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diff --git a/old/12551-8.txt b/old/12551-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..134f6d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/12551-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1843 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and +Instruction, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction + Vol. XIX. No. 541, Saturday, April 7, 1832 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: June 8, 2004 [EBook #12551] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, NO. 541 *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Allen Siddle and PG Distributed Proofreaders + + + + + + + + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + +VOL. XIX. No. 541.] SATURDAY, APRIL 7, 1832. [PRICE 2d. + + + + * * * * * + + + +[Illustration: THE LOWTHER ARCADE.] + +THE LOWTHER ARCADE. + + +In No. 514 of _The Mirror_ we explained the situation of the Lowther +Arcade. We may here observe that this covered way or arcade intersects the +insulated triangle of buildings lately completed in the Strand, the +principal façade of which is designated _West Strand_. + +The Engraving represents the interior of the Arcade, similar in its use to +the Burlington Arcade, and, although wider and more lofty, including three +stories in height, it is not so long. The passage forms an acute angle +with the Strand, running to the back of St. Martin's Church, and is +divided by large pilasters into a succession of compartments; the +pilasters are joined by an arch; and the compartments are domed over, and +lighted in the centre by large domical lights, which illuminate the whole +passage in a perfect manner. "All the shop-fronts are decorated in a +similar manner, and the whole has been designed and executed with great +care by the builder, Mr. Herbert. The shops on the exterior are designed +to have the appearance of one great whole. The style of architecture is +Grecian, and the order employed Corinthian: the angles are finished in a +novel manner, with double circular buildings, having the roof domed in +brick, with an ornament as a finish to the top of the dome. The effect of +the whole would be agreeable if it had the appearance of a solid basement +to stand upon; but as tradesmen find it necessary to have as much open +space as possible to exhibit their goods, the mass of architecture above +must appear to be supported by the window-frames of the shops, although in +reality they are based upon small iron columns of four and six inches +diameter, which are scarcely seen, and which offer the slightest possible +impediment to the exhibition of goods." + +We may add that the Arcade at night is lit with gas within elegant +vase-shaped shades of ground glass, branching from each side. The +ornaments of the domes, especially that of the Caduceus, are introduced +with good effect. + +We take the introduction of this and similar passages in the British +metropolis to have been originally from the French capital. Thus, in Paris +are the _Passage des Panoramas_; _the Passage Delorme_; the _Passage +d'Artois_; the _Passage Feydeau_; the _Passage de Caire_; and the _Passage +Montesquieu_. A more grandiloquent name applied by the French to some of +their passages is _galerie_: we remember the _Galerie Vivienne_ as one of +the most splendid specimens, with its _marchands_ of artificial luxuries. +The _Galerie Vero Dodat_, (we think shorter than the Lowther Arcade,) is +in the extreme of shop-front magnificence: the floor is of alternate +squares of black and white marble, and the fronts are of plate-glass with +highly-polished brass frames, and we doubt whether that common material, +wood, is to be seen in the doors. This _Galerie_ is named after its +proprietor, M. Vero Dodat, an opulent _charcutier_, (a pork-butcher) in +the neighbouring street; but we are unable to inform the reader by how +many horse power his sausage-chopping machine is worked. + + * * * * * + +VIRGINIA WATER. + +(_To the Editor_.) + + +In No. 533 of _The Mirror_ is a Cut of the _Cascade_ at Virginia Water +(which by the way is a very correct one, with the keeper's lodge in the +distance) which you state was the late King's own planing; but such was +not the case, as it was built in the reign of George the Third; the late +king merely added improvements about it, one of which was the building of +a rude bridge a little below the cascade, of stones similar to the fall: +this bridge connects a favourite drive down to the nursery. + +_Brighton_. E.E. + + * * * * * + +FISHING IN CANADA. + +(_To the Editor_.) + + +It may be entertaining to many of your readers now that emigration +occupies the thoughts of so many, to sketch a short account of the method +chiefly employed in Canada, in capturing fish, which to very many settlers +is an important adjunct to their domestic economy. Those living on the +borders of the numerous lakes and rivers of Canada, which are invariably +stored with fine fish, are provided with either a light boat, log, or what +is by far the best, a bark canoe; a barbed fishing spear, with light +tapering shaft, about twelve or sixteen feet long, and an iron basket for +holding pine knots, and capable of being suspended at the head of the boat +when fired. In the calm evenings after dusk, many of these lights are seen +stealing out from the woody bays in the lakes, towards the best fishing +grounds, and two or three canoes together, with the reflection of the red +light from the clear green water on the bronzed faces of either the native +Indian, or the almost as wild Backwoodsman, compose an extraordinary scene: +the silence of the night is undisturbed, save by the gurgling noise of the +paddles, as guided by the point of the spear; the canoe whirls on its axis +with an almost dizzing velocity, or the sudden dash of the spear, followed +by the struggles of the transfixed fish, or perhaps the characteristic +"Eh," from the Indian steersman. In this manner, sometimes fifty or sixty +fish of three or four pounds are speared in the course of a night, +consisting of black bass, white fish, and sometimes a noble maskimongi. A +little practice soon enables the young settler to take an active part in +this pursuit. The light seems to attract the fish, as round it they +thickly congregate. But few fish are caught in this country by the fly: at +some seasons, however, the black bass will rise to it. A CANADIAN. + + * * * * * + +THE ARBALEST, OR CROSS-BOW. + +(_To the Editor_.) + + +No. 538, of _The Mirror_, contains a very interesting memoir on the +subject of the Cross-bow, but I do not find that the mode of bending the +steel bow has been described; which from its great strength it is evident +could not be accomplished without the assistance of some mechanical power. +This in the more modern bows is attained by the application of a piece of +steel, which lies along the front of the stem, and is moved forward on a +pivot until the string is caught by a hook, and a lever is thus obtained, +by means of which the bow is drawn to its proper extent. It seems to me +that this is the description of bow of which your correspondent has +furnished a drawing. Another mode, and which appears to have been applied +to the ancient bows, was by a sort of two-handed windlass, with ropes and +pulleys, called a _"moulinet_," which was temporarily attached to the +butt-end of the Cross-bow; of this a drawing is given in the illustrations +of Froissart's _Chronicles_, particularly in that one descriptive of the +Siege of Aubenton; in which two bowmen are shown, one in the act of +winding up the bow, and the other taking his aim, the _moulinet_, &c. +lying at his feet. Of this latter description, there are two specimens +preserved in the Tower of London, both of about the period of our Henry +the Sixth. + +C.P.C. + + * * * * * + +LINES TO A LARK. + +(_For the Mirror_.) + + + Upon thy happy flight to heaven, again, sweet + bird, thou art; + The morning beam is on thy wings, its influence + in thy heart; + Like matin hymns blest spirits sing in yonder + happy sky, + Break on the ear, the small, sweet notes of thy + wild melody. + + Cold winter winds are far away, the cruel snows + have past; + And spring's sweet skies, and blushing flowers + shine o'er the world at last; + Where the young corn springs fresh, and green, + sweet flowerets gather'd he, + And form around thy lowly nest a shelter sweet + for thee. + + Is it not this which wakes thy song, with thoughts of + summer hours, + When warmer hues shall clothe the skies, and + darker shades the bowers; + Has nature to thy throbbing heart such glowing + feelings given, + That thou canst feel the beautiful, of this bright + earth and heaven. + + If so, how blest must be thy lot, from azure + skies to gaze, + When the fresh morn is in the heavens, or + mid-day splendours blaze; + Or when the sunset's canopy of golden light is + spread, + And thou unseen, enshrin'd in light, art singing + overhead. + + Oh then thy happy song comes down upon the + glowing breast, + Soft as rich sunlight, on the flowers, comes from + the golden west: + And fain the heart would soar with thee, enshrin'd + in thought as sweet, + As the rich tones, which from thy heart, thou + dost in song repeat. + + Oh there is not on earth a breast, but turns + with joy to thee. + From the cold wither'd years of age, to smiling + infancy. + Thou claimest smiles from ev'ry lip, and praise + from ev'ry tongue; + Such sympathy each happy heart finds in thy + joyous song. + +_Dorking_. + +SYLVA. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE COSMOPOLITE. + + +SUPERSTITIONS, FABLES, &C. RELATIVE TO ANIMALS. + +(_Continued from page 180_.) + + +The following curious notice of the _Acherontia Atropos_, or Death's-head +Moth, we extract from "The Journal of a Naturalist:"--"The yellow and +brown-tailed moths," he observes, "the death-watch, our snails, and many +other insects, have all been the subjects of man's fears, but the dread +excited in England by the appearance, noises, or increase of insects, are +petty apprehensions compared with the horror that the presence of this +Acherontia occasions to some of the more fanciful and superstitious +natives of northern Europe, maintainers of the wildest conceptions. A +letter is now before me from a correspondent in German Poland, where this +insect is a common creature, and so abounded in 1824 that my informant +collected fifty of them in a potato field of his village, where they call +them the 'death's-head phantom,' the 'wandering death-bird,' &c. The +markings on the back represent to their fertile imaginations the head of a +perfect skeleton, with the limb bones crossed beneath; its cry becomes the +voice of anguish, the moaning of a child, the signal of grief; it is +regarded, not as the creation of a benevolent being, but as the device of +evil spirits--spirits, enemies to man, conceived and fabricated in the +dark; and the very shining of its eyes is supposed to represent the fiery +element whence it is thought to have proceeded. Flying into their +apartments in an evening, it at times extinguishes the light, foretelling +war, pestilence, famine, and death to man and beast. * * * This insect +has been thought to be peculiarly gifted in having a voice and +squeaking like a mouse when handled or disturbed; but, in truth, no insect +that we know of has the requisite organs to produce a genuine voice; they +emit sounds by other means, probably all external." + +The Icelanders believe _Seals_ to be the offspring of Pharaoh and his host; +who, they assert, were changed into these animals when overwhelmed in the +Red Sea. The _Grampus_, _Porpoise_, and _Dolphin_, have each from the +earliest ages been the subject of numerous superstitions and fables, +particularly the latter, which was believed to have a great attachment to +the human race, and to succour them in accidents by sea; it is a perfectly +straight fish, yet even painters have promulgated a falsity respecting it, +by representing it from the curved form in which it appears above water, +bent like the letter S reversed. "The inhabitants of Pesquare," says Dr. +Belon, "and of the borders of Lake Gourd are firmly persuaded that the +_Carp_ of those lakes are nourished with pure gold; and a great portion of +the people in the Lyonnois are fully satisfied that the fish called +_humble_ and _ernblons_ eat no other food than gold. There is not a +peasant in the environs of the Lake of Bourgil who will not maintain that +the _Laurets_, a fish sold daily in Lyons, feed on pure gold alone. The +same is the belief of the people of the Lake Paladron in Savoy, and of +those near Lodi. But," adds the Doctor, "having carefully examined the +stomachs of these several fishes, I have found that they lived on other +substances, and that from the anatomy of the stomach it is impossible that +they should be able to digest gold." This fable, therefore, with that of +the _Chameleon_ living on air only, and some others which we shall have +occasion to mention, may be regarded amongst those exploded by science. + +The fable of the _Kraken_ has been referred to imperfect and exaggerated +accounts of monstrous _Polypi_ infesting the northern seas; how far may +not the _Cuttle-fish_ have given rise to this fiction? In hot countries +(our readers will remember that in a late paper, _Mirror_, vol. xvii. pp. +282-299, we directed their attention to the similarity of superstitions in +every country of the world, hence infering a common, and most probably +oriental origin for all)--in hot countries cuttle-fish are found of +gigantic dimensions; the Indians affirm that some have been seen two +fathoms broad over their centre; and each arm (for this kind is the +eight-armed cuttle-fish) nine fathoms long!!! Lest these animals should +fling their arms over the Indians' light canoes, and draw them and their +owners into the sea, they fail not to be provided with an axe to chop them +off. + +The ancients believed that the oil of the _Grayling_ obliterated freckles +and small-pox marks. The adhesive qualities of the _Remora_, or +_Sucking-fish_, and its habit of darting against and fixing itself to the +side of a vessel, caused the ancients to believe that the possessors of it +had the power of arresting the progress of a ship in full sail. + +Some Catholics, in consequence of the _John Doree_ having a dark spot, +like a finger-mark, on each side of the head, believe this to have been +the fish, and not the _Haddock_, from which the Apostle Peter took the +tribute-money, by order of our Saviour. The modern Greeks denominate it +"the fish of St. Christopher," from a legend which relates that it was +trodden on by that saint, when he bore his divine burden across an arm of +the sea. Some species of _Echini_, fossilized, and seen frequently in +Norfolk, are termed by the ignorant peasantry, and considered, _Fairy +Loaves_, to take which, when found, is highly unlucky. + +The _Amphisbaena_, from its faculty of moving backwards or forwards at +pleasure, has been thought to have a head at either extremity of its +reptile body, but close inspection proves this opinion false. The +fascinating power of the _Rattlesnake_, of which so many stories have in +times past been related, and which was asserted to exist in its glittering +eyes, has been of late years resolved into that extreme nervous terror of +its victim (at sight of so certain a foe) which deprives it of the power +of motion, and causes it to fall, an unresisting prey, into the reptile's +jaws. We may here pause to observe, _en passant_, that the antipathy which +people of all ages and nations have felt against every reptile of the +serpent tribe, from the harmless worm to the hosts of deadly "dragons" +which infest the torrid zone, and the popular opinion that all are +venomous, often in spite of experience, seems to be not so much +superstition, as a terror of the species, implanted, since the fall, in +our bosoms, by the same Divine Being who at that period pronounced the +serpent to be the most accursed beast of the field. + +(_To be continued_.) + + * * * * * + + + + +SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. + +TAIT'S EDINBURGH MAGAZINE. + + +Nothing if not political appears to be the order of the new magazine and +other literary enterprises of the present day. Is this good policy in +itself? it may be so from the vivifying aid it lends to the springs of +imaginative writing. We have therefore no right to complain of the +_leaven_ of Mr. Tait's Magazine: it is anything but dull: _e.g._ the life +and jauntiness of the following paper is very pleasant, shrewd, and clever: + +_The Martinet_. + +The "Martinet" is the name of a genus, not of a species; the title of a +race variously feathered, but having specific qualities in common. There +is your military martinet, your clerical martinet, your legal martinet, +and the martinet of common life, ("_Gallicrista fastidiosa communis_," +Linnaeus would class him,) who is to the others what the house-sparrow is +to the rest of his tribe. It is with him alone we have to do. The +"martinet" is a person who is all his life violently busied in +endeavouring to be a perfect gentleman, and who _almost_ succeeds. He +misses the point by over-stepping it. He is like one of those greyhounds +which outrun the hare fleetly enough, but cannot "_take_" her when they +have done so. They have a little too much speed, and a little too little +tact. The martinet is always bent upon thinking, saying, doing, and having, +every thing after a nicer fashion than other people, until his nicety runs +into downright mannerism; all his ideas become "clipped taffeta," and all +his eggs are known to have "two yolks." He rarely comes of age or is +thoroughly ripe till near forty, before which he may be a little of the +precise fop, and after which he changes to the somewhat foppish precisian, +which is the best definition of him. He would be an excellent member of +society were he not a little too nice for its every-day work, which, to +speak a truth in metaphor, will not always admit of white gloves. He is +remarkably consistent in all his proceedings, however, and the outward man +is a perfect and complete type of the inward, and _vice versa_. His soul +is never out of pumps and silk stockings, and picks its way amidst the +little mental puddles and cross-roads of this world with a chariness of +step, which is at once edifying and amusing. Of inward show _he_ is not +less "elaborate" than of outward; and, though a descendant of Eve, takes +equal care of the clothing of both mind and body. + +Were his tailor to be abandoned enough to attempt to palm upon him a coat +of the very best Yorkshire, instead of the very best Wiltshire broad-cloth, +(an enormity of which--_horresco referens_--he was once very near being +the victim,) the one would be sure to lose, if discovered, the best of his +customers, and the other the best of a month's sleep. If he wears a wig, +his expenditure with his _peruquier_ is never less than five-and-twenty +guineas a-year. His cigars, though he smokes little, cost him nearly as +much. His hat is water-proof; his stop-watch and repeater are of a +scapement that never varies more than six seconds in the twelve months +from the time-piece at the Observatory at Greenwich, where he has a friend, +who is so good as sometimes to compare notes with him. By the advice of +his boot-maker--who, by the way, has some knowledge of the length of his +foot--he never puts on a new pair until they are at least a year old; and +he parted with his last footboy because he one day discovered a +perceptible difference between the polish of the right and left foot. In +winter, he wears and recommends cork soles. His toilet is no sinecure; and +on the table are always to be found, besides his dressing-box, which +contains an assortment of combs, scissors, tweezers, pomades, and essences, +not easily equalled, a bottle of "Eau de Cologne, veritable," a Packwood +and Criterion strop; a case of gold-mounted razors, (the best in England,) +which he bought, nearly thirty years ago, of the successor of "Warren," in +the Strand, and a silvered shaving-pot, upon a principle of his own, +redolent of Rigges' "patent violet-scented soap." His net-silk purse is +ringed with gold at one end, and with silver at the other; and although +not _much_ of a snuff-taker, he always carries a box, on the lid of which +smiles the portrait of the once celebrated and beautiful, though now +somewhat forgotten, Duchess of D----, or the equally resplendent Lady +Emily M----. + +His table is of the same finish with his wardrobe. If he sat down to +dinner, even when alone, in boots, that visitation which Quin ascribed to +the prevalent neglect of "pudding on a Sunday"--an earthquake might be +expected to follow. His spoons and silver forks are marked with his crest; +and he omits no opportunity to inform his friends, that the right of the +family to the arms was proved at Herald's College by his great uncle John. +He has receipts for mulligatawny and oyster soups, not to be equalled; and +another for currie-powder, which a friend of his obtained, as the greatest +of favours, from Sir Stamford Raffles, and which, though bound in honour +not to make known, he means to leave to his son by will, under certain +injunctions. His cookery of a "French rabbit," provided the claret be +first-rate, is superb; and on _very_ particular occasions, he condescends +to know how to concoct a bowl of punch, especially champagne punch, for +the which he has a formula in rhyme, the poetry of which never, as is its +happy case, losing sight of correctness and common-sense, comes, as well +as its subject matter, home to "his business and his bosom." His "caviar" +is, through the kindness of a commercial friend, imported from the hand of +the very Russian _cuisinier_, who prepares it (unctuous relish!) for the +table of the Emperor himself. His cheese is Stilton or Parmesan. + +Like "Mrs. Diana Scapes," he is also "curious in his liquors," and, in +despite of Beau Brummell, patronizes "malt," as far as to take one glass +of excellent "college ale,"--which he gets through his friend Dr. Dusty of +All Souls--between pastry and Parmesan. After cheese, he can relish one, +and only one, glass of port--all the better if of the "Comet vintage," or +of some vintage ten years anterior to that. His drink, however, is claret, +old hock, Madeira, and latterly, since it has become a sort of fashion, +old sherry. In these he is a connoisseur not to be sneezed at; and if +asked his opinion, makes it a rule never to give it upon the first glass, +invariably observing, that "if he would he couldn't, and if he could he +_wouldn't_!" He produces anchovy toast as an indispensable in a long +evening, after dinner, and to it he recommends a liqueur-glass of +cherry-brandy, which he believes is of that incomparable recipe, of which +the late King was so fond. If he be a bachelor, he has, in his dining-room, +a cellaret, in which repose this, and other similar liquid rarities, and +beneath his sideboard stands a machine, for which he paid twelve guineas, +for producing _ice extempore_. + +His literary tastes bear a certain resemblance to, and have a certain +analogy with, his gustatory--proving the truth of that intimate connexion +between the stomach and the head, upon which physiologists are so +delighted to dwell. In poetry the heresies and escapades of Lord Byron are +too much for him, although as a Peer and a gentleman he always speaks well +and deferentially of him. Shelley he can make nothing of, and therefore +says, which is the strict truth in one sense at least, that he has never +read him. He praises Campbell, Crabbe, and Rogers, and shakes his head at +Tom Moore; but Pope is his especial favourite; and if anything in verse +has his heart, it is the "Rape of the Lock." Peter Pindar he partly +dislikes, but Anstey, the "Bath Guide," is high in his estimation; and +with him "Gray's Odes" stand far above those of Collins'. Of the "Elegy in +a Country Church" he thinks, as he says, "like the rest of the world." +"Shenstone's Pastorals" he has read. Burns he praises, but in his heart +thinks him a "wonderful clown," and shrugs his shoulders at his extreme +popularity. He says as little about Shakespeare as he can, and has by +heart some half dozen lines of Milton, which is all he really knows of him. +In the drama he inclines to the "unities;" and of the English Theatre +"Sheridan's School for Scandal," and Otway's "Venice Preserved," or Rowe's +"Fair Penitent," are what he best likes in his heart. John Kemble is his +favourite actor--Kean he thinks somewhat vulgar. In prose he thinks Dr. +Johnson the greatest man that ever existed, and next to him he places +Addison and Burke. His historian is Hume; and for morals and metaphysics +he goes to Paley and Dr. Reid, or Dugald Stewart, and is well content. For +the satires of Swift he has no relish. They discompose his ideas; and he +of all things detests to have his head set a spinning like a tetotum, +either by a book or by anything else. Bishop Berkeley once did this for +him to such a tune, that he showed a visible uneasiness at the mention of +the book ever after. In Tristram Shandy, however, he has a sort of +suppressed delight, which he hardly likes to acknowledge, the magnet of +attraction being, though he knows it not, in the characters of Uncle Toby, +Corporal Trim, and the Widow Wadman. His religious reading is confined to +"Blair's Sermons," and the "Whole Duty of Man," in which he always keeps a +little slip of double gilt-edged paper as a marker, without reflecting +that it is a sort of proof that he has never got through either. His +Pocket Bible always lies upon his toilet table. He knows a little of +Mathematics in general, a little of Algebra, and a little of Fluxions, +which is principally to be discovered from his having Emmerson, Simpson, +and Bonnycastle's works in his library. In classical learning he confesses +to having "forgotten" a good deal of Greek; but sports a Latin phrase upon +occasion, and is something of a critic in languages. He prefers Virgil to +Homer, and Horace to Pindar, and can, upon occasion, enter into a +dissertation on the precise meaning of a "Simplex munditiis." He also +delights in a pun, and most especially in a Latin one; and when applied to +for payment of _paving-rate_, never fails to reply "_Paveant_ illi, non +_paveam_ ego!" which, though peradventure repeated for the twentieth time, +still serves to sweeten the adieu between his purse and its contents. He +is also an amateur in etymologies and derivatives, and is sorry that the +learned Selden's solution of the origin of the term "gentleman" seems to +include in it something not altogether complimentary to religion. This is +his only objection to it. He speaks French; and his accent is, he flatters +himself, an approximation to the veritable Parisian. Modern novels he does +not read, but has read "Waverley" and "Pelham." + +His library is not large, but select; and as he does not sit in it +excepting very occasionally, the fire grate is a movable one, and can be +turned at will from parlour to library and _vice versa_,--a whim of his +old acquaintance Dr. Trifle of Oxford. In it are his library table and +stuffed chair; a bust of Pitt and another of Cicero; a patent inkstand and +silver pen; an atlas, and maps upon rollers; a crimson screen, an improved +"Secretaire;" a barometer and a thermometer. Upon the shelves may be found +almost for certain Boswell's Johnson; Encyclopaedia Britannica; Peptic +Precepts and Cook's Oracle; the Miseries of Human Life; Prideaux' +Connexion of the Old and New Testament; Dr. Pearson's Culina Famulatrix +Medecinae; Soame Jenyn's Essays; the Farrier's Guide; Selden's Table-talk; +Archbishop Tillotson's Sermons; Henderson on Wines; Boscawen's Horace; +Croker's Battles of Talavera and Busaco; Dictionary of Quotations; Lord +Londonderry's Peninsular Campaigns; the Art of Shaving, with directions +for the management of the Razor; Todd's Johnson's Dictionary; Peacham's +Complete Gentleman; Harris' Hermes; Roget on the Teeth; Memoirs of Pitt; +Jokeby, a Burlesque on Rokeby; English Proverbs; Paley's Moral Philosophy; +Chesterfield's Letters; Buchan's Domestic Medicine; Debrett's Peerage; +Colonel Thornton's Sporting Tour; Court Kalendar; the Oracle, or Three +Hundred Questions explained and answered; Gordon's Tacitus an Elzevir +Virgil; Epistolae obscurorum virorum; Martial's Epigrams; Tully's Offices; +and Henry's Family Bible. + +His general character for nicety is excellent, both in a moral and +religious point of view: and he holds himself to have done a questionable +thing in looking into a number of Harriette Wilson, in which a gay +_quondam_ friend of his figured. When he marries, the ceremony is +performed by the Honourable and very Reverend the Dean of some place, to +whom he claims a distant relationship. He takes his wine in moderation; +never bets, nor plays above guinea points, and _always_ at whist. He goes +to church regularly; his pew is a square one, with green curtains. He +dines upon fish on Good Friday, and declines visiting during Passion week +in mixed parties. If he ever had any peccadilloes of any kind, they are +buried in a cloud as snug as that which shrouded the pious Eneas when he +paid his first visit to Queen Dido. + +He dies, aged fifty-seven, of a pleuritic attack, complicated with angina +pectoris; and having left fifty pounds to each of the principal charitable +institutions of his neighbourhood, and fifty pounds to the churchwardens +of his parish, to be distributed amongst the poor professing the religion +of the Church of England, he is buried in his "family vault," and his last +wish fulfilled,--that is to say, his epitaph is composed in Latin, and the +inscription put up under the especial care and inspection of his friend Dr. +Dusty of Oxford. _Requiescat._ + + * * * * * + + +THE VILLAGE CEMETERY. + +In the _New Monthly Magazine_, just published is a powerful poem--the +_Splendid Village_, by the author of "Corn-law Rhymes." from which we +extract the following passage: + + I sought the churchyard where the lifeless lie, + And envied them, they rest so peacefully. + "No wretch comes here, at dead of night." I said, + "To drag the weary from his hard-earn'd bed; + No schoolboys here with mournful relics play, + And kick the 'dome of thought' o'er common clay; + No city cur snarls here o'er dead men's bones; + No sordid fiend removes memorial stones. + The dead have here what to the dead belongs, + Though legislation makes not laws, but wrongs." + I sought a letter'd stone, on which my tears + Had fall'n like thunder-rain, in other years, + My mother's grave I sought, in my despair, + But found it not! our grave-stone was not there! + No we were fallen men, mere workhouse slaves, + And how could fallen men have names or graves? + I thought of sorrow in the wilderness, + And death in solitude, and pitiless + Interment in the tiger's hideous maw: + I pray'd, and, praying, turn'd from all I saw; + My prayers were curses! But the sexton came; + How my heart yearn'd to name my Hannah's name! + White was his hair, for full of days was he, + And walk'd o'er tombstones, like their history. + With well feign'd carelessness I rais'd a spade, + Left near a grave, which seem'd but newly made, + And ask'd who slept below? "You knew him well," + The old man answer'd, "Sir, his name was Bell. + He had a sister--she, alas! is gone, + Body and soul. Sir! for she married one + Unworthy of her. Many a corpse he took + From this churchyard." And then his head he shook, + And utter'd--whispering low, as if in fear + That the old stones and senseless dead would hear-- + A word, a verb, a noun, too widely famed, + Which makes me blush to hear my country named. + That word he utter'd, gazing on my face, + As if he loath'd my thoughts, then paus'd a space. + "Sir," he resumed, "a sad death Hannah died; + Her husband--kill'd her, or his own son lied. + Vain is your voyage o'er the briny wave, + If here you seek her grave--she had no grave! + The terror-stricken murderer fled before + His crime was known, and ne'er was heard of more. + The poor boy died, sir! uttering fearful cries + In his last dreams, and with his glaring eyes, + And troubled hands, seem'd acting, as it were, + His mother's fate. Yes, Sir, his grave is there." + + * * * * * + + + + +THE SELECTOR AND LITERARY NOTICES OF NEW WORKS. + +LANDERS' DISCOVERY OF THE TERMINATION OF THE NIGER + + +Our readers are already in possession of the outline of this memorable +journey; though nothing but an attentive perusal of the Discoverers' +Narrative can afford them the remotest idea of the dangers they +encountered in their progress. To gratify this curiosity, Mr. Murray has +considerately enough, printed their Journal in three volumes of the +_Family Library_, and to say that they are, in interest, equal if not +superior to any of the Series would be praise inadequate to their merits. +The simple, unvarnished style of the Narrative is just suitable for a +family fireside. We intend to quote a few scenes: at present + +_An African Horse-Race_, + +at Kiáma, in the kingdom of Borgoo from the first volume. + +"In the afternoon, all the inhabitants of the town, and many from the +little villages in its neighbourhood, assembled to witness the +horse-racing, which takes place always on the anniversary of the 'Bebun +Sàlah,' and to which every one had been looking forward with impatience. +Previous to its commencement, the king, with his principal attendants, +rode slowly round the town, more for the purpose of receiving the +admiration and plaudits of his people than to observe where distress more +particularly prevailed, which was his avowed intention. A hint from the +chief induced us to attend the course with our pistols, to salute him as +he rode by; and as we felt a strong inclination to witness the amusements +of the day, we were there rather sooner than was necessary, which afforded +us, however, a fairer opportunity of observing the various groups of +people which were flocking to the scene of amusement. + +"The race-course was bounded on the north by low granite hills; on the +south by a forest; and on the east and west by tall shady trees, among +which were habitations of the people. Under the shadow of these +magnificent trees the spectators were assembled, and testified their +happiness by their noisy mirth and animated gestures. When we arrived, the +king had not made his appearance on the course; but his absence was fully +compensated by the pleasure we derived from watching the anxious and +animated countenances of the multitude, and in passing our opinions on the +taste of the women in the choice and adjustment of their fanciful and +many-coloured dresses. The chief's wives and younger children sat near us +in a group by themselves; and were distinguished from their companions by +their superior dress. Manchester cloths of inferior quality, but of the +most showy patterns, and dresses made of common English bed-furniture, +were fastened round the waist of several sooty maidens, who, for the sake +of fluttering a short hour in the gaze of their countrymen, had sacrificed +in clothes the earnings of a twelve-month's labour. All the women had +ornamented their necks with strings of beads, and their wrists with +bracelets of various patterns, some made of glass beads, some of brass, +others of copper; and some again of a mixture of both metals: their ancles +also were adorned with different sorts of rings, of neat workmanship. + +"The distant sound of drums gave notice of the king's approach, and every +eye was immediately directed to the quarter from whence he was expected. +The cavalcade shortly appeared, and four horsemen first drew up in front +of the chief's house, which was near the centre of the course, and close +to the spot where his wives and children and ourselves were sitting. +Several men bearing on their heads an immense quantity of arrows in huge +quivers of leopard's skin came next, followed by two persons who, by their +extraordinary antics and gestures, we concluded to be buffoons. These two +last were employed in throwing sticks into the air as they went on, and +adroitly catching them in falling, besides performing many whimsical and +ridiculous feats. Behind these, and immediately preceding the king, a +group of little boys, nearly naked came dancing merrily along, flourishing +cows' tails over their heads in all directions. The king rode onwards, +followed by a number of fine-looking men, on handsome steeds; and the +motley cavalcade all drew up in front of his house, where they awaited his +further orders without dismounting. This we thought was the proper time to +give the first salute, so we accordingly fired three rounds; and our +example was immediately followed by two soldiers, with muskets which were +made at least a century and a half ago. + +"Preparations in the mean time had been going on for the race, and the +horses with their riders made their appearance. The men were dressed in +caps and loose tobes and trousers of every colour; boots of red morocco +leather, and turbans of white and blue cotton. The horses were gaily +caparisoned; strings of little brass bells covered their heads; their +breasts were ornamented with bright red cloth and tassels of silk and +cotton; a large quilted pad of neat embroidered patchwork was placed under +the saddle of each; and little charms, enclosed in red and yellow cloth, +were attached to the bridle with bits of tinsel. The Arab saddle and +stirrup were in common use; and the whole group presented an imposing +appearance. + +"The signal for starting was made, and the impatient animals sprung +forward and set off at a full gallop. The riders brandished their spears, +the little boys flourished their cows' tails, the buffoons performed their +antics, muskets were discharged, and the chief himself, mounted on the +finest horse on the ground, watched the progress of the race, while tears +of delight were starting from his eyes. The sun shone gloriously on the +tobes of green, white, yellow, blue, and crimson, as they fluttered in the +breeze; and with the fanciful caps, the glittering spears, the jingling of +the horses' bells, the animated looks and warlike bearing of their riders, +presented one of the most extraordinary and pleasing sights that we have +ever witnessed. The race was well contested, and terminated only by the +horses being fatigued and out of breath; but though every one was emulous +to outstrip his companion, honour and fame were the only reward of the +competitors. + +"A few naked boys, on ponies without saddles, then rode over the course, +after which the second and last heat commenced. This was not by any means +so good as the first, owing to the greater anxiety which the horsemen +evinced to display their skill in the use of the spear and the management +of their animals. The king maintained his seat on horseback during these +amusements, without even once dismounting to converse with his wives and +children who were sitting on the ground on each side of him. His dress was +showy rather than rich, consisting of a red cap, enveloped in the large +folds of a white muslin turban; two under tobes of blue and scarlet cloth, +and an outer one of white muslin; red trousers, and boots of scarlet and +yellow leather. His horse seemed distressed by the weight of his rider, +and the various ornaments and trappings with which his head, breast, and +body, were bedecked. The chief's eldest and youngest sons were near his +women and other children, mounted on two noble looking horses. The eldest +of these youths was about eleven years of age. The youngest being not more +than three, was held on the back of his animal by a male attendant, as he +was unable to sit upright in the saddle without this assistance. The +child's dress was ill suited to his age. He wore on his head a tight cap +of Manchester cotton, but it overhung the upper part of his face, and +together with its ends, which flapped over each cheek, hid nearly the +whole of his countenance from view; his tobe and trousers were made +exactly in the same fashion as those of a man, and two large belts of blue +cotton, which crossed each other, confined the tobe to his body. The +little legs of the child were swallowed up in clumsy yellow boots, big +enough for his father; and though he was rather pretty, his whimsical +dress gave him altogether so odd an appearance, that he might have been +taken for anything but what he really was. A few of the women on the +ground by the side of the king wore large white dresses, which covered +their persons like a winding-sheet. Young virgins, according to custom, +appeared in a state of nudity; many of them had wild flowers stuck behind +their ears, and strings of beads, &c., round their loins; but want of +clothing did not seem to damp their pleasure in the entertainment, for +they appeared to enter into it with as much zest as any of their +companions. Of the different coloured tobes worn by the men, none looked +so well as those of a deep crimson colour on some of the horsemen; but the +clean white tobes of the Mohammedan priests, of whom not less than a +hundred were present on the occasion, were extremely neat and becoming. +The sport terminated without the slightest accident, and the king's +dismounting was a signal for the people to disperse. + +"We have here endeavoured, to the best of our ability, to describe an +African horse-race, but it is impossible to convey a correct idea of the +singular and fantastic appearance of the numerous groups of people that +met our view on all sides, or to describe their animation and delight; the +martial equipment of the soldiers and their noble steeds, and the wild, +romantic, and overpowering interest of the whole mass. Singing and dancing +have been kept up all night, and the revellers will not think of retiring +to rest till morning." + + * * * * * + + + + +FINE ARTS. + +MR. HAYDON'S EXHIBITION. + + +Mr. Haydon has completed his _Xenophon_ and _the_ 10,000 _first seeing the +Sea from Mount Thèches_--a brilliantly glowing page of Grecian heroism, +and a splendid specimen of the highest order of historical painting. It +represents the celebrated retreat of the 10,000 valorous Greeks, with +Xenophon at their head, whose only hope of release from one of the most +perilous situations--was to reach the sea. The action of the picture is +thus described by the artist: + +"This, of course, was accepted--they altered their course, and, while the +army was in full march over Mount Thèches, the advanced guard, in coming +to the top, came suddenly in view of a magnificent valley, with the SEA in +the extreme distance, glittering along an extended coast, and mingling +with the hazy horizon! + +"The whole guard burst out into a furious shout of enthusiastic exultation +the SEA! the SEA! was echoed along the whole army, below in the passes; +Xenophon, from the uproar, thinking they were attacked, galloped forward +with the cavalry;[1] but seeing the cause, joined in the shout! The +feeling was too powerful to be resisted--men, women, and children, the +veteran, the youth, the officer, the private, beasts of burden, cattle, +and horses, broke up like a torrent that had burst a mountain rock, and +rushed, headlong to the summit! + +"As each, in succession, lifted his head up above the rocks, and really +saw the SEA, nothing could exceed the affecting display of gratitude and +enthusiastic rapture!--some embraced, some cried like children, some +stamped like madmen, some fell on their knees and thanked the gods, others +were mute with gratitude, and stared as if bewildered! + +"Never was such a scene seen! as soon as the soldiers recovered something +like reason, a trophy on a heap of stones and shields, was erected. The +army descended the Colchian Mountains, and reached Trapezus, the modern +Trebizon, after a march of 1,155 leagues, during two hundred and fifteen +days, where they embarked for their native country. + +"The moment I have taken is when Xenophon seeing the sea has rode forward +to shout it to the army. He is waving his helmet with one hand, and +pointing to the sea with the other, mounted on a skew-bald charger. + +"Below the army are rushing up--in the centre is an officer, on a blood +Arab, carrying his wife. A veteran soldier on his left is supporting an +exhausted youth who has sunk on his shield, and pointing out the path to +the army. On the right, is a young man carrying up on his back his aged +father who has lost his helmet--the trumpeter lower down, is blowing a +blast to collect the rear guard which are mounting behind him, while near +the mare's head is the Greek band with trumpets and cymbals encouraging +the men. The army is rushing up under an opening of the rock to the left, +while the advanced guard of cavalry are trotting down the shelving top of +a precipice, the horses excited and snuffing up the sea air with ecstasy." + +It would, however, be difficult to convey, by description, the +overpowering energy and mighty struggle of the scene before us, or the +masterly skill with which the painter has brought within a few square feet +of canvass, one of the most astounding events in the history of man. Its +moral tendency should be a lasting lesson of the secret spring of +honourable success in life--decision of character and well-directed +energies to accomplish great ends--though applicable to every station of +life, however humble. + +Xenophon is a distant figure in this effective picture: his action, as +well as that of the cavalry, about him is admirably expressed: he appears +on the pinnacle of triumph; his charger snuffs the very gale of glory, and +the uncurbed energy of exultation seems to animate those immediately +around him. The eye descends to the checkered toil beneath: the brawny +soldier bearing the delicate form of his lovely wife, which is well +contrasted with the bold, muscular figure of the former: the exhausted +youth, and the veteran directing the army, but especially the former, are +finely drawn and painted: the bare head of the aged man, with his few last +locks fluttering in the wind, contrasts with the burly-headed trumpeter, +whose thick throat and outblown cheeks denote the energy which he is +throwing into this last inspiring call to victory over difficulty. The +head of the soldier's blood Arab is one of the finest studies of the group: +you almost see the breath of his nostrils; the hinder parts and tail of +the horse are not quite of equal merit. These are but a few of the points +of excellence in the picture: its colouring is censurable for its +roughness, especially by those who enjoy the smoothly-finished productions +of certain British artists; but we may look to such in vain for the +powerful drawing and forcible expression which characterize this, the +finest of Mr. Haydon's pictures. + +In the same room, _vis a vis_ the _Xenophon_, is the _Mock Election_ +picture described at some length in No. 304, of _The Mirror_. About the +walls are thirteen finished sketches and studies also by Mr. Haydon. We +may notice them anon. + + + [1] Recently formed. + + * * * * * + + +PAINTING ON GLASS. + + +An exhibition of paintings in enamel colours on glass has been opened at +No. 357, Strand, which is likely to prove attractive to the patrons of art +as well as to the sight-seeing public. It consists of faithful copies of +Harlow's _Kemble Family;_ Martin's _Belshazzar_, _Joshua_, and _Love among +the Roses;_ Sir Joshua Reynolds's celebrated group of _Charity_, and a +tasteful composition of a _Vase of Flowers with fruit_, &c. The whole are +ably executed, and calculated to advance the art of painting on glass to +its olden eminence. The copies from Martin are of the size of his prints, +and are perhaps the most successful: that of _Joshua commanding the Sun to +stand still_ is powerfully striking: the supernal light breaking from the +dense panoply of clouds is admirably executed, and the minuteness of the +architectural details and the fighting myriads is indescribable. In the +Hall of _Belshazzar_, the perspective is ably preserved throughout, though +the interest of the picture is not of that intense character that we +recognise in _Joshua_. The painting of the Trial of Queen Katherine is of +the size of Clint's masterly print: it required greater delicacy in +copying than did either of its companion pictures, since it has few of the +strong lights and vivid contrasts so requisite for complete success on +glass. The costumes are well managed, as the red of Wolsey's robes, and +the massy velvet dress of Katherine. Of this print, by the way, there are +appended to the Catalogue a few particulars which may be new and pleasant +to the reader. Thus:-- + +"The Picture is on mahogany panel, 1-1/2 inch in thickness, and in size, +about 7 feet by 5 feet. It originated with Mr. T. Welsh, the meritorious +professor of music, in whose possession the picture remains. This +gentleman commissioned Harlow to paint for him a kit-cat size portrait of +Mrs. Siddons, in the character of Queen Katherine in Shakspeare's Play of +Henry VIII., introducing a few of the scenic accessories in the distance. +For this portrait Harlow was to receive twenty-five guineas; but the idea +of representing the whole scene occurred to the artist, who, with Mr. +Welsh, prevailed upon most of the actors to sit for their portraits: in +addition to these, are introduced portraits of the friends of both parties, +including the artist himself. The sum ultimately paid by Mr. Welsh was one +hundred guineas; and a like sum was paid by Mr. Cribb, for Harlow's +permission to engrave the well-known print, to which we have already +adverted. The panel upon which the picture is painted, is stated to have +cost the artist 15_l_. + +"Concerning this picture we find the following notice by Knowles, in his +_Life of Fuseli_. 'In the performance of this work, he (Harlow) owed many +obligations to Fuseli for his critical remarks; for, when he first saw the +picture, chiefly in dead-colouring, he said, 'I do not disapprove of the +general arrangement of your work, and I see you will give it a powerful +effect of light and shadow; but you have here a composition of more than +twenty figures, or, I should rather say, parts of figures, because you +have not shown one leg or foot, which makes it very defective. Now, if you +do not know how to draw legs and feet, I will show you,' and taking up a +crayon, he drew two on the wainscot of the room. Harlow profited by these +remarks; and the next time we saw the picture, the whole arrangement in +the fore-ground was changed. Fuseli then said, 'so far you have done well: +but now you have not introduced a back figure, to throw the eye of the +spectator into the picture;' and then pointed out by what means he might +improve it in this particular. Accordingly, Harlow introduced the two boys +who are taking up the cushion."[2] + +"It has been stated that the majority of the actors in the scene sat for +their portraits in this picture. Mr. Kemble, however, refused, when asked +to do so by Mr. Welsh, strengthening his refusal with emphasis profane. +Harlow was not to be defeated, and he actually drew Mr. Kemble's portrait +in one of the stage-boxes of Covent Garden Theatre, while the great actor +was playing his part on the stage. The vexation of such a _ruse_ to a man +of Mr. Kemble's temperament, can better be imagined than described: how it +succeeded, must be left to the judgment of the reader. Egerton, Pope, and +Stephen Kemble, were successively painted for Henry VIII., the artist +retaining the latter. The head of Mr. Charles Kemble was likewise twice +painted: the first, which cost Mr. C. Kemble many sittings, was considered +by himself and others, very successful. The artist thought otherwise; and, +contrary to Mr. Kemble's wish and remonstrance, he one morning painted out +the approved head: in a day or two, however, entirely from recollection, +Harlow re-painted the portrait with increased fidelity. Mr. Cunningham, we +may here notice, has erroneously stated, that Harlow required but one +sitting of Mrs. Siddons. The fact is, the accomplished actress held her +up-lifted arm frequently till she could hold it raised no longer, and the +majestic limb was finished from another original." + +The lights of _Love among the Roses_ are vivid and beautiful: the whole +composition will be recollected as of a charming character. + +By the way, persons unpractised in the art of painting on glass, or in +transparent enamel, have but a slender idea of its difficulties. +Crown-glass is preferred for its greater purity. The artist has not only +to _paint_ the picture, but to fire it in a kiln, with the most +scrupulous attention to produce the requisite effects, and the +uncertainty of this branch of the art is frequently a sad trial of +patience. Hence, the firing or vitrification of the colours is of +paramount importance, and the art thus becomes a two-fold trial of +skill. Its cost is, however, only consistent with its brilliant effect. + + + [2] Quoted in Cunningham's Life of Harlow. + + * * * * * + + + + +NOTES OF A READER. + +TEA. + + +What can we do with this pamphlet?--_British Relations with the Chinese +Empire--Comparative Statement of the English and American Trade with India +and Canton_. What a book for a tea-drinking old lady, or Dr. Johnson, of +tea-loving notoriety, with his thirteen cups to the dozen. + +"The writer has passed the last eleven years of his life in visiting every +quarter of the globe, and the colonial possessions of Great Britain, in +order to acquire an intimate knowledge of her commercial affairs, for +political purposes." The reader will, perhaps, say this pamphlet is purely +political, and what have you to do with it? But it is not so: there are +facts in these pages which interest every one and come home to every man's +mouth: the political purpose is to us like chaff; and these facts like +grains of wheat, so we will even pick a few. Meanwhile, the whole pamphlet +must be important to all, as to ourselves parts are interesting: it +represents the literature of the tea trade, and, best of all, the +profitable literature of _L.s.d._ It is written in a patriotic spirit; +witness this extract from the preface: "To a commercial union of wealth, +and a co-operation of talent and patriotism, a small island in the Western +Atlantic is indebted for the acquisition of one of the most splendid +empires that ever was subjected to the dominion of man, and also for the +rise and progress of an extraordinary commerce with a people inhabiting a +distant hemisphere, and heretofore shut out from all intercourse with the +majority of the human race;--a commerce equal in extent to 10,000,000_l_. +annually, and involving property to the amount of ten times that sum." + +Our _facts_ must stand isolated, since to weave them into an argument +would be altogether foreign to our purpose. + +_East India Company_.--Although the East India Company can alone import +tea, they cannot choose their own time of sale; they are compelled to put +up the tea at an advance of _one penny_ (_they do at one farthing_) per +lb.; they are obliged to have twelve months' stock in hand; and while the +tea in America has _increased in price_ and diminished in consumption, the +_very reverse_ has taken place in England, as _official returns_ prove! + +_China_ presents the very remarkable spectacle of _a civilization entirely +political_, whose principal aim has constantly been to draw closer the +bonds which unite the society it formed, and to merge, by its laws, the +interest of the individual in that of the public; an empire possessing an +active, skilful, and contented population of 155,000,000 souls, who are +spread over 1,372,450 square miles of the fairest and, probably, earliest +inhabited region of the globe--that maintains a _standing army_ of +1,182,000 men, and levies a revenue of only 11,649,912_l_. sterling--an +empire that has preserved the records of its dominion and the integrity of +its name from a period of three thousand years antecedent to our era, +while the most powerful monarchies of remote or modern ages have dwindled +into nothingness, or been borne towards the ocean of eternity, by the +swiftly destructive gulf of time,--an empire whose people have materially +contributed to advance the civilization of Europe and America, by the +discovery of the most useful arts and sciences, such as writing,[3] +astronomy, the mariner's compass, gunpowder, sugar, silk, porcelain, the +smelting and combination of metals,--and, in fine, enjoying within its own +territories all the necessaries and conveniencies, and most of the +luxuries of life; standing, as it proudly asserts, in no need of +intercourse with other countries,[4] which it is its studied policy to +prohibit,[5] openly and arrogantly proclaims its total independence of +every nation in the world! + +_Origin of the Tea Trade of the East India Company_.--In 1668, the East +India Company ordered "_one hundred pounds weight of goode tey_" to be +sent home on speculation. A taste for the Chinese herb was created and +carefully fostered; the invoice was increased from year to year, until it +now amounts to 30,000,000 pounds weight (notwithstanding the excessive +duty of 100 per cent, and the onerous restrictions of the commutation act, +since 1784), yielding an annual revenue to government, on a _luxury of +life_, of about 3,300,000_l_. sterling, with scarcely any trouble or +expense in the collecting;--employing 35,000 tons of the finest +shipping,--requiring annually nearly 1,000,000_l_. sterling worth of +cotton, woollen, and iron manufactures, and affording employment to a +numerous class of society, for the wholesale and retail dealing in a leaf +collected on the mountains of a distant continent! + +To enable them the better to prosecute this valuable commerce, the East +India Company sought and obtained permission to build a factory at Canton, +where their agents were permitted to reside six months in the year--a +favour specifically accorded as a matter of compassion to foreigners, who +are carefully debarred all intercourse with the interior of the country; a +dread being entertained that the introduction of Europeans to settle in +China, would lead (according also to ancient prophecy) to the total +subversion of the empire. + +Other brunches of trade were subsequently added to that of tea. In 1773, +the East India Company made a small adventure of opium[6] from Bengal to +Canton; and the consumption of opium increased as rapidly among the +Chinese as tea did among the English, until it now yields (although a +contraband trade) 14,000,000 Spanish dollars annually,[7] and pays a +revenue to the Indian Government of 1,800,000_l_. sterling. Raw cotton +forms another extensive article of export to China; it is in general a +less profitable remittance than bills of exchange, but the exportation is +encouraged for the benefit of the Indian territories. + +_Character of the Chinese_.--The Chinese are a haughty and independent +race of people, whose commercial policy it is to prohibit, as much as +possible, every species of manufactures[8] and bullion; and encourage the +importation of food, and raw produce; holding themselves aloof from +Europeans, and particularly jealous of Great Britain, on account of the +proximity of her Indian empire; exacting upwards of 1,000_l_. in fees and +port dues[9] on each foreign vessel that enters Canton, the only harbour +to which they are admitted,[10] imposing severe sea and inland customs and +regulations regarding woollen and other manufactures, entirely +interdicting some branches of trade, and permitting all by sufferance, or +as a matter of favour rather than from necessity, or by right. + +_Tea in Ireland_.--In Ireland, the consumption of tea in the year 1828, +was 1,300,000 lbs. _less_ than in 1827; and although the population of +Ireland has rapidly increased, indeed, nearly doubled itself, since the +commencement of the present century, yet the quantity of tea imported into +that country is 400,000 lbs. _less_ in 1828, than it was in 1800! + + + _Tea in America and England_.-- + + American consumption of tea. + 1819--5,480,884 lbs. + 1827--5,372,956 + --------- + Decrease! 107,828 lbs. + + British consumption of tea. + + 1819--24,093,619 lbs. + 1827--27,841,284 + ---------- + Increase 3,747,665 lbs. + + + _Consumption of Sugar_.-- + + In France each individual, annually 5 lbs. + Hamburgh do. do. 10 + Germany do. throughout 6 + United States do. do. 8 + Ireland do. do. 3 + Great Britain do. do. 14 + +Fourteen pounds of sugar per annum, will afford but little more than _half +an ounce_ a day to each individual; a quantity, which it is well known the +youngest child will consume, and yet a large portion of the sugar entered +for home consumption, is used in breweries, and distilleries, so that it +is even doubtful, whether the personal direct consumption of tea or sugar +be the greatest; notwithstanding the latter may be had in such great +abundance and in every country within the tropics. + +_Price of Tea in China_.--Bohea, which cannot be purchased in China at +less than _eight-pence half-penny_, may be obtained at Antwerp for +7-3/4_d_.; in France for 6-1/2_d_.; and at Hamburg for 5_d_.! Congou, of +which the Canton price is from 11_d_. to 1_s_. per lb., may be bought in +France at 10-1/2_d_., and at Hamburg from 8-1/4_d_. to 10-1/4_d_.! Canton +price for Hyson, 1_s_. 9-3/4_d_.; French price 1_s_. 8-1/2_d_. Young Hyson +costs in Canton about 1_s_. 8-1/2_d_. per lb., and _only one half that sum +at Hamburg!!_ The Chinese cannot afford to sell Twankay at less than 11_d_. +per lb.; but the American speculators enable the good people of Hamburg to +drink it at _seven-pence farthing!_ Souchong, a good quality tea, sells at +Hamburg for _five-pence_ per lb., which is the _same price_ as the vilest +Bohea costs in the Hamburg market, and is only _one-half the price of +Bohea_ in Canton. + +_Cost of a pound of Seven Shilling Tea_.--Take a pound of Congou for +instance, according to the evidence of Mr. Mills, a tea broker, before the +House of Lords: + + One pound of good Congou, + _put up_ at the East India + Company's sales at --------------- 1 8 + Buyers purposely and for + their own advantage raise it ----- 0 9 + ---- + + Purchasing price by the Brokers --- 2 5 + Duty levied by the Crown ----------------- 2 5 + Retailer's profit, brokerage, &c. -------- 2 2 + ---- + Shop price 7 0 + +Thus it will be seen, the tea that the Company offers for sale to the +consumer at 1_s_. 8_d_., or at the utmost say 2_s_., is enhanced to 7_s_. +before it finds its way to the drinker's breakfast table. + +_Coffee-Shops_.--There are 3,000 coffee shops in London, in which are +daily consumed 2,000 lbs. of tea and 15,000 lbs. of coffee. The +consumption of _coffee_ in these establishments has increased as +follows:--In 1829, 1,978,600 lbs. In 1830, 2,251,300 lbs. In 1831, +2,899,870. Of tea the increase has only been, during the same periods, +239,700 lbs.--249,400 lbs.--263,000 lbs. + + + [3] A celebrated Hungarian, named Cosmös de Körös, has lately + discovered in a Thibetian monastery, where he has been engaged + translating an Encyclopaedia, that _lithography_ and _movable + wooden types_ were known to the Chinese many centuries ago. + + [4] A Chinese who leaves his country is considered as a traitor, + and is punished with death if he ever return to it. + + [5] The grand maxim of Confucius is, "to despise foreign + commodities." + + [6] The Chinese use this stimulant as we do wine and spirits, and + with perhaps, less deleterious consequences to their health, + and less evil results to their morals. + + [7] About 7,000,000 of which, or bars or moulds of silver to that + amount, are sent to India, the Chinese being unable to make + sufficient return in merchandise. This remittance is of + material assistance in helping to provide funds on the spot + for the purchase of tea. + + [8] A late No. of the _Canton Register_, mentions a fact, which is + one instance out of many, of the desire to be independent of + foreigners; it is as follows:--"Prussian blue, an article + which was formerly brought in _considerable quantities from + England_, is now _totally shut out_ from the list of imports, + in consequence of its mode of manufacture being _acquired by a + Chinaman in London_; and from timely improvement it has been + brought to that perfection which renders the _consumers + independent of foreign supply!"_ + + [9] The port dues on a vessel of 1,000 or of 100 tons are _alike!_ + + [10] The Chinese will not admit a foreign nation to trade at two + places; for instance, the Russians are excluded from Canton + because they enjoy an overland trade at Kiachia, which is 4, + 311 miles from St. Petersburgh, and 1,014 miles distant from + Pekin. + + * * * * * + + +FOX-HUNTING. + + +The following are the items of expenses, laid down by Colonel Cooke, in +his "Observations on Fox-hunting," published a few years since. The +calculation supposes a four-times-a-week country; but it is generally +below the mark; we should say, at least one-half:-- + + Fourteen horses ................................. £700 + Hounds' food, for fifty couples .................. 275 + Firing ............................................ 50 + Taxes ............................................ 120 + Two whippers-in, and feeder ...................... 210 + Earth stopping .................................... 80 + Saddlery ......................................... 100 + Farriery, shoeing, and medicine .................. 100 + Young hounds purchased, and expenses at walks..... 100 + Casualties ....................................... 200 + Huntsman's wages and his horses .................. 300 + ----- + £2235 + +Of course, countries vary much in expense from local circumstance; such as +the necessity for change of kennels, hounds sleeping out, &c. &c. In those +which are called hollow countries, consequently abounding in earths, the +expense of earth-stopping often amounts to 200_l_. per annum, and +Northamptonshire is of this class. In others, a great part of the foxes +are what is termed stub-bred (bred above ground), which circumstance +reduces the amount of this item.--_Quarterly Review._ + + * * * * * + + + + +THE GATHERER. + + +Curious Epitaph._--In Nichols's _History of Leicestershire_, is inserted +the following epitaph, to the memory of Theophilus Cave, who was buried in +the chancel of the church of Barrow on Soar: + + "Here in this Grave there lies a Cave; + We call a Cave a Grave; + If Cave be Grave, and Grave be Cave, + Then reader, judge, I crave, + Whether doth Cave here lye in Grave, + Or Grave here lye in Cave: + If Grave in Cave here bury'd lye, + Then Grave, where is thy victory? + Goe, reader, and report here lyes a Cave + Who conquers death, and buryes his own Cave." + +P.T.W. + + * * * * * + +_Equality._--All men would necessarily have been equal, had they been +without wants; it is the misery attached to our species, which places one +man in subjection to another: Inequality is not the real grievance, but +dependence. It is of little consequence for one man to be called his +highness, and another his holiness; but it is hard for one to be the +servant of another.--_Voltaire._ + + * * * * * + +The famous Duke of Cumberland showed more cleverness as a boy, than he +ever did as a general. Having displeased his mother one day, she sent him +to his chamber, and when he appeared again, she asked him what he had been +doing. "Reading," replied the boy.--"Reading what?"--"The +Scriptures."--"What part of the Scriptures?"--"That part where it is +written, 'Woman! what hast thou to do with me?'" After the loss of a +battle, an English prisoner observing to a French officer, that they might +have taken the duke himself prisoner; "Yes," replied the Frenchman, "but +we took care not to do that--he is of far more use to us at the head of +your army."--_Georgian Era._ + + * * * * * + +_The letter Y._--Pythagoras used the Y as a symbol of human life. +"Remember (says he) that the paths of virtue and of vice resemble the +letter Y. The foot representing infancy, and the forked top the two paths +of vice and virtue, one or the other of which people are to enter upon, +after attaining to the age of discretion." + +P.T.W. + + * * * * * + +_Royal Combat._--Near the city of Gloucester, on the Severn, the river +dividing, forms a small island called _Alney_, which is famous for a royal +combat fought on it, between Edmund Ironside and Canute the Dane, to +decide the fate of the kingdom, in sight of both their armies. Canute was +wounded, when he proposed an amicable division, and accordingly he +obtained the northern part; the southern falling to Edmund. + +E.F. + +_Effect of Music._--A Scotch bag-piper traversing the mountains of Ulster, +in Ireland, was one evening encountered by a starved _Irish_ wolf. In his +distress the poor man could think of nothing better than to open his +wallet, and try the effects of his hospitality; he did so, and the savage +swallowed all that was thrown to him, with so improving a voracity as if +his appetite was but just returning to him. The whole stock of provision +was, of course, soon spent, and now his only recourse was to the virtues +of his bagpipe; which the monster no sooner heard, than he took to the +mountains with the same precipitation he had left them. The poor piper +could not so perfectly enjoy his deliverance, but that, with an angry look, +at parting, he shook his head, saying, "Ay, are these your tricks? Had I +known your humour, you should have had your music before +supper."--_Bowyer's Anecdotes._ + + * * * * * + +_Epitaph on Mr. Nightingale, Architect._ + + As the birds were the first of the architect kind, + And are still better builders than men, + What wonders may spring from a _Nightingale's_ mind, + When St. Paul's was produced by a _Wren._ + + * * * * * + +_Poets._ + + The effects of disappointed love ......_Akenside._ + Part of a lady's dress ................_Spencer._ + What the ladies do, and a weight ......_Chatterton._ + A manufactory, and a weight ..........._Milton._ + The prayers of a glutton .............._Moore._ + An indication of old age .............._Gray._ + What a mortgage will do ..............._Cumberland._ + The contributions of a miser .........._Little._ + A troublesome companion ..............._Bunyan._ + The soldier's home, and an alarm ......_Campbell._ + + * * * * * + +_The Pyramids._--The Egyptians, according to Herodotus, hated the memory +of the kings who built the pyramids. The great pyramid occupied a hundred +thousand men for twenty years in its erection, without counting the +workmen who were employed in hewing the stones and conveying them to the +spot where the pyramid was built. Herodotus speaks of this work as a +torment to the people, and doubtless, the labour engaged in raising huge +masses of stone, that was extensive enough to employ a hundred thousand +men for twenty years, equal to two millions of men for one year, must have +been fearfully tormenting. It has been calculated that the steam engines +of England worked by thirty-six thousand men, would raise the same +quantity of stones from the quarry, and elevate them to the same height as +the great pyramid, in the short space of eighteen hours. It was recorded +on the pyramid, that the onions, radishes, and garlic, which the labourers +consumed, cost sixteen hundred talents of silver, which is equivalent to +several million pounds. + +SWAINE. + + * * * * * + +The generality of mankind will not bear to be viewed too closely, or too +often: they lose their value on a nearer approach; which made the honest +countrymen say to his friend, who was boasting of a legacy bestowed upon +him by a person, into whose company he had accidentally fallen only once +in his life, "Ah, Jonathan, if he had seen thee twice, he would not have +left thee a farthing." + +_Friendship._--Friendship is of so delicate and so nice a texture, so +defenceless against evil impressions, and so apt to wither at the least +blast of jealousy, that we may say with Horace, + + Felices ter et amplius, + Quos irrupta tenet copula; nec malis + Divulsus querimoniis, + Suprema citius solvet amor die. + _Ode_ 13, _lib_. i. + + "Happy, thrice happy they, whose friendships prove + One constant scene of unmolested love, + Whose hearts right temper'd feel no various turns, + No coolness chills them, and no madness burns. + But free from anger, doubts, and jealous fear, + Die as they liv'd, united and sincere." + + * * * * * + +The love between friends is certainly most harmonious when wound up to the +highest pitch; but at that very time, is in greatest danger of breaking: +and upon the whole, the strongest friendships may be compared to the +strongest towns, which are too well fortified to be taken by open attacks; +but are always liable to be undermined by treachery or surprise. + +A.J. + + * * * * * + +In the ancient German empire, such persons as endeavoured to sow sedition, +and disturb the public tranquillity, were condemned to become objects of +public notoriety and derision, by carrying a dog upon their shoulders, +from one great town to another. The Emperors, Otho I. and Frederick +Barbarossa, inflicted this punishment on noblemen of the highest rank. + + * * * * * + +POPULAR SCIENCE. + +With Engravings, price 5s. + + ARCANA OF SCIENCE + And Annual Register of the Useful Arts for 1832. + Fifth Year. + +The Volume for 1828, (fourth edition,) 4_s_. 6_d_. +The Volume for 1829 and 1830, (nearly out of print.) +and 1831, 5_s_. each. + +"Any young gardener, who besides prosecuting his particular profession, +wishes to be apprized of what is going on in the great world of human +action generally, cannot possibly spend 5_s_. more efficiently than in the +purchase of this book; * * * the first spare sovereign to the acquisition +of the four back volumes, and then subsequently continue the work +annually."--_Gardeners' Magazine_, (just published.) + +Printed for JOHN LIMBIRD, 143, Strand. + + * * * * * + + +_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset House.) +London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic, G.G. BENNIS, +55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers._ + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, +and Instruction, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, NO. 541 *** + +***** This file should be named 12551-8.txt or 12551-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/2/5/5/12551/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Allen Siddle and PG Distributed Proofreaders + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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