determine who was supplying the Indians with whiskey, or probably +our friends at Washington were behind the movement, and the promised shake-up +of army followers in and around Fort Reno was materializing. I attended to some +unsettled business before returning, and, on my arrival at the reservation, a +general alarm was spreading among the cattle interests, caused by the cock-sure +attitude of the usurpers and a few casual remarks that had been dropped. I was +appealed to by my fellow cowmen, and, in turn, wired our friends at Washington, +asking that our interests be looked after and guarded. Pending a report, +General P.H. Sheridan arrived with a great blare of trumpets at Fort Reno for +the purpose of holding the authorized investigation. The general’s brother, +Michael, was the recognized leader of the clique of army followers, and was +interested in the bar concessions under the sutler. Matters, therefore, took on +a serious aspect. All the cowmen on the reservation came in, expecting to be +called before the inquiry, as it was then clear that a fight must be made to +protect our interests. No opportunity, however, was given the Indians or +cattlemen to present their side of the question, and when a committee of us +cowmen called on General Sheridan we were cordially received and politely +informed that the investigation was private. I believe that forty years have so +tempered the animosities of the Civil War that an honest opinion is entitled to +expression. And with due consideration to the record of a gallant soldier, I +submit the question, Were not the owners of half a million cattle on the +Cheyenne and Arapahoe reservation entitled to a hearing before a report was +made that resulted in an order for their removal? +</p> + +<p> +I have seen more trouble at a country dance, more bloodshed in a family feud, +than ever existed or was spilled on the Cheyenne and Arapahoe reservation. The +Indians were pleased, the lessees were satisfied, yet by artfully concealing +the true cause of any and all strife, a report, every word of which was as +sweet as the notes of a flute, was made to the President, recommending the +removal of the cattle. It was found that there had been a gradual encroachment +on the liberties of the tribes; that the rental received from the surplus +pasture lands had a bad tendency on the morals of the Indians, encouraging them +in idleness; and that the present system retarded all progress in agriculture +and the industrial arts. The report was superficial, religiously concealing the +truth, but dealing with broad generalities. Had the report emanated from some +philanthropical society, it would have passed unnoticed or been commented on as +an advance in the interest of a worthy philanthropy but taken as a whole, it +was a splendid specimen of the use to which words can be put in concealing the +truth and cloaking dishonesty. +</p> + +<p> +An order of removal by the President followed the report. Had we been subjects +of a despotic government and bowed our necks like serfs, the matter would have +ended in immediate compliance with the order. But we prided ourselves on our +liberties as Americans, and an appeal was to be made to the first citizen of +the land, the President of the United States. A committee of Western men were +appointed, which would be augmented by others at the national capital, and it +was proposed to lay the bare facts in the chief executive’s hands and at least +ask for a modification of the order. The latter was ignorant in its conception, +brutal and inhuman in its intent, ending in the threat to use the military arm +of the government, unless the terms and conditions were complied with within a +given space of time. The Cheyenne and Arapahoe Cattle Company, alone, not to +mention the other members of our association equally affected, had one hundred +and twenty-five thousand head of beeves and through steers on its range, and +unless some relief was granted, a wayfaring man though a fool could see ruin +and death and desolation staring us in the face. Fortunately Major Hunter had +the firm’s trail affairs so well in hand that Edwards could close up the +business, thus relieving my active partner to serve on the committee, he and +four others offering to act in behalf of our association in calling on the +President. I was among the latter, the only one in the delegation from Texas, +and we accordingly made ready and started for Washington. +</p> + +<p> +Meanwhile I had left orders to start the shipping with a vengeance. The busy +season was at hand on the beef ranges, and men were scarce; but I authorized +the foreman to comb the country, send to Dodge if necessary, and equip ten +shipping outfits and keep a constant string of cattle moving to the markets. We +had about sixty-five thousand single and double wintered beeves, the greater +portion of which were in prime condition; but it was the through cattle that +were worrying me, as they were unfit to ship and it was too late in the season +to relocate them on a new range. But that blessed hope that springs eternal in +the human breast kept us hopeful that the President had been deceived into +issuing his order, and that he would right all wrongs. The more sanguine ones +of the Western delegation had matters figured down to a fraction; they believed +that once the chief executive understood the true cause of the friction +existing on the reservation, apologies would follow, we should all be asked to +remain for lunch, and in the most democratic manner imaginable everything would +be righted. I had no opinions, but kept anticipating the worst; for if the +order stood unmodified, go we must and in the face of winter and possibly +accompanied by negro troops. To return to Texas meant to scatter the cattle to +the four winds; to move north was to court death unless an open winter favored +us. +</p> + +<p> +On our arrival at Washington, all senators and congressmen shareholders in our +company met us by appointment. It was an inactive season at the capital, and +hopes were entertained that the President would grant us an audience at once; +but a delay of nearly a week occurred. In the mean time several conferences +were held, at which a general review of the situation was gone over, and it was +decided to modify our demands, asking for nothing personally, only a +modification of the order in the interest of humanity to dumb animals. Before +our arrival, a congressman and two senators, political supporters of the chief +executive, had casually called to pay their respects, and incidentally inquired +into the pending trouble between the cattlemen and the Cheyenne and Arapahoe +Indians. Reports were anything but encouraging; the well-known obstinacy of the +President was admitted; it was also known that he possessed a rugged courage in +pursuance of an object or purpose. Those who were not in political sympathy +with the party in power characterized the President as an opinionated +executive, and could see little or no hope in a personal appeal. +</p> + +<p> +However, the matter was not to be dropped. The arrival of a deputation of +cattlemen from the West was reported by the press, their purposes fully, set +forth, and in the interim of waiting for an appointment, all of us made hay +with due diligence. Major Hunter and I had a passing acquaintance at both the +War and Interior departments, and taking along senators and representatives in +political sympathy with the heads of those offices, we called and paid our +respects. A number of old acquaintances were met, hold-overs from the former +régime, and a cordial reception was accorded us. Now that the boom in cattle +was over, we expressed a desire to resume our former business relations as +contractors with the government. At both departments, the existent trouble on +the Indian reservations was well known, and a friendly inquiry resulted, which +gave us an opportunity to explain our position fully. There was a hopeful +awakening to the fact that there had been a conspiracy to remove us, and the +most friendly advances of assistance were proffered in setting the matter +right. Public opinion is a strong factor, and with the press of the capital +airing our grievances daily, sympathy and encouragement were simply showered +down upon us. +</p> + +<p> +Finally an audience with the President was granted. The Western delegation was +increased by senators and representatives until the committee numbered an even +dozen. Many of the latter were personal friends and ardent supporters of the +chief executive. The rangemen were introduced, and we proceeded at once to the +matter at issue. A congressman from New York stated the situation clearly, not +mincing his words in condemning the means and procedure by which this order was +secured, and finally asking for its revocation, or a modification that would +permit the evacuation of the country without injury to the owners and their +herds. Major Hunter, in replying to a question of the President, stated our +position: that we were in no sense intruders, that we paid our rental in +advance, with the knowledge and sanction of the two preceding Secretaries of +the Interior, and only for lack of precedent was their indorsement of our +leases withheld. It soon became evident that countermanding the order was out +of the question, as to vacillate or waver in a purpose, right or wrong, was not +a characteristic of the chief executive. Our next move was for a modification +of the order, as its terms required us to evacuate that fall, and every cowman +present accented the fact that to move cattle in the mouth of winter was an act +that no man of experience would countenance. Every step, the why and wherefore, +must be explained to the President, and at the request of the committee, I went +into detail in making plain what the observations of my life had taught me of +the instincts and habits of cattle,—why in the summer they took to the hills, +mesas, and uplands, where the breezes were cooling and protected them from +insect life; their ability to foretell a storm in winter and seek shelter in +coulees and broken country. I explained that none of the cattle on the Cheyenne +and Arapahoe reservation were native to that range, but were born anywhere from +three to five hundred miles to the south, fully one half of them having arrived +that spring; that to acquaint an animal with its new range, in cattle parlance +to “locate” them, was very important; that every practical cowman moved his +herds to a new range with the grass in the spring, in order that ample time +should be allowed to acclimate and familiarize them with such shelters as +nature provided to withstand the storms of winter. In concluding, I stated that +if the existent order could be so modified as to permit all through cattle and +those unfit for market to remain on their present range for the winter, we +would cheerfully evacuate the country with the grass in the spring. If such +relief could be consistently granted, it would no doubt save the lives of +hundreds and thousands of cattle. +</p> + +<p> +The President evidently was embarrassed by the justice of our prayer. He +consulted with members of the committee, protesting that he should be spared +from taking what would be considered a backward step, and after a stormy +conference with intimate friends, lasting fully an hour, he returned and in +these words refused to revoke or modify his order: “If I had known,” said he, +“what I know now, I never would have made the order; but having made it, I will +stand by it.” +</p> + +<p> +Laying aside all commercial considerations, we had made our entreaty in behalf +of dumb animals, and the President’s answer angered a majority of the +committee. I had been rebuked too often in the past by my associates easily to +lose my temper, and I naturally looked at those whose conscience balked at +paying tribute, while my sympathies were absorbed for the future welfare of a +quarter-million cattle affected by the order. We broke into groups in taking +our leave, and the only protest that escaped any one was when the York State +representative refused the hand of the executive, saying, “Mr. President, I +have my opinion of a man who admits he is wrong and refuses to right it.” Two +decades have passed since those words, rebuking wrong in high places, were +uttered, and the speaker has since passed over to the silent majority. I should +feel that these memoirs were incomplete did I not mention the sacrifice and +loss of prestige that the utterance of these words cost, for they were the +severance of a political friendship that was never renewed. +</p> + +<p> +The autocratic order removing the cattle from the Cheyenne and Arapahoe +reservation was born in iniquity and bore a harvest unequaled in the annals of +inhumanity. With the last harbor of refuge closed against us, I hastened back +and did all that was human to avert the impending doom, every man and horse +available being pressed into service. Our one hope lay in a mild winter, and if +that failed us the affairs of the company would be closed by the merciless +elements. Once it was known that the original order had not been modified, and +in anticipation of a flood of Western cattle, the markets broke, entailing a +serious commercial loss. Every hoof of single and double wintered beeves that +had a value in the markets was shipped regardless of price, while I besought +friends in the Cherokee Strip for a refuge for those unfit and our holding of +through cattle. Fortunately the depreciation in live stock and the heavy loss +sustained the previous winter had interfered with stocking the Outlet to its +fall capacity, and by money, prayers, and entreaty I prevailed on range owners +and secured pasturage for seventy-five thousand head. Long before the shipping +season ended I pressed every outfit belonging to the firm on the Eagle Chief +into service, and began moving out the through cattle to their new range. Squaw +winter and snow-squalls struck us on the trail, but with a time-limit hanging +over our heads, and rather than see our cattle handled by nigger soldiers, we +bore our burdens, if not meekly, at least in a manner consistent with our +occupation. I have always deplored useless profanity, yet it was music to my +ears to hear the men arraign our enemies, high and low, for our present +predicament. When the last beeves were shipped, a final round-up was made, and +we started out with over fifty thousand cattle in charge of twelve outfits. +Storms struck us en route, but we weathered them, and finally turned the herds +loose in the face of a blizzard. +</p> + +<p> +The removed cattle, strangers in a strange land, drifted to the fences and were +cut to the quick by the biting blasts. Early in January the worst blizzard in +the history of the plains swept down from the north, and the poor wandering +cattle were driven to the divides and frozen to death against the line fences. +Of all the appalling sights that an ordinary lifetime on the range affords, +there is nothing to compare with the suffering and death that were daily +witnessed during the month of January in the winter of 1885-86. I remained on +the range, and left men at winter camps on every pasture in which we had stock, +yet we were powerless to relieve the drifting cattle. The morning after the +great storm, with others, I rode to a south string of fence on a divide, and +found thousands of our cattle huddled against it, many frozen to death, +partially through and hanging on the wire. We cut the fences in order to allow +them to drift on to shelter, but the legs of many of them were so badly frozen +that, when they moved, the skin cracked open and their hoofs dropped off. +Hundreds of young steers were wandering aimlessly around on hoofless stumps, +while their tails cracked and broke like icicles. In angles and nooks of the +fence, hundreds had perished against the wire, their bodies forming a scaling +ladder, permitting late arrivals to walk over the dead and dying as they passed +on with the fury of the storm. I had been a soldier and seen sad sights, but +nothing to compare to this; the moaning of the cattle freezing to death would +have melted a heart of adamant. All we could do was to cut the fences and let +them drift, for to halt was to die; and when the storm abated one could have +walked for miles on the bodies of dead animals. No pen could describe the +harrowing details of that winter; and for years afterward, or until their +remains had a commercial value, a wayfarer could have traced the south-line +fences by the bleaching bones that lay in windrows, glistening in the sun like +snowdrifts, to remind us of the closing chapter in the history of the Cheyenne +and Arapahoe Cattle Company. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap22"></a>CHAPTER XXII<br/> +IN CONCLUSION</h2> + +<p> +The subsequent history of the ill-fated Cheyenne and Arapahoe Cattle Company is +easily told. Over ninety per cent of the cattle moved under the President’s +order were missing at the round-up the following spring. What few survived were +pitiful objects, minus ears and tails, while their horns, both root and base, +were frozen until they drooped down in unnatural positions. Compared to the +previous one, the winter of 1885-86, with the exception of the great January +blizzard, was the less severe of the two. On the firm’s range in the Cherokee +Strip our losses were much lighter than during the previous winter, owing to +the fact that food was plentiful, there being little if any sleet or snow +during the latter year. Had we been permitted to winter in the Cheyenne and +Arapahoe country, considering our sheltered range and the cattle fully located, +ten per cent would have been a conservative estimate of loss by the elements. +As manager of the company I lost five valuable years and over a quarter-million +dollars. Time has mollified my grievances until now only the thorn of +inhumanity to dumb beasts remains. Contrasted with results, how much more +humane it would have been to have ordered out negro troops from Fort Reno and +shot the cattle down, or to have cut the fences ourselves, and, while our +holdings were drifting back to Texas, trusted to the mercy of the Comanches. +</p> + +<p> +I now understand perfectly why the business world dreads a political change in +administration. Whatever may have been the policy of one political party, the +reverse becomes the slogan of the other on its promotion to power. For +instance, a few years ago, the general government offered a bounty on the home +product of sugar, stimulating the industry in Louisiana and also in my adopted +State. A change of administration followed, the bounty was removed, and had not +the insurance companies promptly canceled their risks on sugar mills, the +losses by fire would have been appalling. Politics had never affected my +occupation seriously; in fact I profited richly through the extravagance and +mismanagement of the Reconstruction régime in Texas, and again met the defeat +of my life at the hands of the general government. +</p> + +<p> +With the demand for trail cattle on the decline, coupled with two severe +winters, the old firm of Hunter, Anthony & Co. was ripe for dissolution. We +had enjoyed the cream of the trade while it lasted, but conditions were +changing, making it necessary to limit and restrict our business. This was +contrary to our policy, though the spring of 1886 found us on the trail with +sixteen herds for the firm and four from my own ranches, one half of which were +under contract. A dry summer followed, and thousands of weak cattle were lost +on the trail, while ruin and bankruptcy were the portion of a majority of the +drovers. We weathered the drouth on the trail, selling our unplaced cattle +early, and before the beef-shipping season began, our range in the Outlet, +including good will, holding of beeves, saddle horses, and general +improvements, was sold to a Kansas City company, and the old firm passed out of +existence. Meanwhile I had closed up the affairs of the Cheyenne and Arapahoe +Company, returning a small pro rata of the original investment to shareholders, +charging my loss to tuition in rounding out my education as a cowman. +</p> + +<p> +The productive capacity of my ranches for years past safely tided me over all +financial difficulties. With all outside connections severed, I was then +enabled to give my personal attention to ranching in Texas. I was fortunate in +having capable ranch foremen, for during my almost continued absence there was +a steady growth, together with thorough management of my mixed cattle. The +improved herd, now numbering over two thousand, was the pride of my operations +in live stock, while my quarter and three-eighths blood steers were in a class +by themselves. We were breeding over a thousand half and three-quarters blood +bulls annually, and constantly importing the best strains to the head of the +improved herd. Results were in evidence, and as long as the trail lasted, my +cattle were ready sellers in the upper range markets. For the following few +years I drove my own growing of steers, usually contracting them in advance. +The days of the trail were numbered; 1889 saw the last herd leave Texas, many +of the Northern States having quarantined against us, and we were afterward +compelled to ship by rail in filling contracts on the upper ranges. +</p> + +<p> +When Kansas quarantined against Texas cattle, Dodge was abandoned as a range +market. The trail moved West, first to Lakin and finally to Trail City, on the +Colorado line. In attempting to pass the former point with four Pan-Handle +herds in the spring of 1888, I ran afoul of a quarantine convention. The cattle +were under contract in Wyoming, and it was my intention not even to halt the +herds, but merely to take on supplies in passing. But a deputation met us south +of the river, notifying me that the quarantine convention was in session, and +requesting me not to attempt to cross the Arkansas. I explained that my cattle +were from above the dead line in Texas, had heretofore gone unmolested wherever +they wished, and that it was out of my way to turn west and go up through +Colorado. The committee was reasonable, looked over the lead herd, and saw that +I was driving graded cattle, and finally invited me in to state my case before +the convention. I accompanied the men sent to warn me away, and after +considerable parley I was permitted to address the assembly. In a few brief +words I stated my destination, where I was from, and the quality of cattle +making up my herds, and invited any doubters to accompany me across the river +and look the stock over. Fortunately a number of the cattlemen in the +convention knew me, and I was excused while the assembly went into executive +session to consider my case. Prohibition was in effect at Lakin, and I was +compelled to resort to diplomacy in order to cross the Arkansas River with my +cattle. It was warm, sultry weather in the valley, and my first idea was to +secure a barrel of bottled beer and send it over to the convention, but the +town was dry. I ransacked all the drug stores, and the nearest approach to +anything that would cheer and stimulate was Hostetter’s Bitters. The +prohibition laws were being rigidly enforced, but I signed a “death warrant” +and ordered a case, which the druggist refused me until I explained that I had +four outfits of men with me and that we had contracted malaria while sleeping +on the ground. My excuse won, and taking the case of bitters on my shoulder, I +bore it away to the nearest livery stable, where I wrote a note, with my +compliments, and sent both by a darkey around to the rear door of the +convention hall. +</p> + +<p> +On adjournment for dinner, my case looked hopeless. There was a strong +sentiment against admitting any cattle from Texas, all former privileges were +to be set aside, and the right to quarantine against any section or state was +claimed as a prerogative of a free people. The convention was patiently +listening to all the oratorical talent present, and my friends held out a +slender hope that once the different speakers had relieved their minds they +might feel easier towards me, and possibly an exception would be made in my +case. During the afternoon session I received frequent reports from the +convention, and on the suggestion of a friend I began to skirmish around for a +second case of bitters. There were only three drug stores in the town, and as I +was ignorant of the law, I naturally went back to the druggist from whom I +secured the first case. To my surprise he refused to supply my wants, and +haughtily informed me that one application a day was all the law permitted him +to sell to any one person. Rebuffed, I turned to another drug store, and was +greeted by the proprietor, who formerly ran a saloon in Dodge. He recognized +me, calling me by name; and after we had pledged our acquaintance anew behind +the prescription case, I was confidentially informed that I could have his +whole house and welcome, even if the State of Kansas did object and he had to +go to jail. We both regretted that the good old days in the State were gone, +but I sent around another case of bitters and a box of cigars, and sat down +patiently to await results. With no action taken by the middle of the +afternoon, I sent around a third installment of refreshments, and an hour later +called in person at the door of the convention. The doorkeeper refused to admit +me, but I caught his eye, which was glassy, and received a leery wink, while a +bottle of bitters nestled cosily in the open bosom of his shirt. Hopeful that +the signs were favorable, I apologized and withdrew, but was shortly afterwards +sent for and informed that an exception had been made in my favor, and that I +might cross the river at my will and pleasure. In the interim of waiting, in +case I was successful, I had studied up a little speech of thanks, and as I +arose to express my appreciation, a chorus of interruptions greeted me: “G’ on, +Reed! G’ on, you d——d old cow-thief! Git out of town or we’ll hang you!” +</p> + +<p> +With the trail a thing of the past, I settled down to the peaceful pursuits of +a ranchman. The fencing of ranges soon became necessary, the Clear Fork tract +being first inclosed, and a few years later owners of pastures adjoining the +Double Mountain ranch wished to fence, and I fell in with the prevailing +custom. On the latter range I hold title to a little over one million acres, +while there are two hundred sections of school land included in my western +pasture, on which I pay a nominal rental for its use. All my cattle are now +graded, and while no effort is made to mature them, the advent of cotton-seed +oil mills and other sources of demand have always afforded me an outlet for my +increase. I have branded as many as twenty-five thousand calves in a year, and +to this source of income alone I attribute the foundation of my present +fortune. As a source of wealth the progeny of the cow in my State has proven a +perennial harvest, with little or no effort on the part of the husbandman. +Reversing the military rule of moving against the lines of least resistance, +experience has taught me to follow those where Nature lends its greatest aid. +Mine being strictly a grazing country, by preserving the native grasses and +breeding only the best quality of cattle, I have always achieved success. I +have brought up my boys to observe these economics of nature, and no plow shall +ever mar the surface where my cows have grazed, generation after generation, to +the profit and satisfaction of their owner. Where once I was a buyer in carload +lots of the best strains of blood in the country, now I am a seller by hundreds +and thousands of head, acclimated and native to the soil. One man to his trade +and another to his merchandise, and the mistakes of my life justly rebuke me +for dallying in paths remote from my legitimate calling. +</p> + +<p> +There is a close relationship between a cowman and his herds. My insight into +cattle character exceeds my observation of the human family. Therefore I wish +to confess my great love for the cattle of the fields. When hungry or cold, +sick or distressed, they express themselves intelligently to my understanding, +and when dangers of night and storm and stampede threaten their peace and +serenity, they instinctively turn to the refuge of a human voice. When a herd +was bedded at night, and wolves howled in the distance, the boys on guard +easily calmed the sleeping cattle by simply raising their voices in song. The +desire of self-preservation is innate in the animal race, but as long as the +human kept watch and ward, the sleeping cattle had no fear of the common enemy. +An incident which I cannot explain, but was witness to, occurred during the +war. While holding cattle for the Confederate army we received a consignment of +beeves from Texas. One of the men who accompanied the herd through called my +attention to a steer and vouchsafed the statement that the animal loved +music,—that he could be lured out of the herd with singing. To prove his +assertion, the man sang what he termed the steer’s favorite, and to the +surprise of every soldier present, a fine, big mottled beef walked out from +among a thousand others and stood entranced over the simple song. In my younger +days my voice was considered musical; I could sing the folk-songs of my country +better than the average, and when the herdsmen left us, I was pleased to see +that my vocal efforts fascinated the late arrival from Texas. Within a week I +could call him out with a song, when I fell so deeply in love with the +broad-horn Texan that his life was spared through my disloyalty. In the daily +issue to the army we kept him back as long as possible; but when our supply was +exhausted, and he would have gone to the shambles the following day, I secretly +cut him out at night and drove him miles to our rear, that his life might be +spared. Within a year he returned with another consignment of beef; comrades +who were in the secret would not believe me; but when a quartette of us army +herders sang “Rock of Ages,” the steer walked out and greeted us with mute +appreciation. We enjoyed his company for over a month, I could call him with a +song as far as my voice reached, and when death again threatened him, we cut +him to the rear and he was never spoken again. Loyal as I was to the South, I +would have deserted rather than have seen that steer go to the shambles. +</p> + +<p> +In bringing these reminiscences to a close, I wish to bear testimony in behalf +of the men who lent their best existence that success should crown my efforts. +Aside from my family, the two pleasantest recollections of my life are my old +army comrades and the boys who worked with me on the range and trail. When men +have roughed it together, shared their hardships in field and by camp-fire like +true comrades, there is an indescribable bond between them that puts to shame +any pretense of fraternal brotherhood. Among the hundreds, yes, the thousands, +of men who worked for our old firm on the trail, all feel a pride in referring +to former associations. I never leave home without meeting men, scattered +everywhere, many of them prosperous, who come to me and say, “Of course you +don’t remember me, but I made a trip over the trail with your cattle,—from San +Saba County in ’77. Jake de Poyster was foreman. By the way, is your old +partner, the little Yankee major, still living?” The acquaintance, thus renewed +by chance, was always a good excuse for neglecting any business, and many a +happy hour have I spent, living over again with one of my old boys the +experiences of the past. +</p> + +<p> +I want to say a parting word in behalf of the men of my occupation. Sterling +honesty was their chief virtue. A drover with an established reputation could +enter any trail town a month in advance of the arrival of his cattle, and any +merchant or banker would extend him credit on his spoken word. When the trail +passed and the romance of the West was over, these same men were in demand as +directors of banks or custodians of trust funds. They were simple as truth +itself, possessing a rugged sense of justice that seemed to guide and direct +their lives. On one occasion a few years ago, I unexpectedly dropped down from +my Double Mountain ranch to an old cow town on the railroad. It was our regular +business point, and I kept a small bank account there for current ranch +expenses. As it happened, I needed some money, but on reaching the village +found the banks closed, as it was Labor Day. Casually meeting an old cowman who +was a director in the bank with which I did business, I pretended to take him +to task over my disappointment, and wound up my arraignment by asking, “What +kind of a jim-crow bank are you running, anyhow?” +</p> + +<p> +“Well, now, Reed,” said he in apology, “I really don’t know why the bank should +close to-day, but there must be some reason for it. I don’t pay much attention +to those things, but there’s our cashier and bookkeeper,—you know Hank and +Bill,—the boys in charge of the bank. Well, they get together every once in a +while and close her up for a day. I don’t know why they do it, but those old +boys have read history, and you can just gamble your last cow that there’s good +reasons for closing.” +</p> + +<p> +The fraternal bond between rangemen recalls the sad end of one of my old trail +bosses. The foreman in question was a faithful man, working for the firm during +its existence and afterwards in my employ. I would have trusted my fortune to +his keeping, my family thought the world of him, and many was the time that he +risked his life to protect my interests. When my wife overlooks the +shortcomings of a man, it is safe to say there is something redeemable in him, +even though the offense is drinking. At idle times and with convivial company, +this man would drink to excess, and when he was in his cups a spirit of +harmless mischief was rampant in him, alternating with uncontrollable flashes +of anger. Though he was usually as innocent as a kitten, it was a deadly insult +to refuse drinking with him, and one day he shot a circle of holes around a +stranger’s feet for declining an invitation. A complaint was lodged against +him, and the sheriff, not knowing the man, thoughtlessly sent a Mexican deputy +to make the arrest. Even then, had ordinary courtesy been extended, the +unfortunate occurrence might have been avoided. But an undue officiousness on +the part of the officer angered the old trail boss, who flashed into a rage, +defying the deputy, and an exchange of shots ensued. The Mexican was killed at +the first fire, and my man mounted his horse unmolested, and returned to the +ranch. I was absent at the time, but my wife advised him to go in and surrender +to the proper authorities, and he obeyed her like a child. +</p> + +<p> +We all looked upon him as one of the family, and I employed the best of +counsel. The circumstances were against him, however, and in spite of an able +defense he received a sentence of ten years. No one questioned the justice of +the verdict, the law must be upheld, and the poor fellow was taken to the +penitentiary to serve out the sentence. My wife and I concealed the facts from +the younger children, who were constantly inquiring after his return, +especially my younger girls, with whom he was a great favorite. The incident +was worse than a funeral; it would not die out, as never a day passed but +inquiry was made after the missing man; the children dreamed about him, and +awoke from their sleep to ask if he had come and if he had brought them +anything. The matter finally affected my wife’s nerves, the older boys knew the +truth, and the younger children were becoming suspicious of the veracity of +their parents. The truth was gradually leaking out, and after he had served a +year in prison, I began a movement with the view of securing his pardon. My +influence in state politics was always more or less courted, and appealing to +my friends, I drew up a petition, which was signed by every prominent +politician in that section, asking that executive clemency be extended in +behalf of my old foreman. The governor was a good friend of mine, anxious to +render me a service, and through his influence we managed to have the sentence +so reduced that after serving two years the prisoner was freed and returned to +the ranch. He was the same lovable character, tolerated by my wife and fondled +by the children, and he refused to leave home for over a year. Ever cautious to +remove temptation from him, both my wife and I hoped that the lesson would last +him through life, but in an unguarded hour he took to drink, and shot to death +his dearest friend. +</p> + +<p> +For the second offense he received a life sentence. My regret over securing his +pardon, and the subsequent loss of human life, affected me as no other event +has ever done in my career. This man would have died for me or one of mine, and +what I thought to be a generous act to a man in prison proved a curse that +haunted me for many years. But all is well now between us. I make it a point to +visit him at least once a year; we have talked the matter over and have come to +the conclusion that the law is just and that he must remain in confinement the +remainder of his days. That is now the compact, and, strange to say, both of us +derive a sense of security and peace from our covenant such as we had never +enjoyed during the year of his liberty. The wardens inform me that he is a +model prisoner, perfectly content in his restraint; and I have promised him +that on his death, whether it occurs before or after mine, his remains will be +brought back to the home ranch and be given a quiet grave in some secluded +spot. +</p> + +<p> +For any success that I may have achieved, due acknowledgment must be given my +helpmate. I was blessed with a wife such as falls to the lot of few men. Once +children were born to our union and a hearthstone established, the family +became the magnet of my life. It mattered not where my occupation carried me, +or how long my absence from home, the lodestar of a wife and family was a +sustaining help. Our first cabin, long since reduced to ashes, lives in my +memory as a palace. I was absent at the time of its burning, but my wife’s +father always enjoyed telling the story on his daughter. The elder Edwards was +branding calves some five miles distant from the home ranch, but on sighting +the signal smoke of the burning house, he and his outfit turned the cattle +loose, mounted their horses, and rode to the rescue at a break-neck pace. When +they reached the scene our home was enveloped in flames, and there was no +prospect of saving any of its contents. The house stood some distance from the +other ranch buildings, and as there was no danger of the fire spreading, there +was nothing that could be done and the flames held undisputed sway. The cause +of the fire was unknown, my wife being at her father’s house at the time; but +on discovering the flames, she picked up the baby and ran to the burning cabin, +entered it and rescued the little tin trunk that held her girlhood trinkets and +a thousand certificates of questionable land scrip. When the men dashed up, my +wife was sitting on the tin trunk, surrounded by the children, all crying +piteously, fully unconscious of the fact that she had saved the foundation of +my present landed holdings. The cabin had cost two weeks’ labor to build, its +contents were worthless, but I had no record of the numbers of the +certificates, and to my wife’s presence of mind or intuition in an emergency +all credit is given for saving the land scrip. Many daughters have done +virtuously, but thou excellest them all. The compiling of these memoirs has +been a pleasant task. In this summing-up of my active life, much has been +omitted; and then again, there seems to have been a hopeless repetition with +the recurring years, for seedtime and harvest come to us all as the seasons +roll round. Four of my boys have wandered far afield, forging out for +themselves, not content to remain under the restraint of older brothers who +have assumed the active management of my ranches. One bad general is still +better than two good ones, and there must be a head to a ranch if it is to be +made a success. I still keep an eye over things, but the rough, hard work now +falls on younger shoulders, and I find myself delegated to amuse and be amused +by the third generation of the Anthonys. In spite of my years, I still enjoy a +good saddle horse, scarcely a day passing but I ride from ten to twenty miles. +There is a range maxim that “the eyes of the boss make a fat horse,” and at +deliveries of cattle, rounds-ups, and branding, my mere presence makes things +move with alacrity. I can still give the boys pointers in handling large bodies +of cattle, and the ranch outfits seem to know that we old-time cowmen have +little use for the modern picturesque cowboy, unless he is an all-round man and +can deliver the goods in any emergency. +</p> + +<p> +With but a few years of my allotted span yet to run, I find myself in the full +enjoyment of all my faculties, ready for a romp with my grandchildren or to +crack a joke with a friend. My younger girls are proving splendid comrades, +always ready for a horseback ride or a trip to the city. It has always been a +characteristic of the Anthony family that they could ride a horse before they +could walk, and I find the third generation following in the footsteps of their +elders. My grandsons were all expert with a rope before they could read, and it +is one of the evidences of a merciful providence that their lives have been +spared, as it is nearly impossible to keep them out of mischief and danger. To +forbid one to ride a certain dangerous horse only serves to heighten his +anxiety to master the outlaw, and to banish him from the branding pens means a +prompt return with or without an excuse. On one occasion, on the Double +Mountain ranch, with the corrals full of heavy cattle, I started down to the +pens, but met two of my grandsons coming up the hill, and noticed at a glance +that there had been trouble. I stopped the boys and inquired the cause of their +tears, when the youngest, a barefooted, chubby little fellow, said to me +between his sobs, “Grandpa, you’d—you’d—you’d better keep away from those +corrals. Pa’s as mad as a hornet, and—and—and he quirted us—yes, he did. If you +fool around down there, he’ll—he’ll—he’ll just about wear you out.” +</p> + +<p> +Should this transcript of my life ever reach the dignity of publication, the +casual reader, in giving me any credit for success, should bear in mind the +opportunities of my time. My lot was cast with the palmy days of the golden +West, with its indefinable charm, now past and gone and never to return. In +voicing this regret, I desire to add that my mistakes are now looked back to as +the chastening rod, leading me to an appreciation of higher ideals, and the +final testimony that life is well worth the living. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REED ANTHONY, COWMAN ***</div> +<div style='text-align:left'> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will +be renamed. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United +States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. 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