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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction
+       Vol. XIX. No. 541, Saturday, April 7, 1832
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: June 8, 2004 [EBook #12551]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, NO. 541 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Allen Siddle and PG Distributed Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. XIX. No. 541.]  SATURDAY, APRIL 7, 1832. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE LOWTHER ARCADE.]
+
+THE LOWTHER ARCADE.
+
+
+In No. 514 of _The Mirror_ we explained the situation of the Lowther
+Arcade. We may here observe that this covered way or arcade intersects the
+insulated triangle of buildings lately completed in the Strand, the
+principal facade of which is designated _West Strand_.
+
+The Engraving represents the interior of the Arcade, similar in its use to
+the Burlington Arcade, and, although wider and more lofty, including three
+stories in height, it is not so long. The passage forms an acute angle
+with the Strand, running to the back of St. Martin's Church, and is
+divided by large pilasters into a succession of compartments; the
+pilasters are joined by an arch; and the compartments are domed over, and
+lighted in the centre by large domical lights, which illuminate the whole
+passage in a perfect manner. "All the shop-fronts are decorated in a
+similar manner, and the whole has been designed and executed with great
+care by the builder, Mr. Herbert. The shops on the exterior are designed
+to have the appearance of one great whole. The style of architecture is
+Grecian, and the order employed Corinthian: the angles are finished in a
+novel manner, with double circular buildings, having the roof domed in
+brick, with an ornament as a finish to the top of the dome. The effect of
+the whole would be agreeable if it had the appearance of a solid basement
+to stand upon; but as tradesmen find it necessary to have as much open
+space as possible to exhibit their goods, the mass of architecture above
+must appear to be supported by the window-frames of the shops, although in
+reality they are based upon small iron columns of four and six inches
+diameter, which are scarcely seen, and which offer the slightest possible
+impediment to the exhibition of goods."
+
+We may add that the Arcade at night is lit with gas within elegant
+vase-shaped shades of ground glass, branching from each side. The
+ornaments of the domes, especially that of the Caduceus, are introduced
+with good effect.
+
+We take the introduction of this and similar passages in the British
+metropolis to have been originally from the French capital. Thus, in Paris
+are the _Passage des Panoramas_; _the Passage Delorme_; the _Passage
+d'Artois_; the _Passage Feydeau_; the _Passage de Caire_; and the _Passage
+Montesquieu_. A more grandiloquent name applied by the French to some of
+their passages is _galerie_: we remember the _Galerie Vivienne_ as one of
+the most splendid specimens, with its _marchands_ of artificial luxuries.
+The _Galerie Vero Dodat_, (we think shorter than the Lowther Arcade,) is
+in the extreme of shop-front magnificence: the floor is of alternate
+squares of black and white marble, and the fronts are of plate-glass with
+highly-polished brass frames, and we doubt whether that common material,
+wood, is to be seen in the doors. This _Galerie_ is named after its
+proprietor, M. Vero Dodat, an opulent _charcutier_, (a pork-butcher) in
+the neighbouring street; but we are unable to inform the reader by how
+many horse power his sausage-chopping machine is worked.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+VIRGINIA WATER.
+
+(_To the Editor_.)
+
+
+In No. 533 of _The Mirror_ is a Cut of the _Cascade_ at Virginia Water
+(which by the way is a very correct one, with the keeper's lodge in the
+distance) which you state was the late King's own planing; but such was
+not the case, as it was built in the reign of George the Third; the late
+king merely added improvements about it, one of which was the building of
+a rude bridge a little below the cascade, of stones similar to the fall:
+this bridge connects a favourite drive down to the nursery.
+
+_Brighton_.        E.E.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FISHING IN CANADA.
+
+(_To the Editor_.)
+
+
+It may be entertaining to many of your readers now that emigration
+occupies the thoughts of so many, to sketch a short account of the method
+chiefly employed in Canada, in capturing fish, which to very many settlers
+is an important adjunct to their domestic economy. Those living on the
+borders of the numerous lakes and rivers of Canada, which are invariably
+stored with fine fish, are provided with either a light boat, log, or what
+is by far the best, a bark canoe; a barbed fishing spear, with light
+tapering shaft, about twelve or sixteen feet long, and an iron basket for
+holding pine knots, and capable of being suspended at the head of the boat
+when fired. In the calm evenings after dusk, many of these lights are seen
+stealing out from the woody bays in the lakes, towards the best fishing
+grounds, and two or three canoes together, with the reflection of the red
+light from the clear green water on the bronzed faces of either the native
+Indian, or the almost as wild Backwoodsman, compose an extraordinary scene:
+the silence of the night is undisturbed, save by the gurgling noise of the
+paddles, as guided by the point of the spear; the canoe whirls on its axis
+with an almost dizzing velocity, or the sudden dash of the spear, followed
+by the struggles of the transfixed fish, or perhaps the characteristic
+"Eh," from the Indian steersman. In this manner, sometimes fifty or sixty
+fish of three or four pounds are speared in the course of a night,
+consisting of black bass, white fish, and sometimes a noble maskimongi. A
+little practice soon enables the young settler to take an active part in
+this pursuit. The light seems to attract the fish, as round it they
+thickly congregate. But few fish are caught in this country by the fly: at
+some seasons, however, the black bass will rise to it. A CANADIAN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE ARBALEST, OR CROSS-BOW.
+
+(_To the Editor_.)
+
+
+No. 538, of _The Mirror_, contains a very interesting memoir on the
+subject of the Cross-bow, but I do not find that the mode of bending the
+steel bow has been described; which from its great strength it is evident
+could not be accomplished without the assistance of some mechanical power.
+This in the more modern bows is attained by the application of a piece of
+steel, which lies along the front of the stem, and is moved forward on a
+pivot until the string is caught by a hook, and a lever is thus obtained,
+by means of which the bow is drawn to its proper extent. It seems to me
+that this is the description of bow of which your correspondent has
+furnished a drawing. Another mode, and which appears to have been applied
+to the ancient bows, was by a sort of two-handed windlass, with ropes and
+pulleys, called a _"moulinet_," which was temporarily attached to the
+butt-end of the Cross-bow; of this a drawing is given in the illustrations
+of Froissart's _Chronicles_, particularly in that one descriptive of the
+Siege of Aubenton; in which two bowmen are shown, one in the act of
+winding up the bow, and the other taking his aim, the _moulinet_, &c.
+lying at his feet. Of this latter description, there are two specimens
+preserved in the Tower of London, both of about the period of our Henry
+the Sixth.
+
+C.P.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LINES TO A LARK.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+  Upon thy happy flight to heaven, again, sweet
+    bird, thou art;
+  The morning beam is on thy wings, its influence
+    in thy heart;
+  Like matin hymns blest spirits sing in yonder
+    happy sky,
+  Break on the ear, the small, sweet notes of thy
+    wild melody.
+
+  Cold winter winds are far away, the cruel snows
+    have past;
+  And spring's sweet skies, and blushing flowers
+    shine o'er the world at last;
+  Where the young corn springs fresh, and green,
+    sweet flowerets gather'd he,
+  And form around thy lowly nest a shelter sweet
+    for thee.
+
+  Is it not this which wakes thy song, with thoughts of
+    summer hours,
+  When warmer hues shall clothe the skies, and
+    darker shades the bowers;
+  Has nature to thy throbbing heart such glowing
+    feelings given,
+  That thou canst feel the beautiful, of this bright
+    earth and heaven.
+
+  If so, how blest must be thy lot, from azure
+    skies to gaze,
+  When the fresh morn is in the heavens, or
+    mid-day splendours blaze;
+  Or when the sunset's canopy of golden light is
+    spread,
+  And thou unseen, enshrin'd in light, art singing
+    overhead.
+
+  Oh then thy happy song comes down upon the
+    glowing breast,
+  Soft as rich sunlight, on the flowers, comes from
+    the golden west:
+  And fain the heart would soar with thee, enshrin'd
+    in thought as sweet,
+  As the rich tones, which from thy heart, thou
+    dost in song repeat.
+
+  Oh there is not on earth a breast, but turns
+    with joy to thee.
+  From the cold wither'd years of age, to smiling
+    infancy.
+  Thou claimest smiles from ev'ry lip, and praise
+    from ev'ry tongue;
+  Such sympathy each happy heart finds in thy
+    joyous song.
+
+_Dorking_.
+
+SYLVA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE COSMOPOLITE.
+
+
+SUPERSTITIONS, FABLES, &C. RELATIVE TO ANIMALS.
+
+(_Continued from page 180_.)
+
+
+The following curious notice of the _Acherontia Atropos_, or Death's-head
+Moth, we extract from "The Journal of a Naturalist:"--"The yellow and
+brown-tailed moths," he observes, "the death-watch, our snails, and many
+other insects, have all been the subjects of man's fears, but the dread
+excited in England by the appearance, noises, or increase of insects, are
+petty apprehensions compared with the horror that the presence of this
+Acherontia occasions to some of the more fanciful and superstitious
+natives of northern Europe, maintainers of the wildest conceptions. A
+letter is now before me from a correspondent in German Poland, where this
+insect is a common creature, and so abounded in 1824 that my informant
+collected fifty of them in a potato field of his village, where they call
+them the 'death's-head phantom,' the 'wandering death-bird,' &c. The
+markings on the back represent to their fertile imaginations the head of a
+perfect skeleton, with the limb bones crossed beneath; its cry becomes the
+voice of anguish, the moaning of a child, the signal of grief; it is
+regarded, not as the creation of a benevolent being, but as the device of
+evil spirits--spirits, enemies to man, conceived and fabricated in the
+dark; and the very shining of its eyes is supposed to represent the fiery
+element whence it is thought to have proceeded. Flying into their
+apartments in an evening, it at times extinguishes the light, foretelling
+war, pestilence, famine, and death to man and beast. * * * This insect
+has been thought to be peculiarly gifted in having a voice and
+squeaking like a mouse when handled or disturbed; but, in truth, no insect
+that we know of has the requisite organs to produce a genuine voice; they
+emit sounds by other means, probably all external."
+
+The Icelanders believe _Seals_ to be the offspring of Pharaoh and his host;
+who, they assert, were changed into these animals when overwhelmed in the
+Red Sea. The _Grampus_, _Porpoise_, and _Dolphin_, have each from the
+earliest ages been the subject of numerous superstitions and fables,
+particularly the latter, which was believed to have a great attachment to
+the human race, and to succour them in accidents by sea; it is a perfectly
+straight fish, yet even painters have promulgated a falsity respecting it,
+by representing it from the curved form in which it appears above water,
+bent like the letter S reversed. "The inhabitants of Pesquare," says Dr.
+Belon, "and of the borders of Lake Gourd are firmly persuaded that the
+_Carp_ of those lakes are nourished with pure gold; and a great portion of
+the people in the Lyonnois are fully satisfied that the fish called
+_humble_ and _ernblons_ eat no other food than gold. There is not a
+peasant in the environs of the Lake of Bourgil who will not maintain that
+the _Laurets_, a fish sold daily in Lyons, feed on pure gold alone. The
+same is the belief of the people of the Lake Paladron in Savoy, and of
+those near Lodi. But," adds the Doctor, "having carefully examined the
+stomachs of these several fishes, I have found that they lived on other
+substances, and that from the anatomy of the stomach it is impossible that
+they should be able to digest gold." This fable, therefore, with that of
+the _Chameleon_ living on air only, and some others which we shall have
+occasion to mention, may be regarded amongst those exploded by science.
+
+The fable of the _Kraken_ has been referred to imperfect and exaggerated
+accounts of monstrous _Polypi_ infesting the northern seas; how far may
+not the _Cuttle-fish_ have given rise to this fiction? In hot countries
+(our readers will remember that in a late paper, _Mirror_, vol. xvii. pp.
+282-299, we directed their attention to the similarity of superstitions in
+every country of the world, hence infering a common, and most probably
+oriental origin for all)--in hot countries cuttle-fish are found of
+gigantic dimensions; the Indians affirm that some have been seen two
+fathoms broad over their centre; and each arm (for this kind is the
+eight-armed cuttle-fish) nine fathoms long!!! Lest these animals should
+fling their arms over the Indians' light canoes, and draw them and their
+owners into the sea, they fail not to be provided with an axe to chop them
+off.
+
+The ancients believed that the oil of the _Grayling_ obliterated freckles
+and small-pox marks. The adhesive qualities of the _Remora_, or
+_Sucking-fish_, and its habit of darting against and fixing itself to the
+side of a vessel, caused the ancients to believe that the possessors of it
+had the power of arresting the progress of a ship in full sail.
+
+Some Catholics, in consequence of the _John Doree_ having a dark spot,
+like a finger-mark, on each side of the head, believe this to have been
+the fish, and not the _Haddock_, from which the Apostle Peter took the
+tribute-money, by order of our Saviour. The modern Greeks denominate it
+"the fish of St. Christopher," from a legend which relates that it was
+trodden on by that saint, when he bore his divine burden across an arm of
+the sea. Some species of _Echini_, fossilized, and seen frequently in
+Norfolk, are termed by the ignorant peasantry, and considered, _Fairy
+Loaves_, to take which, when found, is highly unlucky.
+
+The _Amphisbaena_, from its faculty of moving backwards or forwards at
+pleasure, has been thought to have a head at either extremity of its
+reptile body, but close inspection proves this opinion false. The
+fascinating power of the _Rattlesnake_, of which so many stories have in
+times past been related, and which was asserted to exist in its glittering
+eyes, has been of late years resolved into that extreme nervous terror of
+its victim (at sight of so certain a foe) which deprives it of the power
+of motion, and causes it to fall, an unresisting prey, into the reptile's
+jaws. We may here pause to observe, _en passant_, that the antipathy which
+people of all ages and nations have felt against every reptile of the
+serpent tribe, from the harmless worm to the hosts of deadly "dragons"
+which infest the torrid zone, and the popular opinion that all are
+venomous, often in spite of experience, seems to be not so much
+superstition, as a terror of the species, implanted, since the fall, in
+our bosoms, by the same Divine Being who at that period pronounced the
+serpent to be the most accursed beast of the field.
+
+(_To be continued_.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+TAIT'S EDINBURGH MAGAZINE.
+
+
+Nothing if not political appears to be the order of the new magazine and
+other literary enterprises of the present day. Is this good policy in
+itself? it may be so from the vivifying aid it lends to the springs of
+imaginative writing. We have therefore no right to complain of the
+_leaven_ of Mr. Tait's Magazine: it is anything but dull: _e.g._ the life
+and jauntiness of the following paper is very pleasant, shrewd, and clever:
+
+_The Martinet_.
+
+The "Martinet" is the name of a genus, not of a species; the title of a
+race variously feathered, but having specific qualities in common. There
+is your military martinet, your clerical martinet, your legal martinet,
+and the martinet of common life, ("_Gallicrista fastidiosa communis_,"
+Linnaeus would class him,) who is to the others what the house-sparrow is
+to the rest of his tribe. It is with him alone we have to do. The
+"martinet" is a person who is all his life violently busied in
+endeavouring to be a perfect gentleman, and who _almost_ succeeds. He
+misses the point by over-stepping it. He is like one of those greyhounds
+which outrun the hare fleetly enough, but cannot "_take_" her when they
+have done so. They have a little too much speed, and a little too little
+tact. The martinet is always bent upon thinking, saying, doing, and having,
+every thing after a nicer fashion than other people, until his nicety runs
+into downright mannerism; all his ideas become "clipped taffeta," and all
+his eggs are known to have "two yolks." He rarely comes of age or is
+thoroughly ripe till near forty, before which he may be a little of the
+precise fop, and after which he changes to the somewhat foppish precisian,
+which is the best definition of him. He would be an excellent member of
+society were he not a little too nice for its every-day work, which, to
+speak a truth in metaphor, will not always admit of white gloves. He is
+remarkably consistent in all his proceedings, however, and the outward man
+is a perfect and complete type of the inward, and _vice versa_. His soul
+is never out of pumps and silk stockings, and picks its way amidst the
+little mental puddles and cross-roads of this world with a chariness of
+step, which is at once edifying and amusing. Of inward show _he_ is not
+less "elaborate" than of outward; and, though a descendant of Eve, takes
+equal care of the clothing of both mind and body.
+
+Were his tailor to be abandoned enough to attempt to palm upon him a coat
+of the very best Yorkshire, instead of the very best Wiltshire broad-cloth,
+(an enormity of which--_horresco referens_--he was once very near being
+the victim,) the one would be sure to lose, if discovered, the best of his
+customers, and the other the best of a month's sleep. If he wears a wig,
+his expenditure with his _peruquier_ is never less than five-and-twenty
+guineas a-year. His cigars, though he smokes little, cost him nearly as
+much. His hat is water-proof; his stop-watch and repeater are of a
+scapement that never varies more than six seconds in the twelve months
+from the time-piece at the Observatory at Greenwich, where he has a friend,
+who is so good as sometimes to compare notes with him. By the advice of
+his boot-maker--who, by the way, has some knowledge of the length of his
+foot--he never puts on a new pair until they are at least a year old; and
+he parted with his last footboy because he one day discovered a
+perceptible difference between the polish of the right and left foot. In
+winter, he wears and recommends cork soles. His toilet is no sinecure; and
+on the table are always to be found, besides his dressing-box, which
+contains an assortment of combs, scissors, tweezers, pomades, and essences,
+not easily equalled, a bottle of "Eau de Cologne, veritable," a Packwood
+and Criterion strop; a case of gold-mounted razors, (the best in England,)
+which he bought, nearly thirty years ago, of the successor of "Warren," in
+the Strand, and a silvered shaving-pot, upon a principle of his own,
+redolent of Rigges' "patent violet-scented soap." His net-silk purse is
+ringed with gold at one end, and with silver at the other; and although
+not _much_ of a snuff-taker, he always carries a box, on the lid of which
+smiles the portrait of the once celebrated and beautiful, though now
+somewhat forgotten, Duchess of D----, or the equally resplendent Lady
+Emily M----.
+
+His table is of the same finish with his wardrobe. If he sat down to
+dinner, even when alone, in boots, that visitation which Quin ascribed to
+the prevalent neglect of "pudding on a Sunday"--an earthquake might be
+expected to follow. His spoons and silver forks are marked with his crest;
+and he omits no opportunity to inform his friends, that the right of the
+family to the arms was proved at Herald's College by his great uncle John.
+He has receipts for mulligatawny and oyster soups, not to be equalled; and
+another for currie-powder, which a friend of his obtained, as the greatest
+of favours, from Sir Stamford Raffles, and which, though bound in honour
+not to make known, he means to leave to his son by will, under certain
+injunctions. His cookery of a "French rabbit," provided the claret be
+first-rate, is superb; and on _very_ particular occasions, he condescends
+to know how to concoct a bowl of punch, especially champagne punch, for
+the which he has a formula in rhyme, the poetry of which never, as is its
+happy case, losing sight of correctness and common-sense, comes, as well
+as its subject matter, home to "his business and his bosom." His "caviar"
+is, through the kindness of a commercial friend, imported from the hand of
+the very Russian _cuisinier_, who prepares it (unctuous relish!) for the
+table of the Emperor himself. His cheese is Stilton or Parmesan.
+
+Like "Mrs. Diana Scapes," he is also "curious in his liquors," and, in
+despite of Beau Brummell, patronizes "malt," as far as to take one glass
+of excellent "college ale,"--which he gets through his friend Dr. Dusty of
+All Souls--between pastry and Parmesan. After cheese, he can relish one,
+and only one, glass of port--all the better if of the "Comet vintage," or
+of some vintage ten years anterior to that. His drink, however, is claret,
+old hock, Madeira, and latterly, since it has become a sort of fashion,
+old sherry. In these he is a connoisseur not to be sneezed at; and if
+asked his opinion, makes it a rule never to give it upon the first glass,
+invariably observing, that "if he would he couldn't, and if he could he
+_wouldn't_!" He produces anchovy toast as an indispensable in a long
+evening, after dinner, and to it he recommends a liqueur-glass of
+cherry-brandy, which he believes is of that incomparable recipe, of which
+the late King was so fond. If he be a bachelor, he has, in his dining-room,
+a cellaret, in which repose this, and other similar liquid rarities, and
+beneath his sideboard stands a machine, for which he paid twelve guineas,
+for producing _ice extempore_.
+
+His literary tastes bear a certain resemblance to, and have a certain
+analogy with, his gustatory--proving the truth of that intimate connexion
+between the stomach and the head, upon which physiologists are so
+delighted to dwell. In poetry the heresies and escapades of Lord Byron are
+too much for him, although as a Peer and a gentleman he always speaks well
+and deferentially of him. Shelley he can make nothing of, and therefore
+says, which is the strict truth in one sense at least, that he has never
+read him. He praises Campbell, Crabbe, and Rogers, and shakes his head at
+Tom Moore; but Pope is his especial favourite; and if anything in verse
+has his heart, it is the "Rape of the Lock." Peter Pindar he partly
+dislikes, but Anstey, the "Bath Guide," is high in his estimation; and
+with him "Gray's Odes" stand far above those of Collins'. Of the "Elegy in
+a Country Church" he thinks, as he says, "like the rest of the world."
+"Shenstone's Pastorals" he has read. Burns he praises, but in his heart
+thinks him a "wonderful clown," and shrugs his shoulders at his extreme
+popularity. He says as little about Shakespeare as he can, and has by
+heart some half dozen lines of Milton, which is all he really knows of him.
+In the drama he inclines to the "unities;" and of the English Theatre
+"Sheridan's School for Scandal," and Otway's "Venice Preserved," or Rowe's
+"Fair Penitent," are what he best likes in his heart. John Kemble is his
+favourite actor--Kean he thinks somewhat vulgar. In prose he thinks Dr.
+Johnson the greatest man that ever existed, and next to him he places
+Addison and Burke. His historian is Hume; and for morals and metaphysics
+he goes to Paley and Dr. Reid, or Dugald Stewart, and is well content. For
+the satires of Swift he has no relish. They discompose his ideas; and he
+of all things detests to have his head set a spinning like a tetotum,
+either by a book or by anything else. Bishop Berkeley once did this for
+him to such a tune, that he showed a visible uneasiness at the mention of
+the book ever after. In Tristram Shandy, however, he has a sort of
+suppressed delight, which he hardly likes to acknowledge, the magnet of
+attraction being, though he knows it not, in the characters of Uncle Toby,
+Corporal Trim, and the Widow Wadman. His religious reading is confined to
+"Blair's Sermons," and the "Whole Duty of Man," in which he always keeps a
+little slip of double gilt-edged paper as a marker, without reflecting
+that it is a sort of proof that he has never got through either. His
+Pocket Bible always lies upon his toilet table. He knows a little of
+Mathematics in general, a little of Algebra, and a little of Fluxions,
+which is principally to be discovered from his having Emmerson, Simpson,
+and Bonnycastle's works in his library. In classical learning he confesses
+to having "forgotten" a good deal of Greek; but sports a Latin phrase upon
+occasion, and is something of a critic in languages. He prefers Virgil to
+Homer, and Horace to Pindar, and can, upon occasion, enter into a
+dissertation on the precise meaning of a "Simplex munditiis." He also
+delights in a pun, and most especially in a Latin one; and when applied to
+for payment of _paving-rate_, never fails to reply "_Paveant_ illi, non
+_paveam_ ego!" which, though peradventure repeated for the twentieth time,
+still serves to sweeten the adieu between his purse and its contents. He
+is also an amateur in etymologies and derivatives, and is sorry that the
+learned Selden's solution of the origin of the term "gentleman" seems to
+include in it something not altogether complimentary to religion. This is
+his only objection to it. He speaks French; and his accent is, he flatters
+himself, an approximation to the veritable Parisian. Modern novels he does
+not read, but has read "Waverley" and "Pelham."
+
+His library is not large, but select; and as he does not sit in it
+excepting very occasionally, the fire grate is a movable one, and can be
+turned at will from parlour to library and _vice versa_,--a whim of his
+old acquaintance Dr. Trifle of Oxford. In it are his library table and
+stuffed chair; a bust of Pitt and another of Cicero; a patent inkstand and
+silver pen; an atlas, and maps upon rollers; a crimson screen, an improved
+"Secretaire;" a barometer and a thermometer. Upon the shelves may be found
+almost for certain Boswell's Johnson; Encyclopaedia Britannica; Peptic
+Precepts and Cook's Oracle; the Miseries of Human Life; Prideaux'
+Connexion of the Old and New Testament; Dr. Pearson's Culina Famulatrix
+Medecinae; Soame Jenyn's Essays; the Farrier's Guide; Selden's Table-talk;
+Archbishop Tillotson's Sermons; Henderson on Wines; Boscawen's Horace;
+Croker's Battles of Talavera and Busaco; Dictionary of Quotations; Lord
+Londonderry's Peninsular Campaigns; the Art of Shaving, with directions
+for the management of the Razor; Todd's Johnson's Dictionary; Peacham's
+Complete Gentleman; Harris' Hermes; Roget on the Teeth; Memoirs of Pitt;
+Jokeby, a Burlesque on Rokeby; English Proverbs; Paley's Moral Philosophy;
+Chesterfield's Letters; Buchan's Domestic Medicine; Debrett's Peerage;
+Colonel Thornton's Sporting Tour; Court Kalendar; the Oracle, or Three
+Hundred Questions explained and answered; Gordon's Tacitus an Elzevir
+Virgil; Epistolae obscurorum virorum; Martial's Epigrams; Tully's Offices;
+and Henry's Family Bible.
+
+His general character for nicety is excellent, both in a moral and
+religious point of view: and he holds himself to have done a questionable
+thing in looking into a number of Harriette Wilson, in which a gay
+_quondam_ friend of his figured. When he marries, the ceremony is
+performed by the Honourable and very Reverend the Dean of some place, to
+whom he claims a distant relationship. He takes his wine in moderation;
+never bets, nor plays above guinea points, and _always_ at whist. He goes
+to church regularly; his pew is a square one, with green curtains. He
+dines upon fish on Good Friday, and declines visiting during Passion week
+in mixed parties. If he ever had any peccadilloes of any kind, they are
+buried in a cloud as snug as that which shrouded the pious Eneas when he
+paid his first visit to Queen Dido.
+
+He dies, aged fifty-seven, of a pleuritic attack, complicated with angina
+pectoris; and having left fifty pounds to each of the principal charitable
+institutions of his neighbourhood, and fifty pounds to the churchwardens
+of his parish, to be distributed amongst the poor professing the religion
+of the Church of England, he is buried in his "family vault," and his last
+wish fulfilled,--that is to say, his epitaph is composed in Latin, and the
+inscription put up under the especial care and inspection of his friend Dr.
+Dusty of Oxford. _Requiescat._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE VILLAGE CEMETERY.
+
+In the _New Monthly Magazine_, just published is a powerful poem--the
+_Splendid Village_, by the author of "Corn-law Rhymes." from which we
+extract the following passage:
+
+  I sought the churchyard where the lifeless lie,
+  And envied them, they rest so peacefully.
+  "No wretch comes here, at dead of night." I said,
+  "To drag the weary from his hard-earn'd bed;
+  No schoolboys here with mournful relics play,
+  And kick the 'dome of thought' o'er common clay;
+  No city cur snarls here o'er dead men's bones;
+  No sordid fiend removes memorial stones.
+  The dead have here what to the dead belongs,
+  Though legislation makes not laws, but wrongs."
+  I sought a letter'd stone, on which my tears
+  Had fall'n like thunder-rain, in other years,
+  My mother's grave I sought, in my despair,
+  But found it not! our grave-stone was not there!
+  No we were fallen men, mere workhouse slaves,
+  And how could fallen men have names or graves?
+  I thought of sorrow in the wilderness,
+  And death in solitude, and pitiless
+  Interment in the tiger's hideous maw:
+  I pray'd, and, praying, turn'd from all I saw;
+  My prayers were curses! But the sexton came;
+  How my heart yearn'd to name my Hannah's name!
+  White was his hair, for full of days was he,
+  And walk'd o'er tombstones, like their history.
+  With well feign'd carelessness I rais'd a spade,
+  Left near a grave, which seem'd but newly made,
+  And ask'd who slept below? "You knew him well,"
+  The old man answer'd, "Sir, his name was Bell.
+  He had a sister--she, alas! is gone,
+  Body and soul. Sir! for she married one
+  Unworthy of her. Many a corpse he took
+  From this churchyard." And then his head he shook,
+  And utter'd--whispering low, as if in fear
+  That the old stones and senseless dead would hear--
+  A word, a verb, a noun, too widely famed,
+  Which makes me blush to hear my country named.
+  That word he utter'd, gazing on my face,
+  As if he loath'd my thoughts, then paus'd a space.
+  "Sir," he resumed, "a sad death Hannah died;
+  Her husband--kill'd her, or his own son lied.
+  Vain is your voyage o'er the briny wave,
+  If here you seek her grave--she had no grave!
+  The terror-stricken murderer fled before
+  His crime was known, and ne'er was heard of more.
+  The poor boy died, sir! uttering fearful cries
+  In his last dreams, and with his glaring eyes,
+  And troubled hands, seem'd acting, as it were,
+  His mother's fate. Yes, Sir, his grave is there."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE SELECTOR AND LITERARY NOTICES OF NEW WORKS.
+
+LANDERS' DISCOVERY OF THE TERMINATION OF THE NIGER
+
+
+Our readers are already in possession of the outline of this memorable
+journey; though nothing but an attentive perusal of the Discoverers'
+Narrative can afford them the remotest idea of the dangers they
+encountered in their progress. To gratify this curiosity, Mr. Murray has
+considerately enough, printed their Journal in three volumes of the
+_Family Library_, and to say that they are, in interest, equal if not
+superior to any of the Series would be praise inadequate to their merits.
+The simple, unvarnished style of the Narrative is just suitable for a
+family fireside. We intend to quote a few scenes: at present
+
+_An African Horse-Race_,
+
+at Kiama, in the kingdom of Borgoo from the first volume.
+
+"In the afternoon, all the inhabitants of the town, and many from the
+little villages in its neighbourhood, assembled to witness the
+horse-racing, which takes place always on the anniversary of the 'Bebun
+Salah,' and to which every one had been looking forward with impatience.
+Previous to its commencement, the king, with his principal attendants,
+rode slowly round the town, more for the purpose of receiving the
+admiration and plaudits of his people than to observe where distress more
+particularly prevailed, which was his avowed intention. A hint from the
+chief induced us to attend the course with our pistols, to salute him as
+he rode by; and as we felt a strong inclination to witness the amusements
+of the day, we were there rather sooner than was necessary, which afforded
+us, however, a fairer opportunity of observing the various groups of
+people which were flocking to the scene of amusement.
+
+"The race-course was bounded on the north by low granite hills; on the
+south by a forest; and on the east and west by tall shady trees, among
+which were habitations of the people. Under the shadow of these
+magnificent trees the spectators were assembled, and testified their
+happiness by their noisy mirth and animated gestures. When we arrived, the
+king had not made his appearance on the course; but his absence was fully
+compensated by the pleasure we derived from watching the anxious and
+animated countenances of the multitude, and in passing our opinions on the
+taste of the women in the choice and adjustment of their fanciful and
+many-coloured dresses. The chief's wives and younger children sat near us
+in a group by themselves; and were distinguished from their companions by
+their superior dress. Manchester cloths of inferior quality, but of the
+most showy patterns, and dresses made of common English bed-furniture,
+were fastened round the waist of several sooty maidens, who, for the sake
+of fluttering a short hour in the gaze of their countrymen, had sacrificed
+in clothes the earnings of a twelve-month's labour. All the women had
+ornamented their necks with strings of beads, and their wrists with
+bracelets of various patterns, some made of glass beads, some of brass,
+others of copper; and some again of a mixture of both metals: their ancles
+also were adorned with different sorts of rings, of neat workmanship.
+
+"The distant sound of drums gave notice of the king's approach, and every
+eye was immediately directed to the quarter from whence he was expected.
+The cavalcade shortly appeared, and four horsemen first drew up in front
+of the chief's house, which was near the centre of the course, and close
+to the spot where his wives and children and ourselves were sitting.
+Several men bearing on their heads an immense quantity of arrows in huge
+quivers of leopard's skin came next, followed by two persons who, by their
+extraordinary antics and gestures, we concluded to be buffoons. These two
+last were employed in throwing sticks into the air as they went on, and
+adroitly catching them in falling, besides performing many whimsical and
+ridiculous feats. Behind these, and immediately preceding the king, a
+group of little boys, nearly naked came dancing merrily along, flourishing
+cows' tails over their heads in all directions. The king rode onwards,
+followed by a number of fine-looking men, on handsome steeds; and the
+motley cavalcade all drew up in front of his house, where they awaited his
+further orders without dismounting. This we thought was the proper time to
+give the first salute, so we accordingly fired three rounds; and our
+example was immediately followed by two soldiers, with muskets which were
+made at least a century and a half ago.
+
+"Preparations in the mean time had been going on for the race, and the
+horses with their riders made their appearance. The men were dressed in
+caps and loose tobes and trousers of every colour; boots of red morocco
+leather, and turbans of white and blue cotton. The horses were gaily
+caparisoned; strings of little brass bells covered their heads; their
+breasts were ornamented with bright red cloth and tassels of silk and
+cotton; a large quilted pad of neat embroidered patchwork was placed under
+the saddle of each; and little charms, enclosed in red and yellow cloth,
+were attached to the bridle with bits of tinsel. The Arab saddle and
+stirrup were in common use; and the whole group presented an imposing
+appearance.
+
+"The signal for starting was made, and the impatient animals sprung
+forward and set off at a full gallop. The riders brandished their spears,
+the little boys flourished their cows' tails, the buffoons performed their
+antics, muskets were discharged, and the chief himself, mounted on the
+finest horse on the ground, watched the progress of the race, while tears
+of delight were starting from his eyes. The sun shone gloriously on the
+tobes of green, white, yellow, blue, and crimson, as they fluttered in the
+breeze; and with the fanciful caps, the glittering spears, the jingling of
+the horses' bells, the animated looks and warlike bearing of their riders,
+presented one of the most extraordinary and pleasing sights that we have
+ever witnessed. The race was well contested, and terminated only by the
+horses being fatigued and out of breath; but though every one was emulous
+to outstrip his companion, honour and fame were the only reward of the
+competitors.
+
+"A few naked boys, on ponies without saddles, then rode over the course,
+after which the second and last heat commenced. This was not by any means
+so good as the first, owing to the greater anxiety which the horsemen
+evinced to display their skill in the use of the spear and the management
+of their animals. The king maintained his seat on horseback during these
+amusements, without even once dismounting to converse with his wives and
+children who were sitting on the ground on each side of him. His dress was
+showy rather than rich, consisting of a red cap, enveloped in the large
+folds of a white muslin turban; two under tobes of blue and scarlet cloth,
+and an outer one of white muslin; red trousers, and boots of scarlet and
+yellow leather. His horse seemed distressed by the weight of his rider,
+and the various ornaments and trappings with which his head, breast, and
+body, were bedecked. The chief's eldest and youngest sons were near his
+women and other children, mounted on two noble looking horses. The eldest
+of these youths was about eleven years of age. The youngest being not more
+than three, was held on the back of his animal by a male attendant, as he
+was unable to sit upright in the saddle without this assistance. The
+child's dress was ill suited to his age. He wore on his head a tight cap
+of Manchester cotton, but it overhung the upper part of his face, and
+together with its ends, which flapped over each cheek, hid nearly the
+whole of his countenance from view; his tobe and trousers were made
+exactly in the same fashion as those of a man, and two large belts of blue
+cotton, which crossed each other, confined the tobe to his body. The
+little legs of the child were swallowed up in clumsy yellow boots, big
+enough for his father; and though he was rather pretty, his whimsical
+dress gave him altogether so odd an appearance, that he might have been
+taken for anything but what he really was. A few of the women on the
+ground by the side of the king wore large white dresses, which covered
+their persons like a winding-sheet. Young virgins, according to custom,
+appeared in a state of nudity; many of them had wild flowers stuck behind
+their ears, and strings of beads, &c., round their loins; but want of
+clothing did not seem to damp their pleasure in the entertainment, for
+they appeared to enter into it with as much zest as any of their
+companions. Of the different coloured tobes worn by the men, none looked
+so well as those of a deep crimson colour on some of the horsemen; but the
+clean white tobes of the Mohammedan priests, of whom not less than a
+hundred were present on the occasion, were extremely neat and becoming.
+The sport terminated without the slightest accident, and the king's
+dismounting was a signal for the people to disperse.
+
+"We have here endeavoured, to the best of our ability, to describe an
+African horse-race, but it is impossible to convey a correct idea of the
+singular and fantastic appearance of the numerous groups of people that
+met our view on all sides, or to describe their animation and delight; the
+martial equipment of the soldiers and their noble steeds, and the wild,
+romantic, and overpowering interest of the whole mass. Singing and dancing
+have been kept up all night, and the revellers will not think of retiring
+to rest till morning."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+FINE ARTS.
+
+MR. HAYDON'S EXHIBITION.
+
+
+Mr. Haydon has completed his _Xenophon_ and _the_ 10,000 _first seeing the
+Sea from Mount Theches_--a brilliantly glowing page of Grecian heroism,
+and a splendid specimen of the highest order of historical painting. It
+represents the celebrated retreat of the 10,000 valorous Greeks, with
+Xenophon at their head, whose only hope of release from one of the most
+perilous situations--was to reach the sea. The action of the picture is
+thus described by the artist:
+
+"This, of course, was accepted--they altered their course, and, while the
+army was in full march over Mount Theches, the advanced guard, in coming
+to the top, came suddenly in view of a magnificent valley, with the SEA in
+the extreme distance, glittering along an extended coast, and mingling
+with the hazy horizon!
+
+"The whole guard burst out into a furious shout of enthusiastic exultation
+the SEA! the SEA! was echoed along the whole army, below in the passes;
+Xenophon, from the uproar, thinking they were attacked, galloped forward
+with the cavalry;[1] but seeing the cause, joined in the shout! The
+feeling was too powerful to be resisted--men, women, and children, the
+veteran, the youth, the officer, the private, beasts of burden, cattle,
+and horses, broke up like a torrent that had burst a mountain rock, and
+rushed, headlong to the summit!
+
+"As each, in succession, lifted his head up above the rocks, and really
+saw the SEA, nothing could exceed the affecting display of gratitude and
+enthusiastic rapture!--some embraced, some cried like children, some
+stamped like madmen, some fell on their knees and thanked the gods, others
+were mute with gratitude, and stared as if bewildered!
+
+"Never was such a scene seen! as soon as the soldiers recovered something
+like reason, a trophy on a heap of stones and shields, was erected. The
+army descended the Colchian Mountains, and reached Trapezus, the modern
+Trebizon, after a march of 1,155 leagues, during two hundred and fifteen
+days, where they embarked for their native country.
+
+"The moment I have taken is when Xenophon seeing the sea has rode forward
+to shout it to the army. He is waving his helmet with one hand, and
+pointing to the sea with the other, mounted on a skew-bald charger.
+
+"Below the army are rushing up--in the centre is an officer, on a blood
+Arab, carrying his wife. A veteran soldier on his left is supporting an
+exhausted youth who has sunk on his shield, and pointing out the path to
+the army. On the right, is a young man carrying up on his back his aged
+father who has lost his helmet--the trumpeter lower down, is blowing a
+blast to collect the rear guard which are mounting behind him, while near
+the mare's head is the Greek band with trumpets and cymbals encouraging
+the men. The army is rushing up under an opening of the rock to the left,
+while the advanced guard of cavalry are trotting down the shelving top of
+a precipice, the horses excited and snuffing up the sea air with ecstasy."
+
+It would, however, be difficult to convey, by description, the
+overpowering energy and mighty struggle of the scene before us, or the
+masterly skill with which the painter has brought within a few square feet
+of canvass, one of the most astounding events in the history of man. Its
+moral tendency should be a lasting lesson of the secret spring of
+honourable success in life--decision of character and well-directed
+energies to accomplish great ends--though applicable to every station of
+life, however humble.
+
+Xenophon is a distant figure in this effective picture: his action, as
+well as that of the cavalry, about him is admirably expressed: he appears
+on the pinnacle of triumph; his charger snuffs the very gale of glory, and
+the uncurbed energy of exultation seems to animate those immediately
+around him. The eye descends to the checkered toil beneath: the brawny
+soldier bearing the delicate form of his lovely wife, which is well
+contrasted with the bold, muscular figure of the former: the exhausted
+youth, and the veteran directing the army, but especially the former, are
+finely drawn and painted: the bare head of the aged man, with his few last
+locks fluttering in the wind, contrasts with the burly-headed trumpeter,
+whose thick throat and outblown cheeks denote the energy which he is
+throwing into this last inspiring call to victory over difficulty. The
+head of the soldier's blood Arab is one of the finest studies of the group:
+you almost see the breath of his nostrils; the hinder parts and tail of
+the horse are not quite of equal merit. These are but a few of the points
+of excellence in the picture: its colouring is censurable for its
+roughness, especially by those who enjoy the smoothly-finished productions
+of certain British artists; but we may look to such in vain for the
+powerful drawing and forcible expression which characterize this, the
+finest of Mr. Haydon's pictures.
+
+In the same room, _vis a vis_ the _Xenophon_, is the _Mock Election_
+picture described at some length in No. 304, of _The Mirror_. About the
+walls are thirteen finished sketches and studies also by Mr. Haydon. We
+may notice them anon.
+
+
+    [1] Recently formed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PAINTING ON GLASS.
+
+
+An exhibition of paintings in enamel colours on glass has been opened at
+No. 357, Strand, which is likely to prove attractive to the patrons of art
+as well as to the sight-seeing public. It consists of faithful copies of
+Harlow's _Kemble Family;_ Martin's _Belshazzar_, _Joshua_, and _Love among
+the Roses;_ Sir Joshua Reynolds's celebrated group of _Charity_, and a
+tasteful composition of a _Vase of Flowers with fruit_, &c. The whole are
+ably executed, and calculated to advance the art of painting on glass to
+its olden eminence. The copies from Martin are of the size of his prints,
+and are perhaps the most successful: that of _Joshua commanding the Sun to
+stand still_ is powerfully striking: the supernal light breaking from the
+dense panoply of clouds is admirably executed, and the minuteness of the
+architectural details and the fighting myriads is indescribable. In the
+Hall of _Belshazzar_, the perspective is ably preserved throughout, though
+the interest of the picture is not of that intense character that we
+recognise in _Joshua_. The painting of the Trial of Queen Katherine is of
+the size of Clint's masterly print: it required greater delicacy in
+copying than did either of its companion pictures, since it has few of the
+strong lights and vivid contrasts so requisite for complete success on
+glass. The costumes are well managed, as the red of Wolsey's robes, and
+the massy velvet dress of Katherine. Of this print, by the way, there are
+appended to the Catalogue a few particulars which may be new and pleasant
+to the reader. Thus:--
+
+"The Picture is on mahogany panel, 1-1/2 inch in thickness, and in size,
+about 7 feet by 5 feet. It originated with Mr. T. Welsh, the meritorious
+professor of music, in whose possession the picture remains. This
+gentleman commissioned Harlow to paint for him a kit-cat size portrait of
+Mrs. Siddons, in the character of Queen Katherine in Shakspeare's Play of
+Henry VIII., introducing a few of the scenic accessories in the distance.
+For this portrait Harlow was to receive twenty-five guineas; but the idea
+of representing the whole scene occurred to the artist, who, with Mr.
+Welsh, prevailed upon most of the actors to sit for their portraits: in
+addition to these, are introduced portraits of the friends of both parties,
+including the artist himself. The sum ultimately paid by Mr. Welsh was one
+hundred guineas; and a like sum was paid by Mr. Cribb, for Harlow's
+permission to engrave the well-known print, to which we have already
+adverted. The panel upon which the picture is painted, is stated to have
+cost the artist 15_l_.
+
+"Concerning this picture we find the following notice by Knowles, in his
+_Life of Fuseli_. 'In the performance of this work, he (Harlow) owed many
+obligations to Fuseli for his critical remarks; for, when he first saw the
+picture, chiefly in dead-colouring, he said, 'I do not disapprove of the
+general arrangement of your work, and I see you will give it a powerful
+effect of light and shadow; but you have here a composition of more than
+twenty figures, or, I should rather say, parts of figures, because you
+have not shown one leg or foot, which makes it very defective. Now, if you
+do not know how to draw legs and feet, I will show you,' and taking up a
+crayon, he drew two on the wainscot of the room. Harlow profited by these
+remarks; and the next time we saw the picture, the whole arrangement in
+the fore-ground was changed. Fuseli then said, 'so far you have done well:
+but now you have not introduced a back figure, to throw the eye of the
+spectator into the picture;' and then pointed out by what means he might
+improve it in this particular. Accordingly, Harlow introduced the two boys
+who are taking up the cushion."[2]
+
+"It has been stated that the majority of the actors in the scene sat for
+their portraits in this picture. Mr. Kemble, however, refused, when asked
+to do so by Mr. Welsh, strengthening his refusal with emphasis profane.
+Harlow was not to be defeated, and he actually drew Mr. Kemble's portrait
+in one of the stage-boxes of Covent Garden Theatre, while the great actor
+was playing his part on the stage. The vexation of such a _ruse_ to a man
+of Mr. Kemble's temperament, can better be imagined than described: how it
+succeeded, must be left to the judgment of the reader. Egerton, Pope, and
+Stephen Kemble, were successively painted for Henry VIII., the artist
+retaining the latter. The head of Mr. Charles Kemble was likewise twice
+painted: the first, which cost Mr. C. Kemble many sittings, was considered
+by himself and others, very successful. The artist thought otherwise; and,
+contrary to Mr. Kemble's wish and remonstrance, he one morning painted out
+the approved head: in a day or two, however, entirely from recollection,
+Harlow re-painted the portrait with increased fidelity. Mr. Cunningham, we
+may here notice, has erroneously stated, that Harlow required but one
+sitting of Mrs. Siddons. The fact is, the accomplished actress held her
+up-lifted arm frequently till she could hold it raised no longer, and the
+majestic limb was finished from another original."
+
+The lights of _Love among the Roses_ are vivid and beautiful: the whole
+composition will be recollected as of a charming character.
+
+By the way, persons unpractised in the art of painting on glass, or in
+transparent enamel, have but a slender idea of its difficulties.
+Crown-glass is preferred for its greater purity. The artist has not only
+to _paint_ the picture, but to fire it in a kiln, with the most
+scrupulous attention to produce the requisite effects, and the
+uncertainty of this branch of the art is frequently a sad trial of
+patience. Hence, the firing or vitrification of the colours is of
+paramount importance, and the art thus becomes a two-fold trial of
+skill. Its cost is, however, only consistent with its brilliant effect.
+
+
+    [2] Quoted in Cunningham's Life of Harlow.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NOTES OF A READER.
+
+TEA.
+
+
+What can we do with this pamphlet?--_British Relations with the Chinese
+Empire--Comparative Statement of the English and American Trade with India
+and Canton_. What a book for a tea-drinking old lady, or Dr. Johnson, of
+tea-loving notoriety, with his thirteen cups to the dozen.
+
+"The writer has passed the last eleven years of his life in visiting every
+quarter of the globe, and the colonial possessions of Great Britain, in
+order to acquire an intimate knowledge of her commercial affairs, for
+political purposes." The reader will, perhaps, say this pamphlet is purely
+political, and what have you to do with it? But it is not so: there are
+facts in these pages which interest every one and come home to every man's
+mouth: the political purpose is to us like chaff; and these facts like
+grains of wheat, so we will even pick a few. Meanwhile, the whole pamphlet
+must be important to all, as to ourselves parts are interesting: it
+represents the literature of the tea trade, and, best of all, the
+profitable literature of _L.s.d._ It is written in a patriotic spirit;
+witness this extract from the preface: "To a commercial union of wealth,
+and a co-operation of talent and patriotism, a small island in the Western
+Atlantic is indebted for the acquisition of one of the most splendid
+empires that ever was subjected to the dominion of man, and also for the
+rise and progress of an extraordinary commerce with a people inhabiting a
+distant hemisphere, and heretofore shut out from all intercourse with the
+majority of the human race;--a commerce equal in extent to 10,000,000_l_.
+annually, and involving property to the amount of ten times that sum."
+
+Our _facts_ must stand isolated, since to weave them into an argument
+would be altogether foreign to our purpose.
+
+_East India Company_.--Although the East India Company can alone import
+tea, they cannot choose their own time of sale; they are compelled to put
+up the tea at an advance of _one penny_ (_they do at one farthing_) per
+lb.; they are obliged to have twelve months' stock in hand; and while the
+tea in America has _increased in price_ and diminished in consumption, the
+_very reverse_ has taken place in England, as _official returns_ prove!
+
+_China_ presents the very remarkable spectacle of _a civilization entirely
+political_, whose principal aim has constantly been to draw closer the
+bonds which unite the society it formed, and to merge, by its laws, the
+interest of the individual in that of the public; an empire possessing an
+active, skilful, and contented population of 155,000,000 souls, who are
+spread over 1,372,450 square miles of the fairest and, probably, earliest
+inhabited region of the globe--that maintains a _standing army_ of
+1,182,000 men, and levies a revenue of only 11,649,912_l_. sterling--an
+empire that has preserved the records of its dominion and the integrity of
+its name from a period of three thousand years antecedent to our era,
+while the most powerful monarchies of remote or modern ages have dwindled
+into nothingness, or been borne towards the ocean of eternity, by the
+swiftly destructive gulf of time,--an empire whose people have materially
+contributed to advance the civilization of Europe and America, by the
+discovery of the most useful arts and sciences, such as writing,[3]
+astronomy, the mariner's compass, gunpowder, sugar, silk, porcelain, the
+smelting and combination of metals,--and, in fine, enjoying within its own
+territories all the necessaries and conveniencies, and most of the
+luxuries of life; standing, as it proudly asserts, in no need of
+intercourse with other countries,[4] which it is its studied policy to
+prohibit,[5] openly and arrogantly proclaims its total independence of
+every nation in the world!
+
+_Origin of the Tea Trade of the East India Company_.--In 1668, the East
+India Company ordered "_one hundred pounds weight of goode tey_" to be
+sent home on speculation. A taste for the Chinese herb was created and
+carefully fostered; the invoice was increased from year to year, until it
+now amounts to 30,000,000 pounds weight (notwithstanding the excessive
+duty of 100 per cent, and the onerous restrictions of the commutation act,
+since 1784), yielding an annual revenue to government, on a _luxury of
+life_, of about 3,300,000_l_. sterling, with scarcely any trouble or
+expense in the collecting;--employing 35,000 tons of the finest
+shipping,--requiring annually nearly 1,000,000_l_. sterling worth of
+cotton, woollen, and iron manufactures, and affording employment to a
+numerous class of society, for the wholesale and retail dealing in a leaf
+collected on the mountains of a distant continent!
+
+To enable them the better to prosecute this valuable commerce, the East
+India Company sought and obtained permission to build a factory at Canton,
+where their agents were permitted to reside six months in the year--a
+favour specifically accorded as a matter of compassion to foreigners, who
+are carefully debarred all intercourse with the interior of the country; a
+dread being entertained that the introduction of Europeans to settle in
+China, would lead (according also to ancient prophecy) to the total
+subversion of the empire.
+
+Other brunches of trade were subsequently added to that of tea. In 1773,
+the East India Company made a small adventure of opium[6] from Bengal to
+Canton; and the consumption of opium increased as rapidly among the
+Chinese as tea did among the English, until it now yields (although a
+contraband trade) 14,000,000 Spanish dollars annually,[7] and pays a
+revenue to the Indian Government of 1,800,000_l_. sterling. Raw cotton
+forms another extensive article of export to China; it is in general a
+less profitable remittance than bills of exchange, but the exportation is
+encouraged for the benefit of the Indian territories.
+
+_Character of the Chinese_.--The Chinese are a haughty and independent
+race of people, whose commercial policy it is to prohibit, as much as
+possible, every species of manufactures[8] and bullion; and encourage the
+importation of food, and raw produce; holding themselves aloof from
+Europeans, and particularly jealous of Great Britain, on account of the
+proximity of her Indian empire; exacting upwards of 1,000_l_. in fees and
+port dues[9] on each foreign vessel that enters Canton, the only harbour
+to which they are admitted,[10] imposing severe sea and inland customs and
+regulations regarding woollen and other manufactures, entirely
+interdicting some branches of trade, and permitting all by sufferance, or
+as a matter of favour rather than from necessity, or by right.
+
+_Tea in Ireland_.--In Ireland, the consumption of tea in the year 1828,
+was 1,300,000 lbs. _less_ than in 1827; and although the population of
+Ireland has rapidly increased, indeed, nearly doubled itself, since the
+commencement of the present century, yet the quantity of tea imported into
+that country is 400,000 lbs. _less_ in 1828, than it was in 1800!
+
+
+  _Tea in America and England_.--
+
+  American consumption of tea.
+         1819--5,480,884 lbs.
+         1827--5,372,956
+               ---------
+  Decrease!      107,828 lbs.
+
+  British consumption of tea.
+
+         1819--24,093,619 lbs.
+         1827--27,841,284
+               ----------
+  Increase      3,747,665 lbs.
+
+
+  _Consumption of Sugar_.--
+
+  In France each individual, annually 5 lbs.
+  Hamburgh          do.     do.      10
+  Germany           do. throughout    6
+  United States     do.     do.       8
+  Ireland           do.     do.       3
+  Great Britain     do.     do.      14
+
+Fourteen pounds of sugar per annum, will afford but little more than _half
+an ounce_ a day to each individual; a quantity, which it is well known the
+youngest child will consume, and yet a large portion of the sugar entered
+for home consumption, is used in breweries, and distilleries, so that it
+is even doubtful, whether the personal direct consumption of tea or sugar
+be the greatest; notwithstanding the latter may be had in such great
+abundance and in every country within the tropics.
+
+_Price of Tea in China_.--Bohea, which cannot be purchased in China at
+less than _eight-pence half-penny_, may be obtained at Antwerp for
+7-3/4_d_.; in France for 6-1/2_d_.; and at Hamburg for 5_d_.! Congou, of
+which the Canton price is from 11_d_. to 1_s_. per lb., may be bought in
+France at 10-1/2_d_., and at Hamburg from 8-1/4_d_. to 10-1/4_d_.! Canton
+price for Hyson, 1_s_. 9-3/4_d_.; French price 1_s_. 8-1/2_d_. Young Hyson
+costs in Canton about 1_s_. 8-1/2_d_. per lb., and _only one half that sum
+at Hamburg!!_ The Chinese cannot afford to sell Twankay at less than 11_d_.
+per lb.; but the American speculators enable the good people of Hamburg to
+drink it at _seven-pence farthing!_ Souchong, a good quality tea, sells at
+Hamburg for _five-pence_ per lb., which is the _same price_ as the vilest
+Bohea costs in the Hamburg market, and is only _one-half the price of
+Bohea_ in Canton.
+
+_Cost of a pound of Seven Shilling Tea_.--Take a pound of Congou for
+instance, according to the evidence of Mr. Mills, a tea broker, before the
+House of Lords:
+
+  One pound of good Congou,
+  _put up_ at the East India
+  Company's sales at --------------- 1  8
+  Buyers purposely and for
+  their own advantage raise it ----- 0  9
+                                     ----
+
+         Purchasing price by the Brokers --- 2  5
+  Duty levied by the Crown ----------------- 2  5
+  Retailer's profit, brokerage, &c. -------- 2  2
+                                             ----
+                              Shop price     7  0
+
+Thus it will be seen, the tea that the Company offers for sale to the
+consumer at 1_s_. 8_d_., or at the utmost say 2_s_., is enhanced to 7_s_.
+before it finds its way to the drinker's breakfast table.
+
+_Coffee-Shops_.--There are 3,000 coffee shops in London, in which are
+daily consumed 2,000 lbs. of tea and 15,000 lbs. of coffee. The
+consumption of _coffee_ in these establishments has increased as
+follows:--In 1829, 1,978,600 lbs. In 1830, 2,251,300 lbs. In 1831,
+2,899,870. Of tea the increase has only been, during the same periods,
+239,700 lbs.--249,400 lbs.--263,000 lbs.
+
+
+    [3] A celebrated Hungarian, named Cosmoes de Koeroes, has lately
+        discovered in a Thibetian monastery, where he has been engaged
+        translating an Encyclopaedia, that _lithography_ and _movable
+        wooden types_ were known to the Chinese many centuries ago.
+
+    [4] A Chinese who leaves his country is considered as a traitor,
+        and is punished with death if he ever return to it.
+
+    [5] The grand maxim of Confucius is, "to despise foreign
+        commodities."
+
+    [6] The Chinese use this stimulant as we do wine and spirits, and
+        with perhaps, less deleterious consequences to their health,
+        and less evil results to their morals.
+
+    [7] About 7,000,000 of which, or bars or moulds of silver to that
+        amount, are sent to India, the Chinese being unable to make
+        sufficient return in merchandise. This remittance is of
+        material assistance in helping to provide funds on the spot
+        for the purchase of tea.
+
+    [8] A late No. of the _Canton Register_, mentions a fact, which is
+        one instance out of many, of the desire to be independent of
+        foreigners; it is as follows:--"Prussian blue, an article
+        which was formerly brought in _considerable quantities from
+        England_, is now _totally shut out_ from the list of imports,
+        in consequence of its mode of manufacture being _acquired by a
+        Chinaman in London_; and from timely improvement it has been
+        brought to that perfection which renders the _consumers
+        independent of foreign supply!"_
+
+    [9] The port dues on a vessel of 1,000 or of 100 tons are _alike!_
+
+    [10] The Chinese will not admit a foreign nation to trade at two
+        places; for instance, the Russians are excluded from Canton
+        because they enjoy an overland trade at Kiachia, which is 4,
+        311 miles from St. Petersburgh, and 1,014 miles distant from
+        Pekin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FOX-HUNTING.
+
+
+The following are the items of expenses, laid down by Colonel Cooke, in
+his "Observations on Fox-hunting," published a few years since. The
+calculation supposes a four-times-a-week country; but it is generally
+below the mark; we should say, at least one-half:--
+
+  Fourteen horses ................................. L700
+  Hounds' food, for fifty couples .................. 275
+  Firing ............................................ 50
+  Taxes ............................................ 120
+  Two whippers-in, and feeder ...................... 210
+  Earth stopping .................................... 80
+  Saddlery ......................................... 100
+  Farriery, shoeing, and medicine .................. 100
+  Young hounds purchased, and expenses at walks..... 100
+  Casualties ....................................... 200
+  Huntsman's wages and his horses .................. 300
+                                                   -----
+                                                   L2235
+
+Of course, countries vary much in expense from local circumstance; such as
+the necessity for change of kennels, hounds sleeping out, &c. &c. In those
+which are called hollow countries, consequently abounding in earths, the
+expense of earth-stopping often amounts to 200_l_. per annum, and
+Northamptonshire is of this class. In others, a great part of the foxes
+are what is termed stub-bred (bred above ground), which circumstance
+reduces the amount of this item.--_Quarterly Review._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+
+Curious Epitaph._--In Nichols's _History of Leicestershire_, is inserted
+the following epitaph, to the memory of Theophilus Cave, who was buried in
+the chancel of the church of Barrow on Soar:
+
+  "Here in this Grave there lies a Cave;
+  We call a Cave a Grave;
+  If Cave be Grave, and Grave be Cave,
+  Then reader, judge, I crave,
+  Whether doth Cave here lye in Grave,
+  Or Grave here lye in Cave:
+  If Grave in Cave here bury'd lye,
+  Then Grave, where is thy victory?
+  Goe, reader, and report here lyes a Cave
+  Who conquers death, and buryes his own Cave."
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Equality._--All men would necessarily have been equal, had they been
+without wants; it is the misery attached to our species, which places one
+man in subjection to another: Inequality is not the real grievance, but
+dependence. It is of little consequence for one man to be called his
+highness, and another his holiness; but it is hard for one to be the
+servant of another.--_Voltaire._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The famous Duke of Cumberland showed more cleverness as a boy, than he
+ever did as a general. Having displeased his mother one day, she sent him
+to his chamber, and when he appeared again, she asked him what he had been
+doing. "Reading," replied the boy.--"Reading what?"--"The
+Scriptures."--"What part of the Scriptures?"--"That part where it is
+written, 'Woman! what hast thou to do with me?'" After the loss of a
+battle, an English prisoner observing to a French officer, that they might
+have taken the duke himself prisoner; "Yes," replied the Frenchman, "but
+we took care not to do that--he is of far more use to us at the head of
+your army."--_Georgian Era._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_The letter Y._--Pythagoras used the Y as a symbol of human life.
+"Remember (says he) that the paths of virtue and of vice resemble the
+letter Y. The foot representing infancy, and the forked top the two paths
+of vice and virtue, one or the other of which people are to enter upon,
+after attaining to the age of discretion."
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Royal Combat._--Near the city of Gloucester, on the Severn, the river
+dividing, forms a small island called _Alney_, which is famous for a royal
+combat fought on it, between Edmund Ironside and Canute the Dane, to
+decide the fate of the kingdom, in sight of both their armies. Canute was
+wounded, when he proposed an amicable division, and accordingly he
+obtained the northern part; the southern falling to Edmund.
+
+E.F.
+
+_Effect of Music._--A Scotch bag-piper traversing the mountains of Ulster,
+in Ireland, was one evening encountered by a starved _Irish_ wolf. In his
+distress the poor man could think of nothing better than to open his
+wallet, and try the effects of his hospitality; he did so, and the savage
+swallowed all that was thrown to him, with so improving a voracity as if
+his appetite was but just returning to him. The whole stock of provision
+was, of course, soon spent, and now his only recourse was to the virtues
+of his bagpipe; which the monster no sooner heard, than he took to the
+mountains with the same precipitation he had left them. The poor piper
+could not so perfectly enjoy his deliverance, but that, with an angry look,
+at parting, he shook his head, saying, "Ay, are these your tricks? Had I
+known your humour, you should have had your music before
+supper."--_Bowyer's Anecdotes._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Epitaph on Mr. Nightingale, Architect._
+
+  As the birds were the first of the architect kind,
+    And are still better builders than men,
+  What wonders may spring from a _Nightingale's_ mind,
+    When St. Paul's was produced by a _Wren._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Poets._
+
+  The effects of disappointed love ......_Akenside._
+  Part of a lady's dress ................_Spencer._
+  What the ladies do, and a weight ......_Chatterton._
+  A manufactory, and a weight ..........._Milton._
+  The prayers of a glutton .............._Moore._
+  An indication of old age .............._Gray._
+  What a mortgage will do ..............._Cumberland._
+  The contributions of a miser .........._Little._
+  A troublesome companion ..............._Bunyan._
+  The soldier's home, and an alarm ......_Campbell._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_The Pyramids._--The Egyptians, according to Herodotus, hated the memory
+of the kings who built the pyramids. The great pyramid occupied a hundred
+thousand men for twenty years in its erection, without counting the
+workmen who were employed in hewing the stones and conveying them to the
+spot where the pyramid was built. Herodotus speaks of this work as a
+torment to the people, and doubtless, the labour engaged in raising huge
+masses of stone, that was extensive enough to employ a hundred thousand
+men for twenty years, equal to two millions of men for one year, must have
+been fearfully tormenting. It has been calculated that the steam engines
+of England worked by thirty-six thousand men, would raise the same
+quantity of stones from the quarry, and elevate them to the same height as
+the great pyramid, in the short space of eighteen hours. It was recorded
+on the pyramid, that the onions, radishes, and garlic, which the labourers
+consumed, cost sixteen hundred talents of silver, which is equivalent to
+several million pounds.
+
+SWAINE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The generality of mankind will not bear to be viewed too closely, or too
+often: they lose their value on a nearer approach; which made the honest
+countrymen say to his friend, who was boasting of a legacy bestowed upon
+him by a person, into whose company he had accidentally fallen only once
+in his life, "Ah, Jonathan, if he had seen thee twice, he would not have
+left thee a farthing."
+
+_Friendship._--Friendship is of so delicate and so nice a texture, so
+defenceless against evil impressions, and so apt to wither at the least
+blast of jealousy, that we may say with Horace,
+
+    Felices ter et amplius,
+  Quos irrupta tenet copula; nec malis
+    Divulsus querimoniis,
+  Suprema citius solvet amor die.
+        _Ode_ 13, _lib_. i.
+
+  "Happy, thrice happy they, whose friendships prove
+  One constant scene of unmolested love,
+  Whose hearts right temper'd feel no various turns,
+  No coolness chills them, and no madness burns.
+  But free from anger, doubts, and jealous fear,
+  Die as they liv'd, united and sincere."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The love between friends is certainly most harmonious when wound up to the
+highest pitch; but at that very time, is in greatest danger of breaking:
+and upon the whole, the strongest friendships may be compared to the
+strongest towns, which are too well fortified to be taken by open attacks;
+but are always liable to be undermined by treachery or surprise.
+
+A.J.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the ancient German empire, such persons as endeavoured to sow sedition,
+and disturb the public tranquillity, were condemned to become objects of
+public notoriety and derision, by carrying a dog upon their shoulders,
+from one great town to another. The Emperors, Otho I. and Frederick
+Barbarossa, inflicted this punishment on noblemen of the highest rank.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+POPULAR SCIENCE.
+
+With Engravings, price 5s.
+
+  ARCANA OF SCIENCE
+  And Annual Register of the Useful Arts for 1832.
+  Fifth Year.
+
+The Volume for 1828, (fourth edition,) 4_s_. 6_d_.
+The Volume for 1829 and 1830, (nearly out of print.)
+and 1831, 5_s_. each.
+
+"Any young gardener, who besides prosecuting his particular profession,
+wishes to be apprized of what is going on in the great world of human
+action generally, cannot possibly spend 5_s_. more efficiently than in the
+purchase of this book; * * * the first spare sovereign to the acquisition
+of the four back volumes, and then subsequently continue the work
+annually."--_Gardeners' Magazine_, (just published.)
+
+Printed for JOHN LIMBIRD, 143, Strand.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset House.)
+London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic, G.G. BENNIS,
+55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers._
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, by Various
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