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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:40:46 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:40:46 -0700 |
| commit | 09c406bba3c2b6e51b3c09165d18bdda7c312bae (patch) | |
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+} + + +ul { list-style-type: disc; } +ol { list-style-type: decimal; } +ol.AL { list-style-type: lower-alpha; } +ol.AU { list-style-type: upper-alpha; } +ol.RU { list-style-type: upper-roman; } +ol.RL { list-style-type: lower-roman; } +.lsoff { list-style-type: none; } + +.castlist, .castitem { list-style-type: none; } + + + + + +/* Supplement CSS stylesheet "style/arctic.css.xml +" */ + + + +body +{ +background: #FFFFFF; +font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, serif; +} + +body, a.hidden +{ +color: black; +} + +h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 +{ +color: #001FA4; +font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; +} + +p.byline +{ +font-style: italic; +margin-bottom: 2em; +} + +.figureHead, .noteref, span.leftnote, p.legend, .versenum, .stage +{ +color: #001FA4; +} + +.rightnote, .pagenum, .linenum, .pagenum a +{ +color: #AAAAAA; +} + +a.hidden:hover, a.noteref:hover +{ +color: red; +} + +p.dropcap:first-letter +{ +color: #001FA4; +font-weight: bold; +} + + + +</style></head> +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 12814 ***</div> + +<div class="front"> +<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum"> +[<a href="#d0e166">Contents</a>] +</span><p></p> +<div class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/front.jpg" alt="Original Front Cover." width="469" height="720"></div><p> + + +</p> +</div> +<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum"> +[<a href="#d0e166">Contents</a>] +</span><p></p> +<div class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/titlepage.gif" alt="Original Title Page." width="423" height="720"></div><p> + + + + +</p> +</div> +<div class="titlePage"> +<h1 class="docTitle">Philippine Folk Tales</h1> +<h2 class="byline">Compiled and Annotated<br> +by<br> +<span class="docAuthor">Mabel Cook Cole</span> +<br> +Illustrations from Photographs by +<br> +<span class="docAuthor">Fay-Cooper Cole</span></h2> +<h2 class="docImprint">Chicago +<br> +A.C. McClurg & Co. +<br> +1916 +</h2> +</div><div class="div1"><span class="pagenum"> +[<a href="#d0e166">Contents</a>] +</span><p class="aligncenter">Copyright + +</p> +<p class="aligncenter">A. C. McClurg & Co. + +</p> +<p class="aligncenter">1916 + +</p> +<p class="aligncenter">Published November, 1916 + +</p> +<p class="aligncenter">Copyrighted in Great Britain + +</p> +<p class="aligncenter">W.F. Hall Minting Company, Chicago +<a id="d0e124"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e124">v</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum"> +[<a href="#d0e166">Contents</a>] +</span><h2 class="normal">Preface</h2> +<p>From time to time since the American occupation of the Islands, Philippine folk-tales have appeared in scientific publications, +but never, so far as the writer is aware, has there been an attempt to offer to the general public a comprehensive popular +collection of this material. It is my earnest hope that this collection of tales will give those who are interested opportunity +to learn something of the magic, superstitions, and weird customs of the Filipinos, and to feel the charm of their wonder-world +as it is pictured by these dark-skinned inhabitants of our Island possessions. + +</p> +<p>In company with my husband, who was engaged in ethnological work for the Field Museum of Natural History, it was my good fortune +to spend four years among the wild tribes of the Philippines, During this time we frequently heard these stories, either related +by the people in their homes and around the camp fires or chanted by the pagan priests in communion with the spirits. The +tales are now published in this little volume, with the addition of a few folk-legends that have appeared in the <i>Journal of American Folk-Lore</i> and in scientific publications, here retold with some additions made by native story-tellers. + +</p> +<p>I have endeavored to select typical tales from tribes widely separated and varying in culture from savagery to a rather high +degree of development. The stories <a id="d0e137"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e137">vi</a>]</span>are therefore divided into five groups, as follows: Tinguian, Igorot, the Wild Tribes of Mindanao, Moro, and Christian, + +</p> +<p>The first two groups, Tinguian and Igorot, are from natives who inhabit the rugged mountain region of northwestern Luzon. +From time immemorial they have been zealous head-hunters, and the stories teem with references to customs and superstitions +connected with their savage practices. By far the largest number belong to the Tinguian group. In order to appreciate these +tales to the fullest extent, we must understand the point of view of the Tinguian. To him they embody all the known traditions +of “the first times”—of the people who inhabited the earth before the present race appeared, of the ancient heroes and their +powers and achievements. In them he finds an explanation of and reason for many of his present laws and customs. + +</p> +<p>A careful study of the whole body of Tinguian mythology points to the conclusion that the chief characters of these tales +are not celestial beings but typical, generalized heroes of former ages, whose deeds have been magnified in the telling by +many generations of their descendants. These people of “the first times” practiced magic. They talked with jars, created human +beings out of betel-nuts, raised the dead, and had the power of changing themselves into other forms. This, however, does +not seem strange or impossible to the Tinguian of today, for even now they talk with jars, perform certain rites to bring +sickness and death to their foes, and are warned by omens received <a id="d0e143"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e143">vii</a>]</span>through the medium of birds, thunder and lightning, or the condition of the liver of a slaughtered animal. They still converse +freely with certain spirits who during religious ceremonies are believed to use the bodies of men or women as mediums for +the purpose of advising and instructing the people. + +</p> +<p>Several of the characters appear in story after story. Sometimes they go under different names, but in the minds of the story-tellers +their personality and relationships are definitely established. Thus Ini-init of the first tale becomes Kadayadawan in the +second, Aponitolau in the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth, and Ligi in the seventh. Kanag, the son of Aponitolau and Aponibolinayen, +in the fifth tale is called Dumalawi. + +</p> +<p>These heroes had most unusual relations with the heavenly bodies, all of which seem to have been regarded as animate beings. +In the fourth tale Aponitolau marries Gaygayoma, the star maiden who is the daughter of the big star and the moon. In the +first story the same character under the name of Ini-init seems to be a sun-god: we are told that he is “the sun,” and again +“a round stone which rolls.” Thereupon we might conclude that he is a true solar being; yet in the other tales of this collection +and in many more known to the Tinguian he reveals no celestial qualities. Even in the first story he abandons his place in +the sky and goes to live on earth. + +</p> +<p>In the first eight stories we read of many customs of “the first times” which differ radically from those of the present. +But a careful analysis of all the known <a id="d0e151"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e151">viii</a>]</span>lore of this people points to the belief that many of these accounts depict a period when similar customs did exist among +the people, or else were practiced by emigrants who generations ago became amalgamated with the Tinguian and whose strange +customs finally became attributed to the people of the tales. The stories numbered nine to sixteen are of a somewhat different +type, and in them the Tinguian finds an explanation of many things, such as, how the people learned to plant, and to cure +diseases, where they secured the valuable jars and beads, and why the moon has spots on its face. All these stories are fully +believed, the beads and jars are considered precious, and the places mentioned are definitely known. While the accounts seem +to be of fairly recent origin they conflict neither with the fundamental ideas and traditions of “the first times” nor with +the beliefs of today. + +</p> +<p>Stories seventeen to twenty-three are regarded as fables and are told to amuse the children or to while away the midday hours +when the people seek shaded spots to lounge or stop on the trail to rest. Most of them are known to the Christianized tribes +throughout the Islands and show great similarity to the tales found in the islands to the south and, in some cases, in Europe. +In many of them the chief incidents are identical with those found elsewhere, but the story-tellers, by introducing old customs +and beliefs, have moulded and colored them until they reflect the common ideas of the Tinguian. + +</p> +<p>The third group includes stories from several wild tribes who dwell in the large island of Mindanao. <a id="d0e157"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e157">ix</a>]</span>Here are people who work in brass and steel, build good dwellings, and wear hemp clothing elaborately decorated with beads, +shell disks, and embroidery, but who still practice many savage customs, including slavery and human sacrifice. + +</p> +<p>The fourth division gives two tales from the Moro (hardy Malayan warriors whose ancestors early became converts to the faith +of Mohammed). Their teachers were the Arabian traders who, about 1400, succeeded in converting many of the Malay Islanders +to the faith of the prophet. + +</p> +<p>The last group contains the stories of the Christianized natives—those who accepted the rule of Spain and with it the Catholic +religion. Their tales, while full of local color, nevertheless show the influence of the European tutors. They furnish an +excellent opportunity to contrast the literature of the savage head-hunters with that of the Moro and Christian tribes and +to observe how various recent influences have modified the beliefs of people who not many centuries ago were doubtless of +a uniform grade of culture. It is interesting, too, to note that European tales brought into the Islands by Mohammedan and +Christian rulers and traders have been worked over until, at first glance, they now appear indigenous. + +</p> +<p>Owing to local coloring, these tales have various forms. Still we find many incidents which are held in common by all the +tribes of the Archipelago and even by the people of Borneo, Java, Sumatra, and India. Some of these similarities and parallelisms +are indicated in the foot-notes throughout the book. + + + +<a id="d0e165"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e165">xi</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div id="d0e166" class="div1"><span class="pagenum"> +[<a href="#d0e166">Contents</a>] +</span><h2 class="normal">Contents</h2> +<ol class="lsoff"> +<li>Group I: <a href="#d0e896">Tinguian</a> + +<ol class="lsoff"> +<li><a href="#d0e924">Aponibolinayen and the Sun</a> <span class="tocPagenum">6</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e1112">Aponibolinayen</a> <span class="tocPagenum">17</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e1267">Gawigawen of Adasen</a> <span class="tocPagenum">25</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e1539">The Story of Gaygayoma Who Lives up Above</a> <span class="tocPagenum">37</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e1662">The Story of Dumalawi</a> <span class="tocPagenum">44</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e1856">The Story of Kanag</a> <span class="tocPagenum">50</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e1960">The Story of Tikgi</a> <span class="tocPagenum">56</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e2062">The Story of Sayen</a> <span class="tocPagenum">60</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e2155">The Sun and the Moon</a> <span class="tocPagenum">65</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e2173">How the Tinguian Learned to Plant</a> <span class="tocPagenum">66</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e2209">Magsawi</a> <span class="tocPagenum">68</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e2250">The Tree with the Agate Beads</a> <span class="tocPagenum">71</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e2279">The Striped Blanket</a> <span class="tocPagenum">73</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e2299">The Alan and the Hunters</a> <span class="tocPagenum">74</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e2353">The Man and the Alan</a> <span class="tocPagenum">77</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e2390">Sogsogot</a> <span class="tocPagenum">79</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e2443">The Mistaken Gifts</a> <span class="tocPagenum">82</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e2469">The Boy Who Became a Stone</a> <span class="tocPagenum">84</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e2489">The Turtle and the Lizard</a> <span class="tocPagenum">86</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e2539">The Man with the Cocoanuts</a> <span class="tocPagenum">88</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e2559">The Carabao and the Shell</a> <span class="tocPagenum">89</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e2592">The Alligator’s Fruit</a> <span class="tocPagenum">90</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e2618">Dogedog</a> <span class="tocPagenum">91</span> + +</li> +</ol> + +</li> +<li>Group II: <a href="#d0e2705">Igorot</a> + +<ol class="lsoff"> +<li><a href="#d0e2726">The Creation</a> <span class="tocPagenum">99</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e2768">The Flood Story</a> <span class="tocPagenum">102</span> +<a id="d0e358"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e358">xii</a>]</span></li> +<li><a href="#d0e2820">Lumawig on Earth</a> <span class="tocPagenum">105</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e2934">How the First Head Was Taken</a> <span class="tocPagenum">111</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e2959">The Serpent Eagle</a> <span class="tocPagenum">113</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e3021">The Tattooed Men</a> <span class="tocPagenum">115</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e3053">Tilin, the Rice Bird</a> <span class="tocPagenum">117</span> + +</li> +</ol> + +</li> +<li>Group III: <a href="#d0e3083">The Wild Tribes of Mindanao</a> + +<ol class="lsoff"> +<li><i>Bukidnon</i> + +<ol class="lsoff"> +<li><a href="#d0e3114">How the Moon and Stars Came to Be</a> <span class="tocPagenum">124</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e3140">The Flood Story</a> <span class="tocPagenum">125</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e3175">Magbangal</a> <span class="tocPagenum">127</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e3228">How Children Became Monkeys</a> <span class="tocPagenum">130</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e3253">Bulanawan and Aguio</a> <span class="tocPagenum">131</span> + +</li> +</ol> + +</li> +<li><i>Bagobo</i> + +<ol class="lsoff"> +<li><a href="#d0e3292">Origin</a> <span class="tocPagenum">133</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e3322">Lumabet</a> <span class="tocPagenum">135</span> + +</li> +</ol> + +</li> +<li><i>Bilaan</i> + +<ol class="lsoff"> +<li><a href="#d0e3382">The Story of the Creation</a> <span class="tocPagenum">139</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e3418">In the Beginning</a> <span class="tocPagenum">141</span> + +</li> +</ol> + +</li> +<li><i>Mandaya</i> + +<ol class="lsoff"> +<li><a href="#d0e3453">The Children of the Limokon</a> <span class="tocPagenum">143</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e3477">The Sun and the Moon</a> <span class="tocPagenum">145</span> + +</li> +</ol> + +</li> +<li><i>Subanun</i> + +<ol class="lsoff"> +<li><a href="#d0e3507">The Widow’s Son</a> <span class="tocPagenum">147</span> + +</li> +</ol> + +</li> +</ol> +<a id="d0e516"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e516">xiii</a>]</span></li> +<li>Group IV: <a href="#d0e3608">Moro</a> + +<ol class="lsoff"> +<li><a href="#d0e3634">Mythology of Mindanao</a> <span class="tocPagenum">157</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e3714">The Story of Bantugan</a> <span class="tocPagenum">163</span> + +</li> +</ol> + +</li> +<li>Group V: <a href="#d0e3851">The Christianized Tribes</a> + +<ol class="lsoff"> +<li><i>Ilocano</i> + +<ol class="lsoff"> +<li><a href="#d0e3866">The Monkey and the Turtle</a> <span class="tocPagenum">176</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e3931">The Poor Fisherman and His Wife</a> <span class="tocPagenum">179</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e3966">The Presidente Who Had Horns</a> <span class="tocPagenum">181</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e4002">The Story of a Monkey</a> <span class="tocPagenum">183</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e4043">The White Squash</a> <span class="tocPagenum">185</span> + +</li> +</ol> + +</li> +<li><i>Tagalog</i> + +<ol class="lsoff"> +<li><a href="#d0e4072">The Creation Story</a> <span class="tocPagenum">187</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e4103">The Story of Benito</a> <span class="tocPagenum">189</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e4226">The Adventures of Juan</a> <span class="tocPagenum">196</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e4289">Juan Gathers Guavas</a> <span class="tocPagenum">200</span> + +</li> +</ol> + +</li> +<li><i>Visayan</i> + +<ol class="lsoff"> +<li><a href="#d0e4305">The Sun and the Moon</a> <span class="tocPagenum">201</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e4326">The First Monkey</a> <span class="tocPagenum">202</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e4356">The Virtue of the Cocoanut</a> <span class="tocPagenum">204</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e4393">Mansumandig</a> <span class="tocPagenum">206</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e4469">Why Dogs Wag Their Tails</a> <span class="tocPagenum">210</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e4508">The Hawk and the Hen</a> <span class="tocPagenum">212</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e4541">The Spider and the Fly</a> <span class="tocPagenum">214</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e4557">The Battle of the Crabs</a> <span class="tocPagenum">215</span> + +</li> +</ol> + +</li> +</ol> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e4593">Pronunciation of Philippine Names</a> <span class="tocPagenum">217</span></li> +</ol><a id="d0e688"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e688">xv</a>]</span></div> +<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum"> +[<a href="#d0e166">Contents</a>] +</span><h2 class="normal">Illustrations</h2> +<ol class="lsoff"> +<li> <span class="tocPagenum"><span class="smallcaps">page</span></span> + +</li> +<li>A Tinguian gentleman <span class="tocPagenum"><i>frontispiece</i></span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e1073">Tinguian hunters</a> <span class="tocPagenum">26</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e1078">Returning from the hunt</a> <span class="tocPagenum">26</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e1105">Hunting with the blowgun</a> <span class="tocPagenum">27</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e1360">Sugar cane press</a> <span class="tocPagenum">40</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e1365">Vats for boiling sugar cane juice</a> <span class="tocPagenum">40</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e1404">Grinding corn</a> <span class="tocPagenum">41</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e1409">Making a harrow</a> <span class="tocPagenum">41</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e1694">Elevated living rooms reached by ladders</a> <span class="tocPagenum">56</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e1699">Cocoanut trees tower above the homes</a> <span class="tocPagenum">56</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e1723">Section of a Tinguian village</a> <span class="tocPagenum">57</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e1728">A settlement in the mountains</a> <span class="tocPagenum">57</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e1990">The talking jars</a> <span class="tocPagenum">68</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e1995">Playing the nose flute</a> <span class="tocPagenum">68</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e2029">Tinguian potters at work</a> <span class="tocPagenum">69</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e2034">Seeding and combing cotton</a> <span class="tocPagenum">69</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e2380">Bamboo rafts</a> <span class="tocPagenum">90</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e2385">Hauling bamboo</a> <span class="tocPagenum">90</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e2413">Rice terraces in the mountains</a> <span class="tocPagenum">91</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e2418">A rice field</a> <span class="tocPagenum">91</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e2987">Type of Mandaya tree house</a> <span class="tocPagenum">124</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e3016">Swinging bridge over Padada river</a> <span class="tocPagenum">125</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e3575">A net maker</a> <span class="tocPagenum">160</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e3580">Bringing water from the stream</a> <span class="tocPagenum">160</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e3603">Bagobos, Davao, Mindanao</a> <span class="tocPagenum">161</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e4120">A rice granary</a> <span class="tocPagenum">196</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e4141">Methods of transportation</a> <span class="tocPagenum">197</span> + +</li> +<li><a href="#d0e4146">A store in a Christianized village</a> <span class="tocPagenum">197</span></li> +</ol> +</div> +</div><a id="d0e893"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e893">1</a>]</span><div class="body"> +<div id="d0e896" class="div1"><span class="pagenum"> +[<a href="#d0e166">Contents</a>] +</span><h2 class="normal">Tinguian</h2><a id="d0e899"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e899">3</a>]</span><div class="div2"> +<h3 class="normal">Introduction</h3> +<p>The dim light of stars filtered through the leafy canopy above us, and the shadowy form of our guide once more appeared at +my horse’s head. It was only for an instant, however, and then we were plunged again into the inky darkness of a tropical +jungle. + +</p> +<p>We had planned to reach the distant Tinguian village in the late afternoon, but had failed to reckon with the deliberateness +of native carriers. It was only by urging our horses that we were able to ford the broad Abra ere the last rays of the sun +dropped behind the mountains. And then, in this land of no twilights, night had settled quickly over us. + +</p> +<p>We had made our way up the mountain-side, through the thick jungle, only to find that the trail, long imperceptible to us, +had escaped even the keen eyes of our guide. For several hours we wandered about, lost in the darkness. + +</p> +<p>On and on we went, through narrow paths, steep in places, and made rough and dangerous by sharp rocks as well as by those +long creepers of the jungle whose thorny fingers are ever ready to seize horse or rider. Occasionally we came out of the forest, +only to cross rocky mountain streams; or perhaps it was the same stream that we crossed many times. Our horses, becoming weary +and uncertain of foot, grew more and <a id="d0e911"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e911">4</a>]</span>more reluctant to plunge into the dark, swiftly flowing water. And our patience was nearly exhausted when we at last caught +sight of dim lights in the valley below. Half an hour later we rode into Manabo. + +</p> +<p>I shall never forget that first picture. It was a weird spectacle. Coming out of the darkness, we were almost convinced that +we had entered a new world. Against the blackness of the night, grass-roofed houses stood outlined in the dim light of a bonfire; +and squatting around that fire, unclad save for gay blankets wrapped about their shoulders, were brown-skinned men smoking +long pipes, while women bedecked with bright beads were spinning cotton. As they worked in the flickering light, they stretched +their distaffs at arm’s length into the air like witches waving their wands; and with that the elfland picture was complete. + +</p> +<p>In the stillness of the night a single voice could be heard reciting some tale in a singsong tone, which was interrupted only +when peals of laughter burst forth from the listeners, or when a scrawny dog rose to bark at an imaginary noise until the +shouts of the men quieted him and he returned to his bed in the warm ashes. Later we learned that these were the regular social +gatherings of the Tinguian, and every night during the dry season one or more of these bonfires were to be seen in the village. + +</p> +<p>After we had attained to the footing of welcome guests in these circles, we found that a good story-teller was always present, +and, while the men smoked, the women spun, and the dogs slept, he entertained us with tales of heroes who knew the magic of +the betel-nut, <a id="d0e919"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e919">5</a>]</span>or with stories of spirits and their power over the lives of men. + +</p> +<p>The following are some of the tales heard first around the camp fire of the distant mountain village. +<a id="d0e923"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e923">6</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e924"> +<h3 class="normal">Aponibolinayen and the Sun</h3> +<p><i>Tinguian</i> + +</p> +<p>One day Aponibolinayen and her sister-in-law went out to gather greens. They walked to the woods to the place where the siksiklat +grew, for the tender leaves of this vine are very good to eat. Suddenly while searching about in the underbrush, Aponibolinayen +cried out with joy, for she had found the vine, and she started to pick the leaves. Pull as hard as she would, however, the +leaves did not come loose, and all at once the vine wound itself around her body and began carrying her upward.<a id="d0e933src" href="#d0e933" class="noteref">1</a> + +</p> +<p>Far up through the air she went until she reached the sky, and there the vine set her down under a tree. Aponibolinayen was +so surprised to find herself in the sky that for some time she just sat and looked around, and then, hearing a rooster crow, +she arose to see if she could find it. Not far from where she had sat was a beautiful spring surrounded by tall betel-nut +trees whose tops were pure gold. Rare beads were the sands of the spring, and the place where the women set their jars when +they came to dip water was a large golden plate. As Aponibolinayen stood admiring the <a id="d0e938"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e938">7</a>]</span>beauties of this spring, she beheld a small house nearby, and she was filled with fear lest the owner should find her there. +She looked about for some means of escape and finally climbed to the top of a betel-nut tree and hid. + +</p> +<p>Now the owner of this house was Ini-init,<a id="d0e942src" href="#d0e942" class="noteref">2</a> the Sun, but he was never at home in the daylight, for it was his duty to shine in the sky and give light to all the world. +At the close of the day when the Big Star took his place in the sky to shine through the night, Ini-init returned to his house, +but early the next morning he was always off again. + +</p> +<p>From her place in the top of the betel-nut tree, Aponibolinayen saw the Sun when he came home at evening time, and again the +next morning she saw him leave. When she was sure that he was out of sight she climbed down and entered his dwelling, for +she was very hungry. She cooked rice, and into a pot of boiling water she dropped a stick which immediately became fish,<a id="d0e950src" href="#d0e950" class="noteref">3</a> so that she had all she wished to eat. When she was no longer hungry, she lay down on the bed to sleep. + +</p> +<p>Now late in the afternoon Ini-init returned from his work and went to fish in the river near his house, and he caught a big +fish. While he sat on the bank cleaning his catch, he happened to look up toward his <a id="d0e955"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e955">8</a>]</span>house and was startled to see that it appeared to be on fire.<a id="d0e957src" href="#d0e957" class="noteref">4</a> He hurried home, but when he reached the house he saw that it was not burning at all, and he entered. On his bed he beheld +what looked like a flame of fire, but upon going closer he found that it was a beautiful woman fast asleep. + +</p> +<p>Ini-init stood for some time wondering what he should do, and then he decided to cook some food and invite this lovely creature +to eat with him. He put rice over the fire to boil and cut into pieces the fish he had caught. The noise of this awakened +Aponibolinayen, and she slipped out of the house and back to the top of the betel-nut tree. The Sun did not see her leave, +and when the food was prepared he called her, but the bed was empty and he had to eat alone. That night Ini-init could not +sleep well, for all the time he wondered who the beautiful woman could be. The next morning, however, he rose as usual and +set forth to shine in the sky, for that was his work. + +</p> +<p>That day Aponibolinayen stole again to the house of the Sun and cooked food, and when she returned to the betel-nut tree she +left rice and fish ready for the Sun when he came home. Late in the afternoon Ini-init went into his home, and when he found +pots of hot rice and fish over the fire he was greatly troubled. After he had eaten he walked a long time in the fresh air. +“Perhaps it is done by the lovely woman who <a id="d0e964"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e964">9</a>]</span>looks like a flame of fire,” he said. “If she comes again I will try to catch her.” + +</p> +<p>The next day the Sun shone in the sky as before, and when the afternoon grew late he called to the Big Star to hurry to take +his place, for he was impatient to reach home. As he drew near the house he saw that it again looked as if it was on fire. +He crept quietly up the ladder, and when he had reached the top he sprang in and shut the door behind him. + +</p> +<p>Aponibolinayen, who was cooking rice over the fire, was surprised and angry that she had been caught; but the Sun gave her +betel-nut<a id="d0e970src" href="#d0e970" class="noteref">5</a> which was covered with gold, and they chewed together and told each other their names. Then Aponibolinayen took up the rice +and fish, and as they ate they talked together and became acquainted. + +</p> +<p>After some time Aponibolinayen and the Sun were married, and every morning the Sun went to shine in the sky, and upon his +return at night he found his supper ready for him. He began to be troubled, however, to know where the food came from, for +though <a id="d0e975"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e975">10</a>]</span>he brought home a fine fish every night, Aponibolinayen always refused to cook it. + +</p> +<p>One night he watched her prepare their meal, and he saw that, instead of using the nice fish he had brought, she only dropped +a stick into the pot of boiling water. + +</p> +<p>“Why do you try to cook a stick?” asked Ini-init in surprise. + +</p> +<p>“So that we can have fish to eat,” answered his wife. + +</p> +<p>“If you cook that stick for a month, it will not be soft,” said Ini-init. “Take this fish that I caught in the net, for it +will be good.” + +</p> +<p>But Aponibolinayen only laughed at him, and when they were ready to eat she took the cover off the pot and there was plenty +of nice soft fish. The next night and the next, Aponibolinayen cooked the stick, and Ini-init became greatly troubled for +he saw that though the stick always supplied them with fish, it never grew smaller. + +</p> +<p>Finally he asked Aponibolinayen again why it was that she cooked the stick instead of the fish he brought, and she said: + +</p> +<p>“Do you not know of the woman on earth who has magical power and can change things?” + +</p> +<p>“Yes,” answered the Sun, “and now I know that you have great power.” + +</p> +<p>“Well, then,” said his wife, “do not ask again why I cook the stick.” + +</p> +<p>And they ate their supper of rice and the fish which the stick made. +<a id="d0e997"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e997">11</a>]</span></p> +<p>One night not long after this Aponibolinayen told her husband that she wanted to go with him the next day when he made light +in the sky. + +</p> +<p>“Oh, no, you cannot,” said the Sun, “for it is very hot up there,<a id="d0e1002src" href="#d0e1002" class="noteref">6</a> and you cannot stand the heat.” + +</p> +<p>“We will take many blankets and pillows,” said the woman, “and when the heat becomes very great, I will hide under them.” + +</p> +<p>Again and again Ini-init begged her not to go, but as often she insisted on accompanying him, and early in the morning they +set out, carrying with them many blankets and pillows. + +</p> +<p>First, they went to the East, and as soon as they arrived the Sun began to shine, and Aponibolinayen was with him. They traveled +toward the West, but when morning had passed into noontime and they had reached the middle of the sky Aponibolinayen was so +hot that she melted and became oil. Then Ini-init put her into a bottle and wrapped her in the blankets and pillows and dropped +her down to earth. + +</p> +<p>Now one of the women of Aponibolinayen’s town was at the spring dipping water when she heard something fall near her. Turning +to look, she beheld a bundle of beautiful blankets and pillows which she began to unroll, and inside she found the most beautiful +woman she had ever seen. Frightened at her discovery, the woman ran as fast as she could to the town, where she called the +people together and told them to come at once to the spring. They all hastened to <a id="d0e1016"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1016">12</a>]</span>the spot and there they found Aponibolinayen for whom they had been searching everywhere. + +</p> +<p>“Where have you been?” asked her father; “we have searched all over the world and we could not find you.’ + +</p> +<p>“I have come from Pindayan,” answered Aponibolinayen. “Enemies of our people kept me there till I made my escape while they +were asleep at night” + +</p> +<p>All were filled with joy that the lost one had returned, and they decided that at the next moon<a id="d0e1024src" href="#d0e1024" class="noteref">7</a> they would perform a ceremony for the spirits<a id="d0e1027src" href="#d0e1027" class="noteref">8</a> and invite all the relatives who were mourning for Aponibolinayen. + +</p> +<p>So they began to prepare for the ceremony, and while they were pounding rice, Aponibolinayen asked her mother to prick her +little finger where it itched, and as she did so a beautiful baby boy popped out. The people were very much surprised at this, +and they noticed that every time he was bathed the baby grew very fast so that, in a short time, he was able to walk. Then +they were anxious to know who was the husband of Aponibolinayen, but she would not tell them, and they decided to invite everyone +in the world to the ceremony that they might not overlook him. +<a id="d0e1032"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1032">13</a>]</span></p> +<p>They sent for the betel-nuts that were covered with gold,<a id="d0e1035src" href="#d0e1035" class="noteref">9</a> and when they had oiled them they commanded them to go to all the towns and compel the people to come to the ceremony. + +</p> +<p>“If anyone refuses to come, grow on his knee,” said the people, and the betel-nuts departed to do as they were bidden. + +</p> +<p>As the guests began to arrive, the people watched carefully for one who might be the husband of Aponibolinayen, but none appeared +and they were greatly troubled. Finally they went to the old woman, Alokotan, who was able to talk with the spirits, and begged +her to find what town had not been visited by the betel-nuts which had been sent to invite the people. After she had consulted +the spirits the old woman said: + +</p> +<p>“You have invited all the people except Ini-init who lives up above. Now you must send a betel-nut to summon him. It may be +that he is the husband of Aponibolinayen, for the siksiklat vine carried her up when she went to gather greens.” + +</p> +<p>So a betel-nut was called and bidden to summon Ini-init. + +</p> +<p>The betel-nut went up to the Sun, who was in his house, and said: + +</p> +<p>“Good morning, Sun. I have come to summon you to a ceremony which the father and mother of Aponibolinayen <a id="d0e1050"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1050">14</a>]</span>are making for the spirits. If you do not want to go, I will grow on your head.”<a id="d0e1052src" href="#d0e1052" class="noteref">10</a> + +</p> +<p>“Grow on my head,” said the Sun. “I do not wish to go.” + +</p> +<p>So the betel-nut jumped upon his head and grew until it became so tall that the Sun was not able to carry it, and he was in +great pain. + +</p> +<p>“Oh, grow on my pig,” begged the Sun. So the betel-nut jumped upon the pig’s head and grew, but it was so heavy that the pig +could not carry it and squealed all the time. At last the Sun saw that he would have to obey the summons, and he said to the +betel-nut: + +</p> +<p>“Get off my pig and I will go.” + +</p> +<p>So Ini-init came to the ceremony, and as soon as Aponibolinayen and the baby saw him, they were very happy and ran to meet +him. Then the people knew that this was the husband of Aponibolinayen, and they waited eagerly for him to come up to them. +As he drew near, however, they saw that he did not walk, for he was round; and then they perceived that he was not a man but +a large stone. All her relatives were very angry to find that Aponibolinayen had married a stone; and they compelled her to +take off her beads<a id="d0e1065src" href="#d0e1065" class="noteref">11</a> and her good clothes, for, they said, she must now dress in old clothes and go again to live with the stone. + +</p> +<p>So Aponibolinayen put on the rags that they brought her and at once set out with the stone for his home. <a id="d0e1070"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1070">15</a>]</span>No sooner had they arrived there, however, than he became a handsome man, and they were very happy. + + +</p> +<p></p> +<div id="d0e1073" class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/p026-1.jpg" alt="Tinguian hunters" width="537" height="332"><p class="figureHead">Tinguian hunters</p> +</div><p> + +</p> +<p></p> +<div id="d0e1078" class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/p026-2.jpg" alt="Returning from the hunt" width="536" height="332"><p class="figureHead">Returning from the hunt</p> +</div><p> + + +</p> +<p>“In one moon,” said the Sun, “we will make a ceremony for the spirits, and I will pay your father and mother the marriage +price<a id="d0e1084src" href="#d0e1084" class="noteref">12</a> for you.” + +</p> +<p>This pleased Aponibolinayen very much, and they used magic so that they had many neighbors who came to pound rice<a id="d0e1089src" href="#d0e1089" class="noteref">13</a> for them and to build a large spirit house.<a id="d0e1092src" href="#d0e1092" class="noteref">14</a> + +</p> +<p>Then they sent oiled betel-nuts to summon their relatives to the ceremony. The father of Aponibolinayen did not want to go, +but the betel-nut threatened to grow on his knee if he did not. So he commanded all the people in the town to wash their hair +and their clothes, and when all was ready they set out. + +</p> +<p>When they reached the town they were greatly surprised to find that the stone had become a man, and they chewed the magic +betel-nuts to see who he might be. It was discovered that he was the son of a couple in Aponibolinayen’s own town, and the +people all rejoiced that this couple had found the son whom they had thought lost. They named him Aponitolau, and <a id="d0e1099"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1099">16</a>]</span>his parents paid the marriage price for his wife—the spirit house nine times full of valuable jars.<a id="d0e1101src" href="#d0e1101" class="noteref">15</a> + + +</p> +<p></p> +<div id="d0e1105" class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/p027.jpg" alt="Hunting with the blowgun" width="504" height="720"><p class="figureHead">Hunting with the blowgun</p> +</div><p> + + +</p> +<p>After that all danced and made merry for one moon, and when the people departed for their homes Ini-init and his wife went +with them to live on the earth. + +<a id="d0e1111"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1111">17</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e1112"> +<h3 class="normal">Aponibolinayen</h3> +<p><i>Tinguian</i> + + +</p> +<p>The most beautiful girl in all the world was Aponibolinayen of Nalpangan. Many young men had come to her brother, Aponibalagen, +to ask for her hand in marriage, but he had refused them all, for he awaited one who possessed great power. Then it happened +that the fame of her beauty spread over all the world till it reached even to Adasen; and in that place there lived a man +of great power named Gawigawen. + +</p> +<p>Now Gawigawen, who was a handsome man, had sought among all the pretty girls but never, until he heard of the great beauty +of Aponibolinayen, had he found one whom he wished to wed. Then he determined that she should be his wife; and he begged his +mother to help him win her. So Dinawagen, the mother of Gawigawen, took her hat which looked like a sunbeam and set out at +once for Nalpangan; and when she arrived there she was greeted by Ebang, the mother of the lovely maiden, who presently began +to prepare food for them.<a id="d0e1123src" href="#d0e1123" class="noteref">16</a> +<a id="d0e1126"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1126">18</a>]</span></p> +<p>She put the pot over the fire, and when the water boiled she broke up a stick and threw the pieces into the pot, and immediately +they became fish. Then she brought basi<a id="d0e1129src" href="#d0e1129" class="noteref">17</a> in a large jar, and Dinawagen, counting the notches in the rim,<a id="d0e1132src" href="#d0e1132" class="noteref">18</a> perceived that the jar had been handed down through nine generations. They ate and drank together, and after they had finished +the meal, Dinawagen told Aponibalagen of her son’s wishes, and asked if he was willing that his sister should marry Gawigawen. +Aponibalagen, who had heard of the power of the suitor, at once gave his consent. And Dinawagen departed for home, leaving +a gold cup as an engagement present.<a id="d0e1135src" href="#d0e1135" class="noteref">19</a> + +</p> +<p>Gawigawen was watching at the door of his house for his mother’s return, and when she told him of her success, he was so happy +that he asked all the people in the town to go with him the next day to Nalpangan to arrange the amount he must pay for his +bride.<a id="d0e1140src" href="#d0e1140" class="noteref">20</a> + +</p> +<p>Now the people of Nalpangan wanted a great price for this girl who was so beautiful, and the men of the two towns debated +for a long time before they could come to an agreement. Finally, however, it was decided that Gawigawen should fill the spirit +house eighteen times with valuable things; and when he had done this, they were all satisfied and went to the yard <a id="d0e1148"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1148">19</a>]</span>where they danced and beat on the copper gongs.<a id="d0e1150src" href="#d0e1150" class="noteref">21</a> All the pretty girls danced their best, and one who wore big jars about her neck made more noise than the others as she danced, +and the jars sang “Kitol, kitol, kanitol; inka, inka, inkatol.” + +</p> +<p>But when Aponibolinayen, the bride of Gawigawen, came down out of the house to dance, the sunshine vanished, so beautiful +was she; and as she moved about, the river came up into the town, and striped fish bit at her heels. + +</p> +<p>For three months the people remained here feasting and dancing, and then early one morning they took Aponibolinayen to her +new home in Adasen. The trail that led from one town to the other had become very beautiful in the meantime: the grass and +trees glistened with bright lights, and the waters of the tiny streams dazzled the eyes with their brightness as Aponibolinayen +waded across. When they reached the spring of Gawigawen, they found that it, too, was more beautiful than ever before. Each +grain of sand had become a bead, and the place where the women set their jars when they came to dip water had become a big +dish. + +</p> +<p>Then said Aponibalagen to his people, “Go tell <a id="d0e1159"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1159">20</a>]</span>Gawigawen to bring an old man, for I want to make a spring for Aponibolinayen.” + +</p> +<p>So an old man was brought and Aponibalagen cut off his head and put it in the ground, and sparkling water bubbled up.<a id="d0e1163src" href="#d0e1163" class="noteref">22</a> The body he made into a tree to shade his sister when she came to dip water, and the drops of blood as they touched the ground +were changed into valuable beads. Even the path from the spring to the house was covered with big plates, and everything was +made beautiful for Aponibolinayen. + +</p> +<p>Now during all this time Aponibolinayen had kept her face covered so that she had never seen her husband, for although he +was a handsome man, one of the pretty girls who was jealous of the bride had told her that he had three noses, and she was +afraid to look at him. + +</p> +<p>After her people had all returned to their homes, she grew very unhappy, and when her mother-in-law commanded her to cook +she had to feel her way around, for she would not uncover her face. Finally she became so sad that she determined to run away. +One night when all were asleep, she used magical power and changed herself into oil.<a id="d0e1173src" href="#d0e1173" class="noteref">23</a> Then she slid <a id="d0e1182"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1182">21</a>]</span>through the bamboo floor and made her escape without anyone seeing her. + +</p> +<p>On and on she went until she came to the middle of the jungle, and then she met a wild rooster who asked her where she was +going. + +</p> +<p>“I am running away from my husband,” replied Aponibolinayen, “for he has three noses and I do not want to live with him.” + +</p> +<p>“Oh,” said the rooster, “some crazy person must have told you that. Do not believe it. Gawigawen is a handsome man, for I +have often seen him when he comes here to snare chickens.”<a id="d0e1190src" href="#d0e1190" class="noteref">24</a> + +</p> +<p>But Aponibolinayen paid no heed to the rooster, and she went on until she reached a big tree where perched a monkey, and he +also asked where she was going. + +</p> +<p>“I am running away from my husband,” answered the girl, “for he has three noses and I do not want to live with him.” + +</p> +<p>“Oh, do not believe that,” said the monkey. “Someone who told you that must have wanted to marry him herself, for he is a +handsome man.” + +</p> +<p>Still Aponibolinayen went on until she came to the ocean, and then, as she could go no farther, she sat down to rest. As she +sat there pondering what she should do, a carabao<a id="d0e1201src" href="#d0e1201" class="noteref">25</a> came along, and thinking that <a id="d0e1204"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1204">22</a>]</span>she would ride a while she climbed up on its back. No sooner had she done so than the animal plunged into the water and swam +with her until they reached the other side of the great ocean. + +</p> +<p>There they came to a large orange tree, and the carabao told her to eat some of the luscious fruit while he fed on the grass +nearby. As soon as he had left her, however, he ran straight to his master, Kadayadawan, and told him of the beautiful girl. + +</p> +<p>Kadayadawan was very much interested and quickly combed his hair and oiled it, put on his striped coat<a id="d0e1210src" href="#d0e1210" class="noteref">26</a> and belt, and went with the carabao to the orange tree. Aponibolinayen, looking down from her place in the tree, was surprised +to see a man coming with her friend, the carabao, but as they drew near, she began talking with him, and soon they became +acquainted. Before long, Kadayadawan had persuaded the girl to become his wife, and he took her to his home. From that time +every night his house looked as if it was on fire, because of the beauty of his bride. + +</p> +<p>After they had been married for some time, Kadayadawan and Aponibolinayen decided to make a ceremony<a id="d0e1215src" href="#d0e1215" class="noteref">27</a> for the spirits, so they called the magic betel-nuts<a id="d0e1221src" href="#d0e1221" class="noteref">28</a> and oiled them and said to them, + +</p> +<p>“Go to all the towns and invite our relatives to come to the ceremony which we shall make. If they do not <a id="d0e1229"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1229">23</a>]</span>want to come, then grow on their knees until they are willing to attend.” + +</p> +<p>So the betel-nuts started in different directions and one went to Aponibalagen in Nalpangan and said, + +</p> +<p>“Kadayadawan is making a ceremony for the spirits, and I have come to summon you to attend.” + +</p> +<p>“We cannot go,” said Aponibalagen, “for we are searching for my sister who is lost” + +</p> +<p>“You must come,” replied the betel-nut, “or I shall grow on your knee,” + +</p> +<p>“Grow on my pig,” answered Aponibalagen; so the betel-nut went on to the pig’s back and grew into a tall tree, and it became +so heavy that the pig could not carry it, but squealed all the time.<span id="d0e1241" class="corr" title="Source: ”"></span> + +</p> +<p>Then Aponibalagen, seeing that he must obey, said to the betel-nut, + +</p> +<p>“Get off my pig, and we will go.” + +</p> +<p>The betel-nut got off the pig’s back, and the people started for the ceremony. When they reached the river, Gawigawen was +there waiting to cross, for the magic nuts had forced him to go also. Then Kadayadawan, seeing them, sent more betel-nuts +to the river, and the people were carried across by the nuts. + +</p> +<p>As soon as they reached the town the dancing began, and while Gawigawen was dancing with Aponibolinayen he seized her and +put her in his belt.<a id="d0e1251src" href="#d0e1251" class="noteref">29</a> Kadayadawan, who saw this, was so angry that he threw his spear and killed Gawigawen. Then Aponibolinayen escaped and <a id="d0e1260"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1260">24</a>]</span>ran into the house, and her husband brought his victim back to life, and asked him why he had seized the wife of his host. +Gawigawen explained that she was his wife who had been lost, and the people were very much surprised, for they had not recognized +her at first. + +</p> +<p>Then all the people discussed what should be done to bring peace between the two men, and it was finally decided that Kadayadawan +must pay both Aponibalagen and Gawigawen the price that was first demanded for the beautiful girl. + +</p> +<p>After this was done all were happy; and the guardian spirit of Kadayadawan gave them a golden house in which to live. +<a id="d0e1266"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1266">25</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e1267"> +<h3 class="normal">Gawigawen of Adasen</h3> +<p><i>Tinguian</i> + + +</p> +<p>Aponibolinayen was sick with a headache, and she lay on a mat alone in her house. Suddenly she remembered some fruit that +she had heard of but had never seen, and she said to herself, “Oh, I wish I had some of the oranges of Gawigawen of Adasen.” + +</p> +<p>Now Aponibolinayen did not realize that she had spoken aloud, but Aponitolau, her husband, lying in the spirit house<a id="d0e1278src" href="#d0e1278" class="noteref">30</a> outside, heard her talking and asked what it was she said. Fearing to tell him the truth lest he should risk his life in +trying to get the oranges for her, she said: “I wish I had some biw” (a fruit). + +</p> +<p>Aponitolau at once got up, and, taking a sack, went out to find some of the fruit for his wife. When he returned with the +sack full, she said: + +</p> +<p>“Put it on the bamboo hanger above the fire, and when my head is better I will eat it.” + +</p> +<p>So Aponitolau put the fruit on the hanger and returned to the spirit house, but when Aponibolinayen tried to eat, the fruit +made her sick and she threw it away. + +</p> +<p>“What is the matter?” called Aponitolau as he heard her drop the fruit. +<a id="d0e1292"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1292">26</a>]</span></p> +<p>“I merely dropped one,” she replied, and returned to her mat. + +</p> +<p>After a while Aponibolinayen again said: + +</p> +<p>“Oh, I wish I had some of the oranges of Gawigawen of Adasen,” and Aponitolau, who heard her from the spirit house, inquired: + +</p> +<p>“What is that you say?” + +</p> +<p>“I wish I had some fish eggs,” answered his wife; for she did not want him to know the truth. + +</p> +<p>Then Aponitolau took his net and went to the river, determined to please his wife if possible. When he had caught a nice fish +he opened it with his knife and took out the eggs. Then he spat on the place he had cut, and it was healed and the fish swam +away.<a id="d0e1305src" href="#d0e1305" class="noteref">31</a> + +</p> +<p>Pleased that he was able to gratify his wife’s wishes, he hastened home with the eggs; and while his wife was roasting them +over the fire, he returned to the spirit house. She tried to eat, but the eggs did not taste good to her, and she threw them +down under the house to the dogs. + +</p> +<p>“What is the matter?” called Aponitolau. “Why are the dogs barking?” + +</p> +<p>“I dropped some of the eggs,” replied his wife, and she went back to her mat. + +</p> +<p>By and by she again said: + +</p> +<p>“I wish I had some of the oranges of Gawigawen of Adasen.” +<a id="d0e1318"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1318">27</a>]</span></p> +<p>But when her husband asked what she wished, she replied: + +</p> +<p>“I want a deer’s liver to eat” + +</p> +<p>So Aponitolau took his dogs to the mountains, where they hunted until they caught a deer, and when he had cut out its liver +he spat on the wound, and it was healed so that the deer ran away. + +</p> +<p>But Aponibolinayen could not eat the liver any more than she could the fruit or the fish eggs; and when Aponitolau heard the +dogs barking, he knew that she had thrown it away. Then he grew suspicious and, changing himself into a centipede,<a id="d0e1327src" href="#d0e1327" class="noteref">32</a> hid in a crack in the floor. And when his wife again wished for some of the oranges, he overheard her. + +</p> +<p>“Why did you not tell me the truth, Aponibolinayen?” he asked. + +</p> +<p>“Because,” she replied, “no one Who has gone to Adasen has ever come back, and I did not want you to risk your life.” + +</p> +<p>Nevertheless Aponitolau determined to go for the oranges, and he commanded his wife to bring him rice straw. After he had +burned it he put the ashes in the water with which he washed his hair.<a id="d0e1339src" href="#d0e1339" class="noteref">33</a> Then she brought cocoanut oil and rubbed his hair, and fetched a dark clout, a fancy belt, and a head-band, and she baked +cakes for him to take on the journey. Aponitolau <a id="d0e1342"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1342">28</a>]</span>cut a vine<a id="d0e1344src" href="#d0e1344" class="noteref">34</a> which he planted by the stove,<a id="d0e1347src" href="#d0e1347" class="noteref">35</a> and told his wife that if the leaves wilted she would know that he was dead. Then he took his spear and head-ax<a id="d0e1350src" href="#d0e1350" class="noteref">36</a> and started on the long journey. + +</p> +<p>When Aponitolau arrived at the well of a giantess, all the betel-nut trees bowed. Then the giantess shouted and all the world +trembled. “How strange,” thought Aponitolau, “that all the world shakes when that woman shouts.” But he continued on his way +without stopping. + +</p> +<p>As he passed the place of the old woman, Alokotan, she sent out her little dog and it bit his leg. + +</p> +<p>“Do not proceed,” said the old woman, “for ill luck awaits you. If you go on, you will never return to your home.” + + +</p> +<p></p> +<div id="d0e1360" class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/p040-1.jpg" alt="Sugar cane press" width="535" height="328"><p class="figureHead">Sugar cane press</p> +</div><p> + +</p> +<p></p> +<div id="d0e1365" class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/p040-2.jpg" alt="Vats for boiling sugar cane juice" width="535" height="329"><p class="figureHead">Vats for boiling sugar cane juice</p> +</div><p> + +<a id="d0e1369"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1369">29</a>]</span></p> +<p>But Aponitolau paid no attention to the old woman, and by and by he came to the home of the lightning. + +</p> +<p>“Where are you going?” asked the lightning. + +</p> +<p>“I am going to get some oranges of Gawigawen of Adasen,” replied Aponitolau. + +</p> +<p>“Go stand on that high rock that I may see what your sign is,” commanded the lightning. + +</p> +<p>So he stood on the high rock, but when the lightning flashed Aponitolau dodged. + +</p> +<p>“Do not go,” said the lightning, “for you have a bad sign, and you will never come back.” + +</p> +<p>Still Aponitolau did not heed. + +</p> +<p>Soon he arrived at the place of Silit (loud thunder),<a id="d0e1386src" href="#d0e1386" class="noteref">37</a> who also asked him: + +</p> +<p>“Where are you going, Aponitolau?” + +</p> +<p>“I am going to get oranges of Gawigawen of Adasen,” he replied. + +</p> +<p>Then the thunder commanded: + +</p> +<p>“Stand on that high stone so that I can see if you have a good sign.” + +</p> +<p>He stood on the high stone, and when the thunder made a loud noise he jumped. Whereupon Silit also advised him not to go on. + +</p> +<p>In spite of all the warnings, Aponitolau continued his journey, and upon coming to the ocean he used <a id="d0e1401"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1401">30</a>]</span>magical power, so that when he stepped on his head-ax it sailed away, carrying him far across the sea to the other side. Then +after a short walk he came to a spring where women were dipping water, and he asked what spring it was. + + +</p> +<p></p> +<div id="d0e1404" class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/p041-1.jpg" alt="Grinding corn" width="534" height="328"><p class="figureHead">Grinding corn</p> +</div><p> + +</p> +<p></p> +<div id="d0e1409" class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/p041-2.jpg" alt="Making a harrow" width="532" height="329"><p class="figureHead">Making a harrow</p> +</div><p> + + +</p> +<p>“This is the spring of Gawigawen of Adasen,” replied the women. “And who are you that you dare come here?” + +</p> +<p>Without replying he went on toward the town, but he found that he could not go inside, for it was surrounded by a bank which +reached almost to the sky. + +</p> +<p>While he stood with bowed head pondering what he should do, the chief of the spiders came up and asked why he was so sorrowful. + +</p> +<p>“I am sad,” answered Aponitolau, “because I cannot climb up this bank.” + +</p> +<p>Then the spider went to the top and spun a thread,<a id="d0e1423src" href="#d0e1423" class="noteref">38</a> and upon this Aponitolau climbed up into town. + +</p> +<p>Now Gawigawen was asleep in his spirit house, and when he awoke and saw Aponitolau sitting near, he was surprised and ran +toward his house to get his spear and head-ax, but Aponitolau called to him, saying: + +</p> +<p>“Good morning, Cousin Gawigawen. Do not be angry; I only came to buy some of your oranges for my wife.” + +</p> +<p>Then Gawigawen took him to the house and brought a whole carabao<a id="d0e1432src" href="#d0e1432" class="noteref">39</a> for him to eat, and he said: +<a id="d0e1438"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1438">31</a>]</span></p> +<p>“If you cannot eat all the carabao, you cannot have the oranges for your wife.” + +</p> +<p>Aponitolau grew very sorrowful, for he knew that he could not eat all the meat, but just at that moment the chief of the ants +and flies came to him and inquired what was the trouble. As soon as he was told, the chief called all the ants and flies and +they ate the whole carabao. Aponitolau, greatly relieved, went then to Gawigawen and said: + +</p> +<p>“I have finished eating the food which you gave me.” + +</p> +<p>Gawigawen was greatly surprised at this, and, leading the way to the place where the oranges grew, he told Aponitolau to climb +the tree and get all he wanted. + +</p> +<p>As he was about to ascend the tree Aponitolau noticed that the branches were sharp knives, so he went as carefully as he could. +Nevertheless, when he had secured two oranges, he stepped on one of the knives and was cut. He quickly fastened the fruit +to his spear, and immediately it flew away straight to his town and into his house. + +</p> +<p>Aponibolinayen was just going down the bamboo ladder out of the house, and hearing something drop on the floor she went back +to look and found the oranges from Adasen. She eagerly ate the fruit, rejoicing that her husband had been able to reach the +place where they grew. Then she thought to look at the vine, whose leaves were wilted, and she knew that her husband was dead. + +</p> +<p>Soon after this a son was born to Aponibolinayen, <a id="d0e1453"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1453">32</a>]</span>and she called his name Kanag. He grew rapidly, becoming a strong lad, and he was the bravest of all his companions. One day +while Kanag was playing out in the yard, he spun his top and it struck the garbage pot of an old woman, who became very angry +and cried: + +</p> +<p>“If you were a brave boy, you would get your father whom Gawigawen killed.” + +</p> +<p>Kanag ran to the house crying, and asked his mother what the old woman meant, for he had never heard the story of his father’s +death. As soon as he learned what had happened, the boy determined to search for his father, and, try as she would, his mother +could not dissuade him. + +</p> +<p>As he was departing through the gate of the town with his spear and head-ax, Kanag struck his shield and it sounded like a +thousand warriors. + +</p> +<p>“How brave that boy is!” said the surprised people. “He is braver even than his father.” + +</p> +<p>When he reached the spring of the giantess, he again struck his shield and shouted so that the whole world trembled. Then +the giantess said: + +</p> +<p>“I believe that someone is going to fight, and he will have success.” + +</p> +<p>As soon as Kanag reached the place where the old woman, Alokotan, lived, she sent her dog after him, but with one blow of +his head-ax he cut off the dog’s head. Then Alokotan asked where he was going, and when he had told her, she said: + +</p> +<p>“Your father is dead, but I believe that you will find him, for you have a good sign.” +<a id="d0e1471"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1471">33</a>]</span></p> +<p>He hurried on and arrived at the place where lightning was, and it asked: + +</p> +<p>“Where are you going, little boy?” + +</p> +<p>“I am going to Adasen to get my father,” answered Kanag. + +</p> +<p>“Go stand on that high rock that I may see what your sign is,” said the lightning. + +</p> +<p>So he stood on the high rock, and when the bright flash came he did not move, and the lightning bade him hasten on, as he +had a good sign. + +</p> +<p>The thunder, which saw him passing, also called to ask where he was going, and it commanded him to stand on the high rock. +And when the thunder made a loud noise Kanag did not move, and it bade him go on, as his sign was good. + +</p> +<p>The women of Adasen were at the spring of Gawigawen dipping water, when suddenly they were startled by a great noise. They +rose up, expecting to see a thousand warriors coming near; but though they looked all around they could see nothing but a +young boy striking a shield. + +</p> +<p>“Good morning, women who are dipping water,” said Kanag. “Tell Gawigawen that he must prepare, for I am coming to fight him.” + +</p> +<p>So all the women ran up to the town and told Gawigawen that a strange boy was at the spring and he had come to fight. + +</p> +<p>“Go and tell him,” said Gawigawen, “that if it is true that he is brave, he will come into the town, if he can.” + +</p> +<p>When Kanag reached the high bank outside the <a id="d0e1494"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1494">34</a>]</span>town, he jumped like a flitting bird up the bank into the town and went straight to the spirit house of Gawigawen. He noticed +that the roofs of both the dwelling and the spirit houses were of hair, and that around the town were many heads,<a id="d0e1496src" href="#d0e1496" class="noteref">40</a> and he pondered: + +</p> +<p>“This is why my father did not return. Gawigawen is a brave man, but I will kill him.” + +</p> +<p>As soon as Gawigawen saw him in the yard he said: + +</p> +<p>“How brave you are, little boy; why did you come here?” + +</p> +<p>“I came to get my father,” answered Kanag; “for you kept him when he came to get oranges for my mother. If you do not give +him to me, I will kill you.” + +</p> +<p>Gawigawen laughed at this brave speech and said: + +</p> +<p>“Why, one of my fingers will fight you. You shall never go back to your town, but you shall stay here and be like your father.” + +</p> +<p>“We shall see,” said Kanag. “Bring your arms and let us fight here in the yard.” + +</p> +<p>Gawigawen was beside himself with rage at this bold speech, and he brought his spear and his head-ax which was as big as half +the sky. Kanag would not throw first, for he wanted to prove himself brave, so Gawigawen took aim and threw his head-ax at +the boy. Now Kanag used magical power, so that he became an ant <a id="d0e1515"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1515">35</a>]</span>and was not hit by the weapon. Gawigawen laughed loudly when he looked around and could not see the boy, for he thought that +he had been killed. Soon, however, Kanag reappeared, standing on the head-ax, and Gawigawen, more furious than ever, threw +his spear. Again Kanag disappeared, and Gawigawen was filled with surprise. + +</p> +<p>Then it was Kanag’s turn and his spear went directly through the body of the giant. He ran quickly and cut off five of the +heads,<a id="d0e1519src" href="#d0e1519" class="noteref">41</a> but the sixth he spared until Gawigawen should have shown him his father. + +</p> +<p>As they went about the town together, Kanag found that the skin of his father had been used for a drum-head. His hair decorated +the house, and his head was at the gate of the town, while his body was put beneath the house. After he had gathered all the +parts of the body together, Kanag used magical power, and his father came to life. + +</p> +<p>“Who are you?” asked Aponitolau; “how long have I slept?” + +</p> +<p>“I am your son,” said Kanag. “You were not asleep but dead, and here is Gawigawen who kept you. Take my head-ax and cut off +his remaining head.” + +</p> +<p>So Aponitolau took the head-ax, but when he struck Gawigawen it did not injure him. + +</p> +<p>“What is the matter, Father?” asked Kanag; and <a id="d0e1532"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1532">36</a>]</span>taking the weapon he cut off the sixth head of Gawigawen. + +</p> +<p>Then Kanag and his father used magic so that the spears and head-axes flew about, killing all the people in the town, and +the heads and valuable things went to their home. + +</p> +<p>When Aponibolinayen saw all these come into her house, she ran to look at the vine by the stove, and it was green and looked +like a jungle. Then she knew that her son was alive, and she was happy. And when the father and son returned, all the relatives +came to their house for a great feast, and all were so happy that the whole world smiled. +<a id="d0e1538"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1538">37</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e1539"> +<h3 class="normal">The Story of Gaygayoma who Lives up Above</h3> +<p><i>Tinguian</i> + + +</p> +<p>One day, while Aponitolau sat weaving a basket under his house, he began to feel very hungry and longed for something sweet +to chew. Then he remembered that his field was still unplanted. He called to his wife who was in the room above, and said: +“Come, Aponibolinayen, let us go to the field and plant some sugar-cane.” + +</p> +<p>So Aponibolinayen came down out of the house with a bamboo tube,<a id="d0e1550src" href="#d0e1550" class="noteref">42</a> and while she went to the spring to fill it with water, Aponitolau made some cuttings, and they went together to the field, +which was some distance from the house. + +</p> +<p>Aponitolau loosened the earth with his long stick<a id="d0e1555src" href="#d0e1555" class="noteref">43</a> and set out the cuttings he had brought, while his wife sprinkled them with water from the bamboo tube. And when they had +filled the field, they returned home, happy to think of the splendid cane they should have. + +</p> +<p>After seven days Aponitolau went back to the field <a id="d0e1560"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1560">38</a>]</span>to see if the plants had lived, and he found that the leaves were already long and pointed. This delighted him, and while +he stood looking at it he grew impatient and determined to use his magical power so that the cane would grow very fast. In +five days he again visited the field and found that the stalks were tall and ready to chew. He hurried home to tell Aponibolinayen +how fast their plants had grown, and she was proud of her powerful husband. + +</p> +<p>Now about this time Gaygayoma, who was the daughter of Bagbagak, a big star, and Sinag, the moon, looked down from her home +in the sky, and when she saw the tall sugar-cane growing below, she was seized with a desire to chew it. She called to her +father, Bagbagak, and said: + +</p> +<p>“Oh, Father, please send the stars down to the earth to get some of the sugar-cane that I see, for I must have it to chew.” + +</p> +<p>So Bagbagak sent the stars down, and when they reached the bamboo fence that was around the field they sprang over it, and +each broke a stalk of the cane and pulled some beans which Aponibolinayen had planted, and the stems of these beans were of +gold. Gaygayoma was delighted with the things that the stars brought her. She cooked the beans with the golden stems and spent +long hours chewing the sweet cane. When all that the stars brought was gone, however, she grew restless and called to her +father, the big star: + +</p> +<p>“Come, Father, and go with me to the place where the sugar-cane grows, for I want to see it now.” + +</p> +<p>Bagbagak called many stars to accompany him, and <a id="d0e1572"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1572">39</a>]</span>they all followed Gaygayoma down to the place where the sugar-cane grew. Some sat on the bamboo fence, while others went to +the middle of the field, and all ate as much as they wished. + +</p> +<p>The day following this, Aponitolau said to his wife: + +</p> +<p>“Aponibolinayen, I am going to the field to see if the bamboo fence is strong, for the carabao will try to get in to eat our +sugar-cane.” + +</p> +<p>So he set out, and when he reached the field and began looking along the fence to see if it was strong, he kept finding the +stalks that the stars had chewed, and he knew that someone had been there. He went into the middle of the field, and there +on the ground was a piece of gold, and he said to himself: + +</p> +<p>“How strange this is! I believe some beautiful girl must have chewed my cane. I will watch tonight, and maybe she will return +for more.” + +</p> +<p>As darkness came on he had no thought of returning home, but he made his meal of the sugar-cane, and then hid in the tall +grass near the field to wait. By and by dazzling lights blinded his eyes, and when he could see again he was startled to find +many stars falling from the sky, and soon he heard someone breaking the cane. Suddenly a star so large that it looked like +a flame of fire fell into the field, and then a beautiful object near the fence took off her dress which looked like a star, +and she appeared like the half of the rainbow. + +</p> +<p>Never had Aponitolau seen such sights; and for a while he lay shaking with fear. + +</p> +<p>“What shall I do?” he said to himself. “If I do <a id="d0e1588"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1588">40</a>]</span>not frighten these companions of the beautiful girl, they may eat me.” + +</p> +<p>With a great effort he jumped up and frightened the stars till they all flew up, and when the pretty girl came looking for +her dress she found Aponitolau sitting on it.<a id="d0e1592src" href="#d0e1592" class="noteref">44</a> “You must forgive us,” she said, “for your sugar-cane is very sweet, and we wanted some to chew.” + +</p> +<p>“You are welcome to the sugar-cane,” answered Aponitolau. “But now we must tell our names according to our custom, for it +is bad for us to talk until we know each other’s names.” + +</p> +<p>Then he gave her some betel-nut and they chewed together,<a id="d0e1602src" href="#d0e1602" class="noteref">45</a> and he said: + +</p> +<p>“Now it is our custom to tell our names.” + +</p> +<p>“Yes,” said she; “but you tell first” + +</p> +<p>“My name is Aponitolau and I am the husband of Aponibolinayen.” + +</p> +<p>“I am Gaygayoma, the daughter of Bagbagak and Sinag up in the air,” said the girl. “And now, Aponitolau, even though you have +a wife, I am going to take you up to the sky, for I wish to marry you. If you are not willing to go, I shall call my companion +stars to eat you.” + +</p> +<p>Aponitolau shook with fear, for he knew now that the woman was a spirit; and as he dared not refuse, he promised to go with +her. Soon after that the stars <a id="d0e1617"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1617">41</a>]</span>dropped a basket that Gaygayoma had ordered them to make, and Aponitolau stepped in with the lovely star and was drawn quickly +through the air up to the sky. They were met on their arrival by a giant star whom Gaygayoma introduced as her father, and +he told Aponitolau that he had acted wisely in coming, for had he objected, the other stars would have eaten him. + +</p> +<p>After Aponitolau had lived with the stars for some time, Gaygayoma asked him to prick between her last two fingers, and as +he did so a beautiful baby boy popped out. They named him Takyayen, and he grew very fast and was strong. + +</p> +<p>All this time Aponitolau had never forgotten Aponibolinayen who, he knew, was searching for him on the earth, but he had been +afraid to mention her to the stars. When the boy was three months old, however, he ventured to tell Gaygayoma of his wish +to return to the earth. + +</p> +<p>At first she would not listen to him, but he pleaded so hard that at last she consented to let him go for one moon<a id="d0e1625src" href="#d0e1625" class="noteref">46</a>. If he did not return at the end of that time, she said, she would send the stars to eat him. Then she called for the basket +again, and they were lowered to the earth. There Aponitolau got out, but Gaygayoma and the baby returned to the sky. + +</p> +<p>Aponibolinayen was filled with joy at the sight of her husband once more, for she had believed him dead, and she was very +thin from not eating while he was away. Never did she tire of listening to his <a id="d0e1633"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1633">42</a>]</span>stories of his life among the stars, and so happy was she to have him again that when the time came for him to leave she refused +to let him go. + +</p> +<p>That night many stars came to the house. Some stood in the windows, while others stayed outside by the walls; and they were +so bright that the house appeared to be on fire. + +</p> +<p>Aponitolau was greatly frightened, and he cried out to his wife: + +</p> +<p>“You have done wrong to keep me when I should have gone. I feared that the stars would eat me if I did not obey their command, +and now they have come. Hide me, or they will get me.” + +</p> +<p>But before Aponibolinayen could answer, Bagbagak himself called out: + +</p> +<p>“Do not hide from us, Aponitolau, for we know that you are in the corner of the house. Come out or we shall eat you.” + +</p> +<p>Trembling with fear, Aponitolau appeared, and when the stars asked him if he was willing to go with them he dared not refuse. + +</p> +<p>Now Gaygayoma had grown very fond of Aponitolau, and she had commanded the stars not to harm him if he was willing to return +to her. So when he gave his consent, they put him in the basket and flew away with him, leaving Aponibolinayen very sad and +lonely. After that Aponitolau made many trips to the earth, but at Gaygayoma’s command he always returned to the sky to spend +part of the time with her. + +</p> +<p>One day when Takyayen was a little boy, Aponitolau took him down to the earth to see his half-brother, <a id="d0e1651"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1651">43</a>]</span>Kanag. The world was full of wonders to the boy from the sky, and he wanted to stay there always. But after some time while +he and Kanag were playing out in the yard, big drops of water began to fall on them. Kanag ran to his mother and cried: + +</p> +<p>“Oh, Mother, it is raining, and the sun is shining brightly!” + +</p> +<p>But Aponitolau, looking out, said, “No, they are the tears of Gaygayoma, for she sees her son down below, and she weeps for +him.” + +</p> +<p>Then he took Takyayen back to his mother in the sky, and she was happy again. + +</p> +<p>After that Takyayen was always glad when he was allowed to visit the earth, but each time when his mother’s tears began to +fall, he returned to her. When he was old enough, Aponitolau selected a wife for him, and after that Takyayen always lived +on the earth, but Gaygayoma stayed in the sky. +<a id="d0e1661"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1661">44</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e1662"> +<h3 class="normal">The Story of Dumalawi</h3> +<p><i>Tinguian</i> + +</p> +<p>Aponitolau and Aponibolinayen had a son whose name was Dumalawi.<a id="d0e1671src" href="#d0e1671" class="noteref">47</a> When the son had become a young man, his father one day was very angry with him, and tried to think of some way in which +to destroy him. The next morning he said to Dumalawi: + +</p> +<p>“Son, sharpen your knife, and we will go to the forest to cut some bamboo.” + +</p> +<p>So Dumalawi sharpened his knife and went with his father to the place where the bamboo grew, and they cut many sticks and +sharpened them like spears at the end. + +</p> +<p>Dumalawi wondered why they made them thus, but when they had finished, Aponitolau said: + +</p> +<p>“Now, Son, you throw them at me, so that we can see which is the braver.” + +</p> +<p>“No, Father,” answered Dumalawi. “You throw first, if you want to kill me.” + +</p> +<p>So Aponitolau threw the bamboo sticks one by one at his son, but he could not hit him. Then it was the son’s turn to throw, +but he said: + +</p> +<p>“No, I cannot. You are my father, and I do not want to kill you.” +<a id="d0e1690"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1690">45</a>]</span></p> +<p>So they went home. But Dumalawi was very sorrowful, for he knew now that his father wanted to destroy him. When his mother +called him to dinner he could not eat. + + +</p> +<p></p> +<div id="d0e1694" class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/p056-1.jpg" alt="Elevated living rooms reached by ladders" width="536" height="332"><p class="figureHead">Elevated living rooms reached by ladders</p> +</div><p> + +</p> +<p></p> +<div id="d0e1699" class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/p056-2.jpg" alt="Cocoanut trees tower above the homes" width="536" height="331"><p class="figureHead">Cocoanut trees tower above the homes</p> +</div><p> + + +</p> +<p>Although he had been unsuccessful in his first attempt, Aponitolau did not give up the idea of getting rid of his son, and +the next day he said: + +</p> +<p>“Come, Dumalawi, we will go to our little house in the field<a id="d0e1707src" href="#d0e1707" class="noteref">48</a> and repair it, so that it will be a protection when the rainy season sets in.” + +</p> +<p>The father and son went together to the field, and when they reached the little house, Aponitolau, pointing to a certain spot +in the ground, said: + +</p> +<p>“Dig there, and you will find a jar of basi<a id="d0e1714src" href="#d0e1714" class="noteref">49</a> which I buried when I was a boy. It will be very good to drink now.” + +</p> +<p>Dumalawi dug up the jar and they tasted the wine, and it was so pleasing to them that they drank three cocoanut shells full, +and Dumalawi became drunk. While his son lay asleep on the ground, Aponitolau decided that this was a good time to destroy +him, so he used his magical power and there arose a great storm which picked up Dumalawi in his sleep and carried him far +away. And the father went home alone. + + +</p> +<p></p> +<div id="d0e1723" class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/p057-1.jpg" alt="Section of a Tinguian village" width="534" height="328"><p class="figureHead">Section of a Tinguian village</p> +</div><p> + +</p> +<p></p> +<div id="d0e1728" class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/p057-2.jpg" alt="A settlement in the mountains" width="533" height="325"><p class="figureHead">A settlement in the mountains</p> +</div><p> + +<a id="d0e1732"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1732">46</a>]</span></p> +<p>Now when Dumalawi awoke, he was in the middle of a field so wide that whichever way he looked, he could not see the end. There +were neither trees nor houses in the field and no living thing except himself. And he felt a great loneliness. + +</p> +<p>By and by he used his magical power, and many betel-nuts grew in the field, and when they bore fruit it was covered with gold, + +</p> +<p>“This is good,” said Dumalawi, “for I will scatter these betel-nuts and they shall become people,<a id="d0e1739src" href="#d0e1739" class="noteref">50</a> who will be my neighbors.” + +</p> +<p>So in the middle of the night he cut the gold-covered betel-nuts into many small pieces which he scattered in all directions. +And in the early morning, when he awoke, he heard many people talking around the house, and many roosters crowed. Then Dumalawi +knew that he had companions, and upon going out he walked about where the people were warming themselves<a id="d0e1746src" href="#d0e1746" class="noteref">51</a> by fires in their yards, and he visited them all. + +</p> +<p>In one yard was a beautiful maiden, Dapilisan, and after Dumalawi had talked with her and her parents, he went on to the other +yards, but she was ever in his thoughts. As soon as he had visited all the people, he returned to the house of Dapilisan and +asked her parents if he might marry her. They were unwilling at first, for they feared that the parents of Dumalawi might +not like it; but after he had explained that his <a id="d0e1751"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1751">47</a>]</span>father and mother did not want him, they gave their consent, and Dapilisan became his bride. + +</p> +<p>Soon after the marriage they decided to perform a ceremony<a id="d0e1755src" href="#d0e1755" class="noteref">52</a> for the spirits. So Dapilisan sent for the betel-nuts which were covered with gold,<a id="d0e1761src" href="#d0e1761" class="noteref">53</a> and when they were brought to her, she said: + +</p> +<p>“You betel-nuts that are covered with gold, come here and oil yourselves and go and invite all the people in the world to +come to our ceremony.” + +</p> +<p>So the betel-nuts oiled themselves and went to invite the people in the different towns. + +</p> +<p>Soon after this Aponibolinayen, the mother of Dumalawi, sat alone in her house, still mourning the loss of her son, when suddenly +she was seized with a desire to chew betel-nut. + +</p> +<p>“What ails me?” she said to herself; <span id="d0e1775" class="corr" title="Not in source">“</span>why do I want to chew? I had not intended to eat anything while Dumalawi was away.” + +</p> +<p>So saying, she took down her basket that hung on the wall, and saw in it a betel-nut covered with gold, and when she was about +to cut it, it said: + +</p> +<p>“Do not cut me, for I have come to invite you to the ceremony which Dumalawi and his wife are to make.” + +</p> +<p>Aponibolinayen was very happy, for she knew now that her son still lived, and she told all the people to wash their hair and +prepare to go to the rite. So they washed their clothes and their hair and started for the home of Dumalawi; and Aponitolau, +the father of the <a id="d0e1784"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1784">48</a>]</span>boy, followed, but he looked like a crazy man. When the people reached the river near the town, Dumalawi sent alligators to +take them across, but when Aponitolau got on the alligator’s back it dived, and he was thrown back upon the bank of the river. +All the others were carried safely over, and Aponitolau, who was left on the bank alone, shouted as if crazy until Dumalawi +sent another alligator to carry him across. + +</p> +<p>Then Dumalawi had food brought<a id="d0e1788src" href="#d0e1788" class="noteref">54</a> and Dapilisan passed basi in a little jar that looked like a fist,<a id="d0e1794src" href="#d0e1794" class="noteref">55</a> and though each guest drank a cupful of the sweet wine the little jar was still a third full. After they had eaten and drunk, +Aponibolinayen spoke, and, telling all the people that she was glad to have Dapilisan for a daughter-in-law, added: + +</p> +<p>“Now we are going to pay the marriage price<a id="d0e1814src" href="#d0e1814" class="noteref">56</a> according to our custom. We shall fill the spirit house<a id="d0e1820src" href="#d0e1820" class="noteref">57</a> nine times with different kinds of jars.” + +</p> +<p>Then she called, “You spirits<a id="d0e1828src" href="#d0e1828" class="noteref">58</a> who live in different <a id="d0e1831"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1831">49</a>]</span>springs, get the jars which Dumalawi must pay as a marriage price for Dapilisan,” + +</p> +<p>The spirits did as they were commanded, and when they brought the jars and had filled the spirit house nine times, Aponibolinayen +said to the parents of Dapilisan: + +</p> +<p>“I think that now we have paid the price for your daughter.” + +</p> +<p>But Dalonagan, the mother of Dapilisan, was not satisfied, and said: + +</p> +<p>“No, there is still more to pay.” + +</p> +<p>“Very well,” replied Aponibolinayen. “Tell us what it is and we will pay it.” + +</p> +<p>Then Dalonagan called a pet spider and said: + +</p> +<p>“You big spider, go all around the town, and as you go spin a thread<a id="d0e1847src" href="#d0e1847" class="noteref">59</a> on which Aponibolinayen must string golden beads.” So the spider spun the thread and Aponibolinayen again called to the spirits +of the springs, and they brought golden beads which they strung on the thread. Then Dalonagan hung on the thread, and when +it did not break she declared that the debt was all paid. + +</p> +<p>After this the people feasted and made merry, and when at last they departed for home Dumalawi refused to go with his parents, +but remained with his wife in the town he had created. +<a id="d0e1855"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1855">50</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e1856"> +<h3 class="normal">The Story of Kanag</h3> +<p><i>Tinguian</i> + + +</p> +<p>When the rice<a id="d0e1865src" href="#d0e1865" class="noteref">60</a> had grown tall and it was near the time for it to ripen, Aponitolau and Aponibolinayen grew fearful lest the wild pigs should +break in and destroy all their crop, so they sent their son, Kanag, to the field to guard the grain. Kanag willingly went +to the place, but when he found that the fences were all strong so that the pigs could not get in, and he was left with nothing +to do, life in the little watch-house<a id="d0e1868src" href="#d0e1868" class="noteref">61</a> grew lonely, and the boy became very unhappy. + +</p> +<p>Each day Aponitolau carried cooked rice and meat to his son in the field, but Kanag could not eat and always bade his father +hang it in the watch-house until he should want it Each time Aponitolau found the food of the day before still untouched, +and he began to suspect that the boy was unhappy at having to guard the grain. But he said nothing of his fears to Aponibolinayen. +<a id="d0e1876"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1876">51</a>]</span></p> +<p>One day after his father had returned home, Kanag was so lonely that he used his magical power and became a little bird and +flew up into the top of a tree. The next day when Aponitolau came to the field he looked everywhere for his son, and when +he could not find him he called, and from the top of a bamboo tree a little bird answered him. Realizing what had happened, +the father was very sad and begged his son to come back and be a boy again, but Kanag only answered: + +</p> +<p>“I would rather be a bird<a id="d0e1881src" href="#d0e1881" class="noteref">62</a> and carry the messages of the spirits to the people.” + +</p> +<p>At last the father went home alone, and he and the boy’s mother were filled with grief that they had lost their son. + +</p> +<p>Some time after this, Aponitolau prepared to go out to fight. He took his spear and shield and head-ax and started early one +morning, but when he reached the gate of the town, Kanag flew over him, giving him a bad sign, so he turned back. The next +morning he started again, and this time the little bird gave him a good sign, and knowing that nothing would injure him, he +went on. + +</p> +<p>After a long journey he reached a hostile town where the people said they were glad to see him, and added that because he +was the first of his people who had dared to enter their town they intended to keep him there. +<a id="d0e1890"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1890">52</a>]</span></p> +<p>“Oh,” said Aponitolau, “if you say that I cannot return home, call all your people together and we will fight.” + +</p> +<p>“You are very brave,” answered his enemies, “if you wish to fight us all.” + +</p> +<p>And when the people had gathered together they laughed at him and said, “Why, one of our fingers would fight you.” + +</p> +<p>Nevertheless, Aponitolau prepared to fight, and when the bravest of the enemy threw his spear and head-ax at him he jumped +and escaped. They noticed that he jumped very high, so they all ran at him, throwing their spears and trying to kill him. + +</p> +<p>But Aponitolau caught all their weapons, and then while they were unarmed he threw his own spear, and it flew about among +them until it had killed them all. Then he sent his head-ax, and it cut off all the heads of the enemy; and he used magical +power so that these heads went to his home in Kadalayapan. + +</p> +<p>After that Aponitolau sat down by the gate of the town to rest, and the little bird, flying over his head, called down: + +</p> +<p>“The sign that I gave you was good, Father, and you have killed all your enemies.” + +</p> +<p>“Yes,” said the man, and as he started on the home-ward journey the little bird always flew near him. When he reached home, +he stuck the heads around the town,<a id="d0e1907src" href="#d0e1907" class="noteref">63</a> and commanded the people to go out all over the world and invite everyone and especially the <a id="d0e1913"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1913">53</a>]</span>pretty girls to come to a party in celebration of his victory. + +</p> +<p>The people came from all parts of the world, and while they played on the gongs and danced, Aponitolau called to Kanag and +said: + +</p> +<p>“Come down, my son; do not stay always in the tops of the trees. Come and see the pretty girls and see which one you want +to marry. Get the golden cup and give them basi to drink.” + +</p> +<p>But Kanag answered, “I would rather stay in the tops of the trees and give the signs when anyone goes to fight.” + +</p> +<p>Then the father and mother pleaded with him to become a boy once more, begging his forgiveness and promising never again to +send him to guard the rice. But he would not listen to them, and only flew away. + +</p> +<p>Finding that they could not win him that way, Aponitolau and Aponibolinayen called the spirit servants, and commanded them +to follow Kanag wherever he went, and to find a girl whom he would want to marry. So the spirit servants went after him, and +wherever he went they followed. + +</p> +<p>By and by they stopped near a well, and there the spirit servants used magic so that all the pretty girls nearby felt very +hot; and in the early morning, they came to the well to bathe. One among them was so beautiful that she looked like a flame +of fire<a id="d0e1927src" href="#d0e1927" class="noteref">64</a> among the betel-nut blossoms, and when the servants saw her washing her hair they ran to Kanag and begged him <a id="d0e1933"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1933">54</a>]</span>to come and see her. At first he would not listen to them, but after a while he flew into the top of a betel-nut tree near +by, and when he caught sight of her, he flew into the tree above her head. + +</p> +<p>“But,” said he to the servants, “what can I do if I become a man now, for I have no clothes and no head-band?” + +</p> +<p>“Do not worry about that,” said the spirit servants, “for we have everything here for you.” + +</p> +<p>So Kanag became a man and put on the clothes and head-band, and he went to speak to the girl. He gave her betel-nut, and they +chewed together, and he said: + +</p> +<p>“My name is Kanag and I am the son of Aponitolau and Aponibolinayen.” + +</p> +<p>Then the girl said: “My name is Dapilisan and I am the daughter of Bangan and Dalonagan.” + +</p> +<p>When Dapilisan went home Kanag followed her, and he told her parents his name and how he had changed into a little bird. And +when he had finished he asked if he might marry their daughter. Bangan and his wife were greatly pleased that Kanag wanted +Dapilisan for his wife, but they were afraid that his parents might object, so they sent a messenger to invite Aponitolau +and Aponibolinayen to come to visit them. + +</p> +<p>As soon as Kanag’s parents heard that their son had become a man they were very happy and started at once to go to him, carrying +many fine presents. Before arrangements for the wedding could be made, it was necessary to decide on the price to be paid +for the girl. A long discussion took place. Bangan and Dalonagan <a id="d0e1949"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1949">55</a>]</span>finally said that the spirit house must be filled nine times with different kinds of jars. + +</p> +<p>When this was done Dalonagan raised her eyebrows, and half of the jars disappeared. Aponibolinayen used her magical power +and the spirit house was filled again, and then Dalonagan said to her: + +</p> +<p>“Now the web of the spider shall be put around the town and you must put gold beads on it. If it does not break, Kanag may +marry Dapilisan.” + +</p> +<p>When Aponibolinayen had put the gold beads on the thread, Dalonagan hung on it to see if it would hold. As it did not break, +she declared that the sign was good; and Kanag and Dapilisan were married. + +</p> +<p>Then the people played on the copper gongs, danced, and made merry for a long time, and when they returned to their homes +Kanag and his bride went with Aponitolau and Aponibolinayen. +<a id="d0e1959"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1959">56</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e1960"> +<h3 class="normal">The Story of the Tikgi</h3> +<p><i>Tinguian</i> + + +</p> +<p>“Tikgi, tikgi, tikgi, we will come to work for you. Let us cut your rice.” + +</p> +<p>Ligi<a id="d0e1971src" href="#d0e1971" class="noteref">65</a> had gone to the field to look at his growing rice, but when he heard this sound he looked up and was surprised to see some +birds circling above and calling to him. + +</p> +<p>“Why, you cannot cut rice,” said Ligi. “You are birds and know only how to fly.” + +</p> +<p>But the birds insisted that they knew how to cut rice; so finally he told them to come again when the grain was ripe, and +they flew away. + +</p> +<p>No sooner had the birds gone than Ligi was filled with a great desire to see them again. As he went home he wished over and +over that his rice were ready to cut. As soon as Ligi left the field the tikgi birds began using magic so that the rice grew +rapidly, and five days later when he returned he found the birds there ready to cut the ripened grain. Ligi showed them where +to begin cutting, and then he left them. + +</p> +<p>When he was out of sight, the tikgi said to the rice cutters: + +</p> +<p>“Rice cutters, you cut the rice alone.” And to the <a id="d0e1987"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e1987">57</a>]</span>bands which were lying nearby they said: “Bands, you tie into bundles the rice which the cutters cut” + + +</p> +<p></p> +<div id="d0e1990" class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/p068-1.jpg" alt="The talking jars" width="540" height="329"><p class="figureHead">The talking jars</p> +</div><p> + +</p> +<p></p> +<div id="d0e1995" class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/p068-2.jpg" alt="Playing the nose flute" width="534" height="333"><p class="figureHead">Playing the nose flute</p> +</div><p> + + +</p> +<p>And the rice cutters and the bands worked alone, doing as they were told. + +</p> +<p>When Ligi went again to the field in the afternoon, the tikgi said: + +</p> +<p>“Come, Ligi, and see what we have done, for we want to go home now.” + +</p> +<p>Ligi was amazed, for he saw five hundred bundles of rice cut. And he said: + +</p> +<p>“Oh, Tikgi, take all the rice you wish in payment, for I am very grateful to you.” + +</p> +<p>Then the tikgi each took one head of rice, saying it was all they could carry, and they flew away. + +</p> +<p>The next morning when Ligi reached the field, he found the birds already there and he said: + +</p> +<p>“Now, Tikgi, cut the rice as fast as you can, for when it is finished I will make a ceremony for the spirits, and you must +come.” + +</p> +<p>“Yes,” replied the tikgi, “and now we shall begin the work, but you do not need to stay here.” + +</p> +<p>So Ligi went home and built a rice granary to hold his grain, and when he returned to the field the rice was all cut. Then +the tikgi said: “We have cut all your rice, Ligi, so give us our pay, and when you go home the rice will all be in your granary.” + +</p> +<p>Ligi wondered at this, and when he reached home and saw that his granary was full of rice, he doubted if the tikgi could be +real birds. + +</p> +<p>Not long after this Ligi invited all his relatives from <a id="d0e2023"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2023">58</a>]</span>the different towns to help him make the ceremony for the spirits.<a id="d0e2025src" href="#d0e2025" class="noteref">66</a> As soon as the people arrived, the tikgi came also; and they flew over the people’s heads and made them drink basi until +they were drunk. Then they said to Ligi: + + +</p> +<p></p> +<div id="d0e2029" class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/p069-1.jpg" alt="Tinguian potters at work" width="535" height="344"><p class="figureHead">Tinguian potters at work</p> +</div><p> + +</p> +<p></p> +<div id="d0e2034" class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/p069-2.jpg" alt="Seeding and combing cotton" width="531" height="349"><p class="figureHead">Seeding and combing cotton</p> +</div><p> + + +</p> +<p>“We are going home now; it is not good for us to stay here, for we cannot sit among the people.” + +</p> +<p>When they started home Ligi followed them until they came to the bana-asi tree, and here he saw them take off their feathers +and put them in the rice granary. Then suddenly they became one beautiful maiden. + +</p> +<p>“Are you not the tikgi who came to cut my rice?” asked Ligi. “You look to me like a beautiful maiden.” + +</p> +<p>“Yes,” she replied; “I became tikgi and cut rice for you, for otherwise you would not have found me.” Ligi took her back to +his house where the people were making the ceremony, and as soon as they saw her they began chewing the magic betel-nuts to +find who she might be. + +</p> +<p>The quid<a id="d0e2048src" href="#d0e2048" class="noteref">67</a> of Ebang and her husband and that of the tikgi went together, so they knew that she was their daughter who had disappeared +from their house one day long ago while they were in the fields. In answer to their many questions, she told them that she +had <a id="d0e2054"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2054">59</a>]</span>been in the bana-asi tree, where Kaboniyan<a id="d0e2056src" href="#d0e2056" class="noteref">68</a> had carried her, until the day that she changed herself into the tikgi birds and went to the field of Ligi. + +</p> +<p>Ligi was very fond of the beautiful girl and he asked her parents if he might marry her. They were very willing and decided +on a price he should pay. After the wedding all the people remained at his house, feasting and dancing for three months. +<a id="d0e2061"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2061">60</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e2062"> +<h3 class="normal">The Story of Sayen<a id="d0e2065src" href="#d0e2065" class="noteref">69</a></h3> +<p><i>Tinguian</i> + +</p> +<p>In the depths of a dark forest where people seldom went, lived a wizened old Alan.<a id="d0e2073src" href="#d0e2073" class="noteref">70</a> The skin on her wrinkled face was as tough as a carabao hide, and her long arms with fingers pointing back from the wrist +were horrible to look at. Now this frightful creature had a son whose name was Sayen, and he was as handsome as his mother +was ugly. He was a brave man, also, and often went far away alone to fight. + +</p> +<p>On these journeys Sayen sometimes met beautiful girls, and though he wanted to marry, he could not decide upon one. Hearing +that one Danepan was more beautiful than any other, he determined to go and ask her to be his wife. + +</p> +<p>Now Danepan was very shy, and when she heard that Sayen was coming to her house she hid behind the door and sent her servant, +Laey, out to meet him. And so it happened that Sayen, not seeing Danepan, married Laey, thinking that she was her beautiful +mistress. He took her away to a house he had built at the edge of the forest, for though he wished to be near <a id="d0e2083"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2083">61</a>]</span>his old home, he dared not allow his bride to set eyes on his ugly mother. + +</p> +<p>For some time they lived happily together here, and then one day when Sayen was making a plow under his house, he heard Laey +singing softly to their baby in the room above, and this is what she sang: + +</p> +<p>“Sayen thinks I am Danepan, but Laey I am. Sayen thinks I am Danepan, but Laey I am.” + +</p> +<p>When Sayen heard this he knew that he had been deceived, and he pondered long what he should do. + +</p> +<p>The next morning he went to the field to plow, for it was near the rice-planting time. Before he left the house he called +to his wife: + +</p> +<p>“When the sun is straight above, you and the baby bring food to me, for I shall be busy in the field.” + +</p> +<p>Before he began to plow, however, he cut the bamboo supports of the bridge which led to the field, so that when Laey and the +baby came with his food, they had no sooner stepped on the bridge than it went down with them and they were drowned. Sayen +was again free. He took his spear and his shield and head-ax and went at once to the town of Danepan, and there he began killing +the people on all sides. + +</p> +<p>Terror spread through the town. No one could stop his terrible work of destruction until Danepan came down out of her house, +and begged him to spare part of the people that she might have some from whom to borrow fire.<a id="d0e2099src" href="#d0e2099" class="noteref">71</a> Her great beauty amazed him and <a id="d0e2102"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2102">62</a>]</span>he ceased killing, and asked her to prepare some betel-nut for him to chew, as he was very tired. She did so, and when he +had chewed the nut he spat on the people he had killed and they came to life again. Then he married Danepan and took her to +his home. + +</p> +<p>Now it happened about this time that the people of Magosang were in great trouble. At the end of a successful hunt, while +they were dividing the meat among themselves, the Komow,<a id="d0e2106src" href="#d0e2106" class="noteref">72</a> a murderous spirit that looks like a man, would come to them and ask how many they had caught. If they answered, “Two,” then +he would say that he had caught two also; and when they went home, they would find two people in the town dead. As often as +they went to hunt the Komow did this, and many of the people of Magosang were dead and those living were in great fear. Finally +they heard of the brave man, Sayen, and they begged him to help them. Sayen listened to all they told, and then said: + +</p> +<p>“I will go with you to hunt, and while you are dividing the meat, I will hide behind the trees. When the Komow comes to ask +how many deer you have, he will smell me, but you must say that you do not know where I am,” + +</p> +<p>So the people went to hunt, and when they had killed two deer, they singed them over a fire and began to divide them. Just +then the Komow arrived and said: + +</p> +<p>“How many have you?” +<a id="d0e2115"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2115">63</a>]</span></p> +<p>“We have two,” replied the people. + +</p> +<p>“I have two also,” said the Komow, “but I smell Sayen.” + +</p> +<p>“We do not know where Sayen is,” answered the people; and just then he sprang out and killed the Komow, and the people were +greatly relieved. + +</p> +<p>Now when Kaboniyan,<a id="d0e2124src" href="#d0e2124" class="noteref">73</a> a great spirit, heard what Sayen had done, he went to him and said: + +</p> +<p>“Sayen you are a brave man because you have killed the Komow, Tomorrow I will fight with you. You must remain on the low ground +by the river, and I will go to the hill above.” + +</p> +<p>So the following day Sayen went to the low ground by the river. He had not waited long before he heard a great sound like +a storm, and he knew that Kaboniyan was coming. He looked up, and there stood the great warrior, poising his spear which was +as large as a big tree. + +</p> +<p>“Are you brave, Sayen?” called he in a voice like thunder as he threw the weapon. + +</p> +<p>“Yes,” answered Sayen, and he caught the spear. + +</p> +<p>This surprised Kaboniyan, and he threw his head-ax which was as large as the roof of a house, and Sayen caught that also. +Then Kaboniyan saw that this was indeed a brave man, and he went down to Sayen and they fought face to face until both were +tired, but neither could overcome the other. + +</p> +<p>When Kaboniyan saw that in Sayen he had found one as strong and brave even as himself, he proposed that <a id="d0e2142"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2142">64</a>]</span>they go together to fight the people of different towns. And they started out at once. Many people were killed by this strong +pair, and why they themselves could never be captured was a great mystery. For it was not known that one was the spirit Kaboniyan, +and the other the son of an Alan. + +</p> +<p>If he was surrounded in a river, Sayen would become a fish<a id="d0e2146src" href="#d0e2146" class="noteref">74</a> and hide so that people could not find him. And if he was entrapped in a town, he would become a chicken and go under the +house in a chicken-coop. In this way he escaped many times. + +</p> +<p>Finally one night after he had killed many in one town, the people decided to watch him, and they saw him go to roost with +the chickens. The next day they placed a fish trap under the house near the chicken-coop, and that night when Sayen went under +the house he was caught in the trap and killed. +<a id="d0e2154"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2154">65</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e2155"> +<h3 class="normal">The Sun and the Moon</h3> +<p><i>Tinguian</i> + + +</p> +<p>Once the Sun and the Moon quarreled with each other, and the Sun said: + +</p> +<p>“You are only the Moon and are not much good. If I did not give you light, you would be no good at all.” + +</p> +<p>But the Moon answered: + +</p> +<p>“You are only the Sun, and you are very hot. The women like me better, for when I shine at night, they go out doors and spin.” + +</p> +<p>These words of the Moon made the Sun so angry that he threw sand in her face, and you can still see the dark spots on the +face of the Moon. +<a id="d0e2172"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2172">66</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e2173"> +<h3 class="normal">How the Tinguian Learned to Plant</h3> +<p><i>Tinguian</i> + + +</p> +<p>In the very old times the Tinguian did not know how to plant and harvest as they now do. For food they had only the things +that grew in the forests and fish from the streams. Neither did they know how to cure people who became ill or were injured +by evil spirits, and many died who might otherwise have lived.<a id="d0e2182src" href="#d0e2182" class="noteref">75</a> + +</p> +<p>Then Kadaklan, the Great Spirit who lives in the sky, saw that the people often were hungry and sick, and he sent one of his +servants, Kaboniyan, to the earth to teach them many things. And it happened this way: + +</p> +<p>Dayapan, a woman who lived in Caalang, had been sick for seven years. One day when she went to the spring to bathe, there +entered her body a spirit who had rice and sugar-cane with him, and he said to her: + +</p> +<p>“Dayapan, take these to your home and plant them in the ground, and after a while they will grow large enough to reap. Then +when they are ripe, build a granary to put the rice in until you shall need it, and a sugar-press to crush the cane. And when +these are finished, make the ceremony Sayung, and you will be well.” +<a id="d0e2191"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2191">67</a>]</span></p> +<p>Dayapan was filled with wonder at these strange things, but she took the rice and the sugar-cane and went home as she was +commanded. While she was trying to plant them in the ground the Spirit again entered her body and showed her just what to +do. Since then the Tinguian have planted crops every year, and because they do as Kaboniyan<a id="d0e2194src" href="#d0e2194" class="noteref">76</a> taught the woman they have plenty to eat. + +</p> +<p>When Dayapan had reaped the first rice and cane, she began to make the ceremony Sayung, and the Spirit came again and directed +her. And when it was finished and she was cured, he told her to take a dog and a cock and go to bathe in the river as a sign +that the ceremony was finished. So she went to the river and tied the dog and the cock near the water, but while she was bathing +the dog ate the cock. + +</p> +<p>Dayapan wept bitterly at this and waited a long time for Kaboniyan, and when at last he came, he said: + +</p> +<p>“If the dog had not killed the cock, no person would die when you make this ceremony; but this is a sign, and now some will +die and some will get well.” + +</p> +<p>Dayapan called all the people together, and told them the things that the spirit had taught her; and they could see that she +had been made well. After that, when people became ill they called Dayapan to treat them. And it was as the Spirit had said; +some died and others were made well. +<a id="d0e2208"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2208">68</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e2209"> +<h3 class="normal">Magsawi</h3> +<p><i>Tinguian</i> + + +</p> +<p>A great many years ago some Tinguian left their little village in the valley early one morning and made their way toward the +mountains. They were off on a deer hunt,<a id="d0e2218src" href="#d0e2218" class="noteref">77</a> and each carried his spear and head-ax, while one held in leash a string of lean dogs eager for the chase. + +</p> +<p>Part way up the mountainside the dogs were freed, and the men separated, going different ways in search of game. But ere long +the sharp barking of a dog called all in his direction, for they believed that he had a deer at bay. As they approached the +spot, however, the object did not look like a deer, and as they drew nearer they were surprised to find that it was a large +jar.<a id="d0e2223src" href="#d0e2223" class="noteref">78</a> +<a id="d0e2229"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2229">69</a>]</span></p> +<p>Filled with curiosity they pressed on, but the jar evaded them. Faster and faster they ran, but the object, disappearing at +times and then coming into view again, always escaped them. On and on they went until at last, tired out, they sat down on +a wooded hill to rest and to refresh themselves with betel-nut which they took from brass boxes attached to their belts. + +</p> +<p>As they slowly cut the nuts and wrapped them in the lime and leaf ready for chewing, they talked of nothing but the wonderful +jar and the mysterious power it possessed. Then just as they were about to put the tempting morsels into their mouths they +stopped, startled by a strange soft voice which seemed to be near them. They turned and listened, but could see no person. + +</p> +<p>“Find a pig which has no young,” said the voice, “and take its blood, for then you will be able to catch the jar which your +dog pursued.” + +</p> +<p>The men knew then that the mysterious jar belonged to a spirit, so they hastened to do as the voice commanded, and when they +had secured the blood the dog again brought the jar to bay. The hunters tried to seize it, but it entered a hole in the ground +and disappeared. They followed, and found themselves in a dark cave<a id="d0e2238src" href="#d0e2238" class="noteref">79</a> where it was easy to catch the jar, for there was no outlet save by the hole through which they had entered. +<a id="d0e2241"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2241">70</a>]</span></p> +<p>Though that was many years ago, the jar still lives, and its name is Magsawi. Even now it talks; but some years ago a crack +appeared in its side, and since then its language has not been understood by the Tinguian.<a id="d0e2244src" href="#d0e2244" class="noteref">80</a> + +</p> +<p>Sometimes Magsawi goes on long journeys alone when he visits his wife, a jar in Ilocos Norte, or his child, a small jar in +San Quintin; but he always returns to Domayco on the hillside near the cave. +<a id="d0e2249"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2249">71</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e2250"> +<h3 class="normal">The Tree with the Agate Beads</h3> +<p><i>Tinguian</i> + + +</p> +<p>More than a hundred seasons ago, a Tinguian went one day to the mountains to hunt. Accompanied by his faithful dog, he made +his way steadily up the mountain side, only halting where it was necessary to cut a path through the jungle. And the dog ran +here and there searching in the thick underbrush. + +</p> +<p>On and on he went without seeing any game, and then, when he was almost at the top of the highest peak, the dog gave a sharp +yelp, and out of the brush leaped a fine deer. Zip! went the man’s spear, and it pierced the animal’s side. For an instant +he waited, but the deer did not fall. On it ran with unslackened speed, and a moment later it plunged into a hole in the ground +with the man and dog in close pursuit. + +</p> +<p>A short distance from the entrance the cave opened out into large, spacious rooms, and before he realized it the man was hopelessly +lost In the distance he could hear the baying of the dog, and with no other guide he hurried on through the darkness. + +</p> +<p>Following the sound, he went for a long time from one unfamiliar room to another, stumbling in the darkness and striking against +the stone walls, and then suddenly his outstretched hands grasped a small tree on which berries grew. + +</p> +<p>Astonished at finding anything growing in this dark <a id="d0e2267"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2267">72</a>]</span>place, he broke off a branch, and as he did so the shrub began to talk in a strange language. Terrified, the man ran in the +direction he had last heard the dog, and a moment later he found himself in the open air on the banks of the Abra River, with +the dead deer at his feet. + +</p> +<p>When he examined the twig which he still held in his hand, he saw to his great surprise that the berries were agate beads +of great value.<a id="d0e2271src" href="#d0e2271" class="noteref">81</a> And packing the deer on his back, he hastened home where he told his wonderful story. + +</p> +<p>The sight of the beautiful beads convinced the people that he told the truth, and a number of men at once returned with him +to secure the tree. + +</p> +<p>Their quest, however, was unsuccessful, for ere they reached the spot the evil spirit had taken the tree away and on the walls +of the cave it had made strange carvings which even to this day can be seen. +<a id="d0e2278"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2278">73</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e2279"> +<h3 class="normal">The Striped Blanket</h3> +<p><i>Tinguian</i> + + +</p> +<p>Three Tinguian once went to the mountains to hunt deer. They took their blankets with them, for they expected to be gone several +days, and the nights in the mountains are cold. + +</p> +<p>The blankets of two of the men were of the blue-and-white designs such as are commonly worn by the Tinguian, but that of the +third was covered with red and yellow stripes like the back of a little wild pig. + +</p> +<p>At night the men rolled up in their blankets and lay down under a tree to sleep; but while the one in the striped blanket +was still awake two spirits came near and saw him. + +</p> +<p>“Oh,” he heard one spirit say to the other, “here we have something to eat, for here is a little wild pig.” + +</p> +<p>Then the man quickly took the blanket off one of his sleeping companions and put his own in its place. Very soon the spirits +came and ate the man under the striped blanket. + +</p> +<p>Since that time the Tinguian never sleep under that kind of a blanket if they are where the spirits can get them. +<a id="d0e2298"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2298">74</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e2299"> +<h3 class="normal">The Alan and the Hunters</h3> +<p><i>Tinguian</i> + + +</p> +<p>Two men once went to hunt wild pig in the mountains, and after some time they speared and killed one, but they had no fire +over which to singe it. + +</p> +<p>One man climbed a tree to see if there was a fire near by, and discovering smoke at some distance, he started toward it. When +he reached the place, he found that the fire was in the house of an Alan,<a id="d0e2310src" href="#d0e2310" class="noteref">82</a> and he was very much afraid; but creeping up into the house, he found that the Alan and her baby were fast asleep. + +</p> +<p>He stepped on tip-toe, but nevertheless the Alan was awakened and called out: + +</p> +<p>“Epogow,<a id="d0e2317src" href="#d0e2317" class="noteref">83</a> what do you want?” + +</p> +<p>“I should like to get some fire,” said the man, “for we have killed a wild pig.” + +</p> +<p>The Alan gave him the fire, and then taking her basket she went with him to the place where the pig was. + +</p> +<p>After they had singed the animal, the Alan cut it up with her long nails and handed the liver to the <a id="d0e2326"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2326">75</a>]</span>man, telling him to take it to her house to feed the baby. + +</p> +<p>The man started, and on the way he ate the liver. When he reached the Alan’s house he did not know what to do. For some time +he looked around, and then seeing a large caldron of hot water on the fire, he threw the baby into it and went back. + +</p> +<p>“Did the baby eat well?” asked the Alan. + +</p> +<p>“Very well,” said the man. + +</p> +<p>Then she put most of the meat into her basket and started home. As soon as she had gone, the man told his companion what he +had done, and they were so frightened that they ran to hide. + +</p> +<p>When the Alan reached home and found the baby dead in the hot water, she was very angry and started back immediately to find +the men, who, in the meantime, had climbed a high tree that stood near the water. + +</p> +<p>The Alan looked down into the water, and seeing the reflection of the men, she reached in her long hand with the fingers that +pointed backward, but when she could not touch them, she looked up and saw them in the tall tree. + +</p> +<p>“How did you get up there?” she cried angrily. + +</p> +<p>“We climbed up feet first,” called down the men. + +</p> +<p>The Alan, determined to get them, caught hold of a vine and started up the tree feet first, but before she quite reached them, +they cut the vine and she fell to the ground and was killed.<a id="d0e2346src" href="#d0e2346" class="noteref">84</a> +<a id="d0e2349"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2349">76</a>]</span></p> +<p>Then the men came down and went to the Alan’s house, where they found a jar full of beads and another of gold, and these they +brought with them when they returned home. +<a id="d0e2352"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2352">77</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e2353"> +<h3 class="normal">Man and the Alan</h3> +<p><i>Tinguian</i> + + +</p> +<p>A Tinguian was once walking along a trail in the wood when he heard a strange sound in a large tree near him, and looking +up he was startled to see that it was the home of the Alan—spirits who live in the wood. + +</p> +<p>He stopped and gazed for a moment at the horrible creatures, large as people, hanging from the limbs of the tree with their +heads down like bats. They had wings to fly, and their toes were at the back of their feet, while their long fingers, which +pointed backward, were fastened at the wrist. + +</p> +<p>“Surely,” thought the man, “these terrible beings will eat me if they can catch me. I will run away as fast as I can while +they are asleep.” He tried to run but he was too frightened, and after a few steps he fell face down on the ground. + +</p> +<p>At this the Alan began to wail loudly, for they saw him fall and believed him dead And they came down out of the tree with +gold and beads which they laid on him. + +</p> +<p>After a while the man gathered courage and, jumping up, he cried as loudly as he could, “Go away!” + +</p> +<p>The Alan did not move, but they looked at him and said: “Give us the one bead <i>nagaba</i> [a peculiar bead of double effect], and you may have the rest.” When <a id="d0e2375"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2375">78</a>]</span>the man refused to do this, they were angry and turned away, crying, “Then we are going to burn your house, for you are a +bad man.” + +</p> +<p>Thereupon the man went home as fast as he could go, but very soon after that his house burned, for the Alan kept their word. + + +</p> +<p></p> +<div id="d0e2380" class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/p090-1.jpg" alt="Bamboo rafts" width="536" height="334"><p class="figureHead">Bamboo rafts</p> +</div><p> + +</p> +<p></p> +<div id="d0e2385" class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/p090-2.jpg" alt="Hauling bamboo" width="533" height="330"><p class="figureHead">Hauling bamboo</p> +</div><p> + + +<a id="d0e2389"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2389">79</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e2390"> +<h3 class="normal">Sogsogot</h3> +<p><i>Tinguian</i> + + +</p> +<p>One day, a long time ago, some men went to the mountains to hunt deer and wild pig, and among them was one named Sogsogot. + +</p> +<p>They all went into the thick forest to look for game, but after a while Sogsogot called his dog and withdrew to an open spot +near by, where he waited for the deer to come out. + +</p> +<p>While he stood there eagerly watching, a big bird<a id="d0e2403src" href="#d0e2403" class="noteref">85</a> swooped down, caught him in its claws, and carried him away. Far off over the mountains the bird soared, until finally it +came to a big tree where it had its nest, and here it left the man and flew away. + +</p> +<p>Sogsogot’s first thought was to make his escape, but he found that the tree was so tall that he could not get down, and after +a time he ceased his attempts to get away and began to look over his companions in the nest—two young birds and three little +pigs. + +</p> +<p>By and by he became hungry, so he cut up the three little pigs, and after he had eaten all he wished he fed the two birds. +When this meat was gone the mother bird brought more pigs and deer, and the man had all he could eat. Then he fed the little +birds, which grew <a id="d0e2410"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2410">80</a>]</span>very fast and soon were able to fly. One day when they were standing on the edge of the nest Sogsogot caught hold of the birds’ +legs, and they fluttered down and carried him safely to the ground. + + +</p> +<p></p> +<div id="d0e2413" class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/p091-1.jpg" alt="Rice terraces in the mountains" width="532" height="329"><p class="figureHead">Rice terraces in the mountains</p> +</div><p> + +</p> +<p></p> +<div id="d0e2418" class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/p091-2.jpg" alt="A rice field" width="533" height="331"><p class="figureHead">A rice field</p> +</div><p> + + +</p> +<p>He hastened home as fast as he could go and told the people of his wonderful trip. They made a ceremony for the spirits, and +all the people rejoiced that the lost man had returned. + +</p> +<p>Some time after this Sogsogot went to a hostile town to fight, and while he was gone his wife died. On the way back to his +town he met the spirit of his wife driving a cow and two pigs, and not knowing that she was a spirit he asked her where she +was going. + +</p> +<p>“I am not a person any more,” she answered him; “I am dead.” And when he wanted to touch her hand, she gave him only her shortest +finger. He begged to go with her so she said, “Go first to our home and get a white chicken; then follow the footmarks of +the cow and pigs.” + +</p> +<p>He did as she commanded him, and after a while he came to a place where she was bathing in the river. She said to him: + +</p> +<p>“Now you may come with me to our spirit town.<a id="d0e2432src" href="#d0e2432" class="noteref">86</a> I shall hide you in the rice-bin and shall bring food to you every day. But at night the people in the town will want to +eat you, and when they come to the bin you must take some of the feathers of the white chicken and throw at them.” +<a id="d0e2435"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2435">81</a>]</span></p> +<p>The man went with her, and when they arrived at the spirit town she hid him in the rice-bin. At night the people came to eat +him, as she had said they would; but when he threw the chicken feathers at them they were frightened away. + +</p> +<p>For two weeks Sogsogot lived in this place, but when the feathers were nearly gone he was afraid to stay any longer, for every +night the spirits came to eat him. He begged his wife to allow him to go, and finally she showed him the way home, giving +him rice to eat on his journey. + +</p> +<p>As soon as the man arrived home and inquired for his wife, the people told him that she had died and they had buried her under +the house. Then he knew that it was her spirit that had taken him to the strange town. +<a id="d0e2442"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2442">82</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e2443"> +<h3 class="normal">The Mistaken Gifts</h3> +<p><i>Tinguian</i> + + +</p> +<p>When Siagon was about eight years old his parents began looking for a girl who would make a suitable wife. At last when they +had decided on a beautiful maiden, who lived some distance from them, they sent a man to her parents to ask if they would +like Siagon for a son-in-law. + +</p> +<p>Now when the man arrived at the girl’s house the people were all sitting on the floor eating periwinkle, and as they sucked +the meat out of the shell, they nodded their heads. The man, looking in at the door, saw them nod, and he thought they were +nodding at him. So he did not tell them his errand, but returned quickly to the boy’s parents and told them that all the people +at the girl’s house were favorable to the union. + +</p> +<p>Siagon’s parents were very much pleased that their proposal had been so kindly received, and immediately prepared to go to +the girl’s house to arrange for the wedding. + +</p> +<p>Finally all was ready and they started for her house, carrying with them as presents for her parents two carabao, two horses, +two cows, four iron kettles, sixteen jars of basi, two blankets, and two little pigs. + +</p> +<p>The surprise of the girl’s people knew no bounds <a id="d0e2460"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2460">83</a>]</span>when they saw all this coming to their house, for they had not even thought of Siagon marrying their daughter.<a id="d0e2462src" href="#d0e2462" class="noteref">87</a> +<a id="d0e2468"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2468">84</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e2469"> +<h3 class="normal">The Boy who Became a Stone</h3> +<p><i>Tinguian</i> + + +</p> +<p>One day a little boy named Elonen sat out in the yard making a bird snare, and as he worked, a little bird called to him: +“Tik-tik-lo-den” (come and catch me). + +</p> +<p>“I am making a snare for you,” said the boy; but the bird continued to call until the snare was finished. + +</p> +<p>Then Elonen ran and threw the snare over the bird and caught it, and he put it in a jar in his house while he went with the +other boys to swim. + +</p> +<p>While he was away, his grandmother grew hungry, so she ate the bird, and when Elonen returned and found that his bird was +gone, he was so sad that he wished he might go away and never come back. He went out into the forest and walked a long distance, +until finally he came to a big stone and said: “Stone, open your mouth and eat me.” And the stone opened its mouth and swallowed +the boy. + +</p> +<p>When his grandmother missed the boy, she went out and looked everywhere, hoping to find him. Finally she passed near the stone +and it cried out, “Here he is.” Then the old woman tried to open the stone but she could not, so she called the horses to +come and help her. They came and kicked it, but it would not break. Then she called the carabao and they hooked it, but <a id="d0e2486"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2486">85</a>]</span>they only broke their horns. She called the chickens, which pecked it, and the thunder, which shook it, but nothing could +open it, and she had to go home without the boy. +<a id="d0e2488"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2488">86</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e2489"> +<h3 class="normal">The Turtle and the Lizard</h3> +<p><i>Tinguian</i> + + +</p> +<p>A turtle and a big lizard once went to the field of Gotgotapa to steal ginger,<a id="d0e2498src" href="#d0e2498" class="noteref">88</a> When they reached the place the turtle said to the lizard: + +</p> +<p>“We must be very still or the man will hear us and come out.” + +</p> +<p>But as soon as the lizard tasted the ginger he was so pleased that he said: + +</p> +<p>“The ginger of Gotgotapa is very good.” + +</p> +<p>“Be still,” said the turtle; but the lizard paid no attention to the warning, and called louder than ever: + +</p> +<p>“The ginger of Gotgotapa is very good.” + +</p> +<p>Again and again he cried out, until finally the man heard him and came out of the house to catch the robbers. + +</p> +<p>The turtle could not run fast, so he lay very still, and the man did not see him. But the lizard ran and the man chased him. +When they were out of sight, the turtle went into the house and hid under a cocoanut shell upon which the man used to sit.<a id="d0e2515src" href="#d0e2515" class="noteref">89</a> + +</p> +<p>The man ran after the lizard for a long distance, <a id="d0e2520"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2520">87</a>]</span>but he could not catch him. After a while he came back to the house and sat down on the shell. + +</p> +<p>By and by, the turtle called, “Kook.” The man jumped up and looked all around. Unable to tell where the noise came from, he +sat down again, + +</p> +<p>A second time the turtle called, and this time the man looked everywhere in the house except under the shell, but could not +find the turtle. Again and again the turtle called, and finally the man, realizing that all his attempts were unsuccessful, +grew so excited that he died. + +</p> +<p>Then the turtle ran out of the house, and he had not gone far before he met the lizard again. They walked along together until +they saw some honey in a tree, and the turtle said: + +</p> +<p>“I will go first and get some of the honey.” + +</p> +<p>The lizard would not wait, but ran ahead, and when he seized the honey, the bees came out and stung him. So he ran back to +the turtle for help. + +</p> +<p>After a while they came to a bird snare, and the turtle said: + +</p> +<p>“That is the silver wire that my grandfather wore about his neck.” + +</p> +<p>Then the lizard ran fast to get it first, but he was caught in the snare and was held until the man came and killed him. Then +the wise turtle went on alone. +<a id="d0e2538"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2538">88</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e2539"> +<h3 class="normal">The Man with the Cocoanuts</h3> +<p><i>Tinguian</i> + + +</p> +<p>One day a man who had been to gather his cocoanuts loaded his horse heavily with the fruit. On the way home he <i>met</i> a boy whom he asked how long it would take to reach the house. + +</p> +<p>“If you go slowly,” said the boy, looking at the load on the horse, “you will arrive very soon; but if you go fast, it will +take you all day.” + +</p> +<p>The man could not believe this strange speech, so he hurried his horse. But the cocoanuts fell off and he had to stop to pick +them up. Then he hurried his horse all the more to make up for lost time, but the cocoanuts fell off again. Many times he +did this, and it was night when he reached home.<a id="d0e2555src" href="#d0e2555" class="noteref">90</a> +<a id="d0e2558"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2558">89</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e2559"> +<h3 class="normal">The Carabao and the Shell</h3> +<p><i>Tinguian</i> + + +</p> +<p>One very hot day, when a carabao went into the river to bathe, he met a shell and they began talking together. + +</p> +<p>“You are very slow,” said the carabao to the shell. + +</p> +<p>“Oh, no,” replied the shell. “I can beat you in a race.” + +</p> +<p>“Then let us try and see,” said the carabao. + +</p> +<p>So they went out on the bank and started to run. + +</p> +<p>After the carabao had gone a long distance he stopped and called, “Shell!” + +</p> +<p>And another shell lying by the river answered, “Here I am!” + +</p> +<p>Then the carabao, thinking that it was the same shell with which he was racing, ran on. + +</p> +<p>By and by he stopped again and called, “Shell!” + +</p> +<p>Again another shell answered, “Here I am!” + +</p> +<p>The carabao was surprised that the shell could keep up with him. But he ran on and on, and every time he stopped to call, +another shell answered him. But he was determined that the shell should not beat him, so he ran until he dropped dead.<a id="d0e2588src" href="#d0e2588" class="noteref">91</a> +<a id="d0e2591"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2591">90</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e2592"> +<h3 class="normal">The Alligator’s Fruit</h3> +<p><i>Tinguian</i> + + +</p> +<p>Two women went to gather some wild fruit from a vine which belonged to the alligator. + +</p> +<p>“You must be careful not to throw the rind with your teeth marks on it where the alligator can see it,” said one of the women +to the other as they sat eating the fruit. + +</p> +<p>But the other woman paid no attention and threw the rind showing teeth marks into the river, where the alligator saw it. + +</p> +<p>Thus he knew at once who had taken his fruit, and he was very angry. He went to the house of the woman and called to the people: + +</p> +<p>“Bring out the woman that I may eat her, for she has eaten my fruit” + +</p> +<p>“Very well,” answered the people. “But sit down and wait a little while.” + +</p> +<p>Then they put the iron soil-turner into the fire, and when it was red hot, they took it to the door and said to the alligator: + +</p> +<p>“Here, eat this first.” + +</p> +<p>He opened his mouth, and they pushed the red hot iron down his throat, and he died. +<a id="d0e2617"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2617">91</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e2618"> +<h3 class="normal">Dogedog</h3> +<p><i>Tinguian</i> + + +</p> +<p>Dogedog had always been very lazy, and now that his father and mother were dead and he had no one to care for him, he lived +very poorly. He had little to eat. His house was old and small and so poor that it had not even a floor. Still he would rather +sit all day and idle away his time than to work and have more things. + +</p> +<p>One day, however, when the rainy season was near at hand, Dogedog began thinking how cold he would be when the storms came, +and he felt so sorry for himself that he decided to make a floor in his house. + +</p> +<p>Wrapping some rice in a banana leaf for his dinner, he took his long knife and went to the forest to cut some bamboo. He hung +the bundle of rice in a tree until he should need it; but while he was working a cat came and ate it. When the hungry man +came for his dinner, there was none left. Dogedog went back to his miserable little house which looked forlorn to him even, +now that he had decided to have a floor. + +</p> +<p>The next day he went again to the forest and hung his rice in the tree as he did before, but again the cat came and ate it. +So the man had to go home without any dinner. + +</p> +<p>The third day he took the rice, but this time he fixed a trap in the tree, and when the cat came it was caught. +<a id="d0e2635"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2635">92</a>]</span></p> +<p>“Now I have you!” cried the man when he found the cat; “and I shall kill you for stealing my rice.” + +</p> +<p>“Oh, do not kill me,” pleaded the cat, “and I will be of some use to you.” + +</p> +<p>So Dogedog decided to spare the cat’s life, and he took it home and tied it near the door to guard the house. + +</p> +<p>Some time later when he went to look at it, he was very much surprised to find that it had become a cock. + +</p> +<p>“Now I can go to the cock-fight at Magsingal,” cried the man. And he was very happy, for he had much rather do that than work. + +</p> +<p>Thinking no more of getting wood for his floor, he started out at once for Magsingal with the cock under his arm. As he was +crossing a river he met an alligator which called out to him: + +</p> +<p>“Where are you going, Dogedog?” + +</p> +<p>“To the cock-fight at Magsingal,” replied the man as he fondly stroked the rooster. + +</p> +<p>“Wait, and I will go with you,” said the alligator; and he drew himself out of the water. + +</p> +<p>The two walking along together soon entered a forest where they met a deer and it asked: + +</p> +<p>“Where are you going, Dogedog?” + +</p> +<p>“To the cock-fight at Magsingal,” said the man. + +</p> +<p>“Wait and I will go with you,” said the deer; and he also joined them. + +</p> +<p>By and by they met a mound of earth that had been raised by the ants, and they would have passed without noticing it had it +not inquired: + +</p> +<p>“Where are you going, Dogedog?” +<a id="d0e2666"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2666">93</a>]</span></p> +<p>“To the cock-fight at Magsingal,” said the man once more; and the mound of earth joined them. + +</p> +<p>The company then hurried on, and just as they were leaving the forest, they passed a big tree in which was a monkey. + +</p> +<p>“Where are you going, Dogedog?” shrieked the monkey. And without waiting for an answer he scrambled down the tree and followed +them. + +</p> +<p>As the party walked along they talked together, and the alligator said to Dogedog: + +</p> +<p>“If any man wants to dive into the water, I can stay under longer than he.” + +</p> +<p>Then the deer, not to be outdone, said: + +</p> +<p>“If any man wants to run, I can run faster.” + +</p> +<p>The mound of earth, anxious to show its strength, said: + +</p> +<p>“If any man wants to wrestle, I can beat him.” + +</p> +<p>And the monkey said: + +</p> +<p>“If any man wants to climb, I can go higher.” + +</p> +<p>They reached Magsingal in good time and the people were ready for the fight to begin. When Dogedog put his rooster, which +had been a cat, into the pit, it killed the other cock at once, for it used its claws like a cat. + +</p> +<p>The people brought more roosters and wagered much money, but Dogedog’s cock killed all the others until there was not one +left in Magsingal, and Dogedog won much money. Then they went outside the town and brought all the cocks they could find, +but not one could win over that of Dogedog. + +</p> +<p>When the cocks were all dead, the people wanted <a id="d0e2695"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2695">94</a>]</span>some other sport, so they brought a man who could stay under water for a long time, and Dogedog made him compete with the +alligator. But after a while the man had to come up first Then they brought a swift runner and he raced with the deer, but +the man was left far behind. Next they looked around until they found a very large man who was willing to contend with the +mound of earth, but after a hard struggle the man was thrown. + +</p> +<p>Finally they brought a man who could climb higher than anyone else, but the monkey went far above him, and he had to give +up. + +</p> +<p>All these contests had brought much money to Dogedog, and now he had to buy two horses to carry his sacks of silver. As soon +as he reached home, he bought the house of a very rich man and went to live in it. And he was very happy, for he did not have +to work any more.<a id="d0e2701src" href="#d0e2701" class="noteref">92</a> +<a id="d0e2704"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2704">95</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e933" href="#d0e933src" class="noteref">1</a></span> This incident is strikingly similar to the story in North American folk-lore of the maiden captured and carried upward by +a vine. Several other points of likeness appear in the lore of Malaysia, Polynesia, and America. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e942" href="#d0e942src" class="noteref">2</a></span> See <a href="#d0e143">Preface, p. vii</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e950" href="#d0e950src" class="noteref">3</a></span> This incident is unique so far as American or European folk-lore is concerned, yet it is common in Tinguian tales, while similar +stories are found among the neighboring Ilocano and Igorot tribes of the Philippines, as well as in Borneo, Java, and India. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e957" href="#d0e957src" class="noteref">4</a></span> The belief that beauty is capable of radiating great light is not peculiar to Tinguian tales, for it is also found in the +Malay legends and in those of India. It is not impossible that they had a common origin. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e970" href="#d0e970src" class="noteref">5</a></span> The betel-nut is the nut of the areca palm. It is prepared for chewing by being cut into quarters, each piece being wrapped +in betel-leaf spread with lime. It produces a blood-red spittle which greatly discolors the teeth and lips, and it is used +extensively throughout the Philippines. While it appears to have been in common use among the Tinguian at the time these stories +originated, it has now been displaced by tobacco, except at ceremonies when it is prepared for chewing; it is also placed +on the animals offered for sacrifice to the spirits. Throughout the tales great significance is given to the chewing of betel-nuts +before names are told or introductions given, while from the quids and spittle it appears to have been possible to foretell +events and establish relationships. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1002" href="#d0e1002src" class="noteref">6</a></span> Compare with the story of Phæton in Bulfinch, <i>The Age of Fable</i>, p. 50. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1024" href="#d0e1024src" class="noteref">7</a></span> The Tinguian have no calendar, but reckon time by the recurrence of the moon. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1027" href="#d0e1027src" class="noteref">8</a></span> It is the present custom of the Tinguian to make numerous ceremonies for the spirits. These vary in length from a few hours +to seventeen days. During this period animals are slaughtered, small houses are built, mediums deliver messages from the spirits, +and there is much feasting and dancing. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1035" href="#d0e1035src" class="noteref">9</a></span> When ripe, the betel-nut is covered with a golden husk, and it is possibly because of this that they were said to be covered +with gold. The present-day Tinguian, in place of sending the betel-nut, sends a small piece of gold to any relative or friend +whom he specially wishes to induce to attend a ceremony. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1052" href="#d0e1052src" class="noteref">10</a></span> This seems to be peculiar to Tinguian folk-lore. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1065" href="#d0e1065src" class="noteref">11</a></span> Except when she is in mourning a Tinguian woman’s arms are always covered with beads placed strand above strand. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1084" href="#d0e1084src" class="noteref">12</a></span> The parents of a boy choose his bride when the children are very young. A great celebration is then held, and relatives and +friends of both parties decide on the price to be paid for the girl. Partial payment is made at once, and the remainder goes +over until the marriage proper takes place, when the boy and girl are about twelve or fourteen years of age. In this instance +Ini-init makes the customary payment for his bride, though the marriage had already taken place. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1089" href="#d0e1089src" class="noteref">13</a></span> The friends and retainers pound rice and prepare food for all the guests who attend the ceremony. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1092" href="#d0e1092src" class="noteref">14</a></span> A spirit house is one of the small houses built during a ceremony. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1101" href="#d0e1101src" class="noteref">15</a></span> reference is probably to ancient Chinese jars. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1123" href="#d0e1123src" class="noteref">16</a></span> The custom, which still exists to a certain degree, was to offer food to a guest before any matter was discussed. In ancient +times this was considered very necessary, as it still is among the Apayao who live north of the Tinguian. With them to refuse +food is to refuse friendship. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1129" href="#d0e1129src" class="noteref">17</a></span> A drink made of fermented sugar-cane. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1132" href="#d0e1132src" class="noteref">18</a></span> The old jars possessed by the Tinguian today have notches broken in the rim, one for each generation through whose hands it +has passed. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1135" href="#d0e1135src" class="noteref">19</a></span> When the first negotiations are made the boy’s parents offer some gift, nowadays usually a small bead. If this is accepted +it signifies the willingness of the girl’s parents to consider the match. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1140" href="#d0e1140src" class="noteref">20</a></span> See <a href="#d0e1084">note 1, p. 15</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1150" href="#d0e1150src" class="noteref">21</a></span> The music for the dances is made by beating on drums and copper gongs. A man and a woman enter the circle, each carrying a +large square of cloth on outstretched arms. Keeping time to the music with their hands and feet, they move about, coming near +to each other and then drawing farther apart The woman follows the movements of the man and finally places her cloth on his +outstretched arms, thus ending the dance; another couple then takes their place. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1163" href="#d0e1163src" class="noteref">22</a></span> An interesting parallel to this is found in the Dayak legend of Limbang, where a tree springs from the head of a dead giant; +its flowers are beads; its leaves, cloth; and the fruit, jars. See Roth, <i>The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo</i>, Vol. I, p. 372. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1173" href="#d0e1173src" class="noteref">23</a></span> Throughout the Tinguian tales the characters are frequently described as changing themselves into oil, centipedes, birds, +and other forms. This power is also found among the heroes of Dayak and Malay tales. See Roth, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 312; Perham, +<i>Journal Straits Branch R., Asiatic Society, No. 16</i>, 1886; Wilkinson, <i>Malay Beliefs</i>, pp. 32, 59 (London, 1906). +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1190" href="#d0e1190src" class="noteref">24</a></span> The Tinguian place a tame rooster in an open spot in the forest and surround him with a line to which slip nooses are attached. +The crowing of this bird attracts wild ones which come to fight him and are caught in the nooses. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1201" href="#d0e1201src" class="noteref">25</a></span> The water buffalo now used as the beast of burden throughout the Philippines. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1210" href="#d0e1210src" class="noteref">26</a></span> The ordinary dress of the Tinguian man is a clout and a striped belt, in which he carries his tobacco and small articles. +Some of them also possess striped cotton coats, which they wear on special occasions. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1215" href="#d0e1215src" class="noteref">27</a></span> See <a href="#d0e1027">note 2, p. 12</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1221" href="#d0e1221src" class="noteref">28</a></span> See <a href="#d0e1035">note 1, p. 13</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1251" href="#d0e1251src" class="noteref">29</a></span> This peculiar idea, which frequently appears in Tinguian tales, is also found in Javanese literature. See <span id="d0e1253" class="corr" title="Source: Bezmer">Bezemer</span>, <i lang="de">Volksdichtung aus Indonesien</i>, p. 47 (Haag, 1904). +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1278" href="#d0e1278src" class="noteref">30</a></span> See <a href="#d0e1092">note 3, p. 15</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1305" href="#d0e1305src" class="noteref">31</a></span> The powerful deeds of these heroes often resemble the miraculous achievements of biblical and ancient times. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1327" href="#d0e1327src" class="noteref">32</a></span> See <a href="#d0e1173">note 2, p. 20</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1339" href="#d0e1339src" class="noteref">33</a></span> The Tinguian of today do not possess soap, but in its place they use the ashes from rice straw, or not infrequently they soak +the bark from a certain tree in the water in which they are to wash their hair. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1344" href="#d0e1344src" class="noteref">34</a></span> The lawed vine. In ancient Egypt and in India it was a common belief that friends or relatives could tell from the condition +of a certain tree or vine whether the absent one was well or dead: if the vine thrived, they knew that all was well, but if +it wilted they mourned for him as dead. It is interesting to find the identical belief in the northern Philippines. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1347" href="#d0e1347src" class="noteref">35</a></span> The Tinguian stove consists of a bed of ashes in which three stones are sunk, and on these the pots are placed. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1350" href="#d0e1350src" class="noteref">36</a></span> It appears that these people of ancient times possessed the same weapons as those of today. The Tinguian ordinarily wears +a head-ax thrust into his belt, and when at work this is his hand tool. When on a hunt or during warfare he also carries a +wooden shield and a steel-pointed spear from eight to ten feet in length. For attacks at a distance he depends on the spear, +but in a close encounter he uses his head-ax and shield, the latter being oblong in shape and having two prongs at one end +and three at the other. The two prongs are to be slipped about the neck of the victim while the head-ax does its work, or +the three prongs may be slipped about the legs in the same way. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1386" href="#d0e1386src" class="noteref">37</a></span> From this and other incidents it is evident that these people talked with the lightning and thunder. They still have great +regard for the omens derived from these forces; but it is now believed that thunder is the dog of Kadaklan, the greatest of +all the spirits, and that by the barking of this dog, the god makes known his desires. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1423" href="#d0e1423src" class="noteref">38</a></span> Stories in which animals come to the assistance of human beings are found in many lands. One of those best known to Europeans +is where the ants sort the grain for Cinderella. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1432" href="#d0e1432src" class="noteref">39</a></span> See <a href="#d0e1201">note 2, p. 21</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1496" href="#d0e1496src" class="noteref">40</a></span> It was the ancient custom to place the heads of slain enemies at the gate or around the town, and this practice still prevails +with some of the surrounding tribes. More recently it was the custom to expose the head at the gate of the town for three +days, after which followed a great celebration when the skulls were broken and pieces were given to the guests. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1519" href="#d0e1519src" class="noteref">41</a></span> In their beliefs of today the Tinguian recognize many giants, some with more than one head. In a part of the ritual of one +ceremony we read, “A man opens the door to learn the cause of the barking and he sees a man, fat and tall, with nine heads.” +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1550" href="#d0e1550src" class="noteref">42</a></span> A large bamboo pole, with all but the end section cut out, serves for a water bucket. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1555" href="#d0e1555src" class="noteref">43</a></span> A long bamboo pole, in one end of which a hard-wood point is inserted. This is thrust into the ground, and in the hole thus +made the grain or cuttings are planted. This old method is still in use in some sections of the mountains, but on the lowlands +a primitive plow is used to break the soil. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1592" href="#d0e1592src" class="noteref">44</a></span> In European, Asiatic, African, and Malaysian lore we find stones of beings with star dresses: when they wear the dresses they +are stars; when they take them off they are human. See Cox, <i>An Introduction to Folklore</i>, p. 121 (London, 1904.). +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1602" href="#d0e1602src" class="noteref">45</a></span> <a href="#d0e970">note 1, p. 9</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1625" href="#d0e1625src" class="noteref">46</a></span> See <a href="#d0e1024">note 1, p. 12</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1671" href="#d0e1671src" class="noteref">47</a></span> <a href="#d0e143">Preface, p. vii</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1707" href="#d0e1707src" class="noteref">48</a></span> It is the custom to have a small bamboo house built from fifteen to twenty feet from the ground near the rice fields, and +in this someone watches every day during the growing season to see that nothing breaks in to destroy the grain. Often flappers +are placed in different parts of the field and a connecting string leads from these to the little house, so that the watcher +by pulling this string may frighten the birds away from the grain. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1714" href="#d0e1714src" class="noteref">49</a></span> See <a href="#d0e1129">note 1, p. 18</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1739" href="#d0e1739src" class="noteref">50</a></span> <a href="#d0e137">Preface, p. vi</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1746" href="#d0e1746src" class="noteref">51</a></span> The nights in the mountains are cold, and it is not at all uncommon in the early morning to see groups of people with blankets +wrapped tightly about them, squatting around small fires in the yards. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1755" href="#d0e1755src" class="noteref">52</a></span> See <a href="#d0e1027">note 2, p. 12</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1761" href="#d0e1761src" class="noteref">53</a></span> See <a href="#d0e1035">note 1, p. 13</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1788" href="#d0e1788src" class="noteref">54</a></span> See <a href="#d0e1123">note 1, p. 17</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1794" href="#d0e1794src" class="noteref">55</a></span> Compare with the biblical story of the loaves and fishes. For similar incidents among the Igorot of the Philippines, in Borneo, +and in India, see Jenks, <i>The Bontoc Igorot</i>, p. 202; Seidenadel, <i>The Language of the Bontoc Igorot</i>, pp. 491, 41 ff. (Chicago, 1909); Roth, <i>The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo</i>, Vol. I, p. 319; Tawney, <i>Katha Sarit Sagara</i>, Vol. II, p. 3 (Calcutta, 1880); Bezemer, <i lang="de">Volksdichtung aus Indonesien</i>, p. 49 (Haag, 1904). +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1814" href="#d0e1814src" class="noteref">56</a></span> See <a href="#d0e1084">note 1, p. 15</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1820" href="#d0e1820src" class="noteref">57</a></span> See <a href="#d0e1092">note 3, p. 15</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1828" href="#d0e1828src" class="noteref">58</a></span> There appear to have been two classes of spirits, one for whom the people had the utmost respect and reverence, and another +whom they looked upon as being of service to mortals. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1847" href="#d0e1847src" class="noteref">59</a></span> See <a href="#d0e1423">note 1, p. 30</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1865" href="#d0e1865src" class="noteref">60</a></span> The word used in the original is langpadan, meaning mountain rice. This variety requires no irrigation and is planted to some +extent at the present day, but the great bulk of the grain now used is grown in wonderfully terraced fields on the mountain +sides, where water for irrigating is brought from distant streams through a system of flume and bamboo tubes. The fact that +only the mountain rice is mentioned in the tales reflects a very ancient life before irrigated fields were known. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1868" href="#d0e1868src" class="noteref">61</a></span> See <a href="#d0e1707">note 1, p. 45</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1881" href="#d0e1881src" class="noteref">62</a></span> The labeug is the omen bird and is believed to be the direct messenger of Kadaklan, the great spirit, to the people. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1907" href="#d0e1907src" class="noteref">63</a></span> See <a href="#d0e1496">note 1, p. 34</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1927" href="#d0e1927src" class="noteref">64</a></span> See <a href="#d0e957">note 1, p. 8</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e1971" href="#d0e1971src" class="noteref">65</a></span> See <a href="#d0e143">Preface, p. vii</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2025" href="#d0e2025src" class="noteref">66</a></span> Before the bundles of ripened rice can be put into the granary a ceremony is made for the spirits. The blood of a pig is mixed +with cooked rice and put in the granary as an offering for the spirit who multiplies the grain, otherwise the crop would run +out in a short time. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2048" href="#d0e2048src" class="noteref">67</a></span> See <a href="#d0e970">note 1, p. 9</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2056" href="#d0e2056src" class="noteref">68</a></span> The spirit who stands next in importance to Kadaklan, the great spirit. It was he who taught the people all good things, and +finally he married a woman from Manabo in order to bind himself more closely to them. See “How the Tinguian Learned to Plant.” +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2065" href="#d0e2065src" class="noteref">69</a></span> This story is considered by the Tinguian to be of rather recent origin. They believe that Sayen lived not so very long ago, +yet the stories woven around him are very similar to the ancient ones. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2073" href="#d0e2073src" class="noteref">70</a></span> See “<a href="#d0e2299">The Alan and the Hunters</a>.” +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2099" href="#d0e2099src" class="noteref">71</a></span> The Tinguian now use flint and steel for making a flame, but it is not at all uncommon for them to go to a neighbor’s house +to borrow a burning ember to start their own fire. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2106" href="#d0e2106src" class="noteref">72</a></span> The neighboring Ilocano, a Christianized tribe, know the Komow as a fabulous bird which is invisible, yet steals people and +their possessions. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2124" href="#d0e2124src" class="noteref">73</a></span> See <a href="#d0e2056">note 1, p. 59</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2146" href="#d0e2146src" class="noteref">74</a></span> See <a href="#d0e1173">note 2, p. 20</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2182" href="#d0e2182src" class="noteref">75</a></span> This tale is of special importance to the Tinguian since it explains how they learned two of the most important things of +their present life—to plant and to cure the sick. It also shows how death came into the world. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2194" href="#d0e2194src" class="noteref">76</a></span> See <a href="#d0e2056">note 1, p. 59</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2218" href="#d0e2218src" class="noteref">77</a></span> It is a common sight in a Tinguian village early in the morning during the dry season to see a number of men armed with spears +and head-axes leaving for the mountains. They usually take with them, to assist in the chase, a string of half-starved dogs. +Often a net is stretched across the runway of game, and then, while some of the hunters conceal themselves near by, others +seek to drive the game into the net, where it is speared to death. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2223" href="#d0e2223src" class="noteref">78</a></span> Ancient Chinese jars are found throughout the interior of the Philippines and are very closely associated with the folk-lore +of the Tinguian. Some of the jars date back to the 10th century, while many are from the 12th and 14th centuries, and evidently +entered the Islands through pre-Spanish trade. They are held in great value and are generally used in part payment for a bride +and for the settlement of feuds. For more details see Cole, <i>Chinese Pottery in the Philippines</i>, Pub. Field Museum of Nat. Hist, Vol. XII, No. 1. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2238" href="#d0e2238src" class="noteref">79</a></span> This cave is situated in the mountains midway between Patok and Santa Rosa. In this vicinity are numerous limestone caves, +each of which has its traditions. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2244" href="#d0e2244src" class="noteref">80</a></span> Cabildo of Domayco, the envied owner of this jar, has refused great sums offered for its purchase, and though men from other +tribes come bringing ten carabao at one time, they cannot tempt him to sell. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2271" href="#d0e2271src" class="noteref">81</a></span> These beautiful agate beads are still worn by the Tinguian women, who prize them very highly. They are rarely sold and each +is worth more than a carabao. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2310" href="#d0e2310src" class="noteref">82</a></span> The Alan are supposed to be deformed spirits who live in the forests. They are as large as people, but have wings and can +fly. Their toes are at the back of their feet, and their fingers point backward from their wrists. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2317" href="#d0e2317src" class="noteref">83</a></span> The name by which spirits call human beings. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2346" href="#d0e2346src" class="noteref">84</a></span> This treatment of the Alan is typical of that accorded to the less powerful of the spirits by the Tinguian today. At the ceremonies +they often make fun of them and cheat them in the sacrifices. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2403" href="#d0e2403src" class="noteref">85</a></span> Known to the Tinguian as Banog. This bird occupies much the same place with the Tinguian as does the garuda in East Indian +folk-lore. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2432" href="#d0e2432src" class="noteref">86</a></span> This tale gives to the Tinguian his idea of the future world. Sogsogot is supposed to have lived only a short time ago, and +his experiences are well known to all the people. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2462" href="#d0e2462src" class="noteref">87</a></span> See <a href="#d0e1084">note 1, p. 15</a>. Practically this same tale is told by the neighboring Ilocano, from whom it may have been borrowed; but here the Tinguian +custom of paying a marriage price is introduced. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2498" href="#d0e2498src" class="noteref">88</a></span> This type of story is also found farther to the south, where the cleverness of the small animal causes him to triumph over +the strong. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2515" href="#d0e2515src" class="noteref">89</a></span> The Tinguian house contains neither tables nor chairs. The people usually squat on the floor, sitting on their heels; if anything +is used as a seat it is a bit of cocoanut shell or a small block of wood. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2555" href="#d0e2555src" class="noteref">90</a></span> Here we have a proverbial tale, one in which the Tinguian expresses the idea, “Haste makes waste.” +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2588" href="#d0e2588src" class="noteref">91</a></span> Another version of this tale is found in British North Borneo in the story of the plandok and the crab, while to European +children it is known as the race between the turtle and the hare. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2701" href="#d0e2701src" class="noteref">92</a></span> The story shows the influence of the Christianized natives, among whom cock-fighting is a very popular sport. It is found +only among those Tinguian who come into contact with this class. +</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="d0e2705" class="div1"><span class="pagenum"> +[<a href="#d0e166">Contents</a>] +</span><h2 class="normal">Igorot</h2><a id="d0e2709"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2709">97</a>]</span><div class="div2"> +<h3 class="normal">Introduction</h3> +<p>Three or four days’ journey to the south and east of the Tinguian live the Igorot; but so difficult are the trails over the +mountains and through the swift rivers that there is little intercourse between the two tribes, consequently each believes +the other a people to be feared. Salt, weapons, and jars are sometimes exchanged, but the customs and beliefs are not similar. +Each group leads its own life and is governed by its own spirits. + +</p> +<p>From a distance an Igorot village looks like a group of haystacks nestling among the hills; but viewed more closely, it is +found to consist of houses whose board sides are almost hidden by the overhanging grass roofs. The upper part of the house +is used as a storehouse, while below, on a ground floor, the family cooks and eats. In one end there is a tiny boxlike bedroom +where the father, mother, and small children sleep. After they are two or three years old the girls spend the night in a dormitory, +while the boys sleep in the men’s council house. + +</p> +<p>These people have splendid terraced fields on the mountain sides where water is brought from the streams through troughs and +ditches. Here both men and women are busy early and late cultivating the rice, sweet potatoes, and small vegetables on which +they live. The men are head-hunters and ardent warriors, <a id="d0e2719"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2719">98</a>]</span>each village demanding a head in payment for any taken by a hostile village. + +</p> +<p>Watching over the Igorot, controlling the winds and the rains, and providing good crops and health for the people, is the +Great Spirit, Lumawig, who lives in the sky. He is believed to have created the Igorot and even to have lived among them on +the earth. He no longer visits them in person, they say, but each month they perform a ceremony at which they pray to him +to protect them and entreat him to favor them with health and good crops. + +</p> +<p>The following tales are told by the fathers and mothers to the children to teach them how things came to be as they are. +<a id="d0e2725"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2725">99</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e2726"> +<h3 class="normal">The Creation</h3> +<p><i>Igorot</i> + + +</p> +<p>In the beginning there were no people on the earth. Lumawig,<a id="d0e2735src" href="#d0e2735" class="noteref">1</a> the Great Spirit, came down from the sky and cut many reeds.<a id="d0e2738src" href="#d0e2738" class="noteref">2</a> He divided these into pairs which he placed in different parts of the world, and then he said to them, “You must speak.” +Immediately the reeds became people, and in each place was a man and a woman who could talk, but the language of each couple +differed from that of the others. + +</p> +<p>Then Lumawig commanded each man and woman to marry, which they did. By and by there were many children, all speaking the same +language as their parents. <a id="d0e2749"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2749">100</a>]</span>These, in turn, married and had many children. In this way there came to be many people on the earth. + +</p> +<p>Now Lumawig saw that there were several things which the people on the earth needed to use, so he set to work to supply them. +He created salt, and told the inhabitants of one place to boil it down and sell it to their neighbors. But these people could +not understand the directions of the Great Spirit, and the next time he visited them, they had not touched the salt. + +</p> +<p>Then he took it away from them and gave it to the people of a place called Mayinit.<a id="d0e2755src" href="#d0e2755" class="noteref">3</a> These did as he directed, and because of this he told them that they should always be owners of the salt, and that the other +peoples must buy of them. + +</p> +<p>Then Lumawig went to the people of Bontoc and told them to get clay and make pots. They got the clay, but they did not understand +the moulding, and the jars were not well shaped. Because of their failure, Lumawig told them that they would always have to +<a id="d0e2760"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2760">101</a>]</span>buy their jars, and he removed the pottery to Samoki.<a id="d0e2762src" href="#d0e2762" class="noteref">4</a> When he told the people there what to do, they did just as he said, and their jars were well shaped and beautiful. Then the +Great Spirit saw that they were fit owners of the pottery, and he told them that they should always make many jars to sell. + +</p> +<p>In this way Lumawig taught the people and brought to them all the things which they now have. +<a id="d0e2767"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2767">102</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e2768"> +<h3 class="normal">The Flood Story</h3> +<p><i>Igorot</i> + + +</p> +<p>Once upon a time, when the world was flat and there were no mountains, there lived two brothers, sons of Lumawig, the Great +Spirit. The brothers were fond of hunting, and since no mountains had formed there was no good place to catch wild pig and +deer, and the older brother said: + +</p> +<p>“Let us cause water to flow over all the world and cover it, and then mountains will rise up.”<a id="d0e2779src" href="#d0e2779" class="noteref">5</a> + +</p> +<p>So they caused water to flow over all the earth, and when it was covered they took the head-basket<a id="d0e2790src" href="#d0e2790" class="noteref">6</a> of the town and set it for a trap. The brothers were very much pleased when they went to look at their trap, for they had +caught not only many wild pigs and deer but also many people. + +</p> +<p>Now Lumawig looked down from his place in the sky and saw that his sons had flooded the earth and that in all the world there +was just one spot which was not covered. And he saw that all the people in the world had been drowned except one brother and +sister who lived in Pokis. +<a id="d0e2795"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2795">103</a>]</span></p> +<p>Then Lumawig descended, and he called to the boy +and girl, saying: + +</p> +<p>“Oh, you are still alive.” + +</p> +<p>“Yes,” answered the boy, “we are still alive, but we are very cold.” + +</p> +<p>So Lumawig commanded his dog and deer to get fire<a id="d0e2804src" href="#d0e2804" class="noteref">7</a> for the boy and girl. The dog and the deer swam quickly away, but though Lumawig waited a long time they did not return, +and all the time the boy and girl were growing colder. + +</p> +<p>Finally Lumawig himself went after the dog and the deer, and when he reached them he said: + +</p> +<p>“Why are you so long in bringing the fire to Pokis? Get ready and come quickly while I watch you, for the boy and girl are +very cold.” + +</p> +<p>Then the dog and the deer took the fire and started to swim through the flood, but when they had gone only a little way the +fire was put out. + +</p> +<p>Lumawig commanded them to get more fire and they did so, but they swam only a little way again when that of the deer went +out, and that of the dog would have been extinguished also had not Lumawig gone quickly to him and taken it. + +</p> +<p>As soon as Lumawig reached Pokis he built a big fire which warmed the brother and sister; and the <a id="d0e2817"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2817">104</a>]</span>water evaporated so that the world was as it was before, except that now there were mountains. The brother and sister married +and had children, and thus there came to be many people on the earth. +<a id="d0e2819"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2819">105</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e2820"> +<h3 class="normal">Lumawig on Earth</h3> +<p><i>Igorot</i> + + +</p> +<p>One day when Lumawig,<a id="d0e2829src" href="#d0e2829" class="noteref">8</a> the Great Spirit, looked down from his place in the sky he saw two sisters gathering beans. And he decided to go down to +visit them. When he arrived at the place he asked them what they were doing. The younger, whose name was Fukan, answered: + +</p> +<p>“We are gathering beans, but it takes a long time to get enough, for my sister wants to go bathing all the time.” + +</p> +<p>Then Lumawig said to the older sister: + +</p> +<p>“Hand me a single pod of the beans.” + +</p> +<p>And when she had given it to him, he shelled it into the basket and immediately the basket was full.<a id="d0e2843src" href="#d0e2843" class="noteref">9</a> The younger sister laughed at this, and Lumawig said to her: + +</p> +<p>“Give me another pod and another basket.” + +</p> +<p>She did so, and when he had shelled the pod, that basket was full also. Then he said to the younger sister: + +</p> +<p>“Go home and get three more baskets.” + +</p> +<p>She went home, but when she asked for three more baskets her mother said that the beans were few and <a id="d0e2857"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2857">106</a>]</span>she could not need so many. Then Fukan told her of the young man who could fill a basket from one pod of beans, and the father, +who heard her story, said: + +</p> +<p>“Go bring the young man here, for I think he must be a god.” + +</p> +<p>So Fukan took the three baskets back to Lumawig, and when he had filled them as he did the other two, he helped the girls +carry them to the house. As they reached their home, he stopped outside to cool himself, but the father called to him and +he went up into the house and asked for some water. The father brought him a cocoanut shell full, and before drinking Lumawig +looked at it and said: + +</p> +<p>“If I stay here with you, I shall become very strong.” + +</p> +<p>The next morning Lumawig asked to see their chickens, and when they opened the chicken-coop out came a hen and many little +chicks. “Are these all of your chickens?” asked Lumawig; and the father assured him that they were all. He then bade them +bring rice meal that he might feed them, and as the chickens ate they all grew rapidly till they were cocks and hens. + +</p> +<p>Next Lumawig asked how many pigs they had, and the father replied that they had one with some little ones. Then Lumawig bade +them fill a pail with sweet potato leaves and he fed the pigs. And as they ate they also grew to full size. + +</p> +<p>The father was so pleased with all these things that he offered his elder daughter to Lumawig for a wife. But the Great Spirit +said he preferred to marry the younger; so that was arranged. Now when his brother-in-law <a id="d0e2871"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2871">107</a>]</span>learned that Lumawig desired a feast at his wedding, he was very angry and said: + +</p> +<p>“Where would you get food for your wedding feast? There is no rice, nor beef, nor pork, nor chicken,” + +</p> +<p>But Lumawig only answered, “I shall provide our wedding feast.” + +</p> +<p>In the morning they all set out for Lanao, for Lumawig did not care to stay any longer in the house with his brother-in-law. +As soon as they arrived he sent out for some tree trunks, but the trees that the people brought in were so small that Lumawig +himself went to the forest and cut two large pine trees which he hurled to Lanao. + +</p> +<p>When the people had built a fire of the trees he commanded them to bring ten kettles filled with water. Soon the water was +boiling hot and the brother-in-law laughed and said: + +</p> +<p>“Where is your rice? You have the boiling water, but you do not seem to think of the rice.” + +</p> +<p>In answer to this Lumawig took a small basket of rice and passed it over five kettles and they were full. Then he called “Yishtjau,” +and some deer came running out of the forest. These were not what he wanted, however, so he called again and some pigs came. +He told the people that they were each to catch one and for his brother-in-law he selected the largest and best. + +</p> +<p>They all set out in pursuit of the pigs and the others quickly caught theirs, but though the brother-in-law chased his until +he was very tired and hot he could not catch it Lumawig laughed at him and said: +<a id="d0e2887"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2887">108</a>]</span></p> +<p>“You chase that pig until he is thin and still you cannot catch it, though all the others have theirs.” + +</p> +<p>Thereupon he grasped the hind legs of the pig and lifted it. All the people laughed and the brother-in-law said: + +</p> +<p>“Of course you can catch it, because I chased it until it was tired.” + +</p> +<p>Lumawig then handed it to him and said, “Here, you carry it.” But no sooner had the brother-in-law put it over his shoulder +than it cut loose and ran away. + +</p> +<p>“Why did you let it go?” asked Lumawig. “Do you care nothing for it, even after I caught it for you? Catch it again and bring +it here.” + +</p> +<p>So the brother-in-law started out again, and he chased it up stream and down, but he could not catch it. Finally Lumawig reached +down and picked up the pig and carried it to the place where the others were cooking. + +</p> +<p>After they had all eaten and drunk and made their offerings to the spirits, Lumawig said: + +</p> +<p>“Come, let us go to the mountain to consult the omen concerning the northern tribes.” + +</p> +<p>So they consulted the omen, but it was not favorable, and they were starting home when the brother-in-law asked Lumawig to +create some water, as the people were hot and thirsty. + +</p> +<p>“Why do you not create water, Lumawig?” he repeated as Lumawig paid no attention to him. “You care nothing that the people +are thirsty and in need of drink.” +<a id="d0e2908"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2908">109</a>]</span></p> +<p>Then they quarreled and were very angry and Lumawig +said to the people, “Let us sit down and rest.” + +</p> +<p>While they rested, Lumawig struck the rock with his spear and water came out.<a id="d0e2913src" href="#d0e2913" class="noteref">10</a> The brother-in-law jumped up to get a drink first, but Lumawig held him back and said he must be the last to drink. So they +all drank, and when they had finished, the brother-in-law stepped up, but Lumawig gave him a push which sent him into the +rock and water came from his body. + +</p> +<p>“You must stay there,” said Lumawig, “because you have troubled me a great deal.” And they went home, leaving him in the rock. + +</p> +<p>Some time after this Lumawig decided to go back to the sky to live, but before he went he took care that his wife should have +a home. He made a coffin of wood<a id="d0e2920src" href="#d0e2920" class="noteref">11</a> and placed her in it with a dog at her feet and a cock at her head. And as he set it floating on the water,<a id="d0e2923src" href="#d0e2923" class="noteref">12</a> he told it not to stop until it reached Tinglayen. Then, if the foot end struck first, the dog should bark; <a id="d0e2929"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2929">110</a>]</span>and if the head end was the first to strike, the cock should crow. So it floated away, and on and on, until it came to Tinglayen. + +</p> +<p>Now a widower was sharpening his ax on the bank of the river, and when he saw the coffin stop, he went to fish it out of the +water. On shore he started to open it, but Fugan cried out, “Do not drive a wedge, for I am here,” So the widower opened it +carefully and took Fugan up to the town, and then as he had no wife of his own, he married her. +<a id="d0e2933"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2933">111</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e2934"> +<h3 class="normal">How the First Head was Taken<a id="d0e2937src" href="#d0e2937" class="noteref">13</a></h3> +<p><i>Igorot</i> + + +</p> +<p>One day the Moon, who was a woman named Kabigat, sat out in the yard making a large copper pot. The copper was still soft +and pliable like clay, and the woman squatted on the ground with the heavy pot against her knees while she patted and shaped +it.<a id="d0e2945src" href="#d0e2945" class="noteref">14</a> + +</p> +<p>Now while she was working a son of Chal-chal, the Sun, came by and stopped to watch her mould the form. Against the inside +of the jar she pressed a stone, while on the outside with a wooden paddle dripping with water she pounded and slapped until +she had worked down the bulges and formed a smooth surface. + +</p> +<p>The boy was greatly interested in seeing the jar grow larger, more beautiful, and smoother with each stroke, and he stood +still for some time. Suddenly the Moon looked up and saw him watching her. Instantly she struck him with her paddle, cutting +off his head. + +</p> +<p>Now the Sun was not near, but he knew as soon as <a id="d0e2954"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2954">112</a>]</span>the Moon had cut off his son’s head. And hurrying to the spot, he put the boy’s head back on, and he was alive again. + +</p> +<p>Then the Sun said to the Moon, “You cut off my son’s head, and because you did this ever after on the earth people will cut +off each other’s heads.” +<a id="d0e2958"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2958">113</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e2959"> +<h3 class="normal">The Serpent Eagle<a id="d0e2962src" href="#d0e2962" class="noteref">15</a></h3> +<p><i>Igorot</i> + + +</p> +<p>Once there lived two boys whose mother sent them every day to the forest to get wood<a id="d0e2970src" href="#d0e2970" class="noteref">16</a> for her fires. Each morning, as they started out, she gave them some food for their trip, but it was always poor and there +was little of it, and she would say: + +</p> +<p>“The wood that you brought yesterday was so poor that I cannot give you much to eat today.” + +</p> +<p>The boys tried very hard to please her, but if they brought nice pine wood she scolded them, and if they brought large dry +reeds she said: + +</p> +<p>“These are no good for my fire, for they leave too much ashes in the house.” + +</p> +<p>Try as they would, they failed to satisfy her; and their bodies grew very thin from working hard all day and from want of +enough to eat. + +</p> +<p>One morning when they left for the mountains the mother gave them a bit of dog meat to eat, and the boys were very sad. When +they reached the forest one of them said: +<a id="d0e2983"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e2983">114</a>]</span></p> +<p>“You wait here while I climb the tree and cut off some branches.” + + +</p> +<p></p> +<div id="d0e2987" class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/p124.jpg" alt="Type of Mandaya tree house" width="508" height="720"><p class="figureHead">Type of Mandaya tree house</p> +</div><p> + + +</p> +<p>He went up the tree and soon called down, “Here is some wood,” and the bones of his arm dropped to the ground. + +</p> +<p>“Oh,” cried his brother, “it is your arm!” + +</p> +<p>“Here is some more wood,” cried the other, and the bones of the other arm dropped to the ground. + +</p> +<p>Then he called again, and the bones of his leg fell, then those of his other leg, and so on till all the bones of his body +lay on the ground. + +</p> +<p>“Take these home,” he said, “and tell the woman that here is her wood; she only wanted my bones.” + +</p> +<p>The younger boy was very sad, for he was alone, and there was no one to go down the mountain with him. He gathered up the +bundle of wood, wondering meanwhile what he should do, but just as he finished a serpent eagle called down from the tree tops: + +</p> +<p>“I will go with you, Brother.” + +</p> +<p>So the boy put the bundle of wood on his shoulder, and as he was going down the mountain, his brother, who was now a serpent +eagle, flew over his head. When he reached the house, he put down the bundle and said to his mother: + +</p> +<p>“Here is your wood.” + +</p> +<p>When she looked at it she was very much frightened and ran out of the house. + +</p> +<p>Then the serpent eagle circled round and round above her head and called: + +</p> +<p>“Quiukok! quiukok! quiukok! I do not need your food any more.” + + +</p> +<p></p> +<div id="d0e3016" class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/p125.jpg" alt="Swinging bridge over Padada river" width="720" height="446"><p class="figureHead">Swinging bridge over Padada river</p> +</div><p> + + +<a id="d0e3020"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3020">115</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e3021"> +<h3 class="normal">The Tattooed Men<a id="d0e3024src" href="#d0e3024" class="noteref">17</a></h3> +<p><i>Igorot</i> + +</p> +<p>Once there were two young men, very good friends, who were unhappy because neither of them had been tattooed.<a id="d0e3032src" href="#d0e3032" class="noteref">18</a> They felt that they were not as beautiful as their friends. + +</p> +<p>One day they agreed to tattoo each other. One marked the breast and back of the other, his arms and legs, and even his face. +And when he had finished, he took soot off the bottom of a cooking-pot and rubbed it into all the marks; and he was tattooed +beautifully. + +</p> +<p>The one who had done the work said to the other: + +</p> +<p>“Now, my friend, you are very beautiful, and you must tattoo me.” + +</p> +<p>Then the tattooed one scraped a great pile of black soot off the cooking-pots, and before the other knew what he was about, +he had rubbed it all over him from the top of his head to the bottom of his feet; and he <a id="d0e3043"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3043">116</a>]</span>was very black and greasy. The one who was covered with soot became very angry and cried: + +</p> +<p>“Why do you treat me so when I tattooed you so carefully?” + +</p> +<p>They began to fight, but suddenly the beautifully tattooed one became a great lizard which ran away and hid in the tall grass, +while the sooty one became a crow and flew away over the village.<a id="d0e3049src" href="#d0e3049" class="noteref">19</a> +<a id="d0e3052"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3052">117</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e3053"> +<h3 class="normal">Tilin, The Rice Bird<a id="d0e3056src" href="#d0e3056" class="noteref">20</a></h3> +<p><i>Igorot</i> + + +</p> +<p>One day when a mother was pounding out rice to cook for supper, her little girl ran up to her and cried: + +</p> +<p>“Oh, Mother, give me some of the raw rice to eat.” + +</p> +<p>“No,” said the mother, “it is not good for you to eat until it is cooked. Wait for supper.” + +</p> +<p>But the little girl persisted until the mother, out of patience, cried: + +</p> +<p>“Be still. It is not good for you to talk so much!” + +</p> +<p>When she had finished pounding the rice, the woman poured it into a rice winnower and tossed it many times into the air. As +soon as the chaff was removed she emptied the rice into her basket and covered it with the winnower. Then she took the jar +upon her head, and started for the spring to get water. + +</p> +<p>Now the little girl was fond of going to the spring with her mother, for she loved to play in the cool water while her mother +filled the jars. But this time she did not go, and as soon as the woman was out of sight, she ran to the basket of rice. She +reached down <a id="d0e3076"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3076">118</a>]</span>to take a handful of the grain. The cover slipped so that she fell, and was covered up in the basket. + +</p> +<p>When the mother returned to the house, she heard a bird crying, “King, king, nik! nik! nik!” She listened carefully, and as +the sound seemed to come from the basket, she removed the cover. To her surprise, out hopped a little brown rice bird, and +as it flew away it kept calling back: + +</p> +<p>“Goodbye, Mother; goodbye, Mother. You would not give me any rice to eat.” +<a id="d0e3082"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3082">119</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2735" href="#d0e2735src" class="noteref">1</a></span> Lumawig is the greatest of all spirits and now lives in the sky, though for a time his home was in the Igorot village of Bontoc, +He married a Bontoc girl, and the stones of their house are still to be seen in the village. It was Lumawig who created the +Igorot, and ever since he has taken a great interest in them, teaching them how to overcome the forces of nature, how to plant, +to reap and, in fact, everything that they know. Once each month a ceremony is held in his honor in a sacred grove, whose +trees are believed to have sprung from the graves of his children. Here prayers are offered for health, good crops, and success +in battle. A close resemblance exists between Lumawig of the Igorot and Kaboniyan of the Tinguian, the former being sometimes +called Kambun’yan. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2738" href="#d0e2738src" class="noteref">2</a></span> The Bukidnon of Mindanao have the following story: During a great drought Mampolompon could grow nothing on his clearing except +one bamboo, and during a high wind this was broken. From this bamboo came a dog and a woman, who were the ancestors of the +Moro. See “<a href="#d0e4043">The White Squash</a>,” <a href="#d0e4061">note 1, p. 186</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2755" href="#d0e2755src" class="noteref">3</a></span> At the north end of the village of Mayinit are a number of brackish hot springs, and from these the people secure the salt +which has made the spot famous for miles around. Stones are placed in the shallow streams flowing from these springs, and +when they have become encrusted with salt (about once a month) they are washed and the water is evaporated by boiling. The +salt, which is then a thick paste, is formed into cakes and baked near the fire for about half an hour, when it is ready for +use. It is the only salt in this section, and is in great demand. Even hostile tribes come to a hill overlooking the town +and call down, then deposit whatever they have for trade and withdraw, while the Igorot take up the salt and leave it in place +of the trade articles. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2762" href="#d0e2762src" class="noteref">4</a></span> The women of Samoki are known as excellent potters, and their ware is used over a wide area. From a pit on a hillside to the +north of the village they dig a reddish-brown clay, which they mix with a bluish mineral gathered on another hillside. When +thoroughly mixed, this clay is placed on a board on the ground, and the potter, kneeling before it, begins her moulding. Great +patience and skill are required to bring the vessel to the desired shape. When it is completed it is set in the sun to dry +for two or three days, after which it is ready for the baking. The new pots are piled tier above tier on the ground and blanketed +with grass tied into bundles. Then pine bark is burned beneath and around the pile for about an hour, when the ware is sufficiently +fired. It is then glazed with resin and is ready to market. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2779" href="#d0e2779src" class="noteref">5</a></span> The mythology of nearly all peoples has a flood story. For the Tinguian account see <a href="#d0e2804">note on page 103</a>. For the Bukidnon story see <a href="#d0e3139">p. 125</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2790" href="#d0e2790src" class="noteref">6</a></span> A bamboo basket, in which the heads of victims are kept prior to the head-taking celebration. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2804" href="#d0e2804src" class="noteref">7</a></span> The folk-lore of all countries has some story accounting for the acquisition of fire. The Tinguian tale is as follows: Once +in the very old times Kaboniyan sent a flood which covered all the land. Then there was no place for the fire to stay, so +it went into the bamboo, the stones, and iron. That is why one who knows how can still get fire out of bamboo and stones. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2829" href="#d0e2829src" class="noteref">8</a></span> See <a href="#d0e2735">note 1, p. 99</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2843" href="#d0e2843src" class="noteref">9</a></span> The magical increase of food is a popular subject with the Tinguian, appearing in many of their folk-tales. See <a href="#d0e1794">note 2, p. 48</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2913" href="#d0e2913src" class="noteref">10</a></span> Note the similarity to the story of Moses in this account of Lumawig striking the rock and water coming out. There is a possibility +that this incident was added to the story after the advent of the Catholic missionaries. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2920" href="#d0e2920src" class="noteref">11</a></span> Usually one or more new coffins can be found in an Igorot village. They are made from a log split in two lengthwise, each +half being hollowed out. Since their manufacture requires some days, it is necessary to prepare them ahead of time. After +the body is put in, the cover is tied on with rattan and the chinks sealed with mud and lime. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2923" href="#d0e2923src" class="noteref">12</a></span> A somewhat similar idea is found among the Kulaman of southern Mindanao. Here when an important man dies he is placed in a +coffin, which resembles a small boat, the coffin being then fastened on high poles near the sea. See Cole, <i>Wild Tribes of Davao District, Mindanao</i>, Pub. Field Museum of Nat Hist, Vol. XII, No. 2, 1913. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2937" href="#d0e2937src" class="noteref">13</a></span> This story, first recorded by Dr. A.E. Jenks, gives the origin of the custom of head-hunting, which plays such an important +part in the life of the Igorot. The Igorot claim to have taken heads ever since Lumawig lived on earth and taught them to +go to war, and they declare that it makes them brave and manly. The return of a successful war party is the signal for a great +celebration. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2945" href="#d0e2945src" class="noteref">14</a></span> This is also the common way of making pottery. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2962" href="#d0e2962src" class="noteref">15</a></span> Here we have a story, recorded by Dr. A.E. Jenks, with a twofold value: it is told to the children as a warning against stinginess, +and it also explains the origin of the serpent eagle. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e2970" href="#d0e2970src" class="noteref">16</a></span> There is no jungle in the greater part of the Igorot country, the mountains being covered by cogon grass with occasional pine +trees. At a distance these have a strange appearance, for only the bushy tops are left, the lower branches being cut off for +fuel. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3024" href="#d0e3024src" class="noteref">17</a></span> First recorded by Dr. A.E. Jenks. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3032" href="#d0e3032src" class="noteref">18</a></span> Tattooing is a painful process, but Igorot men, women, and children willingly submit to it for the sake of beauty. The design +is first drawn on the skin with an ink made of soot and water: then the skin is pricked through the pattern and the soot is +rubbed into the wounds. Various designs appear on the face, arms, stomach, and other parts of the body, but the most important +of all markings is that on the breast of an Igorot man. This designates him as the taker of at least one human head, and he +is thus shown to be worthy of the respect of his tribe. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3049" href="#d0e3049src" class="noteref">19</a></span> This story also accounts for the origin of the crow and the lizard, both of which are common in the Igorot country. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3056" href="#d0e3056src" class="noteref">20</a></span> This story, first recorded by Dr. A.E. Jenks, while it explain the origin of the little rice bird, also points a moral, namely, +that there is punishment for the disobedient child. +</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="d0e3083" class="div1"><span class="pagenum"> +[<a href="#d0e166">Contents</a>] +</span><h2 class="normal">Wild Tribes of Mindanao</h2><a id="d0e3087"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3087">121</a>]</span><div class="div2"> +<h3 class="normal">Introduction</h3> +<p>About one thousand miles to the south and east of the Tinguian and Igorot is the Island of Mindanao, which is inhabited by +mortals and immortals entirely unknown to the mountain tribes of the north. + +</p> +<p>In the northern part of this great island are the Bukidnon—timid, wild people who, attacked from time to time by the Moro +on one side and the Manobo on the other, have drawn back into scattered homes in the hills. Here they live in poor dwellings +raised high from the ground. Some even build in trees, their sheltered and secret positions making them less subject to attack. + +</p> +<p>They are not a warlike people, and their greatest concern is for the good will of the numerous spirits who watch over their +every act. At times they gather a little hemp or coffee from the hillside or along the stream bank and carry it to the coast +to exchange for the bright cloth which they make into gay clothes. But they do not love work, and the most of their time is +spent in resting or attending ceremonies made to gain the good will of the immortals. + +</p> +<p>In this country the belief prevails that there are spirits in the stones, in the baliti trees, in the vines, the cliffs, and +even the caves. And never does a man start on a journey or make a clearing on the mountain side until he has first besought +these spirits not to be angry <a id="d0e3099"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3099">122</a>]</span>with him but to favor him with prosperity and bring good crops. + +</p> +<p>The greatest of the spirits is Diwata Magbabaya, who is so awe-inspiring that his name is never mentioned above a whisper. +He lives in the sky in a house made of coins, and there are no windows in this building, for if men should look upon him they +would melt into water. + +</p> +<p>About the Gulf of Davao, in the southeastern part of this island, are a number of small tribes, each differing somewhat from +the other in customs and beliefs. Of these the most influential are the Bagobo who dwell on the lower slopes of Mt. Apo, the +highest peak in the Philippines. They are very industrious, forging excellent knives, casting fine articles in brass, and +weaving beautiful hemp cloth which they make into elaborate garments decorated with beads and shell disks. + +</p> +<p>The men are great warriors, each gaining distinction among his people according to the number of human lives he has taken. +A number of them dress in dark red suits and peculiar headbands which they are permitted to wear only after they have taken +six lives. Notwithstanding their bravery in battle, these people fear and have great respect for the numerous spirits who +rule over their lives. + +</p> +<p>From a great fissure in the side of Mt. Apo, clouds of sulphur fumes are constantly rising, and it is believed to be in this +fissure that Mandarangan and his wife Darago live—evil beings who look after the fortunes of the warriors. These spirits are +feared and <a id="d0e3109"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3109">123</a>]</span>great care is taken to appease them with offerings, while once a year a human sacrifice is made to them. + +</p> +<p>The following tales show something of the beliefs of these and the neighboring tribes in Mindanao. +<a id="d0e3113"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3113">124</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e3114"> +<h3 class="normal">How the Moon and the Stars Came to Be</h3> +<p><i>Bukidnon</i> (<i>Mindanao</i>) + + +</p> +<p>One day in the times when the sky was close to the ground a spinster went out to pound rice.<a id="d0e3126src" href="#d0e3126" class="noteref">1</a> Before she began her work, she took off the beads from around her neck and the comb from her hair, and hung them on the sky, +which at that time looked like coral rock. + +</p> +<p>Then she began working, and each time that she raised her pestle into the air it struck the sky. For some time she pounded +the rice, and then she raised the pestle so high that it struck the sky very hard. + +</p> +<p>Immediately the sky began to rise,<a id="d0e3133src" href="#d0e3133" class="noteref">2</a> and it went up so far that she lost her ornaments. Never did they come down, for the comb became the moon and the beads are +the stars that are scattered about. + + +<a id="d0e3139"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3139">125</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e3140"> +<h3 class="normal">The Flood Story</h3> +<p><i>Bukidnon</i> (<i>Mindanao</i>) + + +</p> +<p>A long time ago there was a very big crab<a id="d0e3152src" href="#d0e3152" class="noteref">3</a> which crawled into the sea. And when he went in he crowded the water out so that it ran all over the earth and covered all +the land. + +</p> +<p>Now about one moon before this happened, a wise man had told the people that they must build a large raft.<a id="d0e3157src" href="#d0e3157" class="noteref">4</a> They did as he commanded and cut many large trees, until they had enough to make three layers. These they bound tightly together, +and when it was done they fastened the raft with a long rattan cord to a big pole in the earth. + +</p> +<p>Soon after this the floods came. White water poured out of the hills, and the sea rose and covered even the highest mountains. +The people and animals on the raft were safe, but all the others drowned. +<a id="d0e3169"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3169">126</a>]</span></p> +<p>When the waters went down and the raft was again on the ground, it was near their old home, for the rattan cord had held. + +</p> +<p>But these were the only people left on the whole earth. +<a id="d0e3174"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3174">127</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e3175"> +<h3 class="normal">Magbangal<a id="d0e3178src" href="#d0e3178" class="noteref">5</a></h3> +<p><i>Bukidnon</i> (<i>Mindanao</i>) + + +</p> +<p>Magbangal was a good hunter, and he often went to a certain hill where he killed wild pigs for food. One night as it was nearing +the planting season, he sat in his house thinking, and after a long time he called to his wife. She came to him, and he said: + +</p> +<p>“Tomorrow I shall go to the hill and clear the land for our planting, but I wish you to stay here.” + +</p> +<p>“Oh, let me go with you,” begged his wife, “for you have no other companion.” +<a id="d0e3196"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3196">128</a>]</span></p> +<p>“No,” said Magbangal, “I wish to go alone, and you must stay at home.” + +</p> +<p>So finally his wife agreed, and in the morning she arose early to prepare food for him. When the rice was cooked and the fish +ready she called him to come and eat, but he said: + +</p> +<p>“No, I do not want to eat now, but I will return this afternoon and you must have it ready for me.” + +</p> +<p>Then he gathered up his ten hatchets and bolos,<a id="d0e3205src" href="#d0e3205" class="noteref">6</a> a sharpening stone, and a bamboo tube for water, and started for the hill. Upon reaching his land he cut some small trees +to make a bench. When it was finished, he sat down on it and said to the bolos, “You bolos must sharpen yourselves on the +stone.” And the bolos went to the stone and were sharpened. Then to the hatchets he said, “You hatchets must be sharpened,” +and they also sharpened themselves. + +</p> +<p>When all were ready, he said: “Now you bolos cut all the small brush under the trees, and you hatchets must cut the large +trees.” So the bolos and the hatchets went to work, and from his place on the bench Magbangal could see the land being cleared. + +</p> +<p>Magbangal’s wife was at work in their house weaving a skirt, but when she heard the trees continually falling she stopped +to listen and thought to herself, “My husband must have found many people to help him clear our land. When he left here, he +was alone, but surely he cannot cut down the trees so fast. I will see who is helping him.” +<a id="d0e3212"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3212">129</a>]</span></p> +<p>She left the house and walked rapidly toward the field, but as she drew nearer she proceeded more slowly, and finally stopped +behind a tree. From her hiding-place, she could see her husband asleep on the bench, and she could also see that the bolos +and hatchets were cutting the trees with no hands to guide them. + +</p> +<p>“Oh,” said she, “Magbangal is very powerful. Never before have I seen bolos and hatchets working without hands, and he never +told me of his power.” + +</p> +<p>Suddenly she saw her husband jump up, and, seizing a bolo, he cut off one of his own arms. He awoke and sat up and said: + +</p> +<p>“Someone must be looking at me, for one of my arms is cut off.” + +</p> +<p>When he saw his wife he knew that she was the cause of his losing his arm, and as they went home together, he exclaimed: + +</p> +<p>“Now I am going away. It is better for me to go to the sky where I can give the sign to the people when it is time to plant; +and you must go to the water and become a fish.” + +</p> +<p>Soon after he went to the sky and became the constellation Magbangal; and ever since, when the people see these stars appear +in the sky, they know that it is time to plant their rice. +<a id="d0e3227"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3227">130</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e3228"> +<h3 class="normal">How Children Became Monkeys</h3> +<p><i>Bukidnon</i> (<i>Mindanao</i>) + + +</p> +<p>One day a mother took her two children with her when she went to color cloth. Not far from her home was a mud hole<a id="d0e3240src" href="#d0e3240" class="noteref">7</a> where the carabao liked to wallow, and to this hole she carried her cloth, some dye pots, and two shell spoons. + +</p> +<p>After she had put the cloth into the mud to let it take up the dark color, she built a fire and put over it a pot containing +water and the leaves used for dyeing. Then she sat down to wait for the water to boil, while the children played near by. + +</p> +<p>By and by when she went to stir the leaves with a shell spoon, some of the water splashed up and burned her hand, so that +she jumped and cried out. This amused the children and their laughter changed them into monkeys, and the spoons became their +tails.<a id="d0e3247src" href="#d0e3247" class="noteref">8</a> + +</p> +<p>The nails of the monkeys are still black, because while they were children they had helped their mother dye the cloth. +<a id="d0e3252"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3252">131</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e3253"> +<h3 class="normal">Bulanawan and Aguio</h3> +<p><i>Bukidnon</i> (<i>Mindanao</i>) + + +</p> +<p>Langgona and his wife had twin boys named Bulanawan and Aguio. One day, when they were about two years old, the mother took +Bulanawan to the field with her when she went to pick cotton. She spread the fiber she had gathered the day before on the +ground to dry near the child, and while she was getting more a great wind suddenly arose which wound the cotton around the +baby and carried him away. Far away to a distant land the wind took Bulanawan, and in that place he grew up. When he was a +man, he became a great warrior.<a id="d0e3265src" href="#d0e3265" class="noteref">9</a> + +</p> +<p>One day while Bulanawan and his wife were walking along the seashore, they sat down to rest on a large, flat rock, and Bulanawan +fell asleep. Now Aguio, the twin brother of Bulanawan, had become a great warrior also, and he went on a journey to this distant +land, not knowing that his brother was there. It happened that he was walking along the seashore in his war-dress <a id="d0e3270src" href="#d0e3270" class="noteref">10</a> on this same day, and when he saw <a id="d0e3275"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3275">132</a>]</span>the woman sitting on the large, flat rock, he thought her very beautiful, and he determined to steal her. + +</p> +<p>As he drew near he asked her to give him some of her husband’s betel-nut to chew, and when she refused he went forward to +fight her husband, not knowing they were brothers. As soon as his wife awakened him Bulanawan sprang up, seized her, put her +in the cuff of his sleeve,<a id="d0e3279src" href="#d0e3279" class="noteref">11</a> and came forth ready to fight. Aguio grew very angry at this, and they fought until their weapons were broken, and the earth +trembled. + +</p> +<p>Now the two brothers of the rivals felt the earth tremble although they were far away, and each feared that his brother was +in trouble. One was in the mountains and he started at once for the sea; the other was in a far land, but he set out in a +boat for the scene of the trouble. + +</p> +<p>They arrived at the same time at the place of battle, and they immediately joined in it. Then the trembling of the earth increased +so much that Langgona, the father of Aguio and Bulanawan, sought out the spot and tried to make peace. But he only seemed +to make matters worse, and they all began fighting him. So great did the disturbance become that the earth was in danger of +falling to pieces. + +</p> +<p>Then it was that the father of Langgona came and settled the trouble, and when all were at peace again they discovered that +Aguio and Bulanawan were brothers and the grandsons of the peacemaker. +<a id="d0e3291"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3291">133</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e3292"> +<h3 class="normal">Origin</h3> +<p><i>Bagobo</i> (<i>Mindanao</i>) + + +</p> +<p>In the beginning there lived one man and one woman, Toglai and Toglibon. Their first children were a boy and a girl. When +they were old enough, the boy and the girl went far away across the waters seeking a good place to live in. Nothing more was +heard of them until their children, the Spaniards and Americans, came back. After the first boy and girl left, other children +were born to the couple, but they all remained at Cibolan on Mt. Apo with their parents, until Toglai and Toglibon died and +became spirits. + +</p> +<p>Soon after that there came a great drought which lasted for three years. All the waters dried up, so that there were no rivers, +and no plants could live. + +</p> +<p>“Surely,” said the people, “Manama is punishing us and we must go elsewhere to find food and a place to dwell in.” + +</p> +<p>So they started out. Two went in the direction of the sunset, carrying with them stones from Cibolan River. After a long journey +they reached a place where were broad fields of cogon grass and an abundance of water, and there they made their home. Their +children still live in that place and are called Magindanau, because of the stones which the couple carried when they left +Cibolan. + +</p> +<p>Two children of Toglai and Toglibon went to the <a id="d0e3312"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3312">134</a>]</span>south, seeking a home, and they carried with them women’s baskets (baraan). When they found a good spot, they settled down. +Their descendants, still dwelling at that place, are called Baraan or Bilaan, because of the women’s baskets. + +</p> +<p>So two by two the children of the first couple left the land of their birth. In the place where each settled a new people +developed, and thus it came about that all the tribes in the world received their names from things that the people carried +out of Cibolan, or from the places where they settled. + +</p> +<p>All the children left Mt. Apo save two (a boy and a girl), whom hunger and thirst had made too weak to travel. One day when +they were about to die the boy crawled out to the field to see if there was one living thing, and to his surprise he found +a stalk of sugar-cane growing lustily. He eagerly cut it, and enough water came out to refresh him and his sister until the +rains came. Because of this, their children are called Bagobo.<a id="d0e3318src" href="#d0e3318" class="noteref">12</a> +<a id="d0e3321"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3321">135</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e3322"> +<h3 class="normal">Lumabet</h3> +<p><i>Bagobo</i> (<i>Mindanao</i>) + + +</p> +<p>Soon after people were created on the earth, there was born a child named Lumabet, who lived to be a very, very old man. He +could talk when he was but one day old, and all his life he did wonderful things until the people came to believe that he +had been sent by Manama, the Great Spirit. + +</p> +<p>When Lumabet was still a young man he had a fine dog, and he enjoyed nothing so much as taking him to the mountains to hunt. +One day the dog noticed a white deer. Lumabet and his companions started in pursuit, but the deer was very swift and they +could not catch it. On and on they went until they had gone around the world, and still the deer was ahead. One by one his +companions dropped out of the chase, but Lumabet would not give up until he had the deer. + +</p> +<p>All the time he had but one banana and one camote (sweet potato) for food, but each night he planted the skins of these, and +in the morning he found a banana tree with ripe fruit and a sweet potato large enough to eat. So he kept on until he had been +around the world nine times, and he was an old man and his hair was gray. At last he caught the deer, and then <a id="d0e3338"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3338">136</a>]</span>he called all the people to a great feast, to see the animal. + +</p> +<p>While all were making merry, Lumabet told them to take a knife and kill his father. They were greatly surprised, but did as +he commanded, and when the old man was dead, Lumabet waved his headband over him and he came to life again. Eight times they +killed the old man at Lumabet’s command, and the eighth time he was small like a little boy, for each time they had cut off +some of his flesh. They all wondered very much at Lumabet’s power, and they were certain that he was a god. + +</p> +<p>One morning some spirits came to talk with Lumabet, and after they had gone he called the people to come into his house. + +</p> +<p>“We cannot all come in,” said the people, “for your house is small and we are many.” + +</p> +<p>“There is plenty of room,” said he; so all went in and to their surprise it did not seem crowded. + +</p> +<p>Then he told the people that he was going on a long journey and that all who believed he had great power could go with him, +while all who remained behind would be changed into animals and buso.<a id="d0e3350src" href="#d0e3350" class="noteref">13</a> He started out, many following him, and it was as he said. <a id="d0e3356"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3356">137</a>]</span>For those that refused to go were immediately changed into animals and buso. + +</p> +<p>He led the people far away across the ocean to a place where the earth and the sky meet. When they arrived they saw that the +sky moved up and down like a man opening and closing his jaws. + +</p> +<p>“Sky, you must go up,” commanded Lumabet. + +</p> +<p>But the sky would not obey. So the people could not go through. Finally Lumabet promised the sky that if he would let all +the others through, he might have the last man who tried to pass. Agreeing to this, the sky opened and the people entered. +But when near the last the sky shut down so suddenly that he caught not only the last man but also the long knife of the man +before. + +</p> +<p>On that same day, Lumabet’s son, who was hunting, did not know that his father had gone to the sky. When he was tired of the +chase, he wanted to go to his father, so he leaned an arrow against a baliti tree and sat down on it. Slowly it began to go +down and carried him to his father’s place, but when he arrived he could find no people. He looked here and there and could +find nothing but a gun made of gold.<a id="d0e3366src" href="#d0e3366" class="noteref">14</a> This made him very sorrowful and he did not know what to do until some white bees which were in the house said to him: + +</p> +<p>“You must not weep, for we can take you to the sky where your father is.” +<a id="d0e3371"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3371">138</a>]</span></p> +<p>So he did as they bade, and rode on the gun, and the bees flew away with him, until in three days they reached the sky. + +</p> +<p>Now, although most of the men who followed Lumabet were content to live in the sky, there was one who was very unhappy, and +all the time he kept looking down on the land below. The spirits made fun of him and wanted to take out his intestines so +that he would be like them and never die, but he was afraid and always begged to be allowed to go back home. + +</p> +<p>Finally Manama told the spirits to allow him to go, so they made a chain of the leaves of the karan grass and tied it to his +legs. Then they let him down slowly head first, and when he reached the ground he was no longer a man but an owl.<a id="d0e3378src" href="#d0e3378" class="noteref">15</a> +<a id="d0e3381"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3381">139</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e3382"> +<h3 class="normal">The Story of the Creation<a id="d0e3385src" href="#d0e3385" class="noteref">16</a></h3> +<p><i>Bilaan</i> (<i>Mindanao</i>) + + +</p> +<p>In the very beginning there lived a being so large that he can not be compared with any known thing. His name was Melu,<a id="d0e3396src" href="#d0e3396" class="noteref">17</a> and when he sat on the clouds, which were his home, he occupied all the space above. His teeth were pure gold, and because +he was very cleanly and continually rubbed himself with his hands, his skin became pure white. The dead skin which he rubbed +off his body<a id="d0e3399src" href="#d0e3399" class="noteref">18</a> was placed on one side in a pile, and by and by this pile became so large that he was annoyed and set himself to consider +what he could do with it. + +</p> +<p>Finally Melu decided to make the earth; so he worked very hard in putting the dead skin into shape, and when it was finished +he was so pleased with it that he determined to make two beings like himself, though smaller, to live on it. + +</p> +<p>Taking the remnants of the material left after <a id="d0e3409"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3409">140</a>]</span>making the earth he fashioned two men but just as they were all finished except their noses, Tau Tana from below the earth +appeared and wanted to help him. + +</p> +<p>Melu did not wish any assistance, and a great argument ensued. Tau Tana finally won his point and made the noses which he +placed on the people upside down. When all was finished, Melu and Tau Tana whipped the forms until they moved. Then Melu went +to his home above the clouds, and Tau Tana returned to his place below the earth. + +</p> +<p>All went well until one day a great rain came, and the people on the earth nearly drowned from the water which ran off their +heads into their noses. Melu, from his place on the clouds, saw their danger, and he came quickly to earth and saved their +lives by turning their noses the other side up. + +</p> +<p>The people were very grateful to him, and promised to do anything he should ask of them. Before he left for the sky, they +told him that they were very unhappy living on the great earth all alone, so he told them to save all the hair from their +heads and the dry skin from their bodies and the next time he came he would make them some companions. And in this way there +came to be a great many people on the earth. +<a id="d0e3417"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3417">141</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e3418"> +<h3 class="normal">In the Beginning</h3> +<p><i>Bilaan</i> (<i>Mindanao</i>) + + +</p> +<p>In the beginning there were four beings,<a id="d0e3430src" href="#d0e3430" class="noteref">19</a> and they lived on an island no larger than a hat. On this island there were no trees or grass or any other living thing besides +these four people and one bird.<a id="d0e3433src" href="#d0e3433" class="noteref">20</a> One day they sent this bird out across the waters to see what he could find, and when he returned he brought some earth, +a piece of rattan, and some fruit. + +</p> +<p>Melu, the greatest of the four, took the soil and shaped it and beat it with a paddle in the same manner in which a woman +shapes pots of clay, and when he finished he had made the earth. Then he planted the seeds from the fruit, and they grew until +there was much rattan and many trees bearing fruit. + +</p> +<p>The four beings watched the growth for a long time and were well pleased with the work, but finally Melu said: + +</p> +<p>“Of what use is this earth and all the rattan and fruit if there are no people?” + +</p> +<p>And the others replied, “Let us make some people out of wax.” + +</p> +<p>So they took some wax and worked long, fashioning it into forms, but when they brought them to the <a id="d0e3446"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3446">142</a>]</span>fire the wax melted, and they saw that men could not be made in that way. + +</p> +<p>Next they decided to try to use dirt in making people, and Melu and one of his companions began working on that. All went +well till they were ready to make the noses. The companion, who was working on that part, put them on upside down. Melu told +him that the people would drown if he left them that way, but he refused to change them. + +</p> +<p>When his back was turned, however, Melu seized the noses, one by one, and turned them as they now are. But he was in such +a hurry that he pressed his finger at the root, and it left a mark in the soft clay which you can still see on the faces of +people. +<a id="d0e3452"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3452">143</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e3453"> +<h3 class="normal">The Children of the Limokon<a id="d0e3456src" href="#d0e3456" class="noteref">21</a></h3> +<p><i>Mandaya</i> (<i>Mindanao</i>) + + +</p> +<p>In the very early days before there were any people on the earth, the limokon (a kind of dove)<a id="d0e3467src" href="#d0e3467" class="noteref">22</a> were very powerful and could talk like men though they looked like birds. One limokon laid two eggs, one at the mouth of +the Mayo River and one farther up its course. After some time these eggs hatched, and the one at the mouth of the river became +a man, while the other became a woman. + +</p> +<p>The man lived alone on the bank of the river for a long time, but he was very lonely and wished many times for a companion. +One day when he was crossing the river something was swept against his legs with such force that it nearly caused him to drown. +On examining it, he found that it was a hair, and he determined to go up the river and find whence it came. He traveled up +the stream, looking on both banks, until finally he found the woman, and he was <a id="d0e3472"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3472">144</a>]</span>very happy to think that at last he could have a companion. + +</p> +<p>They were married and had many children, who are the Mandaya still living along the Mayo River, + +<a id="d0e3476"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3476">145</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e3477"> +<h3 class="normal">The Sun and the Moon</h3> +<p><i>Mandaya</i> (<i>Mindanao</i>) + + +</p> +<p>The Sun and the Moon were married, but the Sun was very ugly and quarrelsome. One day he became angry at the Moon and started +to chase her. She ran very fast until she was some distance ahead of him, when she grew tired and he almost caught her. Ever +since he has been chasing her, at times almost reaching her, and again falling far behind. + +</p> +<p>The first child of the Sun and Moon was a large star, and he was like a man. One time the Sun, becoming angry at the star, +cut him up into small pieces and scattered him over the whole sky just as a woman scatters rice, and ever since there have +been many stars. + +</p> +<p>Another child of the Sun and Moon was a gigantic crab.<a id="d0e3493src" href="#d0e3493" class="noteref">23</a> He still lives and is so powerful that every time he opens and closes his eyes there is a flash of lightning. Most of the +time the crab lives in a large hole in the bottom of the sea, and when he is there we have high tide; but when he leaves the +hole, the waters rush in and there is low tide. His moving about also causes great waves on the surface of the sea. + +</p> +<p>The crab is quarrelsome like his father; and he sometimes becomes so angry with his mother, the <a id="d0e3498"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3498">146</a>]</span>Moon, that he tries to swallow her.<a id="d0e3500src" href="#d0e3500" class="noteref">24</a> When the people on earth, who are fond of the Moon, see the crab near her, they run out of doors and shout and beat on gongs +until he is frightened away, and thus the Moon is saved. +<a id="d0e3506"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3506">147</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e3507"> +<h3 class="normal">The Widow’s Son<a id="d0e3510src" href="#d0e3510" class="noteref">25</a></h3> +<p><i>Subanun</i> (<i>Mindanao</i>) + + +</p> +<p>In a little house at the edge of a village lived a widow with her only son, and they were very happy together. The son was +kind to his mother, and they made their living by growing rice in clearings on the mountain side and by hunting wild pig in +the forest. + +</p> +<p>One evening when their supply of meat was low, the boy said: + +</p> +<p>“Mother, I am going to hunt pig in the morning, and I wish you would prepare rice for me before daylight.” + +</p> +<p>So the widow rose early and cooked the rice, and at dawn the boy started out with his spear and dog. + +</p> +<p>Some distance from the village, he entered the thick forest. He walked on and on, ever on the lookout for game, but none appeared. +At last when he had traveled far and the sun was hot, he sat down on a rock to rest and took out his brass box<a id="d0e3529src" href="#d0e3529" class="noteref">26</a> to get a piece of betel-nut. He prepared the nut and leaf for chewing, and as he did so he wondered why it was that he had +been so unsuccessful that day. But even as he pondered he heard his dog barking sharply, and cramming <a id="d0e3532"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3532">148</a>]</span>the betel-nut into his mouth he leaped up and ran toward the dog. + +</p> +<p>As he drew near he could see that the game was a fine large pig, all black save its four legs which were white. He lifted +his spear and took aim, but before he could throw the pig started to run, and instead of going toward a water course it ran +straight up the mountain. The boy went on in hot pursuit, and when the pig paused he again took aim, but before he could throw +it ran on. + +</p> +<p>Six times the pig stopped just long enough for the boy to take aim, and then started on before he could throw. The seventh +time, however, it halted on the top of a large flat rock and the boy succeeded in killing it. + +</p> +<p>He tied its legs together with a piece of rattan and was about to start for home with the pig on his back, when to his surprise +a door in the large stone swung open and a man stepped out. + +</p> +<p>“Why have you killed my master’s pig?” asked the man. + +</p> +<p>“I did not know that this pig belonged to anyone,” replied the widow’s son. “I was hunting, as I often do, and when my dog +found the pig I helped him to catch it” + +</p> +<p>“Come in and see my master,” said the man, and the boy followed him into the stone where he found himself in a large room. +The ceiling and floor were covered with peculiar cloth that had seven wide stripes of red alternating with a like number of +yellow stripes. When the master of the place appeared his trousers <a id="d0e3546"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3546">149</a>]</span>were of seven colors,<a id="d0e3548src" href="#d0e3548" class="noteref">27</a> as were also his jacket and the kerchief about his head. + +</p> +<p>The master ordered betel-nut, and when it was brought they chewed together. Then he called for wine, and it was brought in +a jar so large that it had to be set on the ground under the house, and even then the top came so high above the floor that +they brought a seat for the widow’s son, and it raised him just high enough to drink from the reed in the top of the jar. +He drank seven cups of wine, and then they ate rice and fish and talked together. + +</p> +<p>The master did not blame the boy for killing the pig, and declared that he wished to make a brother of him. So they became +friends, and the boy remained seven days in the stone. At the end of that time, he said that he must return to his mother +who would be worried about him. In the early morning he left the strange house and started for home. + +</p> +<p>At first he walked briskly, but as the morning wore on he went more slowly, and finally when the sun was high he sat down +on a rock to rest. Suddenly looking up, he saw before him seven men each armed with a spear, a shield, and a sword. They were +dressed in different colors, and each man had eyes the same color as his clothes. The leader, who was dressed all in <a id="d0e3560"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3560">150</a>]</span>red with red eyes to match, spoke first, asking the boy where he was going. The boy replied that he was going home to his +mother who would be looking for him, and added: + +</p> +<p>“Now I ask where you are going, all armed ready for war.” + +</p> +<p>“We are warriors,” replied the man in red. “And we go up and down the world killing whatever we see that has life. Now that +we have met you, we must kill you also.” + +</p> +<p>The boy, startled by this strange speech, was about to answer when he heard a voice near him say: “Fight, for they will try +to kill you,” and upon looking up he saw his spear, shield, and sword which he had left at home. Then he knew that the command +came from a spirit, so he took his weapons and began to fight. For three days and nights they contended, and never before +had the seven seen one man so brave. On the fourth day the leader was wounded and fell dead, and then, one by one, the other +six fell. + +</p> +<p>When they were all killed, the widow’s son was so crazed with fighting that he thought no longer of returning home, but started +out to find more to slay. + +</p> +<p>In his wanderings he came to the home of a great giant whose house was already full of the men he had conquered in battle, +and he called up from outside: + +</p> +<p>“Is the master of the house at home? If he is, let him come out and fight.” + + +</p> +<p></p> +<div id="d0e3575" class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/p160-1.jpg" alt="A net maker" width="535" height="332"><p class="figureHead">A net maker</p> +</div><p> + +</p> +<p></p> +<div id="d0e3580" class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/p160-2.jpg" alt="Bringing water from the stream" width="536" height="329"><p class="figureHead">Bringing water from the stream</p> +</div><p> + + +</p> +<p>This threw the giant into a rage, and seizing his shield and his spear, the shaft of which was the trunk of a tree, he sprang +to the door and leaped to the <a id="d0e3586"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3586">151</a>]</span>ground, not waiting to go down the notched pole which served for steps. He looked around for his antagonist, and seeing only +the widow’s son he roared: + +</p> +<p>“Where is the man that wants to fight? That thing? It is only a fly!” + +</p> +<p>The boy did not stop to answer, but rushed at the giant with his knife; and for three days and nights they struggled, till +the giant fell, wounded at the waist. + +</p> +<p>After that the widow’s son stopped only long enough to burn the giant’s house, and then rushed on looking for someone else +to slay. Suddenly he again heard the voice which had bade him fight with the seven men, and this time it said: “Go home now, +for your mother is grieved at your absence.” In a rage he sprang forward with his sword, though he could see no enemy. Then +the spirit which had spoken to him made him sleep for a short time. When he awoke the rage was spent. + +</p> +<p>Again the spirit appeared, and it said: “The seven men whom you killed were sent to kill you by the spirit of the great stone, +for he looked in your hand and saw that you were to marry the orphan girl whom he himself wished to wed. But you have conquered. +Your enemies are dead. Go home now and prepare a great quantity of wine, for I shall bring your enemies to life again, and +you will all live in peace.” + +</p> +<p>So the widow’s son went home, and his mother, who had believed him dead, was filled with joy at his coming, and all the people +in the town came out to welcome him. When he had told them his story, they hastened <a id="d0e3598"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3598">152</a>]</span>to get wine, and all day they bore jarsful to the widow’s house. + +</p> +<p>That night there was a great feast, and the spirit of the great stone, his seven warriors, the friendly spirit, and the giant +all came. The widow’s son married the orphan girl, while another beautiful woman became the wife of the spirit of the stone. + + +</p> +<p></p> +<div id="d0e3603" class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/p161.jpg" alt="Bagobos, Davao, Mindanao" width="720" height="491"><p class="figureHead">Bagobos, Davao, Mindanao</p> +</div><p> + + +<a id="d0e3607"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3607">153</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3126" href="#d0e3126src" class="noteref">1</a></span> The common way to pound rice is to place a bundle of the grain on the ground on a dried carabao hide and pound it with a pestle +to loosen the heads from the straw. When they are free they are poured into a mortar and again pounded with the pestle until +the grain is separated from the chaff, after which it is winnowed. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3133" href="#d0e3133src" class="noteref">2</a></span> According to the Klemantin myth (Borneo), the sky was raised when a giant named Usai accidentally struck it with his mallet +while pounding rice. See Hose and McDougall, <i>Pagan Tribes of Borneo</i>, p. 142. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3152" href="#d0e3152src" class="noteref">3</a></span> A somewhat similar belief that a giant crab is responsible for the tides is widespread throughout Malaysia. The Batak of Palawan +now believe, as also do the Mandaya of eastern Mindanao, that the tides are caused by a giant crab going in and out of his +hole in the sea. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3157" href="#d0e3157src" class="noteref">4</a></span> The similarity of this to the biblical story of the Flood leads us to suppose that it has come from the neighboring Christianized +or Mohammedanized people and has been worked by the Bukidnon into the mould of their own thought. However, the flood story +is sometimes found in such a guise that it cannot be accounted for by Christian influence. See for example, <i><a href="#d0e2768">The Flood Story</a></i> as told in the folk-lore of the Igorot tribe, on p. <a href="#d0e2767" class="typeref">102</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3178" href="#d0e3178src" class="noteref">5</a></span> This celestial myth accounts for a number of constellations which are of great importance to the Bukidnon. Magbangal appears +in the sky in almost dipper shape, the handle being formed by his one remaining arm. To the west and nearly above him is a +V-shaped constellation which is believed to be the jaw of one of the pigs which he killed. Still farther to the west appears +the hill on which he hunted, while three groups of stars which toward dawn seem to be following him are said to be his hatchet, +the bamboo pole in which he carried water, and his large pet lizard. It is the appearance and position of these constellations +in the sky that show the Bukidnon when it is the time to clear land for the yearly crops and to plant the grain; and since +this knowledge is of the utmost importance to the people, they feel that Magbangal does them a lasting service. The hero Lafaang +of a Borneo myth, who is represented by the constellation Orion, lost his arm while trying to cut down a tree in a manner +different from that prescribed by his celestial wife, the constellation Pegasen. See Hose and McDougall, <i>Pagan Tribes of Borneo</i>, Vol. II, p. 141. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3205" href="#d0e3205src" class="noteref">6</a></span> Long knives. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3240" href="#d0e3240src" class="noteref">7</a></span> Cloth is dyed in various colors by boiling it in water in which different kinds of leaves or roots have been steeped. But +to produce a bluish-black shade the fabric is partly buried in mud until the desired color is obtained. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3247" href="#d0e3247src" class="noteref">8</a></span> Monkeys are numerous throughout the Philippines, and it is doubtless their human appearance and actions that have caused the +different tribes to try to account for their origin from man. Here we have the most likely way that the Bukidnon can see for +their coming. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3265" href="#d0e3265src" class="noteref">9</a></span> This is one of a series of tales dealing with mythical heroes of former times whose acts of prowess are still recounted by +Bukidnon warriors. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3270" href="#d0e3270src" class="noteref">10</a></span> A heavy padded hemp coat with a kilt which is supposed to turn spears. Over the shoulder is worn a sash in which are a few +peculiar stones and charms which are believed to protect its wearer. Warriors <a id="d0e3272"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3272">141n</a>]</span>who have taken thirty human lives are permitted to wear a peculiar crown-shaped headdress with upstanding points. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3279" href="#d0e3279src" class="noteref">11</a></span> See <a href="#d0e1251">note 1, p. 23</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3318" href="#d0e3318src" class="noteref">12</a></span> This is a good example of the way in which people at a certain stage try to account for their surroundings. Nearly all consider +themselves the original people. We find the Bagobo no exception to this. In this tale, which is evidently very old, they account +for themselves and their neighbors, and then, to meet present needs, they adapt the story to include the white people whom +they have known for not more than two hundred years. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3350" href="#d0e3350src" class="noteref">13</a></span> These are evil spirits who have power to injure people. They are ugly to look at and go about eating anything, even dead persons. +A young Bagobo described his idea of a buso as follows: “He has a long body, long feet and neck, curly hair, and black face, +flat nose, and one big red or yellow eye. He has big feet and fingers, but small arms, and his two big teeth are long and +pointed. Like a dog, he goes about eating anything, even dead persons.” Cole, <i>Wild Tribes of Davao District</i>, Field Museum Nat. Hist., Vol. XII, No. 2, p. 107. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3366" href="#d0e3366src" class="noteref">14</a></span> This is evidently an old tale in which the story-teller introduces modern ideas. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3378" href="#d0e3378src" class="noteref">15</a></span> Here, as is often the case, an origin story has been added to a tale with which it has no logical connection. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3385" href="#d0e3385src" class="noteref">16</a></span> This story is well known among the Bilaan, who are one of the tribes least influenced by the Spaniards, and yet it bears so +many incidents similar to biblical accounts that there is a strong suggestion of Christian influence. It is possible that +these ideas came through the Mohammedan Moro. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3396" href="#d0e3396src" class="noteref">17</a></span> The most powerful of the spirits and the one to whom the people resort in times of danger. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3399" href="#d0e3399src" class="noteref">18</a></span> A similar story is found in British North Borneo. See Evans, <i>Journal of Royal Anthropological Institute</i>, 1913, p. 423. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3430" href="#d0e3430src" class="noteref">19</a></span> Melu, Fiuweigh, Diwata, and Saweigh. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3433" href="#d0e3433src" class="noteref">20</a></span> Buswit. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3456" href="#d0e3456src" class="noteref">21</a></span> An origin story of a very different type from those of the Bukidnon and Bagobo. While the others show foreign influence, this +appears to be typically primitive. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3467" href="#d0e3467src" class="noteref">22</a></span> The omen bird of the Mandaya. It is believed to be a messenger from the spirit world which, by its calls, warns the people +of danger or promises them success. If the coo of this bird comes from the right side, it is a good sign, but if it is on +the left, in back, or in front, it is a bad sign, and the Mandaya knows that he must change his plans. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3493" href="#d0e3493src" class="noteref">23</a></span> The crab was called Tambanokano. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3500" href="#d0e3500src" class="noteref">24</a></span> An eclipse of the moon. This belief in a monster swallowing the moon and the wild efforts to frighten it away are very widespread. +It is found among the Batak of Palawan and in other parts of Malaysia as well as in the South Sea, Mongol, Chinese, Siamese, +and Hindoo mythology. Even in Peru we find the belief that an evil spirit in the form of a beast was eating the moon, and +that in order to scare it the people shouted and yelled and beat their dogs to make them add to the noise. See Karlson, <i>Journal of Religious Psychology,</i> November, 1914, p. 164. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3510" href="#d0e3510src" class="noteref">25</a></span> First recorded by Emerson B. Christie. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3529" href="#d0e3529src" class="noteref">26</a></span> A brass box having three compartments, one for lime, one for the nut, and another for the betel-leaf, which is used in preparing +the nut for chewing. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3548" href="#d0e3548src" class="noteref">27</a></span> The Subanun have adopted the Moro dress, which consists of long trousers and a coat. The tale shows strong Moro influence +throughout. Seven is a mystic and magical number among the Malay. It is constantly used in divination and magical practices +and repeatedly occurs in their folk-lore. Skeat explains its importance by referring to the seven souls which each mortal +is supposed to possess. See Skeat, <i>Malay Magic</i>, p. 50. +</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="d0e3608" class="div1"><span class="pagenum"> +[<a href="#d0e166">Contents</a>] +</span><h2 class="normal">Moro</h2><a id="d0e3612"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3612">155</a>]</span><div class="div2"> +<h3 class="normal">Introduction</h3> +<p>About the year 1400 something happened which changed the beliefs and customs of many of the tribes of the southern Philippines +and made of them a powerful and dreaded people. + +</p> +<p>It was about this time that Arabian traders and missionaries began to establish themselves in the Islands, and soon these +were followed by hordes of Mohammedan converts from the islands to the south. Among the newcomers were men who became powerful +rulers, and they, in time, brought together many of the settlements which formerly had been hostile to each other and united +them under the faith of Islam. Those who accepted the new faith adopted the dress and many of the customs of their teachers +and came to be known as Moro. + +</p> +<p>With the possession of firearms, which were introduced by the newcomers, the Moro grew very daring and were greatly feared +by the other natives. And soon they began to make long trips on the sea to the north and south, carrying on trade and making +many surprise attacks for loot and slaves. + +</p> +<p>At the time the Spaniards discovered the Philippines, the Moro were a terror to the other inhabitants, and they continued +to be so until very recent years. They became ferocious pirates infesting the southern seas and preying upon the rich trade +which the Spaniards <a id="d0e3624"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3624">156</a>]</span>carried on with Mexico. Stone walls and watch towers were built at advantageous points to guard against them, but bays and +creeks which afforded opportunities for lurking, surprise, and attack continued to be frequented by the treacherous warriors. + +</p> +<p>Since American occupation the waters have been made practically free from their ravages, but on land they have continued to +give trouble. The greater part of the Moro now live in the Sulu Archipelago and on the Island of Mindanao. They range in degree +of civilization from sea “gypsies,” who wander from place to place, living for months in their rude outrigger boats, to settled +communities which live by fishing and farming, and even by manufacturing some cloth, brass, and steel. Their villages are +near the coast, along rivers, or about the shores of the interior lakes, the houses being raised high on poles near or over +the water, for they live largely on food from the sea. + +</p> +<p>Their folk-lore, as will be seen from the following tales, shows decided influence from Arabia and India, which has filtered +in through the islands to the south.<a id="d0e3630src" href="#d0e3630" class="noteref">1</a> +<a id="d0e3633"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3633">157</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e3634"> +<h3 class="normal">Mythology of Mindanao<a id="d0e3637src" href="#d0e3637" class="noteref">2</a></h3> +<p><i>Moro</i> + + +</p> +<p>A long, long time ago Mindanao was covered with water, and the sea extended over all the lowlands so that nothing could be +seen but mountains. Then there were many people living in the country, and all the highlands were dotted with villages and +settlements. For many years the people prospered, living in peace and contentment. Suddenly there appeared in the land four +horrible monsters which, in a short time, had devoured every human being they could find. + +</p> +<p>Kurita, a terrible creature with many limbs, lived partly on land and partly in the sea, but its favorite haunt was the mountain +where the rattan grew; and here it brought utter destruction on every living thing. The second monster, Tarabusaw, an ugly +creature in the form of a man, lived on Mt. Matutun, and far and wide from that place he devoured the people, laying waste +the land. The third, an enormous bird called Pah,<a id="d0e3647src" href="#d0e3647" class="noteref">3</a> was so large that when on the wing it covered the sun and brought darkness to the earth. Its egg was as large as a house. +Mt. Bita was its haunt, <a id="d0e3650"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3650">158</a>]</span>and there the only people who escaped its voracity were those who hid in caves in the mountains. The fourth monster was a +dreadful bird also, having seven heads and the power to see in all directions at the same time. Mt. Gurayn was its home and +like the others it wrought havoc in its region. + +</p> +<p>So great was the death and destruction caused by these terrible animals that at length the news spread even to the most distant +lands, and all nations were grieved to hear of the sad fate of Mindanao. + +</p> +<p>Now far across the sea in the land of the golden sunset was a city so great that to look at its many people would injure the +eyes of man. When tidings of these great disasters reached this distant city, the heart of the king Indarapatra<a id="d0e3656src" href="#d0e3656" class="noteref">4</a> was filled with compassion, and he called his brother, Sulayman,<a id="d0e3659src" href="#d0e3659" class="noteref">5</a> begging him to save the land of Mindanao from the monsters. + +</p> +<p>Sulayman listened to the story, and as he heard he was moved with pity. + +</p> +<p>“I will go,” said he, zeal and enthusiasm adding to his strength, “and the land shall be avenged.” + +</p> +<p>King Indarapatra, proud of his brother’s courage, gave him a ring and a sword as he wished him success and safety. Then he +placed a young sapling by his window<a id="d0e3668src" href="#d0e3668" class="noteref">6</a> and said to Sulayman: + +</p> +<p>“By this tree I shall know your fate from the time <a id="d0e3676"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3676">159</a>]</span>you depart from here, for if you live, it will live; but if you die, it will die also.” + +</p> +<p>So Sulayman departed for Mindanao, and he neither walked nor used a boat, but he went through the air and landed on the mountain +where the rattan grew. There he stood on the summit and gazed about on all sides. He looked on the land and the villages, +but he could see no living thing. And he was very sorrowful and cried out: + +</p> +<p>“Alas, how pitiful and dreadful is this devastation!” + +</p> +<p>No sooner had Sulayman uttered these words than the whole mountain began to move, and then shook. Suddenly out of the ground +came the horrible creature, Kurita. It sprang at the man and sank its claws into his flesh. But Sulayman, knowing at once +that this was the scourge of the land, drew his sword and cut the Kurita to pieces. + +</p> +<p>Encouraged by his first success, Sulayman went on to Mt. Matutun where conditions were even worse. As he stood on the heights +viewing the great devastation there was a noise in the forest and a movement in the trees. With a loud yell, forth leaped +Tarabusaw. For a moment they looked at each other, neither showing any fear. Then Tarabusaw threatened to devour the man, +and Sulayman declared that he would kill the monster. At that the animal broke large branches off the trees and began striking +at Sulayman who, in turn, fought back. For a long time the battle continued until at last the monster fell exhausted to the +ground and then Sulayman killed him with his sword. +<a id="d0e3686"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3686">160</a>]</span></p> +<p>The next place visited by Sulayman was Mt. Bita. Here havoc was present everywhere, and though he passed by many homes, not +a single soul was left. As he walked along, growing sadder at each moment, a sudden darkness which startled him fell over +the land. As he looked toward the sky he beheld a great bird descending upon him. Immediately he struck at it, cutting off +its wing with his sword, and the bird fell dead at his feet; but the wing fell on Sulayman, and he was crushed. + +</p> +<p>Now at this very time King Indarapatra was sitting at his window, and looking out he saw the little tree wither and dry up. + +</p> +<p>“Alas!” he cried, “my brother is dead”; and he wept bitterly. + +</p> +<p>Then although he was very sad, he was filled with a desire for revenge, and putting on his sword and belt he started for Mindanao +in search of his brother. + +</p> +<p>He, too, traveled through the air with great speed until he came to the mountain where the rattan grew. There he looked about, +awed at the great destruction, and when he saw the bones of Kurita he knew that his brother had been there and gone. He went +on till he came to Matutun, and when he saw the bones of Tarabusaw he knew that this, too, was the work of Sulayman. + +</p> +<p>Still searching for his brother, he arrived at Mt. Bita where the dead bird lay on the ground, and as he lifted the severed +wing he beheld the bones of Sulayman with his sword by his side. His grief now so overwhelmed Indarapatra that he wept for +some time. <a id="d0e3699"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3699">161</a>]</span>Upon looking up he beheld a small jar of water by his side. This he knew had been sent from heaven, and he poured the water +over the bones, and Sulayman came to life again. They greeted each other and talked long together. Sulayman declared that +he had not been dead but asleep, and their hearts were full of joy. + +</p> +<p>After some time Sulayman returned to his distant home, but Indarapatra continued his journey to Mt. Gurayn where he killed +the dreadful bird with the seven heads. After these monsters had all been destroyed and peace and safety had been restored +to the land, Indarapatra began searching everywhere to see if some of the people might not be hidden in the earth still alive. + +</p> +<p>One day during his search he caught sight of a beautiful woman at a distance. When he hastened toward her she disappeared +through a hole in the ground where she was standing. Disappointed and tired, he sat down on a rock to rest, when, looking +about, he saw near him a pot of uncooked rice with a big fire on the ground in front of it. This revived him and he proceeded +to cook the rice. As he did so, however, he heard someone laugh near by, and turning he beheld an old woman watching him. +As he greeted her, she drew near and talked with him while he ate the rice. + +</p> +<p>Of all the people in the land, the old woman told him, only a very few were still alive, and they hid in a cave in the ground +from whence they never ventured. As for herself and her old husband, she went on, they had hidden in a hollow tree, and this +they had never <a id="d0e3707"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3707">162</a>]</span>dared leave until after Sulayman killed the voracious bird, Pah. + +</p> +<p>At Indarapatra’s earnest request, the old woman led him to the cave where he found the headman with his family and some of +his people. They all gathered about the stranger, asking many questions, for this was the first they had heard about the death +of the monsters. When they found what Indarapatra had done for them, they were filled with gratitude, and to show their appreciation +the headman gave his daughter to him in marriage, and she proved to be the beautiful girl whom Indarapatra had seen at the +mouth of the cave. + +</p> +<p>Then the people all came out of their hiding-place and returned to their homes where they lived in peace and happiness. And +the sea withdrew from the land and gave the lowlands to the people. +<a id="d0e3713"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3713">163</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e3714"> +<h3 class="normal">The Story of Bantugan</h3> +<p><i>Moro</i> + + +</p> +<p>Before the Spaniards occupied the island of Mindanao, there lived in the valley of the Rio Grande a very strong man, Bantugan, +whose father was the brother of the earthquake and thunder.<a id="d0e3723src" href="#d0e3723" class="noteref">7</a> + +</p> +<p>Now the Sultan of the Island<a id="d0e3728src" href="#d0e3728" class="noteref">8</a> had a beautiful daughter whom Bantugan wished to marry, but the home of the Sultan was far off, and whoever went to carry +Bantugan’s proposal would have a long and hazardous journey. All the head men consulted together regarding who should be sent, +and at last it was decided that Bantugan’s own son, Balatama, was the one to go. Balatama was young but he was strong and +brave, and when the arms of his father were given him to wear on the long journey his heart swelled with pride. More than +once on the way, however, his courage was tried, and only the thought of his brave father gave him strength to proceed. + +</p> +<p>Once he came to a wooden fence which surrounded a stone in the form of a man, and as it was directly in his path he drew his +fighting knife to cut down the <a id="d0e3733"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3733">164</a>]</span>fence. Immediately the air became as black as night and stones rained down as large as houses. This made Balatama cry, but +he protected himself with his father’s shield and prayed, calling on the winds from the homeland until they came and cleared +the air again. + +</p> +<p>Thereupon Balatama encountered a great snake<a id="d0e3737src" href="#d0e3737" class="noteref">9</a> in the road, and it inquired his errand. When told, the snake said: + +</p> +<p>“You cannot go on, for I am guard of this road and no one can pass.” + +</p> +<p>The animal made a move to seize him, but with one stroke of his fighting knife the boy cut the snake into two pieces, one +of which he threw into the sea and the other into the mountains. + +</p> +<p>After many days the weary lad came to a high rock in the road, which glistened in the sunlight. From the top he could look +down into the city for which he was bound. It was a splendid place with ten harbors. Standing out from the other houses was +one of crystal and another of pure gold. Encouraged by this sight he went on, but though it seemed but a short distance, it +was some time before he at last stood at the gate of the town. + +</p> +<p>It was not long after this, however, before Balatama had made known his errand to the Sultan, and that monarch, turning to +his courtiers, said: + +</p> +<p>“You, my friends, decide whether or not I shall <a id="d0e3750"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3750">165</a>]</span>give the hand of my daughter to Bantugan in marriage.” + +</p> +<p>The courtiers slowly shook their heads and began to offer objections. + +</p> +<p>Said one, “I do not see how Bantugan can marry the Sultan’s daughter because the first gift must be a figure of a man or woman +in pure gold.” + +</p> +<p>“Well,” said the son of Bantugan, “I am here to learn what you want and to say whether or not it can be given.” + +</p> +<p>Then a second man spoke: “You must give a great yard with a floor of gold, which must be three feet thick.” + +</p> +<p>“All this can be given,” answered the boy. + +</p> +<p>And the sister of the Princess said: “The gifts must be as many as the blades of grass in our city.” + +</p> +<p>“It shall be granted,” said Balatama. + +</p> +<p>“You must give a bridge built of stone to cross the great river,” said one. + +</p> +<p>And another: “A ship of stone you must give, and you must change into gold all the cocoanuts and leaves in the Sultan’s grove.” + +</p> +<p>“All this can be done,” said Balatama. “My uncles will give all save the statue of gold, and that I shall give myself. But +first I must go to my father’s town to secure it.” + +</p> +<p>At this they were angry and declared that he had made sport of them and unless he produced the statue at once they would kill +him. + +</p> +<p>“If I give you the statue now,” said he, “there will come dreadful storms, rain, and darkness.” +<a id="d0e3776"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3776">166</a>]</span></p> +<p>But they only laughed at him and insisted on having the statue, so he reached in his helmet and drew it forth. + +</p> +<p>Immediately the earth began to quake. A great storm arose, and stones as large as houses rained until the Sultan called to +Balatama to put back the statue lest they all be killed. + +</p> +<p>“You would not believe what I told you,” said the boy; “and now I am going to let the storm continue.” + +</p> +<p>But the Sultan begged him and promised that Bantugan might marry his daughter with no other gifts at all save the statue of +gold. Balatama put back the statue into his helmet, and the air became calm again to the great relief of the Sultan and his +courtiers. Then Balatama prepared to return home, promising that Bantugan would come in three months for the wedding. + +</p> +<p>All went well with the boy on the way home until he came to the fence surrounding the stone in the form of a man, and there +he was detained and compelled to remain four months. + +</p> +<p>Now about this time a Spanish general heard that Bantugan was preparing to marry the Sultan’s daughter, whom he determined +to wed himself. A great expedition was prepared, and he with all his brothers embarked on his large warship which was followed +by ten thousand other ships. They went to the Sultan’s city, and their number was so great that they filled the harbor, frightening +the people greatly. + +</p> +<p>Then the General’s brother disembarked and came to the house of the Sultan. He demanded the Princess <a id="d0e3791"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3791">167</a>]</span>for the General, saying that if the request were refused, the fleet would destroy the city and all its people. The Sultan +and his courtiers were so frightened that they decided to give his daughter to the General, the next full moon being the date +set for the wedding. + +</p> +<p>In the meantime Bantugan had been preparing everything for the marriage which he expected to take place at the appointed time. +But as the days went by and Balatama did not return, they became alarmed, fearing he was dead. After three months had passed, +Bantugan prepared a great expedition to go in search of his son, and the great warship was decorated with flags of gold. + +</p> +<p>As they came in sight of the Sultan’s city, they saw the Spanish fleet in the harbor, and one of his brothers advised Bantugan +not to enter until the Spaniards left They then brought their ship to anchor. But all were disappointed that they could not +go farther, and one said, “Why do we not go on? Even if the blades of grass turn into Spaniards we need not fear.” Another +said: “Why do we fear? Even if the cannon-balls come like rain, we can always fight.” Finally some wanted to return to their +homes and Bantugan said: “No, let us seek my son. Even though we must enter the harbor where the Spaniards are, let us continue +our search.” So at his command the anchors were lifted, and they sailed into the harbor where the Spanish fleet lay. + +</p> +<p>Now at this very time the Spanish general and his brother were with the Sultan, intending to call upon the Princess. As the +brother talked with one of the <a id="d0e3799"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3799">168</a>]</span>sisters of the Princess they moved toward the window, and looking down they saw Bantugan’s ships entering the harbor. They +could not tell whose flags the ships bore. Neither could the Sultan when he was called. Then he sent his brother to bring +his father who was a very old man, to see if he could tell. The father was kept in a little dark room by himself that he might +not get hurt, and the Sultan said to his brother: + +</p> +<p>“If he is so bent with age that he cannot see, talk, or walk, tickle him in the ribs and that will make him young again; and, +my Brother, carry him here yourself lest one of the slaves should let him fall and he should hurt himself.” + +</p> +<p>So the old man was brought, and when he looked out upon the ships he saw that the flags were those of the father of Bantugan +who had been a great friend of his in his youth. And he told them that he and Bantugan’s father years ago had made a contract +that their children and children’s children should intermarry, and now since the Sultan had promised his daughter to two people, +he foresaw that great trouble would come to the land. Then the Sultan said to the General: + +</p> +<p>“Here are two claimants to my daughter’s hand. Go aboard your ships and you and Bantugan make war on each other, and the victor +shall have my daughter.” + +</p> +<p>So the Spaniards opened fire upon Bantugan, and for three days the earth was so covered with smoke from the battle that neither +could see his enemy. Then the Spanish general said: +<a id="d0e3809"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3809">169</a>]</span></p> +<p>“I cannot see Bantugan or the fleet anywhere, so let us go and claim the Princess.” + +</p> +<p>But the Sultan said: “We must wait until the smoke rises to make sure that Bantugan is gone.” + +</p> +<p>When the smoke rose, the ships of Bantugan were apparently unharmed and the Sultan said: + +</p> +<p>“Bantugan has surely won, for his fleet is uninjured while yours is badly damaged. You have lost.” + +</p> +<p>“No,” said the General, “we will fight it out on dry land.” + +</p> +<p>So they both landed their troops and their cannon, and a great fight took place, and soon the ground was covered with dead +bodies. And the Sultan commanded them to stop, as the women and children in the city were being killed by the cannon-balls, +but the General said: + +</p> +<p>“If you give your daughter to Bantugan we shall fight forever or until we die.” + +</p> +<p>Then the Sultan sent for Bantugan and said: + +</p> +<p>“We must deceive the Spaniard in order to get him to go away. Let us tell him that neither of you will marry my daughter, +and then after he has gone, we shall have the wedding.” + +</p> +<p>Bantugan agreed to this, and word was sent to the Spaniards that the fighting must cease since many women and children were +being killed. So it was agreed between the Spaniard and Bantugan that neither of them should marry the Princess. Then they +both sailed away to their homes. + +</p> +<p>Bantugan soon returned, however, and married the Princess, and on the way back to his home they found <a id="d0e3832"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3832">170</a>]</span>his son and took him with them. For about a week the Spanish general sailed toward his home and then he, too, turned about +to go back, planning to take the Princess by force. When he found that she had already been carried away by Bantugan, his +wrath knew no bounds. He destroyed the Sultan, his city, and all its people. And then he sailed away to prepare a great expedition +with which he should utterly destroy Bantugan and his country as well. + +</p> +<p>One morning Bantugan looked out and saw at the mouth of the Rio Grande the enormous fleet of the Spaniards whose numbers were +so great that in no direction could the horizon be seen. His heart sank within him, for he knew that he and his country were +doomed. + +</p> +<p>Though he could not hope to win in a fight against such great numbers, he called his headmen together and said: + +</p> +<p>“My Brothers, the Christian dogs have come to destroy the land. We cannot successfully oppose them, but in the defense of +the fatherland we can die.” + +</p> +<p>So the great warship was again prepared, and all the soldiers of Islam embarked, and then with Bantugan standing at the bow +they sailed forth to meet their fate. + +</p> +<p>The fighting was fast and furious, but soon the great warship of Bantugan filled with water until at last it sank, drawing +with it hundreds of the Spanish ships. And then a strange thing happened. At the very spot where Bantugan’s warship sank, +there arose from the sea a great island which you can see today not far <a id="d0e3844"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3844">171</a>]</span>from the mouth of the Rio Grande. It is covered with bongo palms, and deep within its mountains live Bantugan and his warriors. +A Moro sailboat passing this island is always scanned by Bantugan’s watchers, and if it contains women such as he admires, +they are snatched from their seats and carried deep into the heart of the mountain. For this reason Moro women fear even to +sail near the island of Bongos. + +</p> +<p>When the wife of Bantugan saw that her husband was no more and that his warship had been destroyed, she gathered together +the remaining warriors and set forth herself to avenge him. In a few hours her ship was also sunk, and in the place where +it sank there arose the mountain of Timaco. + +</p> +<p>On this thickly wooded island are found white monkeys, the servants of the Princess, who still lives in the center of the +mountain. On a quiet day high up on the mountain side one can hear the chanting and singing of the waiting-girls of the wife +of Bantugan. +<a id="d0e3850"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3850">173</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3630" href="#d0e3630src" class="noteref">1</a></span> No tales illustrate to better advantage the persistence of old stories and beliefs than do these of the Moro. They are permeated +with incidents very similar to those still found among the pagan tribes of the Archipelago, while associated with these are +the spirits and demons of Hindu mythology. Finally we find the semi-historical events recorded by the Mohammedanized Malay, +the ancestors of the tellers of the tales. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3637" href="#d0e3637src" class="noteref">2</a></span> First recorded by N.M. Saleeby. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3647" href="#d0e3647src" class="noteref">3</a></span> Those great birds are doubtless derived from Indian literature in which the fabulous bird garuda played such an important +part. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3656" href="#d0e3656src" class="noteref">4</a></span> A common name in Malay and Sumatran tales. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3659" href="#d0e3659src" class="noteref">5</a></span> Probably Solomon of the Old Testament, who is a great historic figure among the Malay and who plays an important part in their +romances. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3668" href="#d0e3668src" class="noteref">6</a></span> See <a href="#d0e1344">note 1, p. 28</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3723" href="#d0e3723src" class="noteref">7</a></span> In this case of a semi-historic being, whose father was said to be the brother of the earthquake and thunder, we have an interesting +blending of mythological and historical facts. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3728" href="#d0e3728src" class="noteref">8</a></span> Among Malay people the sultan is the supreme ruler of a district, while petty rulers are known as datos. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3737" href="#d0e3737src" class="noteref">9</a></span> Here, as in the Tinguian lore, we find heroes conversing with animals and commanding the forces of nature to come to their +aid. +</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="d0e3851" class="div1"><span class="pagenum"> +[<a href="#d0e166">Contents</a>] +</span><h2 class="normal">Christianized Tribes</h2><a id="d0e3855"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3855">175</a>]</span><div class="div2"> +<h3 class="normal">Introduction</h3> +<p>When the Spaniards discovered the Philippines in the sixteenth century, they found the tribes along the coasts of the different +islands already somewhat influenced by trade with China, Siam, and the islands to the south. + +</p> +<p>Under Spanish rule the coast inhabitants, with the exception of the Moro, soon became converts to Christianity and adopted +the dress of their conquerors, though they retained their several dialects and many of their former customs. Then, no longer +being at war with one another, they made great advances in civilization, while the hill tribes have remained isolated, retaining +their old customs and beliefs. + +</p> +<p>The tales of the Christianized tribes include a great mixture of old ideas and foreign influences obtained through contact +with the outside world. +<a id="d0e3865"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3865">176</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e3866"> +<h3 class="normal">The Monkey and the Turtle</h3> +<p><i>Ilocano</i> + + +</p> +<p>A monkey, looking very sad and dejected, was walking along the bank of the river one day when he met a turtle. + +</p> +<p>“How are you?” asked the turtle, noticing that he looked sad. + +</p> +<p>The monkey replied, “Oh, my friend, I am very hungry. The squash of Mr. Farmer were all taken by the other monkeys, and now +I am about to die from want of food.” + +</p> +<p>“Do not be discouraged,” said the turtle; “take a bolo and follow me and we will steal some banana plants.” + +</p> +<p>So they walked along together until they found some nice plants which they dug up, and then they looked for a place to set +them. Finally the monkey climbed a tree and planted his in it, but as the turtle could not climb he dug a hole in the ground +and set his there. + +</p> +<p>When their work was finished they went away, planning what they should do with their crop. The monkey said: + +</p> +<p>“When my tree bears fruit, I shall sell it and have a great deal of money.” + +</p> +<p>And the turtle said: “When my tree bears fruit, I shall sell it and buy three varas of cloth to wear in place of this cracked +shell.” +<a id="d0e3889"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3889">177</a>]</span></p> +<p>A few weeks later they went back to the place to see their plants and found that that of the monkey was dead, for its roots +had had no soil in the tree, but that of the turtle was tall and bearing fruit. + +</p> +<p>“I will climb to the top so that we can get the fruit,” said the monkey. And he sprang up the tree, leaving the poor turtle +on the ground alone. + +</p> +<p>“Please give me some to eat,” called the turtle, but the monkey threw him only a green one and ate all the ripe ones himself. + +</p> +<p>When he had eaten all the good bananas, the monkey stretched his arms around the tree and went to sleep. The turtle, seeing +this, was very angry and considered how he might punish the thief. Having decided on a scheme, he gathered some sharp bamboo +which he stuck all around under the tree, and then he exclaimed: + +</p> +<p>“Crocodile is coming! Crocodile is coming!” + +</p> +<p>The monkey was so startled at the cry that he fell upon the sharp bamboo and was killed. + +</p> +<p>Then the turtle cut the dead monkey into pieces, put salt on it, and dried it in the sun. The next day, he went to the mountains +and sold his meat to other monkeys who gladly gave him squash in return. As he was leaving them he called back: + +</p> +<p>“Lazy fellows, you are now eating your own body; you are now eating your own body.” + +</p> +<p>Then the monkeys ran and caught him and carried him to their own home. + +</p> +<p>“Let us take a hatchet,” said one old monkey, “and cut him into very small pieces.” + +</p> +<p>But the turtle laughed and said: “That is just what <a id="d0e3912"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3912">178</a>]</span>I like, I have been struck with a hatchet many times. Do you not see the black scars on my shell?” + +</p> +<p>Then one of the other monkeys said: “Let us throw him into the water,” + +</p> +<p>At this the turtle cried and begged them to spare his life, but they paid no heed to his pleadings and threw him into the +water. He sank to the bottom, but very soon came up with a lobster. The monkeys were greatly surprised at this and begged +him to tell them how to catch lobsters. + +</p> +<p>“I tied one end of a string around my waist,” said the turtle. “To the other end of the string I tied a stone so that I would +sink.” + +</p> +<p>The monkeys immediately tied strings around themselves as the turtle said, and when all was ready they plunged into the water +never to come up again. + +</p> +<p>And to this day monkeys do not like to eat meat, because they remember the ancient story.<a id="d0e3924src" href="#d0e3924" class="noteref">1</a> +<a id="d0e3930"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3930">179</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e3931"> +<h3 class="normal">The Poor Fisherman and His Wife</h3> +<p><i>Ilocano</i> + + +</p> +<p>Many, many years ago a poor fisherman and his wife lived with their three sons in a village by the sea. One day the old man +set his snare in the water not far from his house, and at night when he went to look at it, he found that he had caught a +great white fish. This startled the old man very much, for he had never seen a fish like this before, and it occurred to him +that it was the priest of the town. + +</p> +<p>He ran to his wife as fast as he could and cried: + +</p> +<p>“My wife, I have caught the priest.” + +</p> +<p>“What?” said the old woman, terrified at the sight of her frightened husband. + +</p> +<p>“I have caught the priest,” said the old man again. + +</p> +<p>They hurried together to the river where the snare was set, and when the old woman saw the fish, she cried: + +</p> +<p>“Oh, it is not the priest but the governor.” + +</p> +<p>“No, it is the priest,” insisted the old man, and they went home trembling with fear. + +</p> +<p>That night neither of them was able to sleep for thought of the terrible thing that had happened and wondering what they should +do. Now the next day was a great holiday in the town. At four o’clock in the morning cannons were fired and bells rang loudly. +The old man and woman, hearing all the noise and <a id="d0e3956"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3956">180</a>]</span>not knowing the reason for it, thought that their crime had been discovered, and the people were searching for them to punish +them, so they set out as fast as they could to hide in the woods. On and on they went, stopping only to rest so as to enable +them to resume their flight. + +</p> +<p>The next morning they reached the woods near Pilar, where there also was a great holiday, and the sexton was ringing the bells +to call the people to mass. As soon as the old man and woman heard the bells they thought the people there had been notified +of their escape, and that they, too, were trying to catch them. So they turned and started home again. + +</p> +<p>As they reached their house, the three sons came home with their one horse and tied it to the trunk of the caramay tree. Presently +the bells began to ring again, for it was twelve o’clock at noon. Not thinking what time of day it was, the old man and woman +ran out of doors in terror, and seeing the horse jumped on its back with the intention of riding to the next town before anyone +could catch them. When they had mounted they began to whip the horse. In their haste, they had forgotten to untie the rope +which was around the trunk of the caramay tree. As the horse pulled at the rope fruit fell from the tree upon the old man +and woman. Believing they were shot, they were so frightened that they died.<a id="d0e3962src" href="#d0e3962" class="noteref">2</a> +<a id="d0e3965"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3965">181</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e3966"> +<h3 class="normal">The Presidente who had Horns</h3> +<p><i>Ilocano</i> + + +</p> +<p>Once there was a presidente<a id="d0e3975src" href="#d0e3975" class="noteref">3</a> who was very unjust to his people, and one day he became so angry that he wished he had horns so that he might frighten them. +No sooner had he made this rash wish, than horns began to grow on his head. + +</p> +<p>He sent for a barber who came to his house to cut his hair, and as he worked the presidente asked: + +</p> +<p>“What do you see on my head?” + +</p> +<p>“I see nothing,” answered the barber; for although he could see the horns plainly, he was afraid to say so. + +</p> +<p>Soon, however, the presidente put up his hands and felt the horns, and then when he inquired again the barber told him that +he had two horns. + +</p> +<p>“If you tell anyone what you have seen, you shall be hanged,” said the presidente as the barber started away, and he was greatly +frightened. + +</p> +<p>When he reached home, the barber did not intend to tell anyone, for he was afraid; but as he thought of his secret more and +more, the desire to tell someone became so strong that he knew he could not keep it. Finally he went to the field and dug +a hole under some bamboo, and when the hole was large enough he crawled in and whispered that the presidente had <a id="d0e3990"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e3990">182</a>]</span>horns. He then climbed out, filled up the hole, and went home. + +</p> +<p>By and by some people came along the road on their way to market, and as they passed the bamboo they stopped in amazement, +for surely a voice came from the trees, and it said that the presidente had horns. These people hastened to market and told +what they had heard, and the people there went to the bamboo to listen to the strange voice. They informed others, and soon +the news had spread all over the town. The councilmen were told, and they, too, went to the bamboo. When they had heard the +voice, they ran to the house of the presidente. But his wife said that he was ill and they could not see him. + +</p> +<p>By this time the horns had grown until they were one foot in length, and the presidente was so ashamed that he bade his wife +tell the people that he could not talk. She told this to the councilmen when they came on the following day, but they replied +that they must see him, for they had heard that he had horns, and if this were true he had no right to govern the people. + +</p> +<p>She refused to let them in, so they broke down the door. They saw the horns on the head of the presidente and killed him. +For, they said, he was no better than an animal.<a id="d0e3998src" href="#d0e3998" class="noteref">4</a> +<a id="d0e4001"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4001">183</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e4002"> +<h3 class="normal">The Story of a Monkey</h3> +<p><i>Ilocano</i> + + +</p> +<p>One day when a monkey was climbing a tree in the forest in which he lived, he ran a thorn into his tail. Try as he would, +he could not get it out, so he went to a barber in the town and said: + +</p> +<p>“Friend Barber, I have a thorn in the end of my tail. Pull it out, and I will pay you well.” + +</p> +<p>The barber tried to pull out the thorn with his razor, but in doing so he cut off the end of the tail. The monkey was very +angry and cried: + +</p> +<p>“Barber, Barber, give me back my tail, or give me your razor!” + +</p> +<p>The barber could not put back the end of the monkey’s tail, so he gave him his razor. + +</p> +<p>On the way home the monkey met an old woman who was cutting wood for fuel, and he said to her: + +</p> +<p>“Grandmother, Grandmother, that is very hard. Use this razor and then it will cut easily.” + +</p> +<p>The old woman was very pleased with the offer and began to cut with the razor, but before she had used it long it broke. Then +the monkey cried: + +</p> +<p>“Grandmother, Grandmother, you have broken my razor! You must get a new one for me or else give me all the firewood.” + +</p> +<p>The old woman could not get a new razor so she gave him the firewood. +<a id="d0e4029"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4029">184</a>]</span></p> +<p>The monkey took the wood and was going back to town to sell it, when he saw a woman sitting beside the road making cakes. + +</p> +<p>“Grandmother, Grandmother,” said he, “your wood is most gone; take this of mine and bake more cakes.” + +</p> +<p>The woman took the wood and thanked him for his kindness, but when the last stick was burned, the monkey cried out: + +</p> +<p>“Grandmother, Grandmother, you have burned up all my wood! Now you must give me all your cakes to pay for it.” + +</p> +<p>The old woman could not cut more dry wood at once, so she gave him all the cakes. + +</p> +<p>The monkey took the cakes and started for the town, but on the way he met a dog which bit him so that he died. And the dog +ate all the cakes. +<a id="d0e4042"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4042">185</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e4043"> +<h3 class="normal">The White Squash</h3> +<p><i>Ilocano</i> + +</p> +<p>In a queer little bamboo house in front of a big garden lived a man and his wife all alone. They had always been kind and +good to everyone, but still they were not happy, because the child for which they longed had never come to them. Each day +for many years they had prayed for a son or a daughter, but their prayers had been unanswered. Now that they were growing +old they believed that they must always live alone. + +</p> +<p>In the garden near their house this couple grew fine white squash, and as the vines bore the year around, they had never been +in need of food. One day, however, they discovered that no new squash had formed to take the place of those they had picked, +and for the first time in many seasons they had no vegetables. + +</p> +<p>Each day they examined the vines, and though the big, yellow flowers continued to bloom and fade, no squash grew on the stems. +Finally, one morning after a long wait, the woman cried out with delight, for she had discovered a little green squash. After +examining it, they decided to let it ripen that they might have the seeds to plant. They eagerly watched it grow, and it became +a beautiful white vegetable, but by the time it was large enough for food they were so hungry that they decided to eat it. +<a id="d0e4056"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4056">186</a>]</span></p> +<p>They brought a large knife and picked it, but scarcely had they started to open it when a voice cried out from within, “Please +be careful that you do not hurt me.” + +</p> +<p>The man and woman stopped their work, for they thought that a spirit must have spoken to them. But when the voice again called +and begged them to open the squash, they carefully opened it, and there inside was a nice baby boy.<a id="d0e4061src" href="#d0e4061" class="noteref">5</a> He could already stand alone and could talk. And the man and his wife were overjoyed. + +</p> +<p>Presently the woman went to the spring for a jar of water, and when she had brought it she spread a mat on the floor and began +to bathe the baby. As the drops of water fell off his body, they were immediately changed to gold, so that when the bath was +finished gold pieces covered the mat. The couple had been so delighted to have the baby that it had seemed as if there was +nothing more to wish for, but now that the gold had come to them also they were happier than ever. + +</p> +<p>The next morning the woman gave the baby another bath, and again the water turned to gold. They now had enough money to build +a large house. The third morning she brought water for his bath again, but he grew very sad and flew away. At the same time +all the gold disappeared also, and the man and his wife were left poor and alone. +<a id="d0e4071"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4071">187</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e4072"> +<h3 class="normal">The Creation Story</h3> +<p><i>Tagalog</i> + + +</p> +<p>When the world first began there was no land, but only the stea and the sky, and between them was a kite.<a id="d0e4081src" href="#d0e4081" class="noteref">6</a> One day the bird which had nowhere to light grew tired of flying about, so she stirred up the sea until it threw its waters +against the sky. The sky, in order to restrain the sea, showered upon it many islands until it could no longer rise, but ran +back and forth. Then the sky ordered the kite to light on one of the islands to build her nest, and to leave the sea and the +sky in peace. + +</p> +<p>Now at this time the land breeze and the sea breeze were married, and they had a child which was a bamboo. One day when this +bamboo was floating about on the water, it struck the feet of the kite which was on the beach. The bird, angry that anything +should strike it, pecked at the bamboo, and out of one section came a man and from the other a woman. + +</p> +<p>Then the earthquake called on all the birds and fish to see what should be done with these two, and it was decided that they +should marry. Many children were born to the couple, and from them came all the different races of people. + +</p> +<p>After a while the parents grew very tired of having <a id="d0e4090"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4090">188</a>]</span>so many idle and useless children around, and they wished to be rid of them, but they knew of no place to send them to. Time +went on and the children became so numerous that the parents enjoyed no peace. One day, in desperation, the father seized +a stick and began beating them on all sides. + +</p> +<p>This so frightened the children that they fled in different directions, seeking hidden rooms in the house—some concealed themselves +in the walls, some ran outside, while others hid in the fireplace, and several fled to the sea. + +</p> +<p>Now it happened that those who went into the hidden rooms of the house later became the chiefs of the Islands; and those who +concealed themselves in the walls became slaves. Those who ran outside were free men; and those who hid in the fireplace became +negroes; while those who fled to the sea were gone many years, and when their children came back they were the white people.<a id="d0e4096src" href="#d0e4096" class="noteref">7</a> +<a id="d0e4102"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4102">189</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e4103"> +<h3 class="normal">The Story of Benito</h3> +<p><i>Tagalog</i> + + +</p> +<p>Benito was an only son who lived with his father and mother in a little village. They were very poor, and as the boy grew +older and saw how hard his parents struggled for their scanty living he often dreamed of a time when he might be a help to +them. + +</p> +<p>One evening when they sat eating their frugal meal of rice the father told about a young king who lived in a beautiful palace +some distance from their village, and the boy became very much interested. That night when the house was dark and quiet and +Benito lay on his mat trying to sleep, thoughts of the young king repeatedly came to his mind, and he wished he were a king +that he and his parents might spend the rest of their lives in a beautiful palace. + +</p> +<p>The next morning he awoke with a new idea. He would go to the king and ask for work, that he might in that way be able to +help his father and mother. He was a long time in persuading his parents to allow him to go, however, for it was a long journey, +and they feared that the king might not be gracious. But at last they gave their consent, and the boy started out The journey +proved tiresome. After he reached the palace, he was not at first permitted to see the king. But the boy being very earnest +at last secured a place as a servant. +<a id="d0e4116"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4116">190</a>]</span></p> +<p>It was a new and strange world to Benito who had known only the life of a little village. The work was hard, but he was happy +in thinking that now he could help his father and mother. One day the king sent for him and said: + + +</p> +<p></p> +<div id="d0e4120" class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/p196.jpg" alt="A rice granary" width="503" height="720"><p class="figureHead">A rice granary</p> +</div><p> + + +</p> +<p>“I want you to bring to me a beautiful princess who lives in a land across the sea. Go at once, and if you fail you shall +be punished severely,” + +</p> +<p>The boy’s heart sank within him, for he did not know what to do. But he answered as bravely as possible, “I will, my lord,” +and left the king’s chamber. He at once set about preparing things for a long journey, for he was determined to try at least +to fulfil the command. + +</p> +<p>When all was ready Benito started. He had not gone far before he came to a thick forest, where he saw a large bird bound tightly +with strings. + +</p> +<p>“Oh, my friend,” pleaded the bird, “please free me from these bonds, and I will help you whenever you call on me.” + +</p> +<p>Benito quickly released the bird, and it flew away calling back to him that its name was Sparrow-hawk. + +</p> +<p>Benito continued his journey till he came to the sea. Unable to find a way of crossing, he stopped and gazed sadly out over +the waters, thinking of the king’s threat if he failed. Suddenly he saw swimming toward him the King of the Fishes who asked: + +</p> +<p>“Why are you so sad?” + +</p> +<p>“I wish to cross the sea to find the beautiful Princess,” answered the boy. + + +</p> +<p></p> +<div id="d0e4141" class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/p197-1.jpg" alt="Methods of transportation" width="532" height="325"><p class="figureHead">Methods of transportation</p> +</div><p> + +</p> +<p></p> +<div id="d0e4146" class="figure"><img border="0" src="images/p197-2.jpg" alt="A store in a Christianized village" width="531" height="328"><p class="figureHead">A store in a Christianized village</p> +</div><p> + +<a id="d0e4150"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4150">191</a>]</span></p> +<p>“Well, get on my back,” said the Fish, “and I will carry you across.” + +</p> +<p>So Benito stepped on his back and was carried to the other shore. + +</p> +<p>Soon he met a strange woman who inquired what it was he sought, and when he had told her she said: + +</p> +<p>“The Princess is kept in a castle guarded by giants. Take this magic sword, for it will kill instantly whatever it touches.” +And she handed him the weapon. + +</p> +<p>Benito was more than grateful for her kindness and went on full of hope. As he approached the castle he could see that it +was surrounded by many giants, and as soon as they saw him they ran out to seize him, but they went unarmed for they saw that +he was a mere boy. As they approached he touched those in front with his sword, and one by one they fell dead. Then the others +ran away in a panic, and left the castle unguarded. Benito entered, and when he had told the Princess of his errand, she was +only too glad to escape from her captivity and she set out at once with him for the palace of the king. + +</p> +<p>At the seashore the King of the Fishes was waiting for them, and they had no difficulty in crossing the sea and then in journeying +through the thick forest to the palace, where they were received with great rejoicing. After a time the King asked the Princess +to become his wife, and she replied: + +</p> +<p>“I will, O King, if you will get the ring I lost in the sea as I was crossing it” + +</p> +<p>The King immediately thought of Benito, and sending for him he commanded him to find the ring which <a id="d0e4167"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4167">192</a>]</span>had been lost on the journey from the land of the giants. + +</p> +<p>It seemed a hopeless task to the boy, but, anxious to obey his master, he started out. At the seaside he stopped and gazed +over the waters until, to his great delight, he saw his friend, the King of the Fishes, swimming toward him. When he had been +told of the boy’s troubles, the great fish said: “I will see if I can help you,” and he summoned all his subjects to him. +When they came he found that one was missing, and he sent the others in search of it. They found it under a stone so full +that it could not swim, and the larger ones took it by the tail and dragged it to the King. + +</p> +<p>“Why did you not come when you were called?” inquired the King Fish. + +</p> +<p>“I have eaten so much that I cannot swim,” replied the poor fish. + +</p> +<p>Then the King Fish, suspecting the truth, ordered it cut open, and inside they found the lost ring. Benito was overjoyed at +this, and expressing his great thanks, hastened with the precious ring to his master. + +</p> +<p>The King, greatly pleased, carried the ring to the Princess and said: + +</p> +<p>“Now that I have your ring will you become my wife?” + +</p> +<p>“I will be your wife,” replied the Princess, “if you will find my earring that I lost in the forest as I was journeying with +Benito.” + +</p> +<p>Again the King sent for Benito, and this time he commanded him to find the earring. The boy was <a id="d0e4185"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4185">193</a>]</span>very weary from his long journeys, but with no complaint he started out once more. Along the road through the thick forest +he searched carefully, but with no reward. At last, tired and discouraged, he sat down under a tree to rest. + +</p> +<p>Suddenly there appeared before him a mouse of great size, and he was surprised to find that it was the King of Mice. + +</p> +<p>“Why are you so sad?” asked the King Mouse. + +</p> +<p>“Because,” answered the boy, “I cannot find an earring which the Princess lost as we were going through the forest together.” + +</p> +<p>“I will help you,” said the Mouse, and he summoned all his subjects. + +</p> +<p>When they assembled it was found that one little mouse was missing, and the King sent the others to look for him. In a small +hole among the bamboo trees they found him, and he begged to be left alone, for, he said, he was so full that he could not +walk. Nevertheless they pulled him along to their master, who, upon finding that there was something hard inside the mouse, +ordered him cut open; and inside they found the missing earring. + +</p> +<p>Benito at once forgot his weariness, and after expressing his great thanks to the King Mouse he hastened to the palace with +the prize. The King eagerly seized the earring and presented it to the Princess, again asking her to be his wife. + +</p> +<p>“Oh, my King,” replied the Princess, “I have one more request to make. Only grant it and I will be your wife forever.” +<a id="d0e4201"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4201">194</a>]</span></p> +<p>The King, believing that now with the aid of Benito he could grant anything, inquired what it was she wished, and she replied: + +</p> +<p>“Get me some water from heaven and some from the lower world, and I shall ask nothing more.” + +</p> +<p>Once more the King called Benito and sent him on the hardest errand of all. + +</p> +<p>The boy went out not knowing which way to turn, and while he was in a deep study his weary feet led him to the forest. Suddenly +he thought of the bird who had promised to help him, and he called, “Sparrowhawk!” There was a rustle of wings, and the bird +swooped down. He told it of his troubles and it said: + +</p> +<p>“I will get the water for you.” + +</p> +<p>Then Benito made two light cups of bamboo which he fastened to the bird’s legs, and it flew away. All day the boy waited in +the forest, and just as night was coming on the bird returned with both cups full. The one on his right foot, he told Benito, +was from heaven, and that on his left was from the lower world. The boy unfastened the cups, and then, as he was thanking +the bird, he noticed that the journey had been too much for it and that it was dying. Filled with sorrow for his winged friend, +he waited and carefully buried it, and then he hastened to the palace with the precious water. + +</p> +<p>When the Princess saw that her wish had been fulfilled she asked the King to cut her in two and pour over her the water from +heaven. The King was not able to do this, so she cut herself, and then as he poured <a id="d0e4216"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4216">195</a>]</span>the water over her he beheld her grow into the most beautiful woman he had ever seen. + +</p> +<p>Eager to become handsome himself, the King then begged her to pour over him the water from the other cup. He cut himself, +and she did as he requested, but immediately there arose a creature most ugly and horrible to look upon, which soon vanished +out of sight. Then the Princess called Benito and told him that because he had been so faithful to his master and so kind +to her, she chose him for her husband. + +</p> +<p>They were married amid great festivities and became king and queen of that broad and fertile land. During all the great rejoicing, +however, Benito never forgot his parents. One of the finest portions of his kingdom he gave to them, and from that time they +all lived in great happiness.<a id="d0e4222src" href="#d0e4222" class="noteref">8</a> +<a id="d0e4225"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4225">196</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e4226"> +<h3 class="normal">The Adventures of Juan</h3> +<p><i>Tagalog</i> + + +</p> +<p>Juan was always getting into trouble. He was a lazy boy, and more than that, he did not have good sense. When he tried to +do things, he made such dreadful mistakes that he might better not have tried. + +</p> +<p>His family grew very impatient with him, scolding and beating him whenever he did anything wrong. One day his mother, who +was almost discouraged with him, gave him a bolo<a id="d0e4237src" href="#d0e4237" class="noteref">9</a> and sent him to the forest, for she thought he could at least cut firewood. Juan walked leisurely along, contemplating some +means of escape. At last he came to a tree that seemed easy to cut, and then he drew his long knife and prepared to work. + +</p> +<p>Now it happened that this was a magic tree and it said to Juan: + +</p> +<p>“If you do not cut me I will give you a goat that shakes silver from its whiskers.” + +</p> +<p>This pleased Juan wonderfully, both because he was curious to see the goat, and because he would not have to chop the wood. +He agreed at once to spare the tree, whereupon the bark separated and a goat stepped out. Juan commanded it to shake its whiskers, +and when the money began to drop he was so delighted that <a id="d0e4246"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4246">197</a>]</span>he took the animal and started home to show his treasure to his mother. + +</p> +<p>On the way he met a friend who was more cunning than Juan, and when he heard of the boy’s rich goat he decided to rob him. +Knowing Juan’s fondness for tuba<a id="d0e4250src" href="#d0e4250" class="noteref">10</a>, he persuaded him to drink, and while he was drunk, the friend substituted another goat for the magic one. As soon as he +was sober again, Juan hastened home with the goat and told his people of the wonderful tree, but when he commanded the animal +to shake its whiskers, no money fell out. The family, believing it to be another of Juan’s tricks, beat and scolded the poor +boy. + +</p> +<p>He went back to the tree and threatened to cut it down for lying to him, but the tree said: + +</p> +<p>“No, do not cut me down and I will give you a net which you may cast on dry ground, or even in the tree tops, and it will +return full of fish.” + +</p> +<p>So Juan spared the tree and started home with his precious net, but on the way he met the same friend who again persuaded +him to drink tuba. While he was drunk, the friend replaced the magic net with a common one, so that when Juan reached home +and tried to show his power, he was again the subject of ridicule. + +</p> +<p>Once more Juan went to his tree, this time determined to cut it down. But the offer of a magic pot, always full of rice and +spoons which provided whatever he wished to eat with his rice, dissuaded him, and he started home happier than ever. Before +reaching <a id="d0e4261"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4261">198</a>]</span>home, however, he met with the same fate as before, and his folks, who were becoming tired of his pranks, beat him harder +than ever. + +</p> +<p>Thoroughly angered, Juan sought the tree a fourth time and was on the point of cutting it down when once more it arrested +his attention. After some discussion, he consented to accept a stick to which he had only to say, “Boombye, Boomba,” and it +would beat and kill anything he wished. + +</p> +<p>When he met his friend on this trip, he was asked what he had and he replied: + +</p> +<p>“Oh, it is only a stick, but if I say ‘Boombye, Boomba’ it will beat you to death.” + +</p> +<p>At the sound of the magic words the stick leaped from his hands and began beating his friend until he cried: + +</p> +<p>“Oh, stop it and I will give back everything that I stole from you.” Juan ordered the stick to stop, and then he compelled +the man to lead the goat and to carry the net and the jar and spoons to his home. + +</p> +<p>There Juan commanded the goat, and it shook its whiskers until his mother and brothers had all the silver they could carry. +Then they ate from the magic jar and spoons until they were filled. And this time Juan was not scolded. After they had finished +Juan said: + +</p> +<p>“You have beaten me and scolded me all my life, and now you are glad to accept my good things. I am going to show you something +else: ‘Boombye, Boomba’.” Immediately the stick leaped out and beat them all until they begged for mercy and promised that +Juan should ever after be head of the house. +<a id="d0e4277"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4277">199</a>]</span></p> +<p>From that time Juan was rich and powerful, but he never went anywhere without his stick. One night, when some thieves came +to his house, he would have been robbed and killed had it not been for the magic words “Boombye, Boomba,” which caused the +death of all the robbers. + +</p> +<p>Some time after this he married a beautiful princess, and because of the kindness of the magic tree they always lived happily.<a id="d0e4282src" href="#d0e4282" class="noteref">11</a> +<a id="d0e4288"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4288">200</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e4289"> +<h3 class="normal">Juan Gathers Guavas</h3> +<p><i>Tagalog</i> + + +</p> +<p>One day Juan’s father sent him to get some ripe guavas, for a number of the neighbors had come in and he wanted to give them +something to eat. + +</p> +<p>Juan went to the guava bushes and ate all the fruit he could hold, and then he decided to play a joke on his father’s guests +instead of giving them a feast of guavas. A wasp’s nest hung near by. With some difficulty he succeeded in taking it down +and putting it into a tight basket that he had brought for the fruit. He hastened home and gave the basket to his father, +and then as he left the room where the guests were seated he closed the door and fastened it. + +</p> +<p>As soon as Juan’s father opened the basket the wasps flew over the room; and when the people found the door locked they fought +to get out of the windows. After a while Juan opened the door, and when he saw the swollen faces of the people, he cried. + +</p> +<p>“What fine, rich guavas you must have had! They have made you all so fat!”. +<a id="d0e4304"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4304">201</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e4305"> +<h3 class="normal">The Sun and the Moon<a id="d0e4308src" href="#d0e4308" class="noteref">12</a></h3> +<p><i>Visayan</i> + +</p> +<p>Once upon a time the Sun and the Moon were married, and they had many children who were the stars. The Sun was very fond of +his children, but whenever he tried to embrace any of them, he was so hot that he burned them up. This made the Moon so angry +that finally she forbade him to touch them again, and he was greatly grieved. + +</p> +<p>One day the Moon went down to the spring to do some washing, and when she left she told the Sun that he must not touch any +of their children in her absence. When she returned, however, she found that he had disobeyed her, and several of the children +had perished. + +</p> +<p>She was very angry, and picked up a banana tree to strike him, whereupon he threw sand in her face, and to this day you can +see the dark marks on the face of the Moon. + +</p> +<p>Then the Sun started to chase her, and they have been going ever since. Sometimes he gets so near that he almost catches her, +but she escapes, and by and by she is far ahead again.<a id="d0e4322src" href="#d0e4322" class="noteref">13</a> + +<a id="d0e4325"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4325">202</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e4326"> +<h3 class="normal">The First Monkey</h3> +<p><i>Visayan</i> + + +</p> +<p>Many years ago at the foot of a forest-covered hill was a small town, and just above the town on the hillside was a little +house in which lived an old woman and her grandson. + +</p> +<p>The old woman, who was very industrious, earned their living by removing the seeds from cotton, and she always had near at +hand a basket in which were cotton and a long stick that she used for a spindle. The boy was lazy and would not do anything +to help his grandmother, but every day went down to the town and gambled. + +</p> +<p>One day, when he had been losing money, the boy went home and was cross because his supper was not ready. + +</p> +<p>“I am hurrying to get the seeds out of this cotton,” said the grandmother, “and as soon as I sell it, I will buy us some food.” + +</p> +<p>At this the boy fell into a rage, and he picked up some cocoanut shells and threw them at his grandmother. Then she became +angry and began to whip him with her spindle, when suddenly he was changed into an ugly animal, and the cotton became hair +which covered his body, while the stick itself became his tail. + +</p> +<p>As soon as the boy found that he had become an ugly creature he ran down into the town and began <a id="d0e4345"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4345">203</a>]</span>whipping his companions, the gamblers, with his tail, and immediately they were turned into animals like himself. + +</p> +<p>Then the people would no longer have them in the town, but drove them out. They went to the forest where they lived in the +trees, and ever since they have been known as monkeys.<a id="d0e4349src" href="#d0e4349" class="noteref">14</a> + +<a id="d0e4355"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4355">204</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e4356"> +<h3 class="normal">The Virtue of the Cocoanut</h3> +<p><i>Visayan</i> + + +</p> +<p>One day a man took his blow-gun<a id="d0e4365src" href="#d0e4365" class="noteref">15</a>and his dog and went to the forest to hunt. As he was making his way through the thick woods he chanced upon a young cocoanut +tree growing in the ground. + +</p> +<p>It was the first tree of this kind that he had ever seen, and it seemed so peculiar to him that he stopped to look at it. + +</p> +<p>When he had gone some distance farther, his attention was attracted by a noisy bird in a tree, and he shot it with his blow-gun. +By and by he took aim at a large monkey, which mocked him from another treetop, and that, too, fell dead at his feet. + +</p> +<p>Then he heard his dog barking furiously in the distant bushes, and hastening to it he found it biting a wild pig. After a +hard struggle he killed the pig, and then, feeling satisfied with his success, he took the three animals on his back and returned +to the little plant. + +</p> +<p>“I have decided to take you home with me, little plant,” he said, “for I like you and you may be of some use to me.” + +</p> +<p>He dug up the plant very carefully and started <a id="d0e4378"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4378">205</a>]</span>home, but he had not gone far when he noticed that the leaves had begun to wilt, and he did not know what to do, since he +had no water. Finally, in despair, he cut the throat of the bird and sprinkled the blood on the cocoanut. No sooner had he +done this than the plant began to revive, and he continued his journey. + +</p> +<p>Before he had gone far, however, the leaves again began to wilt, and this time he revived it with the blood of the monkey. +Then he hastened on, but a third time the leaves wilted, and he was compelled to stop and revive it with the blood of the +pig. This was his last animal, so he made all the haste possible to reach home before his plant died. The cocoanut began to +wilt again before he reached his house, but when he planted it in the ground, it quickly revived, and grew into a tall tree. + +</p> +<p>This hunter was the first man to take the liquor called tuba<a id="d0e4384src" href="#d0e4384" class="noteref">16</a> from the cocoanut tree, and he and his friends began to drink it. After they had become very fond of it, the hunter said +to his friends: + +</p> +<p>“The cocoanut tree is like the three animals whose blood gave it life when it would have died. The man who drinks three or +four cups of tuba becomes like the noisy bird that I shot with my blow-gun. One who drinks more than three or four cups becomes +like the big monkey that acts silly; and one who becomes drunk is like the pig that sleeps even in a mud-hole.” +<a id="d0e4392"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4392">206</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e4393"> +<h3 class="normal">Mansumandig</h3> +<p><i>Visayan</i> + + +</p> +<p>One day a man said to his wife: “My wife, we are getting very poor and I must go into business to earn some money.” + +</p> +<p>“That is a good idea,” replied his wife. “How much capital have you?” + +</p> +<p>“I have twenty-five centavos,”<a id="d0e4406src" href="#d0e4406" class="noteref">17</a> answered the man; “and I am going to buy rice and carry it to the mines, for I have heard that it brings a good price there.” + +</p> +<p>So he took his twenty-five centavos and bought a half-cavan of rice which he carried on his shoulder to the mine. Arriving +there he told the people that he had rice for sale, and they asked eagerly how much he wanted for it. + +</p> +<p>“Why, have you forgotten the regular price of rice?” asked the man. “It is twenty-five centavos.” + +</p> +<p>They at once bought the rice, and the man was very glad because he would not have to carry it any longer. He put the money +in his belt and asked if they would like to buy any more. + +</p> +<p>“Yes,” said they, “we will buy as many cavans as you will bring.” + +</p> +<p>When the man reached home his wife asked if he had been successful. +<a id="d0e4419"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4419">207</a>]</span></p> +<p>“Oh, my wife,” he answered, “it is a very good business. I could not take the rice off my shoulder before the people came +to buy it.” + +</p> +<p>“Well, that is good,” said the wife; “we shall become very rich.” + +</p> +<p>The next morning the man bought a half-cavan of rice the same as before and carried it to the mine and when they asked how +much it would be, he said: + +</p> +<p>“It is the same as before—twenty-five centavos.” He received the money and went home. + +</p> +<p>“How is the business today?” asked his wife. + +</p> +<p>“Oh, it is the same as before,” he said. “I could not take the rice off my shoulder before they came for it.” + +</p> +<p>And so he went on with his business for a year, each day buying a half-cavan of rice and selling it for the price he had paid +for it. Then one day his wife said that they would balance accounts, and she spread a mat on the floor and sat down on one +side of it, telling her husband to sit on the opposite side. When she asked him for the money he had made during the year, +he asked: + +</p> +<p>“What money?” + +</p> +<p>“Why, give me the money you have received,” answered his wife; “and then we can see how much you have made.” + +</p> +<p>“Oh, here it is,” said the man, and he took the twenty-five centavos out of his belt and handed it to her. + +</p> +<p>“Is that all you have received this year?” cried his <a id="d0e4442"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4442">208</a>]</span>wife angrily. “Haven’t you said that rice brought a good price at the mines?” + +</p> +<p>“That is all,” he replied. + +</p> +<p>“How much did you pay for the rice?” + +</p> +<p>“Twenty-five centavos.” + +</p> +<p>“How much did you receive for it?” + +</p> +<p>“Twenty-five centavos.” + +</p> +<p>“Oh, my husband,” cried his wife, “how can you make any gain if you sell it for just what you paid for it.” + +</p> +<p>The man leaned his head against the wall and thought. Ever since then he has been called “Mansumandig,” a man who leans back +and thinks. + +</p> +<p>Then the wife said, “Give me the twenty-five centavos, and I will try to make some money.” So he handed it to her, and she +said, “Now you go to the field where the people are gathering hemp and buy twenty-five centavos worth for me, and I will weave +it into cloth.” + +</p> +<p>When Mansumandig returned with the hemp she spread it in the sun, and as soon as it was dry she tied it into a long thread +and put it on the loom to weave. Night and day she worked on her cloth, and when it was finished she had eight varas. This +she sold for twelve and a half centavos a vara, and with this money she bought more hemp. She continued weaving and selling +her cloth, and her work was so good that people were glad to buy from her. + +</p> +<p>At the end of a year she again spread the mat on the floor and took her place on one side of it, while her husband sat on +the opposite side. Then she poured <a id="d0e4464"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4464">209</a>]</span>the money out of the blanket in which she kept it upon the mat. She held aside her capital, which was twenty-five centavos, +and when she counted the remainder she found that she had three hundred pesos. Mansumandig was greatly ashamed when he remembered +that he had not made cent, and he leaned his head against the wall and thought After a while the woman pitied him, so she +gave him the money and told him to buy carabao. + +</p> +<p>He was able to buy ten carabao and with these he plowed his fields. By raising good crops they were able to live comfortably +all the rest of their lives. +<a id="d0e4468"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4468">210</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e4469"> +<h3 class="normal">Why Dogs Wag their Tails</h3> +<p><i>Visayan</i> + + +</p> +<p>A rich man in a certain town once owned a dog and a cat, both of which were very useful to him. The dog had served his master +for many years and had become so old that he had lost his teeth and was unable to fight any more, but he was a good guide +and companion to the cat who was strong and cunning. + +</p> +<p>The master had a daughter who was attending school at a convent some distance from home, and very often he sent the dog and +the cat with presents to the girl. + +</p> +<p>One day he called the faithful animals and bade them carry a magic ring to his daughter. + +</p> +<p>“You are strong and brave,” he said to the cat “You may carry the ring, but you must be careful not to drop it” + +</p> +<p>And to the dog he said: “You must accompany the cat to guide her and keep her from harm.” + +</p> +<p>They promised to do their best, and started out. All went well until they came to a river. As there was neither bridge nor +boat, there was no way to cross but to swim. + +</p> +<p>“Let me take the magic ring,” said the dog as they were about to plunge into the water. + +</p> +<p>“Oh, no,” replied the cat, “the master gave it to me to carry.” +<a id="d0e4492"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4492">211</a>]</span></p> +<p>“But you cannot swim well,” argued the dog. “I am strong and can take good care of it.” + +</p> +<p>But the cat refused to give up the ring until finally the dog threatened to kill her, and then she reluctantly gave it to +him. + +</p> +<p>The river was wide and the water so swift that they grew very tired, and just before they reached the opposite bank the dog +dropped the ring. They searched carefully, but could not find it anywhere, and after a while they turned back to tell their +master of the sad loss. Just before reaching the house, however, the dog was so overcome with fear that he turned and ran +away and never was seen again. + +</p> +<p>The cat went on alone, and when the master saw her coming he called out to know why she had returned so soon and what had +become of her companion. The poor cat was frightened, but as well as she could she explained how the ring had been lost and +how the dog had run away. + +</p> +<p>On hearing her story the master was very angry, and commanded that all his people should search for the dog, and that it should +be punished by having its tail cut off. + +</p> +<p>He also ordered that all the dogs in the world should join in the search, and ever since when one dog meets another he says: +“Are you the old dog that lost the magic ring? If so, your tail must be cut off.” Then immediately each shows his teeth and +wags his tail to prove that he is not the guilty one. + +</p> +<p>Since then, too, cats have been afraid of water and will not swim across a river if they can avoid it. +<a id="d0e4507"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4507">212</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e4508"> +<h3 class="normal">The Hawk and the Hen</h3> +<p><i>Visayan</i> + + +</p> +<p>A hawk flying about in the sky one day decided that he would like to marry a hen whom he often saw on earth. He flew down +and searched until he found her, and then asked her to become his wife. She at once gave her consent on the condition that +he would wait until she could grow wings like his, so that she might also fly high. The hawk agreed to this and flew away, +after giving her a ring as an engagement present and telling her to take good care of it. + +</p> +<p>The hen was very proud of the ring and placed it around her neck. The next day, however, she met the cock who looked at her +in astonishment and said: + +</p> +<p>“Where did you get that ring? Do you not know that you promised to be my wife? You must not wear the ring of anyone else. +Throw it away.” + +</p> +<p>And the hen threw away the beautiful ring. + +</p> +<p>Not long after this the hawk came down bringing beautiful feathers to dress the hen. When she saw him coming she was frightened +and ran to hide behind the door, but the hawk called to her to come and see the beautiful dress he had brought her. + +</p> +<p>The hen came out, and the hawk at once saw that the ring was gone. + +</p> +<p>“Where is the ring I gave you?” he asked. “Why do you not wear it?” +<a id="d0e4529"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4529">213</a>]</span></p> +<p>The hen was frightened and ashamed to tell the truth so she answered: + +</p> +<p>“Oh, sir, yesterday when I was walking in the garden, I met a large snake and he frightened me so that I ran as fast as I +could to the house. Then I missed the ring and I searched everywhere but could not find it.” + +</p> +<p>The hawk looked sharply at the hen, and he knew that she was deceiving him. Then he said to her: + +</p> +<p>“I did not believe that you could behave so badly. When you have found the ring I will come down again and make you my wife. +But as a punishment for breaking your promise, you must always scratch the ground to look for the ring. And every chicken +of yours that I find, I shall snatch away.” + +</p> +<p>Then he flew away, and ever since all the hens throughout the world have been scratching to find the hawk’s ring. +<a id="d0e4540"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4540">214</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e4541"> +<h3 class="normal">The Spider and the Fly</h3> +<p><i>Visayan</i> + + +</p> +<p>Mr. Spider wanted to marry Miss Fly. Many times he told her of his love and begged her to become his wife, but she always +refused for she did not like him. + +</p> +<p>One day when she saw Mr. Spider coming again Miss Fly closed all the doors and windows of her house and made ready a pot of +boiling water. Then she waited, and when Mr. Spider called, begging her to allow him to enter, she answered by throwing boiling +water at him. This made Mr. Spider very angry and he cried: + +</p> +<p>“I will never forgive you for this, but I and my descendants will always despise you. We will never give you any peace.” + +</p> +<p>Mr. Spider kept his word, and even today one can see the hatred of the spider for the fly. +<a id="d0e4556"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4556">215</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="div2" id="d0e4557"> +<h3 class="normal">The Battle of the Crabs</h3> +<p><i>Visayan</i> + + +</p> +<p>One day the land crabs had a meeting and one of them said: + +</p> +<p>“What shall we do with the waves? They sing so loudly all the time that we cannot possibly sleep.” + +</p> +<p>“Well,” answered one of the oldest of the crabs, “I think we should make war on them.” + +</p> +<p>The others agreed to this, and it was decided that the next day all the male crabs should get ready to fight the waves. They +started for the sea, as agreed, when they met a shrimp. + +</p> +<p>“Where are you going, my friends?” asked the shrimp. + +</p> +<p>“We are going to fight the waves,” answered the crabs, “for they make so much noise at night that we cannot sleep.” + +</p> +<p>“I do not think you will succeed,” said the shrimp, “for the waves are very strong and your legs are so weak that even your +bodies bend almost to the ground when you walk.” Wherewith he laughed loudly. + +</p> +<p>This made the crabs very angry, and they pinched the shrimp until he promised to help them win the battle. + +</p> +<p>Then they all went to the shore. But the crabs noticed that the eyes of the shrimp were set unlike their <a id="d0e4582"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4582">216</a>]</span>own, so they thought his must be wrong and they laughed at him and said: + +</p> +<p>“Friend shrimp, your face is turned the wrong way. What weapon have you to fight with the waves?” + +</p> +<p>“My weapon is a spear on my head,” replied the shrimp, and just then he saw a big wave coming and ran away. The crabs did +not see it, however, for they were all looking toward the shore, and they were covered with water and drowned. + +</p> +<p>By and by the wives of the crabs became worried because their husbands did not return, and they went down to the shore to +see if they could help in the battle. No sooner had they reached the water, however, than the waves rushed over them and killed +them. + +</p> +<p>Some time after this thousands of little crabs appeared near the shore, and the shrimp often visited them and told them of +the sad fate of their parents. Even today these little crabs can be seen on the shore, continually running back and forth. +They seem to rush down to fight the waves, and then, as their courage fails, they run back to the land where their forefathers +lived. They neither live on dry land, as their ancestors did, nor in the sea where the other crabs are, but on the beach where +the waves wash over them at high tide and try to dash them to pieces. +<a id="d0e4592"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4592">217</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3924" href="#d0e3924src" class="noteref">1</a></span> This tale told by the Ilocano is well known among both the Christianized and the wild tribes of the Philippines, and also +in Borneo and Java. However, the Ilocano is the only version, so far as known, which has the explanatory element: the reason +is given here why monkeys do not eat meat. The turtle is accredited with extraordinary sagacity and cunning. It is another +example of the type of tale showing the victory of the weak and cunning over the strong but stupid. See “<a href="#d0e2489">The Turtle and the Lizard</a>,” p. 86. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3962" href="#d0e3962src" class="noteref">2</a></span> All the events here given represent present-day occurrences, and the story appears to have been invented purely to amuse. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3975" href="#d0e3975src" class="noteref">3</a></span> The headman of the town. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e3998" href="#d0e3998src" class="noteref">4</a></span> Here we have an excellent illustration of how a story brought in by the Spaniards has been worked over into Philippine setting. +This is doubtless the classical story of Midas, but since the ass is practically unknown in the Philippines, horns (probably +carabao horns) have been substituted for the ass’s ears, which grew on Midas’ head. Likewise the bamboo, which grows in abundance, +takes the place of the reeds in the original tale. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e4061" href="#d0e4061src" class="noteref">5</a></span> A common fancy in Malay legends is the supernatural origin of a child in some vegetable, usually a bamboo. See <a href="#d0e2738">note 2, p. 99</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e4081" href="#d0e4081src" class="noteref">6</a></span> A bird something like a hawk. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e4096" href="#d0e4096src" class="noteref">7</a></span> See <a href="#d0e3318">note 1, p. 134</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e4222" href="#d0e4222src" class="noteref">8</a></span> This is undoubtedly a worked-over story, probably brought in from Europe. Kings, queens, palaces, etc., were, of course, unknown +to the people before the advent of the Spaniards. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e4237" href="#d0e4237src" class="noteref">9</a></span> A long knife. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e4250" href="#d0e4250src" class="noteref">10</a></span> The fermented juice of the cocoanut. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e4282" href="#d0e4282src" class="noteref">11</a></span> This tale bears a striking resemblance to Grimm’s “The Table, the Ass, and the Stick,” <i>Fairy Tales</i>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e4308" href="#d0e4308src" class="noteref">12</a></span> These Visayan tales reflect old beliefs covered with a veneer of European ideas. The Visayan still holds to many of the old +superstitions, not because he has reasoned them out for himself, but because his ancestors believed them and transmitted them +to him in such stories as these. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e4322" href="#d0e4322src" class="noteref">13</a></span> A very old explanatory tale. In a slightly varying form it is found in other parts of the Islands. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e4349" href="#d0e4349src" class="noteref">14</a></span> Here we have an old type of tale explaining where monkeys came from. See <a href="#d0e3247">note 2, p. 130</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e4365" href="#d0e4365src" class="noteref">15</a></span> The blow-gun is a Malayan weapon, which is used extensively in the Philippines. Among certain wild tribes poisoned darts are +blown through it, but among the Christianized tribes a clay pellet is used. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e4384" href="#d0e4384src" class="noteref">16</a></span> See <a href="#d0e4250">note 1, p. 197</a>. +</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a id="d0e4406" href="#d0e4406src" class="noteref">17</a></span> A Spanish coin worth half a cent. +</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="d0e4593" class="div1"><span class="pagenum"> +[<a href="#d0e166">Contents</a>] +</span><h2 class="normal">Pronunciation of Philippine Names</h2> +<p>The vowel sounds in the following pronunciations are those used in Webster’s dictionary. + +</p> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td> +<ol class="lsoff"> +<li><i>Adasen</i>, a-dä′sen +</li> +<li><i>Aguio</i>, a′ge-o +</li> +<li><i>Alan</i>, ä′län +</li> +<li><i>Alokotan</i>, ä-lō-kō-tän′ +</li> +<li><i>Aponibalagen</i>, apō-nē-bä-lä-gĕn′ +</li> +<li><i>Aponibolinayen</i>, apō-nē-bō-lĕ-nä′yen +</li> +<li><i>Aponitolau</i>, apo-ne-tō′lou +</li> +<li><i>Bagbagak</i>, bäg-bä-gäk′ +</li> +<li><i>Bagobo</i>, ba-gō′bō +</li> +<li><i>Balatama</i>, bä-lä-tä′ma +</li> +<li><i>Bangan</i>, bän′gän +</li> +<li><i>Bantugan</i>, bän-too′gan +</li> +<li><i>Benito</i>, be-nē′tō +</li> +<li><i>Bilaan</i>, be-lä′an +</li> +<li><i>Bita</i>, bē′ta +</li> +<li><i>Bontoc</i>, bon′tok +</li> +<li><i>Bukidnon</i>, boo-kid′nōn +</li> +<li><i>Bulanawan</i>, boo-lă-nä′wan +</li> +<li><i>Caalang</i>, kä-ä′läng +</li> +<li><i>Cabildo</i>, kä-bĭl′dō +</li> +<li><i>Cibolan</i>, ci-bō′lan +</li> +<li><i>Dalonagan</i>, da-lō-nā′gan +</li> +<li><i>Danepan</i>, dä-nē-pan′ +</li> +<li><i>Dapilisan</i>, da-pē-lē′san +</li> +<li><i>Dayapan</i>, dī-a-pan +</li> +<li><i>Dinawagen</i>, dē-nä-wä′gen +</li> +<li><i>Dodedog</i>, dōg-e-dōg +</li> +<li><i>Domayco</i>, dō-mī′kō +</li> +<li><i>Dumalawi</i>, doo-mä-lä-wē′ +</li> +<li><i>Epogow</i>, ē-pō-gou′ +</li> +<li><i>Gawigawen</i>, gä-wē-gä′wen +</li> +<li><i>Gaygayoma</i>, gī-gī-ō′ma +</li> +<li><i>Gotgotapa</i>, gōt-gō-ta′pa +</li> +<li><i>Igorot</i>, ĭg-ō-rōt′ +</li> +<li><i>Ilocano</i>, ĭl-ō-kä′nō +</li> +<li><i>Ilocos Norte</i>, il-o′kos no′rte +</li> +<li><i>Indarapatra</i>, in-dä-rä-pä′tra +</li> +<li><i>Ini-init</i>, ē-nĭ-ē′nĭt +</li> +<li><i>Kabigat</i>, ka-be-gat′ +</li> +<li><i>Kaboniyan</i>, kä-bō-nē-yan′ +</li> +</ol> +</td> +<td> +<ol class="lsoff"> +<li><i>Kadaklan</i>, ka-dak-lan′ +</li> +<li><i>Kadalayapan</i>, kä-dä-lä-yä′pan +</li> +<li><i>Kadayadawan</i>, kä-dä-yä-dä′wan +</li> +<li><i>Kanag</i>, kä′näg +</li> +<li><i>Komow</i>, ko′mou +</li> +<li><i>Kurita</i>, ku-rē′ta +</li> +<li><i>Langgona</i>, läng-gō′na +</li> +<li><i>Ligi</i>, lē′gē +</li> +<li><i>Limokon</i>, lē-mō′kōn +</li> +<li><i>Lumabet</i>, loo-mä′bet +</li> +<li><i>Lumawig</i>, loo-mä′wig +</li> +<li><i>Magbangal</i>, mäg-bäng′al +</li> +<li><i>Magindanau</i>, mä-gĭn-dä′nou +</li> +<li><i>Magosang</i>, ma-gō′sang +</li> +<li><i>Magsawi</i>, mäg-sä-wē′ +</li> +<li><i>Magsingal</i>, mäg′sĭn-gäl +</li> +<li><i>Manama</i>, män-ä′ma +</li> +<li><i>Mandaya</i>, män-dī′ya +</li> +<li><i>Mansumandig</i>, män-su-män-dig +</li> +<li><i>Mayinit</i>, mī-ĭ′nĭt +</li> +<li><i>Mayo</i>, mī′yo<a id="d0e4843"></a><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#d0e4843">218</a>]</span></li> +<li><i>Mindanao</i>, min-da-nou′ +</li> +<li><i>Nalpangan</i>, nal-pan-gan′ +</li> +<li><i>Pilar</i>, pē′lär′ +</li> +<li><i>Samoki</i>, să-mō′ki +</li> +<li><i>Sayen</i>, sä-yen′ +</li> +<li><i>Siagon</i>, së-ä′gon +</li> +<li><i>Silit</i>, sē′lēt +</li> +<li><i>Sinag</i>, sē′nag +</li> +<li><i>Sogsogot</i>, sōg-sō-got′ +</li> +<li><i>Subanun</i>, soo-bä′nun +</li> +<li><i>Sulayman</i>, soo-lī′man +</li> +<li><i>Tagalog</i>, ta-ga′log +</li> +<li><i>Tarabusaw</i>, ta-ra-boo′sou +</li> +<li><i>Tikgi</i>, tĭk′ge +</li> +<li><i>Timaco</i>, tĭ-mä′kō +</li> +<li><i>Tinguian</i>, tĭng-gĭ-an′ +</li> +<li><i>Toglai</i>, tōg-lä′ē +</li> +<li><i>Toglibon</i>, tōg-lē′bōn +</li> +<li><i>Visayan</i>, vi-sī′yan +</li> +</ol> +</td> +</tr> +</table><p> + +</p> +</div> +<div class="transcribernote"> +<h2>Colophon</h2> +<h3>Availability</h3> +<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give +it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/">www.gutenberg.org</a>. + +</p> +<p>This eBook is produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at <a href="http://www.pgdp.net/">www.pgdp.net</a>. + +</p> +<p>gbn0406211926: Mabel Cook Cole, Philippine Folk Tales. Jeroen Hellingman <jeroen@bohol.ph>. 1916c. 6/24/2004. ok. + +</p> +<p>A copy of this work is available at the <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/philippinefolkta00colerich">Internet Archive</a>. + +</p> +<h3>Encoding</h3> +<h3>Revision History</h3> +<ol class="lsoff"> +<li>2005-07-03 Added TEI tagging and header. + +</li> +<li>2008-03-25 Revisited: added illustrations from copy available at the Internet Archive.</li> +</ol> +<h3>Corrections</h3> +<p>The following corrections have been applied to the text:</p> +<table width="75%"> +<tr> +<th>Location</th> +<th>Source</th> +<th>Correction</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width="20%"><a href="#d0e1241">Page 23</a></td> +<td width="40%">”</td> +<td width="40%"> +[<i>Deleted</i>] + +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width="20%"><a href="#d0e1253">Page 23</a></td> +<td width="40%">Bezmer</td> +<td width="40%">Bezemer</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width="20%"><a href="#d0e1775">Page 47</a></td> +<td width="40%"> +[<i>Not in source</i>] + +</td> +<td 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