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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction
+       Volume 17, No. 477, Saturday, February 19, 1831
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: June 9, 2004 [EBook #12568]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, VOL. 477 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David Garcia and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. XVII, NO. 477.] SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 19, 1831. [PRICE 2d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: MOUNT ST. MICHAEL, NORMANDY.]
+
+
+
+
+MOUNT ST. MICHAEL, NORMANDY.
+
+
+The interest attached to this extraordinary place is of so popular
+a character as fully to justify its introduction to our pages. It is
+situate at the southern extremity of the ancient province of Normandy,
+a district of considerable importance in the early histories of France
+and England. The "Mount" is likewise one of the most stupendous of
+Nature's _curiosities_, it being _one mass of granite_, and
+referred to by geologists as a fine specimen of that primary or
+primitive rock; or, to speak untechnically, of that rock "which is most
+widely spread over the globe in the lowest relative situation," and
+which contains no remains of a former world.[1] St. Michael's therefore
+stands pre-eminently in the sublime philosophy of Nature. It figures
+also in the page of man's history: its early celebrity is recognised in
+the chronicles of olden France and England; and it promises note in the
+history of our own times; since to this monastic spot will the political
+balance of France, in all probability, exile the person of the ambitious
+Polignac, ex-minister of France. The reader will perhaps suspect the
+political concatenation of Lulworth Castle, the Hotel de Ville, and the
+Palais Royal in our last volume; and the Prison of Vincennes and Mount
+St. Michael in the present. Instead of catching "the manners living as
+they _rise_," we appear to be looking out for crowns and ministers
+headlong as they _fall_.
+
+St. Michael's is in that portion of Normandy which is not often visited
+by English tourists. One of its recent visitors was Mrs. Charles
+Stothard, wife of the distinguished artist, who, in 1820, published
+a narrative of her journey in, the autumn of 1818. Mrs. Stothard's
+description of the "Mount" is dated from Avranches, a coast town of some
+consequence, not far from Caen. Speaking of the delightfully situated
+town of Avranches, the fair correspondent says,
+
+"Beyond, in the midst of the sea, arises 400 feet above the surface of
+the water, the majestic rock of Mount St. Michael, and near it another,
+but smaller rock, called the Tombalaine. In the distant and blue horizon
+appears the long and extending land of Britanny, mingling with the
+surrounding atmosphere, from which it is alone distinguished by
+a faint and uncertain line, that, like the prospect of our future
+years, impresses the mind with a deeper interest from its distant and
+impenetrable form. Mount St. Michael is a league in circumference; in
+some parts of the rock is perpendicular; it is flooded entirely at high
+water, but when the tide is out, the rock may be approached by the
+sands; some danger, however, attends the passage to those who are not
+perfectly well acquainted with the track, as many quicksands intercept,
+where travellers have frequently been lost.
+
+"There is a small town on Mount St. Michael. The castle, which stands at
+the top, is accessible by steps cut in the solid rock. In the year 708,
+St. Aubert, Bishop of Avranches, here first created the chapel dedicated
+to St. Michael; in 966, Richard the first Duke of Normandy, established
+a convent of monks of the order of St. Benoit, and in 1024, Richard
+the second Duke of Normandy, built the church, which still exists. The
+provisions that supply the fortress, are sent up in a basket drawn by a
+machine. Tradition says, that there was in this castle an obligatory, or
+concealed trap-door, where, in feudal times, persons were taken, whom
+the state directed should be secretly put out of the way. Under pretext,
+of showing them the castle, they were conducted into a remote chamber,
+there they soon met their destined fate, for chancing to step upon the
+concealed door, they were precipitated into the abyss, many hundred feet
+below. They still exhibit at this fortress the sword and shield of St.
+Michael, and some cannon left by the English, when they made a fruitless
+attempt to take possession of the rock. Here it was that in former
+times, the Kings of France and the Dukes of Britanny made frequent
+pilgrimages, and performed penance at the shrine of St. Michael."
+
+The lofty situation of the church appears to be peculiar to the churches
+dedicated to St. Michael. In many parts of the world they are built on
+very lofty eminences, in allusion, it is said, to St. Michael's having
+been the highest of the heavenly host. St. Michael's, in Cornwall, is
+another confirmation of this remark.
+
+We have the pleasure of acknowledging the original of our Engraving
+from an elegant Print Scrap Book, now in course of publication by Mr.
+H. Dawe. It consists of well executed mezzotinto prints which are worthy
+of the album of any fair subscriber.
+
+    [1] Primary rocks are supposed by geologists to constitute the
+        foundation on which rocks of all the other classes are laid;
+        and if we take an enlarged view of the structure of the globe,
+        we may admit this to be the fact,--but the admission requires
+        certain limitations.--Bakewell.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NIOBE.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+  Hush'd are the groans of death, heart-piercing sound,
+  That mournful rose in peals on peals around;
+  Child after child by heav'nly darts expires,
+  And frequent corses feed the gloomy pyres.
+  Aghast she stands!--now here in wild amaze--
+  Now there the mother casts her madd'ning gaze:
+  In fixedness of grief, in dumb despair,
+  Her looks, her mien, her inmost soul declare:
+  Her looks, her mien, her deep-sunk anguish show
+  With all the silent eloquence of woe.
+
+  See! from her cheek the rosy lustre flies;
+  How dim the beams that sparkled in her eyes.
+  No more so softly heaves the throbbing breast;
+  The purple currents in their channels rest;--
+  No more the Zephyr's balmy breath can wave
+  The graceful locks which laughing Hebe gave;--
+  And fade those lips where fresh vermilion shone,
+  Cold as the clay, or monumental stone;--
+  O'er all her limbs an icy numbness spreads,
+  And marble death eternal quiet sheds.
+
+  [2]Great sculptor hail! whom Nature's self design'd
+  To trace the labyrinths of the human mind--
+  To read the heart, and give with strong control,
+  To stone the silent workings of the soul:
+  Thine all-creative hand, thy matchless skill
+  Could what unbounded genius plann'd, fulfil.
+  Hence sprang that grief-wrung form--the languid eye--
+  The bloodless lip, and look of agony--
+  That face, where mute contending passions play--
+  That life of pain, of anguish, and dismay.
+
+  To sink she seems beneath the afflictive weight
+  Of gloomy cares portentous of her fate;--
+  Yet on her brow still soft Affection beams,
+  Tho' Desperation prompts her sombre dreams.
+  Parental feelings thrill her tortur'd breast,
+  And all the frantic mother stands confest--
+  A very Niobe--sad, hapless name!
+  In figure, features, and in all the same:
+  The same in all as Vengeance fierce pursued
+  Far to a wild and cheerless solitude.
+  For Salmo's bard has sung (by Heaven's decrees)
+  In awful pomp she mounted on the breeze--
+  Borne by the buoyant wind--a ghostly form--
+  She sail'd along the region of the storm.
+
+  So oft 'tis said in Lapland's chill domain,
+  Where dreary winter holds a lengthen'd reign,
+  What time the Runic drum and magic spell
+  Evoke the rapt soul from its fragile cell,
+  Attendant spirits, won by charms and prayer,
+  In gliding motion float upon the air.
+
+
+_Sydenham._
+
+S.S.
+
+
+    [2] Praxiteles.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE RHINE.
+
+(_To the Editor._)
+
+
+In looking over the last volume (16) of your interesting miscellany,
+I was much amused with a humorous legend at page 108, called the Rat's
+Tower, and according to your reference, having turned to page 68, of
+vol. xii. was equally entertained with the same laughable and well told
+story versified. This humorous production is extracted from a work
+entitled, if I mistake not, "The Rhinish Keepsake," containing many
+of the most wonderful and spirit-stirring legends connected with old
+chateaux, &c. on the banks of that majestic river, the Rhine. Amongst
+other pretty and choice _morceaux_, is a poem under the name of
+"_L'Envoy_," which may probably interest yourself and the readers
+of the _Mirror_. In perusing the enclosed, you will observe the
+infancy, manhood, and old age of "Father Rhine," as he is called, are
+all brought in succession before our eyes, which happy and ingenious
+idea is taken from a highly descriptive French publication, and perhaps
+having named the work, you will pardon my having extracted that portion
+which refers more particularly to the subject before us. The author
+says, "Dans son enfance le Rhin joue entre les fleurs des Alpes de
+la Suisse, il se berce dans le lac de Constance, il en sort avec des
+forces nouvelles, il devient un adolescent bouillant, fait une chute
+a Schaffhouse, s'avance vers l'age mur, se plait a remplir sa coupe
+de vin, court chercher les dangers et les affronte contre les écueils
+et les rochers: puis parvenu a un age plus avancée il abandonne les
+illusions, les sites romanesques, et cherche l'útile. Dans sa caducité
+il desserit et disparait enfin on ne sait trop comment!"
+
+
+L'ENVOY.
+
+
+  Cologne! Cologne! Thy walls are won,
+    Farewell my bark--be hush'd my song;
+  My voyage is o'er--my task is done--
+    Too pleasant both to last me long.
+
+  Adieu, thou noble Rhine, adieu,
+  Thy scenes for ever rich and new,
+  Thy cheerful towns, thy Gothic piles,
+  Thy rude ravines, thy verdant isles;
+  Thy golden hills with garlands bound,
+  Thy giant crags with castles crown'd!
+
+  I have seen thee by morning's early light,
+    I have seen thee by evening gray;
+  With the crimson blush of sun-set bright,
+    And lit by the moon's pale ray;
+
+  Shrouded in mist and darken'd by storm,
+  With the countless tints of autumn warm:
+  In ev'ry hue that can o'er thee fall;
+  And lovely, lovely thou art in all.
+  The Rhine!--That little word will be
+  For aye a spell of power to me,
+  And conjure up, in care's despite,
+  A thousand visions of delight.
+
+  The Rhine! O where beneath the sun
+  Doth that fair river's rival run?
+  Where dawns the day upon a stream,
+    Can in such changeful beauty shine,
+  Outstripping Fancy's wildest dream,
+    Like yon green, glancing, glorious Rhine.
+
+  Born where blooms the Alpine rose,
+    Cradled in the Boden--see,[3]
+  Forth the infant river flows,
+    Leaping on in childish glee.
+  Coming to a riper age,
+    He crowns his rocky cup with wine,
+  And makes a gallant pilgrimage
+    To many a ruin'd tower and shrine.
+  Strong and swift, and wild and brave,
+  On he speeds with crested wave;
+  And spurning aught like check or stay,
+  Fights and foams along his way,
+  O'er crag and shoal, until his flood
+  Boils like manhood's hasty blood!
+
+  Older, broader, deeper grown,
+  All romantic follies flown,
+  Now the laden Beurtschiff sails
+    Slowly o'er his sober tide,
+  Which wanders on through fertile vales,
+    And looks like Peace by Plenty's side.
+
+  Joy and strife, and labour past,
+  In his grave he sinks at last!
+  Not the common river's tomb--
+  Not the ocean's mighty womb;
+  Into earth he melts away,
+  Like that very thing of clay,
+  Man, whose brief and checker'd course
+  He hath copied from his source.[4]
+
+  Farewell thou "Father Rhine," as they
+  Who dwell beside thee fondly say,
+  May thy delicious valley long
+  Echo the sweet and grateful song.
+  Which ever round the goblet rose--
+  And well thy minstrel's lay may close.
+
+
+Y.O.S.
+
+    [3] The Lake of Constance.
+
+    [4] The Rhine loses itself in the sands of Holland before its waters
+        can mingle with the sea.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+KATERFELTO.
+
+(_To the Editor._)
+
+
+In reply to the question of your correspondent--"Who was Katerfelto?" I
+am enabled to offer the few brief particulars which follow. With regard
+to his birth, parentage, and education, I am, however, not qualified to
+convey any information. I know not "to whom he was related, or by whom
+forgot." I became acquainted with him about the year 1790 or 1791, when
+he visited the City of Durham, accompanied by his wife and daughter. He
+then appeared to be about sixty years of age. His travelling equipage
+consisted of an old rumbling coach, a pair of sorry hacks, and two black
+servants. They wore green liveries with red collars, but the colours
+were sadly faded by long use.
+
+Having taken suitable apartments, the black servants were sent round the
+town, blowing trumpets and delivering bills, announcing their master's
+astonishing performances, which in the day time consisted in displaying
+the wonders of the microscope, &c. and in the evening in exhibiting
+electrical experiments, in the course of which he introduced his two
+celebrated black cats, generally denominated the Doctor's Devils--for,
+be it understood, that our hero went under the dignified style and
+title of _Doctor_ Katerfelto. Tricks of legerdemain concluded the
+evening's entertainments.
+
+The first night of the Doctor's performance was extremely wet, and the
+writer of this, who was then quite a boy, composed his whole audience.
+The Doctor's spouse invited me behind the curtains to the fire, on one
+side of which sat the great conjuror himself, his person being enveloped
+in an old green, greasy roquelaire, and his head decorated with a black
+velvet cap. On the other side of the fire-place sat Mrs. Katerfelto and
+daughter, in a corresponding style of dress--that is to say, equally
+ancient and uncleanly. The family appeared, indeed, to be in distressed
+circumstances. The Doctor told me the following odd anecdote:--Some time
+before he had sent up from a town in Yorkshire a fire-balloon, for the
+amusement of the country people, and at which they were not a little
+astonished; but in a few days afterwards the Doctor was himself more
+astonished on being arrested for having set fire to a hay rick! The
+balloon, it appeared, had in its descent fallen upon a rick, which it
+consumed, and the owner, having ascertained by whom the combustible
+material had been dispatched, arrested the doctor for the damage. As the
+Doctor was unable to pay the amount, he was obliged to go to prison,
+thus proving that it is sometimes easier to raise the devil than to
+"raise the wind." Having been admitted behind the scenes, I had an
+opportunity of seeing the conjuror's apparatus, but the performance
+was postponed to another evening.
+
+On the next night of the Doctor's appearance he had a tolerably
+respectable auditory, and the following incidents may amuse your
+readers, as they occasioned much laughter at the moment. Among the
+company was the Rev. Mr. P., a minor canon. The conjuror, in the course
+of his tricks, desired a card to be drawn from the pack, by one of the
+company, which was done, the card examined and returned into the pack,
+in the presence of the audience; but on the company being requested to
+take the card again from the pack, it could not be found. The Doctor
+said it must have been taken out by some one present, and civilly begged
+the reverend gentleman to search his pockets. Indignant at such an
+insinuation, the inflamed divine for some time refused to comply, but at
+length being persuaded, he drew forth the identical card, much to his
+own surprise and the amusement of the spectators. A similar trick was
+also played with some money, which unaccountably found its way into the
+reverend gentleman's pocket, a circumstance which put him out of all
+patience; and he proceeded most sternly to lecture the astounded Doctor
+for having practised his levity on a gentleman of his cloth, upon which,
+and threatening the poor conjuror with vengeance, he strode out of the
+room. Katerfelto declared that, although he was a conjuror, he did not
+know the gentleman was a divine.
+
+Katerfelto left Durham soon afterwards, and I have heard died at
+Bristol.
+
+_Pentonville._
+
+DUNELM.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+(_To the Editor._)
+
+A correspondent having expressed a wish to obtain some knowledge of
+Dr. Katerfelto, of juggling memory, perhaps the following may be
+acceptable: Between thirty and forty years ago he travelled through the
+principal towns of the northern counties with a caravan filled with
+philosophical apparatus, giving lectures where a sufficient audience
+could be collected. He appeared to be about five feet ten, rather thin,
+and towards fifty. He was dressed in a black gown and square cap; his
+apparatus was in excellent order, and very well managed, he conducted
+every experiment with great certainty, never failing; and though much
+knowledge might be gained from his lecture, people seemed more inclined
+to laugh than to learn; perhaps from his peculiar manner, and partly
+from his introducing something ludicrous, as on exhibiting the powers of
+a magnet, by lifting a large box, he observed it was not empty, and on
+opening the lid, five or six black cats put up their heads, which he
+instantly put down, saying, "it is not your hour yet." Also when about
+to prove the truth of what he advanced, by experiment, he had a strange
+way of calling your attention by saying, "But then look _here_,"
+raising his voice loud at the word "here." The lecture was succeeded
+by a display of legerdemain, in which I thought him very superior
+to Breslaw.
+
+It was said then, that he had originally been a soldier in the Prussian
+service, and had procured his discharge.
+
+J.G.
+
+P.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NOTES OF A READER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PUBLIC EXECUTIONS.
+
+
+Far better would it be if, in the few cases for which death ought to be
+inflicted, the execution were to take place within the walls of the
+prison, none being present except the proper officers, the clergyman,
+and those persons whom the sufferer might desire to have with him at his
+departure. The effect might possibly be impressive to some good end,
+which most certainly it is not now, if there were no other announcement
+than that of tolling a bell, when all was over, and hoisting a black
+flag, where it might be seen far and wide; and if the body of a murderer
+were carried under a pall, with some appropriate solemnity, to the place
+of dissection. Executions ought never to be made a spectacle for the
+multitude, who, if they can bear the sight, always regard it as a
+pastime; nor for the curiosity of those who shudder while they gratify
+it. Indeed, there are few circumstances in which it is not expedient
+that a veil should be drawn over the crimes and sufferings of our
+fellow-creatures; and it is greatly to be wished, that in all cases of
+turpitude and atrocity, no further publicity were given to the offence
+than is necessary for the ends of justice. For no one who is conversant
+with criminal courts, or has obtained any insight into the human mind,
+can entertain a doubt that such examples are infectious.--_Qry.
+Review._
+
+(There is so much sterling sense and knowledge of life displayed in
+these "Notes" from the last published _Quarterly Review_, that we
+continue their selection without apology to the reader.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BURNING ALIVE.
+
+Little more than fifty years have elapsed since a girl, just turned
+fourteen, was condemned to be burnt alive, having been found guilty of
+treason as an accomplice with her master in coining, because, at his
+command, she had concealed some whitewashed counters behind her stays.
+The master was hanged. The fagots were placed in readiness for her
+execution; and it was averred, in the House of Commons, by Sir William
+Meredith, at the time, that "the girl would have been burnt alive, on
+the same day, had it not been for the humane, but casual interference of
+Lord Weymouth." Mere accident saved the nation from this crime and this
+national disgrace; but so torpid was public feeling in those days, that
+the law remained unaltered till the year 1790; till which time the
+sheriff who did not execute a sentence of this kind was liable to
+prosecution; though, it may well be believed, no sheriff was then
+inhuman enough to adhere to the letter of such a law.--_Ibid._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PUBLIC AMUSEMENTS,
+
+As at present conducted, are said to do more harm than good. But though
+this should be admitted, it would still be true that they have even now
+their good as well as their evil; that there have been times when the
+good greatly preponderated; that they have contributed in no slight
+degree to civilization and refinement; and that in calling forth
+Shakspeare's genius, which, by no other means, and in no other way,
+could have been called forth with equal effect, they have done more good
+than outweighs all the evil that they ever have done, or can do. Public
+spectacles have been regarded in this light by the wisest legislators;
+nor is it only human authority which has given them its sanction; they
+made an essential part of the Jewish law; there is nothing opposed to
+them in the spirit of Christianity; and if they are at any time
+perverted to the gratification of evil passions, or the depravation
+of manners, the fault is in that public opinion which calls for
+and encourages such gratification, and in those governments which,
+neglecting their paramount duty, tolerate such perversion.--_Ibid._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LAW AND LAWYERS.
+
+It is related by Laud, in his Diary, that when he was standing one day,
+during dinner, near his unfortunate master, then Prince Charles, the
+prince, who was in cheerful spirits, talking of many things as occasion
+offered, said, that if necessity compelled him to choose any particular
+profession of life, he could not be a lawyer; "for," said he, "I can
+neither defend a bad cause, nor yield in a good one." "_Sic in
+majoribus succedas, in aeternum faustus!_" was the aspiration which
+his faithful servant and fellow victim breathed, when he recorded this
+trait of Christian character in private notes, which, beyond all doubt,
+were never intended to be seen by any eyes but his own. Even then, the
+practice had become so much an exercitation of subtlety, on the part of
+its professors, to the utter disregard of its original end and object,
+that, as Donne strongly expressed himself, the name of "law" had been
+"strumpeted." It has been asked, if this be the fault of the men or of
+the institutions--of the lawyers or of the law? and maintained that
+the original fault is in the law: a conclusion more charitable than
+satisfactory; for, by whom has the law been made what it is, but by
+the lawyers?
+
+By the Roman laws, every advocate was required to swear that he would
+not undertake a cause which he knew to be unjust, and that he would
+abandon a defence which he should discover to be supported by falsehood
+or iniquity. This is continued in Holland at this day; and if an
+advocate brings forward a cause there, which appears to the court
+plainly iniquitous, he is condemned in the costs of the suit: the
+example will, of course, be very rare; more than one, however, has
+occurred within the memory of persons who are now living. The possible
+inconvenience that a cause just in itself might not be able to find a
+defender, because of some strong and general prejudice concerning it, is
+obviated in that country by an easy provision: a party who can find no
+advocate, and is nevertheless persuaded of the validity of his cause,
+may apply to the court, which has, in such cases, the discretionary
+power of authorizing or appointing one.--_Ibid._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+RICH AND POOR.
+
+The most rational, the wisest, the best portion of mankind, belong
+to that class who possess "neither poverty nor riches." Let the reader
+look around him; let him observe who are the persons that contribute
+most to the moral and physical melioration of mankind; who they are
+that practically and personally support our unnumbered institutions
+of benevolence; who they are that exhibit the worthiest examples of
+intellectual exertion; who they are to whom he would himself apply if
+he needed to avail himself of a manly and discriminating judgment. That
+they are the poor is not to be expected; we appeal to himself, whether
+they are the rich?--_Dymond's Principles of Morality._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SUNDAY.
+
+A day of rest it is by the laws of the land, and ought to be by the
+laws of God--let us be thankful when we thus find them in agreement;
+but a day wholly dedicated to devotion it was not intended to be by
+either, nor in the nature of things can it possibly be so. The greater
+part of it must be spent in the quiet enjoyment of domestic life, or in
+out-of-door recreation, or in idleness. In the former and better manner
+it is passed by the majority of the middle classes; it is the day on
+which friends and relations meet, whom business keeps apart during six
+days of the week; and the stoppage of stage-coaches within twenty miles
+of London on the Sunday would take away more moral and wholesome
+enjoyment than any act of the legislature can produce. But supposing
+public worship were duly attended by all persons, as, according to what
+has now become a fiction of the law, it is designed to be, how are the
+remaining portions of the day to be disposed of by those who have no
+domestic circle to which they can repair--no opportunities for that
+refreshment both of body and mind, which the Sabbath, when wisely and
+properly observed, affords? Or who, if belonging to or placed in
+religious families, are not yet at years of such discretion as suffices
+to repress their natural activity and the instinctive desire of
+recreation? Rigorous gamelaws do not more certainly encourage poaching,
+than the puritanical observance of the Sabbath leads to
+Sabbath-breaking.--_Quarterly Review._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BURNS.
+
+This extraordinary man, before he produced any of the pieces on which
+his fame is built, had educated himself abundantly; and when he died,
+at the age of thirty-seven, knew more of books, as well as of men, than
+fifty out of a hundred in any of the learned professions in any country
+of the world are ever likely to do.--_Ibid._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE ETTRICK SHEPHERD.
+
+When the Ettrick Shepherd was first heard of, he had indeed but just
+learned to write, by copying the letters of a printed ballad, as he
+lay watching his flock on the mountains; but thirty years or more have
+passed since then, and his acquirements are now such, that the Royal
+Society of Literature, in patronizing him, might be justly said to
+honour a laborious and successful student, as well as a masculine and
+fertile genius. We may take the liberty of adding, in this place, what
+perhaps may not be known to the excellent managers of that excellent
+institution, that a more worthy, modest, sober, and loyal man does not
+exist in his majesty's dominions than this distinguished poet, whom some
+of his waggish friends have taken up the absurd fancy of exhibiting in
+print as a sort of boozing buffoon; and who is now, instead of revelling
+in the license of tavern-suppers and party politics, bearing up, as he
+may, against severe and unmerited misfortunes, in as dreary a solitude
+as ever nursed the melancholy of a poetical temperament.--_Ibid._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MR. ALLAN CUNNINGHAM
+
+Needs no testimony either to his intellectual accomplishments or his
+moral worth; nor, thanks to his own virtuous diligence, does he need
+any patronage. He has been fortunate enough to secure a respectable
+establishment in the _studio_ of a great artist, who is not less
+good than great, and would thus be sufficiently in the eye of the world,
+even were his literary talents less industriously exercised than they
+have hitherto been. His recent Lives of the British Painters and
+Sculptors form one of the most agreeable books in the language; and it
+will always remain one of the most remarkable and delightful facts in
+the history of letters, that such a work--one conveying so much valuable
+knowledge in a style so unaffectedly attractive--so imbued throughout,
+not only with lively sensibility, amiable feelings, honesty and candour,
+but mature and liberal taste, was produced by a man who, some twenty
+years before, earned his daily bread as a common stone-mason in the
+wilds of Nithsdale. Examples like these will plead the cause of
+struggling genius, wherever it may be found, more powerfully than
+all the arguments in the world.--_Ibid._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+DUELLING
+
+Is the only crime into which an upright man, wanting in moral
+firmness, can be impelled by the law of honour. Surely there could be
+no difficulty in putting an end to this absurd and abominable practice
+by wholesome laws. Appoint six months' imprisonment for the offence
+of sending a challenge, or of accepting it; two years if the parties
+meet; and if one falls, transport the other for life. Appoint the same
+punishment in all cases for the seconds; and from the day in which such
+a law should be enacted, not a pair of duelling pistols would ever again
+be manufactured in this country, even for the Dublin market.--_Ibid._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CARDINAL MAZARIN.
+
+The pecuniary wealth, the valuables and pictures of Mazarin, were
+immense. He was fond of hoarding,--a passion that seized him when he
+first found himself banished and destitute. His love of pictures was as
+strong as his love of power--stronger, since it survived. A fatal malady
+had seized on the cardinal, whilst engaged in the conferences of the
+treaty, and worn by mental fatigue. He brought it home with him to the
+Louvre. He consulted Guenaud, the great physician, who told him that he
+had two months to live. Some days after receiving this dread mandate,
+Brienne perceived the cardinal in night-cap and dressing gown tottering
+along his gallery, pointing to his pictures, and exclaiming, "Must I
+quit all these?" He saw Brienne, and seized him: "Look," exclaimed he,
+"look at that Correggio! this Venus of Titian! that incomparable Deluge
+of Caracci! Ah! my friend, I must quit all these. Farewell, dear
+pictures, that I loved so dearly, and that cost me so much!" His friend
+surprised him slumbering in his chair at another time, and murmuring,
+"Gueriaud has said it! Guenaud has said it!" A few days before his
+death, he caused himself to be dressed, shaved, rouged and painted,
+"so that he never looked so fresh and vermilion," in his life. In this
+state he was carried in his chair to the promenade, where the envious
+courtiers cruelly rallied, and paid him ironical compliments on his
+appearance. Cards were the amusement of his death-bed, his hand being
+held by others; and they were only interrupted by the visit of the Papal
+Nuncio, who came to give the cardinal that plenary indulgence to which
+the prelates of the sacred college are officially entitled. Mazarin
+expired on the 9th of March, 1661.
+
+_Lardner's Cyclopaedia_, vol. xv.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+"GOD SAVE THE KING" IN ITALY.
+
+On the 26th of December last, the King and Queen of Sardinia went
+in state to the _Carlo Felice_ Theatre at Genoa, and presented to
+the public, says an Italian correspondent, his niece, the betrothed
+bride of the heir-apparent of the house of Austria. At seven the court
+arrived, the curtain rose, and displayed the whole _corps dramatique_,
+who sang _Dio Salve il Re;_ or an Italian version of the words and
+music of our "God save the King," in which Madame Caradori took the
+principal part. Thus our national anthem is getting naturalized in
+Italy, the parent of song, and once the manufacturer of it for all
+Europe. It is already adopted in Russia, I am told, and is well known
+in France, though not likely to supplant the fine national air, "_Vive
+Henri Quatre_."--_Harmonicon, Feb._ 1.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS OF SHAKSPEARE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FLINT CASTLE.]
+
+
+This Castle is, or rather was, situated on an insulated rock, in
+a marsh on the river Dee, which still, at high tides, washes its walls.
+It is a site of considerable historical interest, being the place where
+the unhappy King Richard II was delivered into the hands of his rival,
+Bolingbroke. The unfortunate monarch, it appears, finding himself
+deserted, had withdrawn to North Wales, with a design to escape to
+France. He was, however, decoyed to agree to a conference with
+Bolingbroke, and on the road was seized by an armed force, conveyed to
+Flint Castle, and thence led by his successful rival to the metropolis.
+
+Shakspeare has perpetuated Flint Castle by its frequent mention in his
+"Life and Death of King Richard the Second." He has indeed invested it
+with high poetical interest. Thus, in Scene 2 of Act iii. where occurs
+that touching lament of unkingship--
+
+          ----Of comfort, no man speak:
+  Let's talk of graves, of worms, and epitaphs, &c.
+
+Again, where the moody monarch says--
+
+
+          ----What comfort have we now?
+  By heaven! I'll hate him everlastingly,
+  That bids me be of comfort any more.
+  Go, to _Flint Castle_, there I'll pine away;
+  A king, woe's slave, shall kingly woe obey.
+
+
+Then, the investiture of the Castle--"Scene 3.--_Wales--Before Flint
+Castle;" "Enter, with drums and colours_, BOLINGBROKE _and Forces."
+"A parle sounded, and answered.--Flourish.--Enter on the walls_
+KING RICHARD, &c." Shakspeare makes the capture _in the castle_.
+Thus, Northumberland (from Bolingbroke before the castle) parleys
+with the King--
+
+
+  My lord, in the base court he doth attend
+  To speak with you, may't please you to come down?
+
+                     KING RICHARD.
+
+  Down, down I come; like glistering Phaeton,
+  Wanting the management of unruly jades.
+                         (_North retires to Boling._)
+  In the base court? Base court, where kings grow base,
+  To come at traitors' calls, and do them grace.
+  In the base court? Come Down? Down Court, Down King!
+  For night-owls shriek where mounting larks should sing.
+                         (_Exeunt from above._)
+
+
+Richard has been described as a prince of surpassing beauty; but
+his mental powers did not correspond with his personal form, and his
+character was both weak and treacherous. He, however, had some redeeming
+points. His ordering some trees to be cut down at Sheen, because they
+too forcibly reminded him of his deceased wife Anne, in whose company
+he used to walk under them, affords a favourable testimony of his
+susceptibility of the social affections. Of this sensitiveness, there
+is also an interesting trait recorded by Froissart. From Flint Castle,
+Richard was conveyed to London, and immured within the Tower cells.
+While he was here one day conversing with Bolingbroke, his favourite
+greyhound, Math, having been loosed by his keeper, instead of running
+to the King, as usual, fawned upon the Duke. The latter inquiring the
+cause of this unusual circumstance, was answered--"This greyhound
+fondles and pays his court to you this day as King of England, which
+you will surely be, and I shall be deposed."
+
+To return to Flint Castle. After the civil wars under Charles I. it was
+ordered to be dismantled; but, among other rights, it was restored to
+Sir Roger Mostyn, after the Restoration, in whose family it is still
+vested, though the mayor of the borough acts as its constable.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WEBER AND DER FREISCHUTZ.
+
+In 1821, the newly-erected Royal Opera at Berlin was opened with "Der
+Freyschütz." The effect produced by the first representation of this
+romantic opera, which we shall never cease to regard as one of the
+proudest achievements of genius, was almost unprecedented. It was
+received with general acclamations, and raised his name at once to the
+first eminence in operatic composition. In January it was played in
+Dresden, in February at Vienna, and everywhere with the same
+success.--Weber alone seemed calm and undisturbed amid the general
+enthusiasm. He pursued his studies quietly, and was already deeply
+engaged in the composition of a comic opera, "The Three Pintos," never
+completed, and had accepted a commission for another of a romantic cast
+for the Vienna stage. The text was at first to have been furnished by
+Rellstab, but was ultimately written by Madame de Chezy, and written in
+so imperfect and impracticable a style, that, with all Rellstab's
+alterations never had a musician more to contend with than poor Weber
+had to do with this old French story. As it is, however, he has caught
+the spirit of the tale.
+
+  "Dance and Provençal song, and vintage mirth"
+
+
+breathe in his melodies; and although a perplexed plot and want of
+interest in the scene greatly impaired its theatrical effect, the
+approbation with which it was notwithstanding received by all judges
+of music on its first representation in Vienna (10th Oct. 1823)
+sufficiently attested the triumph of the composer over his difficulties.
+He was repeatedly called for and received with the loudest acclamations.
+From Vienna, where he was conducting his Euryanthe, he was summoned to
+Prague, to superintend the fiftieth representation of his "Freyschütz."
+His tour resembled a triumphal procession; for, on his return to
+Dresden, he was greeted with a formal public reception in the theatre.
+
+But while increasing in celebrity, and rising still higher, if that
+were possible, in the estimation of the public, his health was rapidly
+waning, amidst his anxious and multiplied duties. "Would to God," says
+he in a letter written shortly afterwards--"Would to God that I were a
+tailor, for then I should have a Sunday's holiday!" Meantime a cough,
+the herald of consumption, tormented him, and "the slow minings of the
+hectic fire" within began to manifest themselves more visibly in days
+and nights of feverish excitement. It was in the midst of this that he
+accepted the task of composing an opera for Covent Garden Theatre. His
+fame, which had gradually made its way through the North of Germany
+(where his Freyschütz was played in 1823) to England, induced the
+managers to offer him liberal terms for an opera on the subject of
+Oberon, the well-known fairy tale on which Wieland has reared his
+fantastic, but beautiful and touching comic Epos. He received the first
+act of Planché's manuscript in December, 1824, and forthwith began his
+labours, though he seems to have thought that the worthy managers,
+in the short time they were disposed to allow him, were expecting
+impossibilities, particularly as the first step towards its composition,
+on Weber's part, was the study of the English language itself, the right
+understanding of which, Weber justly considered as preliminary to any
+attempt to marry Mr. Planché's ephemeral verses to his own immortal
+music. These exertions increased his weakness so much, that he found
+it necessary to resort to a watering-place in the summer of 1825. In
+December he returned to Berlin, to bring out his Euryanthe there in
+person. It was received, as might have been anticipated, with great
+applause, though less enthusiastically than the Freyschütz, the wild
+and characteristic music of which, came home with more intensity to the
+national mind. After being present at two representations, he returned
+to his labours at Oberon.
+
+The work, finally, having been completed, Weber determined himself to
+be present at the representation of this his last production. He hoped,
+by his visit to London, to realize something for his wife and family;
+for hitherto, on the whole, poverty had been his companion. Want had,
+indeed, by unceasing exertion, been kept aloof, but still hovering
+near him, and threatening with the decline of his health, and his
+consequent inability to discharge his duties, a nearer and a nearer
+approach. Already he felt the conviction that his death was not far off,
+and that his wife and children would soon be deprived of that support
+which his efforts had hitherto afforded them. His intention was to
+return from London by Paris, where he expected to form a definitive
+arrangement relative to an opera which the Parisians had long requested
+from him.
+
+On the 2nd of March he left Paris for England, which he reached on
+the 4th amidst a heavy shower of rain--a gloomy opening to his visit.
+The first incident, however, that happened after his arrival, showed
+how highly his character and talents were appreciated. Instead of
+requiring to present himself as an alien at the Passport Office, he was
+immediately waited upon by the officer with the necessary papers, and
+requested to think of nothing but his own health, as everything would
+be managed for him. On the 6th he writes to his wife from London:
+
+"God be thanked! here I sit, well and hearty, already quite at home,
+and perfectly happy in the receipt of your dear letter, which assures
+me that you and the children are well; what more or what better could
+I wish for? After sleeping well and paying well at Dover, we set out
+yesterday morning in the Express coach, a noble carriage, drawn by four
+English horses, such as no prince need be ashamed of. With four persons
+within, four in front, and four behind, we dashed on with the rapidity
+of lightning, through this inexpressibly beautiful country: meadows of
+the loveliest green, gardens blooming with flowers, and every building
+displaying a neatness and elegance which form a striking contrast to
+the dirt of France. The majestic river, covered with ships of all sizes
+(among others, the largest ship of the line, of 148 guns), the graceful
+country houses, altogether made the journey perfectly unique."
+
+He took up his residence with Sir George Smart, where everything that
+could add to his comfort, or soothe his illness, had been provided by
+anticipation. He found his table covered with cards from visiters who
+had called before his arrival, and a splendid pianoforte in his room
+from one of the first makers, with a request that he would make use
+of it during his stay.
+
+"The whole day," he writes to his wife, "is mine till five--then dinner,
+the theatre, or society. My solitude in England is not painful to me.
+The English way of living suits mine exactly; and my little stock of
+English, in which I make tolerable progress, is of incalculable use
+to me.
+
+"Give yourself no uneasiness about the opera (Oberon), I shall have
+leisure and repose here, for they respect my time. Besides, the Oberon
+is not fixed for Easter Monday, but some time later; I shall tell you
+afterwards when. The people are really too kind to me. No king ever
+had more done for him out of love; I may almost say they carry me in
+their arms. I take great care of myself, and you may be quite at ease
+on my account. My cough is really a very odd one; for eight days it
+disappeared entirely; then, upon the 3rd (of March) a vile spasmodic
+attack returned before I reached Calais. Since that time it is quiet
+again. I cannot, with all the consideration I have given it, understand
+it at all. I sometimes deny myself every indulgence, and yet it comes.
+I eat and drink every thing, and it does not come. But be it as God will.
+
+"At seven o'clock in the evening we went to Covent Garden, where Rob
+Roy, an opera after Sir Walter Scott's novel, was played. The house
+is handsomely decorated, and not too large. When I came forward to the
+front of the stage-box, that I might have a better look of it, some one
+called out, Weber! Weber is here!--and although I drew back immediately,
+there followed a clamour of applause which I thought would never have
+ended. Then the overture to the Freyschütz was called for, and every
+time I showed myself the storm broke loose again. Fortunately, soon
+after the overture, Rob Roy began, and gradually things became
+quiet.--Could a man wish for more enthusiasm, or more love? I must
+confess that I was completely overpowered by it, though I am of a calm
+nature, and somewhat accustomed to such scenes. I know not what I would
+have given to have had you by my side, that you might have seen me in
+my foreign garb of honour. And now, my dear love, I can assure you that
+you may be quite at ease, both as to the singers and the orchestra.
+Miss Paton is a singer of the first rank, and will play Reiza divinely;
+Braham not less so, though in a totally different style. There are also
+several good tenors; and I really cannot see why the English singing
+should be so much abused. The singers have a perfectly good Italian
+education, fine voices, and expression. The orchestra is not remarkable,
+but still very good, and the choruses particularly so. In short, I feel
+quite at ease as to the fate of Oberon."
+
+The final production of the drama, however, was attended with more
+difficulty than he had anticipated. He had the usual prejudices to
+overcome, particular singers to conciliate, alterations to make, and
+repeated rehearsals to superintend, before he could inspire the
+performers with the proper spirit of the piece.
+
+"Braham," says he, "in another of his confidential letters to his wife,"
+(29th March, 1826) "begs for a grand scena instead of his first air,
+which, in fact, was not written for him, and is rather high. The thought
+of it was at first quite horrible; I could not hear of it. At last
+I promised, when the opera was completed, if I had time enough, it should
+be done; and now this grand scena, a confounded battle piece and what
+not, is lying before me, and I am about to set to work, yet with the
+greatest reluctance. What can I do? Braham knows his public, and is
+idolized by them. But for Germany I shall keep the opera as it is.
+I hate the air I am going to compose (to-day I hope) by anticipation.
+Adieu, and now for the battle. * * * * So, the battle is over, that is
+to say, half the scene. To-morrow shall the Turks roar, the French shout
+for joy, the warriors cry out victory!"
+
+The battle was, indeed, nearly over with Weber. The tired forces of
+life, though they bore up gallantly against the enemy, had long been
+wavering at their post, and now in fact only one brilliant movement
+remained to be executed before they finally retreated from the field
+of existence. This was the representation of Oberon, which for a time
+rewarded him for all his toils and vexations. He records his triumph
+with a mixture of humility, gratitude, affection, and piety.
+
+
+"12th April, 1826.
+
+"My best beloved Caroline! Through God's grace and assistance, I have
+this evening met with the most complete success. The brilliancy and
+affecting nature of the triumph is indescribable. God alone be thanked
+for it! When I entered the orchestra, the whole of the house, which was
+filled to overflowing, rose up, and I was saluted with huzzas, waving
+of hats and handkerchiefs, which I thought would never have done. They
+insisted on encoring the overture. Every air was interrupted twice or
+thrice by bursts of applause. * * * So much for this night, dear life.
+From your heartily tired husband, who, however, could not sleep in
+peace until he had communicated to you this new blessing of heaven.
+Good-night."
+
+But his joy was interrupted by the gradual decline of his health.
+The climate of London brought back all those symptoms which his
+travelling had for a time alleviated or dissipated. After directing
+twelve performances of his Oberon in crowded houses, he felt himself
+completely exhausted and dispirited.--His melancholy was not abated
+by the ill success of his concert, which, from causes which we cannot
+pretend to explain, was no benefit to the poor invalid. His next
+letters are in a desponding tone.
+
+
+"17th April, 1826.
+
+"To-day is enough to be the death of any one. A thick, dark,
+yellow fog overhangs the sky, so that one can hardly see in the
+house without candles. The sun stands powerless, like a ruddy point,
+in the clouds. No: there is no living in this climate. The longing
+I feel for Hosterwitz, and the clear air, is indescribable. But
+patience,--patience,--one day rolls on after another; two months are
+already over. I have formed an acquaintance with Dr. Kind, a nephew of
+our own Kind. He is determined to make me well. God help me, that will
+never happen to me in this life. I have lost all hope in physicians and
+their art. Repose is my best doctor, and henceforth it shall be my sole
+object to obtain it. * * * * *
+
+"To-morrow is the first representation of my (so called) rival's
+opera, 'Aladdin.' I am very curious to see it. Bishop is a man of
+talent, though of no peculiar invention. I wish him every success.
+There is room enough for all of us in the world."
+
+
+"30th May.
+
+"Dearest Lina, excuse the shortness and hurry of this. I have so
+many things on hand, writing is painful to me--my hands tremble so.
+Already too impatience begins to awaken in me. You will not receive
+many more letters from me. Address your answer not to London, but to
+Frankfort--_poste restante_. You are surprised? Yes, I don't go
+by Paris. What should I do there--I cannot move--I cannot speak---all
+business I must give up for years. Then better, better, the straight way
+to my home--by Calais, Brussels, Cologne, and Coblentz, up the Rhine
+to Frankfort--a delightful journey. Though I must travel slowly, rest
+sometimes half a day, I think in a fortnight, by the end of June,
+I shall be in your arms.
+
+"If God will, we shall leave this on 12th June, if heaven will vouchsafe
+me a little strength. Well, all will go better if we are once on the
+way--once out of this wretched climate. I embrace you from my heart,
+my dear ones--ever your loving father Charles."
+
+This letter, the last but one he ever wrote, shows the rapid decline of
+his strength, though he endeavours to keep up the spirits of his family
+by a gleam of cheerfulness. His longing for home now began to increase
+till it became a pang. On the 6th of June he was to be present at the
+Freyschütz, which was to be performed for his benefit, and then to leave
+London for ever. His last letter, the thirty-third he had written from
+England, was dated the second of June. Even here, though he could
+scarcely guide the pen, anxious to keep up the drooping spirits of his
+wife, he endeavours to speak cheerfully, and to inspire a hope of his
+return.
+
+"As this letter will need no answer, it will be short enough. Need no
+answer! Think of that! Furstenau has given up the idea of his concert,
+so perhaps we shall be with you in two days sooner--huzza! God bless you
+all and keep you well! O were I only among you! I kiss you in thought,
+dear mother. Love me also, and think always of your Charles, who loves
+you above all."
+
+On Friday the 3rd of June, he felt so ill, that the idea of his
+attending at the representation of "Der Freyschütz" was abandoned, and
+he was obliged to keep his room. On Sunday evening, the 5th, he was left
+at eleven o'clock in good spirits, and at seven next morning was found
+dead upon his pillow, his head resting upon his hand, as though he
+had passed from life without a struggle. The peaceful slumber of the
+preceding evening seemed to have gradually deepened into the sleep
+of death.
+
+He was interred on the 21st, with the accustomed solemnities of the
+Catholic Church, in the chapel at Moorfields, the Requiem of Mozart
+being introduced into the service. In person, Weber is described
+as having been of the middle height, extremely thin, and of dark
+complexion. His countenance was strikingly intelligent, his face long
+and pale, his forehead remarkably high, his features prominent, his
+eyes dark and full. His usual look was one of calm placid thought, an
+expression which was increased in some degree by spectacles, which he
+wore on account of his shortness of sight. The force and acuteness of
+his mind were indicated in the occasional brilliancy of the expression
+of his countenance; the habitual patience and mildness of his
+disposition, in its permanent look of placidity and repose.--_From an
+interesting paper in No. XIII. of the Foreign Quarterly Review._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+DIRGE.
+
+
+  The moon was a-waning,
+    The tempest was over;
+  Fair was the maiden,
+    And fond was the lover;
+  But the snow was so deep,
+    That his heart it grew weary,
+  And he sunk down to sleep,
+    In the moorland so dreary.
+
+  Soft was the bed
+    She had made for her lover,
+  White were the sheets
+    And embroider'd the cover;
+  But his sheets are more white,
+    And his canopy grander,
+  And sounder he sleeps
+    Where the hill foxes wander.
+
+  Alas, pretty maiden,
+    What sorrows attend you!
+  I see you sit shivering,
+    With lights at your window;
+  But long may you wait
+    Ere your arms shall enclose him,
+  For still, still he lies,
+    With a wreath on his bosom.
+
+  How painful the task
+    The sad tidings to tell you!--
+  An orphan you were,
+    Ere this misery befell you;
+  And far in yon wild,
+    Where the dead-tapers hover,
+  So cold, cold and wan,
+    Lies the corpse of your lover.
+
+
+_The Ettrick Shepherd._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+MANNERS & CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PREPARATIONS OF MILK, PARTICULARLY OF MARES' MILK, USED BY THE KALMUCK
+TARTARS.
+
+The ordinary drink of the Kalmucks, and which forms an essential part
+of their food, consists of various preparations of the milk supplied by
+their cattle. The mares yield milk as well as the cows; and, for several
+reasons, they prefer the former. When fresh, this milk has a taste of
+onions, which is very repulsive; but, in proportion as it sours, if the
+operation is performed with cleanliness, it becomes more liquid than the
+other, acquires an agreeable vinous taste, and neither forms cream nor
+coagulates. In this state, it furnishes a wholesome and refreshing
+drink, and which, when in sufficient quantity, froths in a remarkable
+degree. The cow's milk, on the contrary, both on account of the cheesy
+matter which it contains and its disagreeable taste, becomes unpleasant
+to drink when it sours; and, in persons not accustomed to it, induces
+colics and diarrhoeas, although the Kalmucks  themselves experience no
+inconvenience from it, unless they have neglected to boil it. This they
+do, in the first place, and never use it until it has undergone this
+operation, without which they would be exposed to the inconveniences
+with which sour milk affects Europeans. In like manner, the Kalmucks
+do not relish water that has not been boiled. Poor persons, to prevent
+their being reduced to the necessity of drinking it pure, mix it with
+their milk, in the proportion of a third part or half, in order to make
+the most of the latter as a drink.
+
+The milk is therefore heated as soon as it is withdrawn from the animal;
+and, when warm, it is poured into a large skin bottle, with which the
+poorest hut is furnished, and in which there is always a remnant of sour
+milk sufficient to sour the new milk, after it has been stirred with a
+stick kept for the purpose. Those bottles are never washed or cleaned:
+they are therefore always incrusted with cheese and dirt, and the smell
+admitted by them is sufficient to show what they contain. But it is
+precisely in this that the secret for making the milk undergo the vinous
+fermentation consists. If it be intended to sour milk in empty or new
+bottles, all that is necessary is to put into them the least drop of the
+milk-brandy to be presently described, or a little of the curdled milk
+that is found in the stomach of young lambs.
+
+All the preparations of milk are comprehended under the name of Tchigan.
+The drinks prepared from pure mare's milk (the Koumys of the Tartars),
+are named Gunna Tchigan, or Horse Tchigan; those into which mares' milk
+and cow's milk enter are called Besrek;--sour cows' milk is named Airek;
+and all kinds of fresh milk, Ussoun.
+
+In summer, and in general whenever their flocks yield them much milk,
+the Kalmucks do not fail to inebriate themselves with the strong drink
+which they derive from it. Mares' milk affords most spirit, and the milk
+of the cow affords much less, especially in winter, when the fodder is
+dry. Sheep's milk is never employed, as it does not contain spirit.
+
+The milk intended for distillation is only allowed to remain twenty-four
+hours, in summer, in the skin-bottles to sour; but in winter, and in
+cold weather, it may be left two or three days to be rendered fit for
+distillation. The cream is not taken off; on the contrary, the milk is
+agitated very strongly, from time to time, with the stick, and the
+butter which forms of itself on the milk, or even on the common Tchigan,
+is removed and employed for other uses.
+
+Notwithstanding the numerous testimonies on the subject, and the daily
+experience, not of the nomadic tribes alone, but also of all the
+Russians, many people in Europe cannot conceive how a spirituous and
+inebriating liquor could be obtained from milk. But it cannot be
+supposed that those travellers who have repeatedly seen these tribes
+distil their brandy from milk, without adding the least vegetable matter
+to the original liquid, and then, in their unbridled passion for
+debauch, drink until they stagger and fall, have said so merely to
+impose upon the public. Nor can it be objected that the weakness of
+their head renders them liable to be easily inebriated by the vapours of
+the milk, for the Kalmucks can take very large quantities of grain
+brandy without losing the use of their legs; and there are Russians,
+who, although professedly great drinkers, are sooner inebriated than the
+Kalmucks by milk-brandy, and often even by the sour milk of mares, and
+yet are extremely fond of this kind of drink. I am aware that strangers
+have in vain tried to make milk-brandy. I shall even confess that I had
+a trial made under my own eyes, at Selenginsk, by Kalmucks, and was so
+unsuccessful, that I only obtained a watery fluid which had the smell of
+sour milk; but the reason of this was, that two clean vessels had been
+used. On the contrary, whenever I allowed these people to use their own
+vessels, abundant alcoholic vapours were procured. It is, therefore, an
+important point to determine, by means of vessels impregnated by long
+use with a strong smell, and the remains of sour milk, that sudden
+souring which developes a spirituous principle. This fermentation of a
+rare species, and entirely _sui generis_, can only be brought to
+the desired perfection by frequent repetition of the process, just as,
+according to Russel,[5] the thick milk (_leban_), which the Arabs
+habitually use for making cheese, can only be obtained by producing the
+coagulation of the fresh milk by means of a milk previously curdled, or,
+in other words, by the cohobation many times repeated of curdled milk.
+
+After describing the process of distillation, Pallas remarks, if
+the brandy is made from cows' milk, what is obtained is equal to the
+thirtieth, or at most to the twenty-fifth part of the mass; but when
+from mares' milk, it equals the fifteenth part. The new fluid is pale
+and watery, and does not inflame; but it keeps without spoiling, in
+glass bottles, like weak corn-brandy. The rich Kalmucks render it
+stronger by several distillations, and they have names for the products
+of each rectification. The _arki_ is named _dang_ after its first
+rectification; _arza_, after the second; _khortsa_, after the third.
+They seldom go farther, although the rectifications are sometimes pushed to
+six. The names given to the two last are _chingsta_ and _dingsta_. The
+Kalmucks are generally, however, content with the products of the first
+distillation.
+
+The receiver has scarcely been filled, when they pour the brandy warm
+from it into a large wooden vessel with a spout, from which they fill
+leather bottles, or gourds.
+
+It is customary for the host, with whom the company is then, to pour
+brandy into a vessel, and afterwards to throw part of it into the fire,
+and part towards the hole by which the smoke issues to render the
+spirits of the air or his tutelary angel propitious. Lastly, the warm
+brandy circulates among the company, composed of kinsfolk and friends,
+in large cups, which often do not hold less than a bottle. If a little
+is left, it is heated again before it is drunk. This milk-brandy, on
+account of the aqueous parts which it contains, does not inebriate so
+easily when a small quantity is taken, as brandy made from grain; but
+it is found, by the example of the Russians and all the tribes of the
+Steppes, that the drunkenness which it causes continues longer, and
+entirely destroys the appetite. On the other hand, it does not produce
+violent head-aches, like corn-brandy.
+
+The rich Kalmucks and Mongols are in the habit, when they pass the
+winter near towns, of distilling with or without milk brandy from
+leavened bread. The product, it is said, is stronger, and has a keener
+taste than milk-brandy. The residuum of the distillation of milk-brandy,
+which is sharp, and has a smell like wine lees, is applied to various
+uses. Sometimes it is mixed with fresh milk, and immediately eaten;
+sometimes it is applied for preparing sheep and lamb skins; sometimes
+the women boil it, either by itself, or, if it is too sharp, with a
+mixture of sweet milk, until it thickens, and then pour the cheesy
+substance into bags, which, when thoroughly dried, they throw into
+heaps. They also, like the Tartar tribes, frequently form it into round
+cakes, which they dry in the sun, and keep principally for journeys and
+for winter use. The residuum of distillation is called _bosson_,
+and by the Mongols _tsakha_.--The cheese formed in heaps is named
+_chourmyk_, that in cakes, _thorossoun_.
+
+They make another kind of cheese also, chiefly of sheep's and goats'
+milk. The fresh milk is put into a kettle with a like sour milk
+(_ederecksen ussun_), or some remnant of brandy (_bossah_).
+They are well mixed, and then left for some time to sour. Fire is
+then put under the kettle, and the mixture is stirred while it boils
+briskly, that the cheesy parts may be converted into a kind of froth
+(_koosoun_). When all the aqueous parts of the milk are expelled by
+boiling, it little butter is added. The whole is again stirred, and left
+upon the fire until the froth begins to dry and turn brown. It is then
+ready, and if properly prepared, has an agreeable taste.
+
+The Kalmucks make their butter in the following manner: A sufficient
+quantity of cows' or sheep's milk is put into a kettle, and boiled
+for some time, after which there is added a little sour milk cream
+(_areyn_). It is then withdrawn, and allowed to stand until it
+sours, which does not require a whole day. This milk is then beaten with
+a kind of butterstick, and poured into an earthen pot or other vessel,
+when the decomposed butter comes to the surface, and is placed in
+vessels, skins, or dried stomachs, in which it is kept. If the milk
+still seems to contain fat, it is again treated in the same manner.
+This milk is called _toussoun_ by the Kalmucks, and _oeroemae_ by
+the Tartars.--_Jameson's Journal._
+
+    [5] Russel's Aleppo, p. 54.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SOMERSET.
+
+In Congresbury parish, and the contiguous one of Puxton, were two large
+pieces of common land, called East and West Dale Moors, (from the Saxon
+_Dob_, share or portion) which were occupied till within these few
+years in the following remarkable manner:--The land was divided into
+single acres, each bearing a peculiar mark cut in the turf, such as a
+horn, an ox, a horse, a cross, an oven, &c. On the Saturday before Old
+Midsummer Day, the several proprietors of contiguous estates or their
+tenants, assembled on these commons, with a number of apples marked
+with similar figures, which were distributed by a boy to each of the
+commoners from a bag; at the close of the distribution, each person
+repaired to allotment with the figure corresponding with the one upon
+his apple, and took possession of that piece of land for the ensuing
+year. Four acres were reserved to pay the expenses of an  entertainment
+at the house of the Overseer of the Dale Moors, when the evening was
+spent in festivity.
+
+_Rutter's Division of Somerset._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+  A snapper up of unconsidered trifles.
+  SHAKESPEARE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SLEEPING IN CHURCH.
+
+_From a Sermon by Swift._
+
+(It may be somewhat derogatory to the genius of so great a writer
+as SWIFT, to allow this extract to occupy its present place in our
+arrangement--usually allotted to minor pieces. Our "Notes" are, for
+the most part, from new books, and a similar object is explained in our
+"Selector." We could hardly place "Sleeping in Church" under "Manners
+and Customs," and sleep altogether is rather prospective, (in dreaming,)
+than "Retrospective."--Yet reader, here it is--a still subject--but
+fresh, vigorous, and written for all time.)
+
+There is one moral disadvantage to which all preaching is subject; that
+those who, by the wickedness of their lives, stand in greatest need,
+have usually the smallest share; for either they are absent upon the
+account of idleness, or spleen, or hatred to religion, or in order to
+doze away the intemperance of the week; or, if they do come, they are
+sure to employ their minds rather any other way, than regarding or
+attending to the business of the place.
+
+There is no excuse so trivial, that will not pass upon some men's
+consciences to excuse their attendance at the public worship of God.
+Some are so unfortunate as to be always indisposed on the Lord's day,
+and think nothing so unwholesome as the air of a church. Others have
+their affairs so oddly contrived, as to be always unluckily prevented by
+business. With some it is a great mark of wit, and deep understanding,
+to stay at home on _Sundays_. Others again discover strange fits
+of laziness, that seize them, particularly on that day, and confine
+them to their beds. Others are absent out of mere contempt of religion.
+And, lastly, there are not a few who look upon it as a day of rest, and
+therefore claim the privilege of their castle, to keep the Sabbath by
+eating, drinking, and sleeping, after the toil and labour of the week.
+Now in all this the worst circumstance is, that these persons are such
+whose companies are most required, and who stand most in need of a
+physician.
+
+But of all misbehaviour, none is comparable to that of those who come
+here to sleep; opium is not so stupifying to many persons as an
+afternoon sermon. Perpetual custom hath so brought it about, that the
+words, of whatever preacher, become only a sort of uniform sound at
+a distance, than which nothing is more effectual to lull the senses.
+For, that it is the very sound of the sermon which bindeth up their
+faculties, is manifest from hence, because they all awake so very
+regularly as soon as it ceaseth, and with much devotion receive the
+blessing, dozed and besotted with indecencies I am ashamed to repeat.
+
+One cause of this neglect is, a heart set upon worldly things. Men
+whose minds are much enslaved to earthly affairs all the week, cannot
+disengage or break the chain of their thoughts so suddenly, as to apply
+to a discourse that is wholly foreign to what they have most at heart.
+Tell an usurer of charity, and mercy, and restitution, you talk to the
+deaf; his heart and soul, with all his senses, are got among his bags,
+or he is gravely asleep, and dreaming of a mortgage. Tell a man of
+business, that the cares of the world choke the good seed; that we must
+not encumber ourselves with much serving; that the salvation of his
+soul is the one thing necessary. You see, indeed, the shape of a man
+before you, but his faculties are all gone off among clients and papers,
+thinking how to defend a bad cause, or find flaws in a good one; or, he
+weareth out the time in drowsy nods.
+
+There are many who place abundance of merit in going to church, although
+it be with no other prospect but that of being well entertained, wherein
+if they happen to fail, they return wholly disappointed. Hence it is
+become an impertinent vein among people of all sorts to hunt after what
+they call a good sermon, as if it were a matter of pastime and diversion.
+
+This indecent sloth is very much owing to that luxury and excess men
+usually practise upon this day, by which half the service thereof is
+turned to sin; men dividing the time between God and their bellies,
+when, after a gluttonous meal, their senses dozed and stupified, they
+retire to God's house to sleep out the afternoon. Surely, brethren,
+these things ought not so to be.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A CONVINCING PROOF.
+
+Miss D. had the misfortune to become what the language of our neighbours
+delicately expresses by the compound word _fille-mère_, and wished to
+bestow, or rather to force, the honours of paternity on the prince. The
+subject of dispute having been brought into his presence, he glanced at
+the child's raven air, and coolly observed, "to convince me that this girl
+is mine, you must prove that black is white."--_Cabinet Library--Life
+and Reign of George IV._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ASTRONOMY.
+
+A facetious fellow, after reading the Report of the Astronomical Society
+for the past year, (which is very favourable) observed, "Well! Astronomy
+is looking up."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE PENNANT.
+
+The following shows the derivation of pennant at the head of the
+mainmast of a man of war:--
+
+When Van Trump was sweeping the seas with his men of war, by way of a
+boast he put a _broom_ at the head of his mast, for which, when
+Elizabeth had notice, she desired all her men of war to mount a _long
+strip of linen_ at the head of their masts, as much as to say she
+would _flog_ them soundly if they dared to molest her.
+
+GEO. ST. CLAIR.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CHESTNUTS
+
+Are sold at the corners of every street in Florence, in seven different
+forms: raw, cooked, and hot, both roasted and boiled; dried by heat,
+(the skins being taken off,) in which state they have a much sweeter and
+superior flavour; and made into bread, a sort of stiff pudding; and into
+thin cakes like pancakes.[6] This valuable fruit constitutes a
+considerable portion of the food of the lower classes, who must daily
+consume in Florence some tons.
+
+    [6] In the confectioner's shops at Paris, they are sold peeled,
+        baked, and iced with sugar. We can answer for their being very
+        delicious.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Lord Hudson, in Queen Elizabeth's time, said, "To have courage to
+observe an affront, is to be even with an adversary. To have the
+patience to forgive it, is to be above him."
+
+C.B.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+DEATH AMONGST LIONS.
+
+It is remarkable that in 1438, all the lions in the Tower of London
+died.
+
+T. GILL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ANTIQUITY OF PORTERS.
+
+Saccarii, among the Romans were a company or fraternity of porters,
+who had the sole privilege to carry all goods from the harbour to the
+warehouses, none being allowed to employ their own slaves, and much less
+those of others, for that purpose.
+
+The modern _Saccarii_, alias tackle porters and ticket porters, are
+well known to Londoners, and have been thus poetized by Gay:
+
+  "If drawn by business to a street unknown,
+  Let the _sworn porter_ point thee through the town."
+
+
+These _portly gentry_ have been compared to kings. Howel says, "It is
+with _kings_ sometimes as with _porters_, whose packs may jostle
+one against the other, yet remain good friends still."
+
+N.B. This is a _knotty_ subject.
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+STANZAS ON MADAME VESTRIS HAVING ESTABLISHED A THEATRE OF HER OWN.
+
+_Written by Sir Lumley Skeffington._
+
+
+  Now Vestris, the tenth of the Muses,
+    To Mirth rears a fanciful dome,
+  We mark, while delight she infuses,
+    The Graces find beauty at home.
+  In her eye such vivacity glitters,
+    To her voice such perfections belong,
+  That care and the life it embitters,
+    Find balm in the sweets of her song.
+
+  When monarchs o'er valleys are ranging,
+    A court is transferr'd to the green;
+  And flowers, transplanted, are changing
+    Not fragrance, but merely the scene.
+  'Tis circumstance dignifies places;
+    A desert is charming with spring!
+  And pleasure finds twenty new graces,
+    Wherever the Vestris may sing!
+
+_Times._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LORD ANSON.
+
+(_To the Editor._)
+
+Being in Sussex a short time since, I observed at a public-house
+adjoining the Duke of Richmond's, at Goodwood, the figure head of the
+Centurion, the ship in which Lord Anson sailed round the world. On the
+pedestal that supported it against the house, are the following lines:--
+
+  Stay traveller awhile and view
+  One who has travelled more than you,
+  Quite round the world, through each degree,
+  Anson and I have ploughed the sea,
+  Torrid and frigid zones have past,
+  And safe at home arrived at last.
+
+
+There follow two other lines, which are almost unintelligible.
+
+O.P.Q.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic;
+and by all Newsmen and Booksellers._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, by Various
+
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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
+<title>The Mirror of Literature, Issue 477.</title>
+  <style type="text/css">
+  <!--
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+  p                    {text-align: justify;}
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+  pre                  {font-size: 0.7em;}
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+  hr.full              {width: 100%;}
+  html>body hr.full    {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;}
+  .note, .footnote     {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;}
+  span.pagenum         {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt;}
+  .poem                {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;}
+  .poem .stanza        {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;}
+  .poem p              {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+  .poem p.i2           {margin-left: 1em;}
+  .poem p.i4           {margin-left: 2em;}
+  .poem p.i6           {margin-left: 3em;}
+  .poem p.i8           {margin-left: 4em;}
+  .figure              {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em; margin: auto;}
+  .figure img          {border: none;}
+  -->
+  </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction
+       Volume 17, No. 477, Saturday, February 19, 1831
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: June 9, 2004 [EBook #12568]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, VOL. 477 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David Garcia and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+ <hr class="full" />
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page129" name="page129"></a>[pg 129]</span>
+  <h1>THE MIRROR<br />
+  OF<br />
+  LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
+  <hr class="full" />
+  <table width="100%" summary="Banner">
+    <tr>
+      <td align="left"><b>VOL. XVII, NO. 477.]</b></td>
+      <td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 19, 1831.</b></td>
+      <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+  <hr class="full" />
+<div class="figure" style="width: 100%;">
+<a href="images/477-1.png"><img width="100%" src="images/477-1.png"
+alt="Mount St. Michael, Normandy." /></a>
+MOUNT ST. MICHAEL, NORMANDY.
+</div>
+<h2>
+	MOUNT ST. MICHAEL, NORMANDY.
+</h2>
+<p>
+The interest attached to this extraordinary place is of so popular
+a character as fully to justify its introduction to our pages. It is
+situate at the southern extremity of the ancient province of Normandy,
+a district of considerable importance in the early histories of France
+and England. The "Mount" is likewise one of the most stupendous of
+Nature's <i>curiosities</i>, it being <i>one mass of granite</i>, and
+referred to by geologists as a fine specimen of that primary or
+primitive rock; or, to speak untechnically, of that rock "which is most
+widely spread over the globe in the lowest relative situation," and
+which contains no remains of a former world.<a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a> St. Michael's therefore
+stands pre-eminently in the sublime philosophy of Nature. It figures
+also in the page of man's history: its early celebrity is recognised in
+the chronicles of olden France and England; and it promises note in the
+history of our own times; since to this monastic spot will the political
+balance of France, in all probability, exile the person of the ambitious
+Polignac, ex-minister of France. The reader will perhaps suspect the
+political concatenation of Lulworth Castle, the Hotel de Ville, and the
+Palais Royal in our last volume; and the Prison of Vincennes and Mount
+St. Michael in the present. Instead of catching "the manners living as
+they <i>rise</i>," we appear to be looking out for crowns and ministers
+headlong as they <i>fall</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+St. Michael's is in that portion of Normandy which is not often visited
+by English tourists. One of its recent visitors was Mrs. Charles
+Stothard, wife of the distinguished artist, who, in 1820, published
+a narrative of her journey in, the autumn of 1818. Mrs. Stothard's
+description of the "Mount" is dated from Avranches, a coast town of some
+consequence, not far from Caen. Speaking of the delightfully situated
+town of Avranches, the fair correspondent says,
+</p>
+<p>
+"Beyond, in the midst of the sea, arises 400 feet above the surface of
+the water, the majestic rock of Mount St. Michael, and near it another,
+but smaller rock, called the Tombalaine.
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page130" name="page130"></a>[pg 130]</span>
+In the distant and blue horizon
+appears the long and extending land of Britanny, mingling with the
+surrounding atmosphere, from which it is alone distinguished by
+a faint and uncertain line, that, like the prospect of our future
+years, impresses the mind with a deeper interest from its distant and
+impenetrable form. Mount St. Michael is a league in circumference; in
+some parts of the rock is perpendicular; it is flooded entirely at high
+water, but when the tide is out, the rock may be approached by the
+sands; some danger, however, attends the passage to those who are not
+perfectly well acquainted with the track, as many quicksands intercept,
+where travellers have frequently been lost.
+</p>
+<p>
+"There is a small town on Mount St. Michael. The castle, which stands at
+the top, is accessible by steps cut in the solid rock. In the year 708,
+St. Aubert, Bishop of Avranches, here first created the chapel dedicated
+to St. Michael; in 966, Richard the first Duke of Normandy, established
+a convent of monks of the order of St. Benoit, and in 1024, Richard
+the second Duke of Normandy, built the church, which still exists. The
+provisions that supply the fortress, are sent up in a basket drawn by a
+machine. Tradition says, that there was in this castle an obligatory, or
+concealed trap-door, where, in feudal times, persons were taken, whom
+the state directed should be secretly put out of the way. Under pretext,
+of showing them the castle, they were conducted into a remote chamber,
+there they soon met their destined fate, for chancing to step upon the
+concealed door, they were precipitated into the abyss, many hundred feet
+below. They still exhibit at this fortress the sword and shield of St.
+Michael, and some cannon left by the English, when they made a fruitless
+attempt to take possession of the rock. Here it was that in former
+times, the Kings of France and the Dukes of Britanny made frequent
+pilgrimages, and performed penance at the shrine of St. Michael."
+</p>
+<p>
+The lofty situation of the church appears to be peculiar to the churches
+dedicated to St. Michael. In many parts of the world they are built on
+very lofty eminences, in allusion, it is said, to St. Michael's having
+been the highest of the heavenly host. St. Michael's, in Cornwall, is
+another confirmation of this remark.
+</p>
+<p>
+We have the pleasure of acknowledging the original of our Engraving
+from an elegant Print Scrap Book, now in course of publication by Mr.
+H. Dawe. It consists of well executed mezzotinto prints which are worthy
+of the album of any fair subscriber.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	NIOBE.
+</h3>
+<center>
+(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)
+</center>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Hush'd are the groans of death, heart-piercing sound,</p>
+           <p>  That mournful rose in peals on peals around;</p>
+           <p>  Child after child by heav'nly darts expires,</p>
+           <p>  And frequent corses feed the gloomy pyres.</p>
+           <p>  Aghast she stands!&mdash;now here in wild amaze&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  Now there the mother casts her madd'ning gaze:</p>
+           <p>  In fixedness of grief, in dumb despair,</p>
+           <p>  Her looks, her mien, her inmost soul declare:</p>
+           <p>  Her looks, her mien, her deep-sunk anguish show</p>
+           <p>  With all the silent eloquence of woe.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  See! from her cheek the rosy lustre flies;</p>
+           <p>  How dim the beams that sparkled in her eyes.</p>
+           <p>  No more so softly heaves the throbbing breast;</p>
+           <p>  The purple currents in their channels rest;&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  No more the Zephyr's balmy breath can wave</p>
+           <p>  The graceful locks which laughing Hebe gave;&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  And fade those lips where fresh vermilion shone,</p>
+           <p>  Cold as the clay, or monumental stone;&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  O'er all her limbs an icy numbness spreads,</p>
+           <p>  And marble death eternal quiet sheds.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  <a id="footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a>Great sculptor hail! whom Nature's self design'd</p>
+           <p>  To trace the labyrinths of the human mind&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  To read the heart, and give with strong control,</p>
+           <p>  To stone the silent workings of the soul:</p>
+           <p>  Thine all-creative hand, thy matchless skill</p>
+           <p>  Could what unbounded genius plann'd, fulfil.</p>
+           <p>  Hence sprang that grief-wrung form&mdash;the languid eye&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  The bloodless lip, and look of agony&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  That face, where mute contending passions play&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  That life of pain, of anguish, and dismay.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  To sink she seems beneath the afflictive weight</p>
+           <p>  Of gloomy cares portentous of her fate;&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  Yet on her brow still soft Affection beams,</p>
+           <p>  Tho' Desperation prompts her sombre dreams.</p>
+           <p>  Parental feelings thrill her tortur'd breast,</p>
+           <p>  And all the frantic mother stands confest&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  A very Niobe&mdash;sad, hapless name!</p>
+           <p>  In figure, features, and in all the same:</p>
+           <p>  The same in all as Vengeance fierce pursued</p>
+           <p>  Far to a wild and cheerless solitude.</p>
+           <p>  For Salmo's bard has sung (by Heaven's decrees)</p>
+           <p>  In awful pomp she mounted on the breeze&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  Borne by the buoyant wind&mdash;a ghostly form&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  She sail'd along the region of the storm.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  So oft 'tis said in Lapland's chill domain,</p>
+           <p>  Where dreary winter holds a lengthen'd reign,</p>
+           <p>  What time the Runic drum and magic spell</p>
+           <p>  Evoke the rapt soul from its fragile cell,</p>
+           <p>  Attendant spirits, won by charms and prayer,</p>
+           <p>  In gliding motion float upon the air.</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+<i>Sydenham.</i>
+</p>
+<h4>
+S.S.
+</h4>
+<hr />
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page131" name="page131"></a>[pg 131]</span>
+</p>
+<h3>
+	THE RHINE.
+</h3>
+<center>
+(<i>To the Editor.</i>)
+</center>
+<p>
+In looking over the last volume (16) of your interesting miscellany,
+I was much amused with a humorous legend at page 108, called the Rat's
+Tower, and according to your reference, having turned to page 68, of
+vol. xii. was equally entertained with the same laughable and well told
+story versified. This humorous production is extracted from a work
+entitled, if I mistake not, "The Rhinish Keepsake," containing many
+of the most wonderful and spirit-stirring legends connected with old
+chateaux, &amp;c. on the banks of that majestic river, the Rhine. Amongst
+other pretty and choice <i>morceaux</i>, is a poem under the name of
+"<i>L'Envoy</i>," which may probably interest yourself and the readers
+of the <i>Mirror</i>. In perusing the enclosed, you will observe the
+infancy, manhood, and old age of "Father Rhine," as he is called, are
+all brought in succession before our eyes, which happy and ingenious
+idea is taken from a highly descriptive French publication, and perhaps
+having named the work, you will pardon my having extracted that portion
+which refers more particularly to the subject before us. The author
+says, "Dans son enfance le Rhin joue entre les fleurs des Alpes de
+la Suisse, il se berce dans le lac de Constance, il en sort avec des
+forces nouvelles, il devient un adolescent bouillant, fait une chute
+a Schaffhouse, s'avance vers l'age mur, se plait a remplir sa coupe
+de vin, court chercher les dangers et les affronte contre les écueils
+et les rochers: puis parvenu a un age plus avancée il abandonne les
+illusions, les sites romanesques, et cherche l'útile. Dans sa caducité
+il desserit et disparait enfin on ne sait trop comment!"
+</p>
+<h3>
+	L'ENVOY.
+</h3>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Cologne! Cologne! Thy walls are won,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Farewell my bark&mdash;be hush'd my song;</p>
+           <p>  My voyage is o'er&mdash;my task is done&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">    Too pleasant both to last me long.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Adieu, thou noble Rhine, adieu,</p>
+           <p>  Thy scenes for ever rich and new,</p>
+           <p>  Thy cheerful towns, thy Gothic piles,</p>
+           <p>  Thy rude ravines, thy verdant isles;</p>
+           <p>  Thy golden hills with garlands bound,</p>
+           <p>  Thy giant crags with castles crown'd!</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  I have seen thee by morning's early light,</p>
+<p class="i2">    I have seen thee by evening gray;</p>
+           <p>  With the crimson blush of sun-set bright,</p>
+<p class="i2">    And lit by the moon's pale ray;</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Shrouded in mist and darken'd by storm,</p>
+           <p>  With the countless tints of autumn warm:</p>
+           <p>  In ev'ry hue that can o'er thee fall;</p>
+           <p>  And lovely, lovely thou art in all.</p>
+           <p>  The Rhine!&mdash;That little word will be</p>
+           <p>  For aye a spell of power to me,</p>
+           <p>  And conjure up, in care's despite,</p>
+           <p>  A thousand visions of delight.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  The Rhine! O where beneath the sun</p>
+           <p>  Doth that fair river's rival run?</p>
+           <p>  Where dawns the day upon a stream,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Can in such changeful beauty shine,</p>
+           <p>  Outstripping Fancy's wildest dream,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Like yon green, glancing, glorious Rhine.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Born where blooms the Alpine rose,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Cradled in the Boden&mdash;see,<a id="footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a></p>
+           <p>  Forth the infant river flows,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Leaping on in childish glee.</p>
+           <p>  Coming to a riper age,</p>
+<p class="i2">    He crowns his rocky cup with wine,</p>
+           <p>  And makes a gallant pilgrimage</p>
+<p class="i2">    To many a ruin'd tower and shrine.</p>
+           <p>  Strong and swift, and wild and brave,</p>
+           <p>  On he speeds with crested wave;</p>
+           <p>  And spurning aught like check or stay,</p>
+           <p>  Fights and foams along his way,</p>
+           <p>  O'er crag and shoal, until his flood</p>
+           <p>  Boils like manhood's hasty blood!</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Older, broader, deeper grown,</p>
+           <p>  All romantic follies flown,</p>
+           <p>  Now the laden Beurtschiff sails</p>
+<p class="i2">    Slowly o'er his sober tide,</p>
+           <p>  Which wanders on through fertile vales,</p>
+<p class="i2">    And looks like Peace by Plenty's side.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Joy and strife, and labour past,</p>
+           <p>  In his grave he sinks at last!</p>
+           <p>  Not the common river's tomb&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  Not the ocean's mighty womb;</p>
+           <p>  Into earth he melts away,</p>
+           <p>  Like that very thing of clay,</p>
+           <p>  Man, whose brief and checker'd course</p>
+           <p>  He hath copied from his source.<a id="footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a></p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Farewell thou "Father Rhine," as they</p>
+           <p>  Who dwell beside thee fondly say,</p>
+           <p>  May thy delicious valley long</p>
+           <p>  Echo the sweet and grateful song.</p>
+           <p>  Which ever round the goblet rose&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  And well thy minstrel's lay may close.</p>
+</div></div>
+<h4>
+	Y.O.S.
+</h4>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	KATERFELTO.
+</h3>
+<center>
+(<i>To the Editor.</i>)
+</center>
+<p>
+In reply to the question of your correspondent&mdash;"Who was Katerfelto?" I
+am enabled to offer the few brief particulars which follow. With regard
+to his birth, parentage, and education, I am, however, not qualified to
+convey any information. I know not "to whom he was related, or by whom
+forgot." I became acquainted with him about the year 1790 or 1791, when
+he visited the City of Durham, accompanied by his wife and daughter. He
+then appeared to be about sixty years of age. His travelling equipage
+consisted of an old rumbling coach, a pair of sorry hacks, and two black
+servants. They wore green liveries with red collars, but the colours
+were sadly faded by long use.
+</p>
+<p>
+Having taken suitable apartments, the black servants were sent round the
+town, blowing trumpets and delivering bills, announcing their master's
+astonishing performances, which in the day time consisted in displaying
+the wonders of the microscope, &amp;c. and in the evening in exhibiting
+electrical experiments, in
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page132" name="page132"></a>[pg 132]</span>
+the course of which he introduced his two
+celebrated black cats, generally denominated the Doctor's Devils&mdash;for,
+be it understood, that our hero went under the dignified style and
+title of <i>Doctor</i> Katerfelto. Tricks of legerdemain concluded the
+evening's entertainments.
+</p>
+<p>
+The first night of the Doctor's performance was extremely wet, and the
+writer of this, who was then quite a boy, composed his whole audience.
+The Doctor's spouse invited me behind the curtains to the fire, on one
+side of which sat the great conjuror himself, his person being enveloped
+in an old green, greasy roquelaire, and his head decorated with a black
+velvet cap. On the other side of the fire-place sat Mrs. Katerfelto and
+daughter, in a corresponding style of dress&mdash;that is to say, equally
+ancient and uncleanly. The family appeared, indeed, to be in distressed
+circumstances. The Doctor told me the following odd anecdote:&mdash;Some time
+before he had sent up from a town in Yorkshire a fire-balloon, for the
+amusement of the country people, and at which they were not a little
+astonished; but in a few days afterwards the Doctor was himself more
+astonished on being arrested for having set fire to a hay rick! The
+balloon, it appeared, had in its descent fallen upon a rick, which it
+consumed, and the owner, having ascertained by whom the combustible
+material had been dispatched, arrested the doctor for the damage. As the
+Doctor was unable to pay the amount, he was obliged to go to prison,
+thus proving that it is sometimes easier to raise the devil than to
+"raise the wind." Having been admitted behind the scenes, I had an
+opportunity of seeing the conjuror's apparatus, but the performance
+was postponed to another evening.
+</p>
+<p>
+On the next night of the Doctor's appearance he had a tolerably
+respectable auditory, and the following incidents may amuse your
+readers, as they occasioned much laughter at the moment. Among the
+company was the Rev. Mr. P., a minor canon. The conjuror, in the course
+of his tricks, desired a card to be drawn from the pack, by one of the
+company, which was done, the card examined and returned into the pack,
+in the presence of the audience; but on the company being requested to
+take the card again from the pack, it could not be found. The Doctor
+said it must have been taken out by some one present, and civilly begged
+the reverend gentleman to search his pockets. Indignant at such an
+insinuation, the inflamed divine for some time refused to comply, but at
+length being persuaded, he drew forth the identical card, much to his
+own surprise and the amusement of the spectators. A similar trick was
+also played with some money, which unaccountably found its way into the
+reverend gentleman's pocket, a circumstance which put him out of all
+patience; and he proceeded most sternly to lecture the astounded Doctor
+for having practised his levity on a gentleman of his cloth, upon which,
+and threatening the poor conjuror with vengeance, he strode out of the
+room. Katerfelto declared that, although he was a conjuror, he did not
+know the gentleman was a divine.
+</p>
+<p>
+Katerfelto left Durham soon afterwards, and I have heard died at
+Bristol.
+</p>
+<p>
+<i>Pentonville.</i>
+</p>
+<h4>
+DUNELM.
+</h4>
+<hr />
+<center>
+(<i>To the Editor.</i>)
+</center>
+<p>
+A correspondent having expressed a wish to obtain some knowledge of
+Dr. Katerfelto, of juggling memory, perhaps the following may be
+acceptable: Between thirty and forty years ago he travelled through the
+principal towns of the northern counties with a caravan filled with
+philosophical apparatus, giving lectures where a sufficient audience
+could be collected. He appeared to be about five feet ten, rather thin,
+and towards fifty. He was dressed in a black gown and square cap; his
+apparatus was in excellent order, and very well managed, he conducted
+every experiment with great certainty, never failing; and though much
+knowledge might be gained from his lecture, people seemed more inclined
+to laugh than to learn; perhaps from his peculiar manner, and partly
+from his introducing something ludicrous, as on exhibiting the powers of
+a magnet, by lifting a large box, he observed it was not empty, and on
+opening the lid, five or six black cats put up their heads, which he
+instantly put down, saying, "it is not your hour yet." Also when about
+to prove the truth of what he advanced, by experiment, he had a strange
+way of calling your attention by saying, "But then look <i>here</i>,"
+raising his voice loud at the word "here." The lecture was succeeded
+by a display of legerdemain, in which I thought him very superior
+to Breslaw.
+</p>
+<p>
+It was said then, that he had originally been a soldier in the Prussian
+service, and had procured his discharge.
+</p>
+<h4>
+J.G.
+</h4>
+<h4>
+P.
+</h4>
+<hr />
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page133" name="page133"></a>[pg 133]</span>
+</p>
+<h2>
+	NOTES OF A READER.
+</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	PUBLIC EXECUTIONS.
+</h3>
+<p>
+Far better would it be if, in the few cases for which death ought to be
+inflicted, the execution were to take place within the walls of the
+prison, none being present except the proper officers, the clergyman,
+and those persons whom the sufferer might desire to have with him at his
+departure. The effect might possibly be impressive to some good end,
+which most certainly it is not now, if there were no other announcement
+than that of tolling a bell, when all was over, and hoisting a black
+flag, where it might be seen far and wide; and if the body of a murderer
+were carried under a pall, with some appropriate solemnity, to the place
+of dissection. Executions ought never to be made a spectacle for the
+multitude, who, if they can bear the sight, always regard it as a
+pastime; nor for the curiosity of those who shudder while they gratify
+it. Indeed, there are few circumstances in which it is not expedient
+that a veil should be drawn over the crimes and sufferings of our
+fellow-creatures; and it is greatly to be wished, that in all cases of
+turpitude and atrocity, no further publicity were given to the offence
+than is necessary for the ends of justice. For no one who is conversant
+with criminal courts, or has obtained any insight into the human mind,
+can entertain a doubt that such examples are infectious.&mdash;<i>Qry.
+Review.</i>
+</p>
+<p>
+(There is so much sterling sense and knowledge of life displayed in
+these "Notes" from the last published <i>Quarterly Review</i>, that we
+continue their selection without apology to the reader.)
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	BURNING ALIVE.
+</h3>
+<p>
+Little more than fifty years have elapsed since a girl, just turned
+fourteen, was condemned to be burnt alive, having been found guilty of
+treason as an accomplice with her master in coining, because, at his
+command, she had concealed some whitewashed counters behind her stays.
+The master was hanged. The fagots were placed in readiness for her
+execution; and it was averred, in the House of Commons, by Sir William
+Meredith, at the time, that "the girl would have been burnt alive, on
+the same day, had it not been for the humane, but casual interference of
+Lord Weymouth." Mere accident saved the nation from this crime and this
+national disgrace; but so torpid was public feeling in those days, that
+the law remained unaltered till the year 1790; till which time the
+sheriff who did not execute a sentence of this kind was liable to
+prosecution; though, it may well be believed, no sheriff was then
+inhuman enough to adhere to the letter of such a law.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	PUBLIC AMUSEMENTS,
+</h3>
+<p>
+As at present conducted, are said to do more harm than good. But though
+this should be admitted, it would still be true that they have even now
+their good as well as their evil; that there have been times when the
+good greatly preponderated; that they have contributed in no slight
+degree to civilization and refinement; and that in calling forth
+Shakspeare's genius, which, by no other means, and in no other way,
+could have been called forth with equal effect, they have done more good
+than outweighs all the evil that they ever have done, or can do. Public
+spectacles have been regarded in this light by the wisest legislators;
+nor is it only human authority which has given them its sanction; they
+made an essential part of the Jewish law; there is nothing opposed to
+them in the spirit of Christianity; and if they are at any time
+perverted to the gratification of evil passions, or the depravation
+of manners, the fault is in that public opinion which calls for
+and encourages such gratification, and in those governments which,
+neglecting their paramount duty, tolerate such perversion.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	LAW AND LAWYERS.
+</h3>
+<p>
+It is related by Laud, in his Diary, that when he was standing one day,
+during dinner, near his unfortunate master, then Prince Charles, the
+prince, who was in cheerful spirits, talking of many things as occasion
+offered, said, that if necessity compelled him to choose any particular
+profession of life, he could not be a lawyer; "for," said he, "I can
+neither defend a bad cause, nor yield in a good one." "<i>Sic in
+majoribus succedas, in aeternum faustus!</i>" was the aspiration which
+his faithful servant and fellow victim breathed, when he recorded this
+trait of Christian character in private notes, which, beyond all doubt,
+were never intended to be seen by any eyes but his own. Even then, the
+practice had become so much an exercitation of subtlety, on the part of
+its professors, to the utter disregard of its original end and object,
+that, as Donne strongly expressed himself, the name of "law" had been
+"strumpeted."
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page134" name="page134"></a>[pg 134]</span>
+It has been asked, if this be the fault of the men or of
+the institutions&mdash;of the lawyers or of the law? and maintained that
+the original fault is in the law: a conclusion more charitable than
+satisfactory; for, by whom has the law been made what it is, but by
+the lawyers?
+</p>
+<p>
+By the Roman laws, every advocate was required to swear that he would
+not undertake a cause which he knew to be unjust, and that he would
+abandon a defence which he should discover to be supported by falsehood
+or iniquity. This is continued in Holland at this day; and if an
+advocate brings forward a cause there, which appears to the court
+plainly iniquitous, he is condemned in the costs of the suit: the
+example will, of course, be very rare; more than one, however, has
+occurred within the memory of persons who are now living. The possible
+inconvenience that a cause just in itself might not be able to find a
+defender, because of some strong and general prejudice concerning it, is
+obviated in that country by an easy provision: a party who can find no
+advocate, and is nevertheless persuaded of the validity of his cause,
+may apply to the court, which has, in such cases, the discretionary
+power of authorizing or appointing one.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	RICH AND POOR.
+</h3>
+<p>
+The most rational, the wisest, the best portion of mankind, belong
+to that class who possess "neither poverty nor riches." Let the reader
+look around him; let him observe who are the persons that contribute
+most to the moral and physical melioration of mankind; who they are
+that practically and personally support our unnumbered institutions
+of benevolence; who they are that exhibit the worthiest examples of
+intellectual exertion; who they are to whom he would himself apply if
+he needed to avail himself of a manly and discriminating judgment. That
+they are the poor is not to be expected; we appeal to himself, whether
+they are the rich?&mdash;<i>Dymond's Principles of Morality.</i>
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	SUNDAY.
+</h3>
+<p>
+A day of rest it is by the laws of the land, and ought to be by the
+laws of God&mdash;let us be thankful when we thus find them in agreement;
+but a day wholly dedicated to devotion it was not intended to be by
+either, nor in the nature of things can it possibly be so. The greater
+part of it must be spent in the quiet enjoyment of domestic life, or in
+out-of-door recreation, or in idleness. In the former and better manner
+it is passed by the majority of the middle classes; it is the day on
+which friends and relations meet, whom business keeps apart during six
+days of the week; and the stoppage of stage-coaches within twenty miles
+of London on the Sunday would take away more moral and wholesome
+enjoyment than any act of the legislature can produce. But supposing
+public worship were duly attended by all persons, as, according to what
+has now become a fiction of the law, it is designed to be, how are the
+remaining portions of the day to be disposed of by those who have no
+domestic circle to which they can repair&mdash;no opportunities for that
+refreshment both of body and mind, which the Sabbath, when wisely and
+properly observed, affords? Or who, if belonging to or placed in
+religious families, are not yet at years of such discretion as suffices
+to repress their natural activity and the instinctive desire of
+recreation? Rigorous gamelaws do not more certainly encourage poaching,
+than the puritanical observance of the Sabbath leads to
+Sabbath-breaking.&mdash;<i>Quarterly Review.</i>
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	BURNS.
+</h3>
+<p>
+This extraordinary man, before he produced any of the pieces on which
+his fame is built, had educated himself abundantly; and when he died,
+at the age of thirty-seven, knew more of books, as well as of men, than
+fifty out of a hundred in any of the learned professions in any country
+of the world are ever likely to do.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	THE ETTRICK SHEPHERD.
+</h3>
+<p>
+When the Ettrick Shepherd was first heard of, he had indeed but just
+learned to write, by copying the letters of a printed ballad, as he
+lay watching his flock on the mountains; but thirty years or more have
+passed since then, and his acquirements are now such, that the Royal
+Society of Literature, in patronizing him, might be justly said to
+honour a laborious and successful student, as well as a masculine and
+fertile genius. We may take the liberty of adding, in this place, what
+perhaps may not be known to the excellent managers of that excellent
+institution, that a more worthy, modest, sober, and loyal man does not
+exist in his majesty's dominions than this distinguished poet, whom some
+of his waggish friends have taken up the absurd fancy of exhibiting in
+print as a
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page135" name="page135"></a>[pg 135]</span>
+sort of boozing buffoon; and who is now, instead of revelling
+in the license of tavern-suppers and party politics, bearing up, as he
+may, against severe and unmerited misfortunes, in as dreary a solitude
+as ever nursed the melancholy of a poetical temperament.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	MR. ALLAN CUNNINGHAM
+</h3>
+<p>
+Needs no testimony either to his intellectual accomplishments or his
+moral worth; nor, thanks to his own virtuous diligence, does he need
+any patronage. He has been fortunate enough to secure a respectable
+establishment in the <i>studio</i> of a great artist, who is not less
+good than great, and would thus be sufficiently in the eye of the world,
+even were his literary talents less industriously exercised than they
+have hitherto been. His recent Lives of the British Painters and
+Sculptors form one of the most agreeable books in the language; and it
+will always remain one of the most remarkable and delightful facts in
+the history of letters, that such a work&mdash;one conveying so much valuable
+knowledge in a style so unaffectedly attractive&mdash;so imbued throughout,
+not only with lively sensibility, amiable feelings, honesty and candour,
+but mature and liberal taste, was produced by a man who, some twenty
+years before, earned his daily bread as a common stone-mason in the
+wilds of Nithsdale. Examples like these will plead the cause of
+struggling genius, wherever it may be found, more powerfully than
+all the arguments in the world.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	DUELLING
+</h3>
+<p>
+Is the only crime into which an upright man, wanting in moral
+firmness, can be impelled by the law of honour. Surely there could be
+no difficulty in putting an end to this absurd and abominable practice
+by wholesome laws. Appoint six months' imprisonment for the offence
+of sending a challenge, or of accepting it; two years if the parties
+meet; and if one falls, transport the other for life. Appoint the same
+punishment in all cases for the seconds; and from the day in which such
+a law should be enacted, not a pair of duelling pistols would ever again
+be manufactured in this country, even for the Dublin market.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	CARDINAL MAZARIN.
+</h3>
+<p>
+The pecuniary wealth, the valuables and pictures of Mazarin, were
+immense. He was fond of hoarding,&mdash;a passion that seized him when he
+first found himself banished and destitute. His love of pictures was as
+strong as his love of power&mdash;stronger, since it survived. A fatal malady
+had seized on the cardinal, whilst engaged in the conferences of the
+treaty, and worn by mental fatigue. He brought it home with him to the
+Louvre. He consulted Guenaud, the great physician, who told him that he
+had two months to live. Some days after receiving this dread mandate,
+Brienne perceived the cardinal in night-cap and dressing gown tottering
+along his gallery, pointing to his pictures, and exclaiming, "Must I
+quit all these?" He saw Brienne, and seized him: "Look," exclaimed he,
+"look at that Correggio! this Venus of Titian! that incomparable Deluge
+of Caracci! Ah! my friend, I must quit all these. Farewell, dear
+pictures, that I loved so dearly, and that cost me so much!" His friend
+surprised him slumbering in his chair at another time, and murmuring,
+"Gueriaud has said it! Guenaud has said it!" A few days before his
+death, he caused himself to be dressed, shaved, rouged and painted,
+"so that he never looked so fresh and vermilion," in his life. In this
+state he was carried in his chair to the promenade, where the envious
+courtiers cruelly rallied, and paid him ironical compliments on his
+appearance. Cards were the amusement of his death-bed, his hand being
+held by others; and they were only interrupted by the visit of the Papal
+Nuncio, who came to give the cardinal that plenary indulgence to which
+the prelates of the sacred college are officially entitled. Mazarin
+expired on the 9th of March, 1661.
+</p>
+<p style="text-align: right;">
+<i>Lardner's Cyclopaedia</i>, vol. xv.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	"GOD SAVE THE KING" IN ITALY.
+</h3>
+<p>
+On the 26th of December last, the King and Queen of Sardinia went in
+state to the <i>Carlo Felice</i> Theatre at Genoa, and presented to the
+public, says an Italian correspondent, his niece, the betrothed bride of
+the heir-apparent of the house of Austria. At seven the court arrived,
+the curtain rose, and displayed the whole <i>corps dramatique</i>, who sang
+<i>Dio Salve il Re;</i> or an Italian version of the words and music of our
+"God save the King," in which Madame Caradori took the principal part.
+Thus our national anthem is getting naturalized in Italy, the parent
+of song, and once the manufacturer of it for all Europe. It is already
+adopted in Russia, I am told, and is well known in France, though not
+likely to supplant the fine national air, "<i>Vive Henri
+Quatre</i>."&mdash;<i>Harmonicon, Feb.</i> 1.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page136" name="page136"></a>[pg 136]</span>
+</p>
+<h2>
+	ILLUSTRATIONS OF SHAKSPEARE.
+</h2>
+<div class="figure" style="width: 100%;">
+<a href="images/477-2.png"><img width="100%" src="images/477-2.png"
+alt="Flint Castle." /></a>
+FLINT CASTLE.
+</div>
+<p>
+This Castle is, or rather was, situated on an insulated rock, in
+a marsh on the river Dee, which still, at high tides, washes its walls.
+It is a site of considerable historical interest, being the place where
+the unhappy King Richard II was delivered into the hands of his rival,
+Bolingbroke. The unfortunate monarch, it appears, finding himself
+deserted, had withdrawn to North Wales, with a design to escape to
+France. He was, however, decoyed to agree to a conference with
+Bolingbroke, and on the road was seized by an armed force, conveyed to
+Flint Castle, and thence led by his successful rival to the metropolis.
+</p>
+<p>
+Shakspeare has perpetuated Flint Castle by its frequent mention in his
+"Life and Death of King Richard the Second." He has indeed invested it
+with high poetical interest. Thus, in Scene 2 of Act iii. where occurs
+that touching lament of unkingship&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i8">          &mdash;&mdash;Of comfort, no man speak:</p>
+           <p>  Let's talk of graves, of worms, and epitaphs, &amp;c.</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+Again, where the moody monarch says&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<p class="i8">          &mdash;&mdash;What comfort have we now?</p>
+           <p>  By heaven! I'll hate him everlastingly,</p>
+           <p>  That bids me be of comfort any more.</p>
+           <p>  Go, to <i>Flint Castle</i>, there I'll pine away;</p>
+           <p>  A king, woe's slave, shall kingly woe obey.</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+Then, the investiture of the Castle&mdash;"Scene 3.&mdash;<i>Wales&mdash;Before Flint
+Castle;" "Enter, with drums and colours,</i> BOLINGBROKE <i>and Forces."
+"A parle sounded, and answered.&mdash;Flourish.&mdash;Enter on the walls</i>
+KING RICHARD, &amp;c." Shakspeare makes the capture <i>in the castle</i>.
+Thus, Northumberland (from Bolingbroke before the castle) parleys with
+the King&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  My lord, in the base court he doth attend</p>
+           <p>  To speak with you, may't please you to come down?</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<p style="text-align: center;">KING RICHARD.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Down, down I come; like glistering Phaeton,</p>
+           <p>  Wanting the management of unruly jades.</p>
+<p style="text-align: right;">                         (<i>North retires to Boling.</i>)</p>
+           <p>  In the base court? Base court, where kings grow base,</p>
+           <p>  To come at traitors' calls, and do them grace.</p>
+           <p>  In the base court? Come Down? Down Court, Down King!</p>
+           <p>  For night-owls shriek where mounting larks should sing.</p>
+<p style="text-align: right;">                         (<i>Exeunt from above.</i>)</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+Richard has been described as a prince of surpassing beauty; but
+his mental powers did not correspond with his personal form, and his
+character was both weak and treacherous. He, however, had some redeeming
+points. His ordering some trees to be cut down at Sheen, because they
+too forcibly reminded him of his deceased wife Anne, in whose company
+he used to walk under them, affords a favourable testimony of his
+susceptibility of the social affections. Of this sensitiveness, there
+is also an interesting trait recorded by Froissart. From Flint Castle,
+Richard was conveyed to London, and immured within the Tower cells.
+While he was here one day conversing with Bolingbroke, his favourite
+greyhound, Math, having been loosed by his keeper, instead of running
+to the King, as usual, fawned
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page137" name="page137"></a>[pg 137]</span>
+upon the Duke. The latter inquiring the
+cause of this unusual circumstance, was answered&mdash;"This greyhound
+fondles and pays his court to you this day as King of England, which
+you will surely be, and I shall be deposed."
+</p>
+<p>
+To return to Flint Castle. After the civil wars under Charles I. it was
+ordered to be dismantled; but, among other rights, it was restored to
+Sir Roger Mostyn, after the Restoration, in whose family it is still
+vested, though the mayor of the borough acts as its constable.
+</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>
+	SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	WEBER AND DER FREISCHUTZ.
+</h3>
+<p>
+In 1821, the newly-erected Royal Opera at Berlin was opened with "Der
+Freyschütz." The effect produced by the first representation of this
+romantic opera, which we shall never cease to regard as one of the
+proudest achievements of genius, was almost unprecedented. It was
+received with general acclamations, and raised his name at once to the
+first eminence in operatic composition. In January it was played in
+Dresden, in February at Vienna, and everywhere with the same
+success.&mdash;Weber alone seemed calm and undisturbed amid the general
+enthusiasm. He pursued his studies quietly, and was already deeply
+engaged in the composition of a comic opera, "The Three Pintos," never
+completed, and had accepted a commission for another of a romantic cast
+for the Vienna stage. The text was at first to have been furnished by
+Rellstab, but was ultimately written by Madame de Chezy, and written in
+so imperfect and impracticable a style, that, with all Rellstab's
+alterations never had a musician more to contend with than poor Weber
+had to do with this old French story. As it is, however, he has caught
+the spirit of the tale.
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  "Dance and Provençal song, and vintage mirth"</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+breathe in his melodies; and although a perplexed plot and want of
+interest in the scene greatly impaired its theatrical effect, the
+approbation with which it was notwithstanding received by all judges
+of music on its first representation in Vienna (10th Oct. 1823)
+sufficiently attested the triumph of the composer over his difficulties.
+He was repeatedly called for and received with the loudest acclamations.
+From Vienna, where he was conducting his Euryanthe, he was summoned to
+Prague, to superintend the fiftieth representation of his "Freyschütz."
+His tour resembled a triumphal procession; for, on his return to
+Dresden, he was greeted with a formal public reception in the theatre.
+</p>
+<p>
+But while increasing in celebrity, and rising still higher, if that
+were possible, in the estimation of the public, his health was rapidly
+waning, amidst his anxious and multiplied duties. "Would to God," says
+he in a letter written shortly afterwards&mdash;"Would to God that I were a
+tailor, for then I should have a Sunday's holiday!" Meantime a cough,
+the herald of consumption, tormented him, and "the slow minings of the
+hectic fire" within began to manifest themselves more visibly in days
+and nights of feverish excitement. It was in the midst of this that he
+accepted the task of composing an opera for Covent Garden Theatre. His
+fame, which had gradually made its way through the North of Germany
+(where his Freyschütz was played in 1823) to England, induced the
+managers to offer him liberal terms for an opera on the subject of
+Oberon, the well-known fairy tale on which Wieland has reared his
+fantastic, but beautiful and touching comic Epos. He received the first
+act of Planché's manuscript in December, 1824, and forthwith began his
+labours, though he seems to have thought that the worthy managers,
+in the short time they were disposed to allow him, were expecting
+impossibilities, particularly as the first step towards its composition,
+on Weber's part, was the study of the English language itself, the right
+understanding of which, Weber justly considered as preliminary to any
+attempt to marry Mr. Planché's ephemeral verses to his own immortal
+music. These exertions increased his weakness so much, that he found
+it necessary to resort to a watering-place in the summer of 1825. In
+December he returned to Berlin, to bring out his Euryanthe there in
+person. It was received, as might have been anticipated, with great
+applause, though less enthusiastically than the Freyschütz, the wild
+and characteristic music of which, came home with more intensity to the
+national mind. After being present at two representations, he returned
+to his labours at Oberon.
+</p>
+<p>
+The work, finally, having been completed, Weber determined himself to
+be present at the representation of this his last production. He hoped,
+by his visit to London, to realize something for his wife and family;
+for hitherto, on the whole, poverty had been his companion. Want had,
+indeed, by unceasing exertion, been kept aloof, but still hovering
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page138" name="page138"></a>[pg 138]</span>
+near him, and threatening with the decline of his health, and his
+consequent inability to discharge his duties, a nearer and a nearer
+approach. Already he felt the conviction that his death was not far off,
+and that his wife and children would soon be deprived of that support
+which his efforts had hitherto afforded them. His intention was to
+return from London by Paris, where he expected to form a definitive
+arrangement relative to an opera which the Parisians had long requested
+from him.
+</p>
+<p>
+On the 2nd of March he left Paris for England, which he reached on
+the 4th amidst a heavy shower of rain&mdash;a gloomy opening to his visit.
+The first incident, however, that happened after his arrival, showed
+how highly his character and talents were appreciated. Instead of
+requiring to present himself as an alien at the Passport Office, he was
+immediately waited upon by the officer with the necessary papers, and
+requested to think of nothing but his own health, as everything would
+be managed for him. On the 6th he writes to his wife from London:
+</p>
+<p>
+"God be thanked! here I sit, well and hearty, already quite at home,
+and perfectly happy in the receipt of your dear letter, which assures
+me that you and the children are well; what more or what better could
+I wish for? After sleeping well and paying well at Dover, we set out
+yesterday morning in the Express coach, a noble carriage, drawn by four
+English horses, such as no prince need be ashamed of. With four persons
+within, four in front, and four behind, we dashed on with the rapidity
+of lightning, through this inexpressibly beautiful country: meadows of
+the loveliest green, gardens blooming with flowers, and every building
+displaying a neatness and elegance which form a striking contrast to
+the dirt of France. The majestic river, covered with ships of all sizes
+(among others, the largest ship of the line, of 148 guns), the graceful
+country houses, altogether made the journey perfectly unique."
+</p>
+<p>
+He took up his residence with Sir George Smart, where everything that
+could add to his comfort, or soothe his illness, had been provided by
+anticipation. He found his table covered with cards from visiters who
+had called before his arrival, and a splendid pianoforte in his room
+from one of the first makers, with a request that he would make use
+of it during his stay.
+</p>
+<p>
+"The whole day," he writes to his wife, "is mine till five&mdash;then dinner,
+the theatre, or society. My solitude in England is not painful to me.
+The English way of living suits mine exactly; and my little stock of
+English, in which I make tolerable progress, is of incalculable use
+to me.
+</p>
+<p>
+"Give yourself no uneasiness about the opera (Oberon), I shall have
+leisure and repose here, for they respect my time. Besides, the Oberon
+is not fixed for Easter Monday, but some time later; I shall tell you
+afterwards when. The people are really too kind to me. No king ever
+had more done for him out of love; I may almost say they carry me in
+their arms. I take great care of myself, and you may be quite at ease
+on my account. My cough is really a very odd one; for eight days it
+disappeared entirely; then, upon the 3rd (of March) a vile spasmodic
+attack returned before I reached Calais. Since that time it is quiet
+again. I cannot, with all the consideration I have given it, understand
+it at all. I sometimes deny myself every indulgence, and yet it comes.
+I eat and drink every thing, and it does not come. But be it as God will.
+</p>
+<p>
+"At seven o'clock in the evening we went to Covent Garden, where Rob
+Roy, an opera after Sir Walter Scott's novel, was played. The house
+is handsomely decorated, and not too large. When I came forward to the
+front of the stage-box, that I might have a better look of it, some one
+called out, Weber! Weber is here!&mdash;and although I drew back immediately,
+there followed a clamour of applause which I thought would never have
+ended. Then the overture to the Freyschütz was called for, and every
+time I showed myself the storm broke loose again. Fortunately, soon
+after the overture, Rob Roy began, and gradually things became
+quiet.&mdash;Could a man wish for more enthusiasm, or more love? I must
+confess that I was completely overpowered by it, though I am of a calm
+nature, and somewhat accustomed to such scenes. I know not what I would
+have given to have had you by my side, that you might have seen me in
+my foreign garb of honour. And now, my dear love, I can assure you that
+you may be quite at ease, both as to the singers and the orchestra.
+Miss Paton is a singer of the first rank, and will play Reiza divinely;
+Braham not less so, though in a totally different style. There are also
+several good tenors; and I really cannot see why the English singing
+should be so much abused. The singers have a perfectly good Italian
+education, fine voices, and expression. The orchestra is not remarkable,
+but still very good, and the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page139" name="page139"></a>[pg 139]</span>
+choruses particularly so. In short, I feel
+quite at ease as to the fate of Oberon."
+</p>
+<p>
+The final production of the drama, however, was attended with more
+difficulty than he had anticipated. He had the usual prejudices to
+overcome, particular singers to conciliate, alterations to make, and
+repeated rehearsals to superintend, before he could inspire the
+performers with the proper spirit of the piece.
+</p>
+<p>
+"Braham," says he, "in another of his confidential letters to his wife,"
+(29th March, 1826) "begs for a grand scena instead of his first air,
+which, in fact, was not written for him, and is rather high. The thought
+of it was at first quite horrible; I could not hear of it. At last
+I promised, when the opera was completed, if I had time enough, it should
+be done; and now this grand scena, a confounded battle piece and what
+not, is lying before me, and I am about to set to work, yet with the
+greatest reluctance. What can I do? Braham knows his public, and is
+idolized by them. But for Germany I shall keep the opera as it is.
+I hate the air I am going to compose (to-day I hope) by anticipation.
+Adieu, and now for the battle. * * * * So, the battle is over, that is
+to say, half the scene. To-morrow shall the Turks roar, the French shout
+for joy, the warriors cry out victory!"
+</p>
+<p>
+The battle was, indeed, nearly over with Weber. The tired forces of
+life, though they bore up gallantly against the enemy, had long been
+wavering at their post, and now in fact only one brilliant movement
+remained to be executed before they finally retreated from the field
+of existence. This was the representation of Oberon, which for a time
+rewarded him for all his toils and vexations. He records his triumph
+with a mixture of humility, gratitude, affection, and piety.
+</p>
+<p>
+"12th April, 1826.
+</p>
+<p>
+"My best beloved Caroline! Through God's grace and assistance, I have
+this evening met with the most complete success. The brilliancy and
+affecting nature of the triumph is indescribable. God alone be thanked
+for it! When I entered the orchestra, the whole of the house, which was
+filled to overflowing, rose up, and I was saluted with huzzas, waving
+of hats and handkerchiefs, which I thought would never have done. They
+insisted on encoring the overture. Every air was interrupted twice or
+thrice by bursts of applause. * * * So much for this night, dear life.
+From your heartily tired husband, who, however, could not sleep in
+peace until he had communicated to you this new blessing of heaven.
+Good-night."
+</p>
+<p>
+But his joy was interrupted by the gradual decline of his health.
+The climate of London brought back all those symptoms which his
+travelling had for a time alleviated or dissipated. After directing
+twelve performances of his Oberon in crowded houses, he felt himself
+completely exhausted and dispirited.&mdash;His melancholy was not abated
+by the ill success of his concert, which, from causes which we cannot
+pretend to explain, was no benefit to the poor invalid. His next
+letters are in a desponding tone.
+</p>
+<p>
+"17th April, 1826.
+</p>
+<p>
+"To-day is enough to be the death of any one. A thick, dark,
+yellow fog overhangs the sky, so that one can hardly see in the
+house without candles. The sun stands powerless, like a ruddy point,
+in the clouds. No: there is no living in this climate. The longing
+I feel for Hosterwitz, and the clear air, is indescribable. But
+patience,&mdash;patience,&mdash;one day rolls on after another; two months are
+already over. I have formed an acquaintance with Dr. Kind, a nephew of
+our own Kind. He is determined to make me well. God help me, that will
+never happen to me in this life. I have lost all hope in physicians and
+their art. Repose is my best doctor, and henceforth it shall be my sole
+</p>
+<p>
+"To-morrow is the first representation of my (so called) rival's
+opera, 'Aladdin.' I am very curious to see it. Bishop is a man of
+talent, though of no peculiar invention. I wish him every success.
+There is room enough for all of us in the world."
+</p>
+<p>
+"30th May.
+</p>
+<p>
+"Dearest Lina, excuse the shortness and hurry of this. I have so
+many things on hand, writing is painful to me&mdash;my hands tremble so.
+Already too impatience begins to awaken in me. You will not receive
+many more letters from me. Address your answer not to London, but to
+Frankfort&mdash;<i>poste restante</i>. You are surprised? Yes, I don't go
+by Paris. What should I do there&mdash;I cannot move&mdash;I cannot speak&mdash;-all
+business I must give up for years. Then better, better, the straight way
+to my home&mdash;by Calais, Brussels, Cologne, and Coblentz, up the Rhine
+to Frankfort&mdash;a delightful journey. Though I must travel slowly, rest
+sometimes half a day, I think in a fortnight, by the end of June,
+I shall be in your arms.
+</p>
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page140" name="page140"></a>[pg 140]</span>
+</p>
+<p>
+"If God will, we shall leave this on 12th June, if heaven will vouchsafe
+me a little strength. Well, all will go better if we are once on the
+way&mdash;once out of this wretched climate. I embrace you from my heart,
+my dear ones&mdash;ever your loving father Charles."
+</p>
+<p>
+This letter, the last but one he ever wrote, shows the rapid decline of
+his strength, though he endeavours to keep up the spirits of his family
+by a gleam of cheerfulness. His longing for home now began to increase
+till it became a pang. On the 6th of June he was to be present at the
+Freyschütz, which was to be performed for his benefit, and then to leave
+London for ever. His last letter, the thirty-third he had written from
+England, was dated the second of June. Even here, though he could
+scarcely guide the pen, anxious to keep up the drooping spirits of his
+wife, he endeavours to speak cheerfully, and to inspire a hope of his
+return.
+</p>
+<p>
+"As this letter will need no answer, it will be short enough. Need no
+answer! Think of that! Furstenau has given up the idea of his concert,
+so perhaps we shall be with you in two days sooner&mdash;huzza! God bless you
+all and keep you well! O were I only among you! I kiss you in thought,
+dear mother. Love me also, and think always of your Charles, who loves
+you above all."
+</p>
+<p>
+On Friday the 3rd of June, he felt so ill, that the idea of his
+attending at the representation of "Der Freyschütz" was abandoned, and
+he was obliged to keep his room. On Sunday evening, the 5th, he was left
+at eleven o'clock in good spirits, and at seven next morning was found
+dead upon his pillow, his head resting upon his hand, as though he
+had passed from life without a struggle. The peaceful slumber of the
+preceding evening seemed to have gradually deepened into the sleep
+of death.
+</p>
+<p>
+He was interred on the 21st, with the accustomed solemnities of the
+Catholic Church, in the chapel at Moorfields, the Requiem of Mozart
+being introduced into the service. In person, Weber is described
+as having been of the middle height, extremely thin, and of dark
+complexion. His countenance was strikingly intelligent, his face long
+and pale, his forehead remarkably high, his features prominent, his
+eyes dark and full. His usual look was one of calm placid thought, an
+expression which was increased in some degree by spectacles, which he
+wore on account of his shortness of sight. The force and acuteness of
+his mind were indicated in the occasional brilliancy of the expression
+of his countenance; the habitual patience and mildness of his
+disposition, in its permanent look of placidity and repose.&mdash;<i>From an
+interesting paper in No. XIII. of the Foreign Quarterly Review.</i>
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	DIRGE.
+</h3>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  The moon was a-waning,</p>
+<p class="i2">    The tempest was over;</p>
+           <p>  Fair was the maiden,</p>
+<p class="i2">    And fond was the lover;</p>
+           <p>  But the snow was so deep,</p>
+<p class="i2">    That his heart it grew weary,</p>
+           <p>  And he sunk down to sleep,</p>
+<p class="i2">    In the moorland so dreary.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Soft was the bed</p>
+<p class="i2">    She had made for her lover,</p>
+           <p>  White were the sheets</p>
+<p class="i2">    And embroider'd the cover;</p>
+           <p>  But his sheets are more white,</p>
+<p class="i2">    And his canopy grander,</p>
+           <p>  And sounder he sleeps</p>
+<p class="i2">    Where the hill foxes wander.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Alas, pretty maiden,</p>
+<p class="i2">    What sorrows attend you!</p>
+           <p>  I see you sit shivering,</p>
+<p class="i2">    With lights at your window;</p>
+           <p>  But long may you wait</p>
+<p class="i2">    Ere your arms shall enclose him,</p>
+           <p>  For still, still he lies,</p>
+<p class="i2">    With a wreath on his bosom.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  How painful the task</p>
+<p class="i2">    The sad tidings to tell you!&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  An orphan you were,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Ere this misery befell you;</p>
+           <p>  And far in yon wild,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Where the dead-tapers hover,</p>
+           <p>  So cold, cold and wan,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Lies the corpse of your lover.</p>
+</div></div>
+<p style="text-align: right;">
+<i>The Ettrick Shepherd.</i>
+</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>
+MANNERS &amp; CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS.
+</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	PREPARATIONS OF MILK, PARTICULARLY OF MARES' MILK, USED BY THE KALMUCK
+</h3>
+<center>
+TARTARS.
+</center>
+<p>
+The ordinary drink of the Kalmucks, and which forms an essential part
+of their food, consists of various preparations of the milk supplied by
+their cattle. The mares yield milk as well as the cows; and, for several
+reasons, they prefer the former. When fresh, this milk has a taste of
+onions, which is very repulsive; but, in proportion as it sours, if the
+operation is performed with cleanliness, it becomes more liquid than the
+other, acquires an agreeable vinous taste, and neither forms cream nor
+coagulates. In this state, it furnishes a wholesome and refreshing
+drink, and which, when in sufficient quantity, froths in a remarkable
+degree. The cow's milk, on the contrary, both on account of the cheesy
+matter which it contains and its disagreeable taste, becomes unpleasant
+to drink when it sours; and, in persons not accustomed to it, induces
+colics and diarrhoeas, although the Kalmucks
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page141" name="page141"></a>[pg 141]</span>
+themselves experience no
+inconvenience from it, unless they have neglected to boil it. This they
+do, in the first place, and never use it until it has undergone this
+operation, without which they would be exposed to the inconveniences
+with which sour milk affects Europeans. In like manner, the Kalmucks
+do not relish water that has not been boiled. Poor persons, to prevent
+their being reduced to the necessity of drinking it pure, mix it with
+their milk, in the proportion of a third part or half, in order to make
+the most of the latter as a drink.
+</p>
+<p>
+The milk is therefore heated as soon as it is withdrawn from the animal;
+and, when warm, it is poured into a large skin bottle, with which the
+poorest hut is furnished, and in which there is always a remnant of sour
+milk sufficient to sour the new milk, after it has been stirred with a
+stick kept for the purpose. Those bottles are never washed or cleaned:
+they are therefore always incrusted with cheese and dirt, and the smell
+admitted by them is sufficient to show what they contain. But it is
+precisely in this that the secret for making the milk undergo the vinous
+fermentation consists. If it be intended to sour milk in empty or new
+bottles, all that is necessary is to put into them the least drop of the
+milk-brandy to be presently described, or a little of the curdled milk
+that is found in the stomach of young lambs.
+</p>
+<p>
+All the preparations of milk are comprehended under the name of Tchigan.
+The drinks prepared from pure mare's milk (the Koumys of the Tartars),
+are named Gunna Tchigan, or Horse Tchigan; those into which mares' milk
+and cow's milk enter are called Besrek;&mdash;sour cows' milk is named Airek;
+and all kinds of fresh milk, Ussoun.
+</p>
+<p>
+In summer, and in general whenever their flocks yield them much milk,
+the Kalmucks do not fail to inebriate themselves with the strong drink
+which they derive from it. Mares' milk affords most spirit, and the milk
+of the cow affords much less, especially in winter, when the fodder is
+dry. Sheep's milk is never employed, as it does not contain spirit.
+</p>
+<p>
+The milk intended for distillation is only allowed to remain twenty-four
+hours, in summer, in the skin-bottles to sour; but in winter, and in
+cold weather, it may be left two or three days to be rendered fit for
+distillation. The cream is not taken off; on the contrary, the milk is
+agitated very strongly, from time to time, with the stick, and the
+butter which forms of itself on the milk, or even on the common Tchigan,
+is removed and employed for other uses.
+</p>
+<p>
+Notwithstanding the numerous testimonies on the subject, and the daily
+experience, not of the nomadic tribes alone, but also of all the
+Russians, many people in Europe cannot conceive how a spirituous and
+inebriating liquor could be obtained from milk. But it cannot be
+supposed that those travellers who have repeatedly seen these tribes
+distil their brandy from milk, without adding the least vegetable matter
+to the original liquid, and then, in their unbridled passion for
+debauch, drink until they stagger and fall, have said so merely to
+impose upon the public. Nor can it be objected that the weakness of
+their head renders them liable to be easily inebriated by the vapours of
+the milk, for the Kalmucks can take very large quantities of grain
+brandy without losing the use of their legs; and there are Russians,
+who, although professedly great drinkers, are sooner inebriated than the
+Kalmucks by milk-brandy, and often even by the sour milk of mares, and
+yet are extremely fond of this kind of drink. I am aware that strangers
+have in vain tried to make milk-brandy. I shall even confess that I had
+a trial made under my own eyes, at Selenginsk, by Kalmucks, and was so
+unsuccessful, that I only obtained a watery fluid which had the smell of
+sour milk; but the reason of this was, that two clean vessels had been
+used. On the contrary, whenever I allowed these people to use their own
+vessels, abundant alcoholic vapours were procured. It is, therefore, an
+important point to determine, by means of vessels impregnated by long
+use with a strong smell, and the remains of sour milk, that sudden
+souring which developes a spirituous principle. This fermentation of a
+rare species, and entirely <i>sui generis</i>, can only be brought to
+the desired perfection by frequent repetition of the process, just as,
+according to Russel,<a id="footnotetag5" name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a> the thick milk (<i>leban</i>), which the Arabs
+habitually use for making cheese, can only be obtained by producing the
+coagulation of the fresh milk by means of a milk previously curdled, or,
+in other words, by the cohobation many times repeated of curdled milk.
+</p>
+<p>
+After describing the process of distillation, Pallas remarks, if
+the brandy is made from cows' milk, what is obtained is equal to the
+thirtieth, or at most to the twenty-fifth part of the mass; but when
+from mares' milk, it equals the fifteenth part. The new fluid is pale
+and watery, and does not inflame;
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page142" name="page142"></a>[pg 142]</span>
+but it keeps without spoiling, in
+glass bottles, like weak corn-brandy. The rich Kalmucks render it
+stronger by several distillations, and they have names for the products
+of each rectification. The <i>arki</i> is named <i>dang</i> after its first
+rectification; <i>arza</i>, after the second; <i>khortsa</i>, after the third.
+They seldom go farther, although the rectifications are sometimes pushed to
+six. The names given to the two last are <i>chingsta</i> and <i>dingsta</i>. The
+Kalmucks are generally, however, content with the products of the first
+distillation.
+</p>
+<p>
+The receiver has scarcely been filled, when they pour the brandy warm
+from it into a large wooden vessel with a spout, from which they fill
+leather bottles, or gourds.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is customary for the host, with whom the company is then, to pour
+brandy into a vessel, and afterwards to throw part of it into the fire,
+and part towards the hole by which the smoke issues to render the
+spirits of the air or his tutelary angel propitious. Lastly, the warm
+brandy circulates among the company, composed of kinsfolk and friends,
+in large cups, which often do not hold less than a bottle. If a little
+is left, it is heated again before it is drunk. This milk-brandy, on
+account of the aqueous parts which it contains, does not inebriate so
+easily when a small quantity is taken, as brandy made from grain; but
+it is found, by the example of the Russians and all the tribes of the
+Steppes, that the drunkenness which it causes continues longer, and
+entirely destroys the appetite. On the other hand, it does not produce
+violent head-aches, like corn-brandy.
+</p>
+<p>
+The rich Kalmucks and Mongols are in the habit, when they pass the
+winter near towns, of distilling with or without milk brandy from
+leavened bread. The product, it is said, is stronger, and has a keener
+taste than milk-brandy. The residuum of the distillation of milk-brandy,
+which is sharp, and has a smell like wine lees, is applied to various
+uses. Sometimes it is mixed with fresh milk, and immediately eaten;
+sometimes it is applied for preparing sheep and lamb skins; sometimes
+the women boil it, either by itself, or, if it is too sharp, with a
+mixture of sweet milk, until it thickens, and then pour the cheesy
+substance into bags, which, when thoroughly dried, they throw into
+heaps. They also, like the Tartar tribes, frequently form it into round
+cakes, which they dry in the sun, and keep principally for journeys and
+for winter use. The residuum of distillation is called <i>bosson</i>,
+and by the Mongols <i>tsakha</i>.&mdash;The cheese formed in heaps is named
+<i>chourmyk</i>, that in cakes, <i>thorossoun</i>.
+</p>
+<p>
+They make another kind of cheese also, chiefly of sheep's and goats'
+milk. The fresh milk is put into a kettle with a like sour milk
+(<i>ederecksen ussun</i>), or some remnant of brandy (<i>bossah</i>).
+They are well mixed, and then left for some time to sour. Fire is
+then put under the kettle, and the mixture is stirred while it boils
+briskly, that the cheesy parts may be converted into a kind of froth
+(<i>koosoun</i>). When all the aqueous parts of the milk are expelled by
+boiling, it little butter is added. The whole is again stirred, and left
+upon the fire until the froth begins to dry and turn brown. It is then
+ready, and if properly prepared, has an agreeable taste.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Kalmucks make their butter in the following manner: A sufficient
+quantity of cows' or sheep's milk is put into a kettle, and boiled
+for some time, after which there is added a little sour milk cream
+(<i>areyn</i>). It is then withdrawn, and allowed to stand until it
+sours, which does not require a whole day. This milk is then beaten with
+a kind of butterstick, and poured into an earthen pot or other vessel,
+when the decomposed butter comes to the surface, and is placed in
+vessels, skins, or dried stomachs, in which it is kept. If the milk
+still seems to contain fat, it is again treated in the same manner.
+This milk is called <i>toussoun</i> by the Kalmucks, and <i>oeroemae</i> by
+the Tartars.&mdash;<i>Jameson's Journal.</i>
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	SOMERSET.
+</h3>
+<p>
+In Congresbury parish, and the contiguous one of Puxton, were two large
+pieces of common land, called East and West Dale Moors, (from the Saxon
+<i>Dob</i>, share or portion) which were occupied till within these few
+years in the following remarkable manner:&mdash;The land was divided into
+single acres, each bearing a peculiar mark cut in the turf, such as a
+horn, an ox, a horse, a cross, an oven, &amp;c. On the Saturday before Old
+Midsummer Day, the several proprietors of contiguous estates or their
+tenants, assembled on these commons, with a number of apples marked
+with similar figures, which were distributed by a boy to each of the
+commoners from a bag; at the close of the distribution, each person
+repaired to allotment with the figure corresponding with the one upon
+his apple, and took possession of that piece of land for the ensuing
+year. Four acres were reserved to pay the expenses of an
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page143" name="page143"></a>[pg 143]</span>
+entertainment
+at the house of the Overseer of the Dale Moors, when the evening was
+spent in festivity.
+</p>
+<p style="text-align: right;">
+<i>Rutter's Division of Somerset.</i>
+</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>
+	THE GATHERER.
+</h2>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  A snapper up of unconsidered trifles.</p>
+           <p style="text-align: right;">  SHAKESPEARE.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+</div></div>
+<h3>
+	SLEEPING IN CHURCH.
+</h3>
+<center>
+<i>From a Sermon by Swift.</i>
+</center>
+<p>
+(It may be somewhat derogatory to the genius of so great a writer
+as SWIFT, to allow this extract to occupy its present place in our
+arrangement&mdash;usually allotted to minor pieces. Our "Notes" are, for
+the most part, from new books, and a similar object is explained in our
+"Selector." We could hardly place "Sleeping in Church" under "Manners
+and Customs," and sleep altogether is rather prospective, (in dreaming,)
+than "Retrospective."&mdash;Yet reader, here it is&mdash;a still subject&mdash;but
+fresh, vigorous, and written for all time.)
+</p>
+<p>
+There is one moral disadvantage to which all preaching is subject; that
+those who, by the wickedness of their lives, stand in greatest need,
+have usually the smallest share; for either they are absent upon the
+account of idleness, or spleen, or hatred to religion, or in order to
+doze away the intemperance of the week; or, if they do come, they are
+sure to employ their minds rather any other way, than regarding or
+attending to the business of the place.
+</p>
+<p>
+There is no excuse so trivial, that will not pass upon some men's
+consciences to excuse their attendance at the public worship of God.
+Some are so unfortunate as to be always indisposed on the Lord's day,
+and think nothing so unwholesome as the air of a church. Others have
+their affairs so oddly contrived, as to be always unluckily prevented by
+business. With some it is a great mark of wit, and deep understanding,
+to stay at home on <i>Sundays</i>. Others again discover strange fits
+of laziness, that seize them, particularly on that day, and confine
+them to their beds. Others are absent out of mere contempt of religion.
+And, lastly, there are not a few who look upon it as a day of rest, and
+therefore claim the privilege of their castle, to keep the Sabbath by
+eating, drinking, and sleeping, after the toil and labour of the week.
+Now in all this the worst circumstance is, that these persons are such
+whose companies are most required, and who stand most in need of a
+physician.
+</p>
+<p>
+But of all misbehaviour, none is comparable to that of those who come
+here to sleep; opium is not so stupifying to many persons as an
+afternoon sermon. Perpetual custom hath so brought it about, that the
+words, of whatever preacher, become only a sort of uniform sound at
+a distance, than which nothing is more effectual to lull the senses.
+For, that it is the very sound of the sermon which bindeth up their
+faculties, is manifest from hence, because they all awake so very
+regularly as soon as it ceaseth, and with much devotion receive the
+blessing, dozed and besotted with indecencies I am ashamed to repeat.
+</p>
+<p>
+One cause of this neglect is, a heart set upon worldly things. Men
+whose minds are much enslaved to earthly affairs all the week, cannot
+disengage or break the chain of their thoughts so suddenly, as to apply
+to a discourse that is wholly foreign to what they have most at heart.
+Tell an usurer of charity, and mercy, and restitution, you talk to the
+deaf; his heart and soul, with all his senses, are got among his bags,
+or he is gravely asleep, and dreaming of a mortgage. Tell a man of
+business, that the cares of the world choke the good seed; that we must
+not encumber ourselves with much serving; that the salvation of his
+soul is the one thing necessary. You see, indeed, the shape of a man
+before you, but his faculties are all gone off among clients and papers,
+thinking how to defend a bad cause, or find flaws in a good one; or, he
+weareth out the time in drowsy nods.
+</p>
+<p>
+There are many who place abundance of merit in going to church, although
+it be with no other prospect but that of being well entertained, wherein
+if they happen to fail, they return wholly disappointed. Hence it is
+become an impertinent vein among people of all sorts to hunt after what
+they call a good sermon, as if it were a matter of pastime and diversion.
+</p>
+<p>
+This indecent sloth is very much owing to that luxury and excess men
+usually practise upon this day, by which half the service thereof is
+turned to sin; men dividing the time between God and their bellies,
+when, after a gluttonous meal, their senses dozed and stupified, they
+retire to God's house to sleep out the afternoon. Surely, brethren,
+these things ought not so to be.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	A CONVINCING PROOF.
+</h3>
+<p>
+Miss D. had the misfortune to become what the language of our neighbours
+delicately expresses by the compound word <i>fille-mère</i>, and wished to
+bestow, or rather to force, the honours of paternity on the prince. The
+subject of dispute having been brought into his presence, he glanced at
+the child's raven air, and coolly observed, "to convince me that this girl
+is mine, you must prove that black is white."&mdash;<i>Cabinet Library&mdash;Life
+and Reign of George IV.</i>
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	ASTRONOMY.
+</h3>
+<p>
+A facetious fellow, after reading the Report of the Astronomical Society
+for the past year, (which is very favourable) observed, "Well! Astronomy
+is looking up."
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	THE PENNANT.
+</h3>
+<p>
+The following shows the derivation of pennant at the head of the
+mainmast of a man of war:&mdash;
+</p>
+<p>
+When Van Trump was sweeping the seas with his men of war, by way of a
+boast he put a <i>broom</i> at the head of his mast, for which, when
+Elizabeth had notice, she desired all her men of war to mount a <i>long
+strip of linen</i> at the head of their masts, as much as to say she
+would <i>flog</i> them soundly if they dared to molest her.
+</p>
+<h4>
+GEO. ST. CLAIR.
+</h4>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	CHESTNUTS
+</h3>
+<p>
+Are sold at the corners of every street in Florence, in seven different
+forms: raw, cooked, and hot, both roasted and boiled; dried by heat,
+(the skins being taken off,) in which state they have a much sweeter and
+superior flavour; and made into bread, a sort of stiff pudding; and into
+thin cakes like pancakes.<a id="footnotetag6" name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a> This valuable fruit constitutes a
+considerable portion of the food of the lower classes, who must daily
+consume in Florence some tons.
+</p>
+<hr />
+<p>
+Lord Hudson, in Queen Elizabeth's time, said, "To have courage to
+observe an affront, is to be even with an adversary. To have the
+patience to forgive it, is to be above him."
+</p>
+<center>
+C.B.
+</center>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	DEATH AMONGST LIONS.
+</h3>
+<p>
+It is remarkable that in 1438, all the lions in the Tower of London
+died.
+</p>
+<h4>
+T. GILL.
+</h4>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	ANTIQUITY OF PORTERS.
+</h3>
+<p>
+Saccarii, among the Romans were a company or fraternity of porters,
+who had the sole privilege to carry all goods from the harbour to the
+warehouses, none being allowed to employ their own slaves, and much less
+those of others, for that purpose.
+</p>
+<p>
+The modern <i>Saccarii</i>, alias tackle porters and ticket porters, are
+well known to Londoners, and have been thus poetized by Gay:
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  "If drawn by business to a street unknown,</p>
+           <p>  Let the <i>sworn porter</i> point thee through the town."</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+These <i>portly gentry</i> have been compared to kings. Howel says, "It is
+with <i>kings</i> sometimes as with <i>porters</i>, whose packs may jostle
+one against the other, yet remain good friends still."
+</p>
+<p>
+N.B. This is a <i>knotty</i> subject.
+</p>
+<h4>
+P.T.W.
+</h4>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	STANZAS ON MADAME VESTRIS HAVING ESTABLISHED A THEATRE OF HER OWN.
+</h3>
+<center>
+<i>Written by Sir Lumley Skeffington.</i>
+</center>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Now Vestris, the tenth of the Muses,</p>
+<p class="i2">    To Mirth rears a fanciful dome,</p>
+           <p>  We mark, while delight she infuses,</p>
+<p class="i2">    The Graces find beauty at home.</p>
+           <p>  In her eye such vivacity glitters,</p>
+<p class="i2">    To her voice such perfections belong,</p>
+           <p>  That care and the life it embitters,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Find balm in the sweets of her song.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  When monarchs o'er valleys are ranging,</p>
+<p class="i2">    A court is transferr'd to the green;</p>
+           <p>  And flowers, transplanted, are changing</p>
+<p class="i2">    Not fragrance, but merely the scene.</p>
+           <p>  'Tis circumstance dignifies places;</p>
+<p class="i2">    A desert is charming with spring!</p>
+           <p>  And pleasure finds twenty new graces,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Wherever the Vestris may sing!</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+<i>Times.</i>
+</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>
+	LORD ANSON.
+</h3>
+<center>
+(<i>To the Editor.</i>)
+</center>
+<p>
+Being in Sussex a short time since, I observed at a public-house
+adjoining the Duke of Richmond's, at Goodwood, the figure head of the
+Centurion, the ship in which Lord Anson sailed round the world. On the
+pedestal that supported it against the house, are the following lines:&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Stay traveller awhile and view</p>
+           <p>  One who has travelled more than you,</p>
+           <p>  Quite round the world, through each degree,</p>
+           <p>  Anson and I have ploughed the sea,</p>
+           <p>  Torrid and frigid zones have past,</p>
+           <p>  And safe at home arrived at last.</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+There follow two other lines, which are almost unintelligible.
+</p>
+<h4>
+O.P.Q.
+</h4>
+<hr class="full" />
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a>
+<b>Footnote 1</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+<p>
+Primary rocks are supposed by geologists to constitute the
+foundation on which rocks of all the other classes are laid;
+and if we take an enlarged view of the structure of the globe,
+we may admit this to be the fact,&mdash;but the admission requires
+certain limitations.&mdash;Bakewell.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a>
+<b>Footnote 2</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+<p>
+Praxiteles.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a>
+<b>Footnote 3</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+<p>
+The Lake of Constance.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a>
+<b>Footnote 4</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+<p>
+The Rhine loses itself in the sands of Holland before its waters
+can mingle with the sea.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a>
+<b>Footnote 5</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
+<p>
+Russel's Aleppo, p. 54.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote6" name="footnote6"></a>
+<b>Footnote 6</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a>
+<p>
+In the confectioner's shops at Paris, they are sold peeled,
+baked, and iced with sugar. We can answer for their being very
+delicious.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>
+<i>Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic;
+and by all Newsmen and Booksellers.</i>
+</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, by Various
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction
+       Volume 17, No. 477, Saturday, February 19, 1831
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: June 9, 2004 [EBook #12568]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, VOL. 477 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David Garcia and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. XVII, NO. 477.] SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 19, 1831. [PRICE 2d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: MOUNT ST. MICHAEL, NORMANDY.]
+
+
+
+
+MOUNT ST. MICHAEL, NORMANDY.
+
+
+The interest attached to this extraordinary place is of so popular
+a character as fully to justify its introduction to our pages. It is
+situate at the southern extremity of the ancient province of Normandy,
+a district of considerable importance in the early histories of France
+and England. The "Mount" is likewise one of the most stupendous of
+Nature's _curiosities_, it being _one mass of granite_, and
+referred to by geologists as a fine specimen of that primary or
+primitive rock; or, to speak untechnically, of that rock "which is most
+widely spread over the globe in the lowest relative situation," and
+which contains no remains of a former world.[1] St. Michael's therefore
+stands pre-eminently in the sublime philosophy of Nature. It figures
+also in the page of man's history: its early celebrity is recognised in
+the chronicles of olden France and England; and it promises note in the
+history of our own times; since to this monastic spot will the political
+balance of France, in all probability, exile the person of the ambitious
+Polignac, ex-minister of France. The reader will perhaps suspect the
+political concatenation of Lulworth Castle, the Hotel de Ville, and the
+Palais Royal in our last volume; and the Prison of Vincennes and Mount
+St. Michael in the present. Instead of catching "the manners living as
+they _rise_," we appear to be looking out for crowns and ministers
+headlong as they _fall_.
+
+St. Michael's is in that portion of Normandy which is not often visited
+by English tourists. One of its recent visitors was Mrs. Charles
+Stothard, wife of the distinguished artist, who, in 1820, published
+a narrative of her journey in, the autumn of 1818. Mrs. Stothard's
+description of the "Mount" is dated from Avranches, a coast town of some
+consequence, not far from Caen. Speaking of the delightfully situated
+town of Avranches, the fair correspondent says,
+
+"Beyond, in the midst of the sea, arises 400 feet above the surface of
+the water, the majestic rock of Mount St. Michael, and near it another,
+but smaller rock, called the Tombalaine. In the distant and blue horizon
+appears the long and extending land of Britanny, mingling with the
+surrounding atmosphere, from which it is alone distinguished by
+a faint and uncertain line, that, like the prospect of our future
+years, impresses the mind with a deeper interest from its distant and
+impenetrable form. Mount St. Michael is a league in circumference; in
+some parts of the rock is perpendicular; it is flooded entirely at high
+water, but when the tide is out, the rock may be approached by the
+sands; some danger, however, attends the passage to those who are not
+perfectly well acquainted with the track, as many quicksands intercept,
+where travellers have frequently been lost.
+
+"There is a small town on Mount St. Michael. The castle, which stands at
+the top, is accessible by steps cut in the solid rock. In the year 708,
+St. Aubert, Bishop of Avranches, here first created the chapel dedicated
+to St. Michael; in 966, Richard the first Duke of Normandy, established
+a convent of monks of the order of St. Benoit, and in 1024, Richard
+the second Duke of Normandy, built the church, which still exists. The
+provisions that supply the fortress, are sent up in a basket drawn by a
+machine. Tradition says, that there was in this castle an obligatory, or
+concealed trap-door, where, in feudal times, persons were taken, whom
+the state directed should be secretly put out of the way. Under pretext,
+of showing them the castle, they were conducted into a remote chamber,
+there they soon met their destined fate, for chancing to step upon the
+concealed door, they were precipitated into the abyss, many hundred feet
+below. They still exhibit at this fortress the sword and shield of St.
+Michael, and some cannon left by the English, when they made a fruitless
+attempt to take possession of the rock. Here it was that in former
+times, the Kings of France and the Dukes of Britanny made frequent
+pilgrimages, and performed penance at the shrine of St. Michael."
+
+The lofty situation of the church appears to be peculiar to the churches
+dedicated to St. Michael. In many parts of the world they are built on
+very lofty eminences, in allusion, it is said, to St. Michael's having
+been the highest of the heavenly host. St. Michael's, in Cornwall, is
+another confirmation of this remark.
+
+We have the pleasure of acknowledging the original of our Engraving
+from an elegant Print Scrap Book, now in course of publication by Mr.
+H. Dawe. It consists of well executed mezzotinto prints which are worthy
+of the album of any fair subscriber.
+
+    [1] Primary rocks are supposed by geologists to constitute the
+        foundation on which rocks of all the other classes are laid;
+        and if we take an enlarged view of the structure of the globe,
+        we may admit this to be the fact,--but the admission requires
+        certain limitations.--Bakewell.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NIOBE.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+  Hush'd are the groans of death, heart-piercing sound,
+  That mournful rose in peals on peals around;
+  Child after child by heav'nly darts expires,
+  And frequent corses feed the gloomy pyres.
+  Aghast she stands!--now here in wild amaze--
+  Now there the mother casts her madd'ning gaze:
+  In fixedness of grief, in dumb despair,
+  Her looks, her mien, her inmost soul declare:
+  Her looks, her mien, her deep-sunk anguish show
+  With all the silent eloquence of woe.
+
+  See! from her cheek the rosy lustre flies;
+  How dim the beams that sparkled in her eyes.
+  No more so softly heaves the throbbing breast;
+  The purple currents in their channels rest;--
+  No more the Zephyr's balmy breath can wave
+  The graceful locks which laughing Hebe gave;--
+  And fade those lips where fresh vermilion shone,
+  Cold as the clay, or monumental stone;--
+  O'er all her limbs an icy numbness spreads,
+  And marble death eternal quiet sheds.
+
+  [2]Great sculptor hail! whom Nature's self design'd
+  To trace the labyrinths of the human mind--
+  To read the heart, and give with strong control,
+  To stone the silent workings of the soul:
+  Thine all-creative hand, thy matchless skill
+  Could what unbounded genius plann'd, fulfil.
+  Hence sprang that grief-wrung form--the languid eye--
+  The bloodless lip, and look of agony--
+  That face, where mute contending passions play--
+  That life of pain, of anguish, and dismay.
+
+  To sink she seems beneath the afflictive weight
+  Of gloomy cares portentous of her fate;--
+  Yet on her brow still soft Affection beams,
+  Tho' Desperation prompts her sombre dreams.
+  Parental feelings thrill her tortur'd breast,
+  And all the frantic mother stands confest--
+  A very Niobe--sad, hapless name!
+  In figure, features, and in all the same:
+  The same in all as Vengeance fierce pursued
+  Far to a wild and cheerless solitude.
+  For Salmo's bard has sung (by Heaven's decrees)
+  In awful pomp she mounted on the breeze--
+  Borne by the buoyant wind--a ghostly form--
+  She sail'd along the region of the storm.
+
+  So oft 'tis said in Lapland's chill domain,
+  Where dreary winter holds a lengthen'd reign,
+  What time the Runic drum and magic spell
+  Evoke the rapt soul from its fragile cell,
+  Attendant spirits, won by charms and prayer,
+  In gliding motion float upon the air.
+
+
+_Sydenham._
+
+S.S.
+
+
+    [2] Praxiteles.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE RHINE.
+
+(_To the Editor._)
+
+
+In looking over the last volume (16) of your interesting miscellany,
+I was much amused with a humorous legend at page 108, called the Rat's
+Tower, and according to your reference, having turned to page 68, of
+vol. xii. was equally entertained with the same laughable and well told
+story versified. This humorous production is extracted from a work
+entitled, if I mistake not, "The Rhinish Keepsake," containing many
+of the most wonderful and spirit-stirring legends connected with old
+chateaux, &c. on the banks of that majestic river, the Rhine. Amongst
+other pretty and choice _morceaux_, is a poem under the name of
+"_L'Envoy_," which may probably interest yourself and the readers
+of the _Mirror_. In perusing the enclosed, you will observe the
+infancy, manhood, and old age of "Father Rhine," as he is called, are
+all brought in succession before our eyes, which happy and ingenious
+idea is taken from a highly descriptive French publication, and perhaps
+having named the work, you will pardon my having extracted that portion
+which refers more particularly to the subject before us. The author
+says, "Dans son enfance le Rhin joue entre les fleurs des Alpes de
+la Suisse, il se berce dans le lac de Constance, il en sort avec des
+forces nouvelles, il devient un adolescent bouillant, fait une chute
+a Schaffhouse, s'avance vers l'age mur, se plait a remplir sa coupe
+de vin, court chercher les dangers et les affronte contre les ecueils
+et les rochers: puis parvenu a un age plus avancee il abandonne les
+illusions, les sites romanesques, et cherche l'utile. Dans sa caducite
+il desserit et disparait enfin on ne sait trop comment!"
+
+
+L'ENVOY.
+
+
+  Cologne! Cologne! Thy walls are won,
+    Farewell my bark--be hush'd my song;
+  My voyage is o'er--my task is done--
+    Too pleasant both to last me long.
+
+  Adieu, thou noble Rhine, adieu,
+  Thy scenes for ever rich and new,
+  Thy cheerful towns, thy Gothic piles,
+  Thy rude ravines, thy verdant isles;
+  Thy golden hills with garlands bound,
+  Thy giant crags with castles crown'd!
+
+  I have seen thee by morning's early light,
+    I have seen thee by evening gray;
+  With the crimson blush of sun-set bright,
+    And lit by the moon's pale ray;
+
+  Shrouded in mist and darken'd by storm,
+  With the countless tints of autumn warm:
+  In ev'ry hue that can o'er thee fall;
+  And lovely, lovely thou art in all.
+  The Rhine!--That little word will be
+  For aye a spell of power to me,
+  And conjure up, in care's despite,
+  A thousand visions of delight.
+
+  The Rhine! O where beneath the sun
+  Doth that fair river's rival run?
+  Where dawns the day upon a stream,
+    Can in such changeful beauty shine,
+  Outstripping Fancy's wildest dream,
+    Like yon green, glancing, glorious Rhine.
+
+  Born where blooms the Alpine rose,
+    Cradled in the Boden--see,[3]
+  Forth the infant river flows,
+    Leaping on in childish glee.
+  Coming to a riper age,
+    He crowns his rocky cup with wine,
+  And makes a gallant pilgrimage
+    To many a ruin'd tower and shrine.
+  Strong and swift, and wild and brave,
+  On he speeds with crested wave;
+  And spurning aught like check or stay,
+  Fights and foams along his way,
+  O'er crag and shoal, until his flood
+  Boils like manhood's hasty blood!
+
+  Older, broader, deeper grown,
+  All romantic follies flown,
+  Now the laden Beurtschiff sails
+    Slowly o'er his sober tide,
+  Which wanders on through fertile vales,
+    And looks like Peace by Plenty's side.
+
+  Joy and strife, and labour past,
+  In his grave he sinks at last!
+  Not the common river's tomb--
+  Not the ocean's mighty womb;
+  Into earth he melts away,
+  Like that very thing of clay,
+  Man, whose brief and checker'd course
+  He hath copied from his source.[4]
+
+  Farewell thou "Father Rhine," as they
+  Who dwell beside thee fondly say,
+  May thy delicious valley long
+  Echo the sweet and grateful song.
+  Which ever round the goblet rose--
+  And well thy minstrel's lay may close.
+
+
+Y.O.S.
+
+    [3] The Lake of Constance.
+
+    [4] The Rhine loses itself in the sands of Holland before its waters
+        can mingle with the sea.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+KATERFELTO.
+
+(_To the Editor._)
+
+
+In reply to the question of your correspondent--"Who was Katerfelto?" I
+am enabled to offer the few brief particulars which follow. With regard
+to his birth, parentage, and education, I am, however, not qualified to
+convey any information. I know not "to whom he was related, or by whom
+forgot." I became acquainted with him about the year 1790 or 1791, when
+he visited the City of Durham, accompanied by his wife and daughter. He
+then appeared to be about sixty years of age. His travelling equipage
+consisted of an old rumbling coach, a pair of sorry hacks, and two black
+servants. They wore green liveries with red collars, but the colours
+were sadly faded by long use.
+
+Having taken suitable apartments, the black servants were sent round the
+town, blowing trumpets and delivering bills, announcing their master's
+astonishing performances, which in the day time consisted in displaying
+the wonders of the microscope, &c. and in the evening in exhibiting
+electrical experiments, in the course of which he introduced his two
+celebrated black cats, generally denominated the Doctor's Devils--for,
+be it understood, that our hero went under the dignified style and
+title of _Doctor_ Katerfelto. Tricks of legerdemain concluded the
+evening's entertainments.
+
+The first night of the Doctor's performance was extremely wet, and the
+writer of this, who was then quite a boy, composed his whole audience.
+The Doctor's spouse invited me behind the curtains to the fire, on one
+side of which sat the great conjuror himself, his person being enveloped
+in an old green, greasy roquelaire, and his head decorated with a black
+velvet cap. On the other side of the fire-place sat Mrs. Katerfelto and
+daughter, in a corresponding style of dress--that is to say, equally
+ancient and uncleanly. The family appeared, indeed, to be in distressed
+circumstances. The Doctor told me the following odd anecdote:--Some time
+before he had sent up from a town in Yorkshire a fire-balloon, for the
+amusement of the country people, and at which they were not a little
+astonished; but in a few days afterwards the Doctor was himself more
+astonished on being arrested for having set fire to a hay rick! The
+balloon, it appeared, had in its descent fallen upon a rick, which it
+consumed, and the owner, having ascertained by whom the combustible
+material had been dispatched, arrested the doctor for the damage. As the
+Doctor was unable to pay the amount, he was obliged to go to prison,
+thus proving that it is sometimes easier to raise the devil than to
+"raise the wind." Having been admitted behind the scenes, I had an
+opportunity of seeing the conjuror's apparatus, but the performance
+was postponed to another evening.
+
+On the next night of the Doctor's appearance he had a tolerably
+respectable auditory, and the following incidents may amuse your
+readers, as they occasioned much laughter at the moment. Among the
+company was the Rev. Mr. P., a minor canon. The conjuror, in the course
+of his tricks, desired a card to be drawn from the pack, by one of the
+company, which was done, the card examined and returned into the pack,
+in the presence of the audience; but on the company being requested to
+take the card again from the pack, it could not be found. The Doctor
+said it must have been taken out by some one present, and civilly begged
+the reverend gentleman to search his pockets. Indignant at such an
+insinuation, the inflamed divine for some time refused to comply, but at
+length being persuaded, he drew forth the identical card, much to his
+own surprise and the amusement of the spectators. A similar trick was
+also played with some money, which unaccountably found its way into the
+reverend gentleman's pocket, a circumstance which put him out of all
+patience; and he proceeded most sternly to lecture the astounded Doctor
+for having practised his levity on a gentleman of his cloth, upon which,
+and threatening the poor conjuror with vengeance, he strode out of the
+room. Katerfelto declared that, although he was a conjuror, he did not
+know the gentleman was a divine.
+
+Katerfelto left Durham soon afterwards, and I have heard died at
+Bristol.
+
+_Pentonville._
+
+DUNELM.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+(_To the Editor._)
+
+A correspondent having expressed a wish to obtain some knowledge of
+Dr. Katerfelto, of juggling memory, perhaps the following may be
+acceptable: Between thirty and forty years ago he travelled through the
+principal towns of the northern counties with a caravan filled with
+philosophical apparatus, giving lectures where a sufficient audience
+could be collected. He appeared to be about five feet ten, rather thin,
+and towards fifty. He was dressed in a black gown and square cap; his
+apparatus was in excellent order, and very well managed, he conducted
+every experiment with great certainty, never failing; and though much
+knowledge might be gained from his lecture, people seemed more inclined
+to laugh than to learn; perhaps from his peculiar manner, and partly
+from his introducing something ludicrous, as on exhibiting the powers of
+a magnet, by lifting a large box, he observed it was not empty, and on
+opening the lid, five or six black cats put up their heads, which he
+instantly put down, saying, "it is not your hour yet." Also when about
+to prove the truth of what he advanced, by experiment, he had a strange
+way of calling your attention by saying, "But then look _here_,"
+raising his voice loud at the word "here." The lecture was succeeded
+by a display of legerdemain, in which I thought him very superior
+to Breslaw.
+
+It was said then, that he had originally been a soldier in the Prussian
+service, and had procured his discharge.
+
+J.G.
+
+P.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NOTES OF A READER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PUBLIC EXECUTIONS.
+
+
+Far better would it be if, in the few cases for which death ought to be
+inflicted, the execution were to take place within the walls of the
+prison, none being present except the proper officers, the clergyman,
+and those persons whom the sufferer might desire to have with him at his
+departure. The effect might possibly be impressive to some good end,
+which most certainly it is not now, if there were no other announcement
+than that of tolling a bell, when all was over, and hoisting a black
+flag, where it might be seen far and wide; and if the body of a murderer
+were carried under a pall, with some appropriate solemnity, to the place
+of dissection. Executions ought never to be made a spectacle for the
+multitude, who, if they can bear the sight, always regard it as a
+pastime; nor for the curiosity of those who shudder while they gratify
+it. Indeed, there are few circumstances in which it is not expedient
+that a veil should be drawn over the crimes and sufferings of our
+fellow-creatures; and it is greatly to be wished, that in all cases of
+turpitude and atrocity, no further publicity were given to the offence
+than is necessary for the ends of justice. For no one who is conversant
+with criminal courts, or has obtained any insight into the human mind,
+can entertain a doubt that such examples are infectious.--_Qry.
+Review._
+
+(There is so much sterling sense and knowledge of life displayed in
+these "Notes" from the last published _Quarterly Review_, that we
+continue their selection without apology to the reader.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BURNING ALIVE.
+
+Little more than fifty years have elapsed since a girl, just turned
+fourteen, was condemned to be burnt alive, having been found guilty of
+treason as an accomplice with her master in coining, because, at his
+command, she had concealed some whitewashed counters behind her stays.
+The master was hanged. The fagots were placed in readiness for her
+execution; and it was averred, in the House of Commons, by Sir William
+Meredith, at the time, that "the girl would have been burnt alive, on
+the same day, had it not been for the humane, but casual interference of
+Lord Weymouth." Mere accident saved the nation from this crime and this
+national disgrace; but so torpid was public feeling in those days, that
+the law remained unaltered till the year 1790; till which time the
+sheriff who did not execute a sentence of this kind was liable to
+prosecution; though, it may well be believed, no sheriff was then
+inhuman enough to adhere to the letter of such a law.--_Ibid._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PUBLIC AMUSEMENTS,
+
+As at present conducted, are said to do more harm than good. But though
+this should be admitted, it would still be true that they have even now
+their good as well as their evil; that there have been times when the
+good greatly preponderated; that they have contributed in no slight
+degree to civilization and refinement; and that in calling forth
+Shakspeare's genius, which, by no other means, and in no other way,
+could have been called forth with equal effect, they have done more good
+than outweighs all the evil that they ever have done, or can do. Public
+spectacles have been regarded in this light by the wisest legislators;
+nor is it only human authority which has given them its sanction; they
+made an essential part of the Jewish law; there is nothing opposed to
+them in the spirit of Christianity; and if they are at any time
+perverted to the gratification of evil passions, or the depravation
+of manners, the fault is in that public opinion which calls for
+and encourages such gratification, and in those governments which,
+neglecting their paramount duty, tolerate such perversion.--_Ibid._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LAW AND LAWYERS.
+
+It is related by Laud, in his Diary, that when he was standing one day,
+during dinner, near his unfortunate master, then Prince Charles, the
+prince, who was in cheerful spirits, talking of many things as occasion
+offered, said, that if necessity compelled him to choose any particular
+profession of life, he could not be a lawyer; "for," said he, "I can
+neither defend a bad cause, nor yield in a good one." "_Sic in
+majoribus succedas, in aeternum faustus!_" was the aspiration which
+his faithful servant and fellow victim breathed, when he recorded this
+trait of Christian character in private notes, which, beyond all doubt,
+were never intended to be seen by any eyes but his own. Even then, the
+practice had become so much an exercitation of subtlety, on the part of
+its professors, to the utter disregard of its original end and object,
+that, as Donne strongly expressed himself, the name of "law" had been
+"strumpeted." It has been asked, if this be the fault of the men or of
+the institutions--of the lawyers or of the law? and maintained that
+the original fault is in the law: a conclusion more charitable than
+satisfactory; for, by whom has the law been made what it is, but by
+the lawyers?
+
+By the Roman laws, every advocate was required to swear that he would
+not undertake a cause which he knew to be unjust, and that he would
+abandon a defence which he should discover to be supported by falsehood
+or iniquity. This is continued in Holland at this day; and if an
+advocate brings forward a cause there, which appears to the court
+plainly iniquitous, he is condemned in the costs of the suit: the
+example will, of course, be very rare; more than one, however, has
+occurred within the memory of persons who are now living. The possible
+inconvenience that a cause just in itself might not be able to find a
+defender, because of some strong and general prejudice concerning it, is
+obviated in that country by an easy provision: a party who can find no
+advocate, and is nevertheless persuaded of the validity of his cause,
+may apply to the court, which has, in such cases, the discretionary
+power of authorizing or appointing one.--_Ibid._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+RICH AND POOR.
+
+The most rational, the wisest, the best portion of mankind, belong
+to that class who possess "neither poverty nor riches." Let the reader
+look around him; let him observe who are the persons that contribute
+most to the moral and physical melioration of mankind; who they are
+that practically and personally support our unnumbered institutions
+of benevolence; who they are that exhibit the worthiest examples of
+intellectual exertion; who they are to whom he would himself apply if
+he needed to avail himself of a manly and discriminating judgment. That
+they are the poor is not to be expected; we appeal to himself, whether
+they are the rich?--_Dymond's Principles of Morality._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SUNDAY.
+
+A day of rest it is by the laws of the land, and ought to be by the
+laws of God--let us be thankful when we thus find them in agreement;
+but a day wholly dedicated to devotion it was not intended to be by
+either, nor in the nature of things can it possibly be so. The greater
+part of it must be spent in the quiet enjoyment of domestic life, or in
+out-of-door recreation, or in idleness. In the former and better manner
+it is passed by the majority of the middle classes; it is the day on
+which friends and relations meet, whom business keeps apart during six
+days of the week; and the stoppage of stage-coaches within twenty miles
+of London on the Sunday would take away more moral and wholesome
+enjoyment than any act of the legislature can produce. But supposing
+public worship were duly attended by all persons, as, according to what
+has now become a fiction of the law, it is designed to be, how are the
+remaining portions of the day to be disposed of by those who have no
+domestic circle to which they can repair--no opportunities for that
+refreshment both of body and mind, which the Sabbath, when wisely and
+properly observed, affords? Or who, if belonging to or placed in
+religious families, are not yet at years of such discretion as suffices
+to repress their natural activity and the instinctive desire of
+recreation? Rigorous gamelaws do not more certainly encourage poaching,
+than the puritanical observance of the Sabbath leads to
+Sabbath-breaking.--_Quarterly Review._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BURNS.
+
+This extraordinary man, before he produced any of the pieces on which
+his fame is built, had educated himself abundantly; and when he died,
+at the age of thirty-seven, knew more of books, as well as of men, than
+fifty out of a hundred in any of the learned professions in any country
+of the world are ever likely to do.--_Ibid._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE ETTRICK SHEPHERD.
+
+When the Ettrick Shepherd was first heard of, he had indeed but just
+learned to write, by copying the letters of a printed ballad, as he
+lay watching his flock on the mountains; but thirty years or more have
+passed since then, and his acquirements are now such, that the Royal
+Society of Literature, in patronizing him, might be justly said to
+honour a laborious and successful student, as well as a masculine and
+fertile genius. We may take the liberty of adding, in this place, what
+perhaps may not be known to the excellent managers of that excellent
+institution, that a more worthy, modest, sober, and loyal man does not
+exist in his majesty's dominions than this distinguished poet, whom some
+of his waggish friends have taken up the absurd fancy of exhibiting in
+print as a sort of boozing buffoon; and who is now, instead of revelling
+in the license of tavern-suppers and party politics, bearing up, as he
+may, against severe and unmerited misfortunes, in as dreary a solitude
+as ever nursed the melancholy of a poetical temperament.--_Ibid._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MR. ALLAN CUNNINGHAM
+
+Needs no testimony either to his intellectual accomplishments or his
+moral worth; nor, thanks to his own virtuous diligence, does he need
+any patronage. He has been fortunate enough to secure a respectable
+establishment in the _studio_ of a great artist, who is not less
+good than great, and would thus be sufficiently in the eye of the world,
+even were his literary talents less industriously exercised than they
+have hitherto been. His recent Lives of the British Painters and
+Sculptors form one of the most agreeable books in the language; and it
+will always remain one of the most remarkable and delightful facts in
+the history of letters, that such a work--one conveying so much valuable
+knowledge in a style so unaffectedly attractive--so imbued throughout,
+not only with lively sensibility, amiable feelings, honesty and candour,
+but mature and liberal taste, was produced by a man who, some twenty
+years before, earned his daily bread as a common stone-mason in the
+wilds of Nithsdale. Examples like these will plead the cause of
+struggling genius, wherever it may be found, more powerfully than
+all the arguments in the world.--_Ibid._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+DUELLING
+
+Is the only crime into which an upright man, wanting in moral
+firmness, can be impelled by the law of honour. Surely there could be
+no difficulty in putting an end to this absurd and abominable practice
+by wholesome laws. Appoint six months' imprisonment for the offence
+of sending a challenge, or of accepting it; two years if the parties
+meet; and if one falls, transport the other for life. Appoint the same
+punishment in all cases for the seconds; and from the day in which such
+a law should be enacted, not a pair of duelling pistols would ever again
+be manufactured in this country, even for the Dublin market.--_Ibid._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CARDINAL MAZARIN.
+
+The pecuniary wealth, the valuables and pictures of Mazarin, were
+immense. He was fond of hoarding,--a passion that seized him when he
+first found himself banished and destitute. His love of pictures was as
+strong as his love of power--stronger, since it survived. A fatal malady
+had seized on the cardinal, whilst engaged in the conferences of the
+treaty, and worn by mental fatigue. He brought it home with him to the
+Louvre. He consulted Guenaud, the great physician, who told him that he
+had two months to live. Some days after receiving this dread mandate,
+Brienne perceived the cardinal in night-cap and dressing gown tottering
+along his gallery, pointing to his pictures, and exclaiming, "Must I
+quit all these?" He saw Brienne, and seized him: "Look," exclaimed he,
+"look at that Correggio! this Venus of Titian! that incomparable Deluge
+of Caracci! Ah! my friend, I must quit all these. Farewell, dear
+pictures, that I loved so dearly, and that cost me so much!" His friend
+surprised him slumbering in his chair at another time, and murmuring,
+"Gueriaud has said it! Guenaud has said it!" A few days before his
+death, he caused himself to be dressed, shaved, rouged and painted,
+"so that he never looked so fresh and vermilion," in his life. In this
+state he was carried in his chair to the promenade, where the envious
+courtiers cruelly rallied, and paid him ironical compliments on his
+appearance. Cards were the amusement of his death-bed, his hand being
+held by others; and they were only interrupted by the visit of the Papal
+Nuncio, who came to give the cardinal that plenary indulgence to which
+the prelates of the sacred college are officially entitled. Mazarin
+expired on the 9th of March, 1661.
+
+_Lardner's Cyclopaedia_, vol. xv.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+"GOD SAVE THE KING" IN ITALY.
+
+On the 26th of December last, the King and Queen of Sardinia went
+in state to the _Carlo Felice_ Theatre at Genoa, and presented to
+the public, says an Italian correspondent, his niece, the betrothed
+bride of the heir-apparent of the house of Austria. At seven the court
+arrived, the curtain rose, and displayed the whole _corps dramatique_,
+who sang _Dio Salve il Re;_ or an Italian version of the words and
+music of our "God save the King," in which Madame Caradori took the
+principal part. Thus our national anthem is getting naturalized in
+Italy, the parent of song, and once the manufacturer of it for all
+Europe. It is already adopted in Russia, I am told, and is well known
+in France, though not likely to supplant the fine national air, "_Vive
+Henri Quatre_."--_Harmonicon, Feb._ 1.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS OF SHAKSPEARE.
+
+
+[Illustration: FLINT CASTLE.]
+
+
+This Castle is, or rather was, situated on an insulated rock, in
+a marsh on the river Dee, which still, at high tides, washes its walls.
+It is a site of considerable historical interest, being the place where
+the unhappy King Richard II was delivered into the hands of his rival,
+Bolingbroke. The unfortunate monarch, it appears, finding himself
+deserted, had withdrawn to North Wales, with a design to escape to
+France. He was, however, decoyed to agree to a conference with
+Bolingbroke, and on the road was seized by an armed force, conveyed to
+Flint Castle, and thence led by his successful rival to the metropolis.
+
+Shakspeare has perpetuated Flint Castle by its frequent mention in his
+"Life and Death of King Richard the Second." He has indeed invested it
+with high poetical interest. Thus, in Scene 2 of Act iii. where occurs
+that touching lament of unkingship--
+
+          ----Of comfort, no man speak:
+  Let's talk of graves, of worms, and epitaphs, &c.
+
+Again, where the moody monarch says--
+
+
+          ----What comfort have we now?
+  By heaven! I'll hate him everlastingly,
+  That bids me be of comfort any more.
+  Go, to _Flint Castle_, there I'll pine away;
+  A king, woe's slave, shall kingly woe obey.
+
+
+Then, the investiture of the Castle--"Scene 3.--_Wales--Before Flint
+Castle;" "Enter, with drums and colours_, BOLINGBROKE _and Forces."
+"A parle sounded, and answered.--Flourish.--Enter on the walls_
+KING RICHARD, &c." Shakspeare makes the capture _in the castle_.
+Thus, Northumberland (from Bolingbroke before the castle) parleys
+with the King--
+
+
+  My lord, in the base court he doth attend
+  To speak with you, may't please you to come down?
+
+                     KING RICHARD.
+
+  Down, down I come; like glistering Phaeton,
+  Wanting the management of unruly jades.
+                         (_North retires to Boling._)
+  In the base court? Base court, where kings grow base,
+  To come at traitors' calls, and do them grace.
+  In the base court? Come Down? Down Court, Down King!
+  For night-owls shriek where mounting larks should sing.
+                         (_Exeunt from above._)
+
+
+Richard has been described as a prince of surpassing beauty; but
+his mental powers did not correspond with his personal form, and his
+character was both weak and treacherous. He, however, had some redeeming
+points. His ordering some trees to be cut down at Sheen, because they
+too forcibly reminded him of his deceased wife Anne, in whose company
+he used to walk under them, affords a favourable testimony of his
+susceptibility of the social affections. Of this sensitiveness, there
+is also an interesting trait recorded by Froissart. From Flint Castle,
+Richard was conveyed to London, and immured within the Tower cells.
+While he was here one day conversing with Bolingbroke, his favourite
+greyhound, Math, having been loosed by his keeper, instead of running
+to the King, as usual, fawned upon the Duke. The latter inquiring the
+cause of this unusual circumstance, was answered--"This greyhound
+fondles and pays his court to you this day as King of England, which
+you will surely be, and I shall be deposed."
+
+To return to Flint Castle. After the civil wars under Charles I. it was
+ordered to be dismantled; but, among other rights, it was restored to
+Sir Roger Mostyn, after the Restoration, in whose family it is still
+vested, though the mayor of the borough acts as its constable.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WEBER AND DER FREISCHUTZ.
+
+In 1821, the newly-erected Royal Opera at Berlin was opened with "Der
+Freyschuetz." The effect produced by the first representation of this
+romantic opera, which we shall never cease to regard as one of the
+proudest achievements of genius, was almost unprecedented. It was
+received with general acclamations, and raised his name at once to the
+first eminence in operatic composition. In January it was played in
+Dresden, in February at Vienna, and everywhere with the same
+success.--Weber alone seemed calm and undisturbed amid the general
+enthusiasm. He pursued his studies quietly, and was already deeply
+engaged in the composition of a comic opera, "The Three Pintos," never
+completed, and had accepted a commission for another of a romantic cast
+for the Vienna stage. The text was at first to have been furnished by
+Rellstab, but was ultimately written by Madame de Chezy, and written in
+so imperfect and impracticable a style, that, with all Rellstab's
+alterations never had a musician more to contend with than poor Weber
+had to do with this old French story. As it is, however, he has caught
+the spirit of the tale.
+
+  "Dance and Provencal song, and vintage mirth"
+
+
+breathe in his melodies; and although a perplexed plot and want of
+interest in the scene greatly impaired its theatrical effect, the
+approbation with which it was notwithstanding received by all judges
+of music on its first representation in Vienna (10th Oct. 1823)
+sufficiently attested the triumph of the composer over his difficulties.
+He was repeatedly called for and received with the loudest acclamations.
+From Vienna, where he was conducting his Euryanthe, he was summoned to
+Prague, to superintend the fiftieth representation of his "Freyschuetz."
+His tour resembled a triumphal procession; for, on his return to
+Dresden, he was greeted with a formal public reception in the theatre.
+
+But while increasing in celebrity, and rising still higher, if that
+were possible, in the estimation of the public, his health was rapidly
+waning, amidst his anxious and multiplied duties. "Would to God," says
+he in a letter written shortly afterwards--"Would to God that I were a
+tailor, for then I should have a Sunday's holiday!" Meantime a cough,
+the herald of consumption, tormented him, and "the slow minings of the
+hectic fire" within began to manifest themselves more visibly in days
+and nights of feverish excitement. It was in the midst of this that he
+accepted the task of composing an opera for Covent Garden Theatre. His
+fame, which had gradually made its way through the North of Germany
+(where his Freyschuetz was played in 1823) to England, induced the
+managers to offer him liberal terms for an opera on the subject of
+Oberon, the well-known fairy tale on which Wieland has reared his
+fantastic, but beautiful and touching comic Epos. He received the first
+act of Planche's manuscript in December, 1824, and forthwith began his
+labours, though he seems to have thought that the worthy managers,
+in the short time they were disposed to allow him, were expecting
+impossibilities, particularly as the first step towards its composition,
+on Weber's part, was the study of the English language itself, the right
+understanding of which, Weber justly considered as preliminary to any
+attempt to marry Mr. Planche's ephemeral verses to his own immortal
+music. These exertions increased his weakness so much, that he found
+it necessary to resort to a watering-place in the summer of 1825. In
+December he returned to Berlin, to bring out his Euryanthe there in
+person. It was received, as might have been anticipated, with great
+applause, though less enthusiastically than the Freyschuetz, the wild
+and characteristic music of which, came home with more intensity to the
+national mind. After being present at two representations, he returned
+to his labours at Oberon.
+
+The work, finally, having been completed, Weber determined himself to
+be present at the representation of this his last production. He hoped,
+by his visit to London, to realize something for his wife and family;
+for hitherto, on the whole, poverty had been his companion. Want had,
+indeed, by unceasing exertion, been kept aloof, but still hovering
+near him, and threatening with the decline of his health, and his
+consequent inability to discharge his duties, a nearer and a nearer
+approach. Already he felt the conviction that his death was not far off,
+and that his wife and children would soon be deprived of that support
+which his efforts had hitherto afforded them. His intention was to
+return from London by Paris, where he expected to form a definitive
+arrangement relative to an opera which the Parisians had long requested
+from him.
+
+On the 2nd of March he left Paris for England, which he reached on
+the 4th amidst a heavy shower of rain--a gloomy opening to his visit.
+The first incident, however, that happened after his arrival, showed
+how highly his character and talents were appreciated. Instead of
+requiring to present himself as an alien at the Passport Office, he was
+immediately waited upon by the officer with the necessary papers, and
+requested to think of nothing but his own health, as everything would
+be managed for him. On the 6th he writes to his wife from London:
+
+"God be thanked! here I sit, well and hearty, already quite at home,
+and perfectly happy in the receipt of your dear letter, which assures
+me that you and the children are well; what more or what better could
+I wish for? After sleeping well and paying well at Dover, we set out
+yesterday morning in the Express coach, a noble carriage, drawn by four
+English horses, such as no prince need be ashamed of. With four persons
+within, four in front, and four behind, we dashed on with the rapidity
+of lightning, through this inexpressibly beautiful country: meadows of
+the loveliest green, gardens blooming with flowers, and every building
+displaying a neatness and elegance which form a striking contrast to
+the dirt of France. The majestic river, covered with ships of all sizes
+(among others, the largest ship of the line, of 148 guns), the graceful
+country houses, altogether made the journey perfectly unique."
+
+He took up his residence with Sir George Smart, where everything that
+could add to his comfort, or soothe his illness, had been provided by
+anticipation. He found his table covered with cards from visiters who
+had called before his arrival, and a splendid pianoforte in his room
+from one of the first makers, with a request that he would make use
+of it during his stay.
+
+"The whole day," he writes to his wife, "is mine till five--then dinner,
+the theatre, or society. My solitude in England is not painful to me.
+The English way of living suits mine exactly; and my little stock of
+English, in which I make tolerable progress, is of incalculable use
+to me.
+
+"Give yourself no uneasiness about the opera (Oberon), I shall have
+leisure and repose here, for they respect my time. Besides, the Oberon
+is not fixed for Easter Monday, but some time later; I shall tell you
+afterwards when. The people are really too kind to me. No king ever
+had more done for him out of love; I may almost say they carry me in
+their arms. I take great care of myself, and you may be quite at ease
+on my account. My cough is really a very odd one; for eight days it
+disappeared entirely; then, upon the 3rd (of March) a vile spasmodic
+attack returned before I reached Calais. Since that time it is quiet
+again. I cannot, with all the consideration I have given it, understand
+it at all. I sometimes deny myself every indulgence, and yet it comes.
+I eat and drink every thing, and it does not come. But be it as God will.
+
+"At seven o'clock in the evening we went to Covent Garden, where Rob
+Roy, an opera after Sir Walter Scott's novel, was played. The house
+is handsomely decorated, and not too large. When I came forward to the
+front of the stage-box, that I might have a better look of it, some one
+called out, Weber! Weber is here!--and although I drew back immediately,
+there followed a clamour of applause which I thought would never have
+ended. Then the overture to the Freyschuetz was called for, and every
+time I showed myself the storm broke loose again. Fortunately, soon
+after the overture, Rob Roy began, and gradually things became
+quiet.--Could a man wish for more enthusiasm, or more love? I must
+confess that I was completely overpowered by it, though I am of a calm
+nature, and somewhat accustomed to such scenes. I know not what I would
+have given to have had you by my side, that you might have seen me in
+my foreign garb of honour. And now, my dear love, I can assure you that
+you may be quite at ease, both as to the singers and the orchestra.
+Miss Paton is a singer of the first rank, and will play Reiza divinely;
+Braham not less so, though in a totally different style. There are also
+several good tenors; and I really cannot see why the English singing
+should be so much abused. The singers have a perfectly good Italian
+education, fine voices, and expression. The orchestra is not remarkable,
+but still very good, and the choruses particularly so. In short, I feel
+quite at ease as to the fate of Oberon."
+
+The final production of the drama, however, was attended with more
+difficulty than he had anticipated. He had the usual prejudices to
+overcome, particular singers to conciliate, alterations to make, and
+repeated rehearsals to superintend, before he could inspire the
+performers with the proper spirit of the piece.
+
+"Braham," says he, "in another of his confidential letters to his wife,"
+(29th March, 1826) "begs for a grand scena instead of his first air,
+which, in fact, was not written for him, and is rather high. The thought
+of it was at first quite horrible; I could not hear of it. At last
+I promised, when the opera was completed, if I had time enough, it should
+be done; and now this grand scena, a confounded battle piece and what
+not, is lying before me, and I am about to set to work, yet with the
+greatest reluctance. What can I do? Braham knows his public, and is
+idolized by them. But for Germany I shall keep the opera as it is.
+I hate the air I am going to compose (to-day I hope) by anticipation.
+Adieu, and now for the battle. * * * * So, the battle is over, that is
+to say, half the scene. To-morrow shall the Turks roar, the French shout
+for joy, the warriors cry out victory!"
+
+The battle was, indeed, nearly over with Weber. The tired forces of
+life, though they bore up gallantly against the enemy, had long been
+wavering at their post, and now in fact only one brilliant movement
+remained to be executed before they finally retreated from the field
+of existence. This was the representation of Oberon, which for a time
+rewarded him for all his toils and vexations. He records his triumph
+with a mixture of humility, gratitude, affection, and piety.
+
+
+"12th April, 1826.
+
+"My best beloved Caroline! Through God's grace and assistance, I have
+this evening met with the most complete success. The brilliancy and
+affecting nature of the triumph is indescribable. God alone be thanked
+for it! When I entered the orchestra, the whole of the house, which was
+filled to overflowing, rose up, and I was saluted with huzzas, waving
+of hats and handkerchiefs, which I thought would never have done. They
+insisted on encoring the overture. Every air was interrupted twice or
+thrice by bursts of applause. * * * So much for this night, dear life.
+From your heartily tired husband, who, however, could not sleep in
+peace until he had communicated to you this new blessing of heaven.
+Good-night."
+
+But his joy was interrupted by the gradual decline of his health.
+The climate of London brought back all those symptoms which his
+travelling had for a time alleviated or dissipated. After directing
+twelve performances of his Oberon in crowded houses, he felt himself
+completely exhausted and dispirited.--His melancholy was not abated
+by the ill success of his concert, which, from causes which we cannot
+pretend to explain, was no benefit to the poor invalid. His next
+letters are in a desponding tone.
+
+
+"17th April, 1826.
+
+"To-day is enough to be the death of any one. A thick, dark,
+yellow fog overhangs the sky, so that one can hardly see in the
+house without candles. The sun stands powerless, like a ruddy point,
+in the clouds. No: there is no living in this climate. The longing
+I feel for Hosterwitz, and the clear air, is indescribable. But
+patience,--patience,--one day rolls on after another; two months are
+already over. I have formed an acquaintance with Dr. Kind, a nephew of
+our own Kind. He is determined to make me well. God help me, that will
+never happen to me in this life. I have lost all hope in physicians and
+their art. Repose is my best doctor, and henceforth it shall be my sole
+object to obtain it. * * * * *
+
+"To-morrow is the first representation of my (so called) rival's
+opera, 'Aladdin.' I am very curious to see it. Bishop is a man of
+talent, though of no peculiar invention. I wish him every success.
+There is room enough for all of us in the world."
+
+
+"30th May.
+
+"Dearest Lina, excuse the shortness and hurry of this. I have so
+many things on hand, writing is painful to me--my hands tremble so.
+Already too impatience begins to awaken in me. You will not receive
+many more letters from me. Address your answer not to London, but to
+Frankfort--_poste restante_. You are surprised? Yes, I don't go
+by Paris. What should I do there--I cannot move--I cannot speak---all
+business I must give up for years. Then better, better, the straight way
+to my home--by Calais, Brussels, Cologne, and Coblentz, up the Rhine
+to Frankfort--a delightful journey. Though I must travel slowly, rest
+sometimes half a day, I think in a fortnight, by the end of June,
+I shall be in your arms.
+
+"If God will, we shall leave this on 12th June, if heaven will vouchsafe
+me a little strength. Well, all will go better if we are once on the
+way--once out of this wretched climate. I embrace you from my heart,
+my dear ones--ever your loving father Charles."
+
+This letter, the last but one he ever wrote, shows the rapid decline of
+his strength, though he endeavours to keep up the spirits of his family
+by a gleam of cheerfulness. His longing for home now began to increase
+till it became a pang. On the 6th of June he was to be present at the
+Freyschuetz, which was to be performed for his benefit, and then to leave
+London for ever. His last letter, the thirty-third he had written from
+England, was dated the second of June. Even here, though he could
+scarcely guide the pen, anxious to keep up the drooping spirits of his
+wife, he endeavours to speak cheerfully, and to inspire a hope of his
+return.
+
+"As this letter will need no answer, it will be short enough. Need no
+answer! Think of that! Furstenau has given up the idea of his concert,
+so perhaps we shall be with you in two days sooner--huzza! God bless you
+all and keep you well! O were I only among you! I kiss you in thought,
+dear mother. Love me also, and think always of your Charles, who loves
+you above all."
+
+On Friday the 3rd of June, he felt so ill, that the idea of his
+attending at the representation of "Der Freyschuetz" was abandoned, and
+he was obliged to keep his room. On Sunday evening, the 5th, he was left
+at eleven o'clock in good spirits, and at seven next morning was found
+dead upon his pillow, his head resting upon his hand, as though he
+had passed from life without a struggle. The peaceful slumber of the
+preceding evening seemed to have gradually deepened into the sleep
+of death.
+
+He was interred on the 21st, with the accustomed solemnities of the
+Catholic Church, in the chapel at Moorfields, the Requiem of Mozart
+being introduced into the service. In person, Weber is described
+as having been of the middle height, extremely thin, and of dark
+complexion. His countenance was strikingly intelligent, his face long
+and pale, his forehead remarkably high, his features prominent, his
+eyes dark and full. His usual look was one of calm placid thought, an
+expression which was increased in some degree by spectacles, which he
+wore on account of his shortness of sight. The force and acuteness of
+his mind were indicated in the occasional brilliancy of the expression
+of his countenance; the habitual patience and mildness of his
+disposition, in its permanent look of placidity and repose.--_From an
+interesting paper in No. XIII. of the Foreign Quarterly Review._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+DIRGE.
+
+
+  The moon was a-waning,
+    The tempest was over;
+  Fair was the maiden,
+    And fond was the lover;
+  But the snow was so deep,
+    That his heart it grew weary,
+  And he sunk down to sleep,
+    In the moorland so dreary.
+
+  Soft was the bed
+    She had made for her lover,
+  White were the sheets
+    And embroider'd the cover;
+  But his sheets are more white,
+    And his canopy grander,
+  And sounder he sleeps
+    Where the hill foxes wander.
+
+  Alas, pretty maiden,
+    What sorrows attend you!
+  I see you sit shivering,
+    With lights at your window;
+  But long may you wait
+    Ere your arms shall enclose him,
+  For still, still he lies,
+    With a wreath on his bosom.
+
+  How painful the task
+    The sad tidings to tell you!--
+  An orphan you were,
+    Ere this misery befell you;
+  And far in yon wild,
+    Where the dead-tapers hover,
+  So cold, cold and wan,
+    Lies the corpse of your lover.
+
+
+_The Ettrick Shepherd._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+MANNERS & CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PREPARATIONS OF MILK, PARTICULARLY OF MARES' MILK, USED BY THE KALMUCK
+TARTARS.
+
+The ordinary drink of the Kalmucks, and which forms an essential part
+of their food, consists of various preparations of the milk supplied by
+their cattle. The mares yield milk as well as the cows; and, for several
+reasons, they prefer the former. When fresh, this milk has a taste of
+onions, which is very repulsive; but, in proportion as it sours, if the
+operation is performed with cleanliness, it becomes more liquid than the
+other, acquires an agreeable vinous taste, and neither forms cream nor
+coagulates. In this state, it furnishes a wholesome and refreshing
+drink, and which, when in sufficient quantity, froths in a remarkable
+degree. The cow's milk, on the contrary, both on account of the cheesy
+matter which it contains and its disagreeable taste, becomes unpleasant
+to drink when it sours; and, in persons not accustomed to it, induces
+colics and diarrhoeas, although the Kalmucks  themselves experience no
+inconvenience from it, unless they have neglected to boil it. This they
+do, in the first place, and never use it until it has undergone this
+operation, without which they would be exposed to the inconveniences
+with which sour milk affects Europeans. In like manner, the Kalmucks
+do not relish water that has not been boiled. Poor persons, to prevent
+their being reduced to the necessity of drinking it pure, mix it with
+their milk, in the proportion of a third part or half, in order to make
+the most of the latter as a drink.
+
+The milk is therefore heated as soon as it is withdrawn from the animal;
+and, when warm, it is poured into a large skin bottle, with which the
+poorest hut is furnished, and in which there is always a remnant of sour
+milk sufficient to sour the new milk, after it has been stirred with a
+stick kept for the purpose. Those bottles are never washed or cleaned:
+they are therefore always incrusted with cheese and dirt, and the smell
+admitted by them is sufficient to show what they contain. But it is
+precisely in this that the secret for making the milk undergo the vinous
+fermentation consists. If it be intended to sour milk in empty or new
+bottles, all that is necessary is to put into them the least drop of the
+milk-brandy to be presently described, or a little of the curdled milk
+that is found in the stomach of young lambs.
+
+All the preparations of milk are comprehended under the name of Tchigan.
+The drinks prepared from pure mare's milk (the Koumys of the Tartars),
+are named Gunna Tchigan, or Horse Tchigan; those into which mares' milk
+and cow's milk enter are called Besrek;--sour cows' milk is named Airek;
+and all kinds of fresh milk, Ussoun.
+
+In summer, and in general whenever their flocks yield them much milk,
+the Kalmucks do not fail to inebriate themselves with the strong drink
+which they derive from it. Mares' milk affords most spirit, and the milk
+of the cow affords much less, especially in winter, when the fodder is
+dry. Sheep's milk is never employed, as it does not contain spirit.
+
+The milk intended for distillation is only allowed to remain twenty-four
+hours, in summer, in the skin-bottles to sour; but in winter, and in
+cold weather, it may be left two or three days to be rendered fit for
+distillation. The cream is not taken off; on the contrary, the milk is
+agitated very strongly, from time to time, with the stick, and the
+butter which forms of itself on the milk, or even on the common Tchigan,
+is removed and employed for other uses.
+
+Notwithstanding the numerous testimonies on the subject, and the daily
+experience, not of the nomadic tribes alone, but also of all the
+Russians, many people in Europe cannot conceive how a spirituous and
+inebriating liquor could be obtained from milk. But it cannot be
+supposed that those travellers who have repeatedly seen these tribes
+distil their brandy from milk, without adding the least vegetable matter
+to the original liquid, and then, in their unbridled passion for
+debauch, drink until they stagger and fall, have said so merely to
+impose upon the public. Nor can it be objected that the weakness of
+their head renders them liable to be easily inebriated by the vapours of
+the milk, for the Kalmucks can take very large quantities of grain
+brandy without losing the use of their legs; and there are Russians,
+who, although professedly great drinkers, are sooner inebriated than the
+Kalmucks by milk-brandy, and often even by the sour milk of mares, and
+yet are extremely fond of this kind of drink. I am aware that strangers
+have in vain tried to make milk-brandy. I shall even confess that I had
+a trial made under my own eyes, at Selenginsk, by Kalmucks, and was so
+unsuccessful, that I only obtained a watery fluid which had the smell of
+sour milk; but the reason of this was, that two clean vessels had been
+used. On the contrary, whenever I allowed these people to use their own
+vessels, abundant alcoholic vapours were procured. It is, therefore, an
+important point to determine, by means of vessels impregnated by long
+use with a strong smell, and the remains of sour milk, that sudden
+souring which developes a spirituous principle. This fermentation of a
+rare species, and entirely _sui generis_, can only be brought to
+the desired perfection by frequent repetition of the process, just as,
+according to Russel,[5] the thick milk (_leban_), which the Arabs
+habitually use for making cheese, can only be obtained by producing the
+coagulation of the fresh milk by means of a milk previously curdled, or,
+in other words, by the cohobation many times repeated of curdled milk.
+
+After describing the process of distillation, Pallas remarks, if
+the brandy is made from cows' milk, what is obtained is equal to the
+thirtieth, or at most to the twenty-fifth part of the mass; but when
+from mares' milk, it equals the fifteenth part. The new fluid is pale
+and watery, and does not inflame; but it keeps without spoiling, in
+glass bottles, like weak corn-brandy. The rich Kalmucks render it
+stronger by several distillations, and they have names for the products
+of each rectification. The _arki_ is named _dang_ after its first
+rectification; _arza_, after the second; _khortsa_, after the third.
+They seldom go farther, although the rectifications are sometimes pushed to
+six. The names given to the two last are _chingsta_ and _dingsta_. The
+Kalmucks are generally, however, content with the products of the first
+distillation.
+
+The receiver has scarcely been filled, when they pour the brandy warm
+from it into a large wooden vessel with a spout, from which they fill
+leather bottles, or gourds.
+
+It is customary for the host, with whom the company is then, to pour
+brandy into a vessel, and afterwards to throw part of it into the fire,
+and part towards the hole by which the smoke issues to render the
+spirits of the air or his tutelary angel propitious. Lastly, the warm
+brandy circulates among the company, composed of kinsfolk and friends,
+in large cups, which often do not hold less than a bottle. If a little
+is left, it is heated again before it is drunk. This milk-brandy, on
+account of the aqueous parts which it contains, does not inebriate so
+easily when a small quantity is taken, as brandy made from grain; but
+it is found, by the example of the Russians and all the tribes of the
+Steppes, that the drunkenness which it causes continues longer, and
+entirely destroys the appetite. On the other hand, it does not produce
+violent head-aches, like corn-brandy.
+
+The rich Kalmucks and Mongols are in the habit, when they pass the
+winter near towns, of distilling with or without milk brandy from
+leavened bread. The product, it is said, is stronger, and has a keener
+taste than milk-brandy. The residuum of the distillation of milk-brandy,
+which is sharp, and has a smell like wine lees, is applied to various
+uses. Sometimes it is mixed with fresh milk, and immediately eaten;
+sometimes it is applied for preparing sheep and lamb skins; sometimes
+the women boil it, either by itself, or, if it is too sharp, with a
+mixture of sweet milk, until it thickens, and then pour the cheesy
+substance into bags, which, when thoroughly dried, they throw into
+heaps. They also, like the Tartar tribes, frequently form it into round
+cakes, which they dry in the sun, and keep principally for journeys and
+for winter use. The residuum of distillation is called _bosson_,
+and by the Mongols _tsakha_.--The cheese formed in heaps is named
+_chourmyk_, that in cakes, _thorossoun_.
+
+They make another kind of cheese also, chiefly of sheep's and goats'
+milk. The fresh milk is put into a kettle with a like sour milk
+(_ederecksen ussun_), or some remnant of brandy (_bossah_).
+They are well mixed, and then left for some time to sour. Fire is
+then put under the kettle, and the mixture is stirred while it boils
+briskly, that the cheesy parts may be converted into a kind of froth
+(_koosoun_). When all the aqueous parts of the milk are expelled by
+boiling, it little butter is added. The whole is again stirred, and left
+upon the fire until the froth begins to dry and turn brown. It is then
+ready, and if properly prepared, has an agreeable taste.
+
+The Kalmucks make their butter in the following manner: A sufficient
+quantity of cows' or sheep's milk is put into a kettle, and boiled
+for some time, after which there is added a little sour milk cream
+(_areyn_). It is then withdrawn, and allowed to stand until it
+sours, which does not require a whole day. This milk is then beaten with
+a kind of butterstick, and poured into an earthen pot or other vessel,
+when the decomposed butter comes to the surface, and is placed in
+vessels, skins, or dried stomachs, in which it is kept. If the milk
+still seems to contain fat, it is again treated in the same manner.
+This milk is called _toussoun_ by the Kalmucks, and _oeroemae_ by
+the Tartars.--_Jameson's Journal._
+
+    [5] Russel's Aleppo, p. 54.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SOMERSET.
+
+In Congresbury parish, and the contiguous one of Puxton, were two large
+pieces of common land, called East and West Dale Moors, (from the Saxon
+_Dob_, share or portion) which were occupied till within these few
+years in the following remarkable manner:--The land was divided into
+single acres, each bearing a peculiar mark cut in the turf, such as a
+horn, an ox, a horse, a cross, an oven, &c. On the Saturday before Old
+Midsummer Day, the several proprietors of contiguous estates or their
+tenants, assembled on these commons, with a number of apples marked
+with similar figures, which were distributed by a boy to each of the
+commoners from a bag; at the close of the distribution, each person
+repaired to allotment with the figure corresponding with the one upon
+his apple, and took possession of that piece of land for the ensuing
+year. Four acres were reserved to pay the expenses of an  entertainment
+at the house of the Overseer of the Dale Moors, when the evening was
+spent in festivity.
+
+_Rutter's Division of Somerset._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+  A snapper up of unconsidered trifles.
+  SHAKESPEARE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SLEEPING IN CHURCH.
+
+_From a Sermon by Swift._
+
+(It may be somewhat derogatory to the genius of so great a writer
+as SWIFT, to allow this extract to occupy its present place in our
+arrangement--usually allotted to minor pieces. Our "Notes" are, for
+the most part, from new books, and a similar object is explained in our
+"Selector." We could hardly place "Sleeping in Church" under "Manners
+and Customs," and sleep altogether is rather prospective, (in dreaming,)
+than "Retrospective."--Yet reader, here it is--a still subject--but
+fresh, vigorous, and written for all time.)
+
+There is one moral disadvantage to which all preaching is subject; that
+those who, by the wickedness of their lives, stand in greatest need,
+have usually the smallest share; for either they are absent upon the
+account of idleness, or spleen, or hatred to religion, or in order to
+doze away the intemperance of the week; or, if they do come, they are
+sure to employ their minds rather any other way, than regarding or
+attending to the business of the place.
+
+There is no excuse so trivial, that will not pass upon some men's
+consciences to excuse their attendance at the public worship of God.
+Some are so unfortunate as to be always indisposed on the Lord's day,
+and think nothing so unwholesome as the air of a church. Others have
+their affairs so oddly contrived, as to be always unluckily prevented by
+business. With some it is a great mark of wit, and deep understanding,
+to stay at home on _Sundays_. Others again discover strange fits
+of laziness, that seize them, particularly on that day, and confine
+them to their beds. Others are absent out of mere contempt of religion.
+And, lastly, there are not a few who look upon it as a day of rest, and
+therefore claim the privilege of their castle, to keep the Sabbath by
+eating, drinking, and sleeping, after the toil and labour of the week.
+Now in all this the worst circumstance is, that these persons are such
+whose companies are most required, and who stand most in need of a
+physician.
+
+But of all misbehaviour, none is comparable to that of those who come
+here to sleep; opium is not so stupifying to many persons as an
+afternoon sermon. Perpetual custom hath so brought it about, that the
+words, of whatever preacher, become only a sort of uniform sound at
+a distance, than which nothing is more effectual to lull the senses.
+For, that it is the very sound of the sermon which bindeth up their
+faculties, is manifest from hence, because they all awake so very
+regularly as soon as it ceaseth, and with much devotion receive the
+blessing, dozed and besotted with indecencies I am ashamed to repeat.
+
+One cause of this neglect is, a heart set upon worldly things. Men
+whose minds are much enslaved to earthly affairs all the week, cannot
+disengage or break the chain of their thoughts so suddenly, as to apply
+to a discourse that is wholly foreign to what they have most at heart.
+Tell an usurer of charity, and mercy, and restitution, you talk to the
+deaf; his heart and soul, with all his senses, are got among his bags,
+or he is gravely asleep, and dreaming of a mortgage. Tell a man of
+business, that the cares of the world choke the good seed; that we must
+not encumber ourselves with much serving; that the salvation of his
+soul is the one thing necessary. You see, indeed, the shape of a man
+before you, but his faculties are all gone off among clients and papers,
+thinking how to defend a bad cause, or find flaws in a good one; or, he
+weareth out the time in drowsy nods.
+
+There are many who place abundance of merit in going to church, although
+it be with no other prospect but that of being well entertained, wherein
+if they happen to fail, they return wholly disappointed. Hence it is
+become an impertinent vein among people of all sorts to hunt after what
+they call a good sermon, as if it were a matter of pastime and diversion.
+
+This indecent sloth is very much owing to that luxury and excess men
+usually practise upon this day, by which half the service thereof is
+turned to sin; men dividing the time between God and their bellies,
+when, after a gluttonous meal, their senses dozed and stupified, they
+retire to God's house to sleep out the afternoon. Surely, brethren,
+these things ought not so to be.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A CONVINCING PROOF.
+
+Miss D. had the misfortune to become what the language of our neighbours
+delicately expresses by the compound word _fille-mere_, and wished to
+bestow, or rather to force, the honours of paternity on the prince. The
+subject of dispute having been brought into his presence, he glanced at
+the child's raven air, and coolly observed, "to convince me that this girl
+is mine, you must prove that black is white."--_Cabinet Library--Life
+and Reign of George IV._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ASTRONOMY.
+
+A facetious fellow, after reading the Report of the Astronomical Society
+for the past year, (which is very favourable) observed, "Well! Astronomy
+is looking up."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE PENNANT.
+
+The following shows the derivation of pennant at the head of the
+mainmast of a man of war:--
+
+When Van Trump was sweeping the seas with his men of war, by way of a
+boast he put a _broom_ at the head of his mast, for which, when
+Elizabeth had notice, she desired all her men of war to mount a _long
+strip of linen_ at the head of their masts, as much as to say she
+would _flog_ them soundly if they dared to molest her.
+
+GEO. ST. CLAIR.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CHESTNUTS
+
+Are sold at the corners of every street in Florence, in seven different
+forms: raw, cooked, and hot, both roasted and boiled; dried by heat,
+(the skins being taken off,) in which state they have a much sweeter and
+superior flavour; and made into bread, a sort of stiff pudding; and into
+thin cakes like pancakes.[6] This valuable fruit constitutes a
+considerable portion of the food of the lower classes, who must daily
+consume in Florence some tons.
+
+    [6] In the confectioner's shops at Paris, they are sold peeled,
+        baked, and iced with sugar. We can answer for their being very
+        delicious.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Lord Hudson, in Queen Elizabeth's time, said, "To have courage to
+observe an affront, is to be even with an adversary. To have the
+patience to forgive it, is to be above him."
+
+C.B.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+DEATH AMONGST LIONS.
+
+It is remarkable that in 1438, all the lions in the Tower of London
+died.
+
+T. GILL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ANTIQUITY OF PORTERS.
+
+Saccarii, among the Romans were a company or fraternity of porters,
+who had the sole privilege to carry all goods from the harbour to the
+warehouses, none being allowed to employ their own slaves, and much less
+those of others, for that purpose.
+
+The modern _Saccarii_, alias tackle porters and ticket porters, are
+well known to Londoners, and have been thus poetized by Gay:
+
+  "If drawn by business to a street unknown,
+  Let the _sworn porter_ point thee through the town."
+
+
+These _portly gentry_ have been compared to kings. Howel says, "It is
+with _kings_ sometimes as with _porters_, whose packs may jostle
+one against the other, yet remain good friends still."
+
+N.B. This is a _knotty_ subject.
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+STANZAS ON MADAME VESTRIS HAVING ESTABLISHED A THEATRE OF HER OWN.
+
+_Written by Sir Lumley Skeffington._
+
+
+  Now Vestris, the tenth of the Muses,
+    To Mirth rears a fanciful dome,
+  We mark, while delight she infuses,
+    The Graces find beauty at home.
+  In her eye such vivacity glitters,
+    To her voice such perfections belong,
+  That care and the life it embitters,
+    Find balm in the sweets of her song.
+
+  When monarchs o'er valleys are ranging,
+    A court is transferr'd to the green;
+  And flowers, transplanted, are changing
+    Not fragrance, but merely the scene.
+  'Tis circumstance dignifies places;
+    A desert is charming with spring!
+  And pleasure finds twenty new graces,
+    Wherever the Vestris may sing!
+
+_Times._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LORD ANSON.
+
+(_To the Editor._)
+
+Being in Sussex a short time since, I observed at a public-house
+adjoining the Duke of Richmond's, at Goodwood, the figure head of the
+Centurion, the ship in which Lord Anson sailed round the world. On the
+pedestal that supported it against the house, are the following lines:--
+
+  Stay traveller awhile and view
+  One who has travelled more than you,
+  Quite round the world, through each degree,
+  Anson and I have ploughed the sea,
+  Torrid and frigid zones have past,
+  And safe at home arrived at last.
+
+
+There follow two other lines, which are almost unintelligible.
+
+O.P.Q.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic;
+and by all Newsmen and Booksellers._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, VOL. 477 ***
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+    (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99,
+     98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90)
+
+EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are
+filed in a different way.  The year of a release date is no longer part
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+example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/2/3/10234
+
+or filename 24689 would be found at:
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689
+
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+
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