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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 12814 ***
+
+Philippine Folk Tales
+
+Compiled and Annotated by
+
+Mabel Cook Cole
+
+
+1916
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+From time to time since the American occupation of the Islands,
+Philippine folk-tales have appeared in scientific publications, but
+never, so far as the writer is aware, has there been an attempt to
+offer to the general public a comprehensive popular collection of
+this material. It is my earnest hope that this collection of tales
+will give those who are interested opportunity to learn something
+of the magic, superstitions, and weird customs of the Filipinos,
+and to feel the charm of their wonder-world as it is pictured by
+these dark-skinned inhabitants of our Island possessions.
+
+In company with my husband, who was engaged in ethnological work for
+the Field Museum of Natural History, it was my good fortune to spend
+four years among the wild tribes of the Philippines, During this
+time we frequently heard these stories, either related by the people
+in their homes and around the camp fires or chanted by the pagan
+priests in communion with the spirits. The tales are now published
+in this little volume, with the addition of a few folk-legends
+that have appeared in the _Journal of American Folk-Lore_ and in
+scientific publications, here retold with some additions made by
+native story-tellers.
+
+I have endeavored to select typical tales from tribes widely separated
+and varying in culture from savagery to a rather high degree of
+development. The stories are therefore divided into five groups,
+as follows: Tinguian, Igorot, the Wild Tribes of Mindanao, Moro,
+and Christian,
+
+The first two groups, Tinguian and Igorot, are from natives who
+inhabit the rugged mountain region of northwestern Luzon. From time
+immemorial they have been zealous head-hunters, and the stories teem
+with references to customs and superstitions connected with their
+savage practices. By far the largest number belong to the Tinguian
+group. In order to appreciate these tales to the fullest extent,
+we must understand the point of view of the Tinguian. To him they
+embody all the known traditions of "the first times"--of the people
+who inhabited the earth before the present race appeared, of the
+ancient heroes and their powers and achievements. In them he finds
+an explanation of and reason for many of his present laws and customs.
+
+A careful study of the whole body of Tinguian mythology points to
+the conclusion that the chief characters of these tales are not
+celestial beings but typical, generalized heroes of former ages,
+whose deeds have been magnified in the telling by many generations
+of their descendants. These people of "the first times" practiced
+magic. They talked with jars, created human beings out of betel-nuts,
+raised the dead, and had the power of changing themselves into other
+forms. This, however, does not seem strange or impossible to the
+Tinguian of today, for even now they talk with jars, perform certain
+rites to bring sickness and death to their foes, and are warned by
+omens received through the medium of birds, thunder and lightning,
+or the condition of the liver of a slaughtered animal. They still
+converse freely with certain spirits who during religious ceremonies
+are believed to use the bodies of men or women as mediums for the
+purpose of advising and instructing the people.
+
+Several of the characters appear in story after story. Sometimes they
+go under different names, but in the minds of the story-tellers their
+personality and relationships are definitely established. Thus Ini-init
+of the first tale becomes Kadayadawan in the second, Aponitolau in
+the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth, and Ligi in the seventh. Kanag,
+the son of Aponitolau and Aponibolinayen, in the fifth tale is called
+Dumalawi.
+
+These heroes had most unusual relations with the heavenly bodies,
+all of which seem to have been regarded as animate beings. In the
+fourth tale Aponitolau marries Gaygayoma, the star maiden who is
+the daughter of the big star and the moon. In the first story the
+same character under the name of Ini-init seems to be a sun-god:
+we are told that he is "the sun," and again "a round stone which
+rolls." Thereupon we might conclude that he is a true solar being;
+yet in the other tales of this collection and in many more known to
+the Tinguian he reveals no celestial qualities. Even in the first
+story he abandons his place in the sky and goes to live on earth.
+
+In the first eight stories we read of many customs of "the first
+times" which differ radically from those of the present. But a careful
+analysis of all the known lore of this people points to the belief that
+many of these accounts depict a period when similar customs did exist
+among the people, or else were practiced by emigrants who generations
+ago became amalgamated with the Tinguian and whose strange customs
+finally became attributed to the people of the tales. The stories
+numbered nine to sixteen are of a somewhat different type, and in
+them the Tinguian finds an explanation of many things, such as,
+how the people learned to plant, and to cure diseases, where they
+secured the valuable jars and beads, and why the moon has spots on
+its face. All these stories are fully believed, the beads and jars
+are considered precious, and the places mentioned are definitely
+known. While the accounts seem to be of fairly recent origin they
+conflict neither with the fundamental ideas and traditions of "the
+first times" nor with the beliefs of today.
+
+Stories seventeen to twenty-three are regarded as fables and are told
+to amuse the children or to while away the midday hours when the people
+seek shaded spots to lounge or stop on the trail to rest. Most of
+them are known to the Christianized tribes throughout the Islands and
+show great similarity to the tales found in the islands to the south
+and, in some cases, in Europe. In many of them the chief incidents
+are identical with those found elsewhere, but the story-tellers, by
+introducing old customs and beliefs, have moulded and colored them
+until they reflect the common ideas of the Tinguian.
+
+The third group includes stories from several wild tribes who dwell
+in the large island of Mindanao. Here are people who work in brass
+and steel, build good dwellings, and wear hemp clothing elaborately
+decorated with beads, shell disks, and embroidery, but who still
+practice many savage customs, including slavery and human sacrifice.
+
+The fourth division gives two tales from the Moro (hardy Malayan
+warriors whose ancestors early became converts to the faith of
+Mohammed). Their teachers were the Arabian traders who, about 1400,
+succeeded in converting many of the Malay Islanders to the faith of
+the prophet.
+
+The last group contains the stories of the Christianized natives--those
+who accepted the rule of Spain and with it the Catholic religion. Their
+tales, while full of local color, nevertheless show the influence
+of the European tutors. They furnish an excellent opportunity to
+contrast the literature of the savage head-hunters with that of the
+Moro and Christian tribes and to observe how various recent influences
+have modified the beliefs of people who not many centuries ago were
+doubtless of a uniform grade of culture. It is interesting, too, to
+note that European tales brought into the Islands by Mohammedan and
+Christian rulers and traders have been worked over until, at first
+glance, they now appear indigenous.
+
+Owing to local coloring, these tales have various forms. Still we
+find many incidents which are held in common by all the tribes of
+the Archipelago and even by the people of Borneo, Java, Sumatra, and
+India. Some of these similarities and parallelisms are indicated in
+the foot-notes throughout the book.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+Group I: Tinguian
+
+    Aponibolinayen and the Sun
+    Aponibolinayen
+    Gawigawen of Adasen
+    The Story of Gaygayoma Who Lives up Above
+    The Story of Dumalawi
+    The Story of Kanag
+    The Story of Tikgi
+    The Story of Sayen
+    The Sun and the Moon
+    How the Tinguian Learned to Plant
+    Magsawi
+    The Tree with the Agate Beads
+    The Striped Blanket
+    The Alan and the Hunters
+    The Man and the Alan
+    Sogsogot
+    The Mistaken Gifts
+    The Boy Who Became a Stone
+    The Turtle and the Lizard
+    The Man with the Cocoanuts
+    The Carabao and the Shell
+    The Alligator's Fruit
+    Dogedog
+
+Group II: Igorot
+
+    The Creation
+    The Flood Story
+    Lumawig on Earth
+    How the First Head Was Taken
+    The Serpent Eagle
+    The Tattooed Men
+    Tilin, the Rice Bird
+
+Group III: The Wild Tribes of Mindanao
+
+    _Bukidnon_
+
+        How the Moon and Stars Came to Be
+        The Flood Story
+        Magbangal
+        How Children Became Monkeys
+        Bulanawan and Aguio
+
+    _Bagobo_
+
+        Origin
+        Lumabet
+
+    _Bilaan_
+
+        The Story of the Creation
+        In the Beginning
+
+    _Mandaya_
+
+        The Children of the Limokon
+        The Sun and the Moon
+
+    _Subanun_
+
+        The Widow's Son
+
+Group IV: Moro
+
+    Mythology of Mindanao
+    The Story of Bantugan
+
+Group V: The Christianized Tribes
+
+    _Ilocano_
+
+        The Monkey and the Turtle
+        The Poor Fisherman and His Wife
+        The Presidente Who Had Horns
+        The Story of a Monkey
+        The White Squash
+
+    _Tagalog_
+
+        The Creation Story
+        The Story of Benito
+        The Adventures of Juan
+        Juan Gathers Guavas
+
+    _Visayan_
+
+        The Sun and the Moon
+        The First Monkey
+        The Virtue of the Cocoanut
+        Mansumandig
+        Why Dogs Wag Their Tails
+        The Hawk and the Hen
+        The Spider and the Fly
+        The Battle of the Crabs
+
+Pronunciation of Philippine Names
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TINGUIAN
+
+
+
+Introduction
+
+The dim light of stars filtered through the leafy canopy above us,
+and the shadowy form of our guide once more appeared at my horse's
+head. It was only for an instant, however, and then we were plunged
+again into the inky darkness of a tropical jungle.
+
+We had planned to reach the distant Tinguian village in the late
+afternoon, but had failed to reckon with the deliberateness of native
+carriers. It was only by urging our horses that we were able to
+ford the broad Abra ere the last rays of the sun dropped behind the
+mountains. And then, in this land of no twilights, night had settled
+quickly over us.
+
+We had made our way up the mountain-side, through the thick jungle,
+only to find that the trail, long imperceptible to us, had escaped
+even the keen eyes of our guide. For several hours we wandered about,
+lost in the darkness.
+
+On and on we went, through narrow paths, steep in places, and made
+rough and dangerous by sharp rocks as well as by those long creepers
+of the jungle whose thorny fingers are ever ready to seize horse or
+rider. Occasionally we came out of the forest, only to cross rocky
+mountain streams; or perhaps it was the same stream that we crossed
+many times. Our horses, becoming weary and uncertain of foot, grew more
+and more reluctant to plunge into the dark, swiftly flowing water. And
+our patience was nearly exhausted when we at last caught sight of
+dim lights in the valley below. Half an hour later we rode into Manabo.
+
+I shall never forget that first picture. It was a weird
+spectacle. Coming out of the darkness, we were almost convinced that
+we had entered a new world. Against the blackness of the night,
+grass-roofed houses stood outlined in the dim light of a bonfire;
+and squatting around that fire, unclad save for gay blankets wrapped
+about their shoulders, were brown-skinned men smoking long pipes,
+while women bedecked with bright beads were spinning cotton. As they
+worked in the flickering light, they stretched their distaffs at
+arm's length into the air like witches waving their wands; and with
+that the elfland picture was complete.
+
+In the stillness of the night a single voice could be heard reciting
+some tale in a singsong tone, which was interrupted only when peals
+of laughter burst forth from the listeners, or when a scrawny dog rose
+to bark at an imaginary noise until the shouts of the men quieted him
+and he returned to his bed in the warm ashes. Later we learned that
+these were the regular social gatherings of the Tinguian, and every
+night during the dry season one or more of these bonfires were to be
+seen in the village.
+
+After we had attained to the footing of welcome guests in these
+circles, we found that a good story-teller was always present,
+and, while the men smoked, the women spun, and the dogs slept,
+he entertained us with tales of heroes who knew the magic of the
+betel-nut, or with stories of spirits and their power over the lives
+of men.
+
+The following are some of the tales heard first around the camp fire
+of the distant mountain village.
+
+
+
+Aponibolinayen and the Sun
+
+_Tinguian_
+
+One day Aponibolinayen and her sister-in-law went out to gather
+greens. They walked to the woods to the place where the siksiklat grew,
+for the tender leaves of this vine are very good to eat. Suddenly while
+searching about in the underbrush, Aponibolinayen cried out with joy,
+for she had found the vine, and she started to pick the leaves. Pull
+as hard as she would, however, the leaves did not come loose, and all
+at once the vine wound itself around her body and began carrying her
+upward. [1]
+
+Far up through the air she went until she reached the sky, and there
+the vine set her down under a tree. Aponibolinayen was so surprised
+to find herself in the sky that for some time she just sat and looked
+around, and then, hearing a rooster crow, she arose to see if she
+could find it. Not far from where she had sat was a beautiful spring
+surrounded by tall betel-nut trees whose tops were pure gold. Rare
+beads were the sands of the spring, and the place where the women set
+their jars when they came to dip water was a large golden plate. As
+Aponibolinayen stood admiring the beauties of this spring, she beheld
+a small house nearby, and she was filled with fear lest the owner
+should find her there. She looked about for some means of escape and
+finally climbed to the top of a betel-nut tree and hid.
+
+Now the owner of this house was Ini-init, [2] the Sun, but he was
+never at home in the daylight, for it was his duty to shine in the
+sky and give light to all the world. At the close of the day when
+the Big Star took his place in the sky to shine through the night,
+Ini-init returned to his house, but early the next morning he was
+always off again.
+
+From her place in the top of the betel-nut tree, Aponibolinayen saw
+the Sun when he came home at evening time, and again the next morning
+she saw him leave. When she was sure that he was out of sight she
+climbed down and entered his dwelling, for she was very hungry. She
+cooked rice, and into a pot of boiling water she dropped a stick
+which immediately became fish, [3] so that she had all she wished to
+eat. When she was no longer hungry, she lay down on the bed to sleep.
+
+Now late in the afternoon Ini-init returned from his work and went
+to fish in the river near his house, and he caught a big fish. While
+he sat on the bank cleaning his catch, he happened to look up toward
+his house and was startled to see that it appeared to be on fire. [4]
+He hurried home, but when he reached the house he saw that it was
+not burning at all, and he entered. On his bed he beheld what looked
+like a flame of fire, but upon going closer he found that it was a
+beautiful woman fast asleep.
+
+Ini-init stood for some time wondering what he should do, and then
+he decided to cook some food and invite this lovely creature to eat
+with him. He put rice over the fire to boil and cut into pieces the
+fish he had caught. The noise of this awakened Aponibolinayen, and
+she slipped out of the house and back to the top of the betel-nut
+tree. The Sun did not see her leave, and when the food was prepared
+he called her, but the bed was empty and he had to eat alone. That
+night Ini-init could not sleep well, for all the time he wondered who
+the beautiful woman could be. The next morning, however, he rose as
+usual and set forth to shine in the sky, for that was his work.
+
+That day Aponibolinayen stole again to the house of the Sun and cooked
+food, and when she returned to the betel-nut tree she left rice and
+fish ready for the Sun when he came home. Late in the afternoon
+Ini-init went into his home, and when he found pots of hot rice
+and fish over the fire he was greatly troubled. After he had eaten
+he walked a long time in the fresh air. "Perhaps it is done by the
+lovely woman who looks like a flame of fire," he said. "If she comes
+again I will try to catch her."
+
+The next day the Sun shone in the sky as before, and when the afternoon
+grew late he called to the Big Star to hurry to take his place, for he
+was impatient to reach home. As he drew near the house he saw that it
+again looked as if it was on fire. He crept quietly up the ladder, and
+when he had reached the top he sprang in and shut the door behind him.
+
+Aponibolinayen, who was cooking rice over the fire, was surprised and
+angry that she had been caught; but the Sun gave her betel-nut [5]
+which was covered with gold, and they chewed together and told each
+other their names. Then Aponibolinayen took up the rice and fish,
+and as they ate they talked together and became acquainted.
+
+After some time Aponibolinayen and the Sun were married, and every
+morning the Sun went to shine in the sky, and upon his return at night
+he found his supper ready for him. He began to be troubled, however,
+to know where the food came from, for though he brought home a fine
+fish every night, Aponibolinayen always refused to cook it.
+
+One night he watched her prepare their meal, and he saw that, instead
+of using the nice fish he had brought, she only dropped a stick into
+the pot of boiling water.
+
+"Why do you try to cook a stick?" asked Ini-init in surprise.
+
+"So that we can have fish to eat," answered his wife.
+
+"If you cook that stick for a month, it will not be soft," said
+Ini-init. "Take this fish that I caught in the net, for it will
+be good."
+
+But Aponibolinayen only laughed at him, and when they were ready to
+eat she took the cover off the pot and there was plenty of nice soft
+fish. The next night and the next, Aponibolinayen cooked the stick,
+and Ini-init became greatly troubled for he saw that though the stick
+always supplied them with fish, it never grew smaller.
+
+Finally he asked Aponibolinayen again why it was that she cooked the
+stick instead of the fish he brought, and she said:
+
+"Do you not know of the woman on earth who has magical power and can
+change things?"
+
+"Yes," answered the Sun, "and now I know that you have great power."
+
+"Well, then," said his wife, "do not ask again why I cook the stick."
+
+And they ate their supper of rice and the fish which the stick made.
+
+One night not long after this Aponibolinayen told her husband that
+she wanted to go with him the next day when he made light in the sky.
+
+"Oh, no, you cannot," said the Sun, "for it is very hot up there,
+[6] and you cannot stand the heat."
+
+"We will take many blankets and pillows," said the woman, "and when
+the heat becomes very great, I will hide under them."
+
+Again and again Ini-init begged her not to go, but as often she
+insisted on accompanying him, and early in the morning they set out,
+carrying with them many blankets and pillows.
+
+First, they went to the East, and as soon as they arrived the Sun began
+to shine, and Aponibolinayen was with him. They traveled toward the
+West, but when morning had passed into noontime and they had reached
+the middle of the sky Aponibolinayen was so hot that she melted and
+became oil. Then Ini-init put her into a bottle and wrapped her in
+the blankets and pillows and dropped her down to earth.
+
+Now one of the women of Aponibolinayen's town was at the spring dipping
+water when she heard something fall near her. Turning to look, she
+beheld a bundle of beautiful blankets and pillows which she began to
+unroll, and inside she found the most beautiful woman she had ever
+seen. Frightened at her discovery, the woman ran as fast as she could
+to the town, where she called the people together and told them to
+come at once to the spring. They all hastened to the spot and there
+they found Aponibolinayen for whom they had been searching everywhere.
+
+"Where have you been?" asked her father; "we have searched all over
+the world and we could not find you.'
+
+"I have come from Pindayan," answered Aponibolinayen. "Enemies of
+our people kept me there till I made my escape while they were asleep
+at night"
+
+All were filled with joy that the lost one had returned, and they
+decided that at the next moon [7] they would perform a ceremony for
+the spirits [8] and invite all the relatives who were mourning for
+Aponibolinayen.
+
+So they began to prepare for the ceremony, and while they were
+pounding rice, Aponibolinayen asked her mother to prick her little
+finger where it itched, and as she did so a beautiful baby boy popped
+out. The people were very much surprised at this, and they noticed
+that every time he was bathed the baby grew very fast so that, in
+a short time, he was able to walk. Then they were anxious to know
+who was the husband of Aponibolinayen, but she would not tell them,
+and they decided to invite everyone in the world to the ceremony that
+they might not overlook him.
+
+They sent for the betel-nuts that were covered with gold, [9] and
+when they had oiled them they commanded them to go to all the towns
+and compel the people to come to the ceremony.
+
+"If anyone refuses to come, grow on his knee," said the people,
+and the betel-nuts departed to do as they were bidden.
+
+As the guests began to arrive, the people watched carefully for one
+who might be the husband of Aponibolinayen, but none appeared and they
+were greatly troubled. Finally they went to the old woman, Alokotan,
+who was able to talk with the spirits, and begged her to find what town
+had not been visited by the betel-nuts which had been sent to invite
+the people. After she had consulted the spirits the old woman said:
+
+"You have invited all the people except Ini-init who lives up
+above. Now you must send a betel-nut to summon him. It may be that
+he is the husband of Aponibolinayen, for the siksiklat vine carried
+her up when she went to gather greens."
+
+So a betel-nut was called and bidden to summon Ini-init.
+
+The betel-nut went up to the Sun, who was in his house, and said:
+
+"Good morning, Sun. I have come to summon you to a ceremony which the
+father and mother of Aponibolinayen are making for the spirits. If
+you do not want to go, I will grow on your head." [10]
+
+"Grow on my head," said the Sun. "I do not wish to go."
+
+So the betel-nut jumped upon his head and grew until it became so
+tall that the Sun was not able to carry it, and he was in great pain.
+
+"Oh, grow on my pig," begged the Sun. So the betel-nut jumped upon
+the pig's head and grew, but it was so heavy that the pig could not
+carry it and squealed all the time. At last the Sun saw that he would
+have to obey the summons, and he said to the betel-nut:
+
+"Get off my pig and I will go."
+
+So Ini-init came to the ceremony, and as soon as Aponibolinayen and the
+baby saw him, they were very happy and ran to meet him. Then the people
+knew that this was the husband of Aponibolinayen, and they waited
+eagerly for him to come up to them. As he drew near, however, they saw
+that he did not walk, for he was round; and then they perceived that
+he was not a man but a large stone. All her relatives were very angry
+to find that Aponibolinayen had married a stone; and they compelled
+her to take off her beads [11] and her good clothes, for, they said,
+she must now dress in old clothes and go again to live with the stone.
+
+So Aponibolinayen put on the rags that they brought her and at once
+set out with the stone for his home. No sooner had they arrived there,
+however, than he became a handsome man, and they were very happy.
+
+"In one moon," said the Sun, "we will make a ceremony for the spirits,
+and I will pay your father and mother the marriage price [12] for you."
+
+This pleased Aponibolinayen very much, and they used magic so that
+they had many neighbors who came to pound rice [13] for them and to
+build a large spirit house. [14]
+
+Then they sent oiled betel-nuts to summon their relatives to the
+ceremony. The father of Aponibolinayen did not want to go, but
+the betel-nut threatened to grow on his knee if he did not. So he
+commanded all the people in the town to wash their hair and their
+clothes, and when all was ready they set out.
+
+When they reached the town they were greatly surprised to find that
+the stone had become a man, and they chewed the magic betel-nuts to
+see who he might be. It was discovered that he was the son of a couple
+in Aponibolinayen's own town, and the people all rejoiced that this
+couple had found the son whom they had thought lost. They named him
+Aponitolau, and his parents paid the marriage price for his wife--the
+spirit house nine times full of valuable jars. [15]
+
+After that all danced and made merry for one moon, and when the people
+departed for their homes Ini-init and his wife went with them to live
+on the earth.
+
+
+
+
+Aponibolinayen
+
+_Tinguian_
+
+
+The most beautiful girl in all the world was Aponibolinayen of
+Nalpangan. Many young men had come to her brother, Aponibalagen,
+to ask for her hand in marriage, but he had refused them all, for he
+awaited one who possessed great power. Then it happened that the fame
+of her beauty spread over all the world till it reached even to Adasen;
+and in that place there lived a man of great power named Gawigawen.
+
+Now Gawigawen, who was a handsome man, had sought among all the pretty
+girls but never, until he heard of the great beauty of Aponibolinayen,
+had he found one whom he wished to wed. Then he determined that she
+should be his wife; and he begged his mother to help him win her. So
+Dinawagen, the mother of Gawigawen, took her hat which looked like
+a sunbeam and set out at once for Nalpangan; and when she arrived
+there she was greeted by Ebang, the mother of the lovely maiden,
+who presently began to prepare food for them. [16]
+
+She put the pot over the fire, and when the water boiled she broke
+up a stick and threw the pieces into the pot, and immediately they
+became fish. Then she brought basi [17] in a large jar, and Dinawagen,
+counting the notches in the rim, [18] perceived that the jar had been
+handed down through nine generations. They ate and drank together,
+and after they had finished the meal, Dinawagen told Aponibalagen of
+her son's wishes, and asked if he was willing that his sister should
+marry Gawigawen. Aponibalagen, who had heard of the power of the
+suitor, at once gave his consent. And Dinawagen departed for home,
+leaving a gold cup as an engagement present. [19]
+
+Gawigawen was watching at the door of his house for his mother's
+return, and when she told him of her success, he was so happy that
+he asked all the people in the town to go with him the next day to
+Nalpangan to arrange the amount he must pay for his bride. [20]
+
+Now the people of Nalpangan wanted a great price for this girl
+who was so beautiful, and the men of the two towns debated for a
+long time before they could come to an agreement. Finally, however,
+it was decided that Gawigawen should fill the spirit house eighteen
+times with valuable things; and when he had done this, they were all
+satisfied and went to the yard where they danced and beat on the copper
+gongs. [21] All the pretty girls danced their best, and one who wore
+big jars about her neck made more noise than the others as she danced,
+and the jars sang "Kitol, kitol, kanitol; inka, inka, inkatol."
+
+But when Aponibolinayen, the bride of Gawigawen, came down out of
+the house to dance, the sunshine vanished, so beautiful was she;
+and as she moved about, the river came up into the town, and striped
+fish bit at her heels.
+
+For three months the people remained here feasting and dancing, and
+then early one morning they took Aponibolinayen to her new home in
+Adasen. The trail that led from one town to the other had become very
+beautiful in the meantime: the grass and trees glistened with bright
+lights, and the waters of the tiny streams dazzled the eyes with their
+brightness as Aponibolinayen waded across. When they reached the spring
+of Gawigawen, they found that it, too, was more beautiful than ever
+before. Each grain of sand had become a bead, and the place where the
+women set their jars when they came to dip water had become a big dish.
+
+Then said Aponibalagen to his people, "Go tell Gawigawen to bring an
+old man, for I want to make a spring for Aponibolinayen."
+
+So an old man was brought and Aponibalagen cut off his head and put
+it in the ground, and sparkling water bubbled up. [22] The body he
+made into a tree to shade his sister when she came to dip water,
+and the drops of blood as they touched the ground were changed into
+valuable beads. Even the path from the spring to the house was covered
+with big plates, and everything was made beautiful for Aponibolinayen.
+
+Now during all this time Aponibolinayen had kept her face covered so
+that she had never seen her husband, for although he was a handsome
+man, one of the pretty girls who was jealous of the bride had told
+her that he had three noses, and she was afraid to look at him.
+
+After her people had all returned to their homes, she grew very
+unhappy, and when her mother-in-law commanded her to cook she had
+to feel her way around, for she would not uncover her face. Finally
+she became so sad that she determined to run away. One night when all
+were asleep, she used magical power and changed herself into oil. [23]
+Then she slid through the bamboo floor and made her escape without
+anyone seeing her.
+
+On and on she went until she came to the middle of the jungle, and
+then she met a wild rooster who asked her where she was going.
+
+"I am running away from my husband," replied Aponibolinayen, "for he
+has three noses and I do not want to live with him."
+
+"Oh," said the rooster, "some crazy person must have told you that. Do
+not believe it. Gawigawen is a handsome man, for I have often seen
+him when he comes here to snare chickens." [24]
+
+But Aponibolinayen paid no heed to the rooster, and she went on
+until she reached a big tree where perched a monkey, and he also
+asked where she was going.
+
+"I am running away from my husband," answered the girl, "for he has
+three noses and I do not want to live with him."
+
+"Oh, do not believe that," said the monkey. "Someone who told you
+that must have wanted to marry him herself, for he is a handsome man."
+
+Still Aponibolinayen went on until she came to the ocean, and then,
+as she could go no farther, she sat down to rest. As she sat there
+pondering what she should do, a carabao [25] came along, and thinking
+that she would ride a while she climbed up on its back. No sooner had
+she done so than the animal plunged into the water and swam with her
+until they reached the other side of the great ocean.
+
+There they came to a large orange tree, and the carabao told her to
+eat some of the luscious fruit while he fed on the grass nearby. As
+soon as he had left her, however, he ran straight to his master,
+Kadayadawan, and told him of the beautiful girl.
+
+Kadayadawan was very much interested and quickly combed his hair and
+oiled it, put on his striped coat [26] and belt, and went with the
+carabao to the orange tree. Aponibolinayen, looking down from her
+place in the tree, was surprised to see a man coming with her friend,
+the carabao, but as they drew near, she began talking with him, and
+soon they became acquainted. Before long, Kadayadawan had persuaded
+the girl to become his wife, and he took her to his home. From that
+time every night his house looked as if it was on fire, because of
+the beauty of his bride.
+
+After they had been married for some time, Kadayadawan and
+Aponibolinayen decided to make a ceremony [27] for the spirits, so
+they called the magic betel-nuts [28] and oiled them and said to them,
+
+"Go to all the towns and invite our relatives to come to the ceremony
+which we shall make. If they do not want to come, then grow on their
+knees until they are willing to attend."
+
+So the betel-nuts started in different directions and one went to
+Aponibalagen in Nalpangan and said,
+
+"Kadayadawan is making a ceremony for the spirits, and I have come
+to summon you to attend."
+
+"We cannot go," said Aponibalagen, "for we are searching for my sister
+who is lost"
+
+"You must come," replied the betel-nut, "or I shall grow on your knee,"
+
+"Grow on my pig," answered Aponibalagen; so the betel-nut went on to
+the pig's back and grew into a tall tree, and it became so heavy that
+the pig could not carry it, but squealed all the time.
+
+Then Aponibalagen, seeing that he must obey, said to the betel-nut,
+
+"Get off my pig, and we will go."
+
+The betel-nut got off the pig's back, and the people started for the
+ceremony. When they reached the river, Gawigawen was there waiting to
+cross, for the magic nuts had forced him to go also. Then Kadayadawan,
+seeing them, sent more betel-nuts to the river, and the people were
+carried across by the nuts.
+
+As soon as they reached the town the dancing began, and while Gawigawen
+was dancing with Aponibolinayen he seized her and put her in his
+belt. [29] Kadayadawan, who saw this, was so angry that he threw his
+spear and killed Gawigawen. Then Aponibolinayen escaped and ran into
+the house, and her husband brought his victim back to life, and asked
+him why he had seized the wife of his host. Gawigawen explained that
+she was his wife who had been lost, and the people were very much
+surprised, for they had not recognized her at first.
+
+Then all the people discussed what should be done to bring peace
+between the two men, and it was finally decided that Kadayadawan must
+pay both Aponibalagen and Gawigawen the price that was first demanded
+for the beautiful girl.
+
+After this was done all were happy; and the guardian spirit of
+Kadayadawan gave them a golden house in which to live.
+
+
+
+Gawigawen of Adasen
+
+_Tinguian_
+
+
+Aponibolinayen was sick with a headache, and she lay on a mat alone
+in her house. Suddenly she remembered some fruit that she had heard
+of but had never seen, and she said to herself, "Oh, I wish I had
+some of the oranges of Gawigawen of Adasen."
+
+Now Aponibolinayen did not realize that she had spoken aloud, but
+Aponitolau, her husband, lying in the spirit house [30] outside,
+heard her talking and asked what it was she said. Fearing to tell him
+the truth lest he should risk his life in trying to get the oranges
+for her, she said: "I wish I had some biw" (a fruit).
+
+Aponitolau at once got up, and, taking a sack, went out to find some of
+the fruit for his wife. When he returned with the sack full, she said:
+
+"Put it on the bamboo hanger above the fire, and when my head is
+better I will eat it."
+
+So Aponitolau put the fruit on the hanger and returned to the spirit
+house, but when Aponibolinayen tried to eat, the fruit made her sick
+and she threw it away.
+
+"What is the matter?" called Aponitolau as he heard her drop the fruit.
+
+"I merely dropped one," she replied, and returned to her mat.
+
+After a while Aponibolinayen again said:
+
+"Oh, I wish I had some of the oranges of Gawigawen of Adasen," and
+Aponitolau, who heard her from the spirit house, inquired:
+
+"What is that you say?"
+
+"I wish I had some fish eggs," answered his wife; for she did not
+want him to know the truth.
+
+Then Aponitolau took his net and went to the river, determined to
+please his wife if possible. When he had caught a nice fish he opened
+it with his knife and took out the eggs. Then he spat on the place
+he had cut, and it was healed and the fish swam away. [31]
+
+Pleased that he was able to gratify his wife's wishes, he hastened home
+with the eggs; and while his wife was roasting them over the fire, he
+returned to the spirit house. She tried to eat, but the eggs did not
+taste good to her, and she threw them down under the house to the dogs.
+
+"What is the matter?" called Aponitolau. "Why are the dogs barking?"
+
+"I dropped some of the eggs," replied his wife, and she went back to
+her mat.
+
+By and by she again said:
+
+"I wish I had some of the oranges of Gawigawen of Adasen."
+
+But when her husband asked what she wished, she replied:
+
+"I want a deer's liver to eat"
+
+So Aponitolau took his dogs to the mountains, where they hunted until
+they caught a deer, and when he had cut out its liver he spat on the
+wound, and it was healed so that the deer ran away.
+
+But Aponibolinayen could not eat the liver any more than she could the
+fruit or the fish eggs; and when Aponitolau heard the dogs barking, he
+knew that she had thrown it away. Then he grew suspicious and, changing
+himself into a centipede, [32] hid in a crack in the floor. And when
+his wife again wished for some of the oranges, he overheard her.
+
+"Why did you not tell me the truth, Aponibolinayen?" he asked.
+
+"Because," she replied, "no one Who has gone to Adasen has ever come
+back, and I did not want you to risk your life."
+
+Nevertheless Aponitolau determined to go for the oranges, and he
+commanded his wife to bring him rice straw. After he had burned it he
+put the ashes in the water with which he washed his hair. [33] Then
+she brought cocoanut oil and rubbed his hair, and fetched a dark clout,
+a fancy belt, and a head-band, and she baked cakes for him to take on
+the journey. Aponitolau cut a vine [34] which he planted by the stove,
+[35] and told his wife that if the leaves wilted she would know that
+he was dead. Then he took his spear and head-ax [36] and started on
+the long journey.
+
+When Aponitolau arrived at the well of a giantess, all the betel-nut
+trees bowed. Then the giantess shouted and all the world trembled. "How
+strange," thought Aponitolau, "that all the world shakes when that
+woman shouts." But he continued on his way without stopping.
+
+As he passed the place of the old woman, Alokotan, she sent out her
+little dog and it bit his leg.
+
+"Do not proceed," said the old woman, "for ill luck awaits you. If
+you go on, you will never return to your home."
+
+But Aponitolau paid no attention to the old woman, and by and by he
+came to the home of the lightning.
+
+"Where are you going?" asked the lightning.
+
+"I am going to get some oranges of Gawigawen of Adasen," replied
+Aponitolau.
+
+"Go stand on that high rock that I may see what your sign is,"
+commanded the lightning.
+
+So he stood on the high rock, but when the lightning flashed Aponitolau
+dodged.
+
+"Do not go," said the lightning, "for you have a bad sign, and you
+will never come back."
+
+Still Aponitolau did not heed.
+
+Soon he arrived at the place of Silit (loud thunder), [37] who also
+asked him:
+
+"Where are you going, Aponitolau?"
+
+"I am going to get oranges of Gawigawen of Adasen," he replied.
+
+Then the thunder commanded:
+
+"Stand on that high stone so that I can see if you have a good sign."
+
+He stood on the high stone, and when the thunder made a loud noise
+he jumped. Whereupon Silit also advised him not to go on.
+
+In spite of all the warnings, Aponitolau continued his journey,
+and upon coming to the ocean he used magical power, so that when he
+stepped on his head-ax it sailed away, carrying him far across the
+sea to the other side. Then after a short walk he came to a spring
+where women were dipping water, and he asked what spring it was.
+
+"This is the spring of Gawigawen of Adasen," replied the women. "And
+who are you that you dare come here?"
+
+Without replying he went on toward the town, but he found that he
+could not go inside, for it was surrounded by a bank which reached
+almost to the sky.
+
+While he stood with bowed head pondering what he should do, the chief
+of the spiders came up and asked why he was so sorrowful.
+
+"I am sad," answered Aponitolau, "because I cannot climb up this bank."
+
+Then the spider went to the top and spun a thread, [38] and upon this
+Aponitolau climbed up into town.
+
+Now Gawigawen was asleep in his spirit house, and when he awoke and
+saw Aponitolau sitting near, he was surprised and ran toward his house
+to get his spear and head-ax, but Aponitolau called to him, saying:
+
+"Good morning, Cousin Gawigawen. Do not be angry; I only came to buy
+some of your oranges for my wife."
+
+Then Gawigawen took him to the house and brought a whole carabao [39]
+for him to eat, and he said:
+
+"If you cannot eat all the carabao, you cannot have the oranges for
+your wife."
+
+Aponitolau grew very sorrowful, for he knew that he could not eat all
+the meat, but just at that moment the chief of the ants and flies
+came to him and inquired what was the trouble. As soon as he was
+told, the chief called all the ants and flies and they ate the whole
+carabao. Aponitolau, greatly relieved, went then to Gawigawen and said:
+
+"I have finished eating the food which you gave me."
+
+Gawigawen was greatly surprised at this, and, leading the way to the
+place where the oranges grew, he told Aponitolau to climb the tree
+and get all he wanted.
+
+As he was about to ascend the tree Aponitolau noticed that the branches
+were sharp knives, so he went as carefully as he could. Nevertheless,
+when he had secured two oranges, he stepped on one of the knives and
+was cut. He quickly fastened the fruit to his spear, and immediately
+it flew away straight to his town and into his house.
+
+Aponibolinayen was just going down the bamboo ladder out of the house,
+and hearing something drop on the floor she went back to look and found
+the oranges from Adasen. She eagerly ate the fruit, rejoicing that
+her husband had been able to reach the place where they grew. Then
+she thought to look at the vine, whose leaves were wilted, and she
+knew that her husband was dead.
+
+Soon after this a son was born to Aponibolinayen, and she called his
+name Kanag. He grew rapidly, becoming a strong lad, and he was the
+bravest of all his companions. One day while Kanag was playing out
+in the yard, he spun his top and it struck the garbage pot of an old
+woman, who became very angry and cried:
+
+"If you were a brave boy, you would get your father whom Gawigawen
+killed."
+
+Kanag ran to the house crying, and asked his mother what the old woman
+meant, for he had never heard the story of his father's death. As
+soon as he learned what had happened, the boy determined to search for
+his father, and, try as she would, his mother could not dissuade him.
+
+As he was departing through the gate of the town with his spear
+and head-ax, Kanag struck his shield and it sounded like a thousand
+warriors.
+
+"How brave that boy is!" said the surprised people. "He is braver
+even than his father."
+
+When he reached the spring of the giantess, he again struck his shield
+and shouted so that the whole world trembled. Then the giantess said:
+
+"I believe that someone is going to fight, and he will have success."
+
+As soon as Kanag reached the place where the old woman, Alokotan,
+lived, she sent her dog after him, but with one blow of his head-ax
+he cut off the dog's head. Then Alokotan asked where he was going,
+and when he had told her, she said:
+
+"Your father is dead, but I believe that you will find him, for you
+have a good sign."
+
+He hurried on and arrived at the place where lightning was, and
+it asked:
+
+"Where are you going, little boy?"
+
+"I am going to Adasen to get my father," answered Kanag.
+
+"Go stand on that high rock that I may see what your sign is," said
+the lightning.
+
+So he stood on the high rock, and when the bright flash came he did
+not move, and the lightning bade him hasten on, as he had a good sign.
+
+The thunder, which saw him passing, also called to ask where he was
+going, and it commanded him to stand on the high rock. And when the
+thunder made a loud noise Kanag did not move, and it bade him go on,
+as his sign was good.
+
+The women of Adasen were at the spring of Gawigawen dipping water, when
+suddenly they were startled by a great noise. They rose up, expecting
+to see a thousand warriors coming near; but though they looked all
+around they could see nothing but a young boy striking a shield.
+
+"Good morning, women who are dipping water," said Kanag. "Tell
+Gawigawen that he must prepare, for I am coming to fight him."
+
+So all the women ran up to the town and told Gawigawen that a strange
+boy was at the spring and he had come to fight.
+
+"Go and tell him," said Gawigawen, "that if it is true that he is
+brave, he will come into the town, if he can."
+
+When Kanag reached the high bank outside the town, he jumped like
+a flitting bird up the bank into the town and went straight to the
+spirit house of Gawigawen. He noticed that the roofs of both the
+dwelling and the spirit houses were of hair, and that around the town
+were many heads, [40] and he pondered:
+
+"This is why my father did not return. Gawigawen is a brave man,
+but I will kill him."
+
+As soon as Gawigawen saw him in the yard he said:
+
+"How brave you are, little boy; why did you come here?"
+
+"I came to get my father," answered Kanag; "for you kept him when
+he came to get oranges for my mother. If you do not give him to me,
+I will kill you."
+
+Gawigawen laughed at this brave speech and said:
+
+"Why, one of my fingers will fight you. You shall never go back to
+your town, but you shall stay here and be like your father."
+
+"We shall see," said Kanag. "Bring your arms and let us fight here
+in the yard."
+
+Gawigawen was beside himself with rage at this bold speech, and
+he brought his spear and his head-ax which was as big as half the
+sky. Kanag would not throw first, for he wanted to prove himself
+brave, so Gawigawen took aim and threw his head-ax at the boy. Now
+Kanag used magical power, so that he became an ant and was not hit
+by the weapon. Gawigawen laughed loudly when he looked around and
+could not see the boy, for he thought that he had been killed. Soon,
+however, Kanag reappeared, standing on the head-ax, and Gawigawen,
+more furious than ever, threw his spear. Again Kanag disappeared,
+and Gawigawen was filled with surprise.
+
+Then it was Kanag's turn and his spear went directly through the body
+of the giant. He ran quickly and cut off five of the heads, [41] but
+the sixth he spared until Gawigawen should have shown him his father.
+
+As they went about the town together, Kanag found that the skin of his
+father had been used for a drum-head. His hair decorated the house,
+and his head was at the gate of the town, while his body was put
+beneath the house. After he had gathered all the parts of the body
+together, Kanag used magical power, and his father came to life.
+
+"Who are you?" asked Aponitolau; "how long have I slept?"
+
+"I am your son," said Kanag. "You were not asleep but dead, and here
+is Gawigawen who kept you. Take my head-ax and cut off his remaining
+head."
+
+So Aponitolau took the head-ax, but when he struck Gawigawen it did
+not injure him.
+
+"What is the matter, Father?" asked Kanag; and taking the weapon he
+cut off the sixth head of Gawigawen.
+
+Then Kanag and his father used magic so that the spears and head-axes
+flew about, killing all the people in the town, and the heads and
+valuable things went to their home.
+
+When Aponibolinayen saw all these come into her house, she ran to
+look at the vine by the stove, and it was green and looked like a
+jungle. Then she knew that her son was alive, and she was happy. And
+when the father and son returned, all the relatives came to their house
+for a great feast, and all were so happy that the whole world smiled.
+
+
+
+The Story of Gaygayoma who Lives up Above
+
+_Tinguian_
+
+
+One day, while Aponitolau sat weaving a basket under his house, he
+began to feel very hungry and longed for something sweet to chew. Then
+he remembered that his field was still unplanted. He called to his
+wife who was in the room above, and said: "Come, Aponibolinayen,
+let us go to the field and plant some sugar-cane."
+
+So Aponibolinayen came down out of the house with a bamboo tube, [42]
+and while she went to the spring to fill it with water, Aponitolau
+made some cuttings, and they went together to the field, which was
+some distance from the house.
+
+Aponitolau loosened the earth with his long stick [43] and set out the
+cuttings he had brought, while his wife sprinkled them with water from
+the bamboo tube. And when they had filled the field, they returned
+home, happy to think of the splendid cane they should have.
+
+After seven days Aponitolau went back to the field to see if the
+plants had lived, and he found that the leaves were already long and
+pointed. This delighted him, and while he stood looking at it he grew
+impatient and determined to use his magical power so that the cane
+would grow very fast. In five days he again visited the field and
+found that the stalks were tall and ready to chew. He hurried home
+to tell Aponibolinayen how fast their plants had grown, and she was
+proud of her powerful husband.
+
+Now about this time Gaygayoma, who was the daughter of Bagbagak, a
+big star, and Sinag, the moon, looked down from her home in the sky,
+and when she saw the tall sugar-cane growing below, she was seized
+with a desire to chew it. She called to her father, Bagbagak, and said:
+
+"Oh, Father, please send the stars down to the earth to get some of
+the sugar-cane that I see, for I must have it to chew."
+
+So Bagbagak sent the stars down, and when they reached the bamboo fence
+that was around the field they sprang over it, and each broke a stalk
+of the cane and pulled some beans which Aponibolinayen had planted,
+and the stems of these beans were of gold. Gaygayoma was delighted
+with the things that the stars brought her. She cooked the beans with
+the golden stems and spent long hours chewing the sweet cane. When
+all that the stars brought was gone, however, she grew restless and
+called to her father, the big star:
+
+"Come, Father, and go with me to the place where the sugar-cane grows,
+for I want to see it now."
+
+Bagbagak called many stars to accompany him, and they all followed
+Gaygayoma down to the place where the sugar-cane grew. Some sat
+on the bamboo fence, while others went to the middle of the field,
+and all ate as much as they wished.
+
+The day following this, Aponitolau said to his wife:
+
+"Aponibolinayen, I am going to the field to see if the bamboo fence
+is strong, for the carabao will try to get in to eat our sugar-cane."
+
+So he set out, and when he reached the field and began looking along
+the fence to see if it was strong, he kept finding the stalks that
+the stars had chewed, and he knew that someone had been there. He went
+into the middle of the field, and there on the ground was a piece of
+gold, and he said to himself:
+
+"How strange this is! I believe some beautiful girl must have chewed
+my cane. I will watch tonight, and maybe she will return for more."
+
+As darkness came on he had no thought of returning home, but he made
+his meal of the sugar-cane, and then hid in the tall grass near the
+field to wait. By and by dazzling lights blinded his eyes, and when
+he could see again he was startled to find many stars falling from
+the sky, and soon he heard someone breaking the cane. Suddenly a star
+so large that it looked like a flame of fire fell into the field,
+and then a beautiful object near the fence took off her dress which
+looked like a star, and she appeared like the half of the rainbow.
+
+Never had Aponitolau seen such sights; and for a while he lay shaking
+with fear.
+
+"What shall I do?" he said to himself. "If I do not frighten these
+companions of the beautiful girl, they may eat me."
+
+With a great effort he jumped up and frightened the stars till they
+all flew up, and when the pretty girl came looking for her dress she
+found Aponitolau sitting on it. [44] "You must forgive us," she said,
+"for your sugar-cane is very sweet, and we wanted some to chew."
+
+"You are welcome to the sugar-cane," answered Aponitolau. "But now
+we must tell our names according to our custom, for it is bad for us
+to talk until we know each other's names."
+
+Then he gave her some betel-nut and they chewed together, [45] and
+he said:
+
+"Now it is our custom to tell our names."
+
+"Yes," said she; "but you tell first"
+
+"My name is Aponitolau and I am the husband of Aponibolinayen."
+
+"I am Gaygayoma, the daughter of Bagbagak and Sinag up in the air,"
+said the girl. "And now, Aponitolau, even though you have a wife,
+I am going to take you up to the sky, for I wish to marry you. If
+you are not willing to go, I shall call my companion stars to eat you."
+
+Aponitolau shook with fear, for he knew now that the woman was a
+spirit; and as he dared not refuse, he promised to go with her. Soon
+after that the stars dropped a basket that Gaygayoma had ordered them
+to make, and Aponitolau stepped in with the lovely star and was drawn
+quickly through the air up to the sky. They were met on their arrival
+by a giant star whom Gaygayoma introduced as her father, and he told
+Aponitolau that he had acted wisely in coming, for had he objected,
+the other stars would have eaten him.
+
+After Aponitolau had lived with the stars for some time, Gaygayoma
+asked him to prick between her last two fingers, and as he did so a
+beautiful baby boy popped out. They named him Takyayen, and he grew
+very fast and was strong.
+
+All this time Aponitolau had never forgotten Aponibolinayen who, he
+knew, was searching for him on the earth, but he had been afraid to
+mention her to the stars. When the boy was three months old, however,
+he ventured to tell Gaygayoma of his wish to return to the earth.
+
+At first she would not listen to him, but he pleaded so hard that
+at last she consented to let him go for one moon [46]. If he did not
+return at the end of that time, she said, she would send the stars to
+eat him. Then she called for the basket again, and they were lowered
+to the earth. There Aponitolau got out, but Gaygayoma and the baby
+returned to the sky.
+
+Aponibolinayen was filled with joy at the sight of her husband once
+more, for she had believed him dead, and she was very thin from not
+eating while he was away. Never did she tire of listening to his
+stories of his life among the stars, and so happy was she to have
+him again that when the time came for him to leave she refused to
+let him go.
+
+That night many stars came to the house. Some stood in the windows,
+while others stayed outside by the walls; and they were so bright
+that the house appeared to be on fire.
+
+Aponitolau was greatly frightened, and he cried out to his wife:
+
+"You have done wrong to keep me when I should have gone. I feared
+that the stars would eat me if I did not obey their command, and now
+they have come. Hide me, or they will get me."
+
+But before Aponibolinayen could answer, Bagbagak himself called out:
+
+"Do not hide from us, Aponitolau, for we know that you are in the
+corner of the house. Come out or we shall eat you."
+
+Trembling with fear, Aponitolau appeared, and when the stars asked
+him if he was willing to go with them he dared not refuse.
+
+Now Gaygayoma had grown very fond of Aponitolau, and she had commanded
+the stars not to harm him if he was willing to return to her. So
+when he gave his consent, they put him in the basket and flew away
+with him, leaving Aponibolinayen very sad and lonely. After that
+Aponitolau made many trips to the earth, but at Gaygayoma's command
+he always returned to the sky to spend part of the time with her.
+
+One day when Takyayen was a little boy, Aponitolau took him down to the
+earth to see his half-brother, Kanag. The world was full of wonders to
+the boy from the sky, and he wanted to stay there always. But after
+some time while he and Kanag were playing out in the yard, big drops
+of water began to fall on them. Kanag ran to his mother and cried:
+
+"Oh, Mother, it is raining, and the sun is shining brightly!"
+
+But Aponitolau, looking out, said, "No, they are the tears of
+Gaygayoma, for she sees her son down below, and she weeps for him."
+
+Then he took Takyayen back to his mother in the sky, and she was
+happy again.
+
+After that Takyayen was always glad when he was allowed to visit
+the earth, but each time when his mother's tears began to fall,
+he returned to her. When he was old enough, Aponitolau selected a
+wife for him, and after that Takyayen always lived on the earth,
+but Gaygayoma stayed in the sky.
+
+
+
+The Story of Dumalawi
+
+_Tinguian_
+
+Aponitolau and Aponibolinayen had a son whose name was Dumalawi. [47]
+When the son had become a young man, his father one day was very
+angry with him, and tried to think of some way in which to destroy
+him. The next morning he said to Dumalawi:
+
+"Son, sharpen your knife, and we will go to the forest to cut some
+bamboo."
+
+So Dumalawi sharpened his knife and went with his father to the place
+where the bamboo grew, and they cut many sticks and sharpened them
+like spears at the end.
+
+Dumalawi wondered why they made them thus, but when they had finished,
+Aponitolau said:
+
+"Now, Son, you throw them at me, so that we can see which is the
+braver."
+
+"No, Father," answered Dumalawi. "You throw first, if you want to
+kill me."
+
+So Aponitolau threw the bamboo sticks one by one at his son, but he
+could not hit him. Then it was the son's turn to throw, but he said:
+
+"No, I cannot. You are my father, and I do not want to kill you."
+
+So they went home. But Dumalawi was very sorrowful, for he knew now
+that his father wanted to destroy him. When his mother called him to
+dinner he could not eat.
+
+Although he had been unsuccessful in his first attempt, Aponitolau
+did not give up the idea of getting rid of his son, and the next day
+he said:
+
+"Come, Dumalawi, we will go to our little house in the field [48]
+and repair it, so that it will be a protection when the rainy season
+sets in."
+
+The father and son went together to the field, and when they reached
+the little house, Aponitolau, pointing to a certain spot in the
+ground, said:
+
+"Dig there, and you will find a jar of basi [49] which I buried when
+I was a boy. It will be very good to drink now."
+
+Dumalawi dug up the jar and they tasted the wine, and it was
+so pleasing to them that they drank three cocoanut shells full,
+and Dumalawi became drunk. While his son lay asleep on the ground,
+Aponitolau decided that this was a good time to destroy him, so he
+used his magical power and there arose a great storm which picked up
+Dumalawi in his sleep and carried him far away. And the father went
+home alone.
+
+Now when Dumalawi awoke, he was in the middle of a field so wide that
+whichever way he looked, he could not see the end. There were neither
+trees nor houses in the field and no living thing except himself. And
+he felt a great loneliness.
+
+By and by he used his magical power, and many betel-nuts grew in the
+field, and when they bore fruit it was covered with gold,
+
+"This is good," said Dumalawi, "for I will scatter these betel-nuts
+and they shall become people, [50] who will be my neighbors."
+
+So in the middle of the night he cut the gold-covered betel-nuts into
+many small pieces which he scattered in all directions. And in the
+early morning, when he awoke, he heard many people talking around
+the house, and many roosters crowed. Then Dumalawi knew that he
+had companions, and upon going out he walked about where the people
+were warming themselves [51] by fires in their yards, and he visited
+them all.
+
+In one yard was a beautiful maiden, Dapilisan, and after Dumalawi
+had talked with her and her parents, he went on to the other yards,
+but she was ever in his thoughts. As soon as he had visited all the
+people, he returned to the house of Dapilisan and asked her parents if
+he might marry her. They were unwilling at first, for they feared that
+the parents of Dumalawi might not like it; but after he had explained
+that his father and mother did not want him, they gave their consent,
+and Dapilisan became his bride.
+
+Soon after the marriage they decided to perform a ceremony [52] for
+the spirits. So Dapilisan sent for the betel-nuts which were covered
+with gold, [53] and when they were brought to her, she said:
+
+"You betel-nuts that are covered with gold, come here and oil
+yourselves and go and invite all the people in the world to come to
+our ceremony."
+
+So the betel-nuts oiled themselves and went to invite the people in
+the different towns.
+
+Soon after this Aponibolinayen, the mother of Dumalawi, sat alone in
+her house, still mourning the loss of her son, when suddenly she was
+seized with a desire to chew betel-nut.
+
+"What ails me?" she said to herself; "why do I want to chew? I had
+not intended to eat anything while Dumalawi was away."
+
+So saying, she took down her basket that hung on the wall, and saw in
+it a betel-nut covered with gold, and when she was about to cut it,
+it said:
+
+"Do not cut me, for I have come to invite you to the ceremony which
+Dumalawi and his wife are to make."
+
+Aponibolinayen was very happy, for she knew now that her son still
+lived, and she told all the people to wash their hair and prepare
+to go to the rite. So they washed their clothes and their hair and
+started for the home of Dumalawi; and Aponitolau, the father of the
+boy, followed, but he looked like a crazy man. When the people reached
+the river near the town, Dumalawi sent alligators to take them across,
+but when Aponitolau got on the alligator's back it dived, and he was
+thrown back upon the bank of the river. All the others were carried
+safely over, and Aponitolau, who was left on the bank alone, shouted
+as if crazy until Dumalawi sent another alligator to carry him across.
+
+Then Dumalawi had food brought [54] and Dapilisan passed basi in
+a little jar that looked like a fist, [55] and though each guest
+drank a cupful of the sweet wine the little jar was still a third
+full. After they had eaten and drunk, Aponibolinayen spoke, and,
+telling all the people that she was glad to have Dapilisan for a
+daughter-in-law, added:
+
+"Now we are going to pay the marriage price [56] according to our
+custom. We shall fill the spirit house [57] nine times with different
+kinds of jars."
+
+Then she called, "You spirits [58] who live in different springs, get
+the jars which Dumalawi must pay as a marriage price for Dapilisan,"
+
+The spirits did as they were commanded, and when they brought the
+jars and had filled the spirit house nine times, Aponibolinayen said
+to the parents of Dapilisan:
+
+"I think that now we have paid the price for your daughter."
+
+But Dalonagan, the mother of Dapilisan, was not satisfied, and said:
+
+"No, there is still more to pay."
+
+"Very well," replied Aponibolinayen. "Tell us what it is and we will
+pay it."
+
+Then Dalonagan called a pet spider and said:
+
+"You big spider, go all around the town, and as you go spin a thread
+[59] on which Aponibolinayen must string golden beads." So the spider
+spun the thread and Aponibolinayen again called to the spirits of
+the springs, and they brought golden beads which they strung on the
+thread. Then Dalonagan hung on the thread, and when it did not break
+she declared that the debt was all paid.
+
+After this the people feasted and made merry, and when at last they
+departed for home Dumalawi refused to go with his parents, but remained
+with his wife in the town he had created.
+
+
+
+The Story of Kanag
+
+_Tinguian_
+
+
+When the rice [60] had grown tall and it was near the time for it to
+ripen, Aponitolau and Aponibolinayen grew fearful lest the wild pigs
+should break in and destroy all their crop, so they sent their son,
+Kanag, to the field to guard the grain. Kanag willingly went to the
+place, but when he found that the fences were all strong so that the
+pigs could not get in, and he was left with nothing to do, life in the
+little watch-house [61] grew lonely, and the boy became very unhappy.
+
+Each day Aponitolau carried cooked rice and meat to his son in the
+field, but Kanag could not eat and always bade his father hang it in
+the watch-house until he should want it Each time Aponitolau found
+the food of the day before still untouched, and he began to suspect
+that the boy was unhappy at having to guard the grain. But he said
+nothing of his fears to Aponibolinayen.
+
+One day after his father had returned home, Kanag was so lonely that
+he used his magical power and became a little bird and flew up into
+the top of a tree. The next day when Aponitolau came to the field
+he looked everywhere for his son, and when he could not find him
+he called, and from the top of a bamboo tree a little bird answered
+him. Realizing what had happened, the father was very sad and begged
+his son to come back and be a boy again, but Kanag only answered:
+
+"I would rather be a bird [62] and carry the messages of the spirits
+to the people."
+
+At last the father went home alone, and he and the boy's mother were
+filled with grief that they had lost their son.
+
+Some time after this, Aponitolau prepared to go out to fight. He
+took his spear and shield and head-ax and started early one morning,
+but when he reached the gate of the town, Kanag flew over him, giving
+him a bad sign, so he turned back. The next morning he started again,
+and this time the little bird gave him a good sign, and knowing that
+nothing would injure him, he went on.
+
+After a long journey he reached a hostile town where the people said
+they were glad to see him, and added that because he was the first
+of his people who had dared to enter their town they intended to keep
+him there.
+
+"Oh," said Aponitolau, "if you say that I cannot return home, call
+all your people together and we will fight."
+
+"You are very brave," answered his enemies, "if you wish to fight
+us all."
+
+And when the people had gathered together they laughed at him and said,
+"Why, one of our fingers would fight you."
+
+Nevertheless, Aponitolau prepared to fight, and when the bravest of the
+enemy threw his spear and head-ax at him he jumped and escaped. They
+noticed that he jumped very high, so they all ran at him, throwing
+their spears and trying to kill him.
+
+But Aponitolau caught all their weapons, and then while they were
+unarmed he threw his own spear, and it flew about among them until
+it had killed them all. Then he sent his head-ax, and it cut off all
+the heads of the enemy; and he used magical power so that these heads
+went to his home in Kadalayapan.
+
+After that Aponitolau sat down by the gate of the town to rest,
+and the little bird, flying over his head, called down:
+
+"The sign that I gave you was good, Father, and you have killed all
+your enemies."
+
+"Yes," said the man, and as he started on the home-ward journey the
+little bird always flew near him. When he reached home, he stuck the
+heads around the town, [63] and commanded the people to go out all
+over the world and invite everyone and especially the pretty girls
+to come to a party in celebration of his victory.
+
+The people came from all parts of the world, and while they played
+on the gongs and danced, Aponitolau called to Kanag and said:
+
+"Come down, my son; do not stay always in the tops of the trees. Come
+and see the pretty girls and see which one you want to marry. Get
+the golden cup and give them basi to drink."
+
+But Kanag answered, "I would rather stay in the tops of the trees
+and give the signs when anyone goes to fight."
+
+Then the father and mother pleaded with him to become a boy once
+more, begging his forgiveness and promising never again to send him
+to guard the rice. But he would not listen to them, and only flew away.
+
+Finding that they could not win him that way, Aponitolau and
+Aponibolinayen called the spirit servants, and commanded them to
+follow Kanag wherever he went, and to find a girl whom he would want
+to marry. So the spirit servants went after him, and wherever he went
+they followed.
+
+By and by they stopped near a well, and there the spirit servants
+used magic so that all the pretty girls nearby felt very hot; and
+in the early morning, they came to the well to bathe. One among them
+was so beautiful that she looked like a flame of fire [64] among the
+betel-nut blossoms, and when the servants saw her washing her hair
+they ran to Kanag and begged him to come and see her. At first he
+would not listen to them, but after a while he flew into the top of
+a betel-nut tree near by, and when he caught sight of her, he flew
+into the tree above her head.
+
+"But," said he to the servants, "what can I do if I become a man now,
+for I have no clothes and no head-band?"
+
+"Do not worry about that," said the spirit servants, "for we have
+everything here for you."
+
+So Kanag became a man and put on the clothes and head-band, and he
+went to speak to the girl. He gave her betel-nut, and they chewed
+together, and he said:
+
+"My name is Kanag and I am the son of Aponitolau and Aponibolinayen."
+
+Then the girl said: "My name is Dapilisan and I am the daughter of
+Bangan and Dalonagan."
+
+When Dapilisan went home Kanag followed her, and he told her parents
+his name and how he had changed into a little bird. And when he had
+finished he asked if he might marry their daughter. Bangan and his wife
+were greatly pleased that Kanag wanted Dapilisan for his wife, but they
+were afraid that his parents might object, so they sent a messenger
+to invite Aponitolau and Aponibolinayen to come to visit them.
+
+As soon as Kanag's parents heard that their son had become a man they
+were very happy and started at once to go to him, carrying many fine
+presents. Before arrangements for the wedding could be made, it was
+necessary to decide on the price to be paid for the girl. A long
+discussion took place. Bangan and Dalonagan finally said that the
+spirit house must be filled nine times with different kinds of jars.
+
+When this was done Dalonagan raised her eyebrows, and half of the
+jars disappeared. Aponibolinayen used her magical power and the spirit
+house was filled again, and then Dalonagan said to her:
+
+"Now the web of the spider shall be put around the town and you must
+put gold beads on it. If it does not break, Kanag may marry Dapilisan."
+
+When Aponibolinayen had put the gold beads on the thread, Dalonagan
+hung on it to see if it would hold. As it did not break, she declared
+that the sign was good; and Kanag and Dapilisan were married.
+
+Then the people played on the copper gongs, danced, and made merry
+for a long time, and when they returned to their homes Kanag and his
+bride went with Aponitolau and Aponibolinayen.
+
+
+
+The Story of the Tikgi
+
+_Tinguian_
+
+
+"Tikgi, tikgi, tikgi, we will come to work for you. Let us cut
+your rice."
+
+Ligi [65] had gone to the field to look at his growing rice, but when
+he heard this sound he looked up and was surprised to see some birds
+circling above and calling to him.
+
+"Why, you cannot cut rice," said Ligi. "You are birds and know only
+how to fly."
+
+But the birds insisted that they knew how to cut rice; so finally he
+told them to come again when the grain was ripe, and they flew away.
+
+No sooner had the birds gone than Ligi was filled with a great desire
+to see them again. As he went home he wished over and over that his
+rice were ready to cut. As soon as Ligi left the field the tikgi birds
+began using magic so that the rice grew rapidly, and five days later
+when he returned he found the birds there ready to cut the ripened
+grain. Ligi showed them where to begin cutting, and then he left them.
+
+When he was out of sight, the tikgi said to the rice cutters:
+
+"Rice cutters, you cut the rice alone." And to the bands which were
+lying nearby they said: "Bands, you tie into bundles the rice which
+the cutters cut"
+
+And the rice cutters and the bands worked alone, doing as they
+were told.
+
+When Ligi went again to the field in the afternoon, the tikgi said:
+
+"Come, Ligi, and see what we have done, for we want to go home now."
+
+Ligi was amazed, for he saw five hundred bundles of rice cut. And
+he said:
+
+"Oh, Tikgi, take all the rice you wish in payment, for I am very
+grateful to you."
+
+Then the tikgi each took one head of rice, saying it was all they
+could carry, and they flew away.
+
+The next morning when Ligi reached the field, he found the birds
+already there and he said:
+
+"Now, Tikgi, cut the rice as fast as you can, for when it is finished
+I will make a ceremony for the spirits, and you must come."
+
+"Yes," replied the tikgi, "and now we shall begin the work, but you
+do not need to stay here."
+
+So Ligi went home and built a rice granary to hold his grain, and when
+he returned to the field the rice was all cut. Then the tikgi said:
+"We have cut all your rice, Ligi, so give us our pay, and when you
+go home the rice will all be in your granary."
+
+Ligi wondered at this, and when he reached home and saw that his
+granary was full of rice, he doubted if the tikgi could be real birds.
+
+Not long after this Ligi invited all his relatives from the different
+towns to help him make the ceremony for the spirits. [66] As soon
+as the people arrived, the tikgi came also; and they flew over the
+people's heads and made them drink basi until they were drunk. Then
+they said to Ligi:
+
+"We are going home now; it is not good for us to stay here, for we
+cannot sit among the people."
+
+When they started home Ligi followed them until they came to the
+bana-asi tree, and here he saw them take off their feathers and put
+them in the rice granary. Then suddenly they became one beautiful
+maiden.
+
+"Are you not the tikgi who came to cut my rice?" asked Ligi. "You
+look to me like a beautiful maiden."
+
+"Yes," she replied; "I became tikgi and cut rice for you, for otherwise
+you would not have found me." Ligi took her back to his house where
+the people were making the ceremony, and as soon as they saw her they
+began chewing the magic betel-nuts to find who she might be.
+
+The quid [67] of Ebang and her husband and that of the tikgi went
+together, so they knew that she was their daughter who had disappeared
+from their house one day long ago while they were in the fields. In
+answer to their many questions, she told them that she had been in the
+bana-asi tree, where Kaboniyan [68] had carried her, until the day that
+she changed herself into the tikgi birds and went to the field of Ligi.
+
+Ligi was very fond of the beautiful girl and he asked her parents if
+he might marry her. They were very willing and decided on a price he
+should pay. After the wedding all the people remained at his house,
+feasting and dancing for three months.
+
+
+
+The Story of Sayen [69]
+
+_Tinguian_
+
+In the depths of a dark forest where people seldom went, lived a
+wizened old Alan. [70] The skin on her wrinkled face was as tough
+as a carabao hide, and her long arms with fingers pointing back from
+the wrist were horrible to look at. Now this frightful creature had
+a son whose name was Sayen, and he was as handsome as his mother was
+ugly. He was a brave man, also, and often went far away alone to fight.
+
+On these journeys Sayen sometimes met beautiful girls, and though
+he wanted to marry, he could not decide upon one. Hearing that one
+Danepan was more beautiful than any other, he determined to go and
+ask her to be his wife.
+
+Now Danepan was very shy, and when she heard that Sayen was coming
+to her house she hid behind the door and sent her servant, Laey,
+out to meet him. And so it happened that Sayen, not seeing Danepan,
+married Laey, thinking that she was her beautiful mistress. He took
+her away to a house he had built at the edge of the forest, for though
+he wished to be near his old home, he dared not allow his bride to
+set eyes on his ugly mother.
+
+For some time they lived happily together here, and then one day when
+Sayen was making a plow under his house, he heard Laey singing softly
+to their baby in the room above, and this is what she sang:
+
+"Sayen thinks I am Danepan, but Laey I am. Sayen thinks I am Danepan,
+but Laey I am."
+
+When Sayen heard this he knew that he had been deceived, and he
+pondered long what he should do.
+
+The next morning he went to the field to plow, for it was near the
+rice-planting time. Before he left the house he called to his wife:
+
+"When the sun is straight above, you and the baby bring food to me,
+for I shall be busy in the field."
+
+Before he began to plow, however, he cut the bamboo supports of the
+bridge which led to the field, so that when Laey and the baby came
+with his food, they had no sooner stepped on the bridge than it went
+down with them and they were drowned. Sayen was again free. He took
+his spear and his shield and head-ax and went at once to the town of
+Danepan, and there he began killing the people on all sides.
+
+Terror spread through the town. No one could stop his terrible work
+of destruction until Danepan came down out of her house, and begged
+him to spare part of the people that she might have some from whom to
+borrow fire. [71] Her great beauty amazed him and he ceased killing,
+and asked her to prepare some betel-nut for him to chew, as he was
+very tired. She did so, and when he had chewed the nut he spat on
+the people he had killed and they came to life again. Then he married
+Danepan and took her to his home.
+
+Now it happened about this time that the people of Magosang were
+in great trouble. At the end of a successful hunt, while they were
+dividing the meat among themselves, the Komow, [72] a murderous spirit
+that looks like a man, would come to them and ask how many they had
+caught. If they answered, "Two," then he would say that he had caught
+two also; and when they went home, they would find two people in the
+town dead. As often as they went to hunt the Komow did this, and many
+of the people of Magosang were dead and those living were in great
+fear. Finally they heard of the brave man, Sayen, and they begged
+him to help them. Sayen listened to all they told, and then said:
+
+"I will go with you to hunt, and while you are dividing the meat,
+I will hide behind the trees. When the Komow comes to ask how many
+deer you have, he will smell me, but you must say that you do not
+know where I am,"
+
+So the people went to hunt, and when they had killed two deer, they
+singed them over a fire and began to divide them. Just then the Komow
+arrived and said:
+
+"How many have you?"
+
+"We have two," replied the people.
+
+"I have two also," said the Komow, "but I smell Sayen."
+
+"We do not know where Sayen is," answered the people; and just then he
+sprang out and killed the Komow, and the people were greatly relieved.
+
+Now when Kaboniyan, [73] a great spirit, heard what Sayen had done,
+he went to him and said:
+
+"Sayen you are a brave man because you have killed the Komow, Tomorrow
+I will fight with you. You must remain on the low ground by the river,
+and I will go to the hill above."
+
+So the following day Sayen went to the low ground by the river. He
+had not waited long before he heard a great sound like a storm, and
+he knew that Kaboniyan was coming. He looked up, and there stood the
+great warrior, poising his spear which was as large as a big tree.
+
+"Are you brave, Sayen?" called he in a voice like thunder as he threw
+the weapon.
+
+"Yes," answered Sayen, and he caught the spear.
+
+This surprised Kaboniyan, and he threw his head-ax which was as large
+as the roof of a house, and Sayen caught that also. Then Kaboniyan
+saw that this was indeed a brave man, and he went down to Sayen and
+they fought face to face until both were tired, but neither could
+overcome the other.
+
+When Kaboniyan saw that in Sayen he had found one as strong and brave
+even as himself, he proposed that they go together to fight the people
+of different towns. And they started out at once. Many people were
+killed by this strong pair, and why they themselves could never be
+captured was a great mystery. For it was not known that one was the
+spirit Kaboniyan, and the other the son of an Alan.
+
+If he was surrounded in a river, Sayen would become a fish [74]
+and hide so that people could not find him. And if he was entrapped
+in a town, he would become a chicken and go under the house in a
+chicken-coop. In this way he escaped many times.
+
+Finally one night after he had killed many in one town, the
+people decided to watch him, and they saw him go to roost with the
+chickens. The next day they placed a fish trap under the house near
+the chicken-coop, and that night when Sayen went under the house he
+was caught in the trap and killed.
+
+
+
+The Sun and the Moon
+
+_Tinguian_
+
+
+Once the Sun and the Moon quarreled with each other, and the Sun said:
+
+"You are only the Moon and are not much good. If I did not give you
+light, you would be no good at all."
+
+But the Moon answered:
+
+"You are only the Sun, and you are very hot. The women like me better,
+for when I shine at night, they go out doors and spin."
+
+These words of the Moon made the Sun so angry that he threw sand in
+her face, and you can still see the dark spots on the face of the Moon.
+
+
+
+How the Tinguian Learned to Plant
+
+_Tinguian_
+
+
+In the very old times the Tinguian did not know how to plant and
+harvest as they now do. For food they had only the things that grew
+in the forests and fish from the streams. Neither did they know how
+to cure people who became ill or were injured by evil spirits, and
+many died who might otherwise have lived. [75]
+
+Then Kadaklan, the Great Spirit who lives in the sky, saw that the
+people often were hungry and sick, and he sent one of his servants,
+Kaboniyan, to the earth to teach them many things. And it happened
+this way:
+
+Dayapan, a woman who lived in Caalang, had been sick for seven
+years. One day when she went to the spring to bathe, there entered her
+body a spirit who had rice and sugar-cane with him, and he said to her:
+
+"Dayapan, take these to your home and plant them in the ground, and
+after a while they will grow large enough to reap. Then when they are
+ripe, build a granary to put the rice in until you shall need it,
+and a sugar-press to crush the cane. And when these are finished,
+make the ceremony Sayung, and you will be well."
+
+Dayapan was filled with wonder at these strange things, but she took
+the rice and the sugar-cane and went home as she was commanded. While
+she was trying to plant them in the ground the Spirit again entered
+her body and showed her just what to do. Since then the Tinguian
+have planted crops every year, and because they do as Kaboniyan [76]
+taught the woman they have plenty to eat.
+
+When Dayapan had reaped the first rice and cane, she began to make
+the ceremony Sayung, and the Spirit came again and directed her. And
+when it was finished and she was cured, he told her to take a dog
+and a cock and go to bathe in the river as a sign that the ceremony
+was finished. So she went to the river and tied the dog and the cock
+near the water, but while she was bathing the dog ate the cock.
+
+Dayapan wept bitterly at this and waited a long time for Kaboniyan,
+and when at last he came, he said:
+
+"If the dog had not killed the cock, no person would die when you
+make this ceremony; but this is a sign, and now some will die and
+some will get well."
+
+Dayapan called all the people together, and told them the things that
+the spirit had taught her; and they could see that she had been made
+well. After that, when people became ill they called Dayapan to treat
+them. And it was as the Spirit had said; some died and others were
+made well.
+
+
+
+Magsawi
+
+_Tinguian_
+
+
+A great many years ago some Tinguian left their little village in the
+valley early one morning and made their way toward the mountains. They
+were off on a deer hunt, [77] and each carried his spear and head-ax,
+while one held in leash a string of lean dogs eager for the chase.
+
+Part way up the mountainside the dogs were freed, and the men
+separated, going different ways in search of game. But ere long the
+sharp barking of a dog called all in his direction, for they believed
+that he had a deer at bay. As they approached the spot, however,
+the object did not look like a deer, and as they drew nearer they
+were surprised to find that it was a large jar. [78]
+
+Filled with curiosity they pressed on, but the jar evaded them. Faster
+and faster they ran, but the object, disappearing at times and then
+coming into view again, always escaped them. On and on they went
+until at last, tired out, they sat down on a wooded hill to rest and
+to refresh themselves with betel-nut which they took from brass boxes
+attached to their belts.
+
+As they slowly cut the nuts and wrapped them in the lime and leaf
+ready for chewing, they talked of nothing but the wonderful jar and
+the mysterious power it possessed. Then just as they were about to
+put the tempting morsels into their mouths they stopped, startled by
+a strange soft voice which seemed to be near them. They turned and
+listened, but could see no person.
+
+"Find a pig which has no young," said the voice, "and take its blood,
+for then you will be able to catch the jar which your dog pursued."
+
+The men knew then that the mysterious jar belonged to a spirit, so
+they hastened to do as the voice commanded, and when they had secured
+the blood the dog again brought the jar to bay. The hunters tried to
+seize it, but it entered a hole in the ground and disappeared. They
+followed, and found themselves in a dark cave [79] where it was easy
+to catch the jar, for there was no outlet save by the hole through
+which they had entered.
+
+Though that was many years ago, the jar still lives, and its name
+is Magsawi. Even now it talks; but some years ago a crack appeared
+in its side, and since then its language has not been understood by
+the Tinguian. [80]
+
+Sometimes Magsawi goes on long journeys alone when he visits his wife,
+a jar in Ilocos Norte, or his child, a small jar in San Quintin;
+but he always returns to Domayco on the hillside near the cave.
+
+
+
+The Tree with the Agate Beads
+
+_Tinguian_
+
+
+More than a hundred seasons ago, a Tinguian went one day to the
+mountains to hunt. Accompanied by his faithful dog, he made his way
+steadily up the mountain side, only halting where it was necessary
+to cut a path through the jungle. And the dog ran here and there
+searching in the thick underbrush.
+
+On and on he went without seeing any game, and then, when he was
+almost at the top of the highest peak, the dog gave a sharp yelp,
+and out of the brush leaped a fine deer. Zip! went the man's spear,
+and it pierced the animal's side. For an instant he waited, but the
+deer did not fall. On it ran with unslackened speed, and a moment
+later it plunged into a hole in the ground with the man and dog in
+close pursuit.
+
+A short distance from the entrance the cave opened out into large,
+spacious rooms, and before he realized it the man was hopelessly
+lost In the distance he could hear the baying of the dog, and with
+no other guide he hurried on through the darkness.
+
+Following the sound, he went for a long time from one unfamiliar room
+to another, stumbling in the darkness and striking against the stone
+walls, and then suddenly his outstretched hands grasped a small tree
+on which berries grew.
+
+Astonished at finding anything growing in this dark place, he broke
+off a branch, and as he did so the shrub began to talk in a strange
+language. Terrified, the man ran in the direction he had last heard
+the dog, and a moment later he found himself in the open air on the
+banks of the Abra River, with the dead deer at his feet.
+
+When he examined the twig which he still held in his hand, he saw
+to his great surprise that the berries were agate beads of great
+value. [81] And packing the deer on his back, he hastened home where
+he told his wonderful story.
+
+The sight of the beautiful beads convinced the people that he told
+the truth, and a number of men at once returned with him to secure
+the tree.
+
+Their quest, however, was unsuccessful, for ere they reached the spot
+the evil spirit had taken the tree away and on the walls of the cave
+it had made strange carvings which even to this day can be seen.
+
+
+
+The Striped Blanket
+
+_Tinguian_
+
+
+Three Tinguian once went to the mountains to hunt deer. They took
+their blankets with them, for they expected to be gone several days,
+and the nights in the mountains are cold.
+
+The blankets of two of the men were of the blue-and-white designs
+such as are commonly worn by the Tinguian, but that of the third was
+covered with red and yellow stripes like the back of a little wild pig.
+
+At night the men rolled up in their blankets and lay down under a
+tree to sleep; but while the one in the striped blanket was still
+awake two spirits came near and saw him.
+
+"Oh," he heard one spirit say to the other, "here we have something
+to eat, for here is a little wild pig."
+
+Then the man quickly took the blanket off one of his sleeping
+companions and put his own in its place. Very soon the spirits came
+and ate the man under the striped blanket.
+
+Since that time the Tinguian never sleep under that kind of a blanket
+if they are where the spirits can get them.
+
+
+
+The Alan and the Hunters
+
+_Tinguian_
+
+
+Two men once went to hunt wild pig in the mountains, and after some
+time they speared and killed one, but they had no fire over which to
+singe it.
+
+One man climbed a tree to see if there was a fire near by, and
+discovering smoke at some distance, he started toward it. When he
+reached the place, he found that the fire was in the house of an Alan,
+[82] and he was very much afraid; but creeping up into the house,
+he found that the Alan and her baby were fast asleep.
+
+He stepped on tip-toe, but nevertheless the Alan was awakened and
+called out:
+
+"Epogow, [83] what do you want?"
+
+"I should like to get some fire," said the man, "for we have killed
+a wild pig."
+
+The Alan gave him the fire, and then taking her basket she went with
+him to the place where the pig was.
+
+After they had singed the animal, the Alan cut it up with her long
+nails and handed the liver to the man, telling him to take it to her
+house to feed the baby.
+
+The man started, and on the way he ate the liver. When he reached
+the Alan's house he did not know what to do. For some time he looked
+around, and then seeing a large caldron of hot water on the fire,
+he threw the baby into it and went back.
+
+"Did the baby eat well?" asked the Alan.
+
+"Very well," said the man.
+
+Then she put most of the meat into her basket and started home. As
+soon as she had gone, the man told his companion what he had done,
+and they were so frightened that they ran to hide.
+
+When the Alan reached home and found the baby dead in the hot water,
+she was very angry and started back immediately to find the men, who,
+in the meantime, had climbed a high tree that stood near the water.
+
+The Alan looked down into the water, and seeing the reflection of
+the men, she reached in her long hand with the fingers that pointed
+backward, but when she could not touch them, she looked up and saw
+them in the tall tree.
+
+"How did you get up there?" she cried angrily.
+
+"We climbed up feet first," called down the men.
+
+The Alan, determined to get them, caught hold of a vine and started
+up the tree feet first, but before she quite reached them, they cut
+the vine and she fell to the ground and was killed. [84]
+
+Then the men came down and went to the Alan's house, where they found
+a jar full of beads and another of gold, and these they brought with
+them when they returned home.
+
+
+
+Man and the Alan
+
+_Tinguian_
+
+
+A Tinguian was once walking along a trail in the wood when he heard a
+strange sound in a large tree near him, and looking up he was startled
+to see that it was the home of the Alan--spirits who live in the wood.
+
+He stopped and gazed for a moment at the horrible creatures, large
+as people, hanging from the limbs of the tree with their heads down
+like bats. They had wings to fly, and their toes were at the back
+of their feet, while their long fingers, which pointed backward,
+were fastened at the wrist.
+
+"Surely," thought the man, "these terrible beings will eat me if
+they can catch me. I will run away as fast as I can while they are
+asleep." He tried to run but he was too frightened, and after a few
+steps he fell face down on the ground.
+
+At this the Alan began to wail loudly, for they saw him fall and
+believed him dead And they came down out of the tree with gold and
+beads which they laid on him.
+
+After a while the man gathered courage and, jumping up, he cried as
+loudly as he could, "Go away!"
+
+The Alan did not move, but they looked at him and said: "Give us the
+one bead _nagaba_ [a peculiar bead of double effect], and you may
+have the rest." When the man refused to do this, they were angry and
+turned away, crying, "Then we are going to burn your house, for you
+are a bad man."
+
+Thereupon the man went home as fast as he could go, but very soon
+after that his house burned, for the Alan kept their word.
+
+
+
+Sogsogot
+
+_Tinguian_
+
+
+One day, a long time ago, some men went to the mountains to hunt deer
+and wild pig, and among them was one named Sogsogot.
+
+They all went into the thick forest to look for game, but after a
+while Sogsogot called his dog and withdrew to an open spot near by,
+where he waited for the deer to come out.
+
+While he stood there eagerly watching, a big bird [85] swooped down,
+caught him in its claws, and carried him away. Far off over the
+mountains the bird soared, until finally it came to a big tree where
+it had its nest, and here it left the man and flew away.
+
+Sogsogot's first thought was to make his escape, but he found that
+the tree was so tall that he could not get down, and after a time he
+ceased his attempts to get away and began to look over his companions
+in the nest--two young birds and three little pigs.
+
+By and by he became hungry, so he cut up the three little pigs, and
+after he had eaten all he wished he fed the two birds. When this meat
+was gone the mother bird brought more pigs and deer, and the man had
+all he could eat. Then he fed the little birds, which grew very fast
+and soon were able to fly. One day when they were standing on the
+edge of the nest Sogsogot caught hold of the birds' legs, and they
+fluttered down and carried him safely to the ground.
+
+He hastened home as fast as he could go and told the people of his
+wonderful trip. They made a ceremony for the spirits, and all the
+people rejoiced that the lost man had returned.
+
+Some time after this Sogsogot went to a hostile town to fight, and
+while he was gone his wife died. On the way back to his town he met
+the spirit of his wife driving a cow and two pigs, and not knowing
+that she was a spirit he asked her where she was going.
+
+"I am not a person any more," she answered him; "I am dead." And when
+he wanted to touch her hand, she gave him only her shortest finger. He
+begged to go with her so she said, "Go first to our home and get a
+white chicken; then follow the footmarks of the cow and pigs."
+
+He did as she commanded him, and after a while he came to a place
+where she was bathing in the river. She said to him:
+
+"Now you may come with me to our spirit town. [86] I shall hide you
+in the rice-bin and shall bring food to you every day. But at night
+the people in the town will want to eat you, and when they come to
+the bin you must take some of the feathers of the white chicken and
+throw at them."
+
+The man went with her, and when they arrived at the spirit town she
+hid him in the rice-bin. At night the people came to eat him, as she
+had said they would; but when he threw the chicken feathers at them
+they were frightened away.
+
+For two weeks Sogsogot lived in this place, but when the feathers
+were nearly gone he was afraid to stay any longer, for every night
+the spirits came to eat him. He begged his wife to allow him to go,
+and finally she showed him the way home, giving him rice to eat on
+his journey.
+
+As soon as the man arrived home and inquired for his wife, the
+people told him that she had died and they had buried her under the
+house. Then he knew that it was her spirit that had taken him to the
+strange town.
+
+
+
+The Mistaken Gifts
+
+_Tinguian_
+
+
+When Siagon was about eight years old his parents began looking for
+a girl who would make a suitable wife. At last when they had decided
+on a beautiful maiden, who lived some distance from them, they sent
+a man to her parents to ask if they would like Siagon for a son-in-law.
+
+Now when the man arrived at the girl's house the people were all
+sitting on the floor eating periwinkle, and as they sucked the meat
+out of the shell, they nodded their heads. The man, looking in at
+the door, saw them nod, and he thought they were nodding at him. So
+he did not tell them his errand, but returned quickly to the boy's
+parents and told them that all the people at the girl's house were
+favorable to the union.
+
+Siagon's parents were very much pleased that their proposal had been
+so kindly received, and immediately prepared to go to the girl's
+house to arrange for the wedding.
+
+Finally all was ready and they started for her house, carrying with
+them as presents for her parents two carabao, two horses, two cows,
+four iron kettles, sixteen jars of basi, two blankets, and two
+little pigs.
+
+The surprise of the girl's people knew no bounds when they saw all
+this coming to their house, for they had not even thought of Siagon
+marrying their daughter. [87]
+
+
+
+The Boy who Became a Stone
+
+_Tinguian_
+
+
+One day a little boy named Elonen sat out in the yard making a bird
+snare, and as he worked, a little bird called to him: "Tik-tik-lo-den"
+(come and catch me).
+
+"I am making a snare for you," said the boy; but the bird continued
+to call until the snare was finished.
+
+Then Elonen ran and threw the snare over the bird and caught it, and he
+put it in a jar in his house while he went with the other boys to swim.
+
+While he was away, his grandmother grew hungry, so she ate the bird,
+and when Elonen returned and found that his bird was gone, he was so
+sad that he wished he might go away and never come back. He went out
+into the forest and walked a long distance, until finally he came to
+a big stone and said: "Stone, open your mouth and eat me." And the
+stone opened its mouth and swallowed the boy.
+
+When his grandmother missed the boy, she went out and looked
+everywhere, hoping to find him. Finally she passed near the stone
+and it cried out, "Here he is." Then the old woman tried to open the
+stone but she could not, so she called the horses to come and help
+her. They came and kicked it, but it would not break. Then she called
+the carabao and they hooked it, but they only broke their horns. She
+called the chickens, which pecked it, and the thunder, which shook it,
+but nothing could open it, and she had to go home without the boy.
+
+
+
+The Turtle and the Lizard
+
+_Tinguian_
+
+
+A turtle and a big lizard once went to the field of Gotgotapa to steal
+ginger, [88] When they reached the place the turtle said to the lizard:
+
+"We must be very still or the man will hear us and come out."
+
+But as soon as the lizard tasted the ginger he was so pleased that
+he said:
+
+"The ginger of Gotgotapa is very good."
+
+"Be still," said the turtle; but the lizard paid no attention to the
+warning, and called louder than ever:
+
+"The ginger of Gotgotapa is very good."
+
+Again and again he cried out, until finally the man heard him and
+came out of the house to catch the robbers.
+
+The turtle could not run fast, so he lay very still, and the man did
+not see him. But the lizard ran and the man chased him. When they
+were out of sight, the turtle went into the house and hid under a
+cocoanut shell upon which the man used to sit. [89]
+
+The man ran after the lizard for a long distance, but he could not
+catch him. After a while he came back to the house and sat down on
+the shell.
+
+By and by, the turtle called, "Kook." The man jumped up and looked all
+around. Unable to tell where the noise came from, he sat down again,
+
+A second time the turtle called, and this time the man looked
+everywhere in the house except under the shell, but could not find
+the turtle. Again and again the turtle called, and finally the man,
+realizing that all his attempts were unsuccessful, grew so excited
+that he died.
+
+Then the turtle ran out of the house, and he had not gone far before
+he met the lizard again. They walked along together until they saw
+some honey in a tree, and the turtle said:
+
+"I will go first and get some of the honey."
+
+The lizard would not wait, but ran ahead, and when he seized the honey,
+the bees came out and stung him. So he ran back to the turtle for help.
+
+After a while they came to a bird snare, and the turtle said:
+
+"That is the silver wire that my grandfather wore about his neck."
+
+Then the lizard ran fast to get it first, but he was caught in the
+snare and was held until the man came and killed him. Then the wise
+turtle went on alone.
+
+
+
+The Man with the Cocoanuts
+
+_Tinguian_
+
+
+One day a man who had been to gather his cocoanuts loaded his horse
+heavily with the fruit. On the way home he _met_ a boy whom he asked
+how long it would take to reach the house.
+
+"If you go slowly," said the boy, looking at the load on the horse,
+"you will arrive very soon; but if you go fast, it will take you
+all day."
+
+The man could not believe this strange speech, so he hurried his
+horse. But the cocoanuts fell off and he had to stop to pick them
+up. Then he hurried his horse all the more to make up for lost time,
+but the cocoanuts fell off again. Many times he did this, and it was
+night when he reached home. [90]
+
+
+
+The Carabao and the Shell
+
+_Tinguian_
+
+
+One very hot day, when a carabao went into the river to bathe, he
+met a shell and they began talking together.
+
+"You are very slow," said the carabao to the shell.
+
+"Oh, no," replied the shell. "I can beat you in a race."
+
+"Then let us try and see," said the carabao.
+
+So they went out on the bank and started to run.
+
+After the carabao had gone a long distance he stopped and called,
+"Shell!"
+
+And another shell lying by the river answered, "Here I am!"
+
+Then the carabao, thinking that it was the same shell with which he
+was racing, ran on.
+
+By and by he stopped again and called, "Shell!"
+
+Again another shell answered, "Here I am!"
+
+The carabao was surprised that the shell could keep up with him. But
+he ran on and on, and every time he stopped to call, another shell
+answered him. But he was determined that the shell should not beat him,
+so he ran until he dropped dead. [91]
+
+
+
+The Alligator's Fruit
+
+_Tinguian_
+
+
+Two women went to gather some wild fruit from a vine which belonged
+to the alligator.
+
+"You must be careful not to throw the rind with your teeth marks
+on it where the alligator can see it," said one of the women to the
+other as they sat eating the fruit.
+
+But the other woman paid no attention and threw the rind showing
+teeth marks into the river, where the alligator saw it.
+
+Thus he knew at once who had taken his fruit, and he was very angry. He
+went to the house of the woman and called to the people:
+
+"Bring out the woman that I may eat her, for she has eaten my fruit"
+
+"Very well," answered the people. "But sit down and wait a little
+while."
+
+Then they put the iron soil-turner into the fire, and when it was
+red hot, they took it to the door and said to the alligator:
+
+"Here, eat this first."
+
+He opened his mouth, and they pushed the red hot iron down his throat,
+and he died.
+
+
+
+Dogedog
+
+_Tinguian_
+
+
+Dogedog had always been very lazy, and now that his father and mother
+were dead and he had no one to care for him, he lived very poorly. He
+had little to eat. His house was old and small and so poor that it
+had not even a floor. Still he would rather sit all day and idle away
+his time than to work and have more things.
+
+One day, however, when the rainy season was near at hand, Dogedog
+began thinking how cold he would be when the storms came, and he felt
+so sorry for himself that he decided to make a floor in his house.
+
+Wrapping some rice in a banana leaf for his dinner, he took his long
+knife and went to the forest to cut some bamboo. He hung the bundle
+of rice in a tree until he should need it; but while he was working
+a cat came and ate it. When the hungry man came for his dinner, there
+was none left. Dogedog went back to his miserable little house which
+looked forlorn to him even, now that he had decided to have a floor.
+
+The next day he went again to the forest and hung his rice in the
+tree as he did before, but again the cat came and ate it. So the man
+had to go home without any dinner.
+
+The third day he took the rice, but this time he fixed a trap in the
+tree, and when the cat came it was caught.
+
+"Now I have you!" cried the man when he found the cat; "and I shall
+kill you for stealing my rice."
+
+"Oh, do not kill me," pleaded the cat, "and I will be of some use
+to you."
+
+So Dogedog decided to spare the cat's life, and he took it home and
+tied it near the door to guard the house.
+
+Some time later when he went to look at it, he was very much surprised
+to find that it had become a cock.
+
+"Now I can go to the cock-fight at Magsingal," cried the man. And he
+was very happy, for he had much rather do that than work.
+
+Thinking no more of getting wood for his floor, he started out at
+once for Magsingal with the cock under his arm. As he was crossing
+a river he met an alligator which called out to him:
+
+"Where are you going, Dogedog?"
+
+"To the cock-fight at Magsingal," replied the man as he fondly stroked
+the rooster.
+
+"Wait, and I will go with you," said the alligator; and he drew
+himself out of the water.
+
+The two walking along together soon entered a forest where they met
+a deer and it asked:
+
+"Where are you going, Dogedog?"
+
+"To the cock-fight at Magsingal," said the man.
+
+"Wait and I will go with you," said the deer; and he also joined them.
+
+By and by they met a mound of earth that had been raised by the ants,
+and they would have passed without noticing it had it not inquired:
+
+"Where are you going, Dogedog?"
+
+"To the cock-fight at Magsingal," said the man once more; and the
+mound of earth joined them.
+
+The company then hurried on, and just as they were leaving the forest,
+they passed a big tree in which was a monkey.
+
+"Where are you going, Dogedog?" shrieked the monkey. And without
+waiting for an answer he scrambled down the tree and followed them.
+
+As the party walked along they talked together, and the alligator
+said to Dogedog:
+
+"If any man wants to dive into the water, I can stay under longer
+than he."
+
+Then the deer, not to be outdone, said:
+
+"If any man wants to run, I can run faster."
+
+The mound of earth, anxious to show its strength, said:
+
+"If any man wants to wrestle, I can beat him."
+
+And the monkey said:
+
+"If any man wants to climb, I can go higher."
+
+They reached Magsingal in good time and the people were ready for the
+fight to begin. When Dogedog put his rooster, which had been a cat,
+into the pit, it killed the other cock at once, for it used its claws
+like a cat.
+
+The people brought more roosters and wagered much money, but Dogedog's
+cock killed all the others until there was not one left in Magsingal,
+and Dogedog won much money. Then they went outside the town and
+brought all the cocks they could find, but not one could win over
+that of Dogedog.
+
+When the cocks were all dead, the people wanted some other sport,
+so they brought a man who could stay under water for a long time,
+and Dogedog made him compete with the alligator. But after a while
+the man had to come up first Then they brought a swift runner and he
+raced with the deer, but the man was left far behind. Next they looked
+around until they found a very large man who was willing to contend
+with the mound of earth, but after a hard struggle the man was thrown.
+
+Finally they brought a man who could climb higher than anyone else,
+but the monkey went far above him, and he had to give up.
+
+All these contests had brought much money to Dogedog, and now he had
+to buy two horses to carry his sacks of silver. As soon as he reached
+home, he bought the house of a very rich man and went to live in
+it. And he was very happy, for he did not have to work any more. [92]
+
+
+
+
+
+IGOROT
+
+
+
+Introduction
+
+
+Three or four days' journey to the south and east of the Tinguian live
+the Igorot; but so difficult are the trails over the mountains and
+through the swift rivers that there is little intercourse between
+the two tribes, consequently each believes the other a people to
+be feared. Salt, weapons, and jars are sometimes exchanged, but the
+customs and beliefs are not similar. Each group leads its own life
+and is governed by its own spirits.
+
+From a distance an Igorot village looks like a group of haystacks
+nestling among the hills; but viewed more closely, it is found
+to consist of houses whose board sides are almost hidden by the
+overhanging grass roofs. The upper part of the house is used as a
+storehouse, while below, on a ground floor, the family cooks and
+eats. In one end there is a tiny boxlike bedroom where the father,
+mother, and small children sleep. After they are two or three years
+old the girls spend the night in a dormitory, while the boys sleep
+in the men's council house.
+
+These people have splendid terraced fields on the mountain sides where
+water is brought from the streams through troughs and ditches. Here
+both men and women are busy early and late cultivating the rice,
+sweet potatoes, and small vegetables on which they live. The men are
+head-hunters and ardent warriors, each village demanding a head in
+payment for any taken by a hostile village.
+
+Watching over the Igorot, controlling the winds and the rains, and
+providing good crops and health for the people, is the Great Spirit,
+Lumawig, who lives in the sky. He is believed to have created the
+Igorot and even to have lived among them on the earth. He no longer
+visits them in person, they say, but each month they perform a ceremony
+at which they pray to him to protect them and entreat him to favor
+them with health and good crops.
+
+The following tales are told by the fathers and mothers to the children
+to teach them how things came to be as they are.
+
+
+
+The Creation
+
+_Igorot_
+
+
+In the beginning there were no people on the earth. Lumawig, [93]
+the Great Spirit, came down from the sky and cut many reeds. [94] He
+divided these into pairs which he placed in different parts of the
+world, and then he said to them, "You must speak." Immediately the
+reeds became people, and in each place was a man and a woman who could
+talk, but the language of each couple differed from that of the others.
+
+Then Lumawig commanded each man and woman to marry, which they did. By
+and by there were many children, all speaking the same language as
+their parents. These, in turn, married and had many children. In this
+way there came to be many people on the earth.
+
+Now Lumawig saw that there were several things which the people on
+the earth needed to use, so he set to work to supply them. He created
+salt, and told the inhabitants of one place to boil it down and sell
+it to their neighbors. But these people could not understand the
+directions of the Great Spirit, and the next time he visited them,
+they had not touched the salt.
+
+Then he took it away from them and gave it to the people of a place
+called Mayinit. [95] These did as he directed, and because of this
+he told them that they should always be owners of the salt, and that
+the other peoples must buy of them.
+
+Then Lumawig went to the people of Bontoc and told them to get clay
+and make pots. They got the clay, but they did not understand the
+moulding, and the jars were not well shaped. Because of their failure,
+Lumawig told them that they would always have to buy their jars,
+and he removed the pottery to Samoki. [96] When he told the people
+there what to do, they did just as he said, and their jars were well
+shaped and beautiful. Then the Great Spirit saw that they were fit
+owners of the pottery, and he told them that they should always make
+many jars to sell.
+
+In this way Lumawig taught the people and brought to them all the
+things which they now have.
+
+
+
+The Flood Story
+
+_Igorot_
+
+
+Once upon a time, when the world was flat and there were no mountains,
+there lived two brothers, sons of Lumawig, the Great Spirit. The
+brothers were fond of hunting, and since no mountains had formed
+there was no good place to catch wild pig and deer, and the older
+brother said:
+
+"Let us cause water to flow over all the world and cover it, and then
+mountains will rise up." [97]
+
+So they caused water to flow over all the earth, and when it was
+covered they took the head-basket [98] of the town and set it for a
+trap. The brothers were very much pleased when they went to look at
+their trap, for they had caught not only many wild pigs and deer but
+also many people.
+
+Now Lumawig looked down from his place in the sky and saw that his
+sons had flooded the earth and that in all the world there was just one
+spot which was not covered. And he saw that all the people in the world
+had been drowned except one brother and sister who lived in Pokis.
+
+Then Lumawig descended, and he called to the boy
+and girl, saying:
+
+"Oh, you are still alive."
+
+"Yes," answered the boy, "we are still alive, but we are very cold."
+
+So Lumawig commanded his dog and deer to get fire [99] for the boy
+and girl. The dog and the deer swam quickly away, but though Lumawig
+waited a long time they did not return, and all the time the boy and
+girl were growing colder.
+
+Finally Lumawig himself went after the dog and the deer, and when he
+reached them he said:
+
+"Why are you so long in bringing the fire to Pokis? Get ready and
+come quickly while I watch you, for the boy and girl are very cold."
+
+Then the dog and the deer took the fire and started to swim through the
+flood, but when they had gone only a little way the fire was put out.
+
+Lumawig commanded them to get more fire and they did so, but they
+swam only a little way again when that of the deer went out, and
+that of the dog would have been extinguished also had not Lumawig
+gone quickly to him and taken it.
+
+As soon as Lumawig reached Pokis he built a big fire which warmed the
+brother and sister; and the water evaporated so that the world was
+as it was before, except that now there were mountains. The brother
+and sister married and had children, and thus there came to be many
+people on the earth.
+
+
+
+Lumawig on Earth
+
+_Igorot_
+
+
+One day when Lumawig, [100] the Great Spirit, looked down from his
+place in the sky he saw two sisters gathering beans. And he decided
+to go down to visit them. When he arrived at the place he asked them
+what they were doing. The younger, whose name was Fukan, answered:
+
+"We are gathering beans, but it takes a long time to get enough,
+for my sister wants to go bathing all the time."
+
+Then Lumawig said to the older sister:
+
+"Hand me a single pod of the beans."
+
+And when she had given it to him, he shelled it into the basket and
+immediately the basket was full. [101] The younger sister laughed at
+this, and Lumawig said to her:
+
+"Give me another pod and another basket."
+
+She did so, and when he had shelled the pod, that basket was full
+also. Then he said to the younger sister:
+
+"Go home and get three more baskets."
+
+She went home, but when she asked for three more baskets her mother
+said that the beans were few and she could not need so many. Then
+Fukan told her of the young man who could fill a basket from one pod
+of beans, and the father, who heard her story, said:
+
+"Go bring the young man here, for I think he must be a god."
+
+So Fukan took the three baskets back to Lumawig, and when he had
+filled them as he did the other two, he helped the girls carry them
+to the house. As they reached their home, he stopped outside to cool
+himself, but the father called to him and he went up into the house
+and asked for some water. The father brought him a cocoanut shell full,
+and before drinking Lumawig looked at it and said:
+
+"If I stay here with you, I shall become very strong."
+
+The next morning Lumawig asked to see their chickens, and when they
+opened the chicken-coop out came a hen and many little chicks. "Are
+these all of your chickens?" asked Lumawig; and the father assured
+him that they were all. He then bade them bring rice meal that he
+might feed them, and as the chickens ate they all grew rapidly till
+they were cocks and hens.
+
+Next Lumawig asked how many pigs they had, and the father replied
+that they had one with some little ones. Then Lumawig bade them fill
+a pail with sweet potato leaves and he fed the pigs. And as they ate
+they also grew to full size.
+
+The father was so pleased with all these things that he offered his
+elder daughter to Lumawig for a wife. But the Great Spirit said he
+preferred to marry the younger; so that was arranged. Now when his
+brother-in-law learned that Lumawig desired a feast at his wedding,
+he was very angry and said:
+
+"Where would you get food for your wedding feast? There is no rice,
+nor beef, nor pork, nor chicken,"
+
+But Lumawig only answered, "I shall provide our wedding feast."
+
+In the morning they all set out for Lanao, for Lumawig did not care
+to stay any longer in the house with his brother-in-law. As soon as
+they arrived he sent out for some tree trunks, but the trees that
+the people brought in were so small that Lumawig himself went to the
+forest and cut two large pine trees which he hurled to Lanao.
+
+When the people had built a fire of the trees he commanded them to
+bring ten kettles filled with water. Soon the water was boiling hot
+and the brother-in-law laughed and said:
+
+"Where is your rice? You have the boiling water, but you do not seem
+to think of the rice."
+
+In answer to this Lumawig took a small basket of rice and passed
+it over five kettles and they were full. Then he called "Yishtjau,"
+and some deer came running out of the forest. These were not what he
+wanted, however, so he called again and some pigs came. He told the
+people that they were each to catch one and for his brother-in-law
+he selected the largest and best.
+
+They all set out in pursuit of the pigs and the others quickly caught
+theirs, but though the brother-in-law chased his until he was very
+tired and hot he could not catch it Lumawig laughed at him and said:
+
+"You chase that pig until he is thin and still you cannot catch it,
+though all the others have theirs."
+
+Thereupon he grasped the hind legs of the pig and lifted it. All the
+people laughed and the brother-in-law said:
+
+"Of course you can catch it, because I chased it until it was tired."
+
+Lumawig then handed it to him and said, "Here, you carry it." But no
+sooner had the brother-in-law put it over his shoulder than it cut
+loose and ran away.
+
+"Why did you let it go?" asked Lumawig. "Do you care nothing for it,
+even after I caught it for you? Catch it again and bring it here."
+
+So the brother-in-law started out again, and he chased it up stream
+and down, but he could not catch it. Finally Lumawig reached down
+and picked up the pig and carried it to the place where the others
+were cooking.
+
+After they had all eaten and drunk and made their offerings to the
+spirits, Lumawig said:
+
+"Come, let us go to the mountain to consult the omen concerning the
+northern tribes."
+
+So they consulted the omen, but it was not favorable, and they were
+starting home when the brother-in-law asked Lumawig to create some
+water, as the people were hot and thirsty.
+
+"Why do you not create water, Lumawig?" he repeated as Lumawig paid
+no attention to him. "You care nothing that the people are thirsty
+and in need of drink."
+
+Then they quarreled and were very angry and Lumawig
+said to the people, "Let us sit down and rest."
+
+While they rested, Lumawig struck the rock with his spear and water
+came out. [102] The brother-in-law jumped up to get a drink first, but
+Lumawig held him back and said he must be the last to drink. So they
+all drank, and when they had finished, the brother-in-law stepped up,
+but Lumawig gave him a push which sent him into the rock and water
+came from his body.
+
+"You must stay there," said Lumawig, "because you have troubled me
+a great deal." And they went home, leaving him in the rock.
+
+Some time after this Lumawig decided to go back to the sky to live,
+but before he went he took care that his wife should have a home. He
+made a coffin of wood [103] and placed her in it with a dog at her
+feet and a cock at her head. And as he set it floating on the water,
+[104] he told it not to stop until it reached Tinglayen. Then, if
+the foot end struck first, the dog should bark; and if the head end
+was the first to strike, the cock should crow. So it floated away,
+and on and on, until it came to Tinglayen.
+
+Now a widower was sharpening his ax on the bank of the river, and when
+he saw the coffin stop, he went to fish it out of the water. On shore
+he started to open it, but Fugan cried out, "Do not drive a wedge,
+for I am here," So the widower opened it carefully and took Fugan up
+to the town, and then as he had no wife of his own, he married her.
+
+
+
+How the First Head was Taken [105]
+
+_Igorot_
+
+
+One day the Moon, who was a woman named Kabigat, sat out in the yard
+making a large copper pot. The copper was still soft and pliable like
+clay, and the woman squatted on the ground with the heavy pot against
+her knees while she patted and shaped it. [106]
+
+Now while she was working a son of Chal-chal, the Sun, came by and
+stopped to watch her mould the form. Against the inside of the jar she
+pressed a stone, while on the outside with a wooden paddle dripping
+with water she pounded and slapped until she had worked down the
+bulges and formed a smooth surface.
+
+The boy was greatly interested in seeing the jar grow larger, more
+beautiful, and smoother with each stroke, and he stood still for some
+time. Suddenly the Moon looked up and saw him watching her. Instantly
+she struck him with her paddle, cutting off his head.
+
+Now the Sun was not near, but he knew as soon as the Moon had cut off
+his son's head. And hurrying to the spot, he put the boy's head back
+on, and he was alive again.
+
+Then the Sun said to the Moon, "You cut off my son's head, and because
+you did this ever after on the earth people will cut off each other's
+heads."
+
+
+
+The Serpent Eagle [107]
+
+_Igorot_
+
+
+Once there lived two boys whose mother sent them every day to the
+forest to get wood [108] for her fires. Each morning, as they started
+out, she gave them some food for their trip, but it was always poor
+and there was little of it, and she would say:
+
+"The wood that you brought yesterday was so poor that I cannot give
+you much to eat today."
+
+The boys tried very hard to please her, but if they brought nice pine
+wood she scolded them, and if they brought large dry reeds she said:
+
+"These are no good for my fire, for they leave too much ashes in
+the house."
+
+Try as they would, they failed to satisfy her; and their bodies grew
+very thin from working hard all day and from want of enough to eat.
+
+One morning when they left for the mountains the mother gave them a
+bit of dog meat to eat, and the boys were very sad. When they reached
+the forest one of them said:
+
+"You wait here while I climb the tree and cut off some branches."
+
+He went up the tree and soon called down, "Here is some wood," and
+the bones of his arm dropped to the ground.
+
+"Oh," cried his brother, "it is your arm!"
+
+"Here is some more wood," cried the other, and the bones of the other
+arm dropped to the ground.
+
+Then he called again, and the bones of his leg fell, then those of his
+other leg, and so on till all the bones of his body lay on the ground.
+
+"Take these home," he said, "and tell the woman that here is her wood;
+she only wanted my bones."
+
+The younger boy was very sad, for he was alone, and there was no one
+to go down the mountain with him. He gathered up the bundle of wood,
+wondering meanwhile what he should do, but just as he finished a
+serpent eagle called down from the tree tops:
+
+"I will go with you, Brother."
+
+So the boy put the bundle of wood on his shoulder, and as he was
+going down the mountain, his brother, who was now a serpent eagle,
+flew over his head. When he reached the house, he put down the bundle
+and said to his mother:
+
+"Here is your wood."
+
+When she looked at it she was very much frightened and ran out of
+the house.
+
+Then the serpent eagle circled round and round above her head and
+called:
+
+"Quiukok! quiukok! quiukok! I do not need your food any more."
+
+
+
+The Tattooed Men [109]
+
+_Igorot_
+
+Once there were two young men, very good friends, who were unhappy
+because neither of them had been tattooed. [110] They felt that they
+were not as beautiful as their friends.
+
+One day they agreed to tattoo each other. One marked the breast and
+back of the other, his arms and legs, and even his face. And when he
+had finished, he took soot off the bottom of a cooking-pot and rubbed
+it into all the marks; and he was tattooed beautifully.
+
+The one who had done the work said to the other:
+
+"Now, my friend, you are very beautiful, and you must tattoo me."
+
+Then the tattooed one scraped a great pile of black soot off the
+cooking-pots, and before the other knew what he was about, he had
+rubbed it all over him from the top of his head to the bottom of his
+feet; and he was very black and greasy. The one who was covered with
+soot became very angry and cried:
+
+"Why do you treat me so when I tattooed you so carefully?"
+
+They began to fight, but suddenly the beautifully tattooed one became
+a great lizard which ran away and hid in the tall grass, while the
+sooty one became a crow and flew away over the village. [111]
+
+
+
+Tilin, The Rice Bird [112]
+
+_Igorot_
+
+
+One day when a mother was pounding out rice to cook for supper,
+her little girl ran up to her and cried:
+
+"Oh, Mother, give me some of the raw rice to eat."
+
+"No," said the mother, "it is not good for you to eat until it is
+cooked. Wait for supper."
+
+But the little girl persisted until the mother, out of patience, cried:
+
+"Be still. It is not good for you to talk so much!"
+
+When she had finished pounding the rice, the woman poured it into a
+rice winnower and tossed it many times into the air. As soon as the
+chaff was removed she emptied the rice into her basket and covered it
+with the winnower. Then she took the jar upon her head, and started
+for the spring to get water.
+
+Now the little girl was fond of going to the spring with her mother,
+for she loved to play in the cool water while her mother filled the
+jars. But this time she did not go, and as soon as the woman was
+out of sight, she ran to the basket of rice. She reached down to
+take a handful of the grain. The cover slipped so that she fell,
+and was covered up in the basket.
+
+When the mother returned to the house, she heard a bird crying,
+"King, king, nik! nik! nik!" She listened carefully, and as the
+sound seemed to come from the basket, she removed the cover. To her
+surprise, out hopped a little brown rice bird, and as it flew away
+it kept calling back:
+
+"Goodbye, Mother; goodbye, Mother. You would not give me any rice
+to eat."
+
+
+
+
+
+WILD TRIBES OF MINDANAO
+
+
+
+Introduction
+
+
+About one thousand miles to the south and east of the Tinguian and
+Igorot is the Island of Mindanao, which is inhabited by mortals and
+immortals entirely unknown to the mountain tribes of the north.
+
+In the northern part of this great island are the Bukidnon--timid,
+wild people who, attacked from time to time by the Moro on one side
+and the Manobo on the other, have drawn back into scattered homes
+in the hills. Here they live in poor dwellings raised high from the
+ground. Some even build in trees, their sheltered and secret positions
+making them less subject to attack.
+
+They are not a warlike people, and their greatest concern is for the
+good will of the numerous spirits who watch over their every act. At
+times they gather a little hemp or coffee from the hillside or along
+the stream bank and carry it to the coast to exchange for the bright
+cloth which they make into gay clothes. But they do not love work,
+and the most of their time is spent in resting or attending ceremonies
+made to gain the good will of the immortals.
+
+In this country the belief prevails that there are spirits in the
+stones, in the baliti trees, in the vines, the cliffs, and even the
+caves. And never does a man start on a journey or make a clearing on
+the mountain side until he has first besought these spirits not to be
+angry with him but to favor him with prosperity and bring good crops.
+
+The greatest of the spirits is Diwata Magbabaya, who is so
+awe-inspiring that his name is never mentioned above a whisper. He
+lives in the sky in a house made of coins, and there are no windows
+in this building, for if men should look upon him they would melt
+into water.
+
+About the Gulf of Davao, in the southeastern part of this island,
+are a number of small tribes, each differing somewhat from the other
+in customs and beliefs. Of these the most influential are the Bagobo
+who dwell on the lower slopes of Mt. Apo, the highest peak in the
+Philippines. They are very industrious, forging excellent knives,
+casting fine articles in brass, and weaving beautiful hemp cloth which
+they make into elaborate garments decorated with beads and shell disks.
+
+The men are great warriors, each gaining distinction among his people
+according to the number of human lives he has taken. A number of them
+dress in dark red suits and peculiar headbands which they are permitted
+to wear only after they have taken six lives. Notwithstanding their
+bravery in battle, these people fear and have great respect for the
+numerous spirits who rule over their lives.
+
+From a great fissure in the side of Mt. Apo, clouds of sulphur fumes
+are constantly rising, and it is believed to be in this fissure that
+Mandarangan and his wife Darago live--evil beings who look after the
+fortunes of the warriors. These spirits are feared and great care
+is taken to appease them with offerings, while once a year a human
+sacrifice is made to them.
+
+The following tales show something of the beliefs of these and the
+neighboring tribes in Mindanao.
+
+
+
+How the Moon and the Stars Came to Be
+
+_Bukidnon_ (_Mindanao_)
+
+
+One day in the times when the sky was close to the ground a spinster
+went out to pound rice. [113] Before she began her work, she took
+off the beads from around her neck and the comb from her hair, and
+hung them on the sky, which at that time looked like coral rock.
+
+Then she began working, and each time that she raised her pestle into
+the air it struck the sky. For some time she pounded the rice, and
+then she raised the pestle so high that it struck the sky very hard.
+
+Immediately the sky began to rise, [114] and it went up so far that
+she lost her ornaments. Never did they come down, for the comb became
+the moon and the beads are the stars that are scattered about.
+
+
+
+The Flood Story
+
+_Bukidnon_ (_Mindanao_)
+
+
+A long time ago there was a very big crab [115] which crawled into
+the sea. And when he went in he crowded the water out so that it ran
+all over the earth and covered all the land.
+
+Now about one moon before this happened, a wise man had told the people
+that they must build a large raft. [116] They did as he commanded and
+cut many large trees, until they had enough to make three layers. These
+they bound tightly together, and when it was done they fastened the
+raft with a long rattan cord to a big pole in the earth.
+
+Soon after this the floods came. White water poured out of the hills,
+and the sea rose and covered even the highest mountains. The people
+and animals on the raft were safe, but all the others drowned.
+
+When the waters went down and the raft was again on the ground,
+it was near their old home, for the rattan cord had held.
+
+But these were the only people left on the whole earth.
+
+
+
+Magbangal [117]
+
+_Bukidnon_ (_Mindanao_)
+
+
+Magbangal was a good hunter, and he often went to a certain hill
+where he killed wild pigs for food. One night as it was nearing the
+planting season, he sat in his house thinking, and after a long time
+he called to his wife. She came to him, and he said:
+
+"Tomorrow I shall go to the hill and clear the land for our planting,
+but I wish you to stay here."
+
+"Oh, let me go with you," begged his wife, "for you have no other
+companion."
+
+"No," said Magbangal, "I wish to go alone, and you must stay at home."
+
+So finally his wife agreed, and in the morning she arose early to
+prepare food for him. When the rice was cooked and the fish ready
+she called him to come and eat, but he said:
+
+"No, I do not want to eat now, but I will return this afternoon and
+you must have it ready for me."
+
+Then he gathered up his ten hatchets and bolos, [118] a sharpening
+stone, and a bamboo tube for water, and started for the hill. Upon
+reaching his land he cut some small trees to make a bench. When it
+was finished, he sat down on it and said to the bolos, "You bolos must
+sharpen yourselves on the stone." And the bolos went to the stone and
+were sharpened. Then to the hatchets he said, "You hatchets must be
+sharpened," and they also sharpened themselves.
+
+When all were ready, he said: "Now you bolos cut all the small brush
+under the trees, and you hatchets must cut the large trees." So the
+bolos and the hatchets went to work, and from his place on the bench
+Magbangal could see the land being cleared.
+
+Magbangal's wife was at work in their house weaving a skirt, but
+when she heard the trees continually falling she stopped to listen
+and thought to herself, "My husband must have found many people to
+help him clear our land. When he left here, he was alone, but surely
+he cannot cut down the trees so fast. I will see who is helping him."
+
+She left the house and walked rapidly toward the field, but as she
+drew nearer she proceeded more slowly, and finally stopped behind
+a tree. From her hiding-place, she could see her husband asleep on
+the bench, and she could also see that the bolos and hatchets were
+cutting the trees with no hands to guide them.
+
+"Oh," said she, "Magbangal is very powerful. Never before have I
+seen bolos and hatchets working without hands, and he never told me
+of his power."
+
+Suddenly she saw her husband jump up, and, seizing a bolo, he cut
+off one of his own arms. He awoke and sat up and said:
+
+"Someone must be looking at me, for one of my arms is cut off."
+
+When he saw his wife he knew that she was the cause of his losing
+his arm, and as they went home together, he exclaimed:
+
+"Now I am going away. It is better for me to go to the sky where I
+can give the sign to the people when it is time to plant; and you
+must go to the water and become a fish."
+
+Soon after he went to the sky and became the constellation Magbangal;
+and ever since, when the people see these stars appear in the sky,
+they know that it is time to plant their rice.
+
+
+
+How Children Became Monkeys
+
+_Bukidnon_ (_Mindanao_)
+
+
+One day a mother took her two children with her when she went to
+color cloth. Not far from her home was a mud hole [119] where the
+carabao liked to wallow, and to this hole she carried her cloth,
+some dye pots, and two shell spoons.
+
+After she had put the cloth into the mud to let it take up the dark
+color, she built a fire and put over it a pot containing water and
+the leaves used for dyeing. Then she sat down to wait for the water
+to boil, while the children played near by.
+
+By and by when she went to stir the leaves with a shell spoon, some
+of the water splashed up and burned her hand, so that she jumped and
+cried out. This amused the children and their laughter changed them
+into monkeys, and the spoons became their tails. [120]
+
+The nails of the monkeys are still black, because while they were
+children they had helped their mother dye the cloth.
+
+
+
+Bulanawan and Aguio
+
+_Bukidnon_ (_Mindanao_)
+
+
+Langgona and his wife had twin boys named Bulanawan and Aguio. One
+day, when they were about two years old, the mother took Bulanawan to
+the field with her when she went to pick cotton. She spread the fiber
+she had gathered the day before on the ground to dry near the child,
+and while she was getting more a great wind suddenly arose which
+wound the cotton around the baby and carried him away. Far away to
+a distant land the wind took Bulanawan, and in that place he grew
+up. When he was a man, he became a great warrior. [121]
+
+One day while Bulanawan and his wife were walking along the seashore,
+they sat down to rest on a large, flat rock, and Bulanawan fell
+asleep. Now Aguio, the twin brother of Bulanawan, had become a great
+warrior also, and he went on a journey to this distant land, not
+knowing that his brother was there. It happened that he was walking
+along the seashore in his war-dress  [122] on this same day, and when
+he saw the woman sitting on the large, flat rock, he thought her very
+beautiful, and he determined to steal her.
+
+As he drew near he asked her to give him some of her husband's
+betel-nut to chew, and when she refused he went forward to fight her
+husband, not knowing they were brothers. As soon as his wife awakened
+him Bulanawan sprang up, seized her, put her in the cuff of his sleeve,
+[123] and came forth ready to fight. Aguio grew very angry at this, and
+they fought until their weapons were broken, and the earth trembled.
+
+Now the two brothers of the rivals felt the earth tremble although they
+were far away, and each feared that his brother was in trouble. One
+was in the mountains and he started at once for the sea; the other was
+in a far land, but he set out in a boat for the scene of the trouble.
+
+They arrived at the same time at the place of battle, and they
+immediately joined in it. Then the trembling of the earth increased
+so much that Langgona, the father of Aguio and Bulanawan, sought out
+the spot and tried to make peace. But he only seemed to make matters
+worse, and they all began fighting him. So great did the disturbance
+become that the earth was in danger of falling to pieces.
+
+Then it was that the father of Langgona came and settled the trouble,
+and when all were at peace again they discovered that Aguio and
+Bulanawan were brothers and the grandsons of the peacemaker.
+
+
+
+Origin
+
+_Bagobo_ (_Mindanao_)
+
+
+In the beginning there lived one man and one woman, Toglai and
+Toglibon. Their first children were a boy and a girl. When they were
+old enough, the boy and the girl went far away across the waters
+seeking a good place to live in. Nothing more was heard of them until
+their children, the Spaniards and Americans, came back. After the
+first boy and girl left, other children were born to the couple,
+but they all remained at Cibolan on Mt. Apo with their parents,
+until Toglai and Toglibon died and became spirits.
+
+Soon after that there came a great drought which lasted for three
+years. All the waters dried up, so that there were no rivers, and no
+plants could live.
+
+"Surely," said the people, "Manama is punishing us and we must go
+elsewhere to find food and a place to dwell in."
+
+So they started out. Two went in the direction of the sunset, carrying
+with them stones from Cibolan River. After a long journey they reached
+a place where were broad fields of cogon grass and an abundance of
+water, and there they made their home. Their children still live in
+that place and are called Magindanau, because of the stones which
+the couple carried when they left Cibolan.
+
+Two children of Toglai and Toglibon went to the south, seeking a home,
+and they carried with them women's baskets (baraan). When they found a
+good spot, they settled down. Their descendants, still dwelling at that
+place, are called Baraan or Bilaan, because of the women's baskets.
+
+So two by two the children of the first couple left the land of their
+birth. In the place where each settled a new people developed, and
+thus it came about that all the tribes in the world received their
+names from things that the people carried out of Cibolan, or from
+the places where they settled.
+
+All the children left Mt. Apo save two (a boy and a girl), whom hunger
+and thirst had made too weak to travel. One day when they were about
+to die the boy crawled out to the field to see if there was one
+living thing, and to his surprise he found a stalk of sugar-cane
+growing lustily. He eagerly cut it, and enough water came out to
+refresh him and his sister until the rains came. Because of this,
+their children are called Bagobo. [124]
+
+
+
+Lumabet
+
+_Bagobo_ (_Mindanao_)
+
+
+Soon after people were created on the earth, there was born a child
+named Lumabet, who lived to be a very, very old man. He could talk
+when he was but one day old, and all his life he did wonderful things
+until the people came to believe that he had been sent by Manama,
+the Great Spirit.
+
+When Lumabet was still a young man he had a fine dog, and he enjoyed
+nothing so much as taking him to the mountains to hunt. One day the dog
+noticed a white deer. Lumabet and his companions started in pursuit,
+but the deer was very swift and they could not catch it. On and on
+they went until they had gone around the world, and still the deer
+was ahead. One by one his companions dropped out of the chase, but
+Lumabet would not give up until he had the deer.
+
+All the time he had but one banana and one camote (sweet potato)
+for food, but each night he planted the skins of these, and in the
+morning he found a banana tree with ripe fruit and a sweet potato
+large enough to eat. So he kept on until he had been around the world
+nine times, and he was an old man and his hair was gray. At last he
+caught the deer, and then he called all the people to a great feast,
+to see the animal.
+
+While all were making merry, Lumabet told them to take a knife and
+kill his father. They were greatly surprised, but did as he commanded,
+and when the old man was dead, Lumabet waved his headband over him
+and he came to life again. Eight times they killed the old man at
+Lumabet's command, and the eighth time he was small like a little boy,
+for each time they had cut off some of his flesh. They all wondered
+very much at Lumabet's power, and they were certain that he was a god.
+
+One morning some spirits came to talk with Lumabet, and after they
+had gone he called the people to come into his house.
+
+"We cannot all come in," said the people, "for your house is small
+and we are many."
+
+"There is plenty of room," said he; so all went in and to their
+surprise it did not seem crowded.
+
+Then he told the people that he was going on a long journey and that
+all who believed he had great power could go with him, while all
+who remained behind would be changed into animals and buso. [125]
+He started out, many following him, and it was as he said. For those
+that refused to go were immediately changed into animals and buso.
+
+He led the people far away across the ocean to a place where the earth
+and the sky meet. When they arrived they saw that the sky moved up
+and down like a man opening and closing his jaws.
+
+"Sky, you must go up," commanded Lumabet.
+
+But the sky would not obey. So the people could not go through. Finally
+Lumabet promised the sky that if he would let all the others through,
+he might have the last man who tried to pass. Agreeing to this,
+the sky opened and the people entered. But when near the last the
+sky shut down so suddenly that he caught not only the last man but
+also the long knife of the man before.
+
+On that same day, Lumabet's son, who was hunting, did not know that
+his father had gone to the sky. When he was tired of the chase, he
+wanted to go to his father, so he leaned an arrow against a baliti tree
+and sat down on it. Slowly it began to go down and carried him to his
+father's place, but when he arrived he could find no people. He looked
+here and there and could find nothing but a gun made of gold. [126]
+This made him very sorrowful and he did not know what to do until
+some white bees which were in the house said to him:
+
+"You must not weep, for we can take you to the sky where your
+father is."
+
+So he did as they bade, and rode on the gun, and the bees flew away
+with him, until in three days they reached the sky.
+
+Now, although most of the men who followed Lumabet were content to
+live in the sky, there was one who was very unhappy, and all the time
+he kept looking down on the land below. The spirits made fun of him
+and wanted to take out his intestines so that he would be like them
+and never die, but he was afraid and always begged to be allowed to
+go back home.
+
+Finally Manama told the spirits to allow him to go, so they made a
+chain of the leaves of the karan grass and tied it to his legs. Then
+they let him down slowly head first, and when he reached the ground
+he was no longer a man but an owl. [127]
+
+
+
+The Story of the Creation [128]
+
+_Bilaan_ (_Mindanao_)
+
+
+In the very beginning there lived a being so large that he can not
+be compared with any known thing. His name was Melu, [129] and when
+he sat on the clouds, which were his home, he occupied all the space
+above. His teeth were pure gold, and because he was very cleanly
+and continually rubbed himself with his hands, his skin became pure
+white. The dead skin which he rubbed off his body [130] was placed
+on one side in a pile, and by and by this pile became so large that
+he was annoyed and set himself to consider what he could do with it.
+
+Finally Melu decided to make the earth; so he worked very hard in
+putting the dead skin into shape, and when it was finished he was so
+pleased with it that he determined to make two beings like himself,
+though smaller, to live on it.
+
+Taking the remnants of the material left after making the earth he
+fashioned two men but just as they were all finished except their
+noses, Tau Tana from below the earth appeared and wanted to help him.
+
+Melu did not wish any assistance, and a great argument ensued. Tau
+Tana finally won his point and made the noses which he placed on the
+people upside down. When all was finished, Melu and Tau Tana whipped
+the forms until they moved. Then Melu went to his home above the
+clouds, and Tau Tana returned to his place below the earth.
+
+All went well until one day a great rain came, and the people on the
+earth nearly drowned from the water which ran off their heads into
+their noses. Melu, from his place on the clouds, saw their danger,
+and he came quickly to earth and saved their lives by turning their
+noses the other side up.
+
+The people were very grateful to him, and promised to do anything
+he should ask of them. Before he left for the sky, they told him
+that they were very unhappy living on the great earth all alone, so
+he told them to save all the hair from their heads and the dry skin
+from their bodies and the next time he came he would make them some
+companions. And in this way there came to be a great many people on
+the earth.
+
+
+
+In the Beginning
+
+_Bilaan_ (_Mindanao_)
+
+
+In the beginning there were four beings, [131] and they lived on an
+island no larger than a hat. On this island there were no trees or
+grass or any other living thing besides these four people and one
+bird. [132] One day they sent this bird out across the waters to
+see what he could find, and when he returned he brought some earth,
+a piece of rattan, and some fruit.
+
+Melu, the greatest of the four, took the soil and shaped it and beat
+it with a paddle in the same manner in which a woman shapes pots of
+clay, and when he finished he had made the earth. Then he planted
+the seeds from the fruit, and they grew until there was much rattan
+and many trees bearing fruit.
+
+The four beings watched the growth for a long time and were well
+pleased with the work, but finally Melu said:
+
+"Of what use is this earth and all the rattan and fruit if there are
+no people?"
+
+And the others replied, "Let us make some people out of wax."
+
+So they took some wax and worked long, fashioning it into forms,
+but when they brought them to the fire the wax melted, and they saw
+that men could not be made in that way.
+
+Next they decided to try to use dirt in making people, and Melu and
+one of his companions began working on that. All went well till they
+were ready to make the noses. The companion, who was working on that
+part, put them on upside down. Melu told him that the people would
+drown if he left them that way, but he refused to change them.
+
+When his back was turned, however, Melu seized the noses, one by one,
+and turned them as they now are. But he was in such a hurry that he
+pressed his finger at the root, and it left a mark in the soft clay
+which you can still see on the faces of people.
+
+
+
+The Children of the Limokon [133]
+
+_Mandaya_ (_Mindanao_)
+
+
+In the very early days before there were any people on the earth,
+the limokon (a kind of dove) [134] were very powerful and could talk
+like men though they looked like birds. One limokon laid two eggs, one
+at the mouth of the Mayo River and one farther up its course. After
+some time these eggs hatched, and the one at the mouth of the river
+became a man, while the other became a woman.
+
+The man lived alone on the bank of the river for a long time, but
+he was very lonely and wished many times for a companion. One day
+when he was crossing the river something was swept against his legs
+with such force that it nearly caused him to drown. On examining it,
+he found that it was a hair, and he determined to go up the river and
+find whence it came. He traveled up the stream, looking on both banks,
+until finally he found the woman, and he was very happy to think that
+at last he could have a companion.
+
+They were married and had many children, who are the Mandaya still
+living along the Mayo River,
+
+
+
+
+The Sun and the Moon
+
+_Mandaya_ (_Mindanao_)
+
+
+The Sun and the Moon were married, but the Sun was very ugly and
+quarrelsome. One day he became angry at the Moon and started to chase
+her. She ran very fast until she was some distance ahead of him, when
+she grew tired and he almost caught her. Ever since he has been chasing
+her, at times almost reaching her, and again falling far behind.
+
+The first child of the Sun and Moon was a large star, and he was like
+a man. One time the Sun, becoming angry at the star, cut him up into
+small pieces and scattered him over the whole sky just as a woman
+scatters rice, and ever since there have been many stars.
+
+Another child of the Sun and Moon was a gigantic crab. [135] He still
+lives and is so powerful that every time he opens and closes his eyes
+there is a flash of lightning. Most of the time the crab lives in
+a large hole in the bottom of the sea, and when he is there we have
+high tide; but when he leaves the hole, the waters rush in and there
+is low tide. His moving about also causes great waves on the surface
+of the sea.
+
+The crab is quarrelsome like his father; and he sometimes becomes so
+angry with his mother, the Moon, that he tries to swallow her. [136]
+When the people on earth, who are fond of the Moon, see the crab near
+her, they run out of doors and shout and beat on gongs until he is
+frightened away, and thus the Moon is saved.
+
+
+
+The Widow's Son [137]
+
+_Subanun_ (_Mindanao_)
+
+
+In a little house at the edge of a village lived a widow with her
+only son, and they were very happy together. The son was kind to his
+mother, and they made their living by growing rice in clearings on
+the mountain side and by hunting wild pig in the forest.
+
+One evening when their supply of meat was low, the boy said:
+
+"Mother, I am going to hunt pig in the morning, and I wish you would
+prepare rice for me before daylight."
+
+So the widow rose early and cooked the rice, and at dawn the boy
+started out with his spear and dog.
+
+Some distance from the village, he entered the thick forest. He walked
+on and on, ever on the lookout for game, but none appeared. At last
+when he had traveled far and the sun was hot, he sat down on a rock to
+rest and took out his brass box [138] to get a piece of betel-nut. He
+prepared the nut and leaf for chewing, and as he did so he wondered
+why it was that he had been so unsuccessful that day. But even as he
+pondered he heard his dog barking sharply, and cramming the betel-nut
+into his mouth he leaped up and ran toward the dog.
+
+As he drew near he could see that the game was a fine large pig,
+all black save its four legs which were white. He lifted his spear
+and took aim, but before he could throw the pig started to run,
+and instead of going toward a water course it ran straight up the
+mountain. The boy went on in hot pursuit, and when the pig paused he
+again took aim, but before he could throw it ran on.
+
+Six times the pig stopped just long enough for the boy to take aim,
+and then started on before he could throw. The seventh time, however,
+it halted on the top of a large flat rock and the boy succeeded in
+killing it.
+
+He tied its legs together with a piece of rattan and was about to
+start for home with the pig on his back, when to his surprise a door
+in the large stone swung open and a man stepped out.
+
+"Why have you killed my master's pig?" asked the man.
+
+"I did not know that this pig belonged to anyone," replied the widow's
+son. "I was hunting, as I often do, and when my dog found the pig I
+helped him to catch it"
+
+"Come in and see my master," said the man, and the boy followed him
+into the stone where he found himself in a large room. The ceiling and
+floor were covered with peculiar cloth that had seven wide stripes
+of red alternating with a like number of yellow stripes. When the
+master of the place appeared his trousers were of seven colors,
+[139] as were also his jacket and the kerchief about his head.
+
+The master ordered betel-nut, and when it was brought they chewed
+together. Then he called for wine, and it was brought in a jar so
+large that it had to be set on the ground under the house, and even
+then the top came so high above the floor that they brought a seat
+for the widow's son, and it raised him just high enough to drink
+from the reed in the top of the jar. He drank seven cups of wine,
+and then they ate rice and fish and talked together.
+
+The master did not blame the boy for killing the pig, and declared that
+he wished to make a brother of him. So they became friends, and the
+boy remained seven days in the stone. At the end of that time, he said
+that he must return to his mother who would be worried about him. In
+the early morning he left the strange house and started for home.
+
+At first he walked briskly, but as the morning wore on he went more
+slowly, and finally when the sun was high he sat down on a rock to
+rest. Suddenly looking up, he saw before him seven men each armed with
+a spear, a shield, and a sword. They were dressed in different colors,
+and each man had eyes the same color as his clothes. The leader, who
+was dressed all in red with red eyes to match, spoke first, asking
+the boy where he was going. The boy replied that he was going home
+to his mother who would be looking for him, and added:
+
+"Now I ask where you are going, all armed ready for war."
+
+"We are warriors," replied the man in red. "And we go up and down the
+world killing whatever we see that has life. Now that we have met you,
+we must kill you also."
+
+The boy, startled by this strange speech, was about to answer when he
+heard a voice near him say: "Fight, for they will try to kill you,"
+and upon looking up he saw his spear, shield, and sword which he had
+left at home. Then he knew that the command came from a spirit, so he
+took his weapons and began to fight. For three days and nights they
+contended, and never before had the seven seen one man so brave. On
+the fourth day the leader was wounded and fell dead, and then, one
+by one, the other six fell.
+
+When they were all killed, the widow's son was so crazed with fighting
+that he thought no longer of returning home, but started out to find
+more to slay.
+
+In his wanderings he came to the home of a great giant whose house
+was already full of the men he had conquered in battle, and he called
+up from outside:
+
+"Is the master of the house at home? If he is, let him come out
+and fight."
+
+This threw the giant into a rage, and seizing his shield and his
+spear, the shaft of which was the trunk of a tree, he sprang to the
+door and leaped to the ground, not waiting to go down the notched
+pole which served for steps. He looked around for his antagonist,
+and seeing only the widow's son he roared:
+
+"Where is the man that wants to fight? That thing? It is only a fly!"
+
+The boy did not stop to answer, but rushed at the giant with his knife;
+and for three days and nights they struggled, till the giant fell,
+wounded at the waist.
+
+After that the widow's son stopped only long enough to burn the giant's
+house, and then rushed on looking for someone else to slay. Suddenly
+he again heard the voice which had bade him fight with the seven men,
+and this time it said: "Go home now, for your mother is grieved at
+your absence." In a rage he sprang forward with his sword, though he
+could see no enemy. Then the spirit which had spoken to him made him
+sleep for a short time. When he awoke the rage was spent.
+
+Again the spirit appeared, and it said: "The seven men whom you killed
+were sent to kill you by the spirit of the great stone, for he looked
+in your hand and saw that you were to marry the orphan girl whom
+he himself wished to wed. But you have conquered. Your enemies are
+dead. Go home now and prepare a great quantity of wine, for I shall
+bring your enemies to life again, and you will all live in peace."
+
+So the widow's son went home, and his mother, who had believed him
+dead, was filled with joy at his coming, and all the people in the town
+came out to welcome him. When he had told them his story, they hastened
+to get wine, and all day they bore jarsful to the widow's house.
+
+That night there was a great feast, and the spirit of the great stone,
+his seven warriors, the friendly spirit, and the giant all came. The
+widow's son married the orphan girl, while another beautiful woman
+became the wife of the spirit of the stone.
+
+
+
+
+
+MORO
+
+
+
+Introduction
+
+
+About the year 1400 something happened which changed the beliefs and
+customs of many of the tribes of the southern Philippines and made
+of them a powerful and dreaded people.
+
+It was about this time that Arabian traders and missionaries began
+to establish themselves in the Islands, and soon these were followed
+by hordes of Mohammedan converts from the islands to the south. Among
+the newcomers were men who became powerful rulers, and they, in time,
+brought together many of the settlements which formerly had been
+hostile to each other and united them under the faith of Islam. Those
+who accepted the new faith adopted the dress and many of the customs
+of their teachers and came to be known as Moro.
+
+With the possession of firearms, which were introduced by the
+newcomers, the Moro grew very daring and were greatly feared by the
+other natives. And soon they began to make long trips on the sea
+to the north and south, carrying on trade and making many surprise
+attacks for loot and slaves.
+
+At the time the Spaniards discovered the Philippines, the Moro
+were a terror to the other inhabitants, and they continued to be so
+until very recent years. They became ferocious pirates infesting the
+southern seas and preying upon the rich trade which the Spaniards
+carried on with Mexico. Stone walls and watch towers were built at
+advantageous points to guard against them, but bays and creeks which
+afforded opportunities for lurking, surprise, and attack continued
+to be frequented by the treacherous warriors.
+
+Since American occupation the waters have been made practically
+free from their ravages, but on land they have continued to give
+trouble. The greater part of the Moro now live in the Sulu Archipelago
+and on the Island of Mindanao. They range in degree of civilization
+from sea "gypsies," who wander from place to place, living for months
+in their rude outrigger boats, to settled communities which live by
+fishing and farming, and even by manufacturing some cloth, brass, and
+steel. Their villages are near the coast, along rivers, or about the
+shores of the interior lakes, the houses being raised high on poles
+near or over the water, for they live largely on food from the sea.
+
+Their folk-lore, as will be seen from the following tales, shows
+decided influence from Arabia and India, which has filtered in through
+the islands to the south. [140]
+
+
+
+Mythology of Mindanao [141]
+
+_Moro_
+
+
+A long, long time ago Mindanao was covered with water, and the sea
+extended over all the lowlands so that nothing could be seen but
+mountains. Then there were many people living in the country, and all
+the highlands were dotted with villages and settlements. For many years
+the people prospered, living in peace and contentment. Suddenly there
+appeared in the land four horrible monsters which, in a short time,
+had devoured every human being they could find.
+
+Kurita, a terrible creature with many limbs, lived partly on land and
+partly in the sea, but its favorite haunt was the mountain where the
+rattan grew; and here it brought utter destruction on every living
+thing. The second monster, Tarabusaw, an ugly creature in the form
+of a man, lived on Mt. Matutun, and far and wide from that place he
+devoured the people, laying waste the land. The third, an enormous
+bird called Pah, [142] was so large that when on the wing it covered
+the sun and brought darkness to the earth. Its egg was as large as a
+house. Mt. Bita was its haunt, and there the only people who escaped
+its voracity were those who hid in caves in the mountains. The fourth
+monster was a dreadful bird also, having seven heads and the power
+to see in all directions at the same time. Mt. Gurayn was its home
+and like the others it wrought havoc in its region.
+
+So great was the death and destruction caused by these terrible animals
+that at length the news spread even to the most distant lands, and
+all nations were grieved to hear of the sad fate of Mindanao.
+
+Now far across the sea in the land of the golden sunset was a city
+so great that to look at its many people would injure the eyes of
+man. When tidings of these great disasters reached this distant city,
+the heart of the king Indarapatra [143] was filled with compassion,
+and he called his brother, Sulayman, [144] begging him to save the
+land of Mindanao from the monsters.
+
+Sulayman listened to the story, and as he heard he was moved with pity.
+
+"I will go," said he, zeal and enthusiasm adding to his strength,
+"and the land shall be avenged."
+
+King Indarapatra, proud of his brother's courage, gave him a ring and
+a sword as he wished him success and safety. Then he placed a young
+sapling by his window [145] and said to Sulayman:
+
+"By this tree I shall know your fate from the time you depart from
+here, for if you live, it will live; but if you die, it will die also."
+
+So Sulayman departed for Mindanao, and he neither walked nor used a
+boat, but he went through the air and landed on the mountain where
+the rattan grew. There he stood on the summit and gazed about on all
+sides. He looked on the land and the villages, but he could see no
+living thing. And he was very sorrowful and cried out:
+
+"Alas, how pitiful and dreadful is this devastation!"
+
+No sooner had Sulayman uttered these words than the whole mountain
+began to move, and then shook. Suddenly out of the ground came the
+horrible creature, Kurita. It sprang at the man and sank its claws
+into his flesh. But Sulayman, knowing at once that this was the
+scourge of the land, drew his sword and cut the Kurita to pieces.
+
+Encouraged by his first success, Sulayman went on to Mt. Matutun
+where conditions were even worse. As he stood on the heights viewing
+the great devastation  there was a noise in the forest and a movement
+in the trees. With a loud yell, forth leaped Tarabusaw. For a moment
+they looked at each other, neither showing any fear. Then Tarabusaw
+threatened to devour the man, and Sulayman declared that he would kill
+the monster. At that the animal broke large branches off the trees
+and began striking at Sulayman who, in turn, fought back. For a long
+time the battle continued until at last the monster fell exhausted
+to the ground and then Sulayman killed him with his sword.
+
+The next place visited by Sulayman was Mt. Bita. Here havoc was present
+everywhere, and though he passed by many homes, not a single soul
+was left. As he walked along, growing sadder at each moment, a sudden
+darkness which startled him fell over the land. As he looked toward
+the sky he beheld a great bird descending upon him. Immediately he
+struck at it, cutting off its wing with his sword, and the bird fell
+dead at his feet; but the wing fell on Sulayman, and he was crushed.
+
+Now at this very time King Indarapatra was sitting at his window,
+and looking out he saw the little tree wither and dry up.
+
+"Alas!" he cried, "my brother is dead"; and he wept bitterly.
+
+Then although he was very sad, he was filled with a desire for revenge,
+and putting on his sword and belt he started for Mindanao in search
+of his brother.
+
+He, too, traveled through the air with great speed until he came to
+the mountain where the rattan grew. There he looked about, awed at
+the great destruction, and when he saw the bones of Kurita he knew
+that his brother had been there and gone. He went on till he came to
+Matutun, and when he saw the bones of Tarabusaw he knew that this,
+too, was the work of Sulayman.
+
+Still searching for his brother, he arrived at Mt. Bita where the
+dead bird lay on the ground, and as he lifted the severed wing he
+beheld the bones of Sulayman with his sword by his side. His grief
+now so overwhelmed Indarapatra that he wept for some time. Upon
+looking up he beheld a small jar of water by his side. This he knew
+had been sent from heaven, and he poured the water over the bones,
+and Sulayman came to life again. They greeted each other and talked
+long together. Sulayman declared that he had not been dead but asleep,
+and their hearts were full of joy.
+
+After some time Sulayman returned to his distant home, but Indarapatra
+continued his journey to Mt. Gurayn where he killed the dreadful bird
+with the seven heads. After these monsters had all been destroyed
+and peace and safety had been restored to the land, Indarapatra began
+searching everywhere to see if some of the people might not be hidden
+in the earth still alive.
+
+One day during his search he caught sight of a beautiful woman at a
+distance. When he hastened toward her she disappeared through a hole
+in the ground where she was standing. Disappointed and tired, he sat
+down on a rock to rest, when, looking about, he saw near him a pot
+of uncooked rice with a big fire on the ground in front of it. This
+revived him and he proceeded to cook the rice. As he did so, however,
+he heard someone laugh near by, and turning he beheld an old woman
+watching him. As he greeted her, she drew near and talked with him
+while he ate the rice.
+
+Of all the people in the land, the old woman told him, only a very
+few were still alive, and they hid in a cave in the ground from whence
+they never ventured. As for herself and her old husband, she went on,
+they had hidden in a hollow tree, and this they had never dared leave
+until after Sulayman killed the voracious bird, Pah.
+
+At Indarapatra's earnest request, the old woman led him to the cave
+where he found the headman with his family and some of his people. They
+all gathered about the stranger, asking many questions, for this
+was the first they had heard about the death of the monsters. When
+they found what Indarapatra had done for them, they were filled
+with gratitude, and to show their appreciation the headman gave his
+daughter to him in marriage, and she proved to be the beautiful girl
+whom Indarapatra had seen at the mouth of the cave.
+
+Then the people all came out of their hiding-place and returned to
+their homes where they lived in peace and happiness. And the sea
+withdrew from the land and gave the lowlands to the people.
+
+
+
+The Story of Bantugan
+
+_Moro_
+
+
+Before the Spaniards occupied the island of Mindanao,  there lived
+in the valley of the Rio Grande a very strong man, Bantugan, whose
+father was the brother of the earthquake and thunder. [146]
+
+Now the Sultan of the Island [147] had a beautiful daughter whom
+Bantugan wished to marry, but the home of the Sultan was far off,
+and whoever went to carry Bantugan's proposal would have a long and
+hazardous journey. All the head men consulted together regarding who
+should be sent, and at last it was decided that Bantugan's own son,
+Balatama, was the one to go. Balatama was young but he was strong and
+brave, and when the arms of his father were given him to wear on the
+long journey his heart swelled with pride. More than once on the way,
+however, his courage was tried, and only the thought of his brave
+father gave him strength to proceed.
+
+Once he came to a wooden fence which surrounded a stone in the form of
+a man, and as it was directly in his path he drew his fighting knife
+to cut down the fence. Immediately the air became as black as night
+and stones rained down as large as houses. This made Balatama cry, but
+he protected himself with his father's shield and prayed, calling on
+the winds from the homeland until they came and cleared the air again.
+
+Thereupon Balatama encountered a great snake [148] in the road,
+and it inquired his errand. When told, the snake said:
+
+"You cannot go on, for I am guard of this road and no one can pass."
+
+The animal made a move to seize him, but with one stroke of his
+fighting knife the boy cut the snake into two pieces, one of which
+he threw into the sea and the other into the mountains.
+
+After many days the weary lad came to a high rock in the road,
+which glistened in the sunlight. From the top he could look down
+into the city for which he was bound. It was a splendid place with
+ten harbors. Standing out from the other houses was one of crystal
+and another of pure gold. Encouraged by this sight he went on, but
+though it seemed but a short distance, it was some time before he at
+last stood at the gate of the town.
+
+It was not long after this, however, before Balatama had made known his
+errand to the Sultan, and that monarch, turning to his courtiers, said:
+
+"You, my friends, decide whether or not I shall give the hand of my
+daughter to Bantugan in marriage."
+
+The courtiers slowly shook their heads and began to offer objections.
+
+Said one, "I do not see how Bantugan can marry the Sultan's daughter
+because the first gift must be a figure of a man or woman in pure
+gold."
+
+"Well," said the son of Bantugan, "I am here to learn what you want
+and to say whether or not it can be given."
+
+Then a second man spoke: "You must give a great yard with a floor of
+gold, which must be three feet thick."
+
+"All this can be given," answered the boy.
+
+And the sister of the Princess said: "The gifts must be as many as
+the blades of grass in our city."
+
+"It shall be granted," said Balatama.
+
+"You must give a bridge built of stone to cross the great river,"
+said one.
+
+And another: "A ship of stone you must give, and you must change into
+gold all the cocoanuts and leaves in the Sultan's grove."
+
+"All this can be done," said Balatama. "My uncles will give all save
+the statue of gold, and that I shall give myself. But first I must
+go to my father's town to secure it."
+
+At this they were angry and declared that he had made sport of them
+and unless he produced the statue at once they would kill him.
+
+"If I give you the statue now," said he, "there will come dreadful
+storms, rain, and darkness."
+
+But they only laughed at him and insisted on having the statue,
+so he reached in his helmet and drew it forth.
+
+Immediately the earth began to quake. A great storm arose, and stones
+as large as houses rained until the Sultan called to Balatama to put
+back the statue lest they all be killed.
+
+"You would not believe what I told you," said the boy; "and now I am
+going to let the storm continue."
+
+But the Sultan begged him and promised that Bantugan might marry his
+daughter with no other gifts at all save the statue of gold. Balatama
+put back the statue into his helmet, and the air became calm again
+to the great relief of the Sultan and his courtiers. Then Balatama
+prepared to return home, promising that Bantugan would come in three
+months for the wedding.
+
+All went well with the boy on the way home until he came to the fence
+surrounding the stone in the form of a man, and there he was detained
+and compelled to remain four months.
+
+Now about this time a Spanish general heard that Bantugan was preparing
+to marry the Sultan's daughter, whom he determined to wed himself. A
+great expedition was prepared, and he with all his brothers embarked on
+his large warship which was followed by ten thousand other ships. They
+went to the Sultan's city, and their number was so great that they
+filled the harbor, frightening the people greatly.
+
+Then the General's brother disembarked and came to the house of the
+Sultan. He demanded the Princess for the General, saying that if the
+request were refused, the fleet would destroy the city and all its
+people. The Sultan and his courtiers were so frightened that they
+decided to give his daughter to the General, the next full moon being
+the date set for the wedding.
+
+In the meantime Bantugan had been preparing everything for the
+marriage which he expected to take place at the appointed time. But
+as the days went by and Balatama did not return, they became alarmed,
+fearing he was dead. After three months had passed, Bantugan prepared
+a great expedition to go in search of his son, and the great warship
+was decorated with flags of gold.
+
+As they came in sight of the Sultan's city, they saw the Spanish
+fleet in the harbor, and one of his brothers advised Bantugan not
+to enter until the Spaniards left They then brought their ship to
+anchor. But all were disappointed that they could not go farther, and
+one said, "Why do we not go on? Even if the blades of grass turn into
+Spaniards we need not fear." Another said: "Why do we fear? Even if
+the cannon-balls come like rain, we can always fight." Finally some
+wanted to return to their homes and Bantugan said: "No, let us seek
+my son. Even though we must enter the harbor where the Spaniards are,
+let us continue our search." So at his command the anchors were lifted,
+and they sailed into the harbor where the Spanish fleet lay.
+
+Now at this very time the Spanish general and his brother were with
+the Sultan, intending to call upon the Princess. As the brother talked
+with one of the sisters of the Princess they moved toward the window,
+and looking down they saw Bantugan's ships entering the harbor. They
+could not tell whose flags the ships bore. Neither could the Sultan
+when he was called. Then he sent his brother to bring his father who
+was a very old man, to see if he could tell. The father was kept in
+a little dark room by himself that he might not get hurt, and the
+Sultan said to his brother:
+
+"If he is so bent with age that he cannot see, talk, or walk, tickle
+him in the ribs and that will make him young again; and, my Brother,
+carry him here yourself lest one of the slaves should let him fall
+and he should hurt himself."
+
+So the old man was brought, and when he looked out upon the ships
+he saw that the flags were those of the father of Bantugan who had
+been a great friend of his in his youth. And he told them that he and
+Bantugan's father years ago had made a contract that their children
+and children's children should intermarry, and now since the Sultan
+had promised his daughter to two people, he foresaw that great trouble
+would come to the land. Then the Sultan said to the General:
+
+"Here are two claimants to my daughter's hand. Go aboard your ships
+and you and Bantugan make war on each other, and the victor shall
+have my daughter."
+
+So the Spaniards opened fire upon Bantugan, and for three days the
+earth was so covered with smoke from the battle that neither could
+see his enemy. Then the Spanish general said:
+
+"I cannot see Bantugan or the fleet anywhere, so let us go and claim
+the Princess."
+
+But the Sultan said: "We must wait until the smoke rises to make sure
+that Bantugan is gone."
+
+When the smoke rose, the ships of Bantugan were apparently unharmed
+and the Sultan said:
+
+"Bantugan has surely won, for his fleet is uninjured while yours is
+badly damaged. You have lost."
+
+"No," said the General, "we will fight it out on dry land."
+
+So they both landed their troops and their cannon, and a great fight
+took place, and soon the ground was covered with dead bodies. And the
+Sultan commanded them to stop, as the women and children in the city
+were being killed by the cannon-balls, but the General said:
+
+"If you give your daughter to Bantugan we shall fight forever or
+until we die."
+
+Then the Sultan sent for Bantugan and said:
+
+"We must deceive the Spaniard in order to get him to go away. Let us
+tell him that neither of you will marry my daughter, and then after
+he has gone, we shall have the wedding."
+
+Bantugan agreed to this, and word was sent to the Spaniards that the
+fighting must cease since many women and children were being killed. So
+it was agreed between the Spaniard and Bantugan that neither of them
+should marry the Princess. Then they both sailed away to their homes.
+
+Bantugan soon returned, however, and married the Princess, and
+on the way back to his home they found his son and took him with
+them. For about a week the Spanish general sailed toward his home
+and then he, too, turned about to go back, planning to take the
+Princess by force. When he found that she had already been carried
+away by Bantugan, his wrath knew no bounds. He destroyed the Sultan,
+his city, and all its people. And then he sailed away to prepare a
+great expedition with which he should utterly destroy Bantugan and
+his country as well.
+
+One morning Bantugan looked out and saw at the mouth of the Rio Grande
+the enormous fleet of the Spaniards whose numbers were so great that
+in no direction could the horizon be seen. His heart sank within him,
+for he knew that he and his country were doomed.
+
+Though he could not hope to win in a fight against such great numbers,
+he called his headmen together and said:
+
+"My Brothers, the Christian dogs have come to destroy the land. We
+cannot successfully oppose them, but in the defense of the fatherland
+we can die."
+
+So the great warship was again prepared, and all the soldiers of
+Islam embarked, and then with Bantugan standing at the bow they sailed
+forth to meet their fate.
+
+The fighting was fast and furious, but soon the great warship of
+Bantugan filled with water until at last it sank, drawing with it
+hundreds of the Spanish ships. And then a strange thing happened. At
+the very spot where Bantugan's warship sank, there arose from the sea a
+great island which you can see today not far from the mouth of the Rio
+Grande. It is covered with bongo palms, and deep within its mountains
+live Bantugan and his warriors. A Moro sailboat passing this island
+is always scanned by Bantugan's watchers, and if it contains women
+such as he admires, they are snatched from their seats and carried
+deep into the heart of the mountain. For this reason Moro women fear
+even to sail near the island of Bongos.
+
+When the wife of Bantugan saw that her husband was no more and that
+his warship had been destroyed, she gathered together the remaining
+warriors and set forth herself to avenge him. In a few hours her
+ship was also sunk, and in the place where it sank there arose the
+mountain of Timaco.
+
+On this thickly wooded island are found white monkeys, the servants
+of the Princess, who still lives in the center of the mountain. On
+a quiet day high up on the mountain side one can hear the chanting
+and singing of the waiting-girls of the wife of Bantugan.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHRISTIANIZED TRIBES
+
+
+
+Introduction
+
+
+When the Spaniards discovered the Philippines in the sixteenth century,
+they found the tribes along the coasts of the different islands already
+somewhat influenced by trade with China, Siam, and the islands to
+the south.
+
+Under Spanish rule the coast inhabitants, with the exception of the
+Moro, soon became converts to Christianity and adopted the dress of
+their conquerors, though they retained their several dialects and
+many of their former customs. Then, no longer being at war with one
+another, they made great advances in civilization, while the hill
+tribes have remained isolated, retaining their old customs and beliefs.
+
+The tales of the Christianized tribes include a great mixture of
+old ideas and foreign influences obtained through contact with the
+outside world.
+
+
+
+The Monkey and the Turtle
+
+_Ilocano_
+
+
+A monkey, looking very sad and dejected, was walking along the bank
+of the river one day when he met a turtle.
+
+"How are you?" asked the turtle, noticing that he looked sad.
+
+The monkey replied, "Oh, my friend, I am very hungry. The squash of
+Mr. Farmer were all taken by the other monkeys, and now I am about
+to die from want of food."
+
+"Do not be discouraged," said the turtle; "take a bolo and follow me
+and we will steal some banana plants."
+
+So they walked along together until they found some nice plants which
+they dug up, and then they looked for a place to set them. Finally
+the monkey climbed a tree and planted his in it, but as the turtle
+could not climb he dug a hole in the ground and set his there.
+
+When their work was finished they went away, planning what they should
+do with their crop. The monkey said:
+
+"When my tree bears fruit, I shall sell it and have a great deal
+of money."
+
+And the turtle said: "When my tree bears fruit, I shall sell it and
+buy three varas of cloth to wear in place of this cracked shell."
+
+A few weeks later they went back to the place to see their plants and
+found that that of the monkey was dead, for its roots had had no soil
+in the tree, but that of the turtle was tall and bearing fruit.
+
+"I will climb to the top so that we can get the fruit," said the
+monkey. And he sprang up the tree, leaving the poor turtle on the
+ground alone.
+
+"Please give me some to eat," called the turtle, but the monkey threw
+him only a green one and ate all the ripe ones himself.
+
+When he had eaten all the good bananas, the monkey stretched his arms
+around the tree and went to sleep. The turtle, seeing this, was very
+angry and considered how he might punish the thief. Having decided
+on a scheme, he gathered some sharp bamboo which he stuck all around
+under the tree, and then he exclaimed:
+
+"Crocodile is coming! Crocodile is coming!"
+
+The monkey was so startled at the cry that he fell upon the sharp
+bamboo and was killed.
+
+Then the turtle cut the dead monkey into pieces, put salt on it, and
+dried it in the sun. The next day, he went to the mountains and sold
+his meat to other monkeys who gladly gave him squash in return. As
+he was leaving them he called back:
+
+"Lazy fellows, you are now eating your own body; you are now eating
+your own body."
+
+Then the monkeys ran and caught him and carried him to their own home.
+
+"Let us take a hatchet," said one old monkey, "and cut him into very
+small pieces."
+
+But the turtle laughed and said: "That is just what I like, I have
+been struck with a hatchet many times. Do you not see the black scars
+on my shell?"
+
+Then one of the other monkeys said: "Let us throw him into the water,"
+
+At this the turtle cried and begged them to spare his life, but they
+paid no heed to his pleadings and threw him into the water. He sank
+to the bottom, but very soon came up with a lobster. The monkeys
+were greatly surprised at this and begged him to tell them how to
+catch lobsters.
+
+"I tied one end of a string around my waist," said the turtle. "To
+the other end of the string I tied a stone so that I would sink."
+
+The monkeys immediately tied strings around themselves as the turtle
+said, and when all was ready they plunged into the water never to
+come up again.
+
+And to this day monkeys do not like to eat meat, because they remember
+the ancient story. [149]
+
+
+
+The Poor Fisherman and His Wife
+
+_Ilocano_
+
+
+Many, many years ago a poor fisherman and his wife lived with their
+three sons in a village by the sea. One day the old man set his snare
+in the water not far from his house, and at night when he went to look
+at it, he found that he had caught a great white fish. This startled
+the old man very much, for he had never seen a fish like this before,
+and it occurred to him that it was the priest of the town.
+
+He ran to his wife as fast as he could and cried:
+
+"My wife, I have caught the priest."
+
+"What?" said the old woman, terrified at the sight of her frightened
+husband.
+
+"I have caught the priest," said the old man again.
+
+They hurried together to the river where the snare was set, and when
+the old woman saw the fish, she cried:
+
+"Oh, it is not the priest but the governor."
+
+"No, it is the priest," insisted the old man, and they went home
+trembling with fear.
+
+That night neither of them was able to sleep for thought of the
+terrible thing that had happened and wondering what they should do. Now
+the next day was a great holiday in the town. At four o'clock in the
+morning cannons were fired and bells rang loudly. The old man and
+woman, hearing all the noise and  not knowing the reason for it,
+thought that their crime had been discovered, and the people were
+searching for them to punish them, so they set out as fast as they
+could to hide in the woods. On and on they went, stopping only to
+rest so as to enable them to resume their flight.
+
+The next morning they reached the woods near Pilar, where there also
+was a great holiday, and the sexton was ringing the bells to call
+the people to mass. As soon as the old man and woman heard the bells
+they thought the people there had been notified of their escape,
+and that they, too, were trying to catch them. So they turned and
+started home again.
+
+As they reached their house, the three sons came home with their one
+horse and tied it to the trunk of the caramay tree. Presently the
+bells began to ring again, for it was twelve o'clock at noon. Not
+thinking what time of day it was, the old man and woman ran out
+of doors in terror, and seeing the horse jumped on its back with
+the intention of riding to the next town before anyone could catch
+them. When they had mounted they began to whip the horse. In their
+haste, they had forgotten to untie the rope which was around the
+trunk of the caramay tree. As the horse pulled at the rope fruit fell
+from the tree upon the old man and woman. Believing they were shot,
+they were so frightened that they died. [150]
+
+
+
+The Presidente who had Horns
+
+_Ilocano_
+
+
+Once there was a presidente [151] who was very unjust  to his people,
+and one day he became so angry that he wished he had horns so that
+he might frighten them. No sooner had he made this rash wish, than
+horns began to grow on his head.
+
+He sent for a barber who came to his house to cut his hair, and as
+he worked the presidente asked:
+
+"What do you see on my head?"
+
+"I see nothing," answered the barber; for although he could see the
+horns plainly, he was afraid to say so.
+
+Soon, however, the presidente put up his hands and felt the horns, and
+then when he inquired again the barber told him that he had two horns.
+
+"If you tell anyone what you have seen, you shall be hanged," said the
+presidente as the barber started away, and he was greatly frightened.
+
+When he reached home, the barber did not intend to tell anyone, for
+he was afraid; but as he thought of his secret more and more, the
+desire to tell someone became so strong that he knew he could not keep
+it. Finally he went to the field and dug a hole under some bamboo,
+and when the hole was large enough he crawled in and whispered that
+the presidente had horns. He then climbed out, filled up the hole,
+and went home.
+
+By and by some people came along the road on their way to market,
+and as they passed the bamboo they stopped in amazement, for surely
+a voice came from the trees, and it said that the presidente had
+horns. These people hastened to market and told what they had heard,
+and the people there went to the bamboo to listen to the strange
+voice. They informed others, and soon the news had spread all over the
+town. The councilmen were told, and they, too, went to the bamboo. When
+they had heard the voice, they ran to the house of the presidente. But
+his wife said that he was ill and they could not see him.
+
+By this time the horns had grown until they were one foot in length,
+and the presidente was so ashamed that he bade his wife tell the
+people that he could not talk. She told this to the councilmen when
+they came on the following day, but they replied that they must see
+him, for they had heard that he had horns, and if this were true he
+had no right to govern the people.
+
+She refused to let them in, so they broke down the door. They saw the
+horns on the head of the presidente and killed him. For, they said,
+he was no better than an animal. [152]
+
+
+
+The Story of a Monkey
+
+_Ilocano_
+
+
+One day when a monkey was climbing a tree in the forest in which he
+lived, he ran a thorn into his tail. Try as he would, he could not
+get it out, so he went to a barber in the town and said:
+
+"Friend Barber, I have a thorn in the end of my tail. Pull it out,
+and I will pay you well."
+
+The barber tried to pull out the thorn with his razor, but in doing
+so he cut off the end of the tail. The monkey was very angry and cried:
+
+"Barber, Barber, give me back my tail, or give me your razor!"
+
+The barber could not put back the end of the monkey's tail, so he
+gave him his razor.
+
+On the way home the monkey met an old woman who was cutting wood for
+fuel, and he said to her:
+
+"Grandmother, Grandmother, that is very hard. Use this razor and then
+it will cut easily."
+
+The old woman was very pleased with the offer and began to cut with the
+razor, but before she had used it long it broke. Then the monkey cried:
+
+"Grandmother, Grandmother, you have broken my razor! You must get a
+new one for me or else give me all the firewood."
+
+The old woman could not get a new razor so she gave him the firewood.
+
+The monkey took the wood and was going back to town to sell it,
+when he saw a woman sitting beside the road making cakes.
+
+"Grandmother, Grandmother," said he, "your wood is most gone; take
+this of mine and bake more cakes."
+
+The woman took the wood and thanked him for his kindness, but when
+the last stick was burned, the monkey cried out:
+
+"Grandmother, Grandmother, you have burned up all my wood! Now you
+must give me all your cakes to pay for it."
+
+The old woman could not cut more dry wood at once, so she gave him
+all the cakes.
+
+The monkey took the cakes and started for the town, but on the way he
+met a dog which bit him so that he died. And the dog ate all the cakes.
+
+
+
+The White Squash
+
+_Ilocano_
+
+In a queer little bamboo house in front of a big garden lived a man
+and his wife all alone. They had always been kind and good to everyone,
+but still they were not happy, because the child for which they longed
+had never come to them. Each day for many years they had prayed for
+a son or a daughter, but their prayers had been unanswered. Now that
+they were growing old they believed that they must always live alone.
+
+In the garden near their house this couple grew fine white squash,
+and as the vines bore the year around, they had never been in need
+of food. One day, however, they discovered that no new squash had
+formed to take the place of those they had picked, and for the first
+time in many seasons they had no vegetables.
+
+Each day they examined the vines, and though the big, yellow flowers
+continued to bloom and fade, no squash grew on the stems. Finally,
+one morning after a long wait, the woman cried out with delight, for
+she had discovered a little green squash. After examining it, they
+decided to let it ripen that they might have the seeds to plant. They
+eagerly watched it grow, and it became a beautiful white vegetable,
+but by the time it was large enough for food they were so hungry that
+they decided to eat it.
+
+They brought a large knife and picked it, but scarcely had they
+started to open it when a voice cried out from within, "Please be
+careful that you do not hurt me."
+
+The man and woman stopped their work, for they thought that a spirit
+must have spoken to them. But when the voice again called and begged
+them to open the squash, they carefully opened it, and there inside
+was a nice baby boy. [153] He could already stand alone and could
+talk. And the man and his wife were overjoyed.
+
+Presently the woman went to the spring for a jar of water, and
+when she had brought it she spread a mat on the floor and began to
+bathe the baby. As the drops of water fell off his body, they were
+immediately changed to gold, so that when the bath was finished gold
+pieces covered the mat. The couple had been so delighted to have the
+baby that it had seemed as if there was nothing more to wish for, but
+now that the gold had come to them also they were happier than ever.
+
+The next morning the woman gave the baby another bath, and again
+the water turned to gold. They now had enough money to build a large
+house. The third morning she brought water for his bath again, but he
+grew very sad and flew away. At the same time all the gold disappeared
+also, and the man and his wife were left poor and alone.
+
+
+
+The Creation Story
+
+_Tagalog_
+
+
+When the world first began there was no land, but only the stea and
+the sky, and between them was a kite. [154] One day the bird which
+had nowhere to light grew tired of flying about, so she stirred up
+the sea until it threw its waters against the sky. The sky, in order
+to restrain the sea, showered upon it many islands until it could no
+longer rise, but ran back and forth. Then the sky ordered the kite
+to light on one of the islands to build her nest, and to leave the
+sea and the sky in peace.
+
+Now at this time the land breeze and the sea breeze were married,
+and they had a child which was a bamboo. One day when this bamboo was
+floating about on the water, it struck the feet of the kite which
+was on the beach. The bird, angry that anything should strike it,
+pecked at the bamboo, and out of one section came a man and from the
+other a woman.
+
+Then the earthquake called on all the birds and fish to see what
+should be done with these two, and it was decided that they should
+marry. Many children were born to the couple, and from them came all
+the different races of people.
+
+After a while the parents grew very tired of having so many idle and
+useless children around, and they wished to be rid of them, but they
+knew of no place to send them to. Time went on and the children became
+so numerous that the parents enjoyed no peace. One day, in desperation,
+the father seized a stick and began beating them on all sides.
+
+This so frightened the children that they fled in different directions,
+seeking hidden rooms in the house--some concealed themselves in
+the walls, some ran outside, while others hid in the fireplace,
+and several fled to the sea.
+
+Now it happened that those who went into the hidden rooms of the
+house later became the chiefs of the Islands; and those who concealed
+themselves in the walls became slaves. Those who ran outside were free
+men; and those who hid in the fireplace became negroes; while those
+who fled to the sea were gone many years, and when their children
+came back they were the white people. [155]
+
+
+
+The Story of Benito
+
+_Tagalog_
+
+
+Benito was an only son who lived with his father and mother in a
+little village. They were very poor, and as the boy grew older and
+saw how hard his parents struggled for their scanty living he often
+dreamed of a time when he might be a help to them.
+
+One evening when they sat eating their frugal meal of rice the father
+told about a young king who lived in a beautiful palace some distance
+from their village, and the boy became very much interested. That
+night when the house was dark and quiet and Benito lay on his mat
+trying to sleep, thoughts of the young king repeatedly came to his
+mind, and he wished he were a king that he and his parents might
+spend the rest of their lives in a beautiful palace.
+
+The next morning he awoke with a new idea. He would go to the king and
+ask for work, that he might in that way be able to help his father
+and mother. He was a long time in persuading his parents to allow
+him to go, however, for it was a long journey, and they feared that
+the king might not be gracious. But at last they gave their consent,
+and the boy started out The journey proved tiresome. After he reached
+the palace, he was not at first permitted to see the king. But the
+boy being very earnest at last secured a place as a servant.
+
+It was a new and strange world to Benito who had known only the life
+of a little village. The work was hard, but he was happy in thinking
+that now he could help his father and mother. One day the king sent
+for him and said:
+
+"I want you to bring to me a beautiful princess who lives in a land
+across the sea. Go at once, and if you fail you shall be punished
+severely,"
+
+The boy's heart sank within him, for he did not know what to do. But
+he answered as bravely as possible, "I will, my lord," and left the
+king's chamber. He at once set about preparing things for a long
+journey, for he was determined to try at least to fulfil the command.
+
+When all was ready Benito started. He had not gone far before he
+came to a thick forest, where he saw a large bird bound tightly
+with strings.
+
+"Oh, my friend," pleaded the bird, "please free me from these bonds,
+and I will help you whenever you call on me."
+
+Benito quickly released the bird, and it flew away calling back to
+him that its name was Sparrow-hawk.
+
+Benito continued his journey till he came to the sea. Unable to find
+a way of crossing, he stopped and gazed sadly out over the waters,
+thinking of the king's threat if he failed. Suddenly he saw swimming
+toward him the King of the Fishes who asked:
+
+"Why are you so sad?"
+
+"I wish to cross the sea to find the beautiful Princess," answered
+the boy.
+
+"Well, get on my back," said the Fish, "and I will carry you across."
+
+So Benito stepped on his back and was carried to the other shore.
+
+Soon he met a strange woman who inquired what it was he sought,
+and when he had told her she said:
+
+"The Princess is kept in a castle guarded by giants. Take this magic
+sword, for it will kill instantly whatever it touches." And she handed
+him the weapon.
+
+Benito was more than grateful for her kindness and went on full of
+hope. As he approached the castle he could see that it was surrounded
+by many giants, and as soon as they saw him they ran out to seize him,
+but they went unarmed for they saw that he was a mere boy. As they
+approached he touched those in front with his sword, and one by one
+they fell dead. Then the others ran away in a panic, and left the
+castle unguarded. Benito entered, and when he had told the Princess
+of his errand, she was only too glad to escape from her captivity
+and she set out at once with him for the palace of the king.
+
+At the seashore the King of the Fishes was waiting for them, and they
+had no difficulty in crossing the sea and then in journeying through
+the thick forest to the palace, where they were received with great
+rejoicing. After a time the King asked the Princess to become his wife,
+and she replied:
+
+"I will, O King, if you will get the ring I lost in the sea as I was
+crossing it"
+
+The King immediately thought of Benito, and sending for him he
+commanded him to find the ring which had been lost on the journey
+from the land of the giants.
+
+It seemed a hopeless task to the boy, but, anxious to obey his master,
+he started out. At the seaside he stopped and gazed over the waters
+until, to his great delight, he saw his friend, the King of the Fishes,
+swimming toward him. When he had been told of the boy's troubles,
+the great fish said: "I will see if I can help you," and he summoned
+all his subjects to him. When they came he found that one was missing,
+and he sent the others in search of it. They found it under a stone
+so full that it could not swim, and the larger ones took it by the
+tail and dragged it to the King.
+
+"Why did you not come when you were called?" inquired the King Fish.
+
+"I have eaten so much that I cannot swim," replied the poor fish.
+
+Then the King Fish, suspecting the truth, ordered it cut open,
+and inside they found the lost ring. Benito was overjoyed at this,
+and expressing his great thanks, hastened with the precious ring to
+his master.
+
+The King, greatly pleased, carried the ring to the Princess and said:
+
+"Now that I have your ring will you become my wife?"
+
+"I will be your wife," replied the Princess, "if you will find my
+earring that I lost in the forest as I was journeying with Benito."
+
+Again the King sent for Benito, and this time he commanded him to
+find the earring. The boy was very weary from his long journeys, but
+with no complaint he started out once more. Along the road through
+the thick forest he searched carefully, but with no reward. At last,
+tired and discouraged, he sat down under a tree to rest.
+
+Suddenly there appeared before him a mouse of great size, and he was
+surprised to find that it was the King of Mice.
+
+"Why are you so sad?" asked the King Mouse.
+
+"Because," answered the boy, "I cannot find an earring which the
+Princess lost as we were going through the forest together."
+
+"I will help you," said the Mouse, and he summoned all his subjects.
+
+When they assembled it was found that one little mouse was missing,
+and the King sent the others to look for him. In a small hole among
+the bamboo trees they found him, and he begged to be left alone,
+for, he said, he was so full that he could not walk. Nevertheless
+they pulled him along to their master, who, upon finding that there
+was something hard inside the mouse, ordered him cut open; and inside
+they found the missing earring.
+
+Benito at once forgot his weariness, and after expressing his great
+thanks to the King Mouse he hastened to the palace with the prize. The
+King eagerly seized the earring and presented it to the Princess,
+again asking her to be his wife.
+
+"Oh, my King," replied the Princess, "I have one more request to
+make. Only grant it and I will be your wife forever."
+
+The King, believing that now with the aid of Benito he could grant
+anything, inquired what it was she wished, and she replied:
+
+"Get me some water from heaven and some from the lower world, and I
+shall ask nothing more."
+
+Once more the King called Benito and sent him on the hardest errand
+of all.
+
+The boy went out not knowing which way to turn, and while he was
+in a deep study his weary feet led him to the forest. Suddenly he
+thought of the bird who had promised to help him, and he called,
+"Sparrowhawk!" There was a rustle of wings, and the bird swooped
+down. He told it of his troubles and it said:
+
+"I will get the water for you."
+
+Then Benito made two light cups of bamboo which he fastened to the
+bird's legs, and it flew away. All day the boy waited in the forest,
+and just as night was coming on the bird returned with both cups
+full. The one on his right foot, he told Benito, was from heaven,
+and that on his left was from the lower world. The boy unfastened
+the cups, and then, as he was thanking the bird, he noticed that the
+journey had been too much for it and that it was dying. Filled with
+sorrow for his winged friend, he waited and carefully buried it,
+and then he hastened to the palace with the precious water.
+
+When the Princess saw that her wish had been fulfilled she asked the
+King to cut her in two and pour over her the water from heaven. The
+King was not able to do this, so she cut herself, and then as he
+poured the water over her he beheld her grow into the most beautiful
+woman he had ever seen.
+
+Eager to become handsome himself, the King then begged her to pour
+over him the water from the other cup. He cut himself, and she did
+as he requested, but immediately there arose a creature most ugly
+and horrible to look upon, which soon vanished out of sight. Then
+the Princess called Benito and told him that because he had been
+so faithful to his master and so kind to her, she chose him for
+her husband.
+
+They were married amid great festivities and became king and queen of
+that broad and fertile land. During all the great rejoicing, however,
+Benito never forgot his parents. One of the finest portions of his
+kingdom he gave to them, and from that time they all lived in great
+happiness. [156]
+
+
+
+The Adventures of Juan
+
+_Tagalog_
+
+
+Juan was always getting into trouble. He was a lazy boy, and more
+than that, he did not have good sense. When he tried to do things,
+he made such dreadful mistakes that he might better not have tried.
+
+His family grew very impatient with him, scolding and beating him
+whenever he did anything wrong. One day his mother, who was almost
+discouraged with him, gave him a bolo [157] and sent him to the forest,
+for she thought he could at least cut firewood. Juan walked leisurely
+along, contemplating some means of escape. At last he came to a tree
+that seemed easy to cut, and then he drew his long knife and prepared
+to work.
+
+Now it happened that this was a magic tree and it said to Juan:
+
+"If you do not cut me I will give you a goat that shakes silver from
+its whiskers."
+
+This pleased Juan wonderfully, both because he was curious to see
+the goat, and because he would not have to chop the wood. He agreed
+at once to spare the tree, whereupon the bark separated and a goat
+stepped out. Juan commanded it to shake its whiskers, and when the
+money began to drop he was so delighted that he took the animal and
+started home to show his treasure to his mother.
+
+On the way he met a friend who was more cunning than Juan, and when
+he heard of the boy's rich goat he decided to rob him. Knowing Juan's
+fondness for tuba [158], he persuaded him to drink, and while he was
+drunk, the friend substituted another goat for the magic one. As soon
+as he was sober again, Juan hastened home with the goat and told his
+people of the wonderful tree, but when he commanded the animal to
+shake its whiskers, no money fell out. The family, believing it to
+be another of Juan's tricks, beat and scolded the poor boy.
+
+He went back to the tree and threatened to cut it down for lying to
+him, but the tree said:
+
+"No, do not cut me down and I will give you a net which you may cast on
+dry ground, or even in the tree tops, and it will return full of fish."
+
+So Juan spared the tree and started home with his precious net, but
+on the way he met the same friend who again persuaded him to drink
+tuba. While he was drunk, the friend replaced the magic net with
+a common one, so that when Juan reached home and tried to show his
+power, he was again the subject of ridicule.
+
+Once more Juan went to his tree, this time determined to cut it
+down. But the offer of a magic pot, always full of rice and spoons
+which provided whatever he wished to eat with his rice, dissuaded him,
+and he started home happier than ever. Before reaching home, however,
+he met with the same fate as before, and his folks, who were becoming
+tired of his pranks, beat him harder than ever.
+
+Thoroughly angered, Juan sought the tree a fourth time and was
+on the point of cutting it down when once more it arrested his
+attention. After some discussion, he consented to accept a stick to
+which he had only to say, "Boombye, Boomba," and it would beat and
+kill anything he wished.
+
+When he met his friend on this trip, he was asked what he had and
+he replied:
+
+"Oh, it is only a stick, but if I say 'Boombye, Boomba' it will beat
+you to death."
+
+At the sound of the magic words the stick leaped from his hands and
+began beating his friend until he cried:
+
+"Oh, stop it and I will give back everything that I stole from
+you." Juan ordered the stick to stop, and then he compelled the man to
+lead the goat and to carry the net and the jar and spoons to his home.
+
+There Juan commanded the goat, and it shook its whiskers until his
+mother and brothers had all the silver they could carry. Then they
+ate from the magic jar and spoons until they were filled. And this
+time Juan was not scolded. After they had finished Juan said:
+
+"You have beaten me and scolded me all my life, and now you are glad
+to accept my good things. I am going to show you something else:
+'Boombye, Boomba'." Immediately the stick leaped out and beat them
+all until they begged for mercy and promised that Juan should ever
+after be head of the house.
+
+From that time Juan was rich and powerful, but he never went anywhere
+without his stick. One night, when some thieves came to his house,
+he would have been robbed and killed had it not been for the magic
+words "Boombye, Boomba," which caused the death of all the robbers.
+
+Some time after this he married a beautiful princess, and because of
+the kindness of the magic tree they always lived happily. [159]
+
+
+
+Juan Gathers Guavas
+
+_Tagalog_
+
+
+One day Juan's father sent him to get some ripe guavas, for a number of
+the neighbors had come in and he wanted to give them something to eat.
+
+Juan went to the guava bushes and ate all the fruit he could hold,
+and then he decided to play a joke on his father's guests instead
+of giving them a feast of guavas. A wasp's nest hung near by. With
+some difficulty he succeeded in taking it down and putting it into
+a tight basket that he had brought for the fruit. He hastened home
+and gave the basket to his father, and then as he left the room where
+the guests were seated he closed the door and fastened it.
+
+As soon as Juan's father opened the basket the wasps flew over the
+room; and when the people found the door locked they fought to get
+out of the windows. After a while Juan opened the door, and when he
+saw the swollen faces of the people, he cried.
+
+"What fine, rich guavas you must have had! They have made you all
+so fat!".
+
+
+
+The Sun and the Moon [160]
+
+_Visayan_
+
+Once upon a time the Sun and the Moon were married, and they had many
+children who were the stars. The Sun was very fond of his children,
+but whenever he tried to embrace any of them, he was so hot that he
+burned them up. This made the Moon so angry that finally she forbade
+him to touch them again, and he was greatly grieved.
+
+One day the Moon went down to the spring to do some washing, and
+when she left she told the Sun that he must not touch any of their
+children in her absence. When she returned, however, she found that
+he had disobeyed her, and several of the children had perished.
+
+She was very angry, and picked up a banana tree to strike him,
+whereupon he threw sand in her face, and to this day you can see the
+dark marks on the face of the Moon.
+
+Then the Sun started to chase her, and they have been going ever
+since. Sometimes he gets so near that he almost catches her, but she
+escapes, and by and by she is far ahead again. [161]
+
+
+
+
+The First Monkey
+
+_Visayan_
+
+
+Many years ago at the foot of a forest-covered hill was a small town,
+and just above the town on the hillside was a little house in which
+lived an old woman and her grandson.
+
+The old woman, who was very industrious, earned their living by
+removing the seeds from cotton, and she always had near at hand
+a basket in which were cotton and a long stick that she used for
+a spindle. The boy was lazy and would not do anything to help his
+grandmother, but every day went down to the town and gambled.
+
+One day, when he had been losing money, the boy went home and was
+cross because his supper was not ready.
+
+"I am hurrying to get the seeds out of this cotton," said the
+grandmother, "and as soon as I sell it, I will buy us some food."
+
+At this the boy fell into a rage, and he picked up some cocoanut
+shells and threw them at his grandmother. Then she became angry and
+began to whip him with her spindle, when suddenly he was changed into
+an ugly animal, and the cotton became hair which covered his body,
+while the stick itself became his tail.
+
+As soon as the boy found that he had become an ugly creature he ran
+down into the town and began whipping his companions, the gamblers,
+with his tail, and immediately they were turned into animals like
+himself.
+
+Then the people would no longer have them in the town, but drove
+them out. They went to the forest where they lived in the trees,
+and ever since they have been known as monkeys. [162]
+
+
+
+
+The Virtue of the Cocoanut
+
+_Visayan_
+
+
+One day a man took his blow-gun [163]and his dog and went to the
+forest to hunt.  As he was making his way through the thick woods he
+chanced upon a young cocoanut tree growing in the ground.
+
+It was the first tree of this kind that he had ever seen, and it
+seemed so peculiar to him that he stopped to look at it.
+
+When he had gone some distance farther, his attention was attracted
+by a noisy bird in a tree, and he shot it with his blow-gun. By and by
+he took aim at a large monkey, which mocked him from another treetop,
+and that, too, fell dead at his feet.
+
+Then he heard his dog barking furiously in the distant bushes, and
+hastening to it he found it biting a wild pig. After a hard struggle
+he killed the pig, and then, feeling satisfied with his success,
+he took the three animals on his back and returned to the little plant.
+
+"I have decided to take you home with me, little plant," he said,
+"for I like you and you may be of some use to me."
+
+He dug up the plant very carefully and started home, but he had
+not gone far when he noticed that the leaves had begun to wilt,
+and he did not know what to do, since he had no water. Finally, in
+despair, he cut the throat of the bird and sprinkled the blood on the
+cocoanut. No sooner had he done this than the plant began to revive,
+and he continued his journey.
+
+Before he had gone far, however, the leaves again began to wilt, and
+this time he revived it with the blood of the monkey. Then he hastened
+on, but a third time the leaves wilted, and he was compelled to stop
+and revive it with the blood of the pig. This was his last animal,
+so he made all the haste possible to reach home before his plant
+died. The cocoanut began to wilt again before he reached his house,
+but when he planted it in the ground, it quickly revived, and grew
+into a tall tree.
+
+This hunter was the first man to take the liquor called tuba [164]
+from the cocoanut tree, and he and his friends began to drink it. After
+they had become very fond of it, the hunter said to his friends:
+
+"The cocoanut tree is like the three animals whose blood gave it life
+when it would have died. The man who drinks three or four cups of
+tuba becomes like the noisy bird that I shot with my blow-gun. One
+who drinks more than three or four cups becomes like the big monkey
+that acts silly; and one who becomes drunk is like the pig that sleeps
+even in a mud-hole."
+
+
+
+Mansumandig
+
+_Visayan_
+
+
+One day a man said to his wife: "My wife, we are getting very poor
+and I must go into business to earn some money."
+
+"That is a good idea," replied his wife. "How much capital have you?"
+
+"I have twenty-five centavos," [165] answered the man; "and I am
+going to buy rice and carry it to the mines, for I have heard that
+it brings a good price there."
+
+So he took his twenty-five centavos and bought a half-cavan of rice
+which he carried on his shoulder to the mine. Arriving there he told
+the people that he had rice for sale, and they asked eagerly how much
+he wanted for it.
+
+"Why, have you forgotten the regular price of rice?" asked the man. "It
+is twenty-five centavos."
+
+They at once bought the rice, and the man was very glad because he
+would not have to carry it any longer. He put the money in his belt
+and asked if they would like to buy any more.
+
+"Yes," said they, "we will buy as many cavans as you will bring."
+
+When the man reached home his wife asked if he had been successful.
+
+"Oh, my wife," he answered, "it is a very good business. I could not
+take the rice off my shoulder before the people came to buy it."
+
+"Well, that is good," said the wife; "we shall become very rich."
+
+The next morning the man bought a half-cavan of rice the same as before
+and carried it to the mine and when they asked how much it would be,
+he said:
+
+"It is the same as before--twenty-five centavos." He received the
+money and went home.
+
+"How is the business today?" asked his wife.
+
+"Oh, it is the same as before," he said. "I could not take the rice
+off my shoulder before they came for it."
+
+And so he went on with his business for a year, each day buying
+a half-cavan of rice and selling it for the price he had paid for
+it. Then one day his wife said that they would balance accounts,
+and she spread a mat on the floor and sat down on one side of it,
+telling her husband to sit on the opposite side. When she asked him
+for the money he had made during the year, he asked:
+
+"What money?"
+
+"Why, give me the money you have received," answered his wife;
+"and then we can see how much you have made."
+
+"Oh, here it is," said the man, and he took the twenty-five centavos
+out of his belt and handed it to her.
+
+"Is that all you have received this year?" cried his wife
+angrily. "Haven't you said that rice brought a good price at the
+mines?"
+
+"That is all," he replied.
+
+"How much did you pay for the rice?"
+
+"Twenty-five centavos."
+
+"How much did you receive for it?"
+
+"Twenty-five centavos."
+
+"Oh, my husband," cried his wife, "how can you make any gain if you
+sell it for just what you paid for it."
+
+The man leaned his head against the wall and thought. Ever since then
+he has been called "Mansumandig," a man who leans back and thinks.
+
+Then the wife said, "Give me the twenty-five centavos, and I will try
+to make some money." So he handed it to her, and she said, "Now you go
+to the field where the people are gathering hemp and buy twenty-five
+centavos worth for me, and I will weave it into cloth."
+
+When Mansumandig returned with the hemp she spread it in the sun,
+and as soon as it was dry she tied it into a long thread and put it
+on the loom to weave. Night and day she worked on her cloth, and when
+it was finished she had eight varas. This she sold for twelve and a
+half centavos a vara, and with this money she bought more hemp. She
+continued weaving and selling her cloth, and her work was so good
+that people were glad to buy from her.
+
+At the end of a year she again spread the mat on the floor and took
+her place on one side of it, while her husband sat on the opposite
+side. Then she poured the money out of the blanket in which she kept
+it upon the mat. She held aside her capital, which was twenty-five
+centavos, and when she counted the remainder she found that she
+had three hundred pesos. Mansumandig was greatly ashamed when he
+remembered that he had not made cent, and he leaned his head against
+the wall and thought After a while the woman pitied him, so she gave
+him the money and told him to buy carabao.
+
+He was able to buy ten carabao and with these he plowed his fields. By
+raising good crops they were able to live comfortably all the rest
+of their lives.
+
+
+
+Why Dogs Wag their Tails
+
+_Visayan_
+
+
+A rich man in a certain town once owned a dog  and a cat, both of
+which were very useful to him. The dog had served his master for many
+years and had become so old that he had lost his teeth and was unable
+to fight any more, but he was a good guide and companion to the cat
+who was strong and cunning.
+
+The master had a daughter who was attending school at a convent some
+distance from home, and very often he sent the dog and the cat with
+presents to the girl.
+
+One day he called the faithful animals and bade them carry a magic
+ring to his daughter.
+
+"You are strong and brave," he said to the cat "You may carry the ring,
+but you must be careful not to drop it"
+
+And to the dog he said: "You must accompany the cat to guide her and
+keep her from harm."
+
+They promised to do their best, and started out. All went well until
+they came to a river. As there was neither bridge nor boat, there
+was no way to cross but to swim.
+
+"Let me take the magic ring," said the dog as they were about to
+plunge into the water.
+
+"Oh, no," replied the cat, "the master gave it to me to carry."
+
+"But you cannot swim well," argued the dog. "I am strong and can take
+good care of it."
+
+But the cat refused to give up the ring until finally the dog
+threatened to kill her, and then she reluctantly gave it to him.
+
+The river was wide and the water so swift that they grew very tired,
+and just before they reached the opposite bank the dog dropped
+the ring. They searched carefully, but could not find it anywhere,
+and after a while they turned back to tell their master of the sad
+loss. Just before reaching the house, however, the dog was so overcome
+with fear that he turned and ran away and never was seen again.
+
+The cat went on alone, and when the master saw her coming he called
+out to know why she had returned so soon and what had become of her
+companion. The poor cat was frightened, but as well as she could she
+explained how the ring had been lost and how the dog had run away.
+
+On hearing her story the master was very angry, and commanded that all
+his people should search for the dog, and that it should be punished
+by having its tail cut off.
+
+He also ordered that all the dogs in the world should join in the
+search, and ever since when one dog meets another he says: "Are you
+the old dog that lost the magic ring? If so, your tail must be cut
+off." Then immediately each shows his teeth and wags his tail to
+prove that he is not the guilty one.
+
+Since then, too, cats have been afraid of water and will not swim
+across a river if they can avoid it.
+
+
+
+The Hawk and the Hen
+
+_Visayan_
+
+
+A hawk flying about in the sky one day decided that he would like to
+marry a hen whom he often saw on earth. He flew down and searched
+until he found her, and then asked her to become his wife. She at
+once gave her consent on the condition that he would wait until she
+could grow wings like his, so that she might also fly high. The hawk
+agreed to this and flew away, after giving her a ring as an engagement
+present and telling her to take good care of it.
+
+The hen was very proud of the ring and placed it around her neck. The
+next day, however, she met the cock who looked at her in astonishment
+and said:
+
+"Where did you get that ring? Do you not know that you promised to
+be my wife? You must not wear the ring of anyone else. Throw it away."
+
+And the hen threw away the beautiful ring.
+
+Not long after this the hawk came down bringing beautiful feathers
+to dress the hen. When she saw him coming she was frightened and ran
+to hide behind the door, but the hawk called to her to come and see
+the beautiful dress he had brought her.
+
+The hen came out, and the hawk at once saw that the ring was gone.
+
+"Where is the ring I gave you?" he asked. "Why do you not wear it?"
+
+The hen was frightened and ashamed to tell the truth so she answered:
+
+"Oh, sir, yesterday when I was walking in the garden, I met a large
+snake and he frightened me so that I ran as fast as I could to the
+house. Then I missed the ring and I searched everywhere but could
+not find it."
+
+The hawk looked sharply at the hen, and he knew that she was deceiving
+him. Then he said to her:
+
+"I did not believe that you could behave so badly. When you have
+found the ring I will come down again and make you my wife. But as
+a punishment for breaking your promise, you must always scratch the
+ground to look for the ring. And every chicken of yours that I find,
+I shall snatch away."
+
+Then he flew away, and ever since all the hens throughout the world
+have been scratching to find the hawk's ring.
+
+
+
+The Spider and the Fly
+
+_Visayan_
+
+
+Mr. Spider wanted to marry Miss Fly. Many times he told her of his
+love and begged her to become his wife, but she always refused for
+she did not like him.
+
+One day when she saw Mr. Spider coming again Miss Fly closed all
+the doors and windows of her house and made ready a pot of boiling
+water. Then she waited, and when Mr. Spider called, begging her
+to allow him to enter, she answered by throwing boiling water at
+him. This made Mr. Spider very angry and he cried:
+
+"I will never forgive you for this, but I and my descendants will
+always despise you. We will never give you any peace."
+
+Mr. Spider kept his word, and even today one can see the hatred of
+the spider for the fly.
+
+
+
+The Battle of the Crabs
+
+_Visayan_
+
+
+One day the land crabs had a meeting and one of them said:
+
+"What shall we do with the waves? They sing so loudly all the time
+that we cannot possibly sleep."
+
+"Well," answered one of the oldest of the crabs, "I think we should
+make war on them."
+
+The others agreed to this, and it was decided that the next day all
+the male crabs should get ready to fight the waves. They started for
+the sea, as agreed, when they met a shrimp.
+
+"Where are you going, my friends?" asked the shrimp.
+
+"We are going to fight the waves," answered the crabs, "for they make
+so much noise at night that we cannot sleep."
+
+"I do not think you will succeed," said the shrimp, "for the waves
+are very strong and your legs are so weak that even your bodies bend
+almost to the ground when you walk." Wherewith he laughed loudly.
+
+This made the crabs very angry, and they pinched the shrimp until he
+promised to help them win the battle.
+
+Then they all went to the shore. But the crabs noticed that the eyes
+of the shrimp were set unlike their own, so they thought his must be
+wrong and they laughed at him and said:
+
+"Friend shrimp, your face is turned the wrong way. What weapon have
+you to fight with the waves?"
+
+"My weapon is a spear on my head," replied the shrimp, and just then
+he saw a big wave coming and ran away. The crabs did not see it,
+however, for they were all looking toward the shore, and they were
+covered with water and drowned.
+
+By and by the wives of the crabs became worried because their husbands
+did not return, and they went down to the shore to see if they could
+help in the battle. No sooner had they reached the water, however,
+than the waves rushed over them and killed them.
+
+Some time after this thousands of little crabs appeared near the shore,
+and the shrimp often visited them and told them of the sad fate of
+their parents. Even today these little crabs can be seen on the shore,
+continually running back and forth. They seem to rush down to fight
+the waves, and then, as their courage fails, they run back to the
+land where their forefathers lived. They neither live on dry land,
+as their ancestors did, nor in the sea where the other crabs are,
+but on the beach where the waves wash over them at high tide and try
+to dash them to pieces.
+
+
+
+Pronunciation of Philippine Names
+
+The vowel sounds in the following pronunciations are those used in
+Webster's dictionary.
+
+
+_Adasen_, a-dä'sen
+_Aguio_, a'ge-o
+_Alan_, ä'län
+_Alokotan_, ä-lo-ko-tän'
+_Aponibalagen_, apo-ne-bä-lä-gen'
+_Aponibolinayen_, apo-ne-bo-le-nä'yen
+_Aponitolau_, apo-ne-to'lou
+_Bagbagak_, bäg-bä-gäk'
+_Bagobo_, ba-go'bo
+_Balatama_, bä-lä-tä'ma
+_Bangan_, bän'gän
+_Bantugan_, bän-too'gan
+_Benito_, be-ne'to
+_Bilaan_, be-lä'an
+_Bita_, be'ta
+_Bontoc_, bon'tok
+_Bukidnon_, boo-kid'non
+_Bulanawan_, boo-la-nä'wan
+_Caalang_, kä-ä'läng
+_Cabildo_, kä-bil'do
+_Cibolan_, ci-bo'lan
+_Dalonagan_, da-lo-na'gan
+_Danepan_, dä-ne-pan'
+_Dapilisan_, da-pe-le'san
+_Dayapan_, di-a-pan
+_Dinawagen_, de-nä-wä'gen
+_Dodedog_, dog-e-dog
+_Domayco_, do-mi'ko
+_Dumalawi_, doo-mä-lä-we'
+_Epogow_, e-po-gou'
+_Gawigawen_, gä-we-gä'wen
+_Gaygayoma_, gi-gi-o'ma
+_Gotgotapa_, got-go-ta'pa
+_Igorot_, ig-o-rot'
+_Ilocano_, il-o-kä'no
+_Ilocos Norte_, il-o'kos no'rte
+_Indarapatra_, in-dä-rä-pä'tra
+_Ini-init_, e-ni-e'nit
+_Kabigat_, ka-be-gat'
+_Kaboniyan_, kä-bo-ne-yan'
+_Kadaklan_, ka-dak-lan'
+_Kadalayapan_, kä-dä-lä-yä'pan
+_Kadayadawan_, kä-dä-yä-dä'wan
+_Kanag_, kä'näg
+_Komow_, ko'mou
+_Kurita_, ku-re'ta
+_Langgona_, läng-go'na
+_Ligi_, le'ge
+_Limokon_, le-mo'kon
+_Lumabet_, loo-mä'bet
+_Lumawig_, loo-mä'wig
+_Magbangal_, mäg-bäng'al
+_Magindanau_, mä-gin-dä'nou
+_Magosang_, ma-go'sang
+_Magsawi_, mäg-sä-we'
+_Magsingal_, mäg'sin-gäl
+_Manama_, män-ä'ma
+_Mandaya_, män-di'ya
+_Mansumandig_, män-su-män-dig
+_Mayinit_, mi-i'nit
+_Mayo_, mi'yo
+_Mindanao_, min-da-nou'
+_Nalpangan_, nal-pan-gan'
+_Pilar_, pe'lär'
+_Samoki_, sa-mo'ki
+_Sayen_, sä-yen'
+_Siagon_, së-ä'gon
+_Silit_, se'let
+_Sinag_, se'nag
+_Sogsogot_, sog-so-got'
+_Subanun_, soo-bä'nun
+_Sulayman_, soo-li'man
+_Tagalog_, ta-ga'log
+_Tarabusaw_, ta-ra-boo'sou
+_Tikgi_, tik'ge
+_Timaco_, ti-mä'ko
+_Tinguian_, ting-gi-an'
+_Toglai_, tog-lä'e
+_Toglibon_, tog-le'bon
+_Visayan_, vi-si'yan
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NOTES
+
+[1] This incident is strikingly similar to the story in North American
+folk-lore of the maiden captured and carried upward by a vine. Several
+other points of likeness appear in the lore of Malaysia, Polynesia,
+and America.
+
+[2] See Preface, p. vii.
+
+[3] This incident is unique so far as American or European folk-lore is
+concerned, yet it is common in Tinguian tales, while similar stories
+are found among the neighboring Ilocano and Igorot tribes of the
+Philippines, as well as in Borneo, Java, and India.
+
+[4] The belief that beauty is capable of radiating great light is
+not peculiar to Tinguian tales, for it is also found in the Malay
+legends and in those of India. It is not impossible that they had a
+common origin.
+
+[5] The betel-nut is the nut of the areca palm. It is prepared for
+chewing by being cut into quarters, each piece being wrapped in
+betel-leaf spread with lime. It produces a blood-red spittle which
+greatly discolors the teeth and lips, and it is used extensively
+throughout the Philippines. While it appears to have been in common
+use among the Tinguian at the time these stories originated, it has
+now been displaced by tobacco, except at ceremonies when it is prepared
+for chewing; it is also placed on the animals offered for sacrifice to
+the spirits. Throughout the tales great significance is given to the
+chewing of betel-nuts before names are told or introductions given,
+while from the quids and spittle it appears to have been possible to
+foretell events and establish relationships.
+
+[6] Compare with the story of Phæton in Bulfinch, _The Age of Fable_,
+p. 50.
+
+[7] The Tinguian have no calendar, but reckon time by the recurrence
+of the moon.
+
+[8] It is the present custom of the Tinguian to make numerous
+ceremonies for the spirits. These vary in length from a few hours
+to seventeen days. During this period animals are slaughtered,
+small houses are built, mediums deliver messages from the spirits,
+and there is much feasting and dancing.
+
+[9] When ripe, the betel-nut is covered with a golden husk, and it
+is possibly because of this that they were said to be covered with
+gold. The present-day Tinguian, in place of sending the betel-nut,
+sends a small piece of gold to any relative or friend whom he specially
+wishes to induce to attend a ceremony.
+
+[10] This seems to be peculiar to Tinguian folk-lore.
+
+[11] Except when she is in mourning a Tinguian woman's arms are always
+covered with beads placed strand above strand.
+
+[12] The parents of a boy choose his bride when the children are very
+young. A great celebration is then held, and relatives and friends
+of both parties decide on the price to be paid for the girl. Partial
+payment is made at once, and the remainder goes over until the marriage
+proper takes place, when the boy and girl are about twelve or fourteen
+years of age. In this instance Ini-init makes the customary payment
+for his bride, though the marriage had already taken place.
+
+[13] The friends and retainers pound rice and prepare food for all
+the guests who attend the ceremony.
+
+[14] A spirit house is one of the small houses built during a ceremony.
+
+[15] reference is probably to ancient Chinese jars.
+
+[16] The custom, which still exists to a certain degree, was to
+offer food to a guest before any matter was discussed. In ancient
+times this was considered very necessary, as it still is among the
+Apayao who live north of the Tinguian. With them to refuse food is
+to refuse friendship.
+
+[17] A drink made of fermented sugar-cane.
+
+[18] The old jars possessed by the Tinguian today have notches broken
+in the rim, one for each generation through whose hands it has passed.
+
+[19] When the first negotiations are made the boy's parents offer
+some gift, nowadays usually a small bead. If this is accepted it
+signifies the willingness of the girl's parents to consider the match.
+
+[20] See note 1, p. 15.
+
+[21] The music for the dances is made by beating on drums and copper
+gongs. A man and a woman enter the circle, each carrying a large square
+of cloth on outstretched arms. Keeping time to the music with their
+hands and feet, they move about, coming near to each other and then
+drawing farther apart The woman follows the movements of the man and
+finally places her cloth on his outstretched arms, thus ending the
+dance; another couple then takes their place.
+
+[22] An interesting parallel to this is found in the Dayak legend
+of Limbang, where a tree springs from the head of a dead giant; its
+flowers are beads; its leaves, cloth; and the fruit, jars. See Roth,
+_The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo_, Vol. I, p. 372.
+
+[23] Throughout the Tinguian tales the characters are frequently
+described as changing themselves into oil, centipedes, birds, and
+other forms. This power is also found among the heroes of Dayak and
+Malay tales. See Roth, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 312; Perham, _Journal
+Straits Branch R., Asiatic Society, No. 16_, 1886; Wilkinson, _Malay
+Beliefs_, pp. 32, 59 (London, 1906).
+
+[24] The Tinguian place a tame rooster in an open spot in the forest
+and surround him with a line to which slip nooses are attached. The
+crowing of this bird attracts wild ones which come to fight him and
+are caught in the nooses.
+
+[25] The water buffalo now used as the beast of burden throughout
+the Philippines.
+
+[26] The ordinary dress of the Tinguian man is a clout and a striped
+belt, in which he carries his tobacco and small articles. Some of
+them also possess striped cotton coats, which they wear on special
+occasions.
+
+[27] See note 2, p. 12.
+
+[28] See note 1, p. 13.
+
+[29] This peculiar idea, which frequently appears in Tinguian tales,
+is also found in Javanese literature. See Bezemer, _Volksdichtung
+aus Indonesien_, p. 47 (Haag, 1904).
+
+[30] See note 3, p. 15.
+
+[31] The powerful deeds of these heroes often resemble the miraculous
+achievements of biblical and ancient times.
+
+[32] See note 2, p. 20.
+
+[33] The Tinguian of today do not possess soap, but in its place they
+use the ashes from rice straw, or not infrequently they soak the bark
+from a certain tree in the water in which they are to wash their hair.
+
+[34] The lawed vine. In ancient Egypt and in India it was a common
+belief that friends or relatives could tell from the condition of
+a certain tree or vine whether the absent one was well or dead:
+if the vine thrived, they knew that all was well, but if it wilted
+they mourned for him as dead. It is interesting to find the identical
+belief in the northern Philippines.
+
+[35] The Tinguian stove consists of a bed of ashes in which three
+stones are sunk, and on these the pots are placed.
+
+[36] It appears that these people of ancient times possessed the same
+weapons as those of today. The Tinguian ordinarily wears a head-ax
+thrust into his belt, and when at work this is his hand tool. When
+on a hunt or during warfare he also carries a wooden shield and a
+steel-pointed spear from eight to ten feet in length. For attacks at
+a distance he depends on the spear, but in a close encounter he uses
+his head-ax and shield, the latter being oblong in shape and having
+two prongs at one end and three at the other. The two prongs are to be
+slipped about the neck of the victim while the head-ax does its work,
+or the three prongs may be slipped about the legs in the same way.
+
+[37] From this and other incidents it is evident that these people
+talked with the lightning and thunder. They still have great regard
+for the omens derived from these forces; but it is now believed that
+thunder is the dog of Kadaklan, the greatest of all the spirits,
+and that by the barking of this dog, the god makes known his desires.
+
+[38] Stories in which animals come to the assistance of human beings
+are found in many lands. One of those best known to Europeans is
+where the ants sort the grain for Cinderella.
+
+[39] See note 2, p. 21.
+
+[40] It was the ancient custom to place the heads of slain enemies at
+the gate or around the town, and this practice still prevails with
+some of the surrounding tribes. More recently it was the custom to
+expose the head at the gate of the town for three days, after which
+followed a great celebration when the skulls were broken and pieces
+were given to the guests.
+
+[41] In their beliefs of today the Tinguian recognize many giants,
+some with more than one head. In a part of the ritual of one ceremony
+we read, "A man opens the door to learn the cause of the barking and
+he sees a man, fat and tall, with nine heads."
+
+[42] A large bamboo pole, with all but the end section cut out,
+serves for a water bucket.
+
+[43] A long bamboo pole, in one end of which a hard-wood point is
+inserted. This is thrust into the ground, and in the hole thus made
+the grain or cuttings are planted. This old method is still in use
+in some sections of the mountains, but on the lowlands a primitive
+plow is used to break the soil.
+
+[44] In European, Asiatic, African, and Malaysian lore we find stones
+of beings with star dresses: when they wear the dresses they are stars;
+when they take them off they are human. See Cox, _An Introduction to
+Folklore_, p. 121 (London, 1904.).
+
+[45] note 1, p. 9.
+
+[46] See note 1, p. 12.
+
+[47] Preface, p. vii.
+
+[48] It is the custom to have a small bamboo house built from fifteen
+to twenty feet from the ground near the rice fields, and in this
+someone watches every day during the growing season to see that
+nothing breaks in to destroy the grain. Often flappers are placed in
+different parts of the field and a connecting string leads from these
+to the little house, so that the watcher by pulling this string may
+frighten the birds away from the grain.
+
+[49] See note 1, p. 18.
+
+[50] Preface, p. vi.
+
+[51] The nights in the mountains are cold, and it is not at all
+uncommon in the early morning to see groups of people with blankets
+wrapped tightly about them, squatting around small fires in the yards.
+
+[52] See note 2, p. 12.
+
+[53] See note 1, p. 13.
+
+[54] See note 1, p. 17.
+
+[55] Compare with the biblical story of the loaves and fishes. For
+similar incidents among the Igorot of the Philippines, in Borneo,
+and in India, see Jenks, _The Bontoc Igorot_, p. 202; Seidenadel,
+_The Language of the Bontoc Igorot_, pp. 491, 41 ff. (Chicago, 1909);
+Roth, _The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo_, Vol. I,
+p. 319; Tawney, _Katha Sarit Sagara_, Vol. II, p. 3 (Calcutta, 1880);
+Bezemer, _Volksdichtung aus Indonesien_, p. 49 (Haag, 1904).
+
+[56] See note 1, p. 15.
+
+[57] See note 3, p. 15.
+
+[58] There appear to have been two classes of spirits, one for whom
+the people had the utmost respect and reverence, and another whom
+they looked upon as being of service to mortals.
+
+[59] See note 1, p. 30.
+
+[60] The word used in the original is langpadan, meaning mountain
+rice. This variety requires no irrigation and is planted to some
+extent at the present day, but the great bulk of the grain now used
+is grown in wonderfully terraced fields on the mountain sides, where
+water for irrigating is brought from distant streams through a system
+of flume and bamboo tubes. The fact that only the mountain rice is
+mentioned in the tales reflects a very ancient life before irrigated
+fields were known.
+
+[61] See note 1, p. 45.
+
+[62] The labeug is the omen bird and is believed to be the direct
+messenger of Kadaklan, the great spirit, to the people.
+
+[63] See note 1, p. 34.
+
+[64] See note 1, p. 8.
+
+[65] See Preface, p. vii.
+
+[66] Before the bundles of ripened rice can be put into the granary
+a ceremony is made for the spirits. The blood of a pig is mixed with
+cooked rice and put in the granary as an offering for the spirit who
+multiplies the grain, otherwise the crop would run out in a short time.
+
+[67] See note 1, p. 9.
+
+[68] The spirit who stands next in importance to Kadaklan, the great
+spirit. It was he who taught the people all good things, and finally
+he married a woman from Manabo in order to bind himself more closely
+to them. See "How the Tinguian Learned to Plant."
+
+[69] This story is considered by the Tinguian to be of rather recent
+origin. They believe that Sayen lived not so very long ago, yet the
+stories woven around him are very similar to the ancient ones.
+
+[70] See "The Alan and the Hunters."
+
+[71] The Tinguian now use flint and steel for making a flame, but it
+is not at all uncommon for them to go to a neighbor's house to borrow
+a burning ember to start their own fire.
+
+[72] The neighboring Ilocano, a Christianized tribe, know the Komow
+as a fabulous bird which is invisible, yet steals people and their
+possessions.
+
+[73] See note 1, p. 59.
+
+[74] See note 2, p. 20.
+
+[75] This tale is of special importance to the Tinguian since it
+explains how they learned two of the most important things of their
+present life--to plant and to cure the sick. It also shows how death
+came into the world.
+
+[76] See note 1, p. 59.
+
+[77] It is a common sight in a Tinguian village early in the morning
+during the dry season to see a number of men armed with spears and
+head-axes leaving for the mountains. They usually take with them,
+to assist in the chase, a string of half-starved dogs. Often a net
+is stretched across the runway of game, and then, while some of the
+hunters conceal themselves near by, others seek to drive the game
+into the net, where it is speared to death.
+
+[78] Ancient Chinese jars are found throughout the interior of the
+Philippines and are very closely associated with the folk-lore of
+the Tinguian. Some of the jars date back to the 10th century, while
+many are from the 12th and 14th centuries, and evidently entered the
+Islands through pre-Spanish trade. They are held in great value and are
+generally used in part payment for a bride and for the settlement of
+feuds. For more details see Cole, _Chinese Pottery in the Philippines_,
+Pub. Field Museum of Nat. Hist, Vol. XII, No. 1.
+
+[79] This cave is situated in the mountains midway between Patok and
+Santa Rosa. In this vicinity are numerous limestone caves, each of
+which has its traditions.
+
+[80] Cabildo of Domayco, the envied owner of this jar, has refused
+great sums offered for its purchase, and though men from other tribes
+come bringing ten carabao at one time, they cannot tempt him to sell.
+
+[81] These beautiful agate beads are still worn by the Tinguian women,
+who prize them very highly. They are rarely sold and each is worth
+more than a carabao.
+
+[82] The Alan are supposed to be deformed spirits who live in the
+forests. They are as large as people, but have wings and can fly. Their
+toes are at the back of their feet, and their fingers point backward
+from their wrists.
+
+[83] The name by which spirits call human beings.
+
+[84] This treatment of the Alan is typical of that accorded to the
+less powerful of the spirits by the Tinguian today. At the ceremonies
+they often make fun of them and cheat them in the sacrifices.
+
+[85] Known to the Tinguian as Banog. This bird occupies much the same
+place with the Tinguian as does the garuda in East Indian folk-lore.
+
+[86] This tale gives to the Tinguian his idea of the future
+world. Sogsogot is supposed to have lived only a short time ago,
+and his experiences are well known to all the people.
+
+[87] See note 1, p. 15. Practically this same tale is told by the
+neighboring Ilocano, from whom it may have been borrowed; but here
+the Tinguian custom of paying a marriage price is introduced.
+
+[88] This type of story is also found farther to the south, where the
+cleverness of the small animal causes him to triumph over the strong.
+
+[89] The Tinguian house contains neither tables nor chairs. The people
+usually squat on the floor, sitting on their heels; if anything is
+used as a seat it is a bit of cocoanut shell or a small block of wood.
+
+[90] Here we have a proverbial tale, one in which the Tinguian
+expresses the idea, "Haste makes waste."
+
+[91] Another version of this tale is found in British North Borneo
+in the story of the plandok and the crab, while to European children
+it is known as the race between the turtle and the hare.
+
+[92] The story shows the influence of the Christianized natives,
+among whom cock-fighting is a very popular sport. It is found only
+among those Tinguian who come into contact with this class.
+
+[93] Lumawig is the greatest of all spirits and now lives in the
+sky, though for a time his home was in the Igorot village of Bontoc,
+He married a Bontoc girl, and the stones of their house are still
+to be seen in the village. It was Lumawig who created the Igorot,
+and ever since he has taken a great interest in them, teaching them
+how to overcome the forces of nature, how to plant, to reap and, in
+fact, everything that they know. Once each month a ceremony is held in
+his honor in a sacred grove, whose trees are believed to have sprung
+from the graves of his children. Here prayers are offered for health,
+good crops, and success in battle. A close resemblance exists between
+Lumawig of the Igorot and Kaboniyan of the Tinguian, the former being
+sometimes called Kambun'yan.
+
+[94] The Bukidnon of Mindanao have the following story: During a
+great drought Mampolompon could grow nothing on his clearing except
+one bamboo, and during a high wind this was broken. From this bamboo
+came a dog and a woman, who were the ancestors of the Moro. See
+"The White Squash," note 1, p. 186.
+
+[95] At the north end of the village of Mayinit are a number of
+brackish hot springs, and from these the people secure the salt
+which has made the spot famous for miles around. Stones are placed in
+the shallow streams flowing from these springs, and when they have
+become encrusted with salt (about once a month) they are washed and
+the water is evaporated by boiling. The salt, which is then a thick
+paste, is formed into cakes and baked near the fire for about half an
+hour, when it is ready for use. It is the only salt in this section,
+and is in great demand. Even hostile tribes come to a hill overlooking
+the town and call down, then deposit whatever they have for trade and
+withdraw, while the Igorot take up the salt and leave it in place of
+the trade articles.
+
+[96] The women of Samoki are known as excellent potters, and their
+ware is used over a wide area. From a pit on a hillside to the
+north of the village they dig a reddish-brown clay, which they mix
+with a bluish mineral gathered on another hillside. When thoroughly
+mixed, this clay is placed on a board on the ground, and the potter,
+kneeling before it, begins her moulding. Great patience and skill
+are required to bring the vessel to the desired shape. When it is
+completed it is set in the sun to dry for two or three days, after
+which it is ready for the baking. The new pots are piled tier above
+tier on the ground and blanketed with grass tied into bundles. Then
+pine bark is burned beneath and around the pile for about an hour,
+when the ware is sufficiently fired. It is then glazed with resin
+and is ready to market.
+
+[97] The mythology of nearly all peoples has a flood story. For the
+Tinguian account see note on page 103. For the Bukidnon story see
+p. 125.
+
+[98] A bamboo basket, in which the heads of victims are kept prior
+to the head-taking celebration.
+
+[99] The folk-lore of all countries has some story accounting for
+the acquisition of fire. The Tinguian tale is as follows: Once in the
+very old times Kaboniyan sent a flood which covered all the land. Then
+there was no place for the fire to stay, so it went into the bamboo,
+the stones, and iron. That is why one who knows how can still get
+fire out of bamboo and stones.
+
+[100] See note 1, p. 99.
+
+[101] The magical increase of food is a popular subject with the
+Tinguian,  appearing in many of their folk-tales. See note 2, p. 48.
+
+[102] Note the similarity to the story of Moses in this account of
+Lumawig striking the rock and water coming out. There is a possibility
+that this incident was added to the story after the advent of the
+Catholic missionaries.
+
+[103] Usually one or more new coffins can be found in an Igorot
+village. They are made from a log split in two lengthwise, each half
+being hollowed out. Since their manufacture requires some days, it is
+necessary to prepare them ahead of time. After the body is put in, the
+cover is tied on with rattan and the chinks sealed with mud and lime.
+
+[104] A somewhat similar idea is found among the Kulaman of southern
+Mindanao. Here when an important man dies he is placed in a coffin,
+which resembles a small boat, the coffin being then fastened on
+high poles near the sea. See Cole, _Wild Tribes of Davao District,
+Mindanao_, Pub. Field Museum of Nat Hist, Vol. XII, No. 2, 1913.
+
+[105] This story, first recorded by Dr. A.E. Jenks, gives the origin
+of the custom of head-hunting, which plays such an important part
+in the life of the Igorot. The Igorot claim to have taken heads ever
+since Lumawig lived on earth and taught them to go to war, and they
+declare that it makes them brave and manly. The return of a successful
+war party is the signal for a great celebration.
+
+[106] This is also the common way of making pottery.
+
+[107] Here we have a story, recorded by Dr. A.E. Jenks, with a twofold
+value: it is told to the children as a warning against stinginess,
+and it also explains the origin of the serpent eagle.
+
+[108] There is no jungle in the greater part of the Igorot country,
+the mountains being covered by cogon grass with occasional pine
+trees. At a distance these have a strange appearance, for only the
+bushy tops are left, the lower branches being cut off for fuel.
+
+[109] First recorded by Dr. A.E. Jenks.
+
+[110] Tattooing is a painful process, but Igorot men, women, and
+children willingly submit to it for the sake of beauty. The design
+is first drawn on the skin with an ink made of soot and water:
+then the skin is pricked through the pattern and the soot is rubbed
+into the wounds. Various designs appear on the face, arms, stomach,
+and other parts of the body, but the most important of all markings
+is that on the breast of an Igorot man. This designates him as the
+taker of at least one human head, and he is thus shown to be worthy
+of the respect of his tribe.
+
+[111] This story also accounts for the origin of the crow and the
+lizard, both of which are common in the Igorot country.
+
+[112] This story, first recorded by Dr. A.E. Jenks, while it explain
+the origin of the little rice bird, also points a moral, namely,
+that there is punishment for the disobedient child.
+
+[113] The common way to pound rice is to place a bundle of the grain
+on the ground on a dried carabao hide and pound it with a pestle to
+loosen the heads from the straw. When they are free they are poured
+into a mortar and again pounded with the pestle until the grain is
+separated from the chaff, after which it is winnowed.
+
+[114] According to the Klemantin myth (Borneo), the sky was raised
+when a giant named Usai accidentally struck it with his mallet while
+pounding rice. See Hose and McDougall, _Pagan Tribes of Borneo_,
+p. 142.
+
+[115] A somewhat similar belief that a giant crab is responsible for
+the tides is widespread throughout Malaysia. The Batak of Palawan now
+believe, as also do the Mandaya of eastern Mindanao, that the tides
+are caused by a giant crab going in and out of his hole in the sea.
+
+[116] The similarity of this to the biblical story of the Flood leads
+us to suppose that it has come from the neighboring Christianized or
+Mohammedanized people and has been worked by the Bukidnon into the
+mould of their own thought. However, the flood story is sometimes
+found in such a guise that it cannot be accounted for by Christian
+influence. See for example, _The Flood Story_ as told in the folk-lore
+of the Igorot tribe, on p. 102.
+
+[117] This celestial myth accounts for a number of constellations which
+are of great importance to the Bukidnon. Magbangal appears in the sky
+in almost dipper shape, the handle being formed by his one remaining
+arm. To the west and nearly above him is a V-shaped constellation which
+is believed to be the jaw of one of the pigs which he killed. Still
+farther to the west appears the hill on which he hunted, while
+three groups of stars which toward dawn seem to be following him are
+said to be his hatchet, the bamboo pole in which he carried water,
+and his large pet lizard. It is the appearance and position of these
+constellations in the sky that show the Bukidnon when it is the time
+to clear land for the yearly crops and to plant the grain; and since
+this knowledge is of the utmost importance to the people, they feel
+that Magbangal does them a lasting service. The hero Lafaang of a
+Borneo myth, who is represented by the constellation Orion, lost his
+arm while trying to cut down a tree in a manner different from that
+prescribed by his celestial wife, the constellation Pegasen. See Hose
+and McDougall, _Pagan Tribes of Borneo_, Vol. II, p. 141.
+
+[118] Long knives.
+
+[119] Cloth is dyed in various colors by boiling it in water in which
+different kinds of leaves or roots have been steeped. But to produce
+a bluish-black shade the fabric is partly buried in mud until the
+desired color is obtained.
+
+[120] Monkeys are numerous throughout the Philippines, and it is
+doubtless their human appearance and actions that have caused the
+different tribes to try to account for their origin from man. Here
+we have the most likely way that the Bukidnon can see for their coming.
+
+[121] This is one of a series of tales dealing with mythical heroes
+of former times whose acts of prowess are still recounted by Bukidnon
+warriors.
+
+[122] A heavy padded hemp coat with a kilt which is supposed to turn
+spears. Over the shoulder is worn a sash in which are a few peculiar
+stones and charms which are believed to protect its wearer. Warriors
+who have taken thirty human lives are permitted to wear a peculiar
+crown-shaped headdress with upstanding points.
+
+[123] See note 1, p. 23.
+
+[124] This is a good example of the way in which people at a certain
+stage try to account for their surroundings. Nearly all consider
+themselves  the original people. We find the Bagobo no exception
+to this. In this tale, which is evidently very old, they account
+for themselves and their neighbors, and then, to meet present needs,
+they adapt the story to include the white people whom they have known
+for not more than two hundred years.
+
+[125] These are evil spirits who have power to injure people. They
+are ugly to look at and go about eating anything, even dead persons. A
+young Bagobo described his idea of a buso as follows: "He has a long
+body, long feet and neck, curly hair, and black face, flat nose,
+and one big red or yellow eye. He has big feet and fingers, but
+small arms, and his two big teeth are long and pointed. Like a dog,
+he goes about eating anything, even dead persons." Cole, _Wild Tribes
+of Davao District_, Field Museum Nat. Hist., Vol. XII, No. 2, p. 107.
+
+[126] This is evidently an old tale in which the story-teller
+introduces modern ideas.
+
+[127] Here, as is often the case, an origin story has been added to
+a tale with which it has no logical connection.
+
+[128] This story is well known among the Bilaan, who are one of
+the tribes least influenced by the Spaniards, and yet it bears so
+many incidents similar to biblical accounts that there is a strong
+suggestion of Christian influence. It is possible that these ideas
+came through the Mohammedan Moro.
+
+[129] The most powerful of the spirits and the one to whom the people
+resort in times of danger.
+
+[130] A similar story is found in British North Borneo. See Evans,
+_Journal of Royal Anthropological Institute_, 1913, p. 423.
+
+[131] Melu, Fiuweigh, Diwata, and Saweigh.
+
+[132] Buswit.
+
+[133] An origin story of a very different type from those of the
+Bukidnon and Bagobo. While the others show foreign influence, this
+appears to be typically primitive.
+
+[134] The omen bird of the Mandaya. It is believed to be a messenger
+from the spirit world which, by its calls, warns the people of danger
+or promises them success. If the coo of this bird comes from the
+right side, it is a good sign, but if it is on the left, in back,
+or in front, it is a bad sign, and the Mandaya knows that he must
+change his plans.
+
+[135] The crab was called Tambanokano.
+
+[136] An eclipse of the moon. This belief in a monster swallowing the
+moon and the wild efforts to frighten it away are very widespread. It
+is found among the Batak of Palawan and in other parts of Malaysia
+as well as in the South Sea, Mongol, Chinese, Siamese, and Hindoo
+mythology. Even in Peru we find the belief that an evil spirit in
+the form of a beast was eating the moon, and that in order to scare
+it the people shouted and yelled and beat their dogs to make them
+add to the noise. See Karlson, _Journal of Religious Psychology,_
+November, 1914, p. 164.
+
+[137] First recorded by Emerson B. Christie.
+
+[138] A brass box having three compartments, one for lime, one for
+the nut, and another for the betel-leaf, which is used in preparing
+the nut for chewing.
+
+[139] The Subanun have adopted the Moro dress, which consists
+of long trousers and a coat. The tale shows strong Moro influence
+throughout. Seven is a mystic and magical number among the Malay. It
+is constantly used in divination and magical practices and repeatedly
+occurs in their folk-lore. Skeat explains its importance by referring
+to the seven souls which each mortal is supposed to possess. See Skeat,
+_Malay Magic_, p. 50.
+
+[140] No tales illustrate to better advantage the persistence of old
+stories and beliefs than do these of the Moro. They are permeated with
+incidents very similar to those still found among the pagan tribes of
+the Archipelago, while associated with these are the spirits and demons
+of Hindu mythology. Finally we find the semi-historical events recorded
+by the Mohammedanized Malay, the ancestors of the tellers of the tales.
+
+[141] First recorded by N.M. Saleeby.
+
+[142] Those great birds are doubtless derived from Indian literature
+in which the fabulous bird garuda played such an important part.
+
+[143] A common name in Malay and Sumatran tales.
+
+[144] Probably Solomon of the Old Testament, who is a great historic
+figure among the Malay and who plays an important part in their
+romances.
+
+[145] See note 1, p. 28.
+
+[146] In this case of a semi-historic being, whose father was said to
+be the brother of the earthquake and thunder, we have an interesting
+blending of mythological and historical facts.
+
+[147] Among Malay people the sultan is the supreme ruler of a district,
+while petty rulers are known as datos.
+
+[148] Here, as in the Tinguian lore, we find heroes conversing with
+animals and commanding the forces of nature to come to their aid.
+
+[149] This tale told by the Ilocano is well known among both the
+Christianized and the wild tribes of the Philippines, and also in
+Borneo and Java. However, the Ilocano is the only version, so far as
+known, which has the explanatory element: the reason is given here why
+monkeys do not eat meat. The turtle is accredited with extraordinary
+sagacity and cunning. It is another example of the type of tale showing
+the victory of the weak and cunning over the strong but stupid. See
+"The Turtle and the Lizard," p. 86.
+
+[150] All the events here given represent present-day occurrences,
+and the story appears to have been invented purely to amuse.
+
+[151] The headman of the town.
+
+[152] Here we have an excellent illustration of how a story brought in
+by the Spaniards has been worked over into Philippine setting. This
+is doubtless the classical story of Midas, but since the ass is
+practically unknown in the Philippines, horns (probably carabao
+horns) have been substituted for the ass's ears, which grew on Midas'
+head. Likewise the bamboo, which grows in abundance, takes the place
+of the reeds in the original tale.
+
+[153] A common fancy in Malay legends is the supernatural origin of
+a child in some vegetable, usually a bamboo. See note 2, p. 99.
+
+[154] A bird something like a hawk.
+
+[155] See note 1, p. 134.
+
+[156] This is undoubtedly a worked-over story, probably brought in
+from Europe. Kings, queens, palaces, etc., were, of course, unknown
+to the people before the advent of the Spaniards.
+
+[157] A long knife.
+
+[158] The fermented juice of the cocoanut.
+
+[159] This tale bears a striking resemblance to Grimm's "The Table,
+the Ass, and the Stick," _Fairy Tales_.
+
+[160] These Visayan tales reflect old beliefs covered with a veneer
+of European ideas. The Visayan still holds to many of the old
+superstitions, not because he has reasoned them out for himself,
+but because his ancestors believed them and transmitted them to him
+in such stories as these.
+
+[161] A very old explanatory tale. In a slightly varying form it is
+found in other parts of the Islands.
+
+[162] Here we have an old type of tale explaining where monkeys came
+from. See note 2, p. 130.
+
+[163] The blow-gun is a Malayan weapon, which is used extensively in
+the Philippines. Among certain wild tribes poisoned darts are blown
+through it, but among the Christianized tribes a clay pellet is used.
+
+[164] See note 1, p. 197.
+
+[165] A Spanish coin worth half a cent.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Philippine Folk Tales, by Mabel Cook Cole
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 12814 ***