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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:40:13 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:40:13 -0700 |
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diff --git a/12541-h/12541-h.htm b/12541-h/12541-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ca1ab9e --- /dev/null +++ b/12541-h/12541-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,22479 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta name="generator" content= +"HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st July 2003), see www.w3.org" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content= +"text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> +<title>The American Indian as Participant in the Civil War</title> + +<style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[*/ + + <!-- + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; background-color: #f9f9f9;} + p {text-align: justify;} + blockquote {text-align: justify;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center;} + h2 {margin-top: 6em; margin-bottom: 2em} + pre {font-size: 0.9em;} + td {vertical-align: baseline} + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + html>body hr {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + html>body hr.full {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + hr.short {text-align: center; width: 20%;} + html>body hr.short {margin-right: 40%; margin-left: 40%; width: 20%;} + + .note + {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + + span.pagenum + {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt;} + + .poem + {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem p.i2 {margin-left: 1em;} + .poem p.i4 {margin-left: 2em;} + .poem p.i6 {margin-left: 3em;} + .poem p.i8 {margin-left: 4em;} + .poem p.i10 {margin-left: 5em;} + + .figure, .figcenter, .figright, .figleft + {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center;} + .figure img, .figcenter img, .figright img, .figleft img + {border: none;} + .figure p, .figcenter p, .figright p, .figleft p + {margin: 0; text-indent: 1em;} + .figcenter {margin: auto;} + .figright {float: right;} + .figleft {float: left;} + + .footnote {font-size: 0.9em; margin-right: 10%; margin-left: 10%;} + + .side { float:right; + font-size: 75%; + width: 25%; + padding-left:10px; + border-left: dashed thin; + margin-left: 10px; + text-align: left; + text-indent: 0; + font-weight: bold; + font-style: italic;} + --> +/*]]>*/ +</style> +</head> +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 12541 ***</div> + +<hr /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page4" id="page4"></a></span> +<div class="figcenter" style="width:100%;"><a href= +"images/004.png"><img width="100%" src="images/004.png" alt= +"" /></a> +<h4>Facsimile of Negro Bill of Sale</h4> +</div> +<hr /> +<h1>The American Indian as Participant in the Civil War</h1> +<h4>BY</h4> +<h3>ANNIE HELOISE ABEL, Ph.D.</h3> +<h4><i>Professor of History, Smith College</i></h4> +<h4>1919</h4> +<h4>To<br /> +My former colleagues and students at Goucher<br /> +College and in the College Courses for<br /> +Teachers, Johns Hopkins University<br /> +this book is affectionately dedicated</h4> +<hr /> +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> +<table> +<tr> +<td width="10%">I</td> +<td>THE BATTLE OF PEA RIDGE, OR ELKHORN AND ITS MORE IMMEDIATE +EFFECTS</td> +<td><a href="#page13">13</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>II</td> +<td>LANE'S BRIGADE AND THE INCEPTION OF THE INDIAN</td> +<td><a href="#page37">37</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>III</td> +<td>THE INDIAN REFUGEES IN SOUTHERN KANSAS</td> +<td><a href="#page79">79</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>IV</td> +<td>THE ORGANIZATION OF THE FIRST INDIAN EXPEDITION</td> +<td><a href="#page91">91</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>V</td> +<td>THE MARCH TO TAHLEQUAH AND THE RETROGRADE MOVEMENT OF THE +"WHITE AUXILIARY"</td> +<td><a href="#page125">125</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>VI</td> +<td>GENERAL PIKE IN CONTROVERSY WITH GENERAL HINDMAN</td> +<td><a href="#page147">147</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>VII</td> +<td>ORGANIZATION OF THE ARKANSAS AND RED RIVER SUPERINTENDENCY</td> +<td><a href="#page171">171</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>VIII</td> +<td>THE RETIREMENT OF GENERAL PIKE</td> +<td><a href="#page185">185</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>IX</td> +<td>THE REMOVAL OF THE REFUGEES TO THE SAC AND FOX AGENCY</td> +<td><a href="#page203">203</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>X</td> +<td>NEGOTIATIONS WITH UNION INDIANS</td> +<td><a href="#page221">221</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>XI</td> +<td>INDIAN TERRITORY IN 1863, JANUARY TO JUNE INCLUSIVE</td> +<td><a href="#page243">243</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>XII</td> +<td>INDIAN TERRITORY IN 1863, JULY TO DECEMBER INCLUSIVE</td> +<td><a href="#page283">283</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>XIII</td> +<td>ASPECTS, CHIEFLY MILITARY, 1864-1865</td> +<td><a href="#page313">313</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>APPENDIX</td> +<td><a href="#page337">337</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY</td> +<td><a href="#page353">353</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>INDEX</td> +<td><a href="#page369">369</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<hr /> +<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> +<table> +<tr> +<td>FACSIMILE OF NEGRO BILL OF SALE</td> +<td><a href="#page4">4</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>SKETCH MAP SHOWING THE MAIN THEATRE OF BORDER WARFARE AND THE +LOCATION OF TRIBES WITHIN THE INDIAN COUNTRY</td> +<td><a href="#page39">39</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>PORTRAIT OF COLONEL W.A. PHILLIPS</td> +<td><a href="#page93">93</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>FACSIMILE OF MONTHLY INSPECTION REPORT OF THE SECOND CREEK +REGIMENT OF MOUNTED VOLUNTEERS</td> +<td><a href="#page245">245</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>FACSIMILE OF MONTHLY INSPECTION REPORT OF THE FIRST CREEK +REGIMENT OF MOUNTED VOLUNTEERS</td> +<td><a href="#page315">315</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<hr /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page13" id="page13"></a>[pg +13]</span> +<h2>I. THE BATTLE OF PEA RIDGE, OR ELKHORN, AND ITS MORE IMMEDIATE +EFFECTS</h2> +<p>The Indian alliance, so assiduously sought by the Southern +Confederacy and so laboriously built up, soon revealed itself to be +most unstable. Direct and unmistakable signs of its instability +appeared in connection with the first real military test to which +it was subjected, the Battle of Pea Ridge or Elkhorn, as it is +better known in the South, the battle that stands out in the +history of the War of Secession as being the most decisive victory +to date of the Union forces in the West and as marking the turning +point in the political relationship of the State of Missouri with +the Confederate government.</p> +<p>In the short time during which, following the removal of General +Frémont, General David Hunter was in full command of the +Department of the West—and it was practically not more than +one week—he completely reversed the policy of vigorous +offensive that had obtained under men, subordinate to his +predecessor.<a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href= +"#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a> In southwest Missouri, he abandoned +the advanced position of the Federals and fell back upon Sedalia +and Rolla, railway termini. That he did this at the suggestion of +President Lincoln<a id="footnotetag2" name= +"footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> and with +the tacit approval of General McClellan<a id="footnotetag3" name= +"footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a> makes +no</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote1" name= +"footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag1">(return)</a> +<p><i>The Century Company's War Book</i>, vol. i, 314-315.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote2" name= +"footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag2">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 553-554. +Hereafter, except where otherwise designated, the <i>first +series</i> will always be understood.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote3" name= +"footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag3">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 568.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page14" id="page14"></a>[pg +14]</span> +<p>difference now, as it made no difference then, in the +consideration of the consequences; yet the consequences were, none +the less, rather serious. They were such, in fact, as to increase +very greatly the confusion on the border and to give the +Confederates that chance of recovery which soon made it necessary +for their foes to do the work of Nathaniel Lyon all over again.</p> +<p>It has been most truthfully said<a id="footnotetag4" name= +"footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a> that +never, throughout the period of the entire war, did the southern +government fully realize the surpassingly great importance of its +Trans-Mississippi District; notwithstanding that when that district +was originally organized,<a id="footnotetag5" name= +"footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a> in +January, 1862, some faint idea of what it might, peradventure, +accomplish did seem to penetrate,<a id="footnotetag6" name= +"footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a> although +ever so vaguely, the minds of those then in authority. It was +organized under pressure from the West as was natural, and under +circumstances to which meagre and tentative reference has already +been made in the first volume of this work.<a id="footnotetag7" +name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a> In +the main, the circumstances were such as developed out of the +persistent refusal of General McCulloch to coöperate with +General Price.</p> +<p>There was much to be said in justification of McCulloch's +obstinacy. To understand this it is well to recall that, under the +plan, lying back of this first</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote4" name= +"footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag4">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. liii, supplement, 781-782; +Edwards, <i>Shelby and His Men</i>, 105.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote5" name= +"footnote5"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag5">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., vol. viii, 734.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote6" name= +"footnote6"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag6">(return)</a> +<p>It is doubtful if even this ought to be conceded in view of the +fact that President Davis later admitted that Van Dorn entered upon +the Pea Ridge campaign for the sole purpose of effecting "a +diversion in behalf of General Johnston" [<i>Rise and Fall of the +Confederate Government</i>, vol. ii, 51]. Moreover, Van Dorn had +scarcely been assigned to the command of the Trans-Mississippi +District before Beauregard was devising plans for bringing him east +again [Greene, <i>The Mississippi</i>, II; Roman, <i>Military +Operations of General Beauregard</i>, vol. i, 240-244].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote7" name= +"footnote7"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag7">(return)</a> +<p>Abel, <i>American Indian as Slaveholder and Secessionist</i>, +225-226 and <i>footnote</i> 522.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page15" id="page15"></a>[pg +15]</span> +<p>appointment to the Confederate command, was the expectation that +he would secure the Indian Territory. Obviously, the best way to do +that was to occupy it, provided the tribes, whose domicile it was, +were willing. But, if the Cherokees can be taken to have voiced the +opinion of all, they were not willing, notwithstanding that a +sensationally reported<a id="footnotetag8" name= +"footnotetag8"></a><a href="#footnote8"><sup>8</sup></a> Federal +activity under Colonel James Montgomery,<a id="footnotetag9" name= +"footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9"><sup>9</sup></a> in the +neighborhood of the frontier posts, Cobb, Arbuckle, and Washita, +was designed to alarm them and had notably influenced, if it had +not actually inspired, the selection and appointment of the Texan +ranger.<a id="footnotetag10" name="footnotetag10"></a><a href= +"#footnote10"><sup>10</sup></a></p> +<p>Unable, by reason of the Cherokee objection thereto, to enter +the Indian country; because entrance in the face of that objection +would inevitably force the Ross faction of the Cherokees and, +possibly also, Indians of other tribes into the arms of the Union, +McCulloch intrenched himself on its northeast border, in Arkansas, +and there awaited a more favorable opportunity for accomplishing +his main purpose. He seems to have desired the Confederate +government to add the contiguous portion of Arkansas to his +command, but in that he was disappointed.<a id="footnotetag11" +name="footnotetag11"></a><a href="#footnote11"><sup>11</sup></a> +Nevertheless, Arkansas early interpreted his presence in the state +to imply that he was there primarily for her defence and, by the +middle of June, that idea had so far gained general acceptance that +C.C. Danley, speaking for the Arkansas Military Board, urged +President Davis "to meet</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote8" name= +"footnote8"></a><b>Footnote 8:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag8">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. liii, supplement, 679.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote9" name= +"footnote9"></a><b>Footnote 9:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag9">(return)</a> +<p>The name of Montgomery was not one for even Indians to conjure +with. James Montgomery was the most notorious of bushwhackers. For +an account of some of his earlier adventures, see Spring, +<i>Kansas</i>, 241, 247-250, and for a characterization of the man +himself, Robinson, <i>Kansas Conflict</i>, 435.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote10" name= +"footnote10"></a><b>Footnote 10:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag10">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. liii, supplement, 682.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote11" name= +"footnote11"></a><b>Footnote 11:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag11">(return)</a> +<p>Snead, <i>Fight for Missouri</i>, 229-230.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page16" id="page16"></a>[pg +16]</span> +<p>the exigent necessities of the State" by sending a second +general officer there, who should command in the northeastern +part.<a id="footnotetag12" name="footnotetag12"></a><a href= +"#footnote12"><sup>12</sup></a></p> +<p>McCulloch's relations with leading Confederates in Arkansas seem +to have been, from the first, in the highest degree friendly, even +cordial, and it is more than likely that, aside from his +unwillingness to offend the neutrality-loving Cherokees, the best +explanation for his eventual readiness to make the defence of +Arkansas his chief concern, instead of merely a means to the +accomplishment of his original task, may be found in that fact. On +the twenty-second of May, the Arkansas State Convention instructed +Brigadier-general N. Bart Pearce, then in command of the state +troops, to coöperate with the Confederate commander "to the +full extent of his ability"<a id="footnotetag13" name= +"footnotetag13"></a><a href="#footnote13"><sup>13</sup></a> and, on +the twenty-eighth of the same month, the Arkansas Military Board +invited that same person, who, of course, was Ben McCulloch, to +assume command himself of the Arkansas local forces.<a id= +"footnotetag14" name="footnotetag14"></a><a href= +"#footnote14"><sup>14</sup></a> Sympathetic understanding of this +variety, so early established, was bound to produce good results +and McCulloch henceforth identified himself most thoroughly with +Confederate interests in the state in which he was, by dint of +untoward circumstances, obliged to bide his time.</p> +<p>It was far otherwise as respected relations between McCulloch +and the Missouri leaders. McCulloch had little or no tolerance for +the rough-and-ready methods of men like Claiborne Jackson and +Sterling Price. He regarded their plans as impractical, chimerical, +and their warfare as after the guerrilla order, too much like</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote12" name= +"footnote12"></a><b>Footnote 12:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag12">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. liii, supplement, 698-699.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote13" name= +"footnote13"></a><b>Footnote 13:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag13">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 687.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote14" name= +"footnote14"></a><b>Footnote 14:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag14">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 691.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page17" id="page17"></a>[pg +17]</span> +<p>that to which Missourians and Kansans had accustomed themselves +during the period of border conflict, following the passage of the +Kansas-Nebraska Bill. McCulloch himself was a man of system. He +believed in organization that made for efficiency. Just prior to +the Battle of Wilson's Creek, he put himself on record as strongly +opposed to allowing unarmed men and camp followers to infest his +ranks, demoralizing them.<a id="footnotetag15" name= +"footnotetag15"></a><a href="#footnote15"><sup>15</sup></a> It was +not to be expected, therefore, that there could ever be much in +common between him and Sterling Price. For a brief period, it is +true, the two men did apparently act in fullest harmony; but it was +when the safety of Price's own state, Missouri, was the thing +directly in hand. That was in early August of 1861. Price put +himself and his command subject to McCulloch's orders.<a id= +"footnotetag16" name="footnotetag16"></a><a href= +"#footnote16"><sup>16</sup></a> The result was the successful +engagement, August 10 at Wilson's Creek, on Missouri soil. On the +fourteenth of the same month, Price reassumed control of the +Missouri State Guard<a id="footnotetag17" name= +"footnotetag17"></a><a href="#footnote17"><sup>17</sup></a> and, +from that time on, he and McCulloch drifted farther and farther +apart; but, as their aims were so entirely different, it was not to +be wondered at.</p> +<p>Undoubtedly, all would have been well had McCulloch been +disposed to make the defence of Missouri his only aim. Magnanimity +was asked of him such as the Missouri leaders never so much as +contemplated showing in return. It seems never to have occurred to +either Jackson or Price that coöperation might, perchance, +involve such an exchange of courtesies as would require Price to +lend a hand in some project that McCulloch might devise for the +well-being of his own particular</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote15" name= +"footnote15"></a><b>Footnote 15:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag15">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. liii, supplement, 721.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote16" name= +"footnote16"></a><b>Footnote 16:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag16">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 720.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote17" name= +"footnote17"></a><b>Footnote 17:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag17">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 727.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page18" id="page18"></a>[pg +18]</span> +<p>charge. The assistance was eventually asked for and refused, +refused upon the ground, familiar in United States history, that it +would be impossible to get the Missouri troops to cross the state +line. Of course, Price's conduct was not without extenuation. His +position was not identical with McCulloch's. His force was a state +force, McCulloch's a Confederate, or a national. Besides, Missouri +had yet to be gained, officially, for the Confederacy. She expected +secession states and the Confederacy itself to force the situation +for her. And, furthermore, she was in far greater danger of +invasion than was Arkansas. The Kansans were her implacable and +dreaded foes and Arkansas had none like them to fear.</p> +<p>In reality, the seat of all the trouble between McCulloch and +Price lay in particularism, a phase of state rights, and, in its +last analysis, provincialism. Now particularism was especially +pronounced and especially pernicious in the middle southwest. +Missouri had always more than her share of it. Her politicians were +impregnated by it. They were interested in their own locality +exclusively and seemed quite incapable of taking any broad survey +of events that did not immediately affect themselves or their own +limited concerns. In the issue between McCulloch and Price, this +was all too apparent. The politicians complained unceasingly of +McCulloch's neglect of Missouri and, finally, taking their case to +headquarters, represented to President Davis that the best +interests of the Confederate cause in their state were being +glaringly sacrificed by McCulloch's too literal interpretation of +his official instructions, in the strict observance of which he was +keeping close to the Indian boundary.</p> +<p>President Davis had personally no great liking for</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page19" id="page19"></a>[pg +19]</span> +<p>Price and certainly none for his peculiar method of fighting. +Some people thought him greatly prejudiced<a id="footnotetag18" +name="footnotetag18"></a><a href="#footnote18"><sup>18</sup></a> +against Price and, in the first instance, perhaps, on nothing more +substantial than the fact that Price was not a Westpointer.<a id= +"footnotetag19" name="footnotetag19"></a><a href= +"#footnote19"><sup>19</sup></a> It would be nearer the truth to say +that Davis gauged the western situation pretty accurately and knew +where the source of trouble lay. That he did gauge the situation +and that accurately is indicated by a suggestion of his, made in +early December, for sending out Colonel Henry Heth of Virginia to +command the Arkansas and Missouri divisions in combination.<a id= +"footnotetag20" name="footnotetag20"></a><a href= +"#footnote20"><sup>20</sup></a> Heth had no local attachments in +the region and "had not been connected with any of the troops on +that line of operations."<a id="footnotetag21" name= +"footnotetag21"></a><a href="#footnote21"><sup>21</sup></a> +Unfortunately, for subsequent events his nomination<a id= +"footnotetag22" name="footnotetag22"></a><a href= +"#footnote22"><sup>22</sup></a> was not confirmed.</p> +<p>Two days later, December 5, 1861, General McCulloch was +granted<a id="footnotetag23" name="footnotetag23"></a><a href= +"#footnote23"><sup>23</sup></a> permission to proceed to Richmond, +there to explain in person, as he had long wanted to do, all +matters in controversy between him and Price. On the third of +January, 1862, the Confederate Congress called<a id="footnotetag24" +name="footnotetag24"></a><a href="#footnote24"><sup>24</sup></a> +for information on the subject, doubtless under pressure of +political importunity. The upshot of it all was, the organization +of the Trans-Mississippi District of Department No. 2 and the +appointment of Earl Van Dorn as major-general to command it. +Whether or no, he was the choice<a id="footnotetag25" name= +"footnotetag25"></a><a href="#footnote25"><sup>25</sup></a> of +General A.S. Johnston, department commander, his appointment bid +fair, at the</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote18" name= +"footnote18"></a><b>Footnote 18:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag18">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. liii, supplement, 816-817.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote19" name= +"footnote19"></a><b>Footnote 19:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag19">(return)</a> +<p><i>Ibid</i>., 762.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote20" name= +"footnote20"></a><b>Footnote 20:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag20">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., vol. viii, 725.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote21" name= +"footnote21"></a><b>Footnote 21:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag21">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 701.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote22" name= +"footnote22"></a><b>Footnote 22:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag22">(return)</a> +<p>Wright, <i>General Officers of the Confederate Army</i>, 33, +67.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote23" name= +"footnote23"></a><b>Footnote 23:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag23">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. viii, 702.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote24" name= +"footnote24"></a><b>Footnote 24:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag24">(return)</a> +<p><i>Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States</i>, vol. +i, 637.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote25" name= +"footnote25"></a><b>Footnote 25:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag25">(return)</a> +<p>Formby, <i>American Civil War</i>, 129.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page20" id="page20"></a>[pg +20]</span> +<p>time it was made, to put an end to all local disputes and to +give Missouri the attention she craved. The ordnance department of +the Confederacy had awakened to a sense of the value of the lead +mines<a id="footnotetag26" name="footnotetag26"></a><a href= +"#footnote26"><sup>26</sup></a> at Granby and Van Dorn was +instructed especially to protect them.<a id="footnotetag27" name= +"footnotetag27"></a><a href="#footnote27"><sup>27</sup></a> His +appointment, moreover, anticipated an early encounter with the +Federals in Missouri. In preparation for the struggle that all knew +was impending, it was of transcendent importance that one mind and +one interest should control, absolutely.</p> +<p>The Trans-Mississippi District would appear to have been +constituted and its limits to have been defined without adequate +reference to existing arrangements. The limits were, "That part of +the State of Louisiana north of Red River, the Indian Territory +west of Arkansas, and the States of Arkansas and Missouri, +excepting therefrom the tract of country east of the Saint Francis, +bordering on the Mississippi River, from the mouth of the Saint +Francis to Scott County, Missouri...."<a id="footnotetag28" name= +"footnotetag28"></a><a href="#footnote28"><sup>28</sup></a> Van +Dorn, in assuming command of the district, January 29, 1862, issued +orders in such form that Indian Territory was listed last among the +limits<a id="footnotetag29" name="footnotetag29"></a><a href= +"#footnote29"><sup>29</sup></a> and it was a previous arrangement +affecting Indian Territory that was most ignored in the whole +scheme of organization.</p> +<p>It will be remembered that, in November of the preceding year, +the Department of Indian Territory had been created and +Brigadier-general Albert Pike assigned to the same.<a id= +"footnotetag30" name="footnotetag30"></a><a href= +"#footnote30"><sup>30</sup></a> His authority was not +explicitly</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote26" name= +"footnote26"></a><b>Footnote 26:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag26">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. liii, supplement, 767, 774.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote27" name= +"footnote27"></a><b>Footnote 27:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag27">(return)</a> +<p>Van Dora's protection, if given, was given to little purpose; +for the mines were soon abandoned [Britton, <i>Memoirs of the +Rebellion on the Border, 1863</i>, 120].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote28" name= +"footnote28"></a><b>Footnote 28:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag28">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. viii, 734.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote29" name= +"footnote29"></a><b>Footnote 29:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag29">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 745.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote30" name= +"footnote30"></a><b>Footnote 30:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag30">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 690.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page21" id="page21"></a>[pg +21]</span> +<p>superseded by that which later clothed Van Dorn and yet his +department was now to be absorbed by a military district, which was +itself merely a section of another department. The name and +organization of the Department of Indian Territory remained to +breed confusion, disorder, and serious discontent at a slightly +subsequent time. Of course, since the ratification of the treaties +of alliance with the tribes, there was no question to be raised +concerning the status of Indian Territory as definitely a +possession of the Southern Confederacy. Indeed, it had, in a way, +been counted as such, actual and prospective, ever since the +enactment of the marque and reprisal law of May 6, 1861.<a id= +"footnotetag31" name="footnotetag31"></a><a href= +"#footnote31"><sup>31</sup></a></p> +<p>Albert Pike, having accepted the appointment of department +commander in Indian Territory under somewhat the same kind of a +protest—professed consciousness of unfitness for the +post—as he had accepted the earlier one of commissioner, +diplomatic, to the tribes, lost no time in getting into touch with +his new duties. There was much to be attended to before he could +proceed west. His appointment had come and had been accepted in +November. Christmas was now near at hand and he had yet to render +an account of his mission of treaty-making. In late December, he +sent in his official report<a id="footnotetag32" name= +"footnotetag32"></a><a href="#footnote32"><sup>32</sup></a> to +President Davis and, that done, held himself in readiness to +respond to any interpellating call that the Provincial Congress +might see fit to make. The intervals of time, free from devotion to +the completion of the older task, were spent by him in close +attention to the preliminary details of the newer, in securing +funds and in purchasing supplies and equipment</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote31" name= +"footnote31"></a><b>Footnote 31:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag31">(return)</a> +<p>Richardson, <i>Messages and Papers of the Confederacy</i>, vol. +i, 105.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote32" name= +"footnote32"></a><b>Footnote 32:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag32">(return)</a> +<p>The official report of Commissioner Pike, in manuscript, and +bearing his signature, is to be found in the Adjutant-general's +office of the U.S. War Department.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page22" id="page22"></a>[pg +22]</span> +<p>generally, also in selecting a site for his headquarters. By +command of Secretary of War, Judah P. Benjamin, Major N.B. +Pearce<a id="footnotetag33" name="footnotetag33"></a><a href= +"#footnote33"><sup>33</sup></a> was made chief commissary of +subsistence for Indian Territory and Western Arkansas and Major +G.W. Clarke,<a id="footnotetag34" name="footnotetag34"></a><a href= +"#footnote34"><sup>34</sup></a> depot quartermaster. In the sequel +of events, both appointments came to be of a significance rather +unusual.</p> +<p>The site chosen for department headquarters was a place situated +near the junction of the Verdigris and Arkansas Rivers and not far +from Fort Gibson.<a id="footnotetag35" name= +"footnotetag35"></a><a href="#footnote35"><sup>35</sup></a> The +fortifications erected there received the name of Cantonment Davis +and upon them, in spite of Pike's decidedly moderate estimate in +the beginning, the Confederacy was said by a contemporary to have +spent "upwards of a million dollars."<a id="footnotetag36" name= +"footnotetag36"></a><a href="#footnote36"><sup>36</sup></a> In view +of the ostensible object of the very formation of the department +and of Pike's appointment to its command, the defence of Indian +Territory, and, in view of the existing location of enemy troops, +challenging that defence, the selection of the site was a +reasonably wise one; but, as subsequent pages will reveal, the +commander did not retain it long as his headquarters. Troubles came +thick and fast upon him and he had barely reached Cantonment Davis +before they began. His delay in reaching that place, which he did +do, February 25,<a id="footnotetag37" name= +"footnotetag37"></a><a href="#footnote37"><sup>37</sup></a> was +caused by various occurrences that made it difficult for him to get +his materials together, his funds and the like. The very +difficulties presaged disaster.</p> +<p>Pike's great purpose—and, perhaps, it would be no +exaggeration to say, his only purpose—throughout the</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote33" name= +"footnote33"></a><b>Footnote 33:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag33">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. liii, supplement, 764.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote34" name= +"footnote34"></a><b>Footnote 34:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag34">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>, 770.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote35" name= +"footnote35"></a><b>Footnote 35:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag35">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>, 764.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote36" name= +"footnote36"></a><b>Footnote 36:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag36">(return)</a> +<p>Britton, <i>Memoirs of the Rebellion on the Border</i>, 72.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote37" name= +"footnote37"></a><b>Footnote 37:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag37">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. viii, 286.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page23" id="page23"></a>[pg +23]</span> +<p>full extent of his active connection with the Confederacy was to +save to that Confederacy the Indian Territory. The Indian occupants +in and for themselves, unflattering as it may seem to them for +historical investigators to have to admit it, were not objects of +his solicitude except in so far as they contributed to his real and +ultimate endeavor. He never at any time or under any circumstances +advocated their use generally as soldiers outside of Indian +Territory in regular campaign work and offensively.<a id= +"footnotetag38" name="footnotetag38"></a><a href= +"#footnote38"><sup>38</sup></a> As guerrillas he would have used +them.<a id="footnotetag39" name="footnotetag39"></a><a href= +"#footnote39"><sup>39</sup></a> He would have sent them on +predatory expeditions into Kansas or any other near-by state where +pillaging would have been profitable or retaliatory; but never as +an organized force, subject to the rules of civilized warfare +because fully cognizant of them.<a id="footnotetag40" name= +"footnotetag40"></a><a href="#footnote40"><sup>40</sup></a> It is +doubtful if he would ever have allowed them, had he consulted only +his own inclination, to so much as cross the line except under +stress of an attack from without. He would never have sanctioned +their joining an unprovoked invading force. In the treaties</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote38" name= +"footnote38"></a><b>Footnote 38:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag38">(return)</a> +<p>The provision in the treaties to the effect that the alliance +consummated between the Indians and the Confederate government was +to be both offensive and defensive must not be taken too literally +or be construed so broadly as to militate against this fact: for to +its truth Pike, when in distress later on and accused of leading a +horde of tomahawking villains, repeatedly bore witness. The keeping +back of a foe, bent upon regaining Indian Territory or of +marauding, might well be said to partake of the character of +offensive warfare and yet not be that in intent or in the ordinary +acceptation of the term. Everything would have to depend upon the +point of view.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote39" name= +"footnote39"></a><b>Footnote 39:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag39">(return)</a> +<p>A restricted use of the Indians in offensive guerrilla action +Pike would doubtless have permitted and justified. Indeed, he seems +even to have recommended it in the first days of his interest in +the subject of securing Indian Territory. No other interpretation +can possibly be given to his suggestion that a battalion be raised +from Indians that more strictly belonged to Kansas [<i>Official +Records</i>, vol. iii, 581]. It is also conceivable that the force +he had reference to in his letter to Benjamin, November 27, 1861 +[<i>ibid</i>., vol. viii, 698] was to be, in part, Indian.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote40" name= +"footnote40"></a><b>Footnote 40:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag40">(return)</a> +<p>Harrell, <i>Confederate Military History</i>, vol. x, +121-122.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page24" id="page24"></a>[pg +24]</span> +<p>which he negotiated he pledged distinctly and explicitly the +opposite course of action, unless, indeed, the Indian consent were +first obtained.<a id="footnotetag41" name= +"footnotetag41"></a><a href="#footnote41"><sup>41</sup></a> The +Indian troops, however and wherever raised under the provisions of +those treaties, were expected by Pike to constitute, primarily, a +home guard and nothing more. If by chance it should happen that, in +performing their function as a home guard, they should have to +cross their own boundary in order to expel or to punish an +intruder, well and good; but their intrinsic character as something +resembling a police patrol could not be deemed thereby affected. +Moreover, Pike did not believe that acting alone they could even be +a thoroughly adequate home force. He, therefore, urged again and +again that their contingent should be supplemented by a white force +and by one sufficiently large to give dignity and poise and +self-restraint to the whole, when both forces were combined, as +they always ought to be.<a id="footnotetag42" name= +"footnotetag42"></a><a href="#footnote42"><sup>42</sup></a></p> +<p>At the time of Pike's assumption of his ill-defined command, or +within a short period thereafter, the Indian force in the pay of +the Confederacy and subject to his orders may be roughly placed at +four full regiments and some miscellaneous troops.<a id= +"footnotetag43" name="footnotetag43"></a><a href= +"#footnote43"><sup>43</sup></a> The dispersion<a id="footnotetag44" +name="footnotetag44"></a><a href="#footnote44"><sup>44</sup></a> of +Colonel John Drew's Cherokees, when about to attack +Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la, forced a slight reörganization and that, +taken in connection with the accretions to the command that came in +the interval before the Pea Ridge campaign brought the force +approximately to four full</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote41" name= +"footnote41"></a><b>Footnote 41:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag41">(return)</a> +<p>In illustration of this, take the statement of the Creek Treaty, +article xxxvi.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote42" name= +"footnote42"></a><b>Footnote 42:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag42">(return)</a> +<p>Aside from the early requests for white troops, which were +antecedent to his own appointment as brigadier-general, Pike's +insistence upon the need for the same can be vouched for by +reference to his letter to R.W. Johnson, January 5, 1862 +[<i>Official Records</i>, vol. liii, supplement, 795-796].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote43" name= +"footnote43"></a><b>Footnote 43:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag43">(return)</a> +<p>Pike to Benjamin, November 27, 1861, <i>ibid</i>, vol. viii, +697.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote44" name= +"footnote44"></a><b>Footnote 44:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag44">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. viii, 8, 17-18.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page25" id="page25"></a>[pg +25]</span> +<p>regiments, two battalions, and some detached companies. The four +regiments were, the First Regiment Choctaw and Chickasaw Mounted +Rifles under Colonel Douglas H. Cooper, the First Creek Regiment +under Colonel D.N. McIntosh, the First Regiment Cherokee Mounted +Rifles under Colonel John Drew, and the Second Regiment Cherokee +Mounted Rifles under Colonel Stand Watie. The battalions were, the +Choctaw and Chickasaw and the Creek and Seminole, the latter under +Lieutenant-colonel Chilly McIntosh and Major John Jumper.</p> +<p>Major-general Earl Van Dorn formally assumed command of the +newly created Trans-Mississippi District of Department No. 2, +January 29, 1862.<a id="footnotetag45" name= +"footnotetag45"></a><a href="#footnote45"><sup>45</sup></a> He was +then at Little Rock, Arkansas. By February 6, he had moved up to +Jacksonport and, a week or so later, to Pocahontas, where his +slowly-assembling army was to rendezvous. His call for troops had +already gone forth and was being promptly answered,<a id= +"footnotetag46" name="footnotetag46"></a><a href= +"#footnote46"><sup>46</sup></a> requisition having been made upon +all the state units within the district, Missouri, Arkansas, +Louisiana, also Texas. Indian Territory, through Pike<a id= +"footnotetag47" name="footnotetag47"></a><a href= +"#footnote47"><sup>47</sup></a> and his subordinates,<a id= +"footnotetag48" name="footnotetag48"></a><a href= +"#footnote48"><sup>48</sup></a> was yet to be communicated with; +but Van Dorn had, at the moment, no other plan in view for Indian +troops than to use them to advantage as a means of defence and as a +corps of observation.<a id="footnotetag49" name= +"footnotetag49"></a><a href="#footnote49"><sup>49</sup></a> His +immediate object, according to his own showing and according to the +circumstances that had brought about the formation of the district, +was to protect Arkansas<a id="footnotetag50" name= +"footnotetag50"></a><a href="#footnote50"><sup>50</sup></a> +against</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote45" name= +"footnote45"></a><b>Footnote 45:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag45">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. viii, 745-746.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote46" name= +"footnote46"></a><b>Footnote 46:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag46">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., vol. liii, supplement, 776-779, 783-785, +790, 793-794.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote47" name= +"footnote47"></a><b>Footnote 47:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag47">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., vol. viii, 749, 763-764.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote48" name= +"footnote48"></a><b>Footnote 48:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag48">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 764-765.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote49" name= +"footnote49"></a><b>Footnote 49:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag49">(return)</a> +<p>Van Dorn to Price, February 14, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 750.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote50" name= +"footnote50"></a><b>Footnote 50:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag50">(return)</a> +<p>Arkansas seemed, at the time, to be but feebly protected. R.W. +Johnson deprecated the calling of Arkansas troops eastward. They +were (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page26" id="page26"></a>[pg +26]</span> +<p>invasion and to relieve Missouri; his plan of operations was to +conduct a spring campaign in the latter state, "to attempt St. +Louis," as he himself put it, and to drive the Federals out; his +ulterior motive may have been and, in the light of subsequent +events, probably was, to effect a diversion for General A.S. +Johnston; but, if that were really so, it was not, at the time, +divulged or so much as hinted at.</p> +<p>Ostensibly, the great object that Van Dorn had in mind was the +relief of Missouri. And he may have dreamed, that feat +accomplished, that it would be possible to carry the war into the +enemy's country beyond the Ohio; but, alas, it was his misfortune +at this juncture to be called upon to realise, to his great +discomfiture, the truth of Robert Burns' homely philosophy,</p> +<div class="poem"> +<div class="stanza"> +<p>The best-laid schemes o' mice and men</p> +<p>Gang aft a-gley.</p> +</div> +</div> +<p>His own schemes and plans were all rendered utterly futile by +the unexpected movement of the Federal forces from Rolla, to which +safe place, it will be remembered, they had been drawn back by +order of General Hunter. They were now advancing by forced marches +via Springfield into northwestern Arkansas and were driving before +them the Confederates under McCulloch and Price.</p> +<p>The Federal forces comprised four huge divisions and were led by +Brigadier-general Samuel R. Curtis. Towards the end of the previous +December, on Christmas Day in fact, Curtis had been given "command +of the Southwestern District of Missouri, including the</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 50:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag50">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) text of continuation: needed at home, not only for the +defence of Arkansas, but for that of the adjoining territory +[<i>Official Records</i>, vol. liii, supplement, 781-782]. There +were, in fact, only two Arkansas regiments absent and they were +guarding the Mississippi River [<i>ibid</i>., 786]. By the middle +of February, or thereabouts, Price and McCulloch were in desperate +straits and were steadily "falling back before a superior force to +the Boston Mountains" [<i>ibid</i>., 787].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page27" id="page27"></a>[pg +27]</span> +<p>country south of the Osage and west of the Meramec River."<a id= +"footnotetag51" name="footnotetag51"></a><a href= +"#footnote51"><sup>51</sup></a> Under orders of November 9, the old +Department of the West, of which Frémont had had charge and +subsequently Hunter, but for only a brief period, had been +reorganized and divided into two distinct departments, the +Department of Missouri with Halleck in command and the Department +of Kansas with Hunter. Curtis, at the time when he made his +memorable advance movement from Rolla was, therefore, serving under +Halleck.</p> +<p>In furtherance of Van Dorn's original plan, General Pike had +been ordered to march with all speed and join forces with the main +army. At the time of the issuance of the order, he seems to have +offered no objections to taking his Indians out of their own +territory. Disaster had not yet overtaken them or him and he had +not yet met with the injustice that was afterwards his regular lot. +If his were regarded as more or less of a puppet command, he was +not yet aware of it and, oblivious of all scorn felt for Indian +soldiers, kept his eye single on the assistance he was to render in +the accomplishment of Van Dorn's object. It was anything but easy, +however, for him to move with dispatch. He had difficulty in +getting such of his brigade as was Indian and as had collected at +Cantonment Davis, a Choctaw and Chickasaw battalion and the First +Creek Regiment, to stir. They had not been paid their money and had +not been furnished with arms and clothing as promised. Pike had the +necessary funds with him, but time would be needed in which to +distribute them, and the order had been for him to move promptly. +It was something much more easily said than done. Nevertheless, he +did what he could, paid outright the Choctaws and Chickasaws, a +performance that occupied</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote51" name= +"footnote51"></a><b>Footnote 51:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag51">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. liii, supplement, vol. viii, +462.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page28" id="page28"></a>[pg +28]</span> +<p>three precious days, and agreed to pay McIntosh's Creek regiment +at the Illinois River. To keep that promise he tarried at Park Hill +one day, expecting there to be overtaken by additional Choctaws and +Chickasaws who had been left behind at Fort Gibson. When they did +not appear, he went forward towards Evansville and upward to +Cincinnati, a small town on the Arkansas side of the Cherokee line. +There his Indian force was augmented by Stand Watie's +regiment<a id="footnotetag52" name="footnotetag52"></a><a href= +"#footnote52"><sup>52</sup></a> of Cherokees and at Smith's Mill by +John</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote52" name= +"footnote52"></a><b>Footnote 52:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag52">(return)</a> +<p>Watie's regiment of Cherokees was scarcely in either marching or +fighting trim. The following letter from John Ross to Pike, which +is number nine in the John Ross <i>Papers</i> in the Indian Office, +is elucidative. It is a copy used in the action against John Ross +at the close of the war. The italics indicate underscorings that +were probably not in the original.</p> +<p>EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, PARK HILL, Feb'y 25th, 1862.</p> +<p>To BRIG. GEN'L.A. PIKE, Com'dy Indian Department.</p> +<p>Sir: I have deemed it my duty to address you on the present +occasion—You have doubtless ere this received my +communication enclosing the action of the National Council with +regard to the final ratification of our Treaty—Col. Drew's +Regiment promptly took up the line of march on the receipt of your +order from Fort Smith towards Fayetteville. <i>I accompanied the +Troops some 12 miles East of this and I am happy to assure you in +the most confident manner that in my opinion this Regiment will not +fail to do their whole duty, whenever the Conflict with the common +Enemy shall take place</i>. There are so many conflicting reports +as to your whereabouts and consequently much interest is felt by +the People to know where the Head Qrs. of your military operations +will be established during the present emergencies—<i>I had +intended going up to see the Troops of our Regiment; also to visit +the Head Qrs of the Army at Cane Hill in view of affording every +aid in any manner within the reach of my power to repel the +Enemy</i>. But I am sorry to say I have been dissuaded from going +at present in consequence of some unwarrantable conduct on the part +of many <i>base, reckless and unprincipled persons belonging to +Watie's Regiment who are under no subordination or restraint of +their leaders in domineering over and trampling upon the rights of +peaceable and unoffending citizens</i>. I have at all times in the +most unequivocal manner assured the People that you will not only +promptly discountenance, but will take steps to put a stop to such +proceedings for the protection of their persons and property and to +<i>redress their wrongs</i>—This is not the time for +<i>crimination</i> and <i>recrimination</i>; at a proper time <i>I +have certain specific complaints to report for your +investigation</i>. Pardon me for again reiterating that (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page29" id="page29"></a>[pg +29]</span> +<p>Drew's.<a id="footnotetag53" name="footnotetag53"></a><a href= +"#footnote53"><sup>53</sup></a> The Cherokees had been in much +confusion all winter. Civil war within their nation impended.<a id= +"footnotetag54" name="footnotetag54"></a><a href= +"#footnote54"><sup>54</sup></a> None the less, Pike, assuming that +all would be well when the call for action came, had ordered all +the Cherokee and Creek regiments to hurry to the help of +McCulloch.<a id="footnotetag55" name="footnotetag55"></a><a href= +"#footnote55"><sup>55</sup></a> He had done this upon the first +intimation of the Federal advance. The Cherokees had proceeded only +so far, the Creeks not at all, and the main body of the Choctaws +and Chickasaws, into whose minds some unscrupulous merchants had +instilled mercenary motives and the elements of discord generally, +were lingering far in the background. Pike's white force was, +moreover, ridiculously small, some Texas cavalry, dignified by him +as collectively a squadron, Captain O.G. Welch in command. There +had as yet not been even a pretense of giving him the three +regiments of white men earlier asked for. Toward the close of the +afternoon of March 6, Pike "came up with the rear of McCulloch's +division,"<a id="footnotetag56" name="footnotetag56"></a><a href= +"#footnote56"><sup>56</sup></a> which proved to be the very +division he was to follow, but he was one day late for the +fray.</p> +<p>The Battle of Pea Ridge, in its preliminary stages, was already +being fought. It was a three day fight, counting the skirmish at +Bentonville on the sixth between General Franz Sigel's detachment +and General Sterling Price's advance guard as the work of the first +day.<a id="footnotetag57" name="footnotetag57"></a><a href= +"#footnote57"><sup>57</sup></a> The real battle comprised the +engagement at</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 52:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag52">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) the mass of the People <i>are all right in Sentiment for +the support of the Treaty of Alliance with the Confederate +States</i>. I shall be happy to hear from you—I have the +honor to be your ob't Serv't</p> +<p>John Ross, Prin'l Chief, Cherokee Nation.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote53" name= +"footnote53"></a><b>Footnote 53:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag53">(return)</a> +<p>Pike's Report, March 14, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. +viii, 286-292.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote54" name= +"footnote54"></a><b>Footnote 54:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag54">(return)</a> +<p>James McIntosh to S. Cooper, January 4, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 732; +D.H. Cooper to Pike, February 10, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., vol. xiii, +896.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote55" name= +"footnote55"></a><b>Footnote 55:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag55">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 819.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote56" name= +"footnote56"></a><b>Footnote 56:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag56">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., vol. viii, 287.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote57" name= +"footnote57"></a><b>Footnote 57:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag57">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 208-215, 304-306.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page30" id="page30"></a>[pg +30]</span> +<p>Leetown on the seventh and that at Elkhorn Tavern<a id= +"footnotetag58" name="footnotetag58"></a><a href= +"#footnote58"><sup>58</sup></a> on the eighth. At Leetown, Pike's +Cherokee contingent<a id="footnotetag59" name= +"footnotetag59"></a><a href="#footnote59"><sup>59</sup></a> played +what he, in somewhat quixotic fashion, perhaps, chose to regard as +a very important part. The Indians, then as always, were chiefly +pony-mounted, "entirely undisciplined," as the term discipline is +usually understood, and "armed very indifferently with common +rifles and ordinary shot-guns."<a id="footnotetag60" name= +"footnotetag60"></a><a href="#footnote60"><sup>60</sup></a> The +ponies, in the end, proved fleet of foot, as was to have been +expected, and, at one stage of the game, had to be tethered in the +rear while their masters fought from the vantage-ground of +trees.<a id="footnotetag61" name="footnotetag61"></a><a href= +"#footnote61"><sup>61</sup></a> The Indian's most effective work +was done, throughout, under cover of the woods. Indians, as Pike +well knew, could never be induced to face shells in the open. It +was he who advised their climbing the trees and he did it without +discounting, in the slightest, their innate bravery.<a id= +"footnotetag62" name="footnotetag62"></a><a href= +"#footnote62"><sup>62</sup></a> There came a time, too, when he +gave countenance to another of their</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote58" name= +"footnote58"></a><b>Footnote 58:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag58">(return)</a> +<p>The Elkhorn Tavern engagement is sometimes referred to, and most +appropriately, as the Sugar Creek [Phisterer, <i>Statistical +Record</i>, 95]. Colonel Eugene A. Carr of the Third Illinois +Cavalry, commanding the Fourth Division of Curtis's army, described +the tavern itself as "situated on the west side of the Springfield +and Fayetteville road, at the head of a gorge known as Cross Timber +Hollow (the head of Sugar Creek) ..." [<i>Official Records</i>, +vol. viii, 258]. "Sugar Creek Hollow," wrote Curtis, "extends for +miles, a gorge, with rough precipitate sides ..." [<i>ibid</i>., +589]. It was there the closing scenes of the great battle were +enacted.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote59" name= +"footnote59"></a><b>Footnote 59:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag59">(return)</a> +<p>The practice, indulged in by both the Federals and the +Confederates, of greatly overestimating the size of the enemy force +was resorted to even in connection with the Indians. Pike gave the +number of his whole command as about a thousand men, Indians and +whites together [<i>Official Records</i>, vol. viii, 288; xiii, +820] notwithstanding that he had led Van Dorn to expect that he +would have a force of "about 8,000 or 9,000 men and three batteries +of artillery" [<i>ibid</i>., vol. viii, 749]. General Curtis +surmised that Pike contributed five regiments [<i>ibid</i>., 196] +and Wiley Britton, who had excellent opportunity of knowing better +because he had access to the records of both sides, put the figures +at "three regiments of Indians and two regiments of Texas cavalry" +[<i>Civil War on the Border</i>, vol. i, 245].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote60" name= +"footnote60"></a><b>Footnote 60:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag60">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 819.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote61" name= +"footnote61"></a><b>Footnote 61:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag61">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., vol. viii, 288.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote62" name= +"footnote62"></a><b>Footnote 62:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag62">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page31" id="page31"></a>[pg +31]</span> +<p>peculiarities. He allowed Colonel Drew's men to fight in a way +that was "their own fashion,"<a id="footnotetag63" name= +"footnotetag63"></a><a href="#footnote63"><sup>63</sup></a> with +bow and arrow and with tomahawk.<a id="footnotetag64" name= +"footnotetag64"></a><a href="#footnote64"><sup>64</sup></a> This, +as was only meet it should, called down upon him and them the +opprobrium of friends and foes alike.<a id="footnotetag65" name= +"footnotetag65"></a><a href="#footnote65"><sup>65</sup></a> The +Indian war-whoop was indulged in, of itself enough to terrify. It +was hideous.</p> +<p>The service that the Cherokees rendered at different times +during the two days action was not, however, to be despised, even +though not sufficiently conspicuous to be deemed worthy of comment +by Van Dorn.<a id="footnotetag66" name="footnotetag66"></a><a href= +"#footnote66"><sup>66</sup></a> At Leetown, with the aid of a few +Texans, they managed to get possession of a battery and to hold it +against repeated endeavors of the Federals to regain. The death of +McCulloch and of McIntosh made Pike the ranking officer in his part +of the field. It fell to him to rally</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote63" name= +"footnote63"></a><b>Footnote 63:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag63">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. viii, 289.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote64" name= +"footnote64"></a><b>Footnote 64:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag64">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 195.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote65" name= +"footnote65"></a><b>Footnote 65:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag65">(return)</a> +<p>The northern press took up the matter and the New York +<i>Tribune</i> was particularly virulent against Pike. In its issue +of March 27, 1862, it published the following in bitter +sarcasm:</p> +<p>"The Albert Pike who led the Aboriginal Corps of Tomahawkers and +Scalpers at the battle of Pea Ridge, formerly kept school in +Fairhaven, Mass., where he was indicted for playing the part of +Squeers, and cruelly beating and starving a boy in his family. He +escaped by some hocus-pocus law, and emigrated to the West, where +the violence of his nature has been admirably enhanced. As his name +indicates, he is a ferocious fish, and has fought duels enough to +qualify himself to be a leader of savages. We suppose that upon the +recent occasion, he got himself up in good style, war-paint, +nose-ring, and all. This new Pontiac is also a poet, and wrote +'Hymns to the Gods' in <i>Blackwood</i>; but he has left Jupiter, +Juno, and the rest, and betaken himself to the culture of the Great +Spirit, or rather of two great spirits, whisky being the +second."</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote66" name= +"footnote66"></a><b>Footnote 66:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag66">(return)</a> +<p>Van Dorn did not make his detailed official report of this +battle until the news had leaked out that the Indians had mangled +the bodies of the dead and committed other atrocities. He was +probably then desirous of being as silent as he dared be concerning +Indian participation, since he, in virtue of his being chief in +command, was the person mainly responsible for it. In October of +the preceding year, McCulloch had favored using the Indians against +Kansas [<i>Official Records</i>, vol. iii, 719, 721]. Cooper +objected strongly to their being kept "at home" [<i>ibid</i>., 614] +and one of the leading chiefs insisted that they did not intend to +use the scalping knife [<i>ibid</i>., 625].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page32" id="page32"></a>[pg +32]</span> +<p>McCulloch's broken army and with it to join Van Dorn. On the +eighth, Colonel Watie's men under orders from Van Dorn took +position on the high ridges where they could watch the movements of +the enemy and give timely notice of any attempt to turn the +Confederate left flank. Colonel Drew's regiment, meanwhile, not +having received the word passed along the line to move forward, +remained in the woods near Leetown, the last in the field. +Subsequently, finding themselves deserted, they drew back towards +Camp Stephens, where they were soon joined by "General Cooper, with +his regiment and battalion of Choctaws and Chickasaws, and" by +"Colonel McIntosh with 200 men of his regiment of Creeks."<a id= +"footnotetag67" name="footnotetag67"></a><a href= +"#footnote67"><sup>67</sup></a> The delinquent wayfarers were both +fortunate and unfortunate in thus tardily arriving upon the scene. +They had missed the fight but they had also missed the temptation +to revert to the savagery that was soon to bring fearful ignominy +upon their neighbors. To the very last of the Pea Ridge engagement, +Stand Watie's men were active. They covered the retreat of the main +army, to a certain extent. They were mostly half-breeds and, so far +as can be definitely ascertained, were entirely guiltless of the +atrocities charged against the others.</p> +<p>General Pike gave the permission to fight "in their own fashion" +specifically to the First Cherokee Mounted Rifles, who were, for +the most part, full-blooded Indians; but he later confessed that, +in his treaty negotiations with the tribes, they had generally +stipulated that they should, if they fought at all, be allowed to +fight as they knew how.<a id="footnotetag68" name= +"footnotetag68"></a><a href="#footnote68"><sup>68</sup></a> Yet +they probably did not mean, thereby, to commit atrocities and the +Cherokee National Council lost no time, after the Indian +shortcomings</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote67" name= +"footnote67"></a><b>Footnote 67:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag67">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. viii, 292.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote68" name= +"footnote68"></a><b>Footnote 68:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag68">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., vol. xiii, 819.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page33" id="page33"></a>[pg +33]</span> +<p>at the Battle of Pea Ridge had become known, in putting itself +on record as standing opposed to the sort of thing that had +occurred,</p> +<blockquote> +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That in the opinion of the National Council, +the war now existing between the said United States and the +Confederate States and their Indian allies should be conducted on +the most humane principles which govern the usages of war among +civilized nations, and that it be and is earnestly recommended to +the troops of this nation in the service of the Confederate States +to avoid any acts toward captured or fallen foes that would be +incompatible with such usages.<a id="footnotetag69" name= +"footnotetag69"></a><a href="#footnote69"><sup>69</sup></a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>The atrocities committed by the Indians became almost +immediately a matter for correspondence between the opposing +commanders. The Federals charged mutilation of dead bodies on the +battle-field and the tomahawking and scalping of prisoners. The +Confederates recriminated as against persons "alleged to be +Germans." The case involving the Indians was reported to the joint +committee of Congress on the <i>Conduct of the Present +War</i>;<a id="footnotetag70" name="footnotetag70"></a><a href= +"#footnote70"><sup>70</sup></a> but at least one piece of evidence +was not, at that time, forthcoming, a piece that, in a certain +sense, might be taken to exonerate the whites. It came to the +knowledge of General Blunt during the summer and was the Indians' +own confession. It bore only indirectly upon the actual atrocities +but showed that the red men were quite equal to making their own +plans in fighting and were not to be relied upon to do things +decently and in order. Drew's men, when they deserted the +Confederates after the skirmish of July third at Locust Grove, +confided to the Federals the intelligence "that the killing of the +white rebels by the Indians in" the Pea Ridge "fight was +determined</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote69" name= +"footnote69"></a><b>Footnote 69:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag69">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 826.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote70" name= +"footnote70"></a><b>Footnote 70:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag70">(return)</a> +<p>By vote of the committee, General Curtis had been instructed to +furnish information on the subject of the employment of Indians by +the Confederates [<i>Journal</i>, 92].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page34" id="page34"></a>[pg +34]</span> +<p>upon before they went into battle."<a id="footnotetag71" name= +"footnotetag71"></a><a href="#footnote71"><sup>71</sup></a> +Presumptively, if the Cherokees could plot to kill their own +allies, they could be found despicable enough and cruel enough to +mutilate the dead,<a id="footnotetag72" name= +"footnotetag72"></a><a href="#footnote72"><sup>72</sup></a> were +the chance given them and that without any direction, instruction, +or encouragement from white men being needed.</p> +<p>The Confederate defeat at Pea Ridge was decisive and, as far as +Van Dorn's idea of relieving Missouri was concerned, fatally +conclusive. As early as the twenty-first of February, Beauregard +had expressed a wish to have him east of the Mississippi<a id= +"footnotetag73" name="footnotetag73"></a><a href= +"#footnote73"><sup>73</sup></a> and March had not yet expired +before Van Dorn was writing in such a way as to elicit the +consummation of the wish. The Federals were in occupation of the +northern part of Arkansas; but Van Dorn was very confident they +would not be able to subsist there long or "do much harm in the +west." In his opinion, therefore, it was incumbent upon the +Confederates, instead of dividing their strength between the east +and the west, to concentrate on the saving of the +Mississippi.<a id="footnotetag74" name="footnotetag74"></a><a href= +"#footnote74"><sup>74</sup></a> To all appearances, it was there +that the situation was most critical. In due time, came the order +for Van Dorn to repair eastward and to take with him all the troops +that might be found available.</p> +<p>The completeness of Curtis's victory, the loss to the +Southerners, by death or capture, of some of their best-loved and +ablest commanders, McCulloch, McIntosh, Hébert, and the +nature of the country through which the Federals pursued their +fleeing forces, to say nothing of the miscellaneous and +badly-trained character of</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote71" name= +"footnote71"></a><b>Footnote 71:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag71">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 486.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote72" name= +"footnote72"></a><b>Footnote 72:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag72">(return)</a> +<p>The same charge was made against the Indians who fought at +Wilson's Creek [Leavenworth <i>Daily Conservative</i>, August 24, +1861].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote73" name= +"footnote73"></a><b>Footnote 73:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag73">(return)</a> +<p>Roman, <i>Military Operations of General Beauregard</i>, vol. i, +240.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote74" name= +"footnote74"></a><b>Footnote 74:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag74">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. viii, 796.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page35" id="page35"></a>[pg +35]</span> +<p>those forces, to which, by the way, Van Dorn ascribed<a id= +"footnotetag75" name="footnotetag75"></a><a href= +"#footnote75"><sup>75</sup></a> much of his recent ill-success, all +helped to make the retirement of the Confederates from the Pea +Ridge battle-ground pretty much of a helter-skelter affair. From +all accounts, the Indians conducted themselves as well as the best. +The desire of everybody was to get to a place of safety and that +right speedily. Colonel Watie and his regiment made their way to +Camp Stephens,<a id="footnotetag76" name= +"footnotetag76"></a><a href="#footnote76"><sup>76</sup></a> near +which place the baggage train had been left<a id="footnotetag77" +name="footnotetag77"></a><a href="#footnote77"><sup>77</sup></a> +and where Cooper and Drew with their men had found refuge already. +Some two hundred of Watie's Indians were detailed to help take +ammunition back to the main army.<a id="footnotetag78" name= +"footnotetag78"></a><a href="#footnote78"><sup>78</sup></a> The +baggage train moved on to Elm Springs, the remainder of the +Indians, under Cooper, assisting in protecting it as far as that +place.<a id="footnotetag79" name="footnotetag79"></a><a href= +"#footnote79"><sup>79</sup></a> At Walnut Grove, the Watie detail, +having failed to deliver the ammunition because of the departure of +the army prior to their arrival, rejoined their comrades and all +moved on to Cincinnati, where Pike, who with a few companions had +wandered several days among the mountains, came up with them.<a id= +"footnotetag80" name="footnotetag80"></a><a href= +"#footnote80"><sup>80</sup></a></p> +<p>In Van Dorn's calculations for troops that should accompany him +east or follow in his wake, the Indians had no place. Before his +own plans took final shape and while he was still arranging for an +Army of the West, his orders for the Indians were, that they should +make their way back as best they could to their own country and +there operate "to cut off trains, annoy the enemy in his marches, +and to prevent him as far as possible from supplying his troops +from Missouri and</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote75" name= +"footnote75"></a><b>Footnote 75:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag75">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. viii, 282.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote76" name= +"footnote76"></a><b>Footnote 76:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag76">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid.</i>. 291.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote77" name= +"footnote77"></a><b>Footnote 77:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag77">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 317.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote78" name= +"footnote78"></a><b>Footnote 78:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag78">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 318.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote79" name= +"footnote79"></a><b>Footnote 79:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag79">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>.; Britton, <i>Civil War on the Border</i>, +vol. i, 273.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote80" name= +"footnote80"></a><b>Footnote 80:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag80">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. viii, 292.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page36" id="page36"></a>[pg +36]</span> +<p>Kansas."<a id="footnotetag81" name="footnotetag81"></a><a href= +"#footnote81"><sup>81</sup></a> A little later, but still anterior +to Van Dorn's summons east, more minute particulars of the +programme were addressed to Pike. Maury wrote,</p> +<blockquote> +<p>The general commanding has decided to march with his army +against the enemy now invading the northeastern part of the State. +Upon you, therefore, will devolve the necessity of impeding his +advance into this region. It is not expected that you will give +battle to a large force, but by felling trees, burning bridges, +removing supplies of forage and subsistence, attacking his trains, +stampeding his animals, cutting off his detachments, and other +similar means, you will be able materially to harass his army and +protect this region of country. You must endeavor by every means to +maintain yourself in the Territory independent of this army. In +case only of absolute necessity you may move southward. If the +enemy threatens to march through the Indian Territory or descend +the Arkansas River you may call on troops from Southwestern +Arkansas and Texas to rally to your aid. You may reward your Indian +troops by giving them such stores as you may think proper when they +make captures from the enemy, but you will please endeavor to +restrain them from committing any barbarities upon the wounded, +prisoners, or dead who may fall into their hands. You may purchase +your supplies of subsistence from wherever you can most +advantageously do so. You will draw your ammunition from Little +Rock or from New Orleans via Red River. Please communicate with the +general commanding when practicable.<a id="footnotetag82" name= +"footnotetag82"></a><a href="#footnote82"><sup>82</sup></a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>It was an elaborate programme but scarcely a noble one. Its note +of selfishness sounded high. The Indians were simply to be made to +serve the ends of the white men. Their methods of warfare were +regarded as distinctly inferior. Pea Ridge was, in fact, the first +and last time that they were allowed to participate in the war on a +big scale. Henceforth, they were rarely ever anything more than +scouts and skirmishers and that was all they were really fitted to +be.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote81" name= +"footnote81"></a><b>Footnote 81:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag81">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. viii, 282, 790; vol. liii, +supplement, 796.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote82" name= +"footnote82"></a><b>Footnote 82:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag82">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., vol. viii, 795-796.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page37" id="page37"></a>[pg +37]</span> +<hr /> +<h2>II. LANE'S BRIGADE AND THE INCEPTION OF THE INDIAN</h2> +<p>The Indian Expedition had its beginnings, fatefully or +otherwise, in "Lane's Kansas Brigade." On January 29, 1861, +President Buchanan signed the bill for the admission of Kansas into +the Union and the matter about which there had been so much of +bitter controversy was at last professedly settled; but, alas, for +the peace of the border, the radicals, the extremists, the +fanatics, call them what one may, who had been responsible for the +controversy and for its bitterness, were still unsettled. James +Lane was chief among them. His was a turbulent spirit and it +permitted its owner no cessation from strife. With President +Lincoln's first call for volunteers, April 15, 1861, Lane's martial +activities began. Within three days, he had gathered together a +company of warriors,<a id="footnotetag83" name= +"footnotetag83"></a><a href="#footnote83"><sup>83</sup></a> the +nucleus, psychologically speaking, of what was to be his notorious, +jayhawking, marauding brigade. His enthusiasm was infectious. It +communicated itself to reflective men like Carl Schurz<a id= +"footnotetag84" name="footnotetag84"></a><a href= +"#footnote84"><sup>84</sup></a> and was probably the secret of +Lane's</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote83" name= +"footnote83"></a><b>Footnote 83:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag83">(return)</a> +<p>John Hay records in his <i>Diary</i>, "The White House is turned +into barracks. Jim Lane marshaled his Kansas warriors to-day at +Willard's and placed them at the disposal of Major Hunter, who +turned them to-night into the East Room. It is a splendid +company—worthy such an armory. Besides the Western Jayhawkers +it comprises some of the best <i>material</i> in the East. Senator +Pomeroy and old Anthony Bleecker stood shoulder to shoulder in the +ranks. Jim Lane walked proudly up and down the ranks with a new +sword that the Major had given him. The Major has made me his aid, +and I labored under some uncertainty, as to whether I should speak +to privates or not."—THAYER, <i>Life and Letters of John +Hay</i>, vol. i, 92.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote84" name= +"footnote84"></a><b>Footnote 84:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag84">(return)</a> +<p>It would seem to have communicated itself to Carl Schurz, +although Schurz, in his <i>Reminiscences</i>, makes no definite +admission of the fact. Hay (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page38" id="page38"></a>[pg +38]</span> +<p>mysterious influence with the temperate, humane, just, and so +very much more magnanimous Lincoln, who, in the first days of the +war, as in the later and the last, had his hours of discouragement +and deep depression. For dejection of any sort, the wild excitement +and boundless confidence of a zealot like Lane must have been +somewhat of an antidote, also a stimulant.</p> +<p>The first Kansas state legislature convened March 26, 1861, and +set itself at once to work to put the new machinery of government +into operation. After much political wire-pulling that involved the +promise of spoils to come,<a id="footnotetag85" name= +"footnotetag85"></a><a href="#footnote85"><sup>85</sup></a> James +H. Lane and Samuel C. Pomeroy<a id="footnotetag86" name= +"footnotetag86"></a><a href="#footnote86"><sup>86</sup></a> were +declared to be elected United States senators, the term of office +of each to begin with the first session of the thirty-seventh +congress. That session was</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 84:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag84">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) says, "Going into Nicolay's room this morning, C. +Schurz, and J. Lane were sitting. Jim was at the window, filling +his soul with gall by steady telescopic contemplation of a +Secession flag impudently flaunting over a roof in Alexandria. 'Let +me tell you,' said he to the elegant Teuton, 'we have got to whip +these scoundrels like hell, C. Schurz. They did a good thing +stoning our men at Baltimore and shooting away the flag at Sumter. +It has set the great North a-howling for blood, and they'll have +it.'</p> +<p>"'I heard,' said Schurz, 'you preached a sermon to your men +yesterday.'</p> +<p>"'No, sir! this is not time for preaching. When I went to Mexico +there were four preachers in my regiment. In less than a week I +issued orders for them all to stop preaching and go to playing +cards. In a month or so, they were the biggest devils and best +fighters I had.'</p> +<p>"An hour afterwards, C. Schurz told me he was going home to arm +his clansmen for the wars. He has obtained three months' leave of +absence from his diplomatic duties, and permission to raise a +cavalry regiment. He will make a wonderful land pirate; bold, +quick, brilliant, and reckless. He will be hard to control and +difficult to direct. Still, we shall see. He is a wonderful +man."—THAYER, <i>Life and Letters of John Hay</i>, vol. i, +102-103.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote85" name= +"footnote85"></a><b>Footnote 85:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag85">(return)</a> +<p>In Connelley's <i>James Henry Lane, the "Grim Chieftain" of +Kansas</i>, the following is quoted as coming from Lane +himself:</p> +<p>"Of the fifty-six men in the Legislature who voted for Jim Lane, +five-and-forty now wear shoulder-straps. Doesn't Jim Lane look out +for his friends?"</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote86" name= +"footnote86"></a><b>Footnote 86:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag86">(return)</a> +<p>John Brown's rating of Pomeroy, as given by Stearns in his +<i>Life and Public Services of George Luther Stearns</i>, 133-134, +would show him to have been a considerably less pugnacious +individual than was Lane.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page39" id="page39"></a>[pg +39]</span> +<hr /> +<div class="figcenter" style="width:100%;"><a href= +"images/039.png"><img width="100%" src="images/039.png" alt= +"" /></a> +<h4>SKETCH MAP SHOWING THE MAIN THEATRE OF BORDER WARFARE AND THE +LOCATION OF TRIBES WITHIN THE INDIAN COUNTRY</h4> +</div> +<hr /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page40" id="page40"></a>[pg +40]</span> +<hr /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page41" id="page41"></a>[pg +41]</span> +<hr /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page42" id="page42"></a>[pg +42]</span> +<hr /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page43" id="page43"></a>[pg +43]</span> +<p>the extra one, called for July, 1861. Immediately, a difficulty +arose due to the fact that, subsequent to his election to the +senatorship and in addition thereto, Lane had accepted a colonelcy +tendered by Oliver P. Morton<a id="footnotetag87" name= +"footnotetag87"></a><a href="#footnote87"><sup>87</sup></a> of +Indiana, his own native state.<a id="footnotetag88" name= +"footnotetag88"></a><a href="#footnote88"><sup>88</sup></a> Lane's +friends very plausibly contended that a military commission from +one state could not invalidate the title to represent another state +in the Federal senate. The actual fight over the contested seat +came in the next session and, quite regardless of consequences +likely to prejudice his case, Lane went on recruiting for his +brigade. Indeed, he commended himself to Frémont, who, in +his capacity as major-general of volunteers and in charge of the +Western Military District, assigned him to duty in Kansas, thus +greatly complicating an already delicate situation and immeasurably +heaping up difficulties, embarrassments, and disasters for the +frontier.</p> +<p>The same indifference towards the West that characterized the +governing authorities in the South was exhibited by eastern men in +the North and, correspondingly, the West, Federal and Confederate, +was unduly sensitive to the indifference, perhaps, also, a trifle +unnecessarily alarmed by symptoms of its own danger. Nevertheless, +its danger was real. Each state gave in its adherence to the +Confederacy separately and, therefore, every single state in the +slavery belt had a problem to solve. The fight for Missouri was +fought</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote87" name= +"footnote87"></a><b>Footnote 87:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag87">(return)</a> +<p>Morton, war governor of Indiana, who had taken tremendous +interest in the struggle for Kansas and in the events leading up to +the organization of the Republican party, was one of the most +energetic of men in raising troops for the defence of the Union, +especially in the earliest stages of the war. See Foulke's <i>Life +of Oliver P. Morton</i>, vol. i.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote88" name= +"footnote88"></a><b>Footnote 88:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag88">(return)</a> +<p>Some doubt on this point exists. John Speer, Lane's intimate +friend and, in a sense, his biographer, says Lane claimed +Lawrenceburg, Indiana, as his birthplace. By some people he is +thought to have been born in Kentucky.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page44" id="page44"></a>[pg +44]</span> +<p>on the border and nowhere else. The great evil of squatter +sovereignty days was now epidemic in its most malignant form. Those +days had bred intense hatred between Missourian and Kansan and had +developed a disregard of the value of human life and a ruthlessness +and brutality in fighting, concomitant with it, that the East, in +its most primitive times, had never been called upon to experience. +Granted that the spirit of the crusader had inspired many a +free-soiler to venture into the trans-Missouri region after the +Kansas-Nebraska bill had become law and that real exaltation of +soul had transformed some very mercenary and altogether mundane +characters unexpectedly into martyrs; granted, also, that the +pro-slavery man honestly felt that his cause was just and that his +sacred rights of property, under the constitution, were being +violated, his preserves encroached upon, it yet remains true that +great crimes were committed in the name of great causes and that +villains stalked where only saints should have trod. The irregular +warfare of the border, from fifty-four on, while it may, to +military history as a whole, be as unimportant as the quarrels of +kites and crows, was yet a big part of the life of the frontiersman +and frightful in its possibilities. Sherman's march to the sea or +through the Carolinas, disgraceful to modern civilization as each +undeniably was, lacked the sickening phase, guerrilla atrocities, +that made the Civil War in the West, to those at least who were in +line to experience it at close range, an awful nightmare. Union and +Confederate soldiers might well fraternize in eastern camps because +there they so rarely had any cause for personal hostility towards +each other, but not in western. The fight on the border was +constant and to the death.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page45" id="page45"></a>[pg +45]</span> +<p>The leaders in the West or many of them, on both sides, were men +of ungovernable tempers, of violent and unrestrained passions, +sometimes of distressingly base proclivities, although, in the +matter of both vices and virtues, there was considerable difference +of degree among them. Lane and Shelby and Montgomery and Quantrill +were hardly types, rather should it be said they were extreme +cases. They seem never to have taken chances on each other's +inactivity. Their motto invariably was, to be prepared for the +worst, and their practice, retaliation.</p> +<p>It was scarcely to be supposed that a man like Lane, who had +never known moderation in the course of the long struggle for +Kansas or been over scrupulous about anything would, in the event +of his adopted state's being exposed anew to her old enemy, the +Missourian, be able to pose contentedly as a legislator or stay +quietly in Washington, his role of guardian of the White House +being finished.<a id="footnotetag89" name= +"footnotetag89"></a><a href="#footnote89"><sup>89</sup></a> The +anticipated danger to Kansas visibly threatened in the summer of +1861 and the critical moment saw Lane again in the West, energetic +beyond precedent. He took up his position at Fort Scott, it being +his conviction that, from that point and from the line of the +Little Osage, the entire eastern section of the state, inclusive of +Fort Leavenworth, could best be protected.<a id="footnotetag90" +name="footnotetag90"></a><a href= +"#footnote90"><sup>90</sup></a></p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote89" name= +"footnote89"></a><b>Footnote 89:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag89">(return)</a> +<p>As Villard tells us [<i>Memoirs</i>, vol. i, 169], Lane was in +command of the "Frontier Guards," one of the two special patrols +that protected the White House in the early days of the war. There +were those, however, who resented his presence there. For example, +note the diary entry of Hay, "Going to my room, I met the Captain. +He was a little boozy and very eloquent. He dilated on the troubles +of the time and bewailed the existence of a garrison in the White +House 'to give <i>éclat</i> to Jim Lane.'"—Thayer, op. +cit., vol. i, 94. The White House guard was in reality under +General Hunter [<i>Report of the Military Services of General David +Hunter</i>, 8].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote90" name= +"footnote90"></a><b>Footnote 90:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag90">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. iii, 453, 455.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page46" id="page46"></a>[pg +46]</span> +<p>Fort Scott was the ranking town among the few Federal +strongholds in the middle Southwest. It was within convenient, if +not easy, distance of Crawford Seminary which, situated to the +southward in the Quapaw Nation, was the headquarters of the Neosho +Agency; but no more perturbed place could be imagined than was that +same Neosho Agency at the opening of the Civil War. Bad white men, +always in evidence at moments of crisis, were known to be +interfering with the Osages, exciting them by their own marauding +to deviltry and mischief of the worst description.<a id= +"footnotetag91" name="footnotetag91"></a><a href= +"#footnote91"><sup>91</sup></a> As a</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote91" name= +"footnote91"></a><b>Footnote 91:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag91">(return)</a> +<p>A letter from Superintendent W.G. Coffin of date, July, 30, 1861 +[Indian Office Special Files, no. 201, <i>Schools</i>, C. 1275 of +1861] bears evidence of this as bear also the following letters, +the one, private in character, from Augustus Wattles, the other, +without specific date, from William Brooks:</p> +<p>PRIVATE</p> +<p>MONEKA, KANSAS, May 20, 1861.<br /> +MR. DOLE</p> +<p>Dear Sir, A messenger has this moment left me, who came up from +the Osages yesterday—a distance of about forty miles. The +gentleman lives on the line joining the Osage Indians, and has, +since my acquaintance with him about three years.</p> +<p>A short time ago, perhaps three weeks, a number of lawless white +men went into the Nation and stole a number of ponies. The Indians +made chase, had a fight and killed several, reported from three to +five, and retook their ponies.</p> +<p>A company of men is now getting up here and in other counties, +to go and fight the Indians. I am appealed to by the Indians to act +as their friend.</p> +<p>They represent that they are loyal to the U.S. Government and +will fight for their Great Father, at Washington, but must be +protected from bad white men at home. The Government must not think +them enemies when they only fight thieves and robbers.</p> +<p>Rob't B. Mitchell, who was recently appointed Maj. General of +this State by Gov. Robinson, has resigned, and is now raising +volunteers to fight the Indians. He has always been a Democrat in +sympathy with the pro-slavery party, and his enlisting men now to +take them away from the Missouri frontier, when we are daily +threatened with an attack from that State, and union men are +fleeing to us for protection from there, is certainly a very +questionable policy. It could operate no worse against us, if it +were gotten up by a traitor to draw our men off on purpose to give +the Missourians a chance when we are unprepared. (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page47" id="page47"></a>[pg +47]</span> +<p>tribe, the Osages were not very dependable at the best of times +and now that they saw confusion all around</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 91:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag91">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) I presume you have it in your power to prevent any +attack on the Indians in Kansas till such time as they can be +treated with. And such order to the Commander of the Western +Division of the U.S. Army would stop further proceedings.</p> +<p>I shall start to-morrow for Council Grove and meet the Kansas +Indians before General Mitchell's force can get there. As the point +of attack is secret, I fear it may be the Osages, for the purpose +of creating a necessity for a treaty with himself by which he can +secure a large quantity of land for himself and followers. He is +acquainted with all the old Democratic schemes of swindling +Indians.</p> +<p>The necessity for prompt action on the part of the Indian +Department increases every day. The element of discord in the +community here now, was once, the pro-slavery party. I see their +intention to breed disturbances with the Indians is malicious and +selfish. They are active and unscrupulous, and must be met promptly +and decisively.</p> +<p>I hope you will excuse this, as it appears necessary for me to +step a little out of my orders to notify you of current events. I +am very respectfully Your Ob't Ser'vt AUGUSTUS WATTLES, <i>Special +Agent</i></p> +<p>[Indian Office Special Files, no. 201.]</p> +<p>GRAND FALLS, NEWTON CO., MO.<br /> +COM. INDIAN AFFAIRS<br /> +Washington, D.C.</p> +<p>Hon. Sir: Permit me to inform you, by this means, of the efforts +that have been and are now being made in Southern Kansas to arouse +both the "Osages" and "Cherokees" <i>to rebel</i>, and bear arms +against the U.S. Government—At a public meeting near the +South E. corner of the "Osage Nation" called by the settlements for +the devising of some means by which to protect themselves from +"unlawful characters," Mr. John Mathis, who resides in the Osage +Nation and has an Osage family, also Mr. "Robert Foster" who lives +in the Cherokee Nation and has a Cherokee family endeavered by +public speeches and otherwise to induce "Osages", "Cherokees", as +well as Americans who live on the "Neutral Lands" to bear arms +against the U.S. Government—<i>aledging that there was no +U.S. Government</i>. There was 25 men who joined them and they +proceeded to organise a "<i>Secession Company</i>" electing as Capt +R.D. Foster and 1st Lieutenant James Patton—This meeting was +held June 4th 1861—at "McGhees Residence"—The peace of +this section of country requires the removal of these men from the +Indian country, or some measures that will restrain them from +exciting the Indians in Southern Kansas.</p> +<p>Yours Respectfully WM BROOKS.</p> +<p>You will understand why you are addressed by a private +individual on this subject instead of the Agent, since A.J. Dorn, +the present Indian Agent, is an avowed "Secessionist" and +consequently would favor, rather than suppress the move. WM +BROOKS.</p> +<p>[<i>Ibid., Southern Superintendency</i>, B567 of 1861]</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page48" id="page48"></a>[pg +48]</span> +<p>them their most natural inclination was to pay back old scores +and to make an alliance where such alliance could be most +profitable to themselves. The "remnants" of tribes, Senecas, +Shawnees, and Quapaws, associated with them in the agency, Neosho, +that is, although not of evil disposition, were similarly agitated +and with good reason. Rumors of dissensions among the Cherokees, +not so very far away, were naturally having a disquieting effect +upon the neighboring but less highly organized tribes as was also +the unrest in Missouri, in the southwestern counties of which, +however, Union sentiment thus far dominated.<a id="footnotetag92" +name="footnotetag92"></a><a href="#footnote92"><sup>92</sup></a> +Its continuance would undoubtedly turn upon military success or +failure and that, men like Lyon and Lane knew only too well.</p> +<p>As the days passed, the Cherokee troubles gained in intensity, +so much so that the agent, John Crawford, even then a secessionist +sympathiser, reported that internecine strife might at any hour be +provoked.<a id="footnotetag93" name="footnotetag93"></a><a href= +"#footnote93"><sup>93</sup></a> So confused was everything that in +July the people of southeastern Kansas were generally apprehensive +of an attack from the direction of either Indian Territory or +Arkansas.<a id="footnotetag94" name="footnotetag94"></a><a href= +"#footnote94"><sup>94</sup></a> Kansas troops had been called to +Missouri; but, at the same time, Lyon was complaining that men from +the West, where they were greatly needed, were being called by +Scott to Virginia.<a id="footnotetag95" name= +"footnotetag95"></a><a href="#footnote95"><sup>95</sup></a> On +August 6 two emergency calls went forth, one from Frémont +for a brigade from California that could be stationed at El Paso +and moved as occasion might require, either upon San Antonio or +into the Indian Territory,<a id="footnotetag96" name= +"footnotetag96"></a><a href="#footnote96"><sup>96</sup></a></p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote92" name= +"footnote92"></a><b>Footnote 92:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag92">(return)</a> +<p>Branch to Mix, June 22, 1861, enclosing letter from Agent Elder, +June 15, 1861 [Indian Office Files, <i>Neosho</i>, B 547 of +1861].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote93" name= +"footnote93"></a><b>Footnote 93:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag93">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid., Cherokee</i>, C 1200 of 1861</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote94" name= +"footnote94"></a><b>Footnote 94:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag94">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. iii, 405.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote95" name= +"footnote95"></a><b>Footnote 95:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag95">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 397, 408.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote96" name= +"footnote96"></a><b>Footnote 96:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag96">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 428.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page49" id="page49"></a>[pg +49]</span> +<p>the other from Congressmen John S. Phelps and Francis P. Blair +junior, who addressed Lincoln upon the subject of enlisting +Missouri troops for an invasion of Arkansas in order to ward off +any contemplated attack upon southwestern Missouri and to keep the +Indians west of Arkansas in subjection.<a id="footnotetag97" name= +"footnotetag97"></a><a href="#footnote97"><sup>97</sup></a> On +August 10 came the disastrous Federal defeat at Wilson's Creek. It +was immediately subsequent to that event and in anticipation of a +Kansas invasion by Price and McCulloch that Lane resolved to take +position at Fort Scott.<a id="footnotetag98" name= +"footnotetag98"></a><a href="#footnote98"><sup>98</sup></a></p> +<p>The Battle of Wilson's Creek, lost to the Federals largely +because of Frémont's failure to support Lyon, was an +unmitigated disaster in more than one sense. The death of Lyon, +which the battle caused, was of itself a severe blow to the Union +side as represented in Missouri; but the moral effect of the +Federal defeat upon the Indians was equally worthy of note. It was +instantaneous and striking. It rallied the wavering Cherokees for +the Confederacy<a id="footnotetag99" name= +"footnotetag99"></a><a href="#footnote99"><sup>99</sup></a> and +their defection was something that could not be easily +counterbalanced and was certainly not counterbalanced by the almost +coincident, cheap, disreputable, and very general Osage offer, made +towards the end of August, of services to the United States in +exchange for flour and whiskey.<a id="footnotetag100" name= +"footnotetag100"></a><a href="#footnote100"><sup>100</sup></a></p> +<p>The disaster in its effect upon Lane was, however, little short +of exhilarating. It brought him sympathy, understanding, and a fair +measure of support from people who, not until the eleventh hour, +had really comprehended their own danger and it inspired him to +redouble his efforts to organize a brigade that should</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote97" name= +"footnote97"></a><b>Footnote 97:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag97">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. iii, 430.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote98" name= +"footnote98"></a><b>Footnote 98:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag98">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 446.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote99" name= +"footnote99"></a><b>Footnote 99:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag99">(return)</a> +<p>The Daily Conservative (Leavenworth), October 5, 1861.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote100" name= +"footnote100"></a><b>Footnote 100:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag100">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., August 30, 1861, quoting from the Fort +Scott <i>Democrat</i>.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page50" id="page50"></a>[pg +50]</span> +<p>adequately protect Kansas and recover ground lost. Prior to the +battle, "scarcely a battalion had been recruited for each" of the +five regiments, the Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh +Kansas, which he had been empowered by the War Department to +raise.<a id="footnotetag101" name="footnotetag101"></a><a href= +"#footnote101"><sup>101</sup></a> It was in the days of gathering +reinforcements, for which he made an earnest plea on August +29,<a id="footnotetag102" name="footnotetag102"></a><a href= +"#footnote102"><sup>102</sup></a> that he developed a disposition +to utilize the loyal Indians in his undertaking. The Indians, in +their turn, were looking to him for much needed assistance. About a +month previous to the disaster of August 10, Agent Elder had been +obliged to make Fort Scott, for the time being, the Neosho Agency +headquarters, everything being desperately insecure at Crawford's +Seminary.<a id="footnotetag103" name="footnotetag103"></a><a href= +"#footnote103"><sup>103</sup></a></p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote101" name= +"footnote101"></a><b>Footnote 101:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag101">(return)</a> +<p>Britton, <i>Civil War on the Border</i>, vol. i, 122.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote102" name= +"footnote102"></a><b>Footnote 102:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag102">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. iii, 465.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote103" name= +"footnote103"></a><b>Footnote 103:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag103">(return)</a> +<p>The following letter, an enclosure of a report from Branch to +Dole, August 14, 1861, gives some slight indication of its +insecurity:</p> +<p>OFFICE OF NEOSHO AGENCY<br /> +Fort Scott, July 27, 1861.</p> +<p>Sir—I deem it important to inform the Department of the +situation of this Agency at this time. After entering upon the +duties of this office as per instructions—and attending to +all the business that seemed to require my immediate +attention—I repaired to Franklin Co. Kan. to remove my family +to the Agency.</p> +<p>Leaving the Agency in care of James Killebrew Esq the Gov't +Farmer for the Quapaw Nation. Soon after I left I was informed by +him that the Agency had been surrounded by a band of armed men, and +instituted an inquiry for "<i>that Abolition Superintendent and +Agent</i>." After various interrogatories and answers they returned +in the direction of Missouri and Arkansas lines from whence they +were supposed to have come. He has since written me and Special +Agent Whitney and Superintendent Coffin told me that it would be +very unsafe for me to stay at that place under the present excited +state of public feeling in that vicinity. I however started with my +family on the 6th July and arrived at Fort Scott on the 9th +intending to go direct to the Agency. Here I learned from Capt +Jennison commanding a detachment of Kansas Militia, who had been +scouting in that vicinity, that the country was full of marauding +parties from Gov. Jackson's Camp in S.W. Mo. I therefore concluded +to remain here and watch the course of events believing as I did +the Federal troops (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page51" id="page51"></a>[pg +51]</span> +<p>Lane, conjecturing rightly that Price, moving northwestward from +Springfield, which place he had left on the twenty-sixth of August, +would threaten, if he did not actually attempt, an invasion of +Kansas at the point of its greatest vulnerability, the extreme +southeast, hastened his preparations for the defence and at the +very end of the month appeared in person at Fort Scott, where all +the forces he could muster, many of them refugee Missourians, had +been rendezvousing. On the second of September, the two armies, if +such be not too dignified a name for them, came into initiatory +action at Dry Wood Creek,<a id="footnotetag104" name= +"footnotetag104"></a><a href="#footnote104"><sup>104</sup></a> +Missouri, a reconnoitering party of the Federals, in a venture +across the line, having</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 103:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag103">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) would soon repair thither and so quell the rebellion as +to render my stay here no longer necessary. But as yet the Union +forces have not penetrated that far south, and Jackson with a large +force is quartered within 20 or 25 miles of the Agency—I was +informed by Mr. Killebrew on the 23d inst. that everything at the +Agency was safe—but the house and roads were +guarded—Hence I have assumed the responsibility of +establishing my office here temporarily until I can hear from the +department.</p> +<p>And I most sincerely hope the course I have thus been compelled +to pursue will receive the approval of the department.</p> +<p>I desire instructions relative to the papers and a valuable safe +(being the only moveables there of value) which can only be moved +<i>at present</i> under the protection of a guard. And also +instructions as to the course I am to pursue relative to the +locality of the Agency.</p> +<p>I feel confident that the difficulty now attending the locality +at Crawford Seminary will not continue long—if not then I +shall move directly there unless instructions arrive of a different +character.</p> +<p>All mail matter should be directed to Fort Scott for the Mail +Carrier has been repeatedly arrested and the mails may be +robbed—Very respectfully your Obedient Servant</p> +<p>PETER P. ELDER, <i>U.S. Neosho Agent</i>.</p> +<p>H.B. BRANCH Esq, Superintendent of Ind. Affairs C.S.<br /> +St. Joseph, Mo.<br /> +[Indian Office Files, <i>Neosho</i>, B 719 of 1861].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote104" name= +"footnote104"></a><b>Footnote 104:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag104">(return)</a> +<p>For additional information about the Dry Wood Creek affair and +about the events leading up to and succeeding it, see <i>Official +Records</i>, vol. liii, supplement, 436; Britton, <i>Civil War on +the Border</i>, vol. i, chapter x; Connelley, <i>Quantrill and the +Border Wars</i>, 199.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page52" id="page52"></a>[pg +52]</span> +<p>fallen in with the advance of the Confederates and, being +numerically outmatched, having been compelled to beat a retreat. In +its later stages, Lane personally conducted that retreat, which, +taken as a whole, did not end even with the recrossing of the state +boundary, although the pursuit did not continue beyond it. +Confident that Price would follow up his victory and attack Fort +Scott, Lane resolved to abandon the place, leaving a detachment to +collect the stores and ammunition and to follow him later. He then +hurried on himself to Fort Lincoln on the north bank of the Little +Osage, fourteen miles northwest. There he halted and hastily +erected breastworks of a certain sort<a id="footnotetag105" name= +"footnotetag105"></a><a href="#footnote105"><sup>105</sup></a>. +Meanwhile, the citizens of Fort Scott, finding themselves left in +the lurch, vacated their homes and followed in the wake of the +army<a id="footnotetag106" name="footnotetag106"></a><a href= +"#footnote106"><sup>106</sup></a>. Then came a period, luckily +short, of direful confusion. Home guards were drafted in and other +preparations made to meet the emergency of Price's coming. Humboldt +was now suggested as suitable and safe headquarters for the Neosho +Agency<a id="footnotetag107" name="footnotetag107"></a><a href= +"#footnote107"><sup>107</sup></a>; but, most opportunely, as the +narrative will soon show, the change had to wait upon the approval +of the Indian Office, which could not be had for some days and, in +the meantime, events proved that Price was not the menace and Fort +Scott not the target.</p> +<p>It soon transpired that Price had no immediate intention of +invading Kansas<a id="footnotetag108" name= +"footnotetag108"></a><a href="#footnote108"><sup>108</sup></a>. For +the present, it was</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote105" name= +"footnote105"></a><b>Footnote 105:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag105">(return)</a> +<p>In ridicule of Lane's fortifications, see Spring, <i>Kansas</i>, +275.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote106" name= +"footnote106"></a><b>Footnote 106:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag106">(return)</a> +<p>As soon as the citizens, panic-stricken, were gone, the +detachment which Lane had left in charge, under Colonel C.R. +Jennison, commenced pillaging their homes [Britton, <i>Civil War on +the Border</i>, vol. i, 130.]</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote107" name= +"footnote107"></a><b>Footnote 107:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag107">(return)</a> +<p>H.C. Whitney to Mix, September 6, 1861, Indian Office +Consolidated Files, <i>Neosho</i>, W 455 of 1861.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote108" name= +"footnote108"></a><b>Footnote 108:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag108">(return)</a> +<p>By the fifth of September, Lane had credible information that +Price had broken camp at Dry Wood and was moving towards Lexington +[Britton, <i>Civil War on the Border</i>, vol. i, 144].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page53" id="page53"></a>[pg +53]</span> +<p>enough for his purpose to have struck terror into the hearts of +the people of Union sentiments inhabiting the Cherokee Neutral +Lands, where, indeed, intense excitement continued to prevail until +there was no longer any room to doubt that Price was really gone +from the near vicinity and was heading for the Missouri River. Yet +his departure was far from meaning the complete removal of all +cause for anxiety, since marauding bands infested the country +roundabout and were constantly setting forth, from some well +concealed lair, on expeditions of robbery, devastation, and murder. +It was one of those marauding bands that in this same month of +September, 1861, sacked and in part burnt Humboldt, for which +dastardly and quite unwarrantable deed, James G. Blunt, acting +under orders from Lane, took speedy vengeance; and the world was +soon well rid of the instigator and leader of the outrage, the +desperado, John Matthews.<a id="footnotetag109" name= +"footnotetag109"></a><a href="#footnote109"><sup>109</sup></a></p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote109" name= +"footnote109"></a><b>Footnote 109:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag109">(return)</a> +<p>(a)</p> +<p>FT. LINCOLN, SOUTHERN KANSAS.<br /> +Sept. 25, 1861.</p> +<p>HON. WM.P. DOLE, Com. of Ind. Af'rs</p> +<p>Dear Sir, We have just returned from a successful expedition +into the Indian Country, And I thought you would be glad to hear +the news.</p> +<p>Probably you know that Mathews, formerly an Indian Trader +amongst the Osages has been committing depredations at the head of +a band of half breed Cherokees, all summer.</p> +<p>He has killed a number of settlers and taken their property; but +as most of them were on the Cherokee neuteral lands I could not +tell whether to blame him much or not, as I did not understand the +condition of those lands.</p> +<p>A few days ago he came up to Humbolt and pillaged the town. Gen. +Lane ordered the home guards, composed mostly of old men, too old +for regular service, to go down and take or disperse this company +under Mathews.</p> +<p>He detailed Lieut. Col. Blunt of Montgomery's regiment to the +command, and we started about 200 strong. We went to Humbolt and +followed down through the Osage as far as the Quapaw Agency where +we came up with them, about 60 strong.</p> +<p>Mathews and 10 men were killed at the first fire, the others +(cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page54" id="page54"></a>[pg +54]</span> +<p>As soon as Lane had definite knowledge that Price had turned +away from the border and was moving northward, he determined to +follow after and attack</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 109:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag109">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) retreated. We found on Mathews a Commission from Ben. +McCulloch, authorizing him to enlist the Quapaw and other Indians +and operate on the Kansas frontier.</p> +<p>The Osage Indians are loyal, and I think most of the others +would be if your Agents were always ready to speak a word of +confidence for our Government, and on hand to counteract the +influence of the Secession Agents.</p> +<p>There is no more danger in doing this than in any of the Army +service. If an Agent is killed in the discharge of his duty, +another can be appointed the same as in any other service. A few +prompt Agents, might save a vast amount of plundering which it is +now contemplated to do in Kansas.</p> +<p>Ben. McCulloch promises his rangers, and the Indians that he +will winter them in Kansas and expel the settlers.</p> +<p>I can see the Indians gain confidence in him precisely as they +loose it in us. It need somebody amongst them to represent our +power and strength and purposes, and to give them courage and +confidence in the U.S. Government.</p> +<p>There is another view which some take and you may take the same, +i.e. let them go—fight and conquer them—take their +lands and stop their annuities.</p> +<p>I can only say that whatever the Government determines on the +people here will sustain. The President was never more popular. He +is the President of the Constitution and the laws. And +notwithstanding what the papers say about his difference with +Frémont, every heart reposes confidence in the +President.</p> +<p>So far as I can learn from personal inquiry, the Indians are not +yet committed to active efforts against the Gov. AUG. WATTLES.</p> +<p>[Indian Office Special Files, no. 201, <i>Central +Superintendency</i>, W 474 of 1861.</p> +<p>(b)</p> +<p>SACK AND FOX AGENCY, Dec. 17th 1861.</p> +<p>HON.W.P. DOLE, Commissioner of Indian Affairs</p> +<p>Dear Sir: After receiving the cattle and making arrangements for +their keeping at Leroy I went and paid a visit to the Ruins of +Humboldt which certainly present a gloomy appearance. All the best +part of the town was burnt. Thurstons House that I had rented for +an office tho near half a mile from town was burnt tho his dwelling +and mill near by were spared. All my books and papers that were +there were lost. My trunk and what little me and my son had left +after the sacking were all burnt including to Land Warrents one 160 +acres and one 120. Our Minne Rifle and ammunition Saddle bridle, +etc.... About 4 or 5 Hundred Sacks of Whitney's Corn were burnt. As +soon as I can I will try to make out a list of the Papers from the +(cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page55" id="page55"></a>[pg +55]</span> +<p>him, if possible, in the rear. Governor Robinson was much +opposed<a id="footnotetag110" name="footnotetag110"></a><a href= +"#footnote110"><sup>110</sup></a> to any such provocative and +apparently purposeless action, no one knowing better than he Lane's +vindictive mercilessness. Lane persisted notwithstanding Robinson's +objections and, for the time being, found his policies actually +endorsed by Prince at Fort Leavenworth.<a id="footnotetag111" name= +"footnotetag111"></a><a href="#footnote111"><sup>111</sup></a> The +attack upon Humboldt, having revealed the exposed condition of the +settlements north of the Osage lands, necessitated his leaving a +much larger force in his own rear than he had intended.<a id= +"footnotetag112" name="footnotetag112"></a><a href= +"#footnote112"><sup>112</sup></a> It also made it seem advisable +for him to order the building of a series of stockades, the one of +most immediate interest being at Leroy.<a id="footnotetag113" name= +"footnotetag113"></a><a href="#footnote113"><sup>113</sup></a> By +the fourteenth of September, Lane found himself within twenty-four +miles of Harrisonville but Price still far ahead. On the +twenty-second, having made a detour for the purpose of destroying +some of his opponent's stores, he performed the atrocious and +downright inexcusable exploit of burning Osceola.<a id= +"footnotetag114" name="footnotetag114"></a><a href= +"#footnote114"><sup>114</sup></a> Lexington, besieged, had fallen +into Price's hands two days before. Thus had the foolish Federal +practice of acting in</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 109:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag109">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) Department [that] were burnt. As I had some at +Leavenworth I cannot do so til I see what is there. As Mr. +Hutchinson is not here I leave this morning for the Kaw Agency to +endeavour to carry out your Instructions there and will return here +as soon as I get through there. They are building some stone houses +here and I am much pleased with the result. The difference in cost +is not near so much as we expected but I will write you fully on a +careful examination as you requested. Very respectfully your +obedient Servant</p> +<p>W.G. COFFIN, <i>Superintendent of Indian Affairs</i><br /> +Southern Superintendency</p> +<p>[Indian Office Files, <i>Southern Superintendency</i>, C 1432 of +1861]</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote110" name= +"footnote110"></a><b>Footnote 110:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag110">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. iii, 468-469.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote111" name= +"footnote111"></a><b>Footnote 111:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag111">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 483.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote112" name= +"footnote112"></a><b>Footnote 112:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag112">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 490.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote113" name= +"footnote113"></a><b>Footnote 113:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag113">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote114" name= +"footnote114"></a><b>Footnote 114:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag114">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 196; vol. liii, supplement, 743; Britton, +<i>Civil War on the Border</i>, vol. i, 147-148; Connelley, +<i>Quantrill and the Border Wars</i>, 208-209, 295.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page56" id="page56"></a>[pg +56]</span> +<p>detachments instead of in force produced its own calamitous +result. There had never been any appreciable coördination +among the parts of Frémont's army. Each worked upon a +campaign of its own. To some extent, the same criticism might be +held applicable to the opposing Confederate force also, especially +when the friction between Price and McCulloch be taken fully into +account; but Price's energy was far in excess of Frémont's +and he, having once made a plan, invariably saw to its +accomplishment. Lincoln viewed Frémont's supineness with +increasing apprehension and finally after the fall of Lexington +directed Scott to instruct for greater activity. Presumably, +Frémont had already aroused himself somewhat; for, on the +eighteenth, he had ordered Lane to proceed to Kansas City and from +thence to coöperate with Sturgis,<a id="footnotetag115" name= +"footnotetag115"></a><a href="#footnote115"><sup>115</sup></a> Lane +slowly obeyed<a id="footnotetag116" name= +"footnotetag116"></a><a href="#footnote116"><sup>116</sup></a> but +managed, while obeying, to do considerable marauding, which worked +greatly to the general detestation and lasting discredit of his +brigade. For a man, temperamentally constituted as Lane was, +warfare had no terrors and its votaries, no scruples. The grim +chieftain as he has been somewhat fantastically called, was cruel, +indomitable, and disgustingly licentious, a person who would have +hesitated at nothing to accomplish his purpose. It was to be +expected, then, that he would see nothing terrible in the letting +loose of the bad white man, the half-civilized Indian, or the +wholly barbarous negro upon society. He believed that the +institution of slavery should look out for itself<a id= +"footnotetag117" name="footnotetag117"></a><a href= +"#footnote117"><sup>117</sup></a> and, like Governor +Robinson,<a id="footnotetag118" name="footnotetag118"></a><a href= +"#footnote118"><sup>118</sup></a> Senator Pomeroy, Secretary +Cameron, John</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote115" name= +"footnote115"></a><b>Footnote 115:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag115">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. iii, 500.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote116" name= +"footnote116"></a><b>Footnote 116:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag116">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 505-506.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote117" name= +"footnote117"></a><b>Footnote 117:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag117">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 516.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote118" name= +"footnote118"></a><b>Footnote 118:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag118">(return)</a> +<p>Spring, <i>Kansas</i>, 272.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page57" id="page57"></a>[pg +57]</span> +<p>Cochrane,<a id="footnotetag119" name= +"footnotetag119"></a><a href="#footnote119"><sup>119</sup></a> +Thaddeus Stevens<a id="footnotetag120" name= +"footnotetag120"></a><a href="#footnote120"><sup>120</sup></a> and +many another, fully endorsed the principle underlying +Frémont's abortive Emancipation Proclamation. He advocated +immediate emancipation both as a political and a military +measure.<a id="footnotetag121" name="footnotetag121"></a><a href= +"#footnote121"><sup>121</sup></a></p> +<p>There was no doubt by this time that Lane had it in mind to +utilize the Indians. In the dog days of August, when he was +desperately marshaling his brigade, the Indians presented +themselves, in idea, as a likely military contingent. The various +Indian agents in Kansas were accordingly communicated with and +Special Agent Augustus Wattles authorized to make the needful +preparations for Indian enlistment.<a id="footnotetag122" name= +"footnotetag122"></a><a href="#footnote122"><sup>122</sup></a> Not +much could be done in furtherance of the scheme while Lane was +engaged in Missouri but, in October, when he was back in Kansas, +his interest again manifested itself. He was then recruiting among +all kinds of people, the more hot-blooded the better. His energy +was likened to frenzy and the more sober-minded took alarm. It was +the moment for his political opponents to interpose and Governor +Robinson from among them did interpose, being firmly convinced that +Lane, by his intemperate zeal and by his guerrilla-like fighting +was provoking Missouri to reprisals and thus precipitating upon +Kansas the very troubles that he professed to wish to ward off. +Incidentally, Robinson, unlike Frémont, was vehemently +opposed to Indian enlistment.</p> +<p>Feeling between Robinson and Lane became exceedingly tense in +October. Price was again moving</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote119" name= +"footnote119"></a><b>Footnote 119:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag119">(return)</a> +<p><i>Daily Conservative</i>, November 22, 1861.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote120" name= +"footnote120"></a><b>Footnote 120:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag120">(return)</a> +<p>Woodburn, <i>Life of Thaddeus Stevens</i>, 183.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote121" name= +"footnote121"></a><b>Footnote 121:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag121">(return)</a> +<p>Lane's speech at Springfield, November 7, 1861 [<i>Daily +Conservative</i>, November 17, 1861].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote122" name= +"footnote122"></a><b>Footnote 122:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag122">(return)</a> +<p>For a full discussion of the progress of the movement, see Abel, +<i>American Indian as Slaveholder and Secessionist</i>, 227 ff.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page58" id="page58"></a>[pg +58]</span> +<p>suspiciously near to Kansas. On the third he was known to have +left Warrensburg, ostensibly to join McCulloch in Bates +County<a id="footnotetag123" name="footnotetag123"></a><a href= +"#footnote123"><sup>123</sup></a> and, on the eighth, he was +reported as still proceeding in a southwestwardly direction, +possibly to attack Fort Scott.<a id="footnotetag124" name= +"footnotetag124"></a><a href="#footnote124"><sup>124</sup></a> His +movements gave opportunity for a popular expression of opinion +among Lane's adherents. On the evening of the eighth, a large +meeting was held in Stockton's Hall to consider the whole situation +and, amidst great enthusiasm, Lane was importuned to go to +Washington,<a id="footnotetag125" name= +"footnotetag125"></a><a href="#footnote125"><sup>125</sup></a> +there to lay the case of the piteous need of Kansas, in actuality +more imaginary than real, before the president. Nothing loath to +assume such responsibility but not finding it convenient to leave +his military task just then, Lane resorted to letter-writing. On +the ninth, he complained<a id="footnotetag126" name= +"footnotetag126"></a><a href="#footnote126"><sup>126</sup></a> to +Lincoln that Robinson was attempting to break up his brigade and +had secured the coöperation of Prince to that end.<a id= +"footnotetag127" name="footnotetag127"></a><a href= +"#footnote127"><sup>127</sup></a> The anti-Robinson press<a id= +"footnotetag128" name="footnotetag128"></a><a href= +"#footnote128"><sup>128</sup></a> went farther and accused Robinson +and Prince of not being big enough, in the face of grave danger to +the commonwealth, to forget old scores.<a id="footnotetag129" name= +"footnotetag129"></a><a href="#footnote129"><sup>129</sup></a> As a +solution of the problem before them, Lane suggested to Lincoln the +establishment of a new military district that should include +Kansas, Indian Territory, and Arkansas, and be under his +command.<a id="footnotetag130" name="footnotetag130"></a><a href= +"#footnote130"><sup>130</sup></a> So anxious was Lane to be</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote123" name= +"footnote123"></a><b>Footnote 123:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag123">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. iii, 525, 526, 527.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote124" name= +"footnote124"></a><b>Footnote 124:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag124">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>, 527.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote125" name= +"footnote125"></a><b>Footnote 125:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag125">(return)</a> +<p><i>Daily Conservative</i>, October 9, 10, 1861.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote126" name= +"footnote126"></a><b>Footnote 126:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag126">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. iii, 529.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote127" name= +"footnote127"></a><b>Footnote 127:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag127">(return)</a> +<p><i>Daily Conservative</i>, October 9, 15, 1861.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote128" name= +"footnote128"></a><b>Footnote 128:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag128">(return)</a> +<p>Chief among the papers against Robinson, in the matter of his +longstanding feud with Lane, was the <i>Daily Conservative</i> with +D.W. Wilder as its editor. Another anti-Robinson paper was the +Lawrence <i>Republican</i>. The Cincinnati <i>Gazette</i> was +decidedly friendly to Lane.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote129" name= +"footnote129"></a><b>Footnote 129:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag129">(return)</a> +<p><i>Daily Conservative</i>, October 15, 1861.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote130" name= +"footnote130"></a><b>Footnote 130:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag130">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. iii, 529-530. Lane outlined his +plan for a separate department in his speech in Stockton's Hall +[<i>Daily Conservative</i>, October 9, 1861]. (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page59" id="page59"></a>[pg +59]</span> +<p>identified with what he thought was the rescue of Kansas that he +proposed resigning his seat in the senate that he might be entirely +untrammelled.<a id="footnotetag131" name= +"footnotetag131"></a><a href="#footnote131"><sup>131</sup></a> +Perchance, also, he had some inkling that with Frederick P. +Stanton<a id="footnotetag132" name="footnotetag132"></a><a href= +"#footnote132"><sup>132</sup></a> contesting the seat, a bitter +partisan fight was in prospect, a not altogether welcome +diversion.<a id="footnotetag133" name="footnotetag133"></a><a href= +"#footnote133"><sup>133</sup></a> Stanton, prominent in and out of +office in territorial days, was an old political antagonist of the +Lane faction and one of the four candidates whose names had been +before the legislature in March. In the second half of October, +Lane's brigade notably contributed to Frémont's show of +activity and then, anticipatory perhaps to greater changes, it was +detached from the main column and given the liberty of moving +independently down the Missouri line to the Cherokee country.<a id= +"footnotetag134" name="footnotetag134"></a><a href= +"#footnote134"><sup>134</sup></a></p> +<p>Lane's efforts towards securing Indian enlistment did not stop +with soliciting the Kansas tribes. Thoroughly aware, since the time +of his sojourn at Fort Scott, if not before, of the delicate +situation in Indian Territory, of the divided allegiance there, and +of the despairing cry for help that had gone forth from the Union +element to Washington, he conceived it eminently fitting and +practicable that that same Union element should have its loyalty +put to good uses and be itself induced to take up arms in behalf of +the cause it affected so ardently to endorse. To an ex-teacher +among the Seminoles, E.H. Carruth, was entrusted the task of +recruiting.</p> +<p>The situation in Indian Territory was more than</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 130:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag130">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) Robinson was opposed to the idea [<i>ibid</i>., November +2, 6, 1861].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote131" name= +"footnote131"></a><b>Footnote 131:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag131">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. iii, 530.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote132" name= +"footnote132"></a><b>Footnote 132:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag132">(return)</a> +<p>Martin, <i>First Two Years of Kansas</i>, 24; <i>Biographical +Congressional Directory</i>, 1771-1903.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote133" name= +"footnote133"></a><b>Footnote 133:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag133">(return)</a> +<p><i>Daily Conservative</i>, November 1, 1861, gives Robinson the +credit of inciting Stanton to contest the seat.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote134" name= +"footnote134"></a><b>Footnote 134:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag134">(return)</a> +<p><i>Daily Conservative</i>, October 30, 1861.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page60" id="page60"></a>[pg +60]</span> +<p>delicate. It was precarious and had been so almost from the +beginning. The withdrawal of troops from the frontier posts had +left the Territory absolutely destitute of the protection solemnly +guaranteed its inhabitants by treaty with the United States +government. Appeal<a id="footnotetag135" name= +"footnotetag135"></a><a href="#footnote135"><sup>135</sup></a> to +the War Department for a restoration of what was a sacred +obligation had been without effect all the summer. Southern +emissaries had had, therefore, an entirely free hand to accomplish +whatever purpose they might have in mind with the tribes. In +September,<a id="footnotetag136" name="footnotetag136"></a><a href= +"#footnote136"><sup>136</sup></a> the Indian Office through Charles +E. Mix, acting commissioner of Indian affairs in the absence of +William P. Dole, who was then away on a mission to the Kansas +tribes, again begged the War Department<a id="footnotetag137" name= +"footnotetag137"></a><a href="#footnote137"><sup>137</sup></a> to +look into matters so extremely urgent. National honor would of +itself have dictated a policy of intervention before</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote135" name= +"footnote135"></a><b>Footnote 135:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag135">(return)</a> +<p>Secretary Cameron's reply to Secretary Smith's first request was +uncompromising in the extreme and prophetic of his persistent +refusal to recognize the obligation resting upon the United States +to protect its defenceless "wards." This is Cameron's letter of May +10, 1861:</p> +<p>"In answer to your letter of the 4th instant, I have the honor +to state that on the 17th April instructions were issued by this +Department to remove the troops stationed at Forts Cobb, Arbuckle, +Washita, and Smith, to Fort Leavenworth, leaving it to the +discretion of the Commanding Officer to replace them, or not, by +Arkansas Volunteers.</p> +<p>"The exigencies of the service will not admit any change in +these orders." [Interior Department Files, <i>Bundle no. 1 +(1849-1864) War</i>.]</p> +<p>Secretary Smith wrote to Cameron again on the thirtieth +[Interior Department <i>Letter Press Book</i>, vol. iii, 125], +enclosing Dole's letter of the same date [Interior Department, +<i>File Box, January 1 to December 1, 1861</i>; Indian Office +<i>Report Book</i>, no. 12, 176], but to no purpose.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote136" name= +"footnote136"></a><b>Footnote 136:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag136">(return)</a> +<p>Indian Office <i>Report Book</i>, no. 12, 218-219.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote137" name= +"footnote137"></a><b>Footnote 137:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag137">(return)</a> +<p>Although his refusal to keep faith with the Indians is not +usually cited among the things making for Cameron's unfitness for +the office of Secretary of War, it might well and justifiably be. +No student of history questions to-day that the appointment of +Simon Cameron to the portfolio of war, to which Thaddeus Stevens +had aspirations [Woodburn, <i>Life of Thaddeus Stevens</i>, 239], +was one of the worst administrative mistakes Lincoln ever made. It +was certainly one of the four cabinet appointment errors noted by +Weed [<i>Autobiography</i>, 607].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page61" id="page61"></a>[pg +61]</span> +<p>the poor neglected Indians had been driven to the last desperate +straits. The next month, October, nothing at all having been done +in the interval, Dole submitted<a id="footnotetag138" name= +"footnotetag138"></a><a href="#footnote138"><sup>138</sup></a> to +Secretary Smith new evidence of a most alarmingly serious state of +affairs and asked that the president's attention be at once +elicited. The apparent result was that about the middle of +November, Dole was able to write with confidence—and he was +writing at the request of the president—that the United +States was prepared to maintain itself in its authority over the +Indians at all hazards.<a id="footnotetag139" name= +"footnotetag139"></a><a href="#footnote139"><sup>139</sup></a></p> +<p>Boastful words those were and not to be made good until many +precious months had elapsed and many sad regrettable scenes +enacted. In early November occurred the reorganization of the +Department of the West which meant the formation of a Department of +Kansas separate and distinct from a Department of Missouri, an +arrangement that afforded ample opportunity for a closer attention +to local exigencies in both states than had heretofore been +possible or than, upon trial, was subsequently to be deemed +altogether desirable. It necessarily increased the chances for +local patronage and exposed military matters to the grave danger of +becoming hopelessly entangled with political.</p> +<p>The need for change of some sort was, however, very evident and +the demand for it, insistent. If the southern Indians were not soon +secured, they were bound to menace, not only Kansas, but +Colorado<a id="footnotetag140" name="footnotetag140"></a><a href= +"#footnote140"><sup>140</sup></a> and to help materially in +blocking the way to Texas, New Mexico,</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote138" name= +"footnote138"></a><b>Footnote 138:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag138">(return)</a> +<p>Indian Office <i>Report Book</i> no. 12, 225.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote139" name= +"footnote139"></a><b>Footnote 139:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag139">(return)</a> +<p>Dole to Hunter, November 16, 1861, <i>ibid., Letter Book</i>, +no. 67, pp. 80-82.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote140" name= +"footnote140"></a><b>Footnote 140:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag140">(return)</a> +<p>On conditions in Colorado Territory, the following are +enlightening: <i>ibid., Consolidated Files</i>, C 195 of 1861; C +1213 of 1861; C 1270 of 1861; C 1369 of 1861; V 43 of 1861; +<i>Official Records</i>, vol. iv, 73.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page62" id="page62"></a>[pg +62]</span> +<p>and Arizona. Their own domestic affairs had now reached a +supremely critical stage.<a id="footnotetag141" name= +"footnotetag141"></a><a href="#footnote141"><sup>141</sup></a> It +was high time</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote141" name= +"footnote141"></a><b>Footnote 141:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag141">(return)</a> +<p>In addition to what may be obtained on the subject from the +first volume of this work, two letters of slightly later date +furnish particulars, as do also the records of a council held by +Agent Cuther with certain chiefs at Leroy.</p> +<p>(a). LAWRENCE, KANSAS, Dec. 14th, 1861.</p> +<p>HON.W.P. DOLE, Commissioner of Ind. Affairs</p> +<p>Dear Sir, It is with reluctance that I again intrude on your +valuable time. But I am induced to do so by the conviction that the +subject of our Indian relations is really a matter of serious +concern: as involving the justice and honor of our own Government, +and the deepest interests—the very existence, indeed—of +a helpless and dependent people. And knowing that it is your wish +to be furnished with every item of information which may, in any +way, throw light on the subject, I venture to trouble you with +another letter.</p> +<p>Mico Hat-ki, the Creek man referred to in my letter of Oct. 31st +has been back to the Creek Nation, and returned about the middle of +last month. He was accompanied, to this place, by one of his former +companions, but had left some of their present company at LeRoy. +They were expecting to have a meeting with some of the Indians, at +LeRoy, to consult about the proper course to be pursued, in order +to protect the loyal and peaceable Indians, from the hostility of +the disaffected, who have become troublesome and menacing in their +bearing.</p> +<p>With this man and his companion, I had considerable +conversation, and find that the Secessionists and disaffected +Half-breeds are carrying things with a high hand. While the loyal +Indians are not in a condition to resist them, by reason of the +proximity of an overwhelming rebel force.</p> +<p>From them (repeating their former statements, regarding the +defection of certain parties, and the loyalty of others, with the +addition of some further particulars) I learn the following facts: +Viz. That M Kennard, the Principal Chief of the Lower Creeks, most +of the McIntoshes, George Stidham, and others have joined the +rebels, and organized a military force in their interest; for the +purpose of intimidating and harrassing the loyal Indians. They name +some of the officers, but are not sufficiently conversant with +military terms to distinguish the different grades, with much +exactness. Unee McIntosh, however, is the highest in rank, (a +Colonel I presume) and Sam Cho-co-ti, George Stidham, Chilly +McIntosh, are all officers in the Lower Creek rebel force.</p> +<p>Among the Upper Creeks, John Smith, Timiny Barnet and Wm. +Robinson, are leaders.</p> +<p>Among the Seminoles, John Jumper, the Principal Chief, is on the +side of the rebels. Pas-co-fa, the second chief, stands neutral. +Fraser McClish, though himself a Chickasaw, has raised a company +(cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page63" id="page63"></a>[pg +63]</span> +<p>for the Federal government to do something to attest its own +competency. There was need for it to do that,</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 141:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag141">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) among the Seminoles in favor of the rebellion. They say +the full Indians will kill him.</p> +<p>The Choctaws are divided in much the same way as the other +Tribes, the disaffected being principally among the +Half-breeds.</p> +<p>The Chickasaw Governor, Harris, is a Secessionist; and so are +most, if not all, the Colberts. The full Indians are loyal to the +Government, as are some of the mixed bloods also, and here, I +remark, from my own knowledge, that this Governor Harris was the +first to propose the adoption of concerted measures, among the +Southern Tribes, on the subject of Secession. This was instantly +and earnestly opposed by John Ross, as being out of place, and an +ungrateful violation of the Treaty obligations, by which the Tribes +had placed themselves under the exclusive protection of the United +States; and, under which, they had enjoyed a long course of peace +and prosperity.</p> +<p>They say, there are about four hundred Secessionists, among the +Cherokees. But whether organized or not, I did not understand. I +presume they meant such as were formerly designated by the term +Warriors, somewhat analogous to the class among ourselves, who are +fit for military duty, though they may or may not be actually +organized and under arms. So that the <i>Thousands of Indians</i> +in the secession papers, as figuring in the armies, are enormous +exaggerations; and most of them sheer fabrications.</p> +<p>Albert Pike, of Little Rock, boasts of having visited and made +treaty alliances with the Comanches, and other tribes, on behalf of +the "Confederate States," but the Indians do not believe him. And, +in blunt style, say "he tells lies."</p> +<p>They make favorable mention of O-poth-le-yo-ho-lo, an ex-Creek +Chief, a true patriot of former days. But, it seems, he has been +molested and forced to leave his home to avoid the annoyance and +violence of the rebel party. There are, however, more than three +thousand young men, of the warrior class, who adhere to his +principles, and hold true faith and allegiance to the United +States.</p> +<p>They say also that John Ross is not a Secessionist, and that +there are more than four thousand patriots among the Cherokees, who +are true to the Government of the United States. This agrees, +substantially, with my own personal knowledge, unless they have +changed within a very short time, which is not at all probable, as +the Cherokees, of this class, are pretty fully and correctly +informed about the nature of the controversy. And I may add, that +much of their information is, through one channel and another, +communicated to the Creeks, and much of their spirit too.</p> +<p>On the whole, judging from the most reliable information, I have +been able to obtain, I feel assured that the Full Indians of the +Creeks, Cherokees, Seminoles, and the small bands living in the +Creek Nation, are faithful to the Government. And the same, to a +great extent, is (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page64" id="page64"></a>[pg +64]</span> +<p>moreover, on recognizably loyal ground, causes for +dissatisfaction among Kansas emigrant tribes to be</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 141:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag141">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) true of the Choctaws and Chickasaws. And were it not for +the proximity of the rebel force, the loyal Indians would put down +the Secession movement among themselves, at once. Or rather, they +would not have suffered it to rise at all.</p> +<p>The loyal Indians say, they wish "to stand by their Old +Treaties." And they are as persistent in their adherence to these +Treaties, as we are, to our Constitution. And I have no doubt that, +as soon as the Government can afford them protection, they will be +ready, at the first call, to manifest, by overt action, the loyalty +to which they are pledged.</p> +<p>They are looking, with great anxiety and hope, for the coming of +the great army. And I have no doubt that a friendly communication +from the Government, through the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, +would have a powerful effect in removing any false impressions, +which may have been made, on the ignorant and unwary, by the +emissaries of Secession, and to encourage and reassure the loyal +friends of the Government, who, in despair of timely aid, may have +been compelled to yield any degree of submission, to the pressure +of an overwhelming force. I was expecting to see these Indians +again, and to have had further conversation with them. But I am +informed by Charles Johnnycake that they have gone to Fort +Leavenworth and expect to go on to Washington. Hearing this, I +hesitated about troubling you with this letter at all, as, in that +case, you would see them yourself. But I have concluded to send it, +as affording me an opportunity to express a few thoughts, with +which it would hardly be worth while to occupy a separate +letter.</p> +<p>Hoping that the counsels and movements of the Government may be +directed by wisdom from above, and that the cause of truth and +right may prevail, I remain with great respect, Dear Sir, Your +Obedient Ser'v EVAN JONES.</p> +<p>P.S. I rec. a note from Mr. Carruth, saying that he was going to +Washington, with a delegation of Southern Indians, and I suppose +Mico Hatki and his companions are that Delegation, or at least a +part of them.</p> +<p>I will just say in regard to Mr. Carruth that I was acquainted +with him, several years ago, as a teacher in the Cherokee Nation. +He afterwards went to the Creek Nation, I <i>think</i>, as teacher +of a Government school, and I believe, has been there ever since. +If so, he must know a good deal about the Creeks. Mr. Carruth bore +a good character. I think he married one of the Missionary ladies +of the Presbyterian Mission.</p> +<p>[Indian Office Special Files, no. 201, <i>Southern +Superintendency</i>, J 530 of 1861.]</p> +<p>(b). Wichita Agency, L.D., December 15, 1861.</p> +<p>All well and doing well. Hear you are having trouble among +yourselves—fighting one another, but you and we are friendly. +Our (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page65" id="page65"></a>[pg +65]</span> +<p>removed and drastic measures taken with the indigenous of the +plains.</p> +<p>The appointment of Hunter to the command of the</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 141:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag141">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) brothers the Comanches and all the other tribes are +still your friends. Mode Cunard and you were here and had the talk +with Gen. Pike; we still hold to the talk we made with Gen. Pike, +and are keeping the treaty in good faith, and are looking for him +back again soon. We look upon you and Mode Cunard and Gen. Pike as +brothers. Gen. Pike told us at the council that there were but few +of us here, and if any thing turned up to make it necessary he +would protect them. We are just as we were when Gen. Pike was up +here and keeping the treaty made with him. Our brothers the wild +Comanches have been in and are friendly with us.</p> +<p>All the Indians here have but one heart. Our brothers, the +Texans, and the Indians are away fighting the cold weather people. +We do not intend to go North to fight them, but if they come down +here, we will all wait to drive them away. Some of my people are +one-eyed and a little crippled, but if the enemy comes here they +will all jump out to fight him. Pea-o-popicult, the principal Kiowa +chief, has recently visited the reserve, and expressed friendly +intentions, and has gone back to consult the rest of his people, +and designs returning.</p> +<p>Hoseca X Maria} Ke-Had-a-wah } Chiefs of the Camanches Buffalo +Hump } Te-nah Geo. Washington Jim Pockmark</p> +<p>[Indian Office, Confederate Papers, Copy of a letter to John +Jumper, certified as a true copy by A.T. Pagy.]</p> +<p>(c). LEROY, COFFEY CO., KANSAS, NOV. 4, 1861.</p> +<p>HON. WM.P. DOLE, COM'R INDIAN AFFAIRS,<br /> +Washington, D.C.</p> +<p>Dear Sir: Enclosed I send you a statement of delegation of +Creeks, Chickasaw, and Kininola who are here for assistance from +the Government. You will see by the enclosed that I have held a +Council with them the result of which I send verbatim. They have +travelled some 300 or 400 miles to get here, had to take an +unfrequented road and were in momentary fear of their lives not +because the secessionists were stronger than the Union party in +their nation, but because the secessionists were on the alert and +were determined that there should be no communication with the +Government.</p> +<p>They underwent a great many privations in getting here, had to +bear their own expenses, which as some of them who were up here a +short time ago have travelled in coming and going some 900 miles +was considerable.</p> +<p>I am now supplying them with everything they need on my own +responsibility. They dare not return to their people unless troops +(cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page66" id="page66"></a>[pg +66]</span> +<p>Department of Kansas was open to certain objections, no doubt; +but, to Lane, whose forceful personality had</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 141:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag141">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) are sent with them and they assure me the moment that is +done, a large portion of each of the tribes will rally to the +support of the Government and that their warriors will gladly take +up arms in its defence.</p> +<p>I write to you from Topeka and urge that steps be taken to +render them the requisite protection. I am satisfied that the +Department will see the urgent necessity of carrying out the Treaty +stipulations and giving these Indians who are so desirous of +standing firm by the Government and who have resisted so +persistently all the overtures of the secessionists, the assistance +and protection which is their due. I am informed by these Indians +that John Ross is desirous of standing by the Government, and that +he has 4000 warriors who are willing to do battle for the cause of +the Union.</p> +<p>They also inform me, that the Washitas, Caddos, Tenies, Wakoes, +Tewakano, Chiekies, Shawnees, and Kickapoos are almost unanimously +Union. Gen. Lane is anxious to do something to relieve the Union +Indians in the southern tribes, by taking prompt and energetic +steps at this time—it can be done with little expense and but +little trouble, while the benefit to be derived will be +incalculable. Let me beg of you and more that the matter be laid +before the Department and the proper steps be taken to give the +Indians that protection which is their due and at the same time +take an important step in sustaining the supremacy of the +Government. Your obedient Servant, GEO.A. CUTLER, <i>agent</i> for +the Indians of the Creek agency.</p> +<p>ENCLOSURES</p> +<p>At a Council of the Creeks, held at Leroy in Coffey County, +Kansas, at the house of the Agent of said Indians, Maj. Geo. A. +Cutler, who was unable to visit their Country owing to the +rebellion existing in the Country, the following talk was had by +the Chiefs of said nation, eight in number—Four Creeks, Two +Seminoles, Two Chickasaws.</p> +<p>Oke-Tah-hah-shah-haw-choe, Chief of Creek Upper District says, +he will talk short words this time—wants to tell how to get +trouble in Creek nation. First time Albert Pike come in he made +great deal trouble. That man told Indian that the Union people +would come and take away property and would take away +land—now you sleep, you ought to wake up and attend to your +own property. Tell them there ain't no U.S.—ain't any more +Treaty—all be dead—Tell them as there is no more U.S. +no more Treaty that the Creeks had better make new Treaty with the +South and the Southern President would protect them and give them +their annuity—Tell them if you make Treaty with southern +President that he would pay you more annuity and would pay better +than the U.S. if they the Indians would help the Southern +President—Mr. Pike makes the half (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page67" id="page67"></a>[pg +67]</span> +<p>impressed itself, for good or ill, upon the trans-Missouri +region, it was, to say the least, somewhat</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 141:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag141">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) breeds believe what he says and the half breeds makes +some of the full blood Indians believe what he says that they (the +Indians) must help the secessionists. Then that is so—but as +for himself he don't believe him yet. Then he thought the old U.S. +was alive yet and the Treaty was good. Wont go against the U.S. +himself—That is the reason the Secessions want to have +him—The Secessionists offered 5000$ for his head because he +would not go against the U.S. Never knew that Creek have an agent +here until he come and see him and that is why I have come among +this Union people. Have come in and saw my agent and want to go by +the old Treaty. Wants to get with U.S. Army so that I can get back +to my people as Secessionists will not let me go. Wants the Great +Father to send the Union Red people and Troops down the Black +Beaver road and he will guide them to his country and then all his +people will be for the Union—That he cannot get back to his +people any other way—Our Father to protect the land in peace +so that he can live in peace on the land according to the +Treaty—At the time I left my union people I told them to look +to the Beaver Road until I come. Promised his own people that the +U.S. Army would come back the Beaver Road and wants to go that +way—The way he left his country his people was in an elbow +surrounded by secessions and his people is not strong enough +against them for Union and that is the reason he has come up for +help—Needed guns, powder, lead to take to his own people. Own +people for the Union about 3350 warriors all Creeks—Needed +now clothing, tents for winter, tools, shirts, and every thing +owned by whites,—wants their annuity as they need it +now—The Indians and the Whites among us have done nothing +against any one but the Secessionists have compelled us to fight +and we are willing to fight for the Union. Creek half breeds joined +secessionists. 32 head men and leaders-27 towns for the Union among +Creeks</p> +<p><i>Signed</i>: Oke-tah-hah-shah-haw Choe<br /> +his X mark.</p> +<p><i>Talk of Chickasaw Chief, Toe-Lad-Ke</i></p> +<p>Says—Will talk short words—have had fever and +sick—Secessionists told him no more U.S. no more +Treaty—all broken up better make new Treaty with +Secessionists—Although they told him all this did not believe +them and that is reason came up to see if there was not still old +U.S.—Loves his country—loves his children and would not +believe them yet—That he did not believe what the +Secessionists told him and they would not let him live in peace and +that is the reason he left his country—The secessionists want +to tie him—whip him and make him join them—but he would +not and he left.</p> +<pre> +100 warriors for secession— +2240 do " Union +</pre> +<p>(cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page68" id="page68"></a>[pg +68]</span> +<p>disconcerting, not because Lane was hostile to Hunter +personally—the two men had long had a friendly +acquaintance</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 141:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag141">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) The secessionists plague him so much talk he asks for +his country that the army go down and that is what his people wants +same as Creek and Seminole—Have seen the agent of the Creeks +but have not seen our agent but want to see him—wants agent +sent—He has always done no wrong—Secessionists would +not let him live in peace—and if have to fight all his people +will fight for Union—That is all the chance that he can save +his lands and property to children—by old U.S. and +Treaty—Chickasaw—Seminoles and Creeks all in no +difference—all for the Union—all want annuity and have +had none for some time—Now my Great Father you must remember +me and my people and all our wants. <i>Signed</i>: TOE-LAD-KE, his +X mark.</p> +<p><i>Talk of Seminole Chief, Choo-Loo-Foe-Lop-hah-Choe</i></p> +<p>Says: Pike went among the Seminoles and tell them the same as he +told the Creek. The talk of Pike he did not believe and told him so +himself—Some of my people did believe Pike and did join the +secessionists also he believed the old U.S. is alive and Treaty not +dead and that is the reason he come up and had this +talk—Never had done any thing against Treaty and had come to +have Great Father protect us—Secession told him that Union +men was going to take away land and property—could get no +annuity old U.S. all gone—come to see—find it not +so—wants President to send an agent don't know who agent +is—wants to appoint agent himself as he knows who he wants. +Twelve towns are for the Union</p> +<pre> +500 warriors for the Union +100 do " Secession +</pre> +<p>All people who come with Billy Bowlegs are Union—Chief in +place of Billy Bowlegs Shoe-Nock-Me-Koe this is his name—Need +everything that Creeks need—arms clothing, etc. etc. wants to +go with army same way and same road with Creek—This is what +we ask of our Great Father live as the Treaty says in +peace—and all Seminole warriors will fight for the Union. +This is the request of our people of our Great Father They need +their annuity have not had any for nearly a year and want it +sent.</p> +<p><i>Signed</i>: CHOO-LOO-FOE-LOP-HAH-CHOE, his X mark.</p> +<p>We the Chiefs of the three nations Creeks, Chickasaws and +Seminoles who are of this delegation and all for the Union and the +majority of our people are for the Union and agree in all that has +been said by the Chiefs who have made this talk, and believe all +they have said to be true—</p> +<pre> +OKE-TAH-HAH-SHAH-HAW-CHOE his X mark Creek +WHITE CHIEF his X mark Creek + +BOB DEER his X mark Creek +PHIL DAVID his X mark Creek +</pre> +<p>(cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page69" id="page69"></a>[pg +69]</span> +<p>with each other<a id="footnotetag142" name= +"footnotetag142"></a><a href= +"#footnote142"><sup>142</sup></a>—but because he had had +great hopes of receiving the post himself.<a id="footnotetag143" +name="footnotetag143"></a><a href="#footnote143"><sup>143</sup></a> +The time was now drawing near for him to repair to Washington to +resume his senatorial duties since Congress was to convene the +second of December.</p> +<p>To further his scheme for Indian enlistment, Lane had projected +an inter-tribal council to be held at his own headquarters. E.H. +Carruth worked especially to that end. The man in charge of the +Southern Superintendency, W.G. Coffin, had a similar plan in mind +for less specific reasons. His idea was to confer with the +representatives of the southern tribes with reference to Indian +Territory conditions generally. It was part of the duty +appertaining to his office. Humboldt<a id="footnotetag144" name= +"footnotetag144"></a><a href="#footnote144"><sup>144</sup></a> was +the place selected by him for the meeting; but Leroy, being better +protected and more accessible, was soon substituted. The sessions +commenced the</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 141:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag141">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.)</p> +<pre> +TOE-LAD-KE his X mark Chickasaw +CHAP-PIA-KE his X mark Chickasaw + +CHOO-LOO-FOE-LOP-HAH-CHOE his X mark Seminole +OH-CHEN-YAH-HOE-LAH his X mark Seminole + +<i>Witness</i>: C.F. Currier + W. Whistler +</pre> +<p>LEROY, COFFEY CO. KAN., Nov. 4 1861.</p> +<p>I do certify that the within statement of the different chiefs +were taken before me at a council held at my house at the time +stated and that the talk of the Indian was correctly taken down by +a competent clerk at the time.</p> +<p>GEO.A. CUTLER, <i>Agent</i> for the Creek Indians.</p> +<p>[Indian Office Special Files, no. 201, <i>Southern +Superintendency</i>, C 1400 of 1861.]</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote142" name= +"footnote142"></a><b>Footnote 142:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag142">(return)</a> +<p>Their acquaintance dated, if not from the antebellum days when +Hunter was stationed at Fort Leavenworth and was not particularly +magnanimous in his treatment of Southerners, then from those when +he had charge, by order of General Scott, of the guard at the White +House. <i>Report of the Military Services of General David +Hunter</i>, pp. 7, 8.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote143" name= +"footnote143"></a><b>Footnote 143:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag143">(return)</a> +<p><i>Daily Conservative</i>, November 13, 1861.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote144" name= +"footnote144"></a><b>Footnote 144:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag144">(return)</a> +<p>Coffin to Dole, October 2, 1861, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, +<i>Report</i>, 1861, p. 39.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page70" id="page70"></a>[pg +70]</span> +<p>sixteenth<a id="footnotetag145" name= +"footnotetag145"></a><a href="#footnote145"><sup>145</sup></a> of +November and were still continuing on the twenty-third.<a id= +"footnotetag146" name="footnotetag146"></a><a href= +"#footnote146"><sup>146</sup></a> It had not been possible to hold +them earlier because of the disturbed state of the country and the +consequent difficulty of getting into touch with the Indians.</p> +<p>Upon assuming command of the Department of Kansas, General +Hunter took full cognizance of the many things making for +disquietude and turmoil in the country now under his jurisdiction. +Indian relations became, of necessity, matters of prime concern. +Three things bear witness to this fact, Hunter's plans for an +inter-tribal council at Fort Leavenworth, his own headquarters; his +advocacy of Indian enlistment, especially from among the southern +Indians; and his intention, early avowed, of bringing +Brigadier-general James W. Denver into military prominence and of +entrusting to him the supervisory command in Kansas. In some +respects, no man could have been found equal to Denver in +conspicuous fitness for such a position. He had served as +commissioner of Indian affairs<a id="footnotetag147" name= +"footnotetag147"></a><a href="#footnote147"><sup>147</sup></a> +under Buchanan and, although a Virginian by birth, had had a large +experience with frontier life—in Missouri, in the Southwest +during the Mexican War, and in California. He had also measured +swords with Lane. It was in squatter-sovereignty days when, first +as secretary and then as governor of Kansas Territory, he had been +in a position to become intimately acquainted with the intricacies +of Lane's true character and had had both occasion and opportunity +to oppose some of that worthy's autocratic and thoroughly +lawless</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote145" name= +"footnote145"></a><b>Footnote 145:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag145">(return)</a> +<p><i>Daily Conservative</i>, November 17, 1861.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote146" name= +"footnote146"></a><b>Footnote 146:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag146">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., November 23,1861.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote147" name= +"footnote147"></a><b>Footnote 147:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag147">(return)</a> +<p>Denver was twice appointed Commissioner of Indian Affairs by +Buchanan. For details as to his official career, see +<i>Biographical Congressional Directory</i>, 499, and Robinson, +<i>Kansas Conflict</i>, 424.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page71" id="page71"></a>[pg +71]</span> +<p>maneuvers.<a id="footnotetag148" name= +"footnotetag148"></a><a href="#footnote148"><sup>148</sup></a> As +events turned out, this very acquaintance with Lane constituted his +political unfitness for the control that Hunter,<a id= +"footnotetag149" name="footnotetag149"></a><a href= +"#footnote149"><sup>149</sup></a> in December, and Halleck,<a id= +"footnotetag150" name="footnotetag150"></a><a href= +"#footnote150"><sup>150</sup></a> in the following March, designed +to give him. With the second summons to command, came opportunity +for Lane's vindictive animosity to be called into play. +Historically, it furnished conclusive proof, if any were needed, +that Lane had supreme power over the distribution of Federal +patronage in his own state and exercised that power even at the +cost of the well-being and credit of his constituency.</p> +<p>When Congress began its second session in December, the fight +against Lane for possession of his seat in the Senate proceeded +apace; but that did not, in the least, deter him from working for +his brigade. His scheme now was to have it organized on a different +footing from that which it had sustained heretofore. His influence +with the administration in Washington was still very peculiar and +very considerable, so much so, in fact, that President Lincoln, +without taking expert advice and without consulting either the +military men, whose authority would necessarily be affected, or the +civil officials in Kansas, nominated him to the Senate as +brigadier-general to have charge of troops in that state.<a id= +"footnotetag151" name="footnotetag151"></a><a href= +"#footnote151"><sup>151</sup></a> Secretary Cameron was absent from +the city</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote148" name= +"footnote148"></a><b>Footnote 148:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag148">(return)</a> +<p>Robinson, <i>op. cit</i>., 378 ff., 424 ff.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote149" name= +"footnote149"></a><b>Footnote 149:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag149">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. viii, 456.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote150" name= +"footnote150"></a><b>Footnote 150:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag150">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 832.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote151" name= +"footnote151"></a><b>Footnote 151:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag151">(return)</a> +<p>The Leavenworth <i>Daily Conservative</i> seemed fairly jubilant +over the prospect of Lane's early return to military activity. The +following extracts from its news items and editorials convey some +such idea:</p> +<p>"General Lane of Kansas has been nominated to the Senate and +unanimously confirmed, as Brigadier General, to command Kansas +troops; the express understanding being that General Lane's seat in +the Senate shall not be vacated until he accepts his new +commission, which he will not do until the Legislature of Kansas +assembles, next month. He has no idea of doing anything that shall +oblige Governor Robinson and his appointee (Stanton) (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page72" id="page72"></a>[pg +72]</span> +<p>at the time this was done and apparently, when apprised of it, +made some objections on the score, not so much of an invasion of +his own prerogative, as of its probable effect upon Hunter. Cameron +had his first consultation with Lane regarding the matter, January +second, and was given by him to understand that everything had been +done in strict accordance with Hunter's own wishes.<a id= +"footnotetag152" name="footnotetag152"></a><a href= +"#footnote152"><sup>152</sup></a> The practical question of the +relation of Lane's brigade to Hunter's command soon, however, +presented itself in a somewhat different light and its answer +required a more explicit statement from the president than had yet +been made. Lincoln, when appealed to, unhesitatingly repudiated +every suggestion of the idea that it had ever been his intention to +give Lane an independent command or to have Hunter, in any sense, +superseded.<a id="footnotetag153" name= +"footnotetag153"></a><a href="#footnote153"><sup>153</sup></a></p> +<p>The need for sending relief to the southern Indians, which, +correctly interpreted meant, of course, reasserting authority over +them and thus removing a menacing and impending danger from the +Kansas border, had been one of Lane's strongest arguments in +gaining his way with the administration. The larger aspect of his +purpose was, however, the one that appealed to Commissioner Dole, +who, as head of the Indian Bureau, seems fully to have appreciated +the responsibility that</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 151:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag151">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) who has been in waiting for several months to take the +place."—<i>Daily Conservative</i>, January 1, 1862.</p> +<p>"Rejoicing in Neosho Battalion over report that Lane appointed +to command Kansas troops."—<i>Ibid</i>., January 4, 1862.</p> +<p>"General Lane will soon be here and General Denver called to +another command."—<i>Ibid</i>., January 7, 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote152" name= +"footnote152"></a><b>Footnote 152:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag152">(return)</a> +<p>Cameron to Hunter, January 3, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, +vol. liii, supplement, 512-513.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote153" name= +"footnote153"></a><b>Footnote 153:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag153">(return)</a> +<p>Martin F. Conway, the Kansas representative in Congress, was +under no misapprehension as to Lane's true position; for Lincoln +had told him personally that Lane was to be under Hunter [<i>Daily +Conservative</i>, February 6, 1862].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page73" id="page73"></a>[pg +73]</span> +<p>assuredly rested in all honor upon the government, whether +conscious of it or not, to protect its wards in their lives and +property. From the first intimation given him of Lane's desire for +a more energetic procedure, Dole showed a willingness to +coöperate; and, as many things were demanding his personal +attention in the West, he so timed a journey of his own that it +might be possible for him to assist in getting together the Indian +contingent that was to form a part of the "Southern +Expedition."<a id="footnotetag154" name= +"footnotetag154"></a><a href="#footnote154"><sup>154</sup></a></p> +<p>The urgency of the Indian call for help<a id="footnotetag155" +name="footnotetag155"></a><a href="#footnote155"><sup>155</sup></a> +and the</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote154" name= +"footnote154"></a><b>Footnote 154:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag154">(return)</a> +<p>Lane's expedition was variously referred to as "the Southern +Expedition," "the Cherokee Expedition," "the great jayhawking +expedition," and by many another name, more or less +opprobrious.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote155" name= +"footnote155"></a><b>Footnote 155:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag155">(return)</a> +<p>Representations of the great need of the Indians for assistance +were made to the government by all sorts of people. Agent after +agent wrote to the Indian Office. The Reverend Evan Jones wrote +repeatedly and on the second of January had sent information, +brought to him at Lawrence by two fugitive Cherokees, of the recent +battle in which the loyalists under Opoethle-yo-ho-la had been +worsted, at the Big Bend of the Arkansas [Indian Office Special +Files, no. 201, <i>Southern Superintendency</i>, J 540 of 1862]. In +the early winter, a mixed delegation of Creeks and others had made +their way to Washington, hoping by personal entreaty to obtain +succor for their distressed people, and justice. Hunter had issued +a draft for their individual relief [<i>ibid</i>., J523 of 1861], +and passes from Fort Leavenworth to Washington [<i>ibid</i>., C1433 +of 1861]. It was not so easy for them to get passes coming back. +Application was made to the War Department and referred back to the +Interior [<i>ibid</i>., A 434 of 1861]. The estimate, somewhat +inaccurately footed up, of the total expense of the return journey +as submitted by agents Cutler and Carruth was,</p> +<pre> +"11 R.R. Tickets to Fort Leavenworth by way of New York City +$48 $ 528.00 +11 men $2 ea (incidental expenses) 22.00 +2 1/2 wks board at Washington $5 137.50 +Expenses from Leavenworth to Ind. Nat 50.00 +Pay of Tecumseh for taking care of horses 25.00 + ————— +[<i>Ibid</i>., C 1433 of 1861]. $ 960.50" +</pre> +<p>Dole had not encouraged the delegation to come on to Washington. +He pleaded lack of funds and the wish that they would wait in Fort +Leavenworth and attend Hunter's inter-tribal council so that they +might go back to their people carrying definite messages of what +was to be done (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page74" id="page74"></a>[pg +74]</span> +<p>evident readiness of the government to make answer to that call +before it was quite too late pointed auspiciously to a successful +outcome for Senator Lane's endeavors; but, unfortunately, +Major-general Hunter had not been sufficiently counted with. Hunter +had previously shown much sympathy for the Indians in their +distress<a id="footnotetag156" name="footnotetag156"></a><a href= +"#footnote156"><sup>156</sup></a> and also a realization of the +strategic importance</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 155:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag155">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) [Indian Office <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 67, p. 107]. Dole +had been forwarned of their intention to appear in Washington by +the following letter:</p> +<p>FORT LEAVENWORTH KAN., Nov. 23rd 1861.<br /> +HON WM.P. DOLE, Com. Indian Affs.</p> +<p>Sir: On my arrival in St. Louis I found Gen'l Hunter at the +Planters House and delivered the message to him that you had placed +in my hands for that purpose. He seemed fully satisfied with your +letter and has acted on it accordingly. I recd from Gen'l Hunter a +letter for Mr. Cutler, and others of this place, all of which I +have delivered. Having found Cutler here, he having been ordered by +Lane to move the council from Leroy to Fort Scott. But from some +cause (which I have not learned) he has brought the chiefs all here +to the Fort, where they are now quartered awaiting the arrival of +Gen'l Hunter. He has with him six of the head chiefs of the Creek, +Seminole and Cherokee Nations, and tells me that they are strong +for the Union. He also says that John Ross (Cherokee) is all right +but dare not let it be known, and that he will be here if he can +get away from the tribe.</p> +<p>These chiefs all say they want to fight for the Union, and that +they will do so if they can get arms and ammunition. Gen'l Hunter +has ordered me to await his arrival here at which time he will +council with these men, and report to you the result. I think he +will be here on Tuesday or Wednesday. Cutler wants to take the +Indians to Washington, but I advised him not to do so until I could +hear from you. When I met him here he was on his way there.</p> +<p>You had better write to him here as soon as you get this, or you +will see him there pretty soon.</p> +<p>I have nothing more to write now but will write in a day or +two.</p> +<p>Yours Truly R.W. DOLE.</p> +<p>P.S. Coffin is at home sick, but will be here soon. Branch is at +St. Joe but would not come over with me, cause, too buissie to +attend to business.</p> +<p>[Indian Office Special Files, no 201, <i>Southern +Superintendency</i>, D 410 of 1861].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote156" name= +"footnote156"></a><b>Footnote 156:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag156">(return)</a> +<p>In part proof of this take his letter to Adjutant-general +Thomas, January 15, 1862.</p> +<p>"On my arrival here in November last I telegraphed for +permission to (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page75" id="page75"></a>[pg +75]</span> +<p>of Indian Territory. Some other explanation, therefore, must be +found for the opposition he advanced to Lane's project as soon as +it was brought to his notice. It had been launched without his +approval having been explicitly sought and almost under false +pretences.<a id="footnotetag157" name="footnotetag157"></a><a href= +"#footnote157"><sup>157</sup></a> Then, too, Lane's bumptiousness, +after he had accomplished his object, was naturally very +irritating. But, far above every other reason, personal or +professional, that Hunter had for objecting to a command conducted +by Lane was the identical one that Halleck,<a id="footnotetag158" +name="footnotetag158"></a><a href="#footnote158"><sup>158</sup></a> +Robinson, and many another shared with him, a wholesome repugnance +to such marauding<a id="footnotetag159" name= +"footnotetag159"></a><a href="#footnote159"><sup>159</sup></a> as +Lane had permitted his men to indulge in in the autumn. It was to +be feared that Indians under Lane would inevitably revert to +savagery. There would be no one to put any restraint upon them and +their natural instincts would be given free play. Conceivably then, +it was not mere supersensitiveness and pettiness of spirit that +moved General Hunter to take exception to Lane's appointment but +regard for the honor of his profession, perchance, also, a certain +feeling of personal dignity that</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 156:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag156">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) muster a Brigade of Kansas Indians into the service of +the United States, to assist the friendly Creek Indians in +maintaining their loyalty. Had this permission been promptly +granted, I have every reason to believe that the present disastrous +state of affairs, in the Indian country west of Arkansas, could +have been avoided. I now again respectfully repeat my +request."—Indian Office General Files, <i>Southern +Superintendency</i>, 1859-1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote157" name= +"footnote157"></a><b>Footnote 157:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag157">(return)</a> +<p>To the references given in Abel, <i>The American Indian as +Slaveholder and Secessionist</i>, add Thomas to Hunter, January 24, +1862, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. viii, 525.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote158" name= +"footnote158"></a><b>Footnote 158:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag158">(return)</a> +<p>The St. Louis <i>Republican</i> credited Halleck with +characterizing Hunter's command, indiscriminately, as "marauders, +bandits, and outlaws" [<i>Daily Conservative</i>, February 7, +1862]. In a letter to Lincoln, January 6, 1862, Halleck said some +pretty plain truths about Lane [<i>Official Records</i>, vol. vii, +532-533]. He would probably have had the same objection to the use +of Indians that he had to the use of negroes in warfare [<i>Daily +Conservative</i>, May 23, 1862, quoting from the Chicago +<i>Tribune</i>].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote159" name= +"footnote159"></a><b>Footnote 159:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag159">(return)</a> +<p>On marauding by Lane's brigade, see McClellan to Stanton, +February 11, 1862 [<i>Official Records</i>, vol. viii, +552-553].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page76" id="page76"></a>[pg +76]</span> +<p>legitimately resented executive interference with his rights. +His protest had its effect and he was informed that it was entirely +within his prerogative to lead the expedition southward himself. He +resolved to do it. Lane was, for once, outwitted.</p> +<p>The end, however, was not yet. About the middle of January, +Stanton became Secretary of War and soon let it be known that he, +too, had views on the subject of Indian enlistment. As a matter of +fact, he refused to countenance it.<a id="footnotetag160" name= +"footnotetag160"></a><a href="#footnote160"><sup>160</sup></a> The +disappointment was the most keen for Commissioner Dole. Since long +before the day when Secretary Smith had announced<a id= +"footnotetag161" name="footnotetag161"></a><a href= +"#footnote161"><sup>161</sup></a> to him that the Department of War +was contemplating the employment of four thousand Indians in its +service, he had hoped for some means of rescuing the southern +tribes from the Confederate alliance and now all plans had come to +naught. And yet the need for strenuous action of some sort had +never been so great.<a id="footnotetag162" name= +"footnotetag162"></a><a href="#footnote162"><sup>162</sup></a> +Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la and his defeated followers were refugees on the +Verdigris, imploring help to relieve their present</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote160" name= +"footnote160"></a><b>Footnote 160:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag160">(return)</a> +<p>Note this series of telegrams [Indian Office Special Files, no. +201, <i>Southern Superintendency</i>, D 576 of 1862]:</p> +<p>"Secretary of War is unwilling to put Indians in the army. Is to +consult with President and settle it today."—SMITH to Dole, +February 6, 1862.</p> +<p>"President cant attend to business now. Sickness in the family. +No arrangements can be made now. Make necessary arrangements for +relief of Indians. I will send communication to Congress +today."—Same to Same, February 11, 1862.</p> +<p>"Go on and supply the destitute Indians. Congress will supply +the means. War Department will not organize them."—Same to +Same, February 14, 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote161" name= +"footnote161"></a><b>Footnote 161:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag161">(return)</a> +<p>Smith to Dole, January 3, 1862 [Indian Office Special Files, no. +201, <i>Central Superintendency</i>, I 531 of 1862; Commissioner of +Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, p. 150].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote162" name= +"footnote162"></a><b>Footnote 162:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag162">(return)</a> +<p>On the second of January, Agent Cutler wired from Leavenworth to +Dole, "Heopothleyohola with four thousand warriors is in the field +and needs help badly. Secession Creeks are deserting him. Hurry up +Lane."—Indian Office Special Files, no. 201, <i>Southern +Superintendency</i>, C 1443 of 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page77" id="page77"></a>[pg +77]</span> +<p>necessities and to enable them to return betimes to their own +country.<a id="footnotetag163" name="footnotetag163"></a><a href= +"#footnote163"><sup>163</sup></a> Moreover, Indians of northern +antecedents and sympathies were exhibiting unwonted enthusiasm for +the cause<a id="footnotetag164" name="footnotetag164"></a><a href= +"#footnote164"><sup>164</sup></a> and it seemed hard to have to +repel them. Dole was, nevertheless, compelled to do it. On the +eleventh of February, he countermanded the orders he had issued to +Superintendent Coffin and thus a temporary quietus was put upon the +whole affair of the Indian Expedition.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote163" name= +"footnote163"></a><b>Footnote 163:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag163">(return)</a> +<p>Their plea was expressed most strongly in the course of an +interview which Dole had with representatives of the Loyal Creeks +and Seminoles, Iowas and Delawares, February 1, 1862. Robert +Burbank, the Iowa agent, was there. White Cloud acted as +interpreter [<i>Daily Conservative</i>, February 2, 1862].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote164" name= +"footnote164"></a><b>Footnote 164:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag164">(return)</a> +<p>Some of these had been provoked to a desire for war by the +inroads of Missourians. Weas, Piankeshaws, Peorias, and Miamies, +awaiting the return of Dole from the interior of Kansas, said, +"they were for peace but the Missourians had not left them alone" +[<i>ibid</i>., February 9, 1862].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page78" id="page78"></a>[pg +78]</span> +<hr /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page79" id="page79"></a>[pg +79]</span> +<h2>III. THE INDIAN REFUGEES IN SOUTHERN KANSAS</h2> +<p>The thing that would most have justified the military employment +of Indians by the United States government, in the winter of 1862, +was the fact that hundreds and thousands of their southern brethren +were then refugees because of their courageous and unswerving +devotion to the American Union. The tale of those refugees, of +their wanderings, their deprivations, their sufferings, and their +wrongs, comparable only to that of the Belgians in the Great +European War of 1914, is one of the saddest to relate, and one of +the most disgraceful, in the history of the War of Secession, in +its border phase.</p> +<p>The first in the long procession of refugees were those of the +army of Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la who, after their final defeat by Colonel +James McIntosh in the Battle of Chustenahlah, December 26, 1861, +had fled up the valley of the Verdigris River and had entered +Kansas near Walnut Creek. In scattered lines, with hosts of +stragglers, the enfeebled, the aged, the weary, and the sick, they +had crossed the Cherokee Strip and the Osage Reservation and, +heading steadily towards the northeast, had finally encamped on the +outermost edge of the New York Indian Lands, on Fall River, some +sixty odd miles west of Humboldt. Those lands, never having been +accepted as an equivalent for their Wisconsin holdings by the +Iroquois, were not occupied throughout their entire extent by +Indians and only here and there</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page80" id="page80"></a>[pg +80]</span> +<p>encroached upon by white intruders, consequently the +impoverished and greatly fatigued travellers encountered no +obstacles in settling themselves down to rest and to wait for a +much needed replenishment of their resources.</p> +<p>Their coming was expected. On their way northward, they had +fallen in, at some stage of the journey, with some buffalo hunters, +Sacs and Foxes of the Mississippi, returning to their reservation, +which lay some distance north of Burlington and chiefly in present +Osage County, Kansas. To them the refugees reported their recent +tragic experience. The Sacs and Foxes were most sympathetic and, +after relieving the necessities of the refugees as best they could, +hurried on ahead, imparting the news, in their turn, to various +white people whom they met. In due course it reached General +Denver, still supervising affairs in Kansas, and William G. Coffin, +the southern superintendent.<a id="footnotetag165" name= +"footnotetag165"></a><a href="#footnote165"><sup>165</sup></a> It +was the first time, since his appointment the spring before, that +Coffin had had any prospect of getting in touch with any +considerable number of his charges and he must have welcomed the +chance of now really earning his salary. He ordered all of the +agents under him—and some<a id="footnotetag166" name= +"footnotetag166"></a><a href="#footnote166"><sup>166</sup></a> of +them had not previously entered officially upon their +duties—to assemble at Fort Roe, on the Verdigris, and be +prepared to take charge of their</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote165" name= +"footnote165"></a><b>Footnote 165:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag165">(return)</a> +<p>These facts were obtained chiefly from a letter, not strictly +accurate as to some of its details, written by Superintendent +Coffin to Dole, January 15, 1862 [Indian Office Special Files, no. +201, <i>Southern Superintendency</i>, C 1474 of 1862].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote166" name= +"footnote166"></a><b>Footnote 166:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag166">(return)</a> +<p>For instance, William P. Davis, who had been appointed Seminole +Agent, despairing of ever reaching his post, had gone into the army +[Dole to John S. Davis of New Albany, Indiana, April 5, 1862, +Indian Office <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 68, p. 39]. George C. Snow of +Parke County, Indiana, was appointed in his stead [Dole to Snow, +January 13, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., no. 67, p. 243].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page81" id="page81"></a>[pg +81]</span> +<p>several contingents; for the refugees, although chiefly Creeks, +were representative of nearly every one of the non-indigenous +tribes of Indian Territory.</p> +<p>It is not an easy matter to say, with any show of approach to +exact figures, how many the refugees numbered.<a id= +"footnotetag167" name="footnotetag167"></a><a href= +"#footnote167"><sup>167</sup></a> For weeks and weeks, they were +almost continually coming in and even the very first reports bear +suspicious signs of the exaggeration that became really notorious +as graft and peculation entered more and more into the reckoning. +Apparently, all those who, in ever so slight a degree, handled the +relief funds, except, perhaps, the army men, were interested in +making the numbers appear as large as possible. The larger the need +represented, the larger the sum that might, with propriety, be +demanded and the larger the opportunity for graft. Settlers, +traders, and some government agents were, in this respect, all +culpable together.</p> +<p>There was no possibility of mistake, however, intentional or +otherwise, about the destitution of the refugees. It was +inconceivably horrible. The winter weather of late December and +early January had been most inclement and the Indians had trudged +through it, over snow-covered, rocky, trailless places and desolate +prairie, nigh three hundred miles. When they started out, they were +not any too well provided with clothing; for they had departed in a +hurry, and, before they got to Fall River, not a few of them were +absolutely naked. They had practically no tents, no bed-coverings, +and no provisions. Dr. A.B. Campbell, a surgeon sent out by General +Hunter,<a id="footnotetag168" name="footnotetag168"></a><a href= +"#footnote168"><sup>168</sup></a> had reached them</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote167" name= +"footnote167"></a><b>Footnote 167:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag167">(return)</a> +<p>Compare the statistics given in the following: Commissioner of +Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1861, p. 151; 1862, pp. 137, 157; +Indian Office Special Files, no. 201, <i>Southern +Superintendency</i>, C 1525 of 1862; General Files, <i>Southern +Superintendency</i>, C 1602 of 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote168" name= +"footnote168"></a><b>Footnote 168:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag168">(return)</a> +<p>The army furnished the first relief that reached them. In its +issue (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page82" id="page82"></a>[pg +82]</span> +<p>towards the end of January and their condition was then so bad, +so wretched that it was impossible for him to depict it. Prairie +grasses were "their only protection from the snow" upon which they +were lying "and from the wind and weather scraps and rags stretched +upon switches." Ho-go-bo-foh-yah, the second Creek chief, was ill +with a fever and "his tent (to give it that name) was no larger +than a small blanket stretched over a switch ridge pole, two feet +from the ground, and did not reach it by a foot from the ground on +either side of him." Campbell further said that the refugees were +greatly in need of medical assistance. They were suffering "with +inflammatory diseases of the chest, throat, and eyes." Many had +"their toes frozen off," others, "their feet wounded." But few had +"either shoes or moccasins." Dead horses were lying around in every +direction and the sanitary conditions were so bad that the food was +contaminated and the newly-arriving refugees became sick as soon as +they ate.<a id="footnotetag169" name="footnotetag169"></a><a href= +"#footnote169"><sup>169</sup></a></p> +<p>Other details of their destitution were furnished by Coffin's +son who was acting as his clerk and who was among the first to +attempt alleviation of their misery.<a id="footnotetag170" name= +"footnotetag170"></a><a href="#footnote170"><sup>170</sup></a> As +far as relief went, however, the supply was so out of proportion to +the demand that there was never any time that spring when it could +be said that they were fairly comfortable and their ordinary wants +satisfied. Campbell frankly admitted that he "selected the nakedest +of the naked" and doled out to them the few articles he</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 168:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag168">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) of January 18, 1862, the <i>Daily Conservative</i> has +this to say: "The Kansas Seventh has been ordered to move to +Humboldt, Allen Co. to give relief to Refugees encamped on Fall +River. Lt. Col. Chas. T. Clark, 1st Battalion, Kansas Tenth, is now +at Humboldt and well acquainted with the conditions."</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote169" name= +"footnote169"></a><b>Footnote 169:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag169">(return)</a> +<p>Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, pp. +151-152.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote170" name= +"footnote170"></a><b>Footnote 170:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag170">(return)</a> +<p>O.S. Coffin to William G. Coffin, January 26, 1862, Indian +Office Special Files, no. 201, <i>Southern Superintendency</i>, C +1506 of 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page83" id="page83"></a>[pg +83]</span> +<p>had. When all was gone, how pitiful it must have been for him to +see the "hundreds of anxious faces" for whom there was nothing! +Captain Turner, from Hunter's commissary department, had similar +experiences. According to him, the refugees were "in want of every +necessary of life." That was his report the eleventh of +February.<a id="footnotetag171" name="footnotetag171"></a><a href= +"#footnote171"><sup>171</sup></a> On the fifteenth of February, the +army stopped giving supplies altogether and the refugees were +thrown back entirely upon the extremely limited resources of the +southern superintendency.</p> +<p>Dole<a id="footnotetag172" name="footnotetag172"></a><a href= +"#footnote172"><sup>172</sup></a> had had warning from Hunter<a id= +"footnotetag173" name="footnotetag173"></a><a href= +"#footnote173"><sup>173</sup></a> that such would have to be the +case and had done his best to be prepared for the emergency. +Secretary Smith authorized expenditure for relief in advance of +congressional appropriation, but that simply increased the moral +obligation to practice economy and, with hundreds of loyal Indians +on the brink of starvation,<a id="footnotetag174" name= +"footnotetag174"></a><a href="#footnote174"><sup>174</sup></a> it +was no</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote171" name= +"footnote171"></a><b>Footnote 171:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag171">(return)</a> +<p>Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, pp. +152-154.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote172" name= +"footnote172"></a><b>Footnote 172:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag172">(return)</a> +<p>Dole had an interview with the Indians immediately upon his +arrival in Kansas [Moore, <i>Rebellion Record</i>, vol. iv, 59-60, +Doc. 21].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote173" name= +"footnote173"></a><b>Footnote 173:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag173">(return)</a> +<p>Hunter to Dole, February 6, 1862, forwarded by Edward Wolcott to +Mix, February 10, 1862 [Indian Office General Files, <i>Southern +Superintendency</i>, 1859-1862, W 513 and D 576 of 1862; +Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, p. 150].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote174" name= +"footnote174"></a><b>Footnote 174:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag174">(return)</a> +<p>Agent G.C. Snow reported, February 13, 1862, on the utter +destitution of the Seminoles [Indian Office General Files, +<i>Seminole</i>, 1858-1869] and, on the same day, Coffin +[<i>ibid</i>., <i>Southern Superintendency</i>, 1859-1862, C 1526] +to the same effect about the refugees as a whole. They were coming +in, he said, about twenty to sixty a day. The "destitution, misery +and suffering amongst them is beyond the power of any pen to +portray, it must be seen to be realised—there are now here +over two thousand men, women, and children entirely barefooted and +more than that number that have not rags enough to hide their +nakedness, many have died and they are constantly dying. I should +think at a rough guess that from 12 to 15 hundred dead Ponies are +laying around in the camp and in the river. On this account so soon +as the weather gets a little warm, a removal of this camp will be +indespensable, there are perhaps now two thousand Ponies living, +they are very poor and many of them must die before grass comes +which we expect here from the first to the 10th of March. We are +issuing a little corn to (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page84" id="page84"></a>[pg +84]</span> +<p>time for economy. The inadequacy of the Indian service and the +inefficiency of the Federal never showed up more plainly, to the +utter discredit of the nation, than at this period and in this +connection.</p> +<p>Besides getting permission from Secretary Smith to go ahead and +supply the more pressing needs of the refugees, Dole accomplished +another thing greatly to their interest. He secured from the staff +of General Lane a special agent, Dr. William Kile of +Illinois,<a id="footnotetag175" name="footnotetag175"></a><a href= +"#footnote175"><sup>175</sup></a> who had formerly been a business +partner of his own<a id="footnotetag176" name= +"footnotetag176"></a><a href="#footnote176"><sup>176</sup></a> and, +like Superintendent Coffin, his more or less intimate friend. +Kile's particular duty as special agent was to be the purchasing of +supplies for the refugees<a id="footnotetag177" name= +"footnotetag177"></a><a href="#footnote177"><sup>177</sup></a> and +he at once visited their encampment in order the better to +determine their requirements. His investigations more than +corroborated the earlier accounts of their sufferings and +privations and his appointment under the circumstances seemed fully +justified, notwithstanding that on the surface of things it +appeared very suggestive of a near approach to nepotism, and of +nepotism Dole, Coffin, and many others were unquestionably guilty. +They worked into the service just as many of their own relatives +and friends as they conveniently and safely could. The official +pickings were considered by them as their proper perquisites. +"'Twas ever thus" in American politics, city, county, state, and +national.</p> +<p>The Indian encampment upon the occasion of</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 174:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag174">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) the Indians and they are feeding them a little...." See +also Moore, <i>Rebellion Record</i>, vol. iv, 30.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote175" name= +"footnote175"></a><b>Footnote 175:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag175">(return)</a> +<p>Dole was from Illinois also, from Edgar County; Coffin was from +Indiana [Indian Office Miscellaneous Records, no. 8, p. 432].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote176" name= +"footnote176"></a><b>Footnote 176:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag176">(return)</a> +<p><i>Daily Conservative</i>, February 8, 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote177" name= +"footnote177"></a><b>Footnote 177:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag177">(return)</a> +<p>Indian Office Consolidated Files, <i>Southern +Superintendency</i>, D 576 of 1862; <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 67, pp. +450-452.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page85" id="page85"></a>[pg +85]</span> +<p>Kile's<a id="footnotetag178" name="footnotetag178"></a><a href= +"#footnote178"><sup>178</sup></a> visit was no longer on Fall +River. Gradually, since first discovered, the main body of the +refugees had moved forward within the New York Indian Lands to the +Verdigris River and had halted in the neighborhood of Fort Roe, +where the government agents had received them; but smaller or +larger groups, chiefly of the sick and their friends, were +scattered all along the way from Walnut Creek.<a id= +"footnotetag179" name="footnotetag179"></a><a href= +"#footnote179"><sup>179</sup></a> Some of the very belated exiles +were as far westward as the Arkansas, over a hundred miles distant. +Obviously, the thing to do first was to get them all together in +one place. There were reasons why the Verdigris Valley was a most +desirable location for the refugees. Only a very few white people +were settled there and, as they were intruders and had not a shadow +of legal claim to the land upon which they had squatted, any +objections that they might make to the presence of the Indians +could be ignored.<a id="footnotetag180" name= +"footnotetag180"></a><a href="#footnote180"><sup>180</sup></a></p> +<p>For a few days, therefore, all efforts were directed, at large +expense, towards converting the Verdigris Valley, in the vicinity +of Fort Roe, into a concentration camp; but no precautions were +taken against allowing unhygienic conditions to arise. The Indians +themselves were much diseased. They had few opportunities for +personal cleanliness and less ambition. Some of the food doled out +to them was stuff that the army had condemned and rejected as unfit +for use. They were emaciated, sick, discouraged. Finally, with</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote178" name= +"footnote178"></a><b>Footnote 178:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag178">(return)</a> +<p>Indian Office Land Files, 1855-1870, <i>Southern +Superintendency</i>, K 107 of 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote179" name= +"footnote179"></a><b>Footnote 179:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag179">(return)</a> +<p>Some had wandered to the Cottonwood and were camped there in +great destitution. Their chief food was hominy [<i>Daily +Conservative</i>, February 14, 1862].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote180" name= +"footnote180"></a><b>Footnote 180:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag180">(return)</a> +<p>For an account of the controversy over the settlement of the New +York Indian Lands, see Abel, <i>Indian Reservations in Kansas and +the Extinguishment of their Title</i>, 13-14.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page86" id="page86"></a>[pg +86]</span> +<p>the February thaw, came a situation that soon proved +intolerable. The "stench arising from dead ponies, about two +hundred of which were in the stream and throughout the camp,"<a id= +"footnotetag181" name="footnotetag181"></a><a href= +"#footnote181"><sup>181</sup></a> unburied, made removal +imperatively necessary.</p> +<p>The Neosho Valley around about Leroy presented itself as a +likely place, very convenient for the distributing agents, and was +next selected. Its advantages and disadvantages seemed about equal +and had all been anticipated and commented upon by Captain +Turner.<a id="footnotetag182" name="footnotetag182"></a><a href= +"#footnote182"><sup>182</sup></a> It was near the source of +supplies—and that was an item very much to be considered, +since transportation charges, extraordinarily high in normal times +were just now exorbitant, and the relief funds very, very limited. +No appropriation by Congress had yet been made although one had +been applied for.<a id="footnotetag183" name= +"footnotetag183"></a><a href="#footnote183"><sup>183</sup></a> The +great disadvantage of the location was the presence of white +settlers and they objected, as well they might, to the near +proximity of the inevitable disease and filth and, strangely +enough, more than anything else, to the destruction of the timber, +which they had so carefully husbanded. The concentration on the +Neosho had not been fully accomplished when the pressure from the +citizens became so great that Superintendent Coffin felt obliged to +plan for yet another removal. Again the sympathy of the Sacs and +Foxes of Mississippi manifested itself and most opportunely. Their +reservation</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote181" name= +"footnote181"></a><b>Footnote 181:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag181">(return)</a> +<p>Annual Report of Superintendent Coffin, October 15, 1862, +Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, p. 136. +Compare with Coffin's account given in a letter to Dole, February +13, 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote182" name= +"footnote182"></a><b>Footnote 182:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag182">(return)</a> +<p>February 11, 1862, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, +<i>Report</i>, 1862, p. 153; Indian Office Special Files, no. 201, +<i>Southern Superintendency</i>, D 576 of 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote183" name= +"footnote183"></a><b>Footnote 183:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag183">(return)</a> +<p><i>Congressional Globe</i>, 37th congress, second session, part +I, pp. 815, 849. Dole's letter to Smith, January 31, 1862, +describing the destitution of the refugees, was read in the Senate, +February 14, 1862, in support of joint resolution S. no. 49, for +their relief.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page87" id="page87"></a>[pg +87]</span> +<p>lay about twenty-five miles to the northward and they generously +offered it as an asylum.<a id="footnotetag184" name= +"footnotetag184"></a><a href="#footnote184"><sup>184</sup></a> But +the Indians balked. They were homesick, disgusted with official +mismanagement<a id="footnotetag185" name= +"footnotetag185"></a><a href="#footnote185"><sup>185</sup></a> and +indecision, and determined to go no farther. They complained +bitterly of the treatment that they had received at the hands of +Superintendent Coffin and of Agent Cutler and, in a stirring +appeal<a id="footnotetag186" name="footnotetag186"></a><a href= +"#footnote186"><sup>186</sup></a> to President Lincoln, set forth +their injuries, their grievances, and their incontestable claim +upon a presumably just and merciful government.<a id= +"footnotetag187" name="footnotetag187"></a><a href= +"#footnote187"><sup>187</sup></a></p> +<p>The Indians were not alone in their rebellious attitude. There +was mutiny seething, or something very like it, within the ranks of +the agents.<a id="footnotetag188" name= +"footnotetag188"></a><a href="#footnote188"><sup>188</sup></a> E.H. +Carruth</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote184" name= +"footnote184"></a><b>Footnote 184:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag184">(return)</a> +<p>Coffin to Dole, March 28, 1862 [Indian Office Special Files, no. +201, <i>Southern Superintendency</i>, C 1565 of 1862].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote185" name= +"footnote185"></a><b>Footnote 185:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag185">(return)</a> +<p>Mismanagement there most certainly had been. In no other way can +the fact that there was absolutely no amelioration in their +condition be accounted for. Many documents that will be cited in +other connections prove this point and Collamore's letter is of +itself conclusive. George W. Collamore, known best by his courtesy +title of "General," went to Kansas in the critical years before the +war under circumstances, well and interestingly narrated in +Stearns' <i>Life and Public Services of George Luther Stearns</i>, +106-108. He had been agent for the New England Relief Society in +the year of the great drouth, 1860-1861 [<i>Daily Conservative</i>, +October 26, 1861] and had had much to do with Lane, in whose +interests he labored, and who had planned to make him a brigadier +under himself as major-general [Stearns, 246, 251]. He became +quartermaster-general of Kansas [<i>Daily Conservative</i>, March +27, 1862] and in that capacity made, in the company of the Reverend +Evan Jones, a visit of inspection to the refugee encampment. His +discoveries were depressing [<i>ibid</i>., April 10, 1862]. His +report to the government [Indian Office General Files, <i>Southern +Superintendency</i>, C 1602 of 1862] is printed almost +<i>verbatim</i> in Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, +1862, 155-158.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote186" name= +"footnote186"></a><b>Footnote 186:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag186">(return)</a> +<p>Coffin's letter to Dole of April 21, 1862 [Indian Office General +Files, <i>Wichita</i>, 1862-1871, C 1601 of 1862] seems to cast +doubt upon the genuineness of some of the signatures attached to +this appeal and charges Agent Carruth with having been concerned in +making the Indians discontented.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote187" name= +"footnote187"></a><b>Footnote 187:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag187">(return)</a> +<p>Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la and other prominent refugees addressed their +complaints to Dole, March 29, 1862 [Indian Office Land Files, +<i>Southern Superintendency</i>, 1855-1870, O 43 of 1862] and two +days later to President Lincoln, some strong partisan, supposed by +Coffin to be Carruth, acting as scribe.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote188" name= +"footnote188"></a><b>Footnote 188:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag188">(return)</a> +<p>On the way to the Catholic Mission, whither he was going in +order (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page88" id="page88"></a>[pg +88]</span> +<p>who had been so closely associated with Lane in the concoction +of the first plan for the recovery of Indian Territory, was now +figuring as the promoter of a rising sentiment against Coffin and +his minions, who were getting to be pretty numerous. The removal to +the Sac and Fox reservation would mean the getting into closer and +closer touch with Perry Fuller,<a id="footnotetag189" name= +"footnotetag189"></a><a href="#footnote189"><sup>189</sup></a> the +contractor, whose dealings in connection with the Indian refugees +were to become matter, later on, of a notoriety truly disgraceful. +Mistrust of Coffin was yet, however, very vague in expression and +the chief difficulty in effecting the removal from the Neosho lay, +therefore, in the disgruntled state of the refugees, which was due, +in part, to their unalleviated misery and, in part, to domestic</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 188:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag188">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) to coöperate with Agent Elder in negotiating with +the Osages, Coffin heard of "a sneaking conspiracy" that was "on +foot at Iola for the purpose of prejudicing the Indians against us +[himself and Dole, perhaps, or possibly himself and the agents]." +The plotters, so Coffin reported, "sent over the Verdigris for E.H. +Carruth who" was "deep in the plot," which was a scheme to induce +the Indians to lodge complaint against the distributers of relief. +One of the conspirators was a man who had studied law under Lane +and who had wanted a position under Kile. Lane had used his +influence in the man's behalf and the refusal of Coffin to assign +him to a position was supposed to be the cause of all the trouble. +Coffin learned that his enemies had even gone so far as to plan +vacancies in the Indian service and to fill them. They had +"instructed Lane, Pomeroy, and Conway accordingly," leaving +graciously to Lane the choice of superintendent. A Mr. Smith, +correspondent of the Cincinnati <i>Gazette</i> was their accredited +secretary [Coffin to Dole, April 2, 1862, Indian Office +Consolidated Files, <i>Southern Superintendency</i>, C 1571 of +1862].</p> +<p>Further particulars of the disaffection came to Coffin's ears +before long and he recounted them to Dole in a letter of April 9, +1862 [<i>ibid</i>., General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency</i>, +1859-1862].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote189" name= +"footnote189"></a><b>Footnote 189:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag189">(return)</a> +<p>Perry Fuller had been in Kansas since 1854 [U.S. House +<i>Reports</i>, 34th congress, first session, no. 200, p. 8 of +"Testimony"]. The first time that his name is intimately used in +the correspondence, relative to the affairs of the refugees, is in +a letter from Kile to Dole, March 29, 1862 [Indian Office +Consolidated Files, <i>Southern Superintendency</i>, K 113 of 1862, +which also makes mention of the great unwillingness of the Indians +to move to the Sac and Fox reservation.]</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page89" id="page89"></a>[pg +89]</span> +<p>tribal discord. There was a quarrel among them over leadership, +the election of Ock-tah-har-sas Harjo as principal chief having +aroused strong antagonistic feeling among the friends of +Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la.<a id="footnotetag190" name= +"footnotetag190"></a><a href="#footnote190"><sup>190</sup></a> +Moreover, dissatisfaction against their agent steadily increased +and they asked for the substitution of Carruth; but he, being +satisfied with his assignment to the Wichitas,<a id= +"footnotetag191" name="footnotetag191"></a><a href= +"#footnote191"><sup>191</sup></a> had no wish to change.<a id= +"footnotetag192" name="footnotetag192"></a><a href= +"#footnote192"><sup>192</sup></a></p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote190" name= +"footnote190"></a><b>Footnote 190:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag190">(return)</a> +<p>Carruth gave particulars of this matter to Dole, April 20, 1862 +[Indian Office General Files, <i>Wichita</i>, 1862-1871, C 1601 of +1862].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote191" name= +"footnote191"></a><b>Footnote 191:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag191">(return)</a> +<p>Dole to Carruth, March 18, 1862 [Indian Office <i>Letter +Book</i>, no. 67, pp. 493-494].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote192" name= +"footnote192"></a><b>Footnote 192:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag192">(return)</a> +<p>Carruth to Dole, April 10, 1862 [<i>ibid</i>., General Files, +<i>Wichita</i>, 1862-1871, C 1588 of 1862; <i>Letters +Registered</i>, vol. 58].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page90" id="page90"></a>[pg +90]</span> +<hr /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page91" id="page91"></a>[pg +91]</span> +<h2>IV. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE FIRST INDIAN EXPEDITION</h2> +<p>Among the manifold requests put forward by the refugees, none +was so insistent, none so dolefully sincere, as the one for means +to return home. It is a mistake to suppose that the Indian, +traditionally laconic and stoical, is without family affection and +without that noblest of human sentiments, love of country. The +United States government has, indeed, proceeded upon the +supposition that he is destitute of emotions, natural to his more +highly civilized white brother, but its files are full to +overflowing with evidences to the contrary. Everywhere among them +the investigator finds the exile's lament. The red man has been +banished so often from familiar and greatly loved scenes that it is +a wonder he has taken root anywhere and yet he has. Attachment to +the places where the bones of his people lie is with him the most +constant of experiences and his cry for those same sacred places is +all the stronger and the more sorrowful because it has been +persistently ignored by the white man.</p> +<p>The southern Indians had not been so very many years in the +Indian Territory, most of them not more than the span of one +generation, but Indian Territory was none the less home. If the +refugees could only get there again, they were confident all would +be well with them. In Kansas, they were hungry, afflicted with +disease, and dying daily by the score.<a id="footnotetag193" name= +"footnotetag193"></a><a href="#footnote193"><sup>193</sup></a> Once +at home</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote193" name= +"footnote193"></a><b>Footnote 193:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag193">(return)</a> +<p>And yet they did have their amusements. Their days of exile were +not filled altogether with bitterness. Coffin, in a letter to the +(cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page92" id="page92"></a>[pg +92]</span> +<p>all the ills of the flesh would disappear and lost friends be +recovered. The exodus had separated them cruelly from each other. +There were family and tribal encampments within the one large +encampment,<a id="footnotetag194" name= +"footnotetag194"></a><a href="#footnote194"><sup>194</sup></a> it +is true, but there were also widely isolated groups, scattered +indiscriminately across two hundred miles of bleak and lonely +prairie, and no amount of philanthropic effort on the part of the +government agents could mitigate the misery arising therefrom or +bring the groups together. The task had been early abandoned as, +under the circumstances, next to impossible; but the refugees went +on begging for its accomplishment, notwithstanding that they had +neither the physical strength nor the means to render any +assistance themselves. Among them the wail of the bereaved vied in +tragic cadence with the sad inquiry for the missing.</p> +<p>When Dole arrived at Leavenworth the latter part of January, +representatives of the loyal Indians interviewed him and received +assurances, honest and well-meant at the time given, that an early +return to Indian Territory would be made possible. Lane, likewise +interviewed,<a id="footnotetag195" name= +"footnotetag195"></a><a href="#footnote195"><sup>195</sup></a> was +similarly encouraging and had every reason to be; for was not his +Indian brigade in process of formation? Much cheered and even +exhilarated in spirit, the Indians went away to endure and to wait. +They had great confidence in Lane's power to accomplish; but, as +the days and the weeks passed and he did not come, they grew tired +of waiting. The waiting</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 193:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag193">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) <i>Daily Conservative</i>, published April 16, 1862, +gives, besides a rather gruesome account of their diseases, some +interesting details of their camp life.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote194" name= +"footnote194"></a><b>Footnote 194:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag194">(return)</a> +<p>On their division into tribal encampments, see Kile to Dole, +April 10, 1862 [Indian Office General Files, <i>Southern +Superintendency</i>, 1859-1862, K 119 of 1862].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote195" name= +"footnote195"></a><b>Footnote 195:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag195">(return)</a> +<p>They had their interview with Lane at the Planters' House while +they were awaiting the arrival of Dole. Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la (Crazy +Dog) and a Seminole chief, Aluktustenuke (Major Potatoes) were +among them [<i>Daily Conservative</i>, January 28, February 8, +1862].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page93" id="page93"></a>[pg +93]</span> +<hr /> +<div class="figcenter" style="width:100%;"><a href= +"images/093.jpg"><img width="40%" src="images/093.jpg" alt= +"" /></a> +<h4>PORTRAIT OF COLONEL W.A. PHILLIPS</h4> +</div> +<hr /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page94" id="page94"></a>[pg +94]</span> +<hr /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page95" id="page95"></a>[pg +95]</span> +<p>seemed so hopeless to them miserable, so endlessly long. +Primitive as they were, they simply could not understand why the +agents of a great government could not move more expeditiously. The +political and military aspects of the undertaking, involved in +their return home, were unknown to them and, if known, would have +been uncomprehended. Then, too, the vacillation of the government +puzzled them. They became suspicious; for they had become +acquainted, through the experience of long years, with the white +man's bad faith and they had nothing to go upon that would +counteract the influence of earlier distrust. And so it happened, +that, as the weary days passed and Lane's brigade did not +materialize, every grievance that loomed up before them took the +shape of a disappointed longing for home.</p> +<p>So poignant was their grief at the continued delay that they +despaired of ever getting the help promised and began to consider +how they could contrive a return for themselves. And yet, quite +independent of Lane's brigade, there had been more than one +movement initiated in their behalf. The desire to recover lost +ground in Indian Territory, under the pretext of restoring the +fugitives, aroused the fighting instinct of many young men in +southern Kansas and several irregular expeditions were +projected.<a id="footnotetag196" name="footnotetag196"></a><a href= +"#footnote196"><sup>196</sup></a> Needless to say they came to +nothing. In point of fact, they never really developed, but died +almost with the thought. There was no adequate equipment for them +and the longer the delay, the more necessary became equipment; +because after the Battle of Pea Ridge, Pike's brigade had been set +free to operate, if it so willed, on the Indian Territory +border.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote196" name= +"footnote196"></a><b>Footnote 196:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag196">(return)</a> +<p>In addition to those referred to in documents already cited, the +one, projected by Coffin's son and a Captain Brooks, is noteworthy. +It is described in a letter from Coffin to Dole, March 24, +1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page96" id="page96"></a>[pg +96]</span> +<p>Closely following upon the Federal success of March 6 to 8, came +numerous changes and readjustments in the Missouri-Kansas commands; +but they were not so much the result of that success as they were a +part of the general reorganization that was taking place in the +Federal service incident to the more efficient war administration +of Secretary Stanton. By order of March 11, three military +departments were arranged for, the Department of the Potomac under +McClellan, that of the Mountain under Frémont, and that of +the Mississippi under Halleck. The consolidation of Hunter's +Department of Kansas with Halleck's Department of Missouri was thus +provided for and had long been a consummation devoutly to be +wished.<a id="footnotetag197" name="footnotetag197"></a><a href= +"#footnote197"><sup>197</sup></a> Both were naturally parts of the +same organic whole when regarded from a military point of view. +Neither could be operated upon independently of the other. +Moreover, both were infested by political vultures. In both, the +army discipline was, in consequence, bad; that is, if it could be +said to be in existence at all. If anything, Kansas was in a worse +state than Missouri. Her condition, as far as the military forces +were concerned, had not much improved since Hunter first took +command and it was then about the worst that could possibly be +imagined. Major Halpine's description<a id="footnotetag198" name= +"footnotetag198"></a><a href="#footnote198"><sup>198</sup></a> of +it, made by him in his capacity as assistant adjutant-general, +officially to Halleck, is anything but flattering. Hunter was +probably well rid of his job and Halleck, whom Lincoln much admired +because he was "wholly for the service,"<a id="footnotetag199" +name="footnotetag199"></a><a href="#footnote199"><sup>199</sup></a> +had asked for the entire command.<a id="footnotetag200" name= +"footnotetag200"></a><a href="#footnote200"><sup>200</sup></a></p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote197" name= +"footnote197"></a><b>Footnote 197:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag197">(return)</a> +<p>Halleck, however, had not desired the inclusion of Kansas in the +contemplated new department because he thought that state had only +a remote connection with present operations.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote198" name= +"footnote198"></a><b>Footnote 198:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag198">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. viii, 615-617.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote199" name= +"footnote199"></a><b>Footnote 199:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag199">(return)</a> +<p>Thayer, <i>Life and Letters of John Hay</i>, vol. i, +127-128.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote200" name= +"footnote200"></a><b>Footnote 200:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag200">(return)</a> +<p>Badeau, <i>Military History of U.S. Grant</i>, vol. i, 53, +<i>footnote</i>.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page97" id="page97"></a>[pg +97]</span> +<p>Halleck's plans for remodeling the constituent elements of his +department were made with a thorough comprehension of the +difficulties confronting him. It is not surprising that they +brought General Denver again to the fore. Hunter's troubles had +been bred by local politics. That Halleck well knew; but he also +knew that Indian relations were a source of perplexity and that +there was no enemy actually in Kansas and no enemy worth +considering that would threaten her, provided her own jay-hawking +hordes could be suppressed. Her problems were chiefly +administrative.<a id="footnotetag201" name= +"footnotetag201"></a><a href="#footnote201"><sup>201</sup></a> For +the work to be done, Denver seemed the fittest man available and, +on the nineteenth, he, having previously been ordered to report to +Halleck for duty,<a id="footnotetag202" name= +"footnotetag202"></a><a href="#footnote202"><sup>202</sup></a> was +assigned<a id="footnotetag203" name="footnotetag203"></a><a href= +"#footnote203"><sup>203</sup></a> to the command of a +newly-constituted District of Kansas, from which the troops,<a id= +"footnotetag204" name="footnotetag204"></a><a href= +"#footnote204"><sup>204</sup></a> who were guarding the only real +danger zone, the southeastern part of the state, were expressly +excluded. The hydra-headed evil of the western world then asserted +itself, the meddling, particularistic spoils system, with the +result that Lane and Pomeroy, unceasingly vigilant whenever and +wherever what they regarded as their preserves were likely to be +encroached upon, went to President Lincoln and protested against +the preferment of Denver.<a id="footnotetag205" name= +"footnotetag205"></a><a href="#footnote205"><sup>205</sup></a> +Lincoln weakly yielded and wired to Halleck to suspend</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote201" name= +"footnote201"></a><b>Footnote 201:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag201">(return)</a> +<p>Halleck to Stanton, March 28, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, +vol. viii, 647-648.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote202" name= +"footnote202"></a><b>Footnote 202:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag202">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 612</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote203" name= +"footnote203"></a><b>Footnote 203:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag203">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 832.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote204" name= +"footnote204"></a><b>Footnote 204:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag204">(return)</a> +<p>Those troops, about five thousand, were left under the command +of George W. Deitzler, colonel of the First Kansas (<i>ibid</i>., +614), a man who had become prominent before the war in connection +with the Sharpe's rifles episode (Spring, <i>Kansas</i>, 60) and +whose appointment as an Indian agent, early in 1861, had been +successfully opposed by Lane (Robinson, <i>Kansas Conflict</i>, +458). There will be other occasions to refer to him in this +narrative. He is believed to have held the secret that induced Lane +to commit suicide in 1866 [<i>ibid</i>., 457-460].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote205" name= +"footnote205"></a><b>Footnote 205:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag205">(return)</a> +<p>Stanton to Halleck, March 26, 1862 [<i>Official Records</i>, +vol. liii, supplement, 516].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page98" id="page98"></a>[pg +98]</span> +<p>the order for Denver's assignment to duty until further +notice.<a id="footnotetag206" name="footnotetag206"></a><a href= +"#footnote206"><sup>206</sup></a> Stanton, to whom Halleck +applied<a id="footnotetag207" name="footnotetag207"></a><a href= +"#footnote207"><sup>207</sup></a> for an explanation, +deprecated<a id="footnotetag208" name="footnotetag208"></a><a href= +"#footnote208"><sup>208</sup></a> the political interference of the +Kansas senators and the influence it had had with the chief +executive, but he, too, had to give way. So effective was the +Lane-Pomeroy objection to Denver that even a temporary<a id= +"footnotetag209" name="footnotetag209"></a><a href= +"#footnote209"><sup>209</sup></a> appointment of him, +resorted<a id="footnotetag210" name="footnotetag210"></a><a href= +"#footnote210"><sup>210</sup></a> to by Halleck because of the +urgent need of some sort of a commander in Kansas, was deplored by +the president.<a id="footnotetag211" name= +"footnotetag211"></a><a href="#footnote211"><sup>211</sup></a> +Denver was then sent to the place where his abilities and his +experience would be better appreciated, to the southernmost part of +the state, the hinterland of the whole Indian country.<a id= +"footnotetag212" name="footnotetag212"></a><a href= +"#footnote212"><sup>212</sup></a> Official indecision and personal +envy pursued him even there, however, and it was not long before he +was called eastward.<a id="footnotetag213" name= +"footnotetag213"></a><a href="#footnote213"><sup>213</sup></a> The +man who succeeded him in command of the District of Kansas<a id= +"footnotetag214" name="footnotetag214"></a><a href= +"#footnote214"><sup>214</sup></a> was one who proved to be his +ranking officer<a id="footnotetag215" name= +"footnotetag215"></a><a href="#footnote215"><sup>215</sup></a> and +his rival, Brigadier-general S.D. Sturgis. Blunt succeeded him at +Fort Scott.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote206" name= +"footnote206"></a><b>Footnote 206:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag206">(return)</a> +<p>Lincoln to Halleck, March 21, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, +vol. liii, supplement, 516.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote207" name= +"footnote207"></a><b>Footnote 207:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag207">(return)</a> +<p>Halleck to Stanton, March 26, 1862, <i>ibid</i>.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote208" name= +"footnote208"></a><b>Footnote 208:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag208">(return)</a> +<p>"Deprecated" is, perhaps, too mild a word to describe Stanton's +feeling in the matter. Adjutant-general Hitchcock is authority for +the statement that Stanton threatened "to leave the office" should +the "enforcement" of any such order, meaning the non-assignment of +Denver and the appointment of a man named Davis [Davies?], believed +by Robinson to be a relative of Lane [<i>Kansas Conflict</i>, 446], +be attempted [Hitchcock to Halleck, March 22, 1862, <i>Official +Records</i>, vol. viii, 832-833].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote209" name= +"footnote209"></a><b>Footnote 209:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag209">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., vol. liii, supplement, 519.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote210" name= +"footnote210"></a><b>Footnote 210:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag210">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., vol. viii, 647-648.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote211" name= +"footnote211"></a><b>Footnote 211:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag211">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., vol. liii, supplement, 519.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote212" name= +"footnote212"></a><b>Footnote 212:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag212">(return)</a> +<p>Concerning the work, mapped out for Denver, see Halleck to +Sturgis, April 6, 1862 [<i>Official Records</i>, vol. viii, 668] +and Halleck to Stanton, April 7, 1862 [<i>ibid</i>., 672].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote213" name= +"footnote213"></a><b>Footnote 213:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag213">(return)</a> +<p>May 14, 1862 [<i>ibid</i>., vol. iii, part i, supplement, +249].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote214" name= +"footnote214"></a><b>Footnote 214:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag214">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., vol. liii, supplement, 520.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote215" name= +"footnote215"></a><b>Footnote 215:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag215">(return)</a> +<p>"It is stated that the commission of Gen. Sturgis is dated April +10 and that of Gen. Denver Aug. 14 and consequently Gen. Sturgis is +the ranking officer in this military District."—<i>Daily +Conservative</i>, April 10, 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page99" id="page99"></a>[pg +99]</span> +<p>The elimination of Kansas as a separate department marked the +revival of interest in an Indian expedition. The cost of supporting +so huge a body of refugees had really become a serious proposition +and, as Colonel C. R. Jennison<a id="footnotetag216" name= +"footnotetag216"></a><a href="#footnote216"><sup>216</sup></a> had +once remarked, it would be economy to enlist them.<a id= +"footnotetag217" name="footnotetag217"></a><a href= +"#footnote217"><sup>217</sup></a> Congress had provided that +certain Indian annuity money might be diverted to their +maintenance,<a id="footnotetag218" name= +"footnotetag218"></a><a href="#footnote218"><sup>218</sup></a> but +that fund was practically exhausted before the middle of +March.<a id="footnotetag219" name="footnotetag219"></a><a href= +"#footnote219"><sup>219</sup></a> As already observed, the refugees +very much wished to assist in the recovery of Indian +Territory.<a id="footnotetag220" name="footnotetag220"></a><a href= +"#footnote220"><sup>220</sup></a> In fact they were determined to +go south if the army went and their disappointment was likely to be +most keen in the event of its and their not going.<a id= +"footnotetag221" name="footnotetag221"></a><a href= +"#footnote221"><sup>221</sup></a> It was under circumstances such +as these that Commissioner Dole recommended to Secretary Smith, +March 13, 1862, that he</p> +<blockquote>Procure an order from the War Department detailing two +Regiment of Volunteers from Kansas to go with the Indians to their +homes and to remain there for their protection as long (as) may be +necessary, also to furnish two thousand stand of arms and +ammunition to be placed in the hands of the loyal +Indians.</blockquote> +<p>Dole's unmistakable earnestness carried the day. Within less +than a week there had been promised<a id="footnotetag222" name= +"footnotetag222"></a><a href="#footnote222"><sup>222</sup></a> him +all that he had asked for and more, an</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote216" name= +"footnote216"></a><b>Footnote 216:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag216">(return)</a> +<p>Jennison, so says the <i>Daily Conservative</i>, March 25, 1862, +had been ordered with the First Cavalry to repair to Humboldt at +the time the Indian Expedition was under consideration the first of +the year and was brevetted acting brigadier for the purpose of +furthering Dole's intentions.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote217" name= +"footnote217"></a><b>Footnote 217:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag217">(return)</a> +<p><i>Daily Conservative</i>, February 18, 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote218" name= +"footnote218"></a><b>Footnote 218:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag218">(return)</a> +<p><i>Congressional Globe</i>, 37th congress, second session, part +i, 835, 878.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote219" name= +"footnote219"></a><b>Footnote 219:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag219">(return)</a> +<p>Dole to Smith, March 13, 1862 [Indian Office <i>Report Book</i>, +no. 12, 331-332].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote220" name= +"footnote220"></a><b>Footnote 220:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag220">(return)</a> +<p>Coffin to Dole, March 3, 1862 [<i>ibid</i>., Consolidated Files, +<i>Southern Superintendency</i>, C 1544 of 1862; <i>Letters +Registered</i>, no. 58].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote221" name= +"footnote221"></a><b>Footnote 221:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag221">(return)</a> +<p><i>Daily Conservative</i>, March 5, 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote222" name= +"footnote222"></a><b>Footnote 222:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag222">(return)</a> +<p>Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, 148.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page100" id="page100"></a>[pg +100]</span> +<p>expeditionary force of two white regiments and two<a id= +"footnotetag223" name="footnotetag223"></a><a href= +"#footnote223"><sup>223</sup></a> thousand Indians, appropriately +armed. To expedite matters and to obviate any difficulties that +might otherwise beset the carrying out of the plan, a +semi-confidential agent, on detail from the Indian Office, was sent +west with despatches<a id="footnotetag224" name= +"footnotetag224"></a><a href="#footnote224"><sup>224</sup></a> to +Halleck and with an order<a id="footnotetag225" name= +"footnotetag225"></a><a href="#footnote225"><sup>225</sup></a> from +the Ordnance Department for the delivery, at Fort Leavenworth, of +the requisite arms. The messenger was Judge James Steele, who, upon +reaching St. Louis, had already discouraging news to report to +Dole. He had interviewed Halleck and had found him in anything but +a helpful mood, notwithstanding that he must, by that time, have +received and reflected upon the following communication from the +War Department:</p> +<p>WAR DEPARTMENT,</p> +<p>WASHINGTON CITY, D. C, March 19, 1862.<br /> +MAJ. GEN.H.W. HALLECK,</p> +<p>Commanding the Department of Mississippi:</p> +<p>General: It is the desire of the President, on the application +of the Secretary of the Interior and the Commissioner of Indian +Affairs, that you should detail two regiments to act in the Indian +country, with a view to open the way for the friendly Indians who +are now refugees in Southern Kansas to return to their homes and to +protect them there. Five thousand friendly Indians will also be +armed to aid in their own protection, and you will please furnish +them with necessary subsistence.</p> +<p>Please report your action in the premises to this Department. +Prompt action is necessary.</p> +<p>By order of the Secretary of War:</p> +<p>L. THOMAS, Adjutant-general<a id="footnotetag226" name= +"footnotetag226"></a><a href="#footnote226"><sup>226</sup></a></p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote223" name= +"footnote223"></a><b>Footnote 223:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag223">(return)</a> +<p>Two thousand was most certainly the number, although the +communication from the War Department gives it as five.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote224" name= +"footnote224"></a><b>Footnote 224:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag224">(return)</a> +<p>Dole to Halleck, March 21, 1862 [Indian Office <i>Letter +Book</i>, no. 67, 516-517].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote225" name= +"footnote225"></a><b>Footnote 225:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag225">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 517-518.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote226" name= +"footnote226"></a><b>Footnote 226:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag226">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. viii, 624-625.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page101" id="page101"></a>[pg +101]</span> +<p>Steele inferred from what passed at the interview with Halleck +that the commanding general was decidedly opposed to arming +Indians. Steele found him also non-committal as to when the +auxiliary force would be available.<a id="footnotetag227" name= +"footnotetag227"></a><a href="#footnote227"><sup>227</sup></a> +Dole's letter, with its seeming dictation as to the choice of a +commander for the expedition, may not have been to Halleck's +liking. He was himself at the moment most interested in the +suppression of guerrillas and jayhawkers, against whom sentence of +outlawry had just been passed. As it happened, that was the work in +which Dole's nominee, Colonel Robert B. Mitchell,<a id= +"footnotetag228" name="footnotetag228"></a><a href= +"#footnote228"><sup>228</sup></a> was to render such signal +service<a id="footnotetag229" name="footnotetag229"></a><a href= +"#footnote229"><sup>229</sup></a> and, anticipating as much, +Halleck may have objected to his being thought of for other things. +Furthermore, Dole had no right to so much as cast a doubt upon +Halleck's own ability to select a proper commander.</p> +<p>A little perplexed but not at all daunted by Halleck's lack of +cordiality, Steele proceeded on his journey and, arriving at +Leavenworth, presented his credentials to Captain McNutt, who was +in charge of the arsenal. Four hundred Indian rifles were at hand, +ready for him, and others expected.<a id="footnotetag230" name= +"footnotetag230"></a><a href="#footnote230"><sup>230</sup></a> What +to do next, was the question? Should he go on to Leroy and trust to +the auxiliary force's showing up in season or wait for it? The +principal part of his mission was yet to be executed. The Indians +had to be enrolled and everything got in train for their expedition +southward. Their homes</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote227" name= +"footnote227"></a><b>Footnote 227:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag227">(return)</a> +<p>Steele to Dole, March 27, 1862 [Indian Office General Files, +<i>Southern Superintendence</i>, 1859-1862, S 537 of 1862].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote228" name= +"footnote228"></a><b>Footnote 228:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag228">(return)</a> +<p>Robert B. Mitchell was colonel, first of the Second Kansas +Infantry, then of the Second Kansas Cavalry. He raised the former, +in answer to President Lincoln's first call, 1861 [Crawford, +<i>Kansas in the Sixties</i>, 20], chiefly in Linn County, and the +latter in 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote229" name= +"footnote229"></a><b>Footnote 229:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag229">(return)</a> +<p>Connelley, <i>Quantrilt and the Border Wars</i>, 236 ff.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote230" name= +"footnote230"></a><b>Footnote 230:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag230">(return)</a> +<p>Steele to Dole, March 26, 1862 [Indian Office General Files, +<i>Southern Superintendence</i>, 1859-1862].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page102" id="page102"></a>[pg +102]</span> +<p>once recovered, they were to be left in such shape as to be able +to "protect and defend themselves."<a id="footnotetag231" name= +"footnotetag231"></a><a href="#footnote231"><sup>231</sup></a></p> +<p>Halleck's preoccupation, prejudice, or whatever it was that +prevented him from giving any satisfaction to Steele soon yielded, +as all things sooner or later must, to necessity; but not to the +extent of sanctioning the employment of Indians in warfare except +as against other "Indians or in defense of their own territory and +homes." The Pea Ridge atrocities were probably still fresh in his +mind. On the fifth of April, he instructed<a id="footnotetag232" +name="footnotetag232"></a><a href="#footnote232"><sup>232</sup></a> +General Denver with a view to advancing, at last, the organization +of the Indian expedition and Denver, Coffin, and Steele forthwith +exerted all their energies in coöperating effort<a id= +"footnotetag233" name="footnotetag233"></a><a href= +"#footnote233"><sup>233</sup></a>. Some time was spent in +inspecting arms<a id="footnotetag234" name= +"footnotetag234"></a><a href="#footnote234"><sup>234</sup></a> but, +on the eighth, enough for two thousand Indians went forward in the +direction of Leroy and Humboldt<a id="footnotetag235" name= +"footnotetag235"></a><a href="#footnote235"><sup>235</sup></a> and +on the sixteenth were delivered to the superintendent<a id= +"footnotetag236" name="footnotetag236"></a><a href= +"#footnote236"><sup>236</sup></a>. Coffin surmised that new +complications would arise as soon as the distribution began; for +all the Indians, whether they intended to enlist or not, would try +to secure guns. Nothing had yet been said about their pay and +nothing heard of an auxiliary force<a id="footnotetag237" name= +"footnotetag237"></a><a href="#footnote237"><sup>237</sup></a>. +Again the question was, what,</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote231" name= +"footnote231"></a><b>Footnote 231:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag231">(return)</a> +<p>Dole to Steele, March 21, 1862, Indian Office <i>Letter +Book</i>, no. 67, 508-509.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote232" name= +"footnote232"></a><b>Footnote 232:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag232">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. viii, 665.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote233" name= +"footnote233"></a><b>Footnote 233:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag233">(return)</a> +<p>Dole's name might well be added to this list; for he had never +lost his interest or relaxed his efforts. On the fifth of April, he +communicated to Secretary Smith the intelligence that he had issued +instructions to "the officers appointed to command the two +Regiments of Indians to be raised as Home Guard to report at Fort +Leavenworth to be mustered into service ... "—Indian Office +<i>Report Book</i>, no. 12, 357.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote234" name= +"footnote234"></a><b>Footnote 234:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag234">(return)</a> +<p>Steele to Dole, April 7, 1862 [<i>ibid</i>., General Files, +<i>Southern Superintendency</i>, 1859-1862, S 538 of 1862].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote235" name= +"footnote235"></a><b>Footnote 235:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag235">(return)</a> +<p>Denver to Halleck, April 8, 1862 [<i>Official Records</i>, vol. +viii, 679].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote236" name= +"footnote236"></a><b>Footnote 236:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag236">(return)</a> +<p>Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, 148.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote237" name= +"footnote237"></a><b>Footnote 237:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag237">(return)</a> +<p>"... I fear we shall have trouble in regard to the guns as many +will take guns that will not go and whether they will give up their +arms is doubtful. I had a long talk with Opothly-Oholo on that +point and told (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page103" id="page103"></a>[pg +103]</span> +<p>in the event of its not appearing, should the Indian agents +do?<a id="footnotetag238" name="footnotetag238"></a><a href= +"#footnote238"><sup>238</sup></a></p> +<p>The time was propitious for starting the expedition; for not the +shadow of an enemy had been lately seen in the West, unless count +be taken of Indians returning home or small roving bands of +possible marauders that the people of all parties detested<a id= +"footnotetag239" name="footnotetag239"></a><a href= +"#footnote239"><sup>239</sup></a>. But the order for the +supplanting of Denver by Sturgis had already been issued, April +sixth<a id="footnotetag240" name="footnotetag240"></a><a href= +"#footnote240"><sup>240</sup></a>, and Sturgis's policy was not +yet</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 237:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag237">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) him you could only get 2000 guns and you wanted every +one to go and an Indian with it and that if any of them got guns +that did not go they must give up their guns to those that would go +but I know enough of the Indian character to know that it will be +next thing to an impossibility to get a gun away from one when he +once gets it and I shall put off the distribution of the guns till +the last moment and it would be best to send them on a day or two +before being distributed but that would make them mad and they +would not go at all and how we are to know how many to look out for +from others than those we have here I am not able to see but we +will do all that we can but you may look out for dificulty in the +matter they all seem anxious now to go and make no objections as +yet nor have they said anything about their pay but as they were +told before when we expect them to go into the Hunter Lane +expedition that they would get the same pay as white troops and set +off a part of it for their families it was so indelibly impressed +upon their minds that I fear we will have a blow up on that score +when it comes up we hear nothing yet of any troops being ordered to +this service and I very much fear they will put off the matter so +long that there will be no crop raised this season ... the +mortality amongst them is great more since warm weather has set in +than during the cold weather they foolishly physic themselves +nearly to death danc [dance] all night and then jump into the river +just at daylight to make themselves bullet proof they have followed +this up now every night for over two weeks and it has no doubt +caused many deaths Long Tiger the Uchee Chief and one of the best +amongst them died to-day—yesterday we had 7 deaths and there +will not be less to-day"—Coffin to Dole, April 7, 1862, +Indian Office General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency</i>, +1859-1862, C 1578 of 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote238" name= +"footnote238"></a><b>Footnote 238:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag238">(return)</a> +<p>This was the query put to Dole by Steele in a letter of the +thirteenth of April, which acknowledged Dole's of the third and +ventured the opinion that Postmaster-general Blair "must be +imitating General McClellan and practicing strategy with the +mails." Steele further remarked, "Gen'l Denver, Maj. Wright and I +are in the dark as to the plans of the Indian Expedition. Gen. +Denver thinks I should proceed at once to Leroy without waiting for +your instructions."—<i>Ibid</i>., S 539 of 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote239" name= +"footnote239"></a><b>Footnote 239:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag239">(return)</a> +<p>Curtis to Halleck, April 5, 1862 [<i>Official Records</i>, vol. +viii, 662].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote240" name= +"footnote240"></a><b>Footnote 240:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag240">(return)</a> +<p>Sturgis, upon the receipt of orders of this date, assumed +command of (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page104" id="page104"></a>[pg +104]</span> +<p>known. It soon revealed itself, however, and was hostile to the +whole project that Dole had set his heart upon. Apparently that +project, the moment it had been taken up by Denver, had ceased to +have any interest for Lane on the score of its merits and had +become identified with the Robinson faction in Kansas politics. At +any rate, it was the anti-Robinson press that saw occasion for +rejoicing in the complete removal of Denver from the scene, an +event which soon took place<a id="footnotetag241" name= +"footnotetag241"></a><a href="#footnote241"><sup>241</sup></a>.</p> +<p>The relieving of Denver from the command of the District of +Kansas inaugurated<a id="footnotetag242" name= +"footnotetag242"></a><a href="#footnote242"><sup>242</sup></a> what +contemporaries described as "Sturgis' military despotism,"<a id= +"footnotetag243" name="footnotetag243"></a><a href= +"#footnote243"><sup>243</sup></a> in amplification of which it is +enough to say that it attempted the utter confounding, if not the +annihilation, of the Indian Expedition, a truly noble undertaking +to be sure, considering how much was hoped for from that +expedition, how much of benefit and measure of justice to a +helpless, homeless, impoverished people and considering, also, how +much of time and thought and</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 240:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag240">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) the District of Kansas; but Denver was not called east +until the fourteenth of May. On the twenty-first of April, it was +still expected that he would lead an expedition "down the borders +of Arkansas into the Indian country." [KELTON to Curtis, April 21, +1862, <i>ibid</i>., vol. xiii, 364].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote241" name= +"footnote241"></a><b>Footnote 241:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag241">(return)</a> +<p>The <i>Daily Conservative</i>, for instance, rejoiced over this +telegram from Sidney Clark of May 2, which gave advanced +information of Denver's approaching departure: "Conservative: The +Department of Kansas is reinstated. Gen. Blunt takes command. +Denver reports to Halleck; Sturgis here." The newspaper comment +was, "We firmly believe that a prolongation of the Denver-Sturgis +political generalship, aided as it was by the corrupt Governor of +this State, would have led to a revolution in Kansas +..."—<i>Daily Conservative</i>, May 6, 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote242" name= +"footnote242"></a><b>Footnote 242:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag242">(return)</a> +<p>General Sturgis assumed command, April 10, 1862 [<i>Official +Records</i>, vol. viii, 683], and Denver took temporary charge at +Fort Scott [<i>ibid</i>., 668].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote243" name= +"footnote243"></a><b>Footnote 243:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag243">(return)</a> +<p>Quoted from the <i>Daily Conservative</i> of May 20; but not +with the idea of subscribing thereby to any verdict that would bear +the implication that all of Sturgis's measures were arbitrary and +wrong. Something strenuous was needed in Kansas. The arrest of +Jennison and of Hoyt [<i>ibid</i>., April 19, 23, 1862] because of +their too radical anti-slavery actions was justifiable. Jennison +had disorganized his regiment in a shameful manner [<i>ibid</i>., +June 3, 1862].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page105" id="page105"></a>[pg +105]</span> +<p>energy, not to mention money, had already been expended upon +it.</p> +<p>Sturgis's policy with reference to the Indian Expedition was +initiated by an order<a id="footnotetag244" name= +"footnotetag244"></a><a href="#footnote244"><sup>244</sup></a>, of +April 25, which gained circulation as purporting to be in +conformity with instructions from the headquarters of the +Department of the Mississippi, although in itself emanating from +those of the District of Kansas. It put a summary stop to the +enlistment of Indians and threatened with arrest anyone who should +disobey its mandate. Superintendent Coffin, in his inimitable +illiteracy, at once entered protest<a id="footnotetag245" name= +"footnotetag245"></a><a href="#footnote245"><sup>245</sup></a> +against it and coolly informed Sturgis that, in enrolling Indians +for service, he was acting under the authority, not of the War, but +of the Interior Department. At the same sitting, he applied to +Commissioner Dole for new instructions<a id="footnotetag246" name= +"footnotetag246"></a><a href="#footnote246"><sup>246</sup></a>.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote244" name= +"footnote244"></a><b>Footnote 244:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag244">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 365.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote245" name= +"footnote245"></a><b>Footnote 245:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag245">(return)</a> +<p>LE ROY COFFEE COUNTY, KANSAS, April 29th 1862.<br /> +BRIG. GENL S.D. STURGIS, Fort Leavenworth Kansas</p> +<p>Dear Sir: A Special Messenger arrived here last night from Fort +Leavenworth with your orders No. 8 and contents noted. I would most +respectfully inform you that I am acting under the controle and +directions of the Interior and not of the War Department. I have +been endeavoring to the best of my humble ability to carry out the +instructions and wishes of that Department, all of which I hope +will meet your aprobation.</p> +<p>Your Messenger reports himself Straped, that no funds were +furnished him to pay his expenses, that he had to beg his way down +here. I have paid his bill here and furnished him with five dollars +to pay his way back. Very respectfully your Obedient Servant</p> +<p>W.G. COFFIN, <i>Sup't. of Indian Affairs</i>, Southern +Superintendency. [Indian Office Special Files, no. 201, <i>Southern +Superintendency</i>, C 1612 of 1862].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote246" name= +"footnote246"></a><b>Footnote 246:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag246">(return)</a> +<p>LEROY COFFEY CO., KANSAS, April 29th, 1862.</p> +<p>SIR: Enclosed please find a communication from Brigadier General +Sturgis in regard to the organising of the Indians and my reply to +the same, the officers are here, or at least four of them. Col +Furnace Agutant Elithurp Lieutenant Wattles and Agutant Dole I need +scarcely say to you that we shall continue to act under your +Instructions til further orders, the Officers above alluded to have +been untiring in their efforts to get acquainted with and get the +permanent (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page106" id="page106"></a>[pg +106]</span> +<p>Colonel John Ritchie<a id="footnotetag247" name= +"footnotetag247"></a><a href="#footnote247"><sup>247</sup></a> of +the inchoate Second Regiment Indian Home Guards did the same<a id= +"footnotetag248" name="footnotetag248"></a><a href= +"#footnote248"><sup>248</sup></a>.</p> +<p>The reëstablishment<a id="footnotetag249" name= +"footnotetag249"></a><a href="#footnote249"><sup>249</sup></a> of +the Department of Kansas, at this critical moment, while much to be +regretted as indicative of a surrender to politicians<a id= +"footnotetag250" name="footnotetag250"></a><a href= +"#footnote250"><sup>250</sup></a> and an abandonment of the idea, +so fundamentally conducive to military success, that all parts must +contribute to the good of the whole, had one thing to commend it, +it restored vigor to the Indian Expedition. The department was +reëstablished, under orders<a id="footnotetag251" name= +"footnotetag251"></a><a href="#footnote251"><sup>251</sup></a> of +May second, with James G. Blunt in command. He entered upon his +duties, May fifth, and on that selfsame day authorized the issue of +the following most significant instructions, in toto, a direct +countermand of all that Sturgis had most prominently stood for:</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 246:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag246">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) organization of the Indians under way and have made a +fine impression upon them, and I should very much regret any +failure to carry out the programe as they have been allready so +often disappointed that they have become suspicious and it all has +a tendency to lessen their confidence in us and to greatly increase +our dificulties All of which is most Respectfully Submitted by your +obedient Servant</p> +<p>W.G. COFFIN, Sup't of Indian Affairs. [Indian Office Special +Files, no. 201, <i>Southern Superintendency</i>, C 1612 of +1862].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote247" name= +"footnote247"></a><b>Footnote 247:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag247">(return)</a> +<p>For an inferential appraisement of Ritchie's character and +abilities, see Kansas <i>Historical Collections</i>, vol. iii, +359-366.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote248" name= +"footnote248"></a><b>Footnote 248:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag248">(return)</a> +<p>Ritchie to Dole, April 26, 1863 [Indian Office Miscellaneous +Files, 1858-1863].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote249" name= +"footnote249"></a><b>Footnote 249:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag249">(return)</a> +<p>The reëstablishment, considered in the light of the first +orders issued by Blunt, those set out here, was decidedly in the +nature of a reflection upon the reactionary policy of Halleck and +Sturgis; but Halleck had no regrets. Of Kansas, he said, "Thank +God, it is no longer under my command." [<i>Official Records</i>, +vol. xiii, 440.] Ever since the time, when he had been urged by the +administration in Washington, peculiarly sensitive to political +importunities, not to retain, outside of Kansas, the Kansas troops +if he could possibly avoid it, there had been more or less of +rancor between him and them. His opinion of them was that they were +a "humbug" [<i>ibid</i>., vol. viii, 661].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote250" name= +"footnote250"></a><b>Footnote 250:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag250">(return)</a> +<p>Almost simultaneously, Schofield was given independent command +in Missouri, a similar surrender to local political pressure.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote251" name= +"footnote251"></a><b>Footnote 251:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag251">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 368-369.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page107" id="page107"></a>[pg +107]</span> +<pre> +General Orders, HDQRS. DEPARTMENT OF KANSAS, +No. 2. Fort Leavenworth, Kans., May 5, 1862. +</pre> +<p>I. General Orders, No. 8, dated Headquarters District of Kansas, +April 25, 1862, is hereby rescinded.</p> +<p>II. The instructions issued by the Department at Washington to +the colonels of the two Indian regiments ordered to be raised will +be fully carried out, and the regiments will be raised with all +possible speed.</p> +<p>By order of Brig. Gen. James G. Blunt,<a id="footnotetag252" +name="footnotetag252"></a><a href= +"#footnote252"><sup>252</sup></a></p> +<p>THOS. MOONLIGHT, <i>Captain<br /> +and Assistant Adjutant-general</i>.<a id="footnotetag253" name= +"footnotetag253"></a><a href="#footnote253"><sup>253</sup></a></p> +<p>The full extent, not only of Sturgis's failure to coöperate +with the Indian Office, but also of his intention utterly to block +the organization of the Indian Expedition, is revealed in a +letter<a id="footnotetag254" name="footnotetag254"></a><a href= +"#footnote254"><sup>254</sup></a> from Robert W. Furnas, colonel +commanding the First Regiment Indian Home Guards, to Dole, May 4, +1862. That letter best explains itself. It was written from Leroy, +Kansas, and reads thus:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>Disclaiming any idea of violating "Regulations" by an "Official +Report" to you, permit me to communicate certain facts extremely +embarrassing, which surround the Indian Expedition.</p> +<p>In compliance with your order of Ap'l 5th. I reported myself +"forthwith" to the U.S. mustering officer at Ft. Leavenworth and +was "mustered into the service" on the 18th. of April. I "awaited +the orders from Genl Halleck" as directed but rec'd none. On the +20th. Ap'l I rec'd detailed</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote252" name= +"footnote252"></a><b>Footnote 252:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag252">(return)</a> +<p>The promotion of Blunt to a brigadier-generalship had caused +surprise and some opposition. Referring to it, the <i>Daily +Conservative</i>, April 12, 1862, said, "Less than three months ago +Mr. Lincoln informed a gentleman from this State that no Kansas man +would be made a Brigadier 'unless the Kansas Congressional +delegation was unanimously and strenuously in his favor' ... Either +the President has totally changed his policy or Lane, Pomeroy and +Conway are responsible for this most unexpected and unprecedented +appointment ..."</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote253" name= +"footnote253"></a><b>Footnote 253:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag253">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 370.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote254" name= +"footnote254"></a><b>Footnote 254:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag254">(return)</a> +<p>Indian Office General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency</i>, +1859-1862, F 363 of 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page108" id="page108"></a>[pg +108]</span> +<blockquote> +<p>instructions from Adjt. Gen'l Thomas, authorizing me to proceed +and raise "from the loyal Indians now in Kansas a Regiment of +Infantry." I immediately repaired to this place and in a very few +days enrolled a sufficient number of Indians to form a +minimum<a id="footnotetag255" name="footnotetag255"></a><a href= +"#footnote255"><sup>255</sup></a> Regiment. I am particularly +indebted to the Agts. Maj. Cutler of the Creeks and Maj. Snow of +the Seminoles, for their valuable services. Immediately after the +enrolling, and in compliance with my instructions from Adjt. Gen'l +Thomas, I notified Lieut. Chas. S. Bowman U.S. mustering officer at +Ft. Leavenworth of the fact, to which I have rec'd no answer.</p> +<p>At this point in my procedure a special messenger from Gen'l +Sturgis reached this place with a copy of his "Order No. 8," a copy +of which I herewith send you. On the next day Maj. Minor in command +at Iola, Kansas, and who had been furnished with a copy of General +Sturgis' "Order" came with a company of Cavalry to this place "to +look into matters." I showed him my authority, and informed him +what I had done. He made no arrest, seeming utterly at a loss to +understand the seemingly <i>confused</i> state of affairs. Whether +Gen'l Sturgis will on the reception of my notice at the Fort arrest +me, or not, I know not. I have gone to the limits of my +instructions and deem it, if not my duty, prudent at least to +notify you of the condition of affairs, that you may be the better +enabled to remove obstacles, that the design of the Department may +be fully and promptly executed....<a id="footnotetag256" name= +"footnotetag256"></a><a href="#footnote256"><sup>256</sup></a></p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote255" name= +"footnote255"></a><b>Footnote 255:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag255">(return)</a> +<p>The regiment, according to the showing of the muster roll, +comprised one thousand nine men. Fifteen hundred was the more usual +number of a regiment, which, normally, had three battalions with a +major at the head of each.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote256" name= +"footnote256"></a><b>Footnote 256:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag256">(return)</a> +<p>The remainder of the letter deals with the muster roll of the +First Regiment Indian Home Guards, which was forwarded to Dole, +under separate cover, the same day, and of which Dole acknowledged +the receipt, May 16, 1862 [Indian Office <i>Letter Book</i>, no. +68, pp. 240-241]. The roll shows the captain and number of each +company as here:</p> +<pre> +Company A Billy Bowlegs 106 +Company B A-ha-luk-tus-ta-na-ke 100 +Company C Tus-te-nu-ke-ema-ela 104 +Company D Tus-te-nuk-ke 100 +Company E Jon-neh (John) 101 +Company F Mic-co-hut-ka (White Chief) 103 +Company G Ah-pi-noh-to-me 103 +</pre> +<p>(cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page109" id="page109"></a>[pg +109]</span> +<p>It soon developed that General Halleck had been equally at fault +in disregarding the wishes of the government with respect to the +mustering in of the loyal Indians. He had neglected to send on to +Kansas the instructions which he himself had received from +Washington.<a id="footnotetag257" name= +"footnotetag257"></a><a href="#footnote257"><sup>257</sup></a> It +was incumbent, therefore, upon Blunt to ask for new. He had found +the enlisted Indians with no arms, except guns, no shot pouches, no +powder horns, although they were attempting to supply themselves as +best they could.<a id="footnotetag258" name= +"footnotetag258"></a><a href="#footnote258"><sup>258</sup></a> +Blunt thought they ought to be furnished with sheath, or bowie, +knives; but the Indian Office had no funds for such a +purpose.<a id="footnotetag259" name="footnotetag259"></a><a href= +"#footnote259"><sup>259</sup></a> The new instructions, when they +came, were found to differ in no particular from those which had +formerly been issued. The Indian Home Guards were to constitute an +irregular force and were to be supported by such white troops, as +Blunt should think necessary. They were to be supplied with +transportation and subsistence and Blunt was to "designate the +general to command." Blunt's own appointment was expected to remove +all difficulties that had stood in the way of the Indian Expedition +while under the control of Halleck.<a id="footnotetag260" name= +"footnotetag260"></a><a href="#footnote260"><sup>260</sup></a> +On</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 256:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag256">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.)</p> +<pre> +Company H Lo-ga-po-koh 94 +Company I Jan-neh (John 100 +Company J Lo-ka-la-chi-ha-go 98] +</pre></blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote257" name= +"footnote257"></a><b>Footnote 257:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag257">(return)</a> +<p>Coffin to Dole, May 8, 1862, Indian Office General Files, +<i>Southern Superintendency</i>, 1859-1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote258" name= +"footnote258"></a><b>Footnote 258:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag258">(return)</a> +<p>Same to Same, May 13, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., Land Files, +<i>Southern Superintendency</i>, 1855-1870.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote259" name= +"footnote259"></a><b>Footnote 259:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag259">(return)</a> +<p>Dole to Coffin, May 20, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., <i>Letter Book</i>, +no. 68, p. 252.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote260" name= +"footnote260"></a><b>Footnote 260:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag260">(return)</a> +<p>"I visited the War Department today to ascertain what orders had +been forwarded to you and your predecessor relative to the +organization of two thousand Indians as a home guard, which when so +organized would proceed to their homes in the Indian country in +company with a sufficient number of white troops to protect them at +their homes.</p> +<p>"I learn from Adjutant General Thomas that all necessary orders +have been forwarded to enable you to muster these Indian Regiments +into the service as an irregular force; and to send such white +force with them as (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page110" id="page110"></a>[pg +110]</span> +<p>May 8 came the order from Adjutant-general Thomas, "Hurry up the +organization and departure of the two Indian regiments,"<a id= +"footnotetag261" name="footnotetag261"></a><a href= +"#footnote261"><sup>261</sup></a> which indicated that there was no +longer any question as to endorsement by the Department of War.</p> +<p>As a matter of fact, the need for hurry was occasioned by the +activity of secessionists, Indians and white men, in southwest +Missouri, which would, of itself, suggest the inquiry as to what +the Indian allies of the Confederacy had been about since the +Battle of Pea Ridge. Van Dorn had ordered them to retire towards +their own country and, while incidentally protecting it, afford +assistance to their white ally by harassing the enemy, cutting off +his supply trains, and annoying him generally. The order had been +rigidly attended to and the Indians had done their fair share of +the irregular warfare that terrorized and desolated the border in +the late spring of the second year of the war. Not all of them, +regularly enlisted, had participated in it, however; for General +Pike had, with a considerable part of his brigade, gone away from +the border as far as possible and had intrenched himself at a fort +of his own planning, Fort McCulloch, in the Choctaw Nation, on the +Blue River, a branch of the Red.<a id="footnotetag262" name= +"footnotetag262"></a><a href="#footnote262"><sup>262</sup></a> +Furthermore,</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 260:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag260">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) in your judgment may be deemed necessary, also that the +difficulties we experienced while the expedition was under the +control of Gen'l Halleck are now removed by your appointment, and +that you will designate the general to command the whole expedition +and see that such supplies for the transportation and subsistence +as may be necessary are furnished to the whole expedition (Indians +as well as whites). Lieut. Kile informs me that there was doubt +whether the Quarter Master would be expected to act as Commissary +for the Regiment. I suppose that you fully understand this was the +intention...."—Dole to Blunt, May 16, 1862, Indian Office +<i>Letter Book</i>, no. 68, pp. 241-242.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote261" name= +"footnote261"></a><b>Footnote 261:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag261">(return)</a> +<p><i>Daily Conservative</i>, May 9, 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote262" name= +"footnote262"></a><b>Footnote 262:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag262">(return)</a> +<p>"... General Albert Pike retreated from the battle of Pea Ridge, +Arkansas, a distance of 250 miles, and left his new-made wards to +the mercy (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page111" id="page111"></a>[pg +111]</span> +<p>Colonel Drew and his men, later converts to secessionism, had, +for a good part of the time, contented themselves with guarding the +Cherokee Nation,<a id="footnotetag263" name= +"footnotetag263"></a><a href="#footnote263"><sup>263</sup></a> thus +leaving Colonel Cooper and Colonel Stand Watie, with their +commands, to do most of the scouting and</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 262:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag262">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) of war, stringing his army along through the Cherokee, +Creek and Choctaw Nations, passing through Limestone Gap, on among +the Boggies, and halted at Carriage Point, on the Blue, 'away down +along the Chickasaw line.' Cherokee Knights of the Golden Circle +followed Pike's retreat to Texas ... "—Ross, <i>Life and +Times of Hon. William P. Ross</i>, p. viii.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote263" name= +"footnote263"></a><b>Footnote 263:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag263">(return)</a> +<p>These two letters from John Ross are offered in evidence of +this. They are taken from Indian Office Miscellaneous Files, John +Ross <i>Papers</i>:</p> +<p>(a)</p> +<p>EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, PARK HILL, March 21st, 1862.</p> +<p>SIR: I am in receipt of your favor of the 23rd. inst. I have no +doubt that forage can be procured for Col. Drew's men in this +vicinity by hauling it in from the farms of the surrounding +Districts. The subject of a Delegate in Congress shall be attended +to so soon as arrangements can be made for holding an election. I +am happy to learn that Col. Drew has been authorized to furlough a +portion of the men in his Regiment to raise corn. I shall endeavor +to be correctly informed of the movements of the enemy and advise +you of the same. And I shall be gratified to receive any important +information that you may have to communicate at all times. I am +very respectfully and truly, Yours, etc. John Ross, <i>Prin'l +Chief</i>, Cherokee Nation.</p> +<p>(b).</p> +<p>EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, C.N. PARK HILL, April 10th, 1862.</p> +<p>SIR: I beg leave to thank you for your kind response to my +letter of the 22nd ulto and your order stationing Col. Drew's +Regiment in this vicinity. Though much reduced by furloughs in +number it will be useful for the particular purposes for which it +was ordered here. The unprotected condition of the country however +is a source of general anxiety among the People, who feel that they +are liable to be overrun at any time by small parties from the U.S. +Army which remains in the vicinity of the late Battle Ground. This +is more particularly the case since the removal of the Confederate +Forces under your command and those under Major Gen'l Price. +Without distrusting the wisdom that has prompted these movements, +or the manifestation of any desire on my part to enquire into their +policy it will be nevertheless a source of satisfaction to be able +to assure the people of the country that protection will not be +withheld from them and that they will not be left to their own +feeble defense. Your response is respectfully requested, I have the +honor to be Sir with high regards, Your Obt Servt. JOHN ROSS, +<i>Prin'l Chief</i>, Cherokee Nation.</p> +<p>To Brig. Gen'l A. Pike Com'dg, Department Indian Territory, Head +Qrs. Choctaw Nation.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page112" id="page112"></a>[pg +112]</span> +<p>skirmishing. So kindly did the Indians take to that work that +Colonel Cooper recommended<a id="footnotetag264" name= +"footnotetag264"></a><a href="#footnote264"><sup>264</sup></a> +their employment as out-and-out guerrillas. That was on May 6 and +was probably suggested by the fact that, on April 21, the +Confederate government had definitely authorized the use of +partisan rangers.<a id="footnotetag265" name= +"footnotetag265"></a><a href="#footnote265"><sup>265</sup></a> A +good understanding of Indian military activity, at this particular +time, is afforded by General Pike's report<a id="footnotetag266" +name="footnotetag266"></a><a href="#footnote266"><sup>266</sup></a> +of May 4,</p> +<blockquote> +<p>... The Cherokee<a id="footnotetag267" name= +"footnotetag267"></a><a href="#footnote267"><sup>267</sup></a> and +Creek troops are in their respective countries. The Choctaw troops +are in front of me, in their country, part on this side of Boggy +and part at Little Boggy, 34 miles from here. These observe the +roads to Fort Smith and by Perryville toward Fort Gibson. Part of +the Chickasaw battalion is sent to Camp McIntosh, 11 miles this +side of the Wichita Agency, and part to Fort Arbuckle, and the +Texan company is at Fort Cobb.</p> +<p>I have ordered Lieutenant-colonel Jumper with his Seminoles to +march to and take Fort Larned, on the Pawnee Fork of the Arkansas, +where are considerable stores and a little garrison. He will go as +soon as their annuity is paid.</p> +<p>The Creeks under Colonel McIntosh are about to make an extended +scout westward. Stand Watie, with his Cherokees, scouts along the +whole northern line of the Cherokee country from Grand Saline to +Marysville, and sends me information continually of every movement +of the enemy in Kansas and Southwestern Missouri.</p> +<p>The Comanches, Kiowas, and Reserve Indians are all peaceable and +quiet. Some 2,000 of the former are encamped about three days' ride +from Fort Cobb, and some of them come in at intervals to procure +provisions. They have sent to me to know</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote264" name= +"footnote264"></a><b>Footnote 264:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag264">(return)</a> +<p>Cooper to Van Dorn, May 6, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xiii, 823-824.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote265" name= +"footnote265"></a><b>Footnote 265:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag265">(return)</a> +<p><i>Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States</i>, vol. +v, 285.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote266" name= +"footnote266"></a><b>Footnote 266:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag266">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 819-823.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote267" name= +"footnote267"></a><b>Footnote 267:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag267">(return)</a> +<p>This situation, so eminently satisfactory to John Ross, did not +continue long, however, and on May 10, the Cherokee Principal Chief +had occasion to complain that his country had been practically +divested of a protecting force and, at the very moment, too, when +the Federals were showing unwonted vigor near the northeastern +border [Ross to Davis, May 10, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xiii, 824-825].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page113" id="page113"></a>[pg +113]</span> +<blockquote> +<p>if they can be allowed to send a strong party and capture any +trains on their way from Kansas to New Mexico, to which I have no +objection. To go on the war-path somewhere else is the best way to +keep them from troubling Texas ...</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Stand Watie's scouting had brought him, April 26,<a id= +"footnotetag268" name="footnotetag268"></a><a href= +"#footnote268"><sup>268</sup></a> into a slight action with men of +the First Battalion First Missouri Cavalry at Neosho, in the +vicinity of which place he lingered many days and where his +men<a id="footnotetag269" name="footnotetag269"></a><a href= +"#footnote269"><sup>269</sup></a> again fought, in conjunction with +Colonel Coffee's, May 31.<a id="footnotetag270" name= +"footnotetag270"></a><a href="#footnote270"><sup>270</sup></a> The +skirmish of the later date was disastrous to the Federals under +Colonel John M. Richardson of the Fourteenth Missouri State Militia +Cavalry and proved to be a case where the wily and nimble Indian +had taken the Anglo-Saxon completely by surprise.<a id= +"footnotetag271" name="footnotetag271"></a><a href= +"#footnote271"><sup>271</sup></a> From Neosho, Stand Watie moved +down, by slow and destructive stages, through Missouri and across +into Indian Territory. His next important engagement was at Cowskin +Prairie, June 6.</p> +<p>Meanwhile, the organization of the Indian Expedition, or Indian +Home Guard, as it was henceforth most commonly styled, was +proceeding apace.<a id="footnotetag272" name= +"footnotetag272"></a><a href="#footnote272"><sup>272</sup></a> +The</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote268" name= +"footnote268"></a><b>Footnote 268:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag268">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 61-63; Britton, <i>Civil War +on the Border</i>, vol. i, 281-282.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote269" name= +"footnote269"></a><b>Footnote 269:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag269">(return)</a> +<p>Stand Watie's whole force was not engaged and he, personally, +was not present. Captain Parks led Watie's contingent and was +joined by Coffee.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote270" name= +"footnote270"></a><b>Footnote 270:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag270">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 90-92, 94-95.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote271" name= +"footnote271"></a><b>Footnote 271:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag271">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>ibid</i>., 92-94, 409. Watie, although not present, +seems to have planned the affair [<i>ibid</i>., 95]. +Lieutenant-colonel Mills, who reported upon the Neosho engagement, +was of the opinion that "the precipitate flight" of the Federals +could be accounted for only upon the supposition that the +"screaming and whooping of the Indians" unnerved them and "rendered +their untrained horses nearly unmanageable."—<i>Ibid</i>., +93.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote272" name= +"footnote272"></a><b>Footnote 272:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag272">(return)</a> +<p>The progress in organization is indicated by these +communications to the Indian Office:</p> +<p>(a).</p> +<p>The enrollment, organizing etc. etc. of the Indians, and +preparations for their departure, are progressing satisfactorily, +though as I anticipated, it will be difficult to raise two +Regiments, and I have some fears of our success in getting the full +number for the 2nd Regiment. But if we get one full company of +Delawares and Shawnees, (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page114" id="page114"></a>[pg +114]</span> +<p>completion of the first regiment gave little concern. It was +composed of Creeks and Seminoles, eight companies of the former and +two of the latter. The second regiment was miscellaneous in its +composition and took longer to</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 272:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag272">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) as promised, and four companies of Osages, which the +chiefs say they can raise, I think we shall succeed.</p> +<p>Two Regiments of white troops and Rabb's Battery have already +started and are down by this time in the Cherokee Nation. Col. +Doubleday, who is in command, has notified the officers here to +prepare with all possible despatch, for marching orders. We are +looking for Aliens Battery here this week and if it comes I hope to +make considerable addition to the Army from the loyal Refugee +Indians here, as they have great confidence in "<i>them waggons +that shoot</i>," this has been a point with them all the time.</p> +<p>We were still feeding those that are mustered in and shall I +suppose have to do so until the requisitions arive. The Dellawares +and Shaw-nees also, I had to make arrangements to feed from the +time of their arrival at the Sac and Fox Agency. But from all the +indications now we expect to see the whole Expedition off in ten +days or two weeks.—Coffin to Dole, June 4, 1862, Indian +Office General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency</i>, 1859-1862, C +1661.</p> +<p>(b).</p> +<p>It has been some time since I wrote you and to fill my promise I +again drop you a line. I presume you feel a lively interest in +whatever relates to the Indians. The 1st. Regt. is now mustered +into the service and will probably to-day number something over a +minimum Regt. It is composed entirely of Creeks and Seminoles, +eight companys of the former and two of the latter.</p> +<p>I have understood that the report of the Creek Agent gave the +number of Creek men at 1990—If this is a fact it is far from +a correct statement—The actual number of Creek men over 14 +years of age (refugees) will not number over 900. Some of these are +unable to be soldiers. The actual number of Seminoles (men) will +not excede 300 over 14 years of age, many of them are old and +disabled as soldiers. Thus you will see that but one Regt. could be +raised from that quarter. You are aware that the Creeks and +Seminoles speak one language nearly and are thus naturally drawn +together and they were not willing to be divided.</p> +<p>The second regt. is now forming from the various other tribes +and I have no doubt will be filled, it would have been filled long +ago, but Col. Ritchie did not repair here for a long time in fact +not till after our Regt. was raised—Adjutant Dole came here +promptly to do his duty—but in the absence of his Col. could +not facilitate his regt. without assuming a responsibility that +would have been unwise. I regret that he could not have been placed +in our regt. for he will prove a faithful and reliable officer and +should I be transfered to (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page115" id="page115"></a>[pg +115]</span> +<p>organize, largely because its prospective commander, Colonel +John Ritchie, who had gone south to persuade the Osages to +enlist,<a id="footnotetag273" name="footnotetag273"></a><a href= +"#footnote273"><sup>273</sup></a> was slow in putting in an +appearance at Humboldt. The Neosho Agency, to which the Osages +belonged, was in great confusion, partly due to</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 272:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag272">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) any other position which I am strongly in hopes I may +be, I hope you will exercise your influence to transfer him to my +place, this will be agreable to all the officers of the 1st. +regiment and desirable on his part.</p> +<p>The condition of the Indians here at the present writing is very +favorable, sickness is abating and their spirits are reviving. I +think I have fully settled the fact of the Indians capability and +susceptibility to arive at a good state of military disipline. You +would be surprised to see our Regt. move. They accomplish the feat +of regular time step equal to any white soldier, they form in line +with dispatch and with great precission; and what is more they now +manifest a great desire to learn the entire white man's disiplin in +military matters. That they will make brave and ambitious soldiers +I have no doubt. Our country may well feel proud that these red men +have at last fell into the ranks to fight for our flag, and aid in +crushing treason. Much honor is due them. I am sorry that Dr. Kile +did not accept the appointment of Quartermaster but owing to some +misunderstanding with Col. Ritchie he declines.</p> +<p>You will please remember me to Gen'l Lane and say that I have +not heard from him since I left Washington.—A.C. ELITHORPE to +Dole, June 9, 1862, Indian Office General Files, <i>Southern +Superintendency</i>, 1859-1862, C 1661.</p> +<p>(c).</p> +<p>The Indian Brigade, consisting of about one thousand Creeks and +Seminoles, sixty Quapaws, sixty Cherokees and full companies of +wild Delawares, Kechees, Ironeyes, Cadoes, and Kickapoos, left this +place (Leroy) yesterday for Humboldt, at which place I suppose they +will join the so much talked of Indian expedition. Although I have +not as yet fully ascertained the exact number of each Tribe, +represented in said Brigade, but they may be estimated at about +Fifteen Hundred, all of the Southern Refugee Indians who have been +fed here by the Government, besides sixty Delawares from the +Delaware Reservation, and about two Hundred Osages, the latter of +which I have been assured will be increased to about four or five +hundred, ere they get through the Osage Nation ...</p> +<p>The news from the Cherokee Nation is very cheering and +encouraging; it has been reported that nearly Two Thousand +Cherokees will be ready to join the expedition on its approach into +that country....—Coffin to Dole, June 15, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., +C 1684.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote273" name= +"footnote273"></a><b>Footnote 273:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag273">(return)</a> +<p>Coffin to Dole, June 4, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., <i>Neosho</i>, C +1662 of 1862. See also Carruth to Coffin, September 19, 1862, +Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, 164-166.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page116" id="page116"></a>[pg +116]</span> +<p>the fact that, at this most untoward moment, the Osages were +being approached for a cession of lands, and partly to the fact +that Indians of the neighborhood, of unionist sympathies, Cherokees +and Delawares<a id="footnotetag274" name= +"footnotetag274"></a><a href="#footnote274"><sup>274</sup></a> from +the Cherokee country, Shawnees, Quapaws,<a id="footnotetag275" +name="footnotetag275"></a><a href="#footnote275"><sup>275</sup></a> +and Seneca-Shawnees, were being made refugees, partly, also, to the +fact that Agent Elder and Superintendent Coffin were not working in +harmony with each other. Their differences dated from the first +days of their official relationship. Elder had been influential, +for reasons most satisfactory to himself and not very complimentary +to Coffin, in having the Neosho Agency transferred to the Central +Superintendency.<a id="footnotetag276" name= +"footnotetag276"></a><a href="#footnote276"><sup>276</sup></a> +Coffin had vigorously objected and with such effect that, in March, +1862, a retransfer had been ordered;<a id="footnotetag277" name= +"footnotetag277"></a><a href="#footnote277"><sup>277</sup></a> but +not before Coffin had reported<a id="footnotetag278" name= +"footnotetag278"></a><a href="#footnote278"><sup>278</sup></a> that +everything was now amicable between him and Elder. Elder was +evidently of a different opinion and before long was asking to be +allowed again to report officially to Superintendent Branch at St. +Joseph.<a id="footnotetag279" name="footnotetag279"></a><a href= +"#footnote279"><sup>279</sup></a> There was a regular tri-weekly +post between that place and Fort Scott, Elder's present +headquarters, and the chances were good that Branch would be in a +position to attend to mail more promptly than was Coffin.<a id= +"footnotetag280" name="footnotetag280"></a><a href= +"#footnote280"><sup>280</sup></a> The counter arguments</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote274" name= +"footnote274"></a><b>Footnote 274:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag274">(return)</a> +<p>F. Johnson to Dole, April 2, 1862, Indian Office, <i>Central +Superintendency</i>, Delaware, J 627 of 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote275" name= +"footnote275"></a><b>Footnote 275:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag275">(return)</a> +<p>The propriety of permitting the refugee Quapaws to "return to +their homes by accompanying the military expedition" was urged upon +the Indian Office in a letter from Elder to Coffin, May 29, 1862 +[Coffin to Dole, June 4, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., <i>Southern +Superintendency</i>, Neosho, C 1663 of 1862].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote276" name= +"footnote276"></a><b>Footnote 276:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag276">(return)</a> +<p>Office letter of June 5, 1861.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote277" name= +"footnote277"></a><b>Footnote 277:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag277">(return)</a> +<p>Mix to Branch, March 1, 1862, Indian Office <i>Letter Book</i>, +no. 67.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote278" name= +"footnote278"></a><b>Footnote 278:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag278">(return)</a> +<p>Coffin to Dole, February 28, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., General Files, +<i>Southern Superintendency</i>, 1859-1862, C 1541 of 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote279" name= +"footnote279"></a><b>Footnote 279:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag279">(return)</a> +<p>Elder to Dole, May 16, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., Neosho, E 106 of +1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote280" name= +"footnote280"></a><b>Footnote 280:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag280">(return)</a> +<p>Coffin was spending a good deal of his time at Leroy. Leroy was +one hundred twenty-five miles, so Elder computed, from Leavenworth, +where he (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page117" id="page117"></a>[pg +117]</span> +<p>of Coffin<a id="footnotetag281" name= +"footnotetag281"></a><a href="#footnote281"><sup>281</sup></a> were +equally plausible and the request for transfer refused.</p> +<p>The outfit for the Indians of the Home Guard was decidedly +inferior. Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la wanted batteries, "wagons that +shoot."<a id="footnotetag282" name="footnotetag282"></a><a href= +"#footnote282"><sup>282</sup></a> His braves, many of them, were +given guns that were worthless, that would not shoot at all.<a id= +"footnotetag283" name="footnotetag283"></a><a href= +"#footnote283"><sup>283</sup></a> In such a way was their eagerness +to learn the white man's method of fighting and to acquire his +discipline rewarded. The fitting out was done at Humboldt, although +Colonel William Weer<a id="footnotetag284" name= +"footnotetag284"></a><a href="#footnote284"><sup>284</sup></a> of +the Tenth Kansas Infantry, who was the man finally selected to +command the entire force, would have preferred it done at Fort +Scott.<a id="footnotetag285" name="footnotetag285"></a><a href= +"#footnote285"><sup>285</sup></a> The Indians had a thousand and +one excuses for not expediting matters. They seemed to have a +deep-seated distrust of what the Federal intentions regarding them +might be when</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 280:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag280">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) directed his mail, and sixty or seventy from Fort Scott. +His communications were held up until Coffin happened to go to +Leavenworth. Moreover, Coffin was then expecting to go soon "into +the Indian country."</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote281" name= +"footnote281"></a><b>Footnote 281:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag281">(return)</a> +<p>Coffin complained that Elder neglected his duties. It was +Coffin's intention to remove the headquarters of the Southern +Superintendency from Fort Scott to Humboldt. It would then be very +convenient for Elder to report to him, especially if he would go +back to his own agency headquarters and not linger, as he had been +doing, at Fort Scott [Coffin to Dole, June 10, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., +C 1668 of 1862.]</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote282" name= +"footnote282"></a><b>Footnote 282:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag282">(return)</a> +<p><i>Daily Conservative</i>, May 10, 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote283" name= +"footnote283"></a><b>Footnote 283:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag283">(return)</a> +<p>Weer to Doubleday, June 6, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xiii, 418; Coffin to Dole, June 17, 1862, Indian Office General +Files, <i>Southern Superintendency</i>, 1859-1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote284" name= +"footnote284"></a><b>Footnote 284:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag284">(return)</a> +<p>Weer was one of the men in disfavor with Governor Robinson +[<i>Daily Conservative</i>, May 25, 1862]. He had been arrested and +his reinstatement to command that came with the appearance of Blunt +upon the scene was doubtless the circumstance that afforded +opportunity for his appointment to the superior command of the +Indian Expedition. Sturgis had refused to reinstate him. In +December, 1861, a leave of absence had been sought by Weer, who was +then with the Fourth Kansas Volunteers, in order that he might go +to Washington, D.C., and be a witness in the case involving Lane's +appointment as brigadier-general [Thomas to Hunter, December 12, +1861, <i>Congressional Globe</i>, 37th congress, second session, +part i, 128].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote285" name= +"footnote285"></a><b>Footnote 285:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag285">(return)</a> +<p>Weer to Moonlight, June 6, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xiii, 419.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page118" id="page118"></a>[pg +118]</span> +<p>once they should be back in their own country. They begged that +some assurance be given them of continued protection against the +foe and in their legal rights. And, in the days of making +preparations, they asked again and again for tangible evidence that +white troops were really going to support them in the journey +southward.</p> +<p>The main portion of the Indian Expedition auxiliary white force +had all this time been more or less busy, dealing with bushwhackers +and the like, in the Cherokee Neutral Lands and in the adjoining +counties of Missouri. When Blunt took command of the Department of +Kansas, Colonel Frederick Salomon<a id="footnotetag286" name= +"footnotetag286"></a><a href="#footnote286"><sup>286</sup></a> of +the Ninth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry was in charge at Fort Scott +and the troops there or reporting there were, besides eight +companies of his own regiment, a part of the Second Ohio Cavalry +under Colonel Charles Doubleday, of the Tenth Kansas Infantry under +Colonel William F. Cloud, and the Second Indiana Battery.<a id= +"footnotetag287" name="footnotetag287"></a><a href= +"#footnote287"><sup>287</sup></a> Blunt's first thought was to have +Daubleday<a id="footnotetag288" name="footnotetag288"></a><a href= +"#footnote288"><sup>288</sup></a> lead the Indian Expedition, the +auxiliary white force of which was to be selected from the +regiments at Fort Scott. Doubleday accordingly made his plans, +rendezvoused his men, and arranged that the mouth of Shoal Creek +should be a rallying point and temporary headquarters;<a id= +"footnotetag289" name="footnotetag289"></a><a href= +"#footnote289"><sup>289</sup></a> but events were already in train +for Colonel</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote286" name= +"footnote286"></a><b>Footnote 286:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag286">(return)</a> +<p>Salomon was born in Prussia in 1826 [Rosengarten, <i>The German +Soldier in the Wars of the United States</i>, 150]. He had +distinguished himself in some of the fighting that had taken place +in Missouri in the opening months of the war and, when the Ninth +Wisconsin Infantry, composed solely of German-Americans, had been +recruited, he was called to its command [Love, <i>Wisconsin in the +War of the Rebellion</i>, 578].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote287" name= +"footnote287"></a><b>Footnote 287:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag287">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 371-372, 377.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote288" name= +"footnote288"></a><b>Footnote 288:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag288">(return)</a> +<p>for an account of Doubleday's movements in April that very +probably gained him the place, see Britton, <i>Civil War on the +Border</i>, vol. i, 296.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote289" name= +"footnote289"></a><b>Footnote 289:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag289">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 397, 408.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page119" id="page119"></a>[pg +119]</span> +<p>Weer to supersede him and for his own assignment to the Second +Brigade of the expedition.</p> +<p>Previous to his supersedure by Weer, Doubleday conceived that it +might be possible to reach Fort Gibson with ease,<a id= +"footnotetag290" name="footnotetag290"></a><a href= +"#footnote290"><sup>290</sup></a> provided the attempt to do so +should be undertaken before the various independent secessionist +commands could unite to resist.<a id="footnotetag291" name= +"footnotetag291"></a><a href="#footnote291"><sup>291</sup></a> That +they were planning to unite there was every indication.<a id= +"footnotetag292" name="footnotetag292"></a><a href= +"#footnote292"><sup>292</sup></a> Doubleday<a id="footnotetag293" +name="footnotetag293"></a><a href="#footnote293"><sup>293</sup></a> +was especially desirous of heading off Stand Watie who was still +hovering around in the neighborhood of his recent adventures, and +was believed now to have an encampment on Cowskin Prairie near +Grand River. Accordingly, on the morning of June 6, Doubleday +started out, with artillery and a thousand men, and, going +southward from Spring River, reached the Grand about sundown.<a id= +"footnotetag294" name="footnotetag294"></a><a href= +"#footnote294"><sup>294</sup></a> Watie was three miles away and, +Doubleday continuing the pursuit, the two forces came to an +engagement. It was indecisive,<a id="footnotetag295" name= +"footnotetag295"></a><a href="#footnote295"><sup>295</sup></a> +however, and Watie slipped away under</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote290" name= +"footnote290"></a><b>Footnote 290:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag290">(return)</a> +<p>Doubleday to Moonlight, May 25, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, +vol. xiii, 397.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote291" name= +"footnote291"></a><b>Footnote 291:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag291">(return)</a> +<p>Doubleday to Blunt, June 1, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 408.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote292" name= +"footnote292"></a><b>Footnote 292:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag292">(return)</a> +<p>General Brown reported on this matter, June 2 [<i>ibid</i>., +409] and June 4 [<i>ibid</i>., 414], as did also General Ketchum, +June 3 [<i>ibid</i>., 412]. They all seem to have had some +intimation that General Pike was to unite with Stand Watie as well +as Coffee and others, and that was certainly General Hindman's +intention. On May 31, the very day that he himself assumed command, +Hindman had ordered Pike to advance from Fort McCulloch to the +Kansas border. The order did not reach Pike until June 8 and was +repeated June 17 [<i>ibid</i>., 40].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote293" name= +"footnote293"></a><b>Footnote 293:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag293">(return)</a> +<p>The idea seems to have obtained among Missourians that Doubleday +was all this time inactive. They were either ignorant of or intent +upon ignoring the Indian Expedition. June 4, Governor Gamble wrote +to Secretary Stanton asking that the Second Ohio and the Ninth +Wisconsin, being at Fort Scott and unemployed, might be ordered to +report to Schofield [<i>ibid</i>., 414, 438], who at the instance +of politicians and contrary to the wishes of Halleck [<i>ibid</i>., +368] had been given an independent command in Missouri.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote294" name= +"footnote294"></a><b>Footnote 294:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag294">(return)</a> +<p>Doubleday to Weer, June 8, 1862 [<i>ibid</i>., 102]</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote295" name= +"footnote295"></a><b>Footnote 295:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag295">(return)</a> +<p>Doubleday reported to Weer that it was a pronounced success, so +did Blunt to Schofield [<i>ibid</i>., 427]; but subsequent events +showed that it was (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page120" id="page120"></a>[pg +120]</span> +<p>cover of the darkness. Had unquestioned success crowned +Doubleday's efforts, all might have been well; but, as it did not, +Weer, who had arrived at Fort Scott<a id="footnotetag296" name= +"footnotetag296"></a><a href="#footnote296"><sup>296</sup></a> a +few days before and had been annoyed to find Doubleday gone, +ordered him peremptorily to make no further progress southward +without the Indians. The Indian contingent had in reality had a +set-back in its preparations. Its outfit was incomplete and its +means for transportation not forthcoming.<a id="footnotetag297" +name="footnotetag297"></a><a href="#footnote297"><sup>297</sup></a> +Under such circumstances, Weer advised the removal of the whole +concern to Fort Scott, but that was easier said than done, +inasmuch, as before any action was taken, the stores were <i>en +route</i> for Humboldt.<a id="footnotetag298" name= +"footnotetag298"></a><a href="#footnote298"><sup>298</sup></a> +Nevertheless, Weer was determined to have the expedition start +before Stand Watie could be reinforced by Rains.<a id= +"footnotetag299" name="footnotetag299"></a><a href= +"#footnote299"><sup>299</sup></a> Constant and insistent were the +reports that the enemy was massing its forces to destroy the Indian +Expedition.<a id="footnotetag300" name= +"footnotetag300"></a><a href="#footnote300"><sup>300</sup></a></p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 295:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag295">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) anything but that and the <i>Daily Conservative</i> +tried to fix the blame upon Weer [Weer to Moonlight, June 23, 1862, +<i>ibid</i>., 446]. The newspaper account of the whole course of +affairs may be given, roughly paraphrased, thus: Doubleday, +knowing, perhaps, that Weer was to supersede him and that his time +for action was short, "withdrew his detachment from Missouri, +concentrated them near Iola, Kansas, and thence directed them to +march to the mouth of Shoal Creek, on Spring River, himself taking +charge of the convoying of a train of forty days supplies to the +same place ..." He arrived June 4. Then, "indefatigible in +forwarding the preparations for a blow upon the camp of +organization which the rebels had occupied unmolested on Cowskin +Prairie," he made his plans for further advance. At that moment +came the news that Weer had superseded him and had ordered him to +stop all movement south. He disregarded the order and struck, even +though not fully prepared [<i>Daily Conservative</i>, June 13, +1862].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote296" name= +"footnote296"></a><b>Footnote 296:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag296">(return)</a> +<p>Weer to Moonlight, June 5, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xiii, 418.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote297" name= +"footnote297"></a><b>Footnote 297:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag297">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>.; Weer to Doubleday, June 6, 1862, +<i>ibid</i>., 418-419.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote298" name= +"footnote298"></a><b>Footnote 298:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag298">(return)</a> +<p>Weer to Moonlight, June 13, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 430.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote299" name= +"footnote299"></a><b>Footnote 299:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag299">(return)</a> +<p>Same to same, June 7, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 422.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote300" name= +"footnote300"></a><b>Footnote 300:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag300">(return)</a> +<p>The destruction of the Indian Expedition was most certainly the +occasion for the massing, notwithstanding the fact that Missourians +were apprehensive for the safety of their state only and wanted to +have Weer's white troops diverted to its defence. Curtis, alone, of +the commanders in Missouri seems to have surmised rightly in the +matter [Curtis to Schofield, <i>ibid</i>., 432].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page121" id="page121"></a>[pg +121]</span> +<p>Weer, therefore, went on ahead to the Osage Catholic Mission and +ordered the Fort Scott troops to meet him there. His purpose was to +promote the enlistment of the Osages, who were now abandoning the +Confederate cause.<a id="footnotetag301" name= +"footnotetag301"></a><a href="#footnote301"><sup>301</sup></a> He +would then go forward and join Doubleday, whom he had instructed to +clear the way.<a id="footnotetag302" name= +"footnotetag302"></a><a href="#footnote302"><sup>302</sup></a></p> +<p>Weer's plans were one thing, his embarrassments, another. Before +the middle of June he was back again at Leroy,<a id= +"footnotetag303" name="footnotetag303"></a><a href= +"#footnote303"><sup>303</sup></a> having left Salomon and +Doubleday<a id="footnotetag304" name="footnotetag304"></a><a href= +"#footnote304"><sup>304</sup></a> at Baxter Springs on the west +side of Spring River in the Neutral Lands, the former in command. +Weer hoped by his presence at Leroy to hurry the Indians along; for +it was high time the expedition was started and he intended to +start it, notwithstanding that many officers were absent from their +posts and the men of the Second Indian Regiment not yet mustered +in. It was absolutely necessary, if anything were going to be done +with Indian aid, to get the braves away from under the influence of +their chiefs, who were bent upon delay and determent. By the +sixteenth he had the warriors all ready at Humboldt,<a id= +"footnotetag305" name="footnotetag305"></a><a href= +"#footnote305"><sup>305</sup></a> their bullet-proof medicine +taken, their grand war dance indulged in. By the twenty-first, the +final packing up began,<a id="footnotetag306" name= +"footnotetag306"></a><a href="#footnote306"><sup>306</sup></a> and +it was not long thereafter before the Indian Expedition, after +having experienced so many vicissitudes, had definitely +materialized and was on its way south. Accompanying Weer were the +Reverend Evan Jones, entrusted with</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote301" name= +"footnote301"></a><b>Footnote 301:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag301">(return)</a> +<p>Weer to Moonlight, June 13, 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote302" name= +"footnote302"></a><b>Footnote 302:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag302">(return)</a> +<p>Weer to Doubleday, June 6, 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote303" name= +"footnote303"></a><b>Footnote 303:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag303">(return)</a> +<p>Weer to Moonlight, June 13, 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote304" name= +"footnote304"></a><b>Footnote 304:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag304">(return)</a> +<p>On the twentieth, General Brown requested Salomon to send +Doubleday to southwest Missouri [<i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xiii, 440] and Salomon so far complied with the request as to post +some companies of Doubleday's regiment, under Lieutenant-colonel +Ratliff, at Neosho [<i>ibid</i>., 445, 459].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote305" name= +"footnote305"></a><b>Footnote 305:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag305">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 434.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote306" name= +"footnote306"></a><b>Footnote 306:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag306">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 441.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page122" id="page122"></a>[pg +122]</span> +<p>a confidential message<a id="footnotetag307" name= +"footnotetag307"></a><a href="#footnote307"><sup>307</sup></a> to +John Ross, and two special Indian agents, E.H. Carruth, detailed at +the instance of the Indian Office, and H.W. Martin, sent on +Coffin's own responsibility, their particular task being to look +out for the interests and welfare of the Indians and, when once +within the Indian Territory, to take careful stock of conditions +there, both political and economic.<a id="footnotetag308" name= +"footnotetag308"></a><a href="#footnote308"><sup>308</sup></a> The +Indians were in fine spirits and, although looking</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote307" name= +"footnote307"></a><b>Footnote 307:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag307">(return)</a> +<p>The message, addressed to "Mutual Friend," was an assurance of +the continued interest of the United States government in the +inhabitants of Indian Territory and of its determination to protect +them [Coffin to Ross, June 16, 1862, Indian Office General Files, +<i>Southern Superintendency</i>, 1859-1862, C 1684].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote308" name= +"footnote308"></a><b>Footnote 308:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag308">(return)</a> +<p>"... You will assure all loyal Indians in the Indian Territory +of the disposition and the ability of the Government of the United +States to protect them in all their rights, and that there is no +disposition on the part of said government to shrink from any of +its Treaty Obligations with all such of the Indian Tribes, who have +been, are now, and remaining loyal to the same. Also that the +government will, at the earliest practicable period, which is +believed not to be distant, restore to all loyal Indians the +rights, privileges, and immunities, that they have enjoyed previous +to the present unfortunate rebellion.</p> +<p>"If, during the progress of the Army you should find Indians in +a suffering condition whose loyalty is <i>beyond doubt</i>, you +will, on consultation with the officers, render such assistance, as +you may think proper, with such aid as the officers may render +you.</p> +<p>"You will carefully look into the condition of the country, +ascertain the quantity of Stock, Hogs, and Cattle, also the +quantity of Corn, wheat etc. which may be in the hands of the loyal +Indians, and the amount of the crops in the ground the present +season, their condition and prospects.</p> +<p>"You are requested to communicate with me at this office at +every suitable opportunity on all the above mentioned points, in +order to enable me to keep the Hon. Com'r of Indian Aff'rs well +advised of the condition of affairs in the Indian Territory, and +that the necessary steps may be taken at the earliest possible +moment, consistent with safety and economy, to restore the loyal +Indians now in Kansas to their homes.</p> +<p>"Should any considerable number of the Indians, now in the Army, +remain in the Indian Territory, or join you from the loyal Indians, +now located therein you will very probably find it best, to remain +with them, until I can get there with those, who are now here. But +of these matters you will be more able to judge on the +ground."—Extract from Coffin's instructions to Carruth, June +16, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., Similar instructions, under date of June +23, 1862, were sent to H.W. Martin.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page123" id="page123"></a>[pg +123]</span> +<p>somewhat ludicrous in their uniforms,<a id="footnotetag309" +name="footnotetag309"></a><a href="#footnote309"><sup>309</sup></a> +were not much behind their comrades of the Ninth and Tenth +Kansas<a id="footnotetag310" name="footnotetag310"></a><a href= +"#footnote310"><sup>310</sup></a> in earnestness and in attention +to duty.<a id="footnotetag311" name="footnotetag311"></a><a href= +"#footnote311"><sup>311</sup></a> Nevertheless, they had been very +reluctant to leave their families and were, one and all, very +apprehensive as to the future.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote309" name= +"footnote309"></a><b>Footnote 309:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag309">(return)</a> +<p>"I have just returned from Humboldt—the army there under +Col. Weer consisting of the 10th Kansas Regiment 4 Companys of the +9th Kansas Aliens Battery of Six Tenths Parrot Guns and the first +and second Indian Regements left for the Indian Territory in good +stile and in fine spirits the Indians with their new uniforms and +small Military caps on their Hugh Heads of Hair made rather a +Comecal Ludecrous apperance they marched off in Columns of 4 a +breast singing the war song all joining in the chourse and a more +animated seen is not often witnessed. The officers in command of +the Indian Regements have labored incessantly and the improvement +the Indians have made in drilling is much greater than I supposed +them capabell of and I think the opinion and confidence of all in +the eficency of the Indian Regements was very much greater when +they left than at any previous period and I have little doubt that +for the kind of service that will be required of them they will be +the most efecient troops in the Expedition."—COFFIN to Dole, +June 25, 1862, Indian Office General Files, <i>Southern +Superintendency</i>, 1859-1862, C 1684.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote310" name= +"footnote310"></a><b>Footnote 310:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag310">(return)</a> +<p>Weer took with him as white anxiliary "the Tenth Kansas, Allen's +battery, three companies Ninth Kansas..." [<i>Official Records</i>, +vol. xiii, 441]. It seems to have been his intention to take the +Second Kansas also; but that regiment was determined to stay at +Humboldt until it had effected a change in its colonels in favor of +Owen A. Bassett [<i>ibid</i>., 434].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote311" name= +"footnote311"></a><b>Footnote 311:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag311">(return)</a> +<p>Weer was disgusted with conditions surrounding his white force. +This is his complaint, on the eve of his departure:</p> +<p>"Commissions to officers from the Governor are pouring in daily. +I am told that the Tenth is rapidly becoming a regiment of +officers. To add to these difficulties there are continual +intrigues, from colonels down, for promotions and positions of +command. Officers are leaving their posts for Fort Leavenworth and +elsewhere to engage in these intrigues for more prominent places. +The camps are filled with rumors of the success of this or that +man. Factions are forming, and a general state of demoralization +being produced..."—WEER to Moonlight, June 21, 1862, +<i>ibid</i>., 441-442.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page124" id="page124"></a>[pg +124]</span> +<hr /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page125" id="page125"></a>[pg +125]</span> +<h2>V. THE MARCH TO TAHLEQUAH AND THE RETROGRADE MOVEMENT OF THE +"WHITE AUXILIARY"</h2> +<p>Towards the end of June, the various elements designed to +comprise the First Indian Expedition had encamped at Baxter +Springs<a id="footnotetag312" name="footnotetag312"></a><a href= +"#footnote312"><sup>312</sup></a> and two brigades formed. As +finally organized, the First Brigade was put under the command of +Colonel Salomon and the Second, of Colonel William R. Judson. To +the former, was attached the Second Indian Regiment, incomplete, +and, to the latter, the First. Brigaded with the Indian regiments +was the white auxiliary that had been promised and that the Indians +had almost pathetically counted upon to assist them in their +straits. Colonel Weer's intention was not to have the white and red +people responsible for the same duties nor immediately march +together. The red were believed to be excellent for scouting and, +as it would be necessary to scout far and wide all the way down +into the Indian Territory, the country being full of bushwhackers, +also, most likely, of the miscellaneous forces of General Rains, +Colonel Coffee, and Colonel Stand Watie, they were to be reserved +for that work.</p> +<p>The forward movement of the Indian Expedition began at daybreak +on the twenty-eighth of June. It was then that the First Brigade +started, its white contingent, "two sections Indiana Battery, one +battalion of</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote312" name= +"footnote312"></a><b>Footnote 312:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag312">(return)</a> +<p>Baxter Springs was a government post, established on Spring +River in the southwest corner of the Cherokee Neutral Lands, +subsequent to the Battle of Pea Ridge [Kansas Historical Society, +<i>Collections</i>, vol. vi, 150].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page126" id="page126"></a>[pg +126]</span> +<p>Second Ohio Volunteer Cavalry, and six companies of Ninth +Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry,"<a id="footnotetag313" name= +"footnotetag313"></a><a href="#footnote313"><sup>313</sup></a> +taking the military road across the Quapaw Strip and entering the +Indian Territory, unmolested. A day's journey in the rear and +travelling by the same route came the white contingent of the +Second Brigade and so much of the First Indian as was +unmounted.<a id="footnotetag314" name="footnotetag314"></a><a href= +"#footnote314"><sup>314</sup></a> Beyond the border, the cavalcade +proceeded to Hudson's Crossing of the Neosho River, where it halted +to await the coming of supply trains from Fort Scott. In the +meantime, the Second Indian Regiment, under Colonel John Ritchie, +followed, a day apart, by the mounted men of the First under Major +William A. Phillips,<a id="footnotetag315" name= +"footnotetag315"></a><a href="#footnote315"><sup>315</sup></a> had +also set out, its orders<a id="footnotetag316" name= +"footnotetag316"></a><a href="#footnote316"><sup>316</sup></a> +being to leave the military road and to cross to the east bank of +Spring River, from thence to march southward and scour the country +thoroughly between Grand River and the Missouri state line.</p> +<p>The halt at Hudson's Crossing occupied the better part of two +days and then the main body of the Indian Expedition resumed its +forward march. It crossed the Neosho and moved on, down the west +side of Grand River, to a fording place, Carey's Ford, at which +point, it passed over to the east side of the river and camped, a +short distance from the ford, at Round Grove, on Cowskin Prairie, +Cherokee ground, and the scene of Doubleday's recent encounter with +the enemy. At this</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote313" name= +"footnote313"></a><b>Footnote 313:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag313">(return)</a> +<p>Salomon to Weer, June 30, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xiii, 458.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote314" name= +"footnote314"></a><b>Footnote 314:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag314">(return)</a> +<p>James A. Phillips to Judson, June 28, 1862 [<i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xiii, 456].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote315" name= +"footnote315"></a><b>Footnote 315:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag315">(return)</a> +<p>William A. Phillips, a Scotsman by birth, went out to Kansas in +the autumn of 1855 as regular staff correspondent of the New York +<i>Tribune</i> [Kansas Historical Society <i>Collections</i>, vol. +v, 100, 102]. He was a personal friend of Dana's [Britton, +<i>Memoirs</i>, 89], became with Lane an active Free State man and +later was appointed on Lane's staff [<i>Daily Conservative</i>, +January 24, 31, 1862]. He served as correspondent of the <i>Daily +Conservative</i> at the time when that newspaper was most guilty of +incendiarism.]</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote316" name= +"footnote316"></a><b>Footnote 316:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag316">(return)</a> +<p>James A. Phillips to Judson, June 28, 1862, <i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xiii, 456.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page127" id="page127"></a>[pg +127]</span> +<p>place it anxiously awaited the return of Lieutenant-colonel +Ratliff, who had been despatched to Neosho in response to an +urgency call from General E.B. Brown in charge of the Southwestern +Division of the District of Missouri.<a id="footnotetag317" name= +"footnotetag317"></a><a href="#footnote317"><sup>317</sup></a></p> +<p>The Confederates were still in the vicinity, promiscuously +wandering about, perhaps; but, none the less, determined to check, +if possible, the Federal further progress; for they knew that only +by holding the territorial vantage, which they had secured through +gross Federal negligence months before, could they hope to maintain +intact the Indian alliance with the Southern States. Stand Watie's +home farm was in the neighborhood of Weer's camp and Stand Watie +himself was even then scouting in the Spavinaw hills.<a id= +"footnotetag318" name="footnotetag318"></a><a href= +"#footnote318"><sup>318</sup></a></p> +<p>In the latter part of May, under directions from General +Beauregard<a id="footnotetag319" name="footnotetag319"></a><a href= +"#footnote319"><sup>319</sup></a> but apparently without the avowed +knowledge of the Confederate War Department and certainly without +its official<a id="footnotetag320" name= +"footnotetag320"></a><a href="#footnote320"><sup>320</sup></a> +sanction, Thomas C.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote317" name= +"footnote317"></a><b>Footnote 317:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag317">(return)</a> +<p>Weer to Moonlight, June 23, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xiii, 445, and same to same, July 2, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., +459-461.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote318" name= +"footnote318"></a><b>Footnote 318:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag318">(return)</a> +<p>Anderson, <i>Life of General Stand Watie</i>, 18.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote319" name= +"footnote319"></a><b>Footnote 319:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag319">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 28.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote320" name= +"footnote320"></a><b>Footnote 320:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag320">(return)</a> +<p>The emphasis should be upon the word, <i>official</i>, since the +government must assuredly have acquiesced in Hindman's appointment. +Hindman declared that the Secretary of War, in communicating on the +subject to the House of Representatives, "ignored facts which had +been officially communicated to him," in order to convey the +impression that Hindman had undertaken to fill the post of +commander in the Trans-Mississippi Department without rightful +authority [Hindman to Holmes, February 8, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., vol. +xxii, part 2, p. 785]. The following telegram shows that President +Davis had been apprised of Hindman's selection, and of its +tentative character.</p> +<p>BALDWIN, June 5, 1862.</p> +<p>(Received 6th.)</p> +<p>THE PRESIDENT:</p> +<p>Do not send any one just now to command the Trans-Mississippi +District. It will bring trouble to this army. Hindman has been sent +there temporarily. Price will be on to see you soon.</p> +<p>EARL VAN DORN, Major-General.</p> +<p>[<i>Ibid</i>., vol. lii, part 2, supplement, p. 320.]</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page128" id="page128"></a>[pg +128]</span> +<p>Hindman had assumed the command of the Trans-Mississippi +Department.<a id="footnotetag321" name= +"footnotetag321"></a><a href="#footnote321"><sup>321</sup></a> As +an Arkansan, deeply moved by the misfortunes and distress of his +native state, he had stepped into Van Dorn's place with alacrity, +intent upon forcing everything within his reach to subserve the +interests of the Confederate cause in that particular part of the +southern world. To the Indians and to their rights, natural or +acquired, he was as utterly indifferent as were most other American +men and all too soon that fact became obvious, most obvious, +indeed, to General Pike, the one person who had, for reasons best +known to himself, made the Indian cause his own.</p> +<p>General Hindman took formal command of the Trans-Mississippi +Department at Little Rock, May 31. It was a critical moment and he +was most critically placed; for he had not the sign of an army, +Curtis's advance was only about thirty-five miles away, and +Arkansas was yet, in the miserable plight in which Van Dorn had +left her in charge of Brigadier-general J.S. Roane, it is true, but +practically denuded of troops. Pike was at Fort McCulloch, and he +had a force not wholly to be despised.<a id="footnotetag322" name= +"footnotetag322"></a><a href="#footnote322"><sup>322</sup></a> It +was to him, therefore, that Hindman</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote321" name= +"footnote321"></a><b>Footnote 321:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag321">(return)</a> +<p><i>Department</i> seems to be the more proper word to use to +designate Hindman's command, although <i>District</i> and +<i>Department</i> are frequently used interchangeably in the +records. In Hindman's time and in Holmes's, the Trans-Mississippi +Department was not the same as the Trans-Mississippi District of +Department No. 2 [See Thomas Jordan, Chief of Staff, to Hindman, +July 17, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 855]. On the +very date of Hindman's assignment, the boundaries of his command +were defined as follows:</p> +<p>"The boundary of the Trans-Mississippi Department will embrace +the States of Missouri and Arkansas, including Indian Territory, +the State of Louisiana west of the Mississippi, and the State of +Texas."—<i>Ibid</i>., 829.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote322" name= +"footnote322"></a><b>Footnote 322:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag322">(return)</a> +<p>Yet Hindman did, in a sense, despise it and, from the start, he +showed a tendency to disparage Pike's abilities and efforts. On the +nineteenth of June, he reported to Adjutant-general Cooper, among +other things, that he had ordered Pike to establish his +headquarters at Fort Gibson and added, "His force does not amount +to much, but there is no earthly need of its (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page129" id="page129"></a>[pg +129]</span> +<p>made one of his first appeals for help and he ordered him so to +dispose of his men that some of the more efficient, the white, +might be sent to Little Rock and the less efficient, the red, moved +upward "to prevent the incursions of marauding parties," from +Kansas.<a id="footnotetag323" name="footnotetag323"></a><a href= +"#footnote323"><sup>323</sup></a> The orders were repeated about a +fortnight later; but Pike had already complied to the best of his +ability, although not without protest<a id="footnotetag324" name= +"footnotetag324"></a><a href="#footnote324"><sup>324</sup></a> for +he had collected his brigade and accoutered it by his own energies +and his own contrivances solely. Moreover, he had done it for the +defence of Indian Territory exclusively.</p> +<p>Included among the marauders, whose enterprises General Hindman +was bent upon checking, were Doubleday's men; for, as General +Curtis shrewdly surmised,<a id="footnotetag325" name= +"footnotetag325"></a><a href="#footnote325"><sup>325</sup></a> some +inkling of Doubleday's contemplated maneuvers had most certainly +reached Little Rock. Subsequently, when the Indian Expedition was +massing at Baxter Springs, more vigorous measures than any yet +taken were prepared for and all with the view of delaying or +defeating it. June 23, Pike ordered Colonel Douglas H. Cooper to +repair to the country north of the Canadian River and to take +command of all troops, except Jumper's Seminole battalion, that +should be there or placed there.<a id="footnotetag326" name= +"footnotetag326"></a><a href="#footnote326"><sup>326</sup></a> +Similarly, June 26, Hindman, in ignorance of Pike's action, +assigned Colonel J.J. Clarkson<a id="footnotetag327" name= +"footnotetag327"></a><a href="#footnote327"><sup>327</sup></a> to +the supreme command, under</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 322:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag322">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) remaining 150 miles south of the Kansas line throwing up +intrenchments." [<i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 837].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote323" name= +"footnote323"></a><b>Footnote 323:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag323">(return)</a> +<p>Hindman to Pike, May 31, 1862 [<i>ibid</i>., 934.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote324" name= +"footnote324"></a><b>Footnote 324:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag324">(return)</a> +<p>Pike to Hindman, June 8, 1862 [<i>ibid</i>., 936-943.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote325" name= +"footnote325"></a><b>Footnote 325:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag325">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>ibid</i>., 398, 401.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote326" name= +"footnote326"></a><b>Footnote 326:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag326">(return)</a> +<p>General Orders, <i>ibid</i>., 839, 844-845.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote327" name= +"footnote327"></a><b>Footnote 327:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag327">(return)</a> +<p>Of Clarkson, Pike had this to say: "He applied to me while +raising his force for orders to go upon the Santa Fe' road and +intercept trains. I wrote him that he could have such orders if he +chose to come here, and the next I heard of him he wrote for +ammunition, and, I learned, was going to make (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page130" id="page130"></a>[pg +130]</span> +<p>Pike, "of all forces that now are or may hereafter be within the +limits of the Cherokee, Creek, and Seminole countries."<a id= +"footnotetag328" name="footnotetag328"></a><a href= +"#footnote328"><sup>328</sup></a> As fate would have it, Clarkson +was the one of these two to whom the work in hand first fell.</p> +<p>The Indian Expedition was prepared to find its way contested; +for its leaders believed Rains,<a id="footnotetag329" name= +"footnotetag329"></a><a href="#footnote329"><sup>329</sup></a> +Coffey, and Stand Watie to be all in the immediate vicinity, +awaiting the opportunity to attack either singly or with combined +forces; but, except for a small affair between a reconnoitering +party sent out by Salomon and the enemy's pickets,<a id= +"footnotetag330" name="footnotetag330"></a><a href= +"#footnote330"><sup>330</sup></a> the march was without incident +worth recording until after Weer had broken camp at Cowskin +Prairie. Behind him the ground seemed clear enough, thanks to the +very thorough scouting that had been done by the Indians of the +Home Guard regiments, some of whom, those of Colonel Phillips's +command, had been able to penetrate Missouri.<a id="footnotetag331" +name="footnotetag331"></a><a href="#footnote331"><sup>331</sup></a> +Of conditions ahead of him, Weer was not so sure and he was soon +made aware of the near presence of the foe.</p> +<p>Colonel Watie, vigilant and redoubtable, had been on the watch +for the Federals for some time and, learning of their approach down +the east side of Grand River, sent two companies of his regiment to +head off their advance guard. This was attempted in a surprise +movement at Spavinaw Creek and accomplished with some measure of +success.<a id="footnotetag332" name="footnotetag332"></a><a href= +"#footnote332"><sup>332</sup></a> Colonel Clarkson was at</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 327:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag327">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) forays into Missouri. I had no ammunition for that +business. He seized 70 kegs that I had engaged of Sparks in Fort +Smith, and soon lost the whole and Watie's also. Without any notice +to me he somehow got in command of the northern part of the Indian +country over two colonels with commissions nine months older than +his."—Pike to Hindman, July 15, 1862, <i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xiii, 858.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote328" name= +"footnote328"></a><b>Footnote 328:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag328">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 845-846.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote329" name= +"footnote329"></a><b>Footnote 329:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag329">(return)</a> +<p>Rains had made Tahlequah the headquarters of the Eighth Division +Missouri State Guards.—PIKE to Hindman, July 15, 1862, +<i>ibid</i>., 858.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote330" name= +"footnote330"></a><b>Footnote 330:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag330">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., vol. xiii, 458, 460.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote331" name= +"footnote331"></a><b>Footnote 331:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag331">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 460.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote332" name= +"footnote332"></a><b>Footnote 332:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag332">(return)</a> +<p>Anderson, <i>Life of General Stand Watie</i>, 18. This incident +is most (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page131" id="page131"></a>[pg +131]</span> +<p>Locust Grove and Weer, ascertaining that fact, prepared for an +engagement. His supplies and camp equipage, also an unutilized part +of his artillery he sent for safety to Cabin Creek, across Grand +River and Lieutenant-colonel Lewis R. Jewell of the Sixth Kansas +Cavalry he sent eastward, in the direction of Maysville, Arkansas, +his expectation being—and it was realized—that Jewell +would strike the trail of Watie and engage him while Weer himself +sought out Clarkson.<a id="footnotetag333" name= +"footnotetag333"></a><a href="#footnote333"><sup>333</sup></a></p> +<p>The looked-for engagement between the main part of the Indian +Expedition and Clarkson's force, a battalion of Missourians that +had been raised by Hindman's orders and sent to the Indian +Territory "at the urgent request of Watie and Drew,"<a id= +"footnotetag334" name="footnotetag334"></a><a href= +"#footnote334"><sup>334</sup></a> occurred at Locust Grove on the +third of July. It was nothing but a skirmish, yet had very +significant results. Only two detachments of Weer's men were +actively engaged in it.<a id="footnotetag335" name= +"footnotetag335"></a><a href="#footnote335"><sup>335</sup></a> One +of them was from the First Indian Home Guard and upon it the brunt +of the fighting fell.<a id="footnotetag336" name= +"footnotetag336"></a><a href="#footnote336"><sup>336</sup></a></p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 332:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag332">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) likely the one that is referred to in Carruth and +Martin's letter to Coffin, August 2, 1862, Commissioner of Indian +Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, p. 162.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote333" name= +"footnote333"></a><b>Footnote 333:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag333">(return)</a> +<p>Britton, <i>Civil War on the Border</i>, vol. i, 300-301.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote334" name= +"footnote334"></a><b>Footnote 334:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag334">(return)</a> +<p>Report of General Hindman, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, +40.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote335" name= +"footnote335"></a><b>Footnote 335:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag335">(return)</a> +<p>Weer to Moonlight, July 6, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 137.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote336" name= +"footnote336"></a><b>Footnote 336:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag336">(return)</a> +<p>Carruth and Martin reported to Coffin, August 2, 1862, that the +Indians did practically all the fighting on the Federal side. In +minor details, their account differed considerably from Weer's.</p> +<p>"When near Grand Saline, Colonel Weer detached parts of the 6th, +9th, and 10th Kansas regiments, and sent the 1st Indian regiment in +advance. By a forced night march they came up to the camp of +Colonel Clarkson, completely surprising him, capturing all his +supplies, and taking one hundred prisoners; among them the colonel +himself.</p> +<p>"The Creek Indians were first in the fight, led by Lieutenant +Colonel Wattles and Major Ellithorpe. We do not hear that any white +man fired a gun unless it was to kill the surgeon of the 1st Indian +regiment. We were since informed that one white man was killed by +the name of McClintock, of the 9th Kansas regiment. In reality, it +was a victory gained by the 1st Indian regiment; and while the +other forces would, no doubt, have acted well, it is the height of +injustice to claim this victory for the +whites...."—Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, +1862, p. 162.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page132" id="page132"></a>[pg +132]</span> +<p>The Confederates were worsted and lost their train and many +prisoners. Among the prisoners was Clarkson himself. His battalion +was put to flight and in that circumstance lay the worst aspect of +the whole engagement; for the routed men fled towards Tahlequah and +spread consternation among the Indians gathered there, also among +those who saw them by the way or heard of them. Thoroughly +frightened the red men sought refuge within the Federal lines. Such +conduct was to be expected of primitive people, who invariably +incline towards the side of the victor; but, in this case, it was +most disastrous to the Confederate Indian alliance. For the second +time since the war began, Colonel John Drew's enlisted men defected +from their own ranks<a id="footnotetag337" name= +"footnotetag337"></a><a href="#footnote337"><sup>337</sup></a> and, +with the exception of a small body under Captain Pickens +Benge,<a id="footnotetag338" name="footnotetag338"></a><a href= +"#footnote338"><sup>338</sup></a> went boldly over to the enemy. +The result was, that the Second Indian Home Guard, Ritchie's +regiment, which had not previously been filled up, had soon the +requisite number of men<a id="footnotetag339" name= +"footnotetag339"></a><a href="#footnote339"><sup>339</sup></a> and +there were more to spare. Indeed, during the days that followed, so +many recruits came in, nearly all of them Cherokees, that lists +were opened for starting a third regiment of Indian Home +Guards.<a id="footnotetag340" name="footnotetag340"></a><a href= +"#footnote340"><sup>340</sup></a> It was not long before it was +organized, accepted by Blunt, and W.A. Phillips commissioned as its +colonel.<a id="footnotetag341" name="footnotetag341"></a><a href= +"#footnote341"><sup>341</sup></a> The regular mustering in of the +new recruits had to be done at Fort Scott and thither Ritchie sent +the men, intended for his regiment, immediately.</p> +<p>The Indian Expedition had started out with a very definite +preliminary programme respecting the</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote337" name= +"footnote337"></a><b>Footnote 337:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag337">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 138.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote338" name= +"footnote338"></a><b>Footnote 338:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag338">(return)</a> +<p>Hindman's Report, <i>ibid</i>., 40.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote339" name= +"footnote339"></a><b>Footnote 339:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag339">(return)</a> +<p>Ritchie to Blunt, July 5, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 463-464.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote340" name= +"footnote340"></a><b>Footnote 340:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag340">(return)</a> +<p>Weer to Moonlight, July 12, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 488.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote341" name= +"footnote341"></a><b>Footnote 341:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag341">(return)</a> +<p>Blunt to Salomon, August 3, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 532; Britton, +<i>Civil War on the Border</i>, vol. i, 304.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page133" id="page133"></a>[pg +133]</span> +<p>management of Indian affairs, particularly as those affairs +might be concerned with the future attitude of the Cherokee Nation. +The programme comprised instructions that emanated from both civil +and military sources. The special Indian agents, Carruth and +Martin, had been given suitable tasks to perform and the +instructions handed them have already been commented upon. +Personally, these two men were very much disposed to magnify the +importance of their own position and to resent anything that looked +like interference on the part of the military. As a matter of fact, +the military men treated them with scant courtesy and made little +or no provision for their comfort and convenience.<a id= +"footnotetag342" name="footnotetag342"></a><a href= +"#footnote342"><sup>342</sup></a> Colonel Weer seems to have +ignored, at times, their very existence. On more than one occasion, +for instance, he deplored the absence of some official, accredited +by the Indian Office, to take charge of what he contemptuously +called "this Indian business,"<a id="footnotetag343" name= +"footnotetag343"></a><a href="#footnote343"><sup>343</sup></a> +which business, he felt, greatly complicated all military +undertakings<a id="footnotetag344" name= +"footnotetag344"></a><a href="#footnote344"><sup>344</sup></a> and +was decidedly beyond the bounds of his peculiar province.<a id= +"footnotetag345" name="footnotetag345"></a><a href= +"#footnote345"><sup>345</sup></a></p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote342" name= +"footnote342"></a><b>Footnote 342:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag342">(return)</a> +<p>Pretty good evidence of this appears in a letter, which Carruth +and Martin jointly addressed to Coffin, September 4, 1862, in +anticipation of the Second Indian Expedition, their idea being to +guard against a repetition of some of the experiences of the first. +"We wish to call your attention," wrote they, "to the necessity of +our being allowed a wagon to haul our clothing, tents, etc. in the +Southern expedition.</p> +<p>"In the last expedition we had much annoyance for the want of +accommodations of our own. Unless we are always by at the moment of +moving, our things are liable to be left behind, that room may be +made for <i>army baggage</i> which sometimes accumulates +amazingly....</p> +<p>"The cold nights of autumn and winter will overtake us in the +next expedition and we ought to go prepared for them. We must carry +many things, as clothing, blankets, etc."—General Files, +<i>Southern Superintendency</i>, 1859-1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote343" name= +"footnote343"></a><b>Footnote 343:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag343">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 460.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote344" name= +"footnote344"></a><b>Footnote 344:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag344">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 487.</p> +</blockquote> +] +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote345" name= +"footnote345"></a><b>Footnote 345:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag345">(return)</a> +<p>Weer, nevertheless, was not long in developing some very +pronounced ideas on the subject of Indian relations. The earliest +and best indication of (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page134" id="page134"></a>[pg +134]</span> +<p>The military instructions for the management of Indian affairs +outlined a policy exceedingly liberal, a policy that proceeded upon +the assumption that stress of circumstances had conditioned the +Indian alliance with the Confederacy. This idea was explicitly +conveyed in a communication from Weer, through his acting assistant +adjutant-general, to John Ross, and again in the orders issued to +Salomon and Judson. Ross and his people were to be given an +opportunity to return to their allegiance, confident that the +United States government would henceforth protect them.<a id= +"footnotetag346" name="footnotetag346"></a><a href= +"#footnote346"><sup>346</sup></a> And the military commanders were +invited to give their "careful attention to the delicate position" +which the Indian Expedition would occupy</p> +<blockquote> +<p>In its relation to the Indians. The evident desire of the +government is to restore friendly intercourse with the tribes and +return the loyal Indians that are with us to their homes. Great +care must be observed that no unusual degree of vindictiveness be +tolerated between Indian and Indian. Our policy toward the rebel +portion must be a subject of anxious consideration, and its +character will to a great degree be shaped by yourself (Judson) in +conjunction with Colonel Salomon. No settled policy can at present +be marked out. Give all questions their full share of +investigation. No spirit of private vengeance should be +tolerated.<a id="footnotetag347" name="footnotetag347"></a><a href= +"#footnote347"><sup>347</sup></a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>After the skirmish at Locust Grove, Colonel Weer deemed that the +appropriate moment had come for approaching John Ross with +suggestions that the Cherokee Nation abandon its Confederate ally +and return to its allegiance to the United States government. +From</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 345:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag345">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) that is to be found in his letter of July twelfth, in +which he gave his opinion of the negroes, whom he found very +insolent. He proposed that the Cherokee Nation should abolish +slavery by vote.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote346" name= +"footnote346"></a><b>Footnote 346:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag346">(return)</a> +<p>J.A. Phillips to Ross, June 26, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, +vol. xiii, 450.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote347" name= +"footnote347"></a><b>Footnote 347:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag347">(return)</a> +<p>Phillips to Judson, June 28, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 456. Orders, +almost identically the same, were issued to Salomon. See Phillips +to Salomon, June 27, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 452.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page135" id="page135"></a>[pg +135]</span> +<p>his camp on Wolf Creek, therefore, he addressed a conciliatory +communication<a id="footnotetag348" name= +"footnotetag348"></a><a href="#footnote348"><sup>348</sup></a> to +the Cherokee chief, begging the favor of an interview and offering +to make full reparation for any outrages or reprisals that his men, +in defiance of express orders to the contrary, might have made upon +the Cherokee people through whose country they had passed.<a id= +"footnotetag349" name="footnotetag349"></a><a href= +"#footnote349"><sup>349</sup></a> Weer had known for several days, +indeed, ever since he first crossed the line, that the natives were +thoroughly alarmed at the coming of the Indian Expedition. They +feared reprisals and Indian revenge and, whenever possible, had +fled out of reach of danger, many of them across the Arkansas +River, taking with them what of their property they could.<a id= +"footnotetag350" name="footnotetag350"></a><a href= +"#footnote350"><sup>350</sup></a> Weer had done his best to +restrain his troops, especially the Indian, and had been very firm +in insisting that no "outrages perpetrated after Indian fashion" +should occur.<a id="footnotetag351" name= +"footnotetag351"></a><a href="#footnote351"><sup>351</sup></a></p> +<p>Weer's message to Ross was sent, under a flag of truce, by +Doctor Gillpatrick, a surgeon in the Indian Expedition, who had +previously served under Lane.<a id="footnotetag352" name= +"footnotetag352"></a><a href="#footnote352"><sup>352</sup></a> +Ross's reply,<a id="footnotetag353" name= +"footnotetag353"></a><a href="#footnote353"><sup>353</sup></a> +although prompt, was scarcely satisfactory from Weer's standpoint. +He refused pointblank the request for an interview and reminded +Weer that the Cherokee Nation, "under the sanction and authority of +the whole Cherokee people," had made a formal alliance with the +Confederate government and</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote348" name= +"footnote348"></a><b>Footnote 348:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag348">(return)</a> +<p>Weer to Ross, July 7, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, +464.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote349" name= +"footnote349"></a><b>Footnote 349:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag349">(return)</a> +<p>That there had been outrages and reprisals, Carruth and Martin +admitted but they claimed that they had been committed by white men +and wrongfully charged against Indians [Commissioner of Indian +Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, 162-163].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote350" name= +"footnote350"></a><b>Footnote 350:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag350">(return)</a> +<p>Weer to Moonlight, July 2, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xiii, 460.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote351" name= +"footnote351"></a><b>Footnote 351:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag351">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 452, 456, 461.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote352" name= +"footnote352"></a><b>Footnote 352:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag352">(return)</a> +<p><i>Daily Conservative</i>, December 27, 1861.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote353" name= +"footnote353"></a><b>Footnote 353:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag353">(return)</a> +<p>Ross to Weer, July 8, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, +486-487; Moore, <i>Rebellion Record</i>, vol. v, 549.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page136" id="page136"></a>[pg +136]</span> +<p>proposed to remain true, as had ever been its custom, to its +treaty obligations. To fortify his position, he submitted documents +justifying his own and tribal actions since the beginning of the +war.<a id="footnotetag354" name="footnotetag354"></a><a href= +"#footnote354"><sup>354</sup></a> Weer was naturally much +embarrassed. Apparently, he had had the notion that the Indians +would rush into the arms of the Union with the first appearance of +a Federal soldier; but he was grievously mistaken. None the less, +verbal reports that reached his headquarters on Wolf Creek restored +somewhat his equanimity and gave him the impression that Ross, +thoroughly anti-secessionist at heart himself, was acting +diplomatically and biding his time.<a id="footnotetag355" name= +"footnotetag355"></a><a href="#footnote355"><sup>355</sup></a> Weer +referred<a id="footnotetag356" name="footnotetag356"></a><a href= +"#footnote356"><sup>356</sup></a> the matter to Blunt for +instructions at the very moment when Blunt, ignorant that he had +already had communication with Ross, was urging<a id= +"footnotetag357" name="footnotetag357"></a><a href= +"#footnote357"><sup>357</sup></a> him to be expeditious, since it +was "desirable to return the refugee Indians now in Kansas to their +homes as soon as practicable."</p> +<p>There were other reasons, more purely military, why a certain +haste was rather necessary. Some of those reasons inspired Colonel +Weer to have the country around about him well reconnoitered. On +the fourteenth of July, he sent out two detachments. One, led by +Major W.T. Campbell, was to examine "the alleged position of the +enemy south of the Arkansas," and the other, led by Captain H.S. +Greeno, to repair to Tahlequah and Park Hill.<a id="footnotetag358" +name="footnotetag358"></a><a href="#footnote358"><sup>358</sup></a> +Campbell, before he had advanced far, found out that there was a +strong Confederate force at Fort Davis<a id="footnotetag359" name= +"footnotetag359"></a><a href="#footnote359"><sup>359</sup></a> so +he halted at Fort Gibson and was</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote354" name= +"footnote354"></a><b>Footnote 354:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag354">(return)</a> +<p>Weer to Moonlight, July 12, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xiii, 487. The documents are to be found accompanying Weer's +letter, <i>ibid</i>., 489-505.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote355" name= +"footnote355"></a><b>Footnote 355:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag355">(return)</a> +<p>Blunt to Stanton, July 21, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 486.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote356" name= +"footnote356"></a><b>Footnote 356:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag356">(return)</a> +<p>Weer to Moonlight, July 12, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 487-488.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote357" name= +"footnote357"></a><b>Footnote 357:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag357">(return)</a> +<p>Blunt to Weer, July 12, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 488-489.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote358" name= +"footnote358"></a><b>Footnote 358:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag358">(return)</a> +<p>Weer to Moonlight, July 16, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 160-161.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote359" name= +"footnote359"></a><b>Footnote 359:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag359">(return)</a> +<p>Campbell to Weer, July 14, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 161.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page137" id="page137"></a>[pg +137]</span> +<p>there joined by Weer. Meanwhile, Greeno with his detachment of +one company of whites and fifty Cherokee Indians had reached +Tahlequah and had gone into camp two and one-half miles to the +southward.<a id="footnotetag360" name="footnotetag360"></a><a href= +"#footnote360"><sup>360</sup></a> He was then not far from Park +Hill, the residence of Chief Ross. All the way down he had been on +the watch for news; but the only forces he could hear of were some +Indian, who were believed to be friendly to the Union although +ostensibly still serving the Confederacy. It was a time of crisis +both with them and with him; for their leaders had just been +summoned by Colonel Cooper, now in undisputed command north of the +Canadian, to report immediately for duty at Fort Davis, his +headquarters. Whatever was to be done would have to be done +quickly. There was no time to lose and Greeno decided the matter +for all concerned by resorting to what turned out to be a very +clever expedient. He made the commissioned men all prisoners of +war<a id="footnotetag361" name="footnotetag361"></a><a href= +"#footnote361"><sup>361</sup></a> and then turned his attention to +the Principal Chief, who was likewise in a dilemma, he having +received a despatch from Cooper ordering him, under authority of +treaty provisions and "in the name of President Davis, Confederate +States of America, to issue a proclamation calling on all Cherokee +Indians over 18 and under 35 to come forward and assist in +protecting the country from invasion."<a id="footnotetag362" name= +"footnotetag362"></a><a href="#footnote362"><sup>362</sup></a> +Greeno thought the matter over and concluded there was nothing for +him to do but to capture Ross also and to release him, +subsequently, on parole. These things he did and there were many +people who thought, both then and long</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote360" name= +"footnote360"></a><b>Footnote 360:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag360">(return)</a> +<p>Greeno to Weer, July 15, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xiii, 473; Carruth and Martin to Coffin, July 19, 1862, +Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, 158-160.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote361" name= +"footnote361"></a><b>Footnote 361:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag361">(return)</a> +<p>Greeno to Weer, July 17, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xiii, 161-162.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote362" name= +"footnote362"></a><b>Footnote 362:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag362">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 473.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page138" id="page138"></a>[pg +138]</span> +<p>afterwards, that the whole affair had been arranged for +beforehand and that victor and victim had been in collusion with +each other all the way through.</p> +<p>Up to this point the Indian Expedition can be said to have met +with more than a fair measure of success; but its troubles were now +to begin or rather to assert themselves; for most of them had been +present since the very beginning. Fundamental to everything else +was the fact that it was summer-time and summer-time, too, in a +prairie region. Troops from the north, from Wisconsin and from +Ohio, were not acclimated and they found the heat of June and July +almost insufferable. There were times when they lacked good +drinking water, which made bad matters worse. The Germans were +particularly discontented and came to despise the miserable company +in which they found themselves. It was miserable, not so much +because it was largely Indian, but because it was so ill-equipped +and so disorderly. At Cowskin Prairie, the scouts had to be called +in, not because their work was finished, but because they and their +ponies were no longer equal to it.<a id="footnotetag363" name= +"footnotetag363"></a><a href="#footnote363"><sup>363</sup></a> They +had played out for the simple reason that they were not well fitted +out. The country east of Grand River was "very broken and flinty +and their ponies unshod." It has been claimed, although maybe with +some exaggeration, that not "a single horse-shoe or nail" had been +provided for Colonel Salomon's brigade.<a id="footnotetag364" name= +"footnotetag364"></a><a href="#footnote364"><sup>364</sup></a></p> +<p>The supplies of the Indian Expedition were insufficient and, +although at Spavinaw Creek Colonel Watie's entire commissary had +been captured<a id="footnotetag365" name= +"footnotetag365"></a><a href="#footnote365"><sup>365</sup></a> and +Clarkson's at Locust Grove, there was great scarcity. Weer had</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote363" name= +"footnote363"></a><b>Footnote 363:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag363">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 460.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote364" name= +"footnote364"></a><b>Footnote 364:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag364">(return)</a> +<p>Love, <i>Wisconsin in the War of Rebellion</i>, 580.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote365" name= +"footnote365"></a><b>Footnote 365:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag365">(return)</a> +<p>Anderson, Life of General Stand Watíe, 19.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page139" id="page139"></a>[pg +139]</span> +<p>been cautioned again and again not to cut himself off from easy +communication with Fort Scott.<a id="footnotetag366" name= +"footnotetag366"></a><a href="#footnote366"><sup>366</sup></a> He +had shown a disposition to wander widely from the straight road to +Fort Gibson; but Blunt had insisted that he refrain altogether from +making excursions into adjoining states.<a id="footnotetag367" +name="footnotetag367"></a><a href="#footnote367"><sup>367</sup></a> +He had himself realized the shortness of his provisions and had +made a desperate effort to get to the Grand Saline so as to +replenish his supply of salt at the place where the Confederates +had been manufacturing that article for many months. He had known +also that for some things, such as ordnance stores, he would have +to look even as far as Fort Leavenworth.<a id="footnotetag368" +name="footnotetag368"></a><a href= +"#footnote368"><sup>368</sup></a></p> +<p>The climax of all these affairs was reached July 18, 1862. On +that day, Frederick Salomon, colonel of the First Brigade, took +matters into his own hands and arrested his superior officer. It +was undoubtedly a clear case of mutiny<a id="footnotetag369" name= +"footnotetag369"></a><a href="#footnote369"><sup>369</sup></a> but +there was much to be said in extenuation of Salomon's conduct. The +reasons for his action, as stated in a <i>pronunciamento</i><a id= +"footnotetag370" name="footnotetag370"></a><a href= +"#footnote370"><sup>370</sup></a> to his associates in command and +as submitted to General Blunt<a id="footnotetag371" name= +"footnotetag371"></a><a href="#footnote371"><sup>371</sup></a> are +here given. They speak for themselves.</p> +<p>Headquarters Indian Expedition,<br /> +Camp on Grand River, July 18, 1862.</p> +<p>To Commanders of the different Corps constituting Indian +Expedition:</p> +<p>Sirs: In military as well as civil affairs great and violent +wrongs need speedy and certain remedies. The time had arrived, in +my judgment, in the history of this expedition when the greatest +wrong ever perpetrated upon any troops was about</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote366" name= +"footnote366"></a><b>Footnote 366:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag366">(return)</a> +<p>Consider, for example, Blunt's orders of July 14 [<i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xiii, 472].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote367" name= +"footnote367"></a><b>Footnote 367:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag367">(return)</a> +<p>Blunt to Weer, July 3, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 461.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote368" name= +"footnote368"></a><b>Footnote 368:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag368">(return)</a> +<p>Weer to Moonlight, July 2, 1862, <i>ibid</i>.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote369" name= +"footnote369"></a><b>Footnote 369:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag369">(return)</a> +<p>As such the Indian agents regarded it. See their communication +on the subject, July 19, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 478.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote370" name= +"footnote370"></a><b>Footnote 370:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag370">(return)</a> +<p><i>ibid</i>., 475-476.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote371" name= +"footnote371"></a><b>Footnote 371:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag371">(return)</a> +<p><i>Ibid</i>., 484-485.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page140" id="page140"></a>[pg +140]</span> +<p>to fall with crushing weight upon the noble men composing the +command. Some one must act, and that at once, or starvation and +capture were the imminent hazards that looked us in the face.</p> +<p>As next in command to Colonel Weer, and upon his express refusal +to move at all for the salvation of his troops, I felt the +responsibility resting upon me.</p> +<p>I have arrested Colonel Weer and assumed command.</p> +<p>The causes leading to this arrest you all know. I need not +reiterate them here. Suffice to say that we are 160 miles from the +base of operations, almost entirely through an enemy's country, and +without communication being left open behind us. We have been +pushed forward thus far by forced and fatiguing marches under the +violent southern sun without any adequate object. By Colonel Weer's +orders we were forced to encamp where our famishing men were unable +to obtain anything but putrid, stinking water. Our reports for +disability and unfitness for duty were disregarded; our cries for +help and complaints of unnecessary hardships and suffering were +received with closed ears. Yesterday a council of war, convened by +the order of Colonel Weer, decided that our only safety lay in +falling back to some point from which we could reopen communication +with our commissary depot. Colonel Weer overrides and annuls the +decision of that council, and announces his determination not to +move from this point. We have but three days' rations on hand and +an order issued by him putting the command on half rations. For +nearly two weeks we have no communication from our rear. We have no +knowledge when supply trains will reach us, neither has Colonel +Weer. Three sets of couriers, dispatched at different times to find +these trains and report, have so far made no report. Reliable +information has been received that large bodies of the enemy were +moving to our rear, and yet we lay here idle. We are now and ever +since our arrival here have been entirely without vegetables or +healthy food for our troops. I have stood with arms folded and seen +my men faint and fall away from me like the leaves of autumn +because I thought myself powerless to save them.</p> +<p>I will look upon this scene no longer. I know the responsibility +I have assumed. I have acted after careful thought</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page141" id="page141"></a>[pg +141]</span> +<p>and deliberation. Give me your confidence for a few days, and +all that man can do, and with a pure purpose and a firm faith that +he is right, shall be done for the preservation of the troops.</p> +<div class="poem"> +<p>F. Salomon, <i>Colonel Ninth Wis. Vols</i>.,</p> +<p class="i10"><i>Comdg. Indian Expedition</i>.</p> +</div> +<p>Headquarters Indian Expedition,<br /> +Camp on Wolf Creek, Cherokee Nation, July 20, 1862.<br /> +Brig. Gen. James G. Blunt,</p> +<p><i>Commanding Department of Kansas</i>:</p> +<p>Sir: I have the honor to report that I have arrested Col. +William Weer, commanding the Indian Expedition, and have assumed +command. Among the numerous reasons for this step a few of the +chief are as follows:</p> +<p>From the day of our first report to him we have found him a man +abusive and violent in his intercourse with his fellow-officers, +notoriously intemperate in habits, entirely disregarding military +usages and discipline, always rash in speech, act, and orders, +refusing to inferior officers and their reports that consideration +which is due an officer of the U.S. Army.</p> +<p>Starting from Cowskin Prairie on the 1st instant, we were pushed +rapidly forward to the vicinity of Fort Gibson, on the Arkansas +River, a distance of 160 miles from Fort Scott. No effort was made +by him to keep communication open behind us. It seemed he desired +none. We had but twenty-three days' rations on hand. As soon as he +reached a position on Grand River 14 miles from Fort Gibson his +movements suddenly ceased. We could then have crossed the Arkansas +River, but it seemed there was no object to be attained in his +judgment by such a move. There we lay entirely idle from the 9th to +the 19th. We had at last reached the point when we had but three +days' rations on hand. Something must be done. We were in a barren +country, with a large force of the enemy in front of us, a large +and now impassable river between us, and no news from our train or +from our base of operations for twelve days. What were we to do? +Colonel Weer called a council of war, at which he stated that the +Arkansas River was now impassable to our forces; that a train +containing commissary stores had been expected for three days; that +three different sets of couriers sent out some time previous +had</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page142" id="page142"></a>[pg +142]</span> +<p>entirely failed to report; that he had been twelve days entirely +without communication with or from the department, and that he had +received reliable information that a large force of the enemy were +moving to our rear via the Verdigris River for the purpose of +cutting off our train.</p> +<p>Upon this and other information the council of war decided that +our only safety lay in falling back to some point where we could +reopen communication and learn the whereabouts of our train of +subsistence. To this decision of the council he at the time +assented, and said that he would arrange with the commanders of +brigades the order of march. Subsequently he issued an order +putting the command on half rations, declaring that he would not +fall back, and refused utterly, upon my application, to take any +steps for the safety or salvation of his command. I could but +conclude that the man was either insane, premeditated treachery to +his troops, or perhaps that his grossly intemperate habits long +continued had produced idiocy or monomania. In either case the +command was imperiled, and a military necessity demanded that +something be done, and that without delay. I took the only step I +believed available to save your troops. I arrested this man, have +drawn charges against him, and now hold him subject to your +orders.</p> +<p>On the morning of the 19th I commenced a retrograde march and +have fallen back with my main force to this point.</p> +<p>You will see by General Orders, No. 1, herewith forwarded, that +I have stationed the First and Second Regiments Indian Home Guards +as a corps of observation along the Grand and Verdigris Rivers; +also to guard the fords of the Arkansas. Yesterday evening a +courier reached me at Prior Creek with dispatches saying that a +commissary train was at Hudson's Crossing, 75 miles north of us, +waiting for an additional force as an escort. Information also +reaches me this morning that Colonel Watie, with a force of 1,200 +men, passed up the east side of Grand River yesterday for the +purpose of cutting off this train. I have sent out strong +reconnoitering parties to the east of the river, and if the +information proves reliable will take such further measures as I +deem best for its security.</p> +<p>I design simply to hold the country we are now in, and will make +no important moves except such as I may deem necessary for the +preservation of this command until I receive specific</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page143" id="page143"></a>[pg +143]</span> +<p>instructions from you. I send Major Burnett with a small escort +to make his way through to you. He will give you more at length the +position of this command, their condition, &c.</p> +<p>Very respectfully, your obedient servant,<br /> +F. Salomon, <i>Colonel Ninth Wis. Vols</i>.,<br /> +<i>Comdg. Indian Expedition</i>.</p> +<p>Salomon's insubordination brought the Indian Expedition in its +original form to an abrupt end, much to the disgust and righteous +indignation of the Indian service. The arrest of Colonel Weer threw +the whole camp into confusion,<a id="footnotetag372" name= +"footnotetag372"></a><a href="#footnote372"><sup>372</sup></a> and +it was some hours before anything like order could be restored. A +retrograde movement of the white troops had evidently been earlier +resolved upon and was at once undertaken. Of such troops, Salomon +assumed personal command and ordered them to begin a march +northward at two o'clock on the morning of the nineteenth.<a id= +"footnotetag373" name="footnotetag373"></a><a href= +"#footnote373"><sup>373</sup></a> At the same time, he established +the troops, he was so brutally abandoning, as a corps of +observation on or near the Verdigris and Grand Rivers. They were +thus expected to cover his retreat, while he, unhampered, proceeded +to Hudson's Crossing.<a id="footnotetag374" name= +"footnotetag374"></a><a href="#footnote374"><sup>374</sup></a></p> +<p>With the departure of Salomon and subordinate commanders in +sympathy with his retrograde movement, Robert W. Furnas, colonel of +the First Indian, became the ranking officer in the field. +Consequently it was his duty to direct the movements of the troops +that remained. The troops were those of the three Indian regiments, +the third of which had not yet been formally recognized and +accepted by the government. Not all of these troops were in camp +when the arrest of Weer took place. One of the last official acts +of Weer as</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote372" name= +"footnote372"></a><b>Footnote 372:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag372">(return)</a> +<p>Carruth and Martin to Blunt, July 19, 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote373" name= +"footnote373"></a><b>Footnote 373:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag373">(return)</a> +<p>Blocki, by order of Salomon, July 18, 1862, <i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xiii, 477.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote374" name= +"footnote374"></a><b>Footnote 374:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag374">(return)</a> +<p>Carruth and Martin to Coffin, August 2, 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page144" id="page144"></a>[pg +144]</span> +<p>commander of the Indian Expedition had been to order the First +Indian to proceed to the Verdigris River and to take position "in +the vicinity of Vann's Ford." Only a detachment of about two +hundred men had as yet gone there, however, and they were there in +charge of Lieutenant A.C. Ellithorpe. A like detachment of the +Third Indian, under John A. Foreman, major, had been posted at Fort +Gibson.<a id="footnotetag375" name="footnotetag375"></a><a href= +"#footnote375"><sup>375</sup></a> Salomon's <i>pronunciamento</i> +and his order, placing the Indian regiments as a corps of +observation on the Verdigris and Grand Rivers, were not +communicated to the regimental commanders of the Indian Home Guard +until July 22;<a id="footnotetag376" name= +"footnotetag376"></a><a href="#footnote376"><sup>376</sup></a> but +they had already met, had conferred among themselves, and had +decided that it would be bad policy to take the Indians out of the +Territory.<a id="footnotetag377" name="footnotetag377"></a><a href= +"#footnote377"><sup>377</sup></a> They, therefore agreed to +consolidate the three regiments into a brigade, Furnas in command, +and to establish camp and headquarters on the Verdigris, about +twelve miles directly west of the old camp on the Grand.<a id= +"footnotetag378" name="footnotetag378"></a><a href= +"#footnote378"><sup>378</sup></a></p> +<p>The brigading took place as agreed upon and Furnas, brigade +commander, retained his colonelcy of the First Indian, while +Lieutenant-colonel David B. Corwin took command of the Second and +Colonel William A. Phillips of the Third. Colonel Ritchie had, +prior to recent happenings, been detached from his command in order +to conduct a party of prisoners to Fort Leavenworth, also to +arrange for the mustering in of Indian recruits.<a id= +"footnotetag379" name="footnotetag379"></a><a href= +"#footnote379"><sup>379</sup></a> But two days' rations were on +hand, so jerked beef was accepted as the chief article of diet +until other supplies could be obtained.<a id="footnotetag380" name= +"footnotetag380"></a><a href="#footnote380"><sup>380</sup></a> +There was likely to be plenty of</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote375" name= +"footnote375"></a><b>Footnote 375:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag375">(return)</a> +<p>Furnas to Blunt, July 25, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xiii, 512.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote376" name= +"footnote376"></a><b>Footnote 376:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag376">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 512.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote377" name= +"footnote377"></a><b>Footnote 377:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag377">(return)</a> +<p>Britton, <i>Civil War on the border</i>, vol. i, 309.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote378" name= +"footnote378"></a><b>Footnote 378:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag378">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xii, 512; Commissioner of Indian +Affairs, Report, 1862, 163.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote379" name= +"footnote379"></a><b>Footnote 379:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag379">(return)</a> +<p>Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, +163-164.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote380" name= +"footnote380"></a><b>Footnote 380:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag380">(return)</a> +<p>Carruth and Martin to Coffin, July 25, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., +160.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page145" id="page145"></a>[pg +145]</span> +<p>that; for, as Weer had once reported, cattle were a drug on the +market in the Cherokee country, the prairies "covered with +thousands of them."<a id="footnotetag381" name= +"footnotetag381"></a><a href="#footnote381"><sup>381</sup></a> The +encampment on the Verdigris was made forthwith; but it was a +failure from the start.</p> +<p>The Indians of the First Regiment showed signs of serious +demoralization and became unmanageable, while a large number of the +Second deserted.<a id="footnotetag382" name= +"footnotetag382"></a><a href="#footnote382"><sup>382</sup></a> It +was thought that deprivation in the midst of plenty, the lack of +good water and of the restraining influence of white troops had had +much to do with the upheaval, although there had been much less +plundering since they left than when they were present. With much +of truth back of possible hatred and malice, the special agents +reported that such protection as the white men had recently given +Indian Territory "would ruin any country on earth."<a id= +"footnotetag383" name="footnotetag383"></a><a href= +"#footnote383"><sup>383</sup></a></p> +<p>With the hope that the morale of the men would be restored were +they to be more widely distributed and their physical conditions +improved, Colonel Furnas concluded to break camp on the Verdigris +and return to the Grand. He accordingly marched the Third Indian to +Pryor Creek<a id="footnotetag384" name= +"footnotetag384"></a><a href="#footnote384"><sup>384</sup></a> but +had scarcely done so when orders came from Salomon, under cover of +his usurped authority as commander of the Indian Expedition, for +him to cross the Grand and advance northeastward to Horse Creek and +vicinity, there to pitch his tents. The new camp was christened +Camp Wattles. It extended from Horse to Wolf Creek and constituted +a point from which the component parts of the Indian Brigade +did</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote381" name= +"footnote381"></a><b>Footnote 381:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag381">(return)</a> +<p>Weer to Moonlight, July 12, 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote382" name= +"footnote382"></a><b>Footnote 382:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag382">(return)</a> +<p>Furnas to Blunt, July 25, 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote383" name= +"footnote383"></a><b>Footnote 383:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag383">(return)</a> +<p>Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, +160-161.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote384" name= +"footnote384"></a><b>Footnote 384:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag384">(return)</a> +<p>Named in honor of Nathaniel Pryor of the Lewis and Clark +expedition and of general frontier fame, and, therefore, +incorrectly called Prior Creek in Furnas's report.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page146" id="page146"></a>[pg +146]</span> +<p>extensive scouting for another brief period. In reality, Furnas +was endeavoring to hold the whole of the Indian country north of +the Arkansas and south of the border.<a id="footnotetag385" name= +"footnotetag385"></a><a href="#footnote385"><sup>385</sup></a></p> +<p>Meanwhile, Salomon had established himself in the neighborhood +of Hudson's Crossing, at what he called, Camp Quapaw. The camp was +on Quapaw land. His idea was, and he so communicated to Blunt, that +he had selected "the most commanding point in this (the +trans-Missouri) country not only from a military view as a key to +the valleys of Spring River, Shoal Creek, Neosho, and Grand River, +but also as the only point in this country now where an army could +be sustained with a limited supply of forage and subsistence, +offering ample grazing<a id="footnotetag386" name= +"footnotetag386"></a><a href="#footnote386"><sup>386</sup></a> and +good water."<a id="footnotetag387" name= +"footnotetag387"></a><a href="#footnote387"><sup>387</sup></a> No +regular investigation into his conduct touching the retrograde +movement, such as justice to Weer would seem to have demanded, was +made.<a id="footnotetag388" name="footnotetag388"></a><a href= +"#footnote388"><sup>388</sup></a> He submitted the facts to Blunt +and Blunt, at first alarmed<a id="footnotetag389" name= +"footnotetag389"></a><a href="#footnote389"><sup>389</sup></a> lest +a complete abandonment of Indian Territory would result, +acquiesced<a id="footnotetag390" name="footnotetag390"></a><a href= +"#footnote390"><sup>390</sup></a> when, he found that the Indian +regiments were holding their own there.<a id="footnotetag391" name= +"footnotetag391"></a><a href="#footnote391"><sup>391</sup></a> +Salomon, indeed, so far strengthened Furnas's hand as to supply him +with ten days rations and a section of Allen's battery.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote385" name= +"footnote385"></a><b>Footnote 385:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag385">(return)</a> +<p>For accounts of the movements of the Indian Expedition after the +occurrence of Salomon's retrograde movement, see the <i>Daily +Conservative</i>, August 16, 21, 26, 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote386" name= +"footnote386"></a><b>Footnote 386:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag386">(return)</a> +<p>On the subject of grazing, see Britton, <i>Civil War on the +Border</i>, vol. i, 308.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote387" name= +"footnote387"></a><b>Footnote 387:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag387">(return)</a> +<p>Salomon to Blunt, July 29, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xiii, 521.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote388" name= +"footnote388"></a><b>Footnote 388:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag388">(return)</a> +<p>H.S. Lane called Stanton's attention to the matter, however, +<i>ibid</i>., 485.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote389" name= +"footnote389"></a><b>Footnote 389:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag389">(return)</a> +<p>Blunt to Salomon, August 3, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 531-532.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote390" name= +"footnote390"></a><b>Footnote 390:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag390">(return)</a> +<p>He acquiesced as, perforce, he had to do but he was very far +from approving.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote391" name= +"footnote391"></a><b>Footnote 391:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag391">(return)</a> +<p>In November, Dole reported to Smith that Salomon's retrograde +movement had caused about fifteen hundred or two thousand +additional refugees to flee into Kansas. Dole urged that the Indian +Expedition should be reenforced and strengthened [Indian Office +<i>Report Book</i>, no. 12, 503-504].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page147" id="page147"></a>[pg +147]</span> +<h2>VI. GENERAL PIKE IN CONTROVERSY WITH GENERAL HINDMAN</h2> +<p>The retrograde movement of Colonel Salomon and the white +auxiliary of the Indian Expedition was peculiarly unfortunate and +ill-timed since, owing to circumstances now to be related in +detail, the Confederates had really no forces at hand at all +adequate to repel invasion. On the thirty-first of May, as earlier +narrated in this work, General Hindman had written to General Pike +instructing him to move his entire infantry force of whites and +Woodruff's single six-gun battery to Little Rock without delay. In +doing this, he admitted that, while it was regrettable that Pike's +force in Indian Territory should be reduced, it was imperative that +Arkansas should be protected, her danger being imminent. He further +ordered, that Pike should supply the command to be sent forward +with subsistence for thirty days, should have the ammunition +transported in wagons, and should issue orders that not a single +cartridge be used on the journey.<a id="footnotetag392" name= +"footnotetag392"></a><a href="#footnote392"><sup>392</sup></a></p> +<p>To one of Pike's proud spirit, such orders could be nothing +short of galling. He had collected his force and everything he +possessed appertaining to it at the cost of much patience, much +labor, much expense. Untiring vigilance had alone made possible the +formation of his brigade and an unselfish willingness to advance +his own funds had alone furnished it with quartermaster and +commissary stores. McCulloch and Van</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote392" name= +"footnote392"></a><b>Footnote 392:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag392">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 934.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page148" id="page148"></a>[pg +148]</span> +<p>Dorn<a id="footnotetag393" name="footnotetag393"></a><a href= +"#footnote393"><sup>393</sup></a> each in turn had diverted his +supplies from their destined course, yet he had borne with it all, +uncomplainingly. He had even broken faith with the Indian nations +at Van Dorn's instance; for, contrary to the express terms of the +treaties that he had negotiated, he had taken the red men across +the border, without their express consent, to fight in the Pea +Ridge campaign. And with what result? Base ingratitude on the part +of Van Dorn, who, in his official report of the three day +engagement, ignored the help rendered<a id="footnotetag394" name= +"footnotetag394"></a><a href="#footnote394"><sup>394</sup></a> and +left Pike to bear the stigma<a id="footnotetag395" name= +"footnotetag395"></a><a href="#footnote395"><sup>395</sup></a> of +Indian atrocities alone.</p> +<p>With the thought of that ingratitude still rankling in his +breast, Pike noted additional features of Hindman's first +instructions to him, which were, that he should advance his Indian +force to the northern border of Indian Territory and hold it there +to resist invasion from Kansas. He was expected to do this +unsupported</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote393" name= +"footnote393"></a><b>Footnote 393:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag393">(return)</a> +<p>Van Dorn would seem to have been a gross offender in this +respect. Similar charges were made against him by other men and on +other occasions [<i>Official Records</i>, vol. liii, supplement, +825].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote394" name= +"footnote394"></a><b>Footnote 394:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag394">(return)</a> +<p>It was matter of common report that Van Dorn despised Pike's +Indians [<i>ibid</i>., vol. xiii, 814-816]. The entire Arkansas +delegation in Congress, with the exception of A.H. Garland, +testified to Van Dorn's aversion for the Indians [<i>ibid</i>., +815].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote395" name= +"footnote395"></a><b>Footnote 395:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag395">(return)</a> +<p>How great was that stigma can be best understood from the +following: "The horde of Indians scampered off to the mountains +from whence they had come, having murdered and scalped many of the +Union wounded. General Pike, their leader, led a feeble band to the +heights of Big Mountain, near Elk Horn, where he was of no use to +the battle of the succeeding day, and whence he fled, between +roads, through the woods, disliked by the Confederates and detested +by the Union men; to be known in history as a son of New +Hampshire—a poet who sang of flowers and the beauties of the +sunset skies, the joys of love and the hopes of the soul—and +yet one who, in the middle of the 19th century, led a merciless, +scalping, murdering, uncontrollable horde of half-tame savages in +the defense of slavery—themselves slave-holders—against +that Union his own native State was then supporting, and against +the flag of liberty. He scarcely struck a blow in open fight.... +His service was servile and corrupt; his flight was abject, and his +reward disgrace."—<i>War Papers and Personal Recollections of +the Missouri Commandery</i>, 232.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page149" id="page149"></a>[pg +149]</span> +<p>by white troops, the need of which, for moral as well as for +physical strength, he had always insisted upon.</p> +<p>It is quite believable that Van Dorn was the person most +responsible for Hindman's interference with Pike, although, of +course, the very seriousness and desperateness of Hindman's +situation would have impelled him to turn to the only place where +ready help was to be had. Three days prior to the time that Hindman +had been assigned to the Trans-Mississippi Department, Roane, an +old antagonist of Pike<a id="footnotetag396" name= +"footnotetag396"></a><a href="#footnote396"><sup>396</sup></a> and +the commander to whose immediate care Van Dorn had confided +Arkansas,<a id="footnotetag397" name="footnotetag397"></a><a href= +"#footnote397"><sup>397</sup></a> had asked of Pike at Van Dorn's +suggestion<a id="footnotetag398" name="footnotetag398"></a><a href= +"#footnote398"><sup>398</sup></a> all the white forces he could +spare, Roane having practically none of his own. Pike had refused +the request, if request it was, and in refusing it, had represented +how insufficient his forces actually were for purposes of his own +department and how exceedingly difficult had been the task, which +was his and his alone, of getting them together. At the time of +writing he had not a single dollar of public money for his army and +only a very limited amount of ammunition and other supplies.<a id= +"footnotetag399" name="footnotetag399"></a><a href= +"#footnote399"><sup>399</sup></a></p> +<p>Pike received Hindman's communication of May 31 late in the +afternoon of June 8 and he replied to it that same evening +immediately after he had made arrangements<a id="footnotetag400" +name="footnotetag400"></a><a href="#footnote400"><sup>400</sup></a> +for complying in part with its requirements.</p> +<p>The reply<a id="footnotetag401" name= +"footnotetag401"></a><a href="#footnote401"><sup>401</sup></a> as +it stands in the records today is a strong indictment of the +Confederate management of Indian</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote396" name= +"footnote396"></a><b>Footnote 396:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag396">(return)</a> +<p>Pike had fought a duel with Roane, Roane having challenged him +because he had dared to criticize his conduct in the Mexican War +[Hallura, <i>Biographical and Pictorial History of Arkansas</i>, +vol. i, 229; <i>Confederate Military History</i>, vol. x, 99].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote397" name= +"footnote397"></a><b>Footnote 397:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag397">(return)</a> +<p>Maury to Roane, May 11, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xiii, 827.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote398" name= +"footnote398"></a><b>Footnote 398:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag398">(return)</a> +<p>Maury to Pike, May 19, 1862, <i>ibid</i>.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote399" name= +"footnote399"></a><b>Footnote 399:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag398">(return)</a> +<p>Pike to Roane, June 1, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 935-936.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote400" name= +"footnote400"></a><b>Footnote 400:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag400">(return)</a> +<p>General Orders, June 8, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 943.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote401" name= +"footnote401"></a><b>Footnote 401:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag401">(return)</a> +<p>Pike to Hindman, June 8, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 936-943.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page150" id="page150"></a>[pg +150]</span> +<p>affairs in the West and should be dealt with analytically, yet +also as a whole; since no paraphrase, no mere synopsis of contents +could ever do the subject justice. From the facts presented, it is +only too evident that very little had been attempted or done by the +Richmond authorities for the Indian regiments. Neither officers nor +men had been regularly or fully paid. And not all the good +intentions, few as they were, of the central government had been +allowed realization. They had been checkmated by the men in control +west of the Mississippi. In fact, the army men in Arkansas had +virtually exploited Pike's command, had appropriated for their own +use his money, his supplies, and had never permitted anything to +pass on to Indian Territory, notwithstanding that it had been +bought with Indian funds, "that was fit to be sent anywhere else." +The Indian's portion was the "refuse," as Pike so truly, bitterly, +and emphatically put it, or, in other words of his, the "crumbs" +that fell from the white man's table.</p> +<p>Pike's compliance with Hindman's orders was only partial and he +offered not the vestige of an apology that it was so. What he did +send was Dawson's<a id="footnotetag402" name= +"footnotetag402"></a><a href="#footnote402"><sup>402</sup></a> +infantry regiment and Woodruff's battery which went duly on to +Little Rock with the requisite thirty days' subsistence and the +caution that not a single cartridge was to be fired along the way. +The caution Pike must have repeated in almost ironical vein; for +the way to Little Rock lay through Indian Territory and cartridges +like everything else under Pike's control had been collected solely +for its defense.</p> +<p>Respecting the forward movement of the Indian troops, Pike made +not the slightest observation in his</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote402" name= +"footnote402"></a><b>Footnote 402:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag402">(return)</a> +<p>C.L. Dawson of the Nineteenth Regiment of Arkansas Volunteers +had joined Pike at Fort McCulloch in April [<i>Fort Smith +Papers</i>].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page151" id="page151"></a>[pg +151]</span> +<p>reply. His silence was ominous. Perhaps it was intended as a +warning to Hindman not to encroach too far upon his department; but +that is mere conjecture; inasmuch as Pike had not yet seen fit to +question outright Hindman's authority over himself. As if +anticipating an echo from Little Rock of criticisms that were rife +elsewhere, he ventured an explanation of his conduct in +establishing himself in the extreme southern part of Indian +Territory and towards the west and in fortifying on an open +prairie, far from any recognized base.<a id="footnotetag403" name= +"footnotetag403"></a><a href="#footnote403"><sup>403</sup></a> He +had gone down into the Red River country, he asserted, in order to +be near Texas where supplies might be had in abundance and where, +since he had no means of defence, he would be safe from attack. He +deplored the seeming necessity of merging his department in another +and larger one. His reasons were probably many but the one reason +he stressed was, for present purposes, the best he could have +offered. It was, that the Indians could not be expected to render +to him as a subordinate the same obedience they had rendered to him +as the chief officer in command. Were his authority to be +superseded in any degree, the Indians would naturally infer that +his influence at Richmond had declined, likewise his power to +protect them and their interests.</p> +<p>During the night Pike must have pondered deeply</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote403" name= +"footnote403"></a><b>Footnote 403:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag403">(return)</a> +<p>His enemies were particularly scornful of his work in this +regard. They poked fun at him on every possible occasion. Edwards, +in <i>Shelby and His Men</i>, 63, but echoed the general +criticism,</p> +<p>"Pike, also a Brigadier, had retreated with his Indian +contingent out of North West Arkansas, unpursued, through the +Cherokee country, the Chickasaw country, and the country of the +Choctaws, two hundred and fifty miles to the southward, only +halting on the 'Little Blue', an unknown thread of a stream, twenty +miles from Red river, where he constructed fortifications on the +open prairie, erected a saw-mill remote from any timber, and +devoted himself to gastronomy and poetic meditation, with elegant +accompaniments..."</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page152" id="page152"></a>[pg +152]</span> +<p>over things omitted from his reply to Hindman and over all that +was wanting to make his compliance with Hindman's instructions full +and satisfactory. On the ninth, his assistant-adjutant, O.F. +Russell, prepared a fairly comprehensive report<a id= +"footnotetag404" name="footnotetag404"></a><a href= +"#footnote404"><sup>404</sup></a> of the conditions in and +surrounding his command. Pike's force,<a id="footnotetag405" name= +"footnotetag405"></a><a href="#footnote405"><sup>405</sup></a> so +the report stated, was anything but complete. With Dawson gone, +there would be in camp, of Arkansas troops, one company of cavalry +and one of artillery and, of Texas, two companies of cavalry. When +men, furloughed for the wheat harvest, should return, there would +be "in addition two regiments and one company of cavalry, and one +company of artillery, about 80 strong."<a id="footnotetag406" name= +"footnotetag406"></a><a href="#footnote406"><sup>406</sup></a> The +withdrawal of white troops from the Territory would be interpreted +by the Indians to mean its abandonment.</p> +<p>Of the Indian contingent, Russell had this to say:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>The two Cherokee regiments are near the Kansas line, operating +on that frontier. Col. Stand Watie has recently had a skirmish +there, in which, as always, he and his men fought gallantly, and +were successful. Col. D.N. McIntosh's Creek Regiment is under +orders to advance up the Verdigris, toward the Santa Fé +road. Lieut. Col. Chilly McIntosh's Creek Battalion, Lieut. Col. +John Jumper's Seminole Battalion, and Lieut. Col. J.D. Harris' +Chickasaw Battalion are under orders, and part of them now in +motion toward the Salt Plains, to take Fort Larned, the post at +Walnut Creek, and perhaps Fort Wise, and intercept trains going to +New Mexico. The First Choctaw (new)<a id="footnotetag407" name= +"footnotetag407"></a><a href="#footnote407"><sup>407</sup></a> +Regiment, of Col. Sampson Folsom, and the Choctaw Battalion (three +companies), of Maj. Simpson (N.) Folsom, are at Middle Boggy, 23 +miles northeast of this point. They were under orders to march +northward to</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote404" name= +"footnote404"></a><b>Footnote 404:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag404">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 943-945.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote405" name= +"footnote405"></a><b>Footnote 405:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag405">(return)</a> +<p>For tabulated showing of Pike's brigade, see <i>ibid</i>., +831.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote406" name= +"footnote406"></a><b>Footnote 406:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag406">(return)</a> +<p>Compare Russell's statement with Hindman's [<i>ibid</i>., 30]. +See also Maury to Price, March 22, 1862 [<i>ibid</i>., vol. viii, +798].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote407" name= +"footnote407"></a><b>Footnote 407:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag407">(return)</a> +<p>The parentheses appear here as in the original.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page153" id="page153"></a>[pg +153]</span> +<blockquote> +<p>the Salt Plains and Santa Fé road; but the withdrawal of +Colonel Dawson's regiment prevents that, and the regiment is now +ordered to take position here, and the battalion to march to and +take position at Camp McIntosh, 17 miles this side of Fort Cobb, +where, with Hart's Spies, 40 in number, it will send out parties to +the Wichita Mountains and up the False Wichita, and prevent, if +possible, depredations on the frontier of Texas.</p> +<p>The First Choctaw and Chickasaw Regiment, of Col. Douglas H. +Cooper, goes out of service on the 25th and 26th of July. It is now +encamped 11 miles east of here.... The country to the westward is +quiet, all the Comanches this side of the Staked Plains being +friendly, and the Kiowas<a id="footnotetag408" name= +"footnotetag408"></a><a href="#footnote408"><sup>408</sup></a> +having made peace, and selected a home to live at on Elk Creek, not +far from the site of Camp Radziwintski, south of the Wichita +Mountains.</p> +<p>The Indian troops have been instructed, if the enemy<a id= +"footnotetag409" name="footnotetag409"></a><a href= +"#footnote409"><sup>409</sup></a> invades the country, to harass +him, and impede his progress by every possible means, and, falling +back here as he advances, to assist in holding this position +against him.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Included in Russell's report there might well have been much +interesting data respecting the condition of the troops that Pike +was parting with; for it can scarcely be said that he manifested +any generosity in sending them forth. He obeyed the letter of his +order and ignored its spirit. He permitted no guns to be taken out +of the Territory that had been paid for with money that he had +furnished. Dawson's regiment had not its full quota of men, but +that was scarcely Pike's fault. Neither was it his fault that its +equipment was so sadly below par that it could make but very slow +progress on the nine hundred mile march between Fort McCulloch and +Little Rock. Moreover, the health of the</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote408" name= +"footnote408"></a><b>Footnote 408:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag408">(return)</a> +<p>Pike had just received assurances of the friendly disposition of +the Kiowas [Bickel to Pike, June 1, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, +vol. xiii, 936].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote409" name= +"footnote409"></a><b>Footnote 409:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag409">(return)</a> +<p>The enemy in mind was the Indian Expedition. Pike had heard that +Sturgis had been removed "on account of his tardiness in not +invading the Indian country...." [<i>Ibid</i>., 944].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page154" id="page154"></a>[pg +154]</span> +<p>men was impaired, their duties, especially the "fort duties, +throwing up intrenchments, etc.,"<a id="footnotetag410" name= +"footnotetag410"></a><a href="#footnote410"><sup>410</sup></a> had +been very fatiguing. Pike had no wagons to spare them for the trip +eastward. So many of his men had obtained furloughs for the harvest +season and every company, in departing, had taken with it a +wagon,<a id="footnotetag411" name="footnotetag411"></a><a href= +"#footnote411"><sup>411</sup></a> no one having any thought that +there would come a call decreasing Pike's command.</p> +<p>So slowly and laboriously did Dawson's regiment progress that +Hindman, not hearing either of it or of Woodruff's battery, which +was slightly in advance, began to have misgivings as to the fate of +his orders of May 31. He, therefore, repeated them in substance, on +June 17, with the additional specific direction that Pike should +"move at once to Fort Gibson." That order Pike received June 24, +the day following his issuance of instructions to his next in +command, Colonel D.H. Cooper, that he should hasten to the country +north of the Canadian and there take command of all forces except +Chief Jumper's.</p> +<p>The receipt of Hindman's order of June 17 was the signal for +Pike to pen another lengthy letter<a id="footnotetag412" name= +"footnotetag412"></a><a href="#footnote412"><sup>412</sup></a> of +description and protest. Interspersed through it were his +grievances, the same that were recited in the letter of June 8, but +now more elaborately dwelt upon. Pike was getting irritable. He +declared that he had done all he could to expedite the movement of +his troops. The odds were unquestionably against him. His Indians +were doing duty in different places. Most of the men of his white +cavalry force were off on furlough. Their furloughs would not +expire until the</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote410" name= +"footnote410"></a><b>Footnote 410:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag410">(return)</a> +<p>Dawson to Hindman, June 20, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xiii, 945-946.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote411" name= +"footnote411"></a><b>Footnote 411:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag411">(return)</a> +<p>Dawson had allowed his wagons to go "of his own motion" [Pike to +Hindman, June 24, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 947].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote412" name= +"footnote412"></a><b>Footnote 412:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag412">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 947-950.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page155" id="page155"></a>[pg +155]</span> +<p>twenty-fifth and not until the twenty-seventh could they be +proceeded against as deserters. Not until that date, too, would the +reorganization, preliminary to marching, be possible. He was short +of transportation and half of what he had was unserviceable.</p> +<p>Of his available Indian force, he had made what disposition to +him seemed best. He had ordered the newly-organized First Choctaw +Regiment, under Colonel Sampson Folsom, to Fort Gibson and had +assigned Cooper to the command north of the Canadian, which meant, +of course, the Cherokee country. Cooper's own regiment was the +First Choctaw and Chickasaw, of which, two companies, proceeding +from Scullyville, had already posted themselves in the upper part +of the Indian Territory, where also were the two Cherokee +regiments, Watie's and Drew's. The remaining eight companies of the +First Choctaw and Chickasaw were encamped near Fort McCulloch and +would have, before moving elsewhere, to await the reorganization of +their regiment, now near at hand. However, Cooper was not without +hope that he could effect reorganization promptly and take at least +four companies to join those that had just come from Scullyville. +There were six companies in the Chickasaw Battalion, two at Fort +Cobb and four on the march to Fort McCulloch; but they would all +have to be left within their own country for they were averse to +moving out of it and were in no condition to move. The three +companies of the Choctaw Battalion would also have to be left +behind in the south for they had no transportation with which to +effect a removal. The Creek commands, D.N. McIntosh's Creek +Regiment, Chilly McIntosh's Creek Battalion, and John Jumper's +Seminole Battalion, were operating in the west, along</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page156" id="page156"></a>[pg +156]</span> +<p>the Santa Fé Trail and towards Forts Larned and Wise.</p> +<p>June 17 might be said to mark the beginning of the real +controversy between Pike and Hindman; for, on that day, not only +did Hindman reiterate the order to hurry that aroused Pike's ire +but he encroached upon Pike's prerogative in a financial particular +that was bound, considering Pike's experiences in the past, to make +for trouble. Interference with his commissary Pike was determined +not to brook, yet, on June 17, Hindman put N. Bart Pearce in +supreme control at Fort Smith as commissary, acting quartermaster, +and acting ordnance officer.<a id="footnotetag413" name= +"footnotetag413"></a><a href="#footnote413"><sup>413</sup></a> His +jurisdiction was to extend over northwestern Arkansas and over the +Indian Territory. Now Pike had had dealings already with Pearce and +thought that he knew too well the limits of his probity. Exactly +when Pike heard of Pearce's promotion is not quite clear; but, on +the twenty-third, Hindman sent him a conciliatory note explaining +that his intention was "to stop the operations of the commissaries +of wandering companies in the Cherokee Nation, who" were +"destroying the credit of the Confederacy by the floods of +certificates they" issued and not "to restrict officers acting +under" Pike's orders.<a id="footnotetag414" name= +"footnotetag414"></a><a href="#footnote414"><sup>414</sup></a> All +very well, but Pearce had other ideas as to the functions of his +office and lost no time in apprising various people of them. His +notes<a id="footnotetag415" name="footnotetag415"></a><a href= +"#footnote415"><sup>415</sup></a> to Pike's officers were most +impertinently prompt. They were sent out on the twenty-fourth of +June and on the twenty-sixth Pike reported<a id="footnotetag416" +name="footnotetag416"></a><a href="#footnote416"><sup>416</sup></a> +the whole history of his economic embarrassments to the Secretary +of War.<a id="footnotetag417" name="footnotetag417"></a><a href= +"#footnote417"><sup>417</sup></a></p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote413" name= +"footnote413"></a><b>Footnote 413:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag413">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 967.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote414" name= +"footnote414"></a><b>Footnote 414:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag414">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 946.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote415" name= +"footnote415"></a><b>Footnote 415:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag415">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 968, 968-969, 969.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote416" name= +"footnote416"></a><b>Footnote 416:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag416">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 841-844.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote417" name= +"footnote417"></a><b>Footnote 417:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag417">(return)</a> +<p>George W. Randolph.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page157" id="page157"></a>[pg +157]</span> +<p>His indignation must have been immense; but whether righteously +so or not, it was for others higher up to decide. That Pike had +some sort of a case against the men in Arkansas there can be no +question. The tale he told Secretary Randolph was a revelation such +as would have put ordinary men, if involved at all, to deepest +shame. Hindman, perforce, was the victim of accumulated resentment; +for he, personally, had done only a small part of that of which +Pike complained. In the main, Pike's report simply furnished +particulars in matters, such as the despoiling him of his hard-won +supplies, of which mention has already been made; and his chief +accusation was little more than hinted at, the gist of it being +suggested in some of his concluding sentences:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>... I struggled for a good while before I got rid of the curse +of dependence for subsistence, transportation, and forage on +officers at Fort Smith. I cannot even get from that place the +supplies I provide myself and hardly my own private stores. My +department quartermaster and commissary are fully competent to +purchase what we need, and I mean they shall do it. I have set my +face against all rascality and swindling and keep contractors in +wholesome fear, and have made it publicly known by advertisement +that I prefer to purchase of the farmer and producer and do not +want any contractors interposed between me and them. My own +officers will continue to purchase subsistence, transportation, +forage, and whatever else I need until I am ordered to the contrary +by you, and when that order comes it will be answered by my +resignation. Mr. White's<a id="footnotetag418" name= +"footnotetag418"></a><a href="#footnote418"><sup>418</sup></a> +contract will not be acted under here. I have beef enough on hand +and engaged, and do not want any from him. I have had to buy bacon +at 20 to 26 cents, and he ought to be made to pay every cent of the +difference between that price and fifteen cents. I also strenuously +object to receiving mules or anything else purchased at Fort +Smith.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote418" name= +"footnote418"></a><b>Footnote 418:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag418">(return)</a> +<p>"George E. White, formerly a partner, I believe, of Senator +Oldham of Texas..."—<i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, +842.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page158" id="page158"></a>[pg +158]</span> +<blockquote> +<p>I could get up a mule factory now with the skeletons I have, and +there are a few miles from here 600 or 800 sent up by Major +Clark<a id="footnotetag419" name="footnotetag419"></a><a href= +"#footnote419"><sup>419</sup></a> in even a worse plight.</p> +<p>I know nothing about Major Pearce as a quartermaster nor of any +right Major-General Hindman has to make him one. He is an assistant +commissary of subsistence, with the rank of major, and Major +Quesenbury, my brigade or department quartermaster, is major by an +older commission....</p> +<p>While I am here there will be no fine contracts for mules, hay, +keeping of mules, beef on the hoof at long figures, or anything of +the kind. Fort Smith is very indignant at this, and out of this +grief grows the anxious desire of many patriots to see me resign +the command of this country or be removed....<a id="footnotetag420" +name="footnotetag420"></a><a href= +"#footnote420"><sup>420</sup></a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>Subsequent communications<a id="footnotetag421" name= +"footnotetag421"></a><a href="#footnote421"><sup>421</sup></a> from +Pike to Randolph reported the continued despoiling of his command +and the persistent infringement of Pearce upon his authority, in +consequence of which, the Indians were suffering from lack of +forage, medicines, clothing, and food.<a id="footnotetag422" name= +"footnotetag422"></a><a href="#footnote422"><sup>422</sup></a> +Pearce, in his turn, reported<a id="footnotetag423" name= +"footnotetag423"></a><a href="#footnote423"><sup>423</sup></a> to +Hindman Pike's obstinacy and intractability and he even cast +insinuations against his honesty. Pike was openly defying the man +who claimed to be his superior officer, Hindman. He was resisting +his authority at every turn and had already boldly declared,<a id= +"footnotetag424" name="footnotetag424"></a><a href= +"#footnote424"><sup>424</sup></a> with special reference to +Clarkson, of course, that</p> +<blockquote> +<p>No officer of the Missouri State Guard, whatever his rank, +unless he has a command adequate to his rank, can ever exercise or +assume any military authority in the Indian country, and much less +assume command of any Confederate troops or</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote419" name= +"footnote419"></a><b>Footnote 419:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag419">(return)</a> +<p>George W. Clark, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote420" name= +"footnote420"></a><b>Footnote 420:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag420">(return)</a> +<p>For an equally vigorous statement on this score, see Pike to +Randolph, June 30, 1862 [<i>ibid</i>., 849].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote421" name= +"footnote421"></a><b>Footnote 421:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag421">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 846-847, 848-849, 850-851, 852.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote422" name= +"footnote422"></a><b>Footnote 422:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag422">(return)</a> +<p>Chilly McIntosh to Pike, June 9, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 853; Pike +to Chilly McIntosh, July 6, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 853-854.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote423" name= +"footnote423"></a><b>Footnote 423:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag423">(return)</a> +<p>July 5, 1862 [<i>ibid</i>., 963-965; July 8, 1862 [<i>ibid</i>., +965-967].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote424" name= +"footnote424"></a><b>Footnote 424:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag424">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>ibid</i>., 844-845.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page159" id="page159"></a>[pg +159]</span> +<blockquote> +<p>compare rank with any officer in the Confederate service. The +commissioned colonels of Indian regiments rank precisely as if they +commanded regiments of white men, and will be respected and obeyed +accordingly.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>With the same confidence in the justness of his own cause, he +called<a id="footnotetag425" name="footnotetag425"></a><a href= +"#footnote425"><sup>425</sup></a> Pearce's attention to an act of +Congress which seemed "to have escaped his observation," and which +Pike considered conclusively proved that the whole course of action +of his enemies was absolutely illegal.</p> +<p>In some of his contentions, General Pike was most certainly on +strong ground and never on stronger than when he argued that the +Indians were organized, in a military way, for their own protection +and for the defence of their own country. Since first they entered +the Confederate service, many had been the times that that truth +had been brought home to the authorities and not by Pike<a id= +"footnotetag426" name="footnotetag426"></a><a href= +"#footnote426"><sup>426</sup></a> alone but by several of his +subordinates and most often by Colonel Cooper.<a id= +"footnotetag427" name="footnotetag427"></a><a href= +"#footnote427"><sup>427</sup></a> The Indians had many causes of +dissatisfaction and sometimes they murmured pretty loudly. Not even +Pike's arrangements satisfied them all and his inexplicable conduct +in establishing his headquarters at Fort McCulloch was exasperating +beyond measure to the Cherokees.<a id="footnotetag428" name= +"footnotetag428"></a><a href="#footnote428"><sup>428</sup></a> Why, +if he were really sincere in saying that his supreme duty was the +defence of Indian Territory, did he not place himself where he +could do something, where, for instance, he could take precautions +against invasions from</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote425" name= +"footnote425"></a><b>Footnote 425:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag425">(return)</a> +<p>Pike to Pearce, July 1, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xiii, 967.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote426" name= +"footnote426"></a><b>Footnote 426:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag426">(return)</a> +<p>One of the best statements of the case by Pike is to be found in +a letter from him to Stand Watie, June 27, 1862 [<i>ibid</i>., +952].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote427" name= +"footnote427"></a><b>Footnote 427:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag427">(return)</a> +<p>For some of Cooper's statements, illustrative of his position, +see his letter to Pike, February 10, 1862 [<i>ibid</i>., 896] and +that to Van Dorn, May 6, 1862 [ibid., 824].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote428" name= +"footnote428"></a><b>Footnote 428:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag428">(return)</a> +<p>It was at the express wish of Stand Watie and Drew that Hindman +placed Clarkson in the Cherokee country [Carroll to Pike, June 27, +1862, ibid., 952].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page160" id="page160"></a>[pg +160]</span> +<p>Kansas? And why, when the unionist Indian Expedition was +threatening Fort Gibson, Tahlequah, and Cherokee integrity +generally, did he not hasten northward to resist it? Chief Ross, +greatly aggrieved because of Pike's delinquency in this respect, +addressed<a id="footnotetag429" name="footnotetag429"></a><a href= +"#footnote429"><sup>429</sup></a> himself to Hindman and he did so +in the fatal days of June.</p> +<p>In addressing General Hindman as Pike's superior officer, John +Ross did something more than make representations as to the claims, +which his nation in virtue of treaty guaranties had upon the South. +He urged the advisability of allowing the Indians to fight strictly +on the defensive and of placing them under the command of someone +who would "enjoy their confidence." These two things he would like +to have done if the protective force, which the Confederacy had +promised, were not forthcoming. The present was an opportune time +for the preferring of such a request. At least it was opportune +from the standpoint of Pike's enemies and traducers.<a id= +"footnotetag430" name="footnotetag430"></a><a href= +"#footnote430"><sup>430</sup></a> It fitted into Hindman's scheme +of things exactly; for he had quite lost patience, granting he had +ever had any, with the Arkansas poet. It was not, however, within +his province to remove him; but it was within his power so to +tantalize him that he could render his position as brigade and +department commander, intolerable. That he proceeded to do. Pike's +quick sensibilities were not proof against such treatment and he +soon lost his temper.</p> +<p>His provocations were very great. As was perfectly</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote429" name= +"footnote429"></a><b>Footnote 429:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag429">(return)</a> +<p>Ross to Hindman, June 25, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xiii, 950-951. A little while before, Ross had complained, in a +similar manner, to President Davis [<i>ibid</i>., 824-825].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote430" name= +"footnote430"></a><b>Footnote 430:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag430">(return)</a> +<p>Pike had his traducers. The Texans and Arkansans circulated +infamous stories about him. See his reference to the same in a +letter to Hindman, July 3, 1862 [<i>ibid</i>., 955].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page161" id="page161"></a>[pg +161]</span> +<p>natural, the Confederate defeat at Locust Grove counted heavily +against him.<a id="footnotetag431" name= +"footnotetag431"></a><a href="#footnote431"><sup>431</sup></a> On +the seventh of July, Hindman began a new attack upon him by making +requisition for his ten Parrott guns.<a id="footnotetag432" name= +"footnotetag432"></a><a href="#footnote432"><sup>432</sup></a> They +were needed in Arkansas. On the eighth of July came another attack +in the shape of peremptory orders, two sets of them, the very tone +of which was both accusatory and condemnatory. What was apparently +the first<a id="footnotetag433" name="footnotetag433"></a><a href= +"#footnote433"><sup>433</sup></a> set of orders reached Pike by +wire on the eleventh of July and commanded him to hurry to Fort +Smith, travelling night and day, there to take command of all +troops in the Indian Territory and in Carroll's district.<a id= +"footnotetag434" name="footnotetag434"></a><a href= +"#footnote434"><sup>434</sup></a> Almost no organization, charged +Hindman, was in evidence among the Confederate forces in the upper +Indian country and a collision between the two Cherokee regiments +was impending. Had he been better informed he might have said that +there was only one of them now in existence.</p> +<p>The second<a id="footnotetag435" name= +"footnotetag435"></a><a href="#footnote435"><sup>435</sup></a> set +of orders, dated July 8, was of a tenor much the same, just as +insulting, just as peremptory. The only difference of note was the +substitution of the upper Indian country for Fort Smith as a point +for headquarters. In the sequel, however, the second set proved +superfluous; for the first so aroused Pike's ire that, immediately +upon its receipt, he prepared his resignation and sent it to +Hindman for transmission to Richmond.<a id="footnotetag436" name= +"footnotetag436"></a><a href="#footnote436"><sup>436</sup></a></p> +<p>Hindman's position throughout this affair was not</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote431" name= +"footnote431"></a><b>Footnote 431:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag431">(return)</a> +<p>July 3.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote432" name= +"footnote432"></a><b>Footnote 432:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag432">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 854.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote433" name= +"footnote433"></a><b>Footnote 433:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag433">(return)</a> +<p>First, probably only in the sense that it was the first to be +received.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote434" name= +"footnote434"></a><b>Footnote 434:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag434">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 857.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote435" name= +"footnote435"></a><b>Footnote 435:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag435">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 856-857.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote436" name= +"footnote436"></a><b>Footnote 436:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag436">(return)</a> +<p>Pike to Hindman, July 15, 1862 [<i>ibid</i>., 858; Pike to +Secretary of War, July 20, 1862 [<i>ibid</i>., 856].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page162" id="page162"></a>[pg +162]</span> +<p>destitute of justification.<a id="footnotetag437" name= +"footnotetag437"></a><a href="#footnote437"><sup>437</sup></a> One +has only to read his general reports to appreciate how heavy was +the responsibility that rested upon him. It was no wonder that he +resorted to questionable expedients to accomplish his purposes, no +wonder that he instituted martial law<a id="footnotetag438" name= +"footnotetag438"></a><a href="#footnote438"><sup>438</sup></a> in a +seemingly refractory country, no wonder that he took desperate +measures to force Pike to activity. Pike's leisurely way of +attending to business was in itself an annoyance and his leisurely +way of moving over the country was a positive offence. He had been +ordered to proceed with dispatch to Fort Gibson. The expiration of +a month and a half found him still at Fort McCulloch. He really did +not move from thence until, having sent in his resignation, he made +preparations for handing over his command to Colonel Cooper. That +he intended to do at some point on the Canadian and thither he +wended his way.<a id="footnotetag439" name= +"footnotetag439"></a><a href="#footnote439"><sup>439</sup></a> By +the twenty-first of July, "he had succeeded in getting as far as +Boggy Depot, a distance of 25 miles;<a id="footnotetag440" name= +"footnotetag440"></a><a href="#footnote440"><sup>440</sup></a> but +then he had not left Fort McCulloch until that very morning.<a id= +"footnotetag441" name="footnotetag441"></a><a href= +"#footnote441"><sup>441</sup></a></p> +<p>Pike's definite break with Hindman was, perhaps, more truly a +consummation of Hindman's wishes than of Pike's own. On the third +of July, as if regretting his previous show of temper, he wrote to +Hindman a long letter,<a id="footnotetag442" name= +"footnotetag442"></a><a href="#footnote442"><sup>442</sup></a> +conciliatory in tone throughout. He discussed the issues between +them in a calm and temperate spirit,</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote437" name= +"footnote437"></a><b>Footnote 437:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag437">(return)</a> +<p>In September, Hindman declared he had never had any knowledge of +the order creating Pike's department [<i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xiii, 978].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote438" name= +"footnote438"></a><b>Footnote 438:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag438">(return)</a> +<p>He instituted martial law, June 30, 1862 and, although he +believed he had precedent in Pike's own procedure, Pike criticized +him severely. See Pike to J.S. Murrow, Seminole Agent, October 25, +1862, <i>ibid</i>., 900-902. Hindman had authorized Pearce, June +17, 1862, to exercise martial law in the cities of Fort Smith and +Van Buren and their environs [<i>ibid</i>., 835].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote439" name= +"footnote439"></a><b>Footnote 439:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag439">(return)</a> +<p>Pike to Hindman, July 15, 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote440" name= +"footnote440"></a><b>Footnote 440:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag440">(return)</a> +<p>Hindman's Report [<i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 40]</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote441" name= +"footnote441"></a><b>Footnote 441:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag441">(return)</a> +<p>Pike to the Secretary of War, July 20, 1862 [<i>ibid</i>., +859].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote442" name= +"footnote442"></a><b>Footnote 442:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag442">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 954-962.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page163" id="page163"></a>[pg +163]</span> +<p>changing nothing as regarded the facts but showing a willingness +to let bygones be bygones. Considering how great had been his +chagrin, his indignation, and his poignant sense of ingratitude and +wrong, he rose to heights really noble. He seemed desirous, even +anxious, that the great cause in which they were both so vitally +interested should be uppermost in both their minds always and that +their differences, which, after all, were, comparatively speaking, +so very petty, should be forgotten forever. It was in the spirit of +genuine helpfulness that he wrote and also in the spirit of great +magnanimity. Pike was a man who studied the art of war zealously, +who knew the rules of European warfare, and a man, who, even in war +times, could read Napier's <i>Peninsular War</i> and succumb to its +charm. He was a classicist and a student very much more than a man +of action. Could those around him, far meaner souls many of them +than he, have only known and remembered that and, remembering it, +have made due allowances for his vagaries, all might have been +well. His generous letter of the third of July failed utterly of +its mission; but not so much, perhaps, because of Hindman's +inability to appreciate it or unwillingness to meet its writer +half-way, as because of the very seriousness of Hindman's own +military situation, which made all compromises impossible. The +things he felt it incumbent upon him to do must be done his way or +not at all. The letter of July 3 could scarcely have been received +before the objectionable orders of July 8 had been planned.</p> +<p>The last ten days of July were days of constant scouting on the +part of both the Federal and Confederate Indians but nothing of +much account resulted. Colonel W.A. Phillips of the Third Indian +Home Guard,</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page164" id="page164"></a>[pg +164]</span> +<p>whose command had been left by Furnas to scout around Tahlequah +and Fort Gibson, came into collision with Stand Watie's force on +the twenty-seventh at Bayou Bernard, seven miles, approximately, +from the latter place. The Confederate Cherokees lost considerably +in dead and prisoners.<a id="footnotetag443" name= +"footnotetag443"></a><a href="#footnote443"><sup>443</sup></a> +Phillips would have followed up his victory by pursuing the foe +even to the Verdigris had not Cooper, fearing that his forces might +be destroyed in detail, ordered them all south of the Arkansas and +thereby circumvented his enemy's designs. Phillips then moved +northward in the direction of Furnas's main camp on Wolf +Creek.<a id="footnotetag444" name="footnotetag444"></a><a href= +"#footnote444"><sup>444</sup></a></p> +<p>Pike had his own opinion of Cooper and Watie's daring methods of +fighting and most decidedly disapproved of their attempting to meet +the enemy in the neighborhood of Fort Gibson. That part of the +Indian Territory, according to his view of things, was not capable +of supporting an army. He discounted the ability of his men to +conquer, their equipment being so meagre. He, therefore, persisted +in advising that they should fight only on the defensive. He +advised that, notwithstanding he had a depreciatory<a id= +"footnotetag445" name="footnotetag445"></a><a href= +"#footnote445"><sup>445</sup></a> regard for the Indian Expedition, +and, both before and after the retrograde movement of Colonel +Salomon, underestimated its size and strength. He Was confident +that Cooper would have inevitably to fall back to the Canadian, +where, as he said, "the defensible country commences." Pike +objected strenuously to the courting of an open battle and, could +he have followed the bent of his own inclinations, "would have sent +only</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote443" name= +"footnote443"></a><b>Footnote 443:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag443">(return)</a> +<p>Phillips to Furnas, July 27, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xiii, 181-182.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote444" name= +"footnote444"></a><b>Footnote 444:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag444">(return)</a> +<p>Same to same, August 6, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 183-184.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote445" name= +"footnote445"></a><b>Footnote 445:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag445">(return)</a> +<p>Cooper reported that Pike regarded the Indian Expedition as only +a "jayhawking party," and "no credit due" "for arresting its +career" [Cooper to Davis, August 8, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., vol liii, +supplement, 821].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page165" id="page165"></a>[pg +165]</span> +<p>small bodies of mounted Indians and white troops to the +Arkansas."<a id="footnotetag446" name="footnotetag446"></a><a href= +"#footnote446"><sup>446</sup></a></p> +<p>No doubt it was in repudiation of all responsibility for what +Cooper and Watie might eventually do that he chose soon to bring +himself, through a mistaken notion of justice and honor, into very +disagreeable prominence. Discretion was evidently not Pike's +cardinal virtue. At any rate, he was quite devoid of it when he +issued, July 31, his remarkable circular address<a id= +"footnotetag447" name="footnotetag447"></a><a href= +"#footnote447"><sup>447</sup></a> "to the Chiefs and People of the +Cherokees, Creeks, Seminoles, Chickasaws, and Choctaws." In that +address, he notified them that he had resigned his post as +department commander and dilated upon the causes that had moved him +to action. He shifted all blame for failure to keep faith with the +Indian nations from himself and from the Confederate government to +the men upon whom he steadfastly believed it ought to rest. He +deprecated the plundering that would bring its own retribution and +begged the red men to be patient and to keep themselves true to the +noble cause they had espoused.</p> +<blockquote> +<p>Remain true, I earnestly advise you, to the Confederate States +and yourselves. Do not listen to any men who tell you that the +Southern States will abandon you. They will not do it. If the enemy +has been able to come into the Cherokee country it has not been the +fault of the President; and it is but the fortune of war, and what +has happened in Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and even +Arkansas. We have not been able to keep the enemy from our frontier +anywhere; but in the interior of our country we can defeat them +always.</p> +<p>Be not discouraged, and remember, above all things, that you can +have nothing to expect from the enemy. They will have no mercy on +you, for they are more merciless than wolves and more rapacious. +Defend your country with what help you</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote446" name= +"footnote446"></a><b>Footnote 446:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag446">(return)</a> +<p>Pike to the Secretary of War, July 20, 1862, <i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xiii, 859-860.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote447" name= +"footnote447"></a><b>Footnote 447:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag447">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 869-871.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page166" id="page166"></a>[pg +166]</span> +<blockquote> +<p>can get until the President can send you troops. If the enemy +ever comes to the Canadian he cannot go far beyond that river. The +war must soon end since the recent victories near Richmond, and no +treaty of peace will be made that will give up any part of your +country to the Northern States. If I am not again placed in command +of your country some other officer will be in whom you can confide. +And whatever may be told you about me, you will soon learn that if +I have not defended the whole country it was because I had not the +troops with which to do it; that I have cared for your interest +alone; that I have never made you a promise that I did not expect, +and had not a right to expect, to be able to keep, and that I have +never broken one intentionally nor except by the fault of +others.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The only fair way to judge Pike's farewell address to his Indian +charges is to consider it in the light of its effect upon them, +intended and accomplished.<a id="footnotetag448" name= +"footnotetag448"></a><a href="#footnote448"><sup>448</sup></a> So +little reason has the red man had, in the course of his long +experience with his white brother, to trust him that his faith in +that white brother rests upon a very slender foundation. Pike knew +the Indian character amazingly well and knew that he must retain +for the Confederacy the Indian's confidence at all cost. Were he to +fail in that, his entire diplomatic work would have been done in +vain. To stay the Cherokees in their desertion to the North was of +prime necessity. They had already gone over in dangerously large +numbers and must be checked before other tribes followed in their +wake. Very possibly Pike had been made aware</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote448" name= +"footnote448"></a><b>Footnote 448:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag448">(return)</a> +<p>Pike gives this as the effect of his proclamation:</p> +<p>"... it effected what I desired. The Choctaw force was +immediately increased to two full regiments; the Creek force to two +regiments and two companies; the Seminole force was doubled; the +Chickasaws reorganized five companies and a sixth is being made up. +The Indians looked to me alone, and for me to vindicate myself was +to vindicate the Government. We lost half the Cherokees solely +because their moneys and supplies were +intercepted..."—<i>Ibid</i>., 904-905. See also Pike to +Holmes, December 30, 1862. Another effect was, the creation of a +prejudice self-confessed in General Holmes's mind against Pike.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page167" id="page167"></a>[pg +167]</span> +<p>of Chief Ross's complaint to Hindman. If so, it was all +important that he should vindicate himself. So maligned had he been +that his sensitiveness on the score of the discharge of his duties +was very natural, very pardonable. After all he had done for the +Confederacy and for the Indians, it seemed hardly right that he +should be blamed for all that others had failed to do. His motives +were pure and could not be honestly impugned by anybody. The +address was an error of judgment but it was made with the best of +intentions.</p> +<p>And so the authorities at Richmond seem to have regarded it; +that is, if the reference in President Davis's letter<a id= +"footnotetag449" name="footnotetag449"></a><a href= +"#footnote449"><sup>449</sup></a> to Pike of August 9 is to this +affair. Pike wrote to the president on the same day that he started +his address upon its rounds, but that letter,<a id="footnotetag450" +name="footnotetag450"></a><a href="#footnote450"><sup>450</sup></a> +in which he rehearsed the wrongs he had been forced to endure, also +those more recently inflicted upon him, did not reach Richmond +until September 20. His address was transmitted by Colonel D.H. +Cooper, who had taken great umbrage at it and who now charged the +author with having violated an army regulation, which prohibited +publications concerning Confederate troops.<a id="footnotetag451" +name="footnotetag451"></a><a href="#footnote451"><sup>451</sup></a> +Davis took the matter under advisement and wrote to Pike a mild +reprimand. It was as follows:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>Richmond, Va., August 9, 1862.</p> +<p>Brig. Gen. Albert Pike,</p> +<p>Camp McCulloch, Choctaw Nation:</p> +<p>General: Your communication of July 3 is at hand. I regret the +necessity of informing you that it is an impropriety for an officer +of the Army to address the President through a printed +circular.<a id="footnotetag452" name="footnotetag452"></a><a href= +"#footnote452"><sup>452</sup></a> Under the laws for the government +of</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote449" name= +"footnote449"></a><b>Footnote 449:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag449">(return)</a> +<p>Official Records, vol. liii, supplement, 822.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote450" name= +"footnote450"></a><b>Footnote 450:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag450">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., vol. xiii, 860-869.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote451" name= +"footnote451"></a><b>Footnote 451:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag451">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., vol. liii, supplement, 820-821.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote452" name= +"footnote452"></a><b>Footnote 452:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag452">(return)</a> +<p>It is possible that the printed circular here referred to was +some other one that was directly addressed to the president but +none such has been found.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page168" id="page168"></a>[pg +168]</span> +<blockquote> +<p>the Army the publication of this circular was a grave military +offense, and if the purpose was to abate an evil, by making an +appeal that would be heeded by me, the mode taken was one of the +slowest and worst that could have been adopted.</p> +<p>Very respectfully, yours, Jefferson Davis.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The sympathy of Secretary Randolph was conceivably with Pike; +for, on the fourteenth of July, he wrote assuring him that certain +general orders had been sent out by the Adjutant and Inspector +General's Office which were "intended to prevent even the +major-general commanding the Trans-Mississippi Department from +diverting from their legitimate destination (the Department of +Indian Territory) munitions of war and supplies procured by 'him' +for that department."<a id="footnotetag453" name= +"footnotetag453"></a><a href="#footnote453"><sup>453</sup></a> That +did not prevent Hindman's continuing his pernicious practices, +however. On the seventeenth he demanded<a id="footnotetag454" name= +"footnotetag454"></a><a href="#footnote454"><sup>454</sup></a> that +Pike deliver to him his best battery and Pike, discouraged and yet +thoroughly beside himself with ill-suppressed rage,<a id= +"footnotetag455" name="footnotetag455"></a><a href= +"#footnote455"><sup>455</sup></a> sent it to him.<a id= +"footnotetag456" name="footnotetag456"></a><a href= +"#footnote456"><sup>456</sup></a> At the same time he insisted that +he be immediately relieved of his command.<a id="footnotetag457" +name="footnotetag457"></a><a href="#footnote457"><sup>457</sup></a> +He could endure the indignities to which he was subjected no +longer. The order for his relief arrived in due course and also +directions for him to report in person at Hindman's +headquarters.<a id="footnotetag458" name= +"footnotetag458"></a><a href="#footnote458"><sup>458</sup></a> He +had not then issued his circular; but, as</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote453" name= +"footnote453"></a><b>Footnote 453:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag453">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 903; Pike to Holmes, +December 30, 1862, Pike <i>Papers</i>, Library of the Supreme +Council, 33º. Pike did not receive Randolph's letter of July +fourteenth until some time in August and not until after he had had +an interview with Holmes. See Pike to Holmes, December 30, +1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote454" name= +"footnote454"></a><b>Footnote 454:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag454">(return)</a> +<p>Official Records, vol. xiii, 970.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote455" name= +"footnote455"></a><b>Footnote 455:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag455">(return)</a> +<p>This is inferred from the very peculiar <i>General Orders</i> +that issued from Fort McCulloch that selfsame day. They were +sarcastic in the extreme. No general in his right senses would have +issued them. They are to be found, <i>Ibid</i>., 970-973.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote456" name= +"footnote456"></a><b>Footnote 456:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag456">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 973, 974.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote457" name= +"footnote457"></a><b>Footnote 457:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag457">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ib id</i>., 973.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote458" name= +"footnote458"></a><b>Footnote 458:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag458">(return)</a> +<p>Pike to Hindman, July 31, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 973.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page169" id="page169"></a>[pg +169]</span> +<p>soon as he had, the whole situation changed. He had deliberately +put himself in the wrong and into the hands of his enemies. The +address was, in some respects, the last act of a desperate<a id= +"footnotetag459" name="footnotetag459"></a><a href= +"#footnote459"><sup>459</sup></a> man. And there is no doubt that +General Pike was desperate. Reports were spreading in Texas that he +was a defaulter to the government and, as he himself in great +bitterness of spirit said, "The incredible villainy of a slander so +monstrous, and so without even any ground for suspicion," was +"enough to warn every honest man not to endeavor to serve his +country."<a id="footnotetag460" name="footnotetag460"></a><a href= +"#footnote460"><sup>460</sup></a></p> +<p>Not until August 6 did General Pike's circular address reach +Colonel D.H. Cooper, who was then at Cantonment Davis. Cooper +wisely suppressed all the copies he could procure and then, +believing Pike to be either insane or a traitor, ordered his +arrest,<a id="footnotetag461" name="footnotetag461"></a><a href= +"#footnote461"><sup>461</sup></a> sending out an armed force for +its accomplishment. Hindman, as soon as notified, "indorsed and +approved" his action.<a id="footnotetag462" name= +"footnotetag462"></a><a href="#footnote462"><sup>462</sup></a> This +is his own account of what he did:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>... I approved his action, and ordered General Pike sent to +Little Rock in custody. I also forwarded Colonel Cooper's letter to +Richmond, with an indorsement, asking to withdraw my approval of +General Pike's resignation, that I might bring him before a +court-martial on charges of falsehood, cowardice, and treason. He +was also liable to the penalties prescribed by section 29 of the +act of Congress regulating intercourse with the Indians and to +preserve peace on the frontiers, approved April 8, 1862....</p> +<p>But his resignation had been accepted....<a id="footnotetag463" +name="footnotetag463"></a><a href= +"#footnote463"><sup>463</sup></a></p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote459" name= +"footnote459"></a><b>Footnote 459:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag459">(return)</a> +<p>And yet, August 1, 1862, Pike wrote to Davis one of the sanest +papers he ever prepared. It was full of sage advice as to the +policy that ought to be pursued in Indian Territory [<i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xiii, 871-874].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote460" name= +"footnote460"></a><b>Footnote 460:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag460">(return)</a> +<p>Pike to S. Cooper, August 3, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 975. See also +Pike to Newton, August 3, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 976.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote461" name= +"footnote461"></a><b>Footnote 461:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag461">(return)</a> +<p>D.H. Cooper to Hindman, August 7, 1862, ibid., 977.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote462" name= +"footnote462"></a><b>Footnote 462:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag462">(return)</a> +<p>Pike to Anderson, October 26, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 903.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote463" name= +"footnote463"></a><b>Footnote 463:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag463">(return)</a> +<p>Hindman's Report, <i>ibid</i>., 41.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page170" id="page170"></a>[pg +170]</span> +<hr /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page171" id="page171"></a>[pg +171]</span> +<h2>VII. ORGANIZATION OF THE ARKANSAS AND RED RIVER +SUPERINTENDENCY</h2> +<p>The mismanagement of southern Indian affairs of which General +Pike so vociferously complained was not solely or even to any great +degree attributable to indifference to Indian interests on the part +of the Confederate government and certainly not at all to any lack +of appreciation of the value of the Indian alliance or of the +strategic importance of Indian Territory. The perplexities of the +government were unavoidably great and its control over men and +measures, removed from the seat of its immediate influence, +correspondingly small. It was not to be expected that it would or +could give the same earnestness of attention to events on the +frontier as to those nearer the seaboard, since it was, after all, +east of the Mississippi that the great fight for political +separation from the North would have to be made.</p> +<p>The Confederate government had started out well. It had dealt +with the Indian nations on a basis of dignity and lofty honor, a +fact to be accounted for by the circumstance that Indian affairs +were at first under the State Department with Toombs at its +head;<a id="footnotetag464" name="footnotetag464"></a><a href= +"#footnote464"><sup>464</sup></a> and, in this connection, let it +be recalled that it was under authority of the State Department +that Pike had</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote464" name= +"footnote464"></a><b>Footnote 464:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag464">(return)</a> +<p>Toombs did not long hold the portfolio. Among the Pickett +<i>Papers</i>, is a letter from Davis to Toombs, July 24, 1861, +accepting with regret his resignation [Package 89].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page172" id="page172"></a>[pg +172]</span> +<p>entered upon his mission as diplomatic agent to the tribes west +of Arkansas.<a id="footnotetag465" name= +"footnotetag465"></a><a href="#footnote465"><sup>465</sup></a> +Subsequently, and, indeed, before Pike had nearly completed his +work, Indian affairs were transferred<a id="footnotetag466" name= +"footnotetag466"></a><a href="#footnote466"><sup>466</sup></a> to +the direction of the Secretary of War and a bureau created in his +department for the exclusive consideration of them, Hubbard +receiving the post of commissioner.<a id="footnotetag467" name= +"footnotetag467"></a><a href="#footnote467"><sup>467</sup></a></p> +<p>The Provisional Congress approached the task of dealing with +Indian matters as if it already had a big grasp on the subject and +intended, at the outset, to give them careful scrutiny and to +establish, with regard to them, precedents of extreme good faith. +Among the</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote465" name= +"footnote465"></a><b>Footnote 465:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag465">(return)</a> +<p>In evidence of this, note, in addition to the material published +in Abel, <i>The American Indian as Slaveholder and +Secessionist</i>, the following letters, the first from Robert +Toombs to L.P. Walker, Secretary of War, dated Richmond, August 7, +1861; and the second from William M. Browne, Acting Secretary of +State, to Walker, September 4, 1861:</p> +<p>1. "I have the honor to inform you that under a resolution of +Congress, authorizing the President to send a Commissioner to the +Indian tribes west of Arkansas and south of Kansas, Mr. Albert Pike +of Arkansas was appointed such Commissioner under an autograph +letter of the President giving him very large discretion as to the +expenses of his mission. Subsequent to the adoption of the +resolution, above named, Congress passed a law placing the Indian +Affairs under the control of your Department and consequently +making the expenses of Mr. Pike and all other Indian Agents, +properly payable out of the appropriation at your disposal for the +service of the Indian Bureau."—Pickett <i>Papers</i>, Package +106, Domestic Letters, Department of State, vol. i, p.86.</p> +<p>2. "The accompanying letters and reports from Commissioner +Albert Pike addressed to your Department are respectfully referred +to you, the affairs to which they relate being under your +supervision and control."—<i>Ibid</i>., P-93.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote466" name= +"footnote466"></a><b>Footnote 466:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag466">(return)</a> +<p>A re-transfer to the State Department was proposed as early as +the next November [<i>Journal of the Congress of the Confederate +States</i>, 489].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote467" name= +"footnote467"></a><b>Footnote 467:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag467">(return)</a> +<p>President Davis recommended the creation of the bureau, March +12, 1861 [Richardson, <i>Messages and Papers of the +Confederacy</i>, vol. i, p. 58: Journal of the Congress of the +Confederate States, vol. i, p. 142]. On the sixteenth, he nominated +David Hubbard of Alabama for commissioner [Pickett Papers, Package +88]. The bill for the creation of the bureau of Indian Affairs was +signed the selfsame day [Journal, vol. i, 151]. S.S. Scott became +Acting Commissioner of Indian Affairs before the year was out.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page173" id="page173"></a>[pg +173]</span> +<p>things<a id="footnotetag468" name="footnotetag468"></a><a href= +"#footnote468"><sup>468</sup></a> it considered and in some cases +favorably disposed of were, the treaties of amity and alliance +negotiated by Albert Pike, the transfer of Indian trust</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote468" name= +"footnote468"></a><b>Footnote 468:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag468">(return)</a> +<p>The preliminaries of the negotiations with the Indians have not +been enumerated here, although they might well have been. On the +twentieth of February, 1861, W.P. Chilton of Alabama offered a +resolution to inquire into the expediency of opening negotiations +[<i>Journal</i>, vol. i, 70]. March 4, Toombs urged that a special +agent be sent and offered a resolution to that effect +[<i>ibid</i>., 105]. The day following, Congress passed the +resolution [<i>ibid</i>., 107]: but left the powers and duties of +the special agent, or commissioner, undefined. Davis appointed Pike +to the position and, after Congress had expressed its wishes +regarding the mission in the act of May 21, 1861, had a copy of the +act transmitted to him as his instructions [Richardson, vol. i, +149].</p> +<p>The act of May 21, 1861, carried a blanket appropriation of +$100,000, which was undoubtedly used freely by Pike for purposes +connected with the successful prosecution of his mission. In +December, the Provisional Congress appropriated money for carrying +into effect the Pike treaties. The following letter is of interest +in connection therewith:</p> +<p>Richmond, Va., 9" December 1861.</p> +<p>Sir: On the 1st or 2nd of August 1861, after I had made Treaties +with the Creeks and Seminoles, I authorized James M.C. Smith, a +resident citizen of the Creek Nation, to raise and command a +company of Creek Volunteers, to be stationed at the North Fork +Village, in the Creek country, on the North Fork of the Canadian, +where the great road from Missouri to Texas crosses that river, to +act as a police force, watch and apprehend disaffected persons, +intercept improper communications, and prevent the driving of +cattle to Kansas.</p> +<p>The Company was soon after raised, and has remained in the +service ever since. At my appointment George W. Stidham acted as +Quartermaster and Commissary for it, and without funds from the +Government, has supplied it.</p> +<p>By the Treaty with the Seminoles, made on the 1st of August, +they agreed to furnish, and I agreed to receive, five companies of +mounted volunteers of that Nation. Two companies, and perhaps more, +were raised, and have since been received, I understand, by Col. +Cooper, and with Captain Smith's company employed in putting down +the disaffected party among the Creeks. Under my appointment, Hugh +McDonald has acted as Quartermaster and Commissary for the Seminole +companies, and made purchases without funds from the Government. +After I had made the Treaties with the Reserve Indians and +Comanches, in August 1861, Fort Cobb being about to be abandoned by +the Texan Volunteers who had held it, I authorized M. Leeper, the +Wichita agent, to enlist a small force, of twenty or twenty-five +men, under a Lieutenant, for the security of the Agency. He +enlisted, (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page174" id="page174"></a>[pg +174]</span> +<p>funds from the United to the Confederate States +government,<a id="footnotetag469" name= +"footnotetag469"></a><a href="#footnote469"><sup>469</sup></a> the +payment of Indian troops and their pensioning.<a id= +"footnotetag470" name="footnotetag470"></a><a href= +"#footnote470"><sup>470</sup></a> Its disposition to be grateful +and generous came out in the honor which it conferred upon John +Jumper, the Seminole chief.<a id="footnotetag471" name= +"footnotetag471"></a><a href="#footnote471"><sup>471</sup></a></p> +<p>A piece of very fundamental work the Provisional Congress did +not have time or opportunity to complete.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 468:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag468">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) I learn, only some fifteen, and he has had them for some +time in the service.</p> +<p>I also appointed a person named McKuska, formerly a soldier, to +take charge of what further property remained at Fort Cobb, and +employed another person to assist him, agreeing that the former +should be paid as Ordnance Sergeant, and the latter as private; and +directing the Contractor for the Indians to issue to the former two +rations, and to the latter one.</p> +<p>In consequence of the collection of some force of disaffected +Creeks and others, and an apprehended attack by them, Col. Douglas +H. Cooper called for troops from all the Nations, and I understand +that several companies were organized and marched to join his +regiment. I think they are still in the service.</p> +<p>I am now empowered to receive all the Indians who offer to enter +the service. To induce them to enlist, what is already owing them +must be paid; and I earnestly hope that Congress will pass the bill +introduced for that purpose. Respectfully your obedient servant</p> +<p>Albert Pike, <i>Brig. Genl Commd Dept of Ind. Terr'y</i>.<br /> +Hon. W. Miles, Chairman Com. on Mil. Affs.</p> +<p>[War Department, Office of the Adjutant-General, Archives +Division, <i>Confederate Records</i>.]</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote469" name= +"footnote469"></a><b>Footnote 469:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag469">(return)</a> +<p>Journal, vol. i, 650, 743, 761. The Confederate government took, +in the main, a just, reasonable, and even charitable view on the +subject of the assumption of United States obligations. Pike had +exceeded his instructions in promising the Indians that monetary +obligations would be so assumed. See his letter to Randolph, June +30, 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote470" name= +"footnote470"></a><b>Footnote 470:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag470">(return)</a> +<p>This matter went over into the regular Congress, which began its +work, February 18, 1862. For details of the bill for pensions see +<i>Journal</i>, vol. i, 43, 79.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote471" name= +"footnote471"></a><b>Footnote 471:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag471">(return)</a> +<p><i>"The Congress of the Confederate States of America do +enact</i>, That the President of the Confederate States be +authorized to present to Hemha Micco, or John Jumper, a commission, +conferring upon him the honorary title of Lieutenant Colonel of the +army of the Confederate States, but without creating or imposing +the duties of actual service or command, or pay, as a complimentary +mark of honor, and a token of good will and confidence in his +friendship, good faith, and loyalty to this +government...."—<i>Statutes at Large of the Provisional +Government</i>, 284.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page175" id="page175"></a>[pg +175]</span> +<p>That work was, the establishment of a superintendency of Indian +Affairs in the west that should be a counterpart, in all +essentials, of the old southern superintendency, of which Elias +Rector had been the incumbent. Elias Rector and the agents<a id= +"footnotetag472" name="footnotetag472"></a><a href= +"#footnote472"><sup>472</sup></a> under him, all of whom, with +scarcely a single exception, had gone over to the Confederacy, had +been retained, not under authority of law, but provisionally. The +intention was to organize the superintendency as soon as convenient +and give all employees their proper official status. Necessarily, a +time came when it was most expedient for army men to exercise the +ordinary functions of Indian agents;<a id="footnotetag473" name= +"footnotetag473"></a><a href="#footnote473"><sup>473</sup></a> but +even that arrangement was to be only temporary. Without doubt, the +enactment of a law for the establishment of a superintendency of +Indian affairs was unduly delayed by the prolonged character of +Pike's diplomatic mission. The Confederate government evidently did +not anticipate that the tribes with which it sought alliance would +be so slow<a id="footnotetag474" name="footnotetag474"></a><a href= +"#footnote474"><sup>474</sup></a> or so wary in accepting the +protectorate it offered. Not until January 8, 1862, did the +Provisional Congress have before it the proposition for +superintendency organization. The measure was introduced by Robert +W. Johnson of Arkansas and it</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote472" name= +"footnote472"></a><b>Footnote 472:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag472">(return)</a> +<p>Quite early a resolution was submitted that had in view "the +appointment of agents to the different tribes of Indians occupying +territory adjoining this Confederacy..." [<i>Journal</i>, vol. i, +81.]</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote473" name= +"footnote473"></a><b>Footnote 473:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag473">(return)</a> +<p><i>Journal</i>, vol. i, 245.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote474" name= +"footnote474"></a><b>Footnote 474:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag474">(return)</a> +<p>Pike was not prepared beforehand for so extended a mission. In +November, he wrote to Benjamin, notifying him that he was enclosing +"an account in blank for my services as commissioner to the Indian +nations west of Arkansas.</p> +<p>"It was not my intention to accept any remuneration, but the +great length of time during which I found it necessary to remain in +the Indian Country caused me such losses and so interfered with my +business that I am constrained unwillingly to present this account. +I leave it to the President or to Congress to fix the sum that +shall be paid me...."—Pike to Benjamin, November 25, 1861, +Pickett <i>Papers</i>, Package 118.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page176" id="page176"></a>[pg +176]</span> +<p>went in succession to the Judiciary and Indian Affairs +committees; but never managed to get beyond the committee +stage.<a id="footnotetag475" name="footnotetag475"></a><a href= +"#footnote475"><sup>475</sup></a></p> +<p>February 18, 1862, saw the beginning of the first session of the +first congress that met under the Confederate constitution. Six +days thereafter, Johnson, now senator from Arkansas, again took the +initiative in proposing the regular establishment of an Indian +superintendency.<a id="footnotetag476" name= +"footnotetag476"></a><a href="#footnote476"><sup>476</sup></a> As +Senate Bill No. 3, his measure was referred to the Committee<a id= +"footnotetag477" name="footnotetag477"></a><a href= +"#footnote477"><sup>477</sup></a> on Indian Affairs and, on March +11, reported back with amendments.<a id="footnotetag478" name= +"footnotetag478"></a><a href="#footnote478"><sup>478</sup></a> +Meanwhile, the House was considering a bill of similar import, +introduced on the third by Thomas B. Hanly, likewise from +Arkansas.<a id="footnotetag479" name="footnotetag479"></a><a href= +"#footnote479"><sup>479</sup></a> On the eighteenth, it received +Senate Bill No. 3 and substituted it for its own, passing the same +on April Fool's day. The bill was signed by the president on April +8.<a id="footnotetag480" name="footnotetag480"></a><a href= +"#footnote480"><sup>480</sup></a></p> +<p>The information conveyed by the journal entries is unusually +meagre; nevertheless, from the little that is given, the course of +debate on the measure can be inferred to a certain extent. The +proposition as a whole carried, of course, its own recommendation, +since the Confederacy was most anxious to retain the Indian +friendship and it certainly could not be retained were not some +system introduced into the service. In matters of detail, local +interests, as always in American legislation, had full play. They +asserted themselves most prominently, for example, in the endeavor +made</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote475" name= +"footnote475"></a><b>Footnote 475:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag475">(return)</a> +<p><i>Journal</i>, vol. i, 640, 672, 743.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote476" name= +"footnote476"></a><b>Footnote 476:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag476">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., vol. ii, 19.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote477" name= +"footnote477"></a><b>Footnote 477:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag477">(return)</a> +<p>The Committee on Indian Affairs, at the time, consisted of +Johnson, chairman, Clement C. Clay of Alabama, Williamson S. Oldham +of Texas, R.L.Y. Payton of Missouri, and W.E. Simms of +Kentucky.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote478" name= +"footnote478"></a><b>Footnote 478:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag478">(return)</a> +<p><i>Journal</i>, vol. ii, 51-52.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote479" name= +"footnote479"></a><b>Footnote 479:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag479">(return)</a> +<p><i>Journal</i>, vol. v, 47.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote480" name= +"footnote480"></a><b>Footnote 480:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag480">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 210.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page177" id="page177"></a>[pg +177]</span> +<p>to make Fort Smith, although quite a distance from all parts of +the Indian Territory except the Cherokee and Choctaw countries, the +permanent headquarters, also in that to compel disbursing agents to +make payments in no other funds than specie or treasury notes. The +amendment of greatest importance among those that passed muster was +the one attaching the superintendency temporarily to the western +district of Arkansas for judicial purposes. It was a measure that +could not fail to be exceedingly obnoxious to the Indians; for they +had had a long and disagreeable experience, judicially, with +Arkansas. They had their own opinion of the white man's justice, +particularly as that justice was doled out to the red man on the +white man's ground.<a id="footnotetag481" name= +"footnotetag481"></a><a href="#footnote481"><sup>481</sup></a> +Taken in connection with regulations<a id="footnotetag482" name= +"footnotetag482"></a><a href="#footnote482"><sup>482</sup></a> made +by the War Department for the conduct of Indian affairs, the Act of +April 8 most certainly exhibited an honest intention on the part of +the Confederate government to carry out the provisions of the Pike +treaties. The following constituted its principal features: With +headquarters at either Fort Smith or Van Buren, as the president +might see fit to direct, the superintendency was to embrace "all +the Indian country annexed to the Confederate States, that lies +west of Arkansas and Missouri, north of Texas, and east of Texas +and New Mexico." A superintendent and six agents were immediately +provided for, individually bonded and obligated to continue +resident during the term of office, to engage in no mercantile +pursuit or gainful occupation</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote481" name= +"footnote481"></a><b>Footnote 481:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag481">(return)</a> +<p>The Confederacy, as a matter of fact, never did keep its promise +regarding the establishment of a judiciary in Indian Territory. +Note Commissioner Scott's remarks in criticism, December i, 1864 +[<i>Official Records</i>, vol. xli, part iv, 1088-1089].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote482" name= +"footnote482"></a><b>Footnote 482:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag482">(return)</a> +<p>The regulations referred to can be found in <i>Confederate +Records</i>, chap. 7, no. 48.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page178" id="page178"></a>[pg +178]</span> +<p>whatsoever, and to prosecute no Indian claims against the +government. In the choice of interpreters, preference was to be +given to applicants of Indian descent. Indian trade privileges were +to be greatly circumscribed and, in the case of the larger nations, +the complete control of the trade was to rest with the tribal +authorities. In the case, also, of those same larger nations, the +restrictions formerly placed upon land alienations were to be +removed. Intruders and spirituous liquors were to be rigidly +excluded and all payments to Indians were to be carefully +safeguarded against fraud and graft. Indian customs of citizenship +and adoption were to be respected. No foreign interference was to +be permitted. Foreign emissaries were to be dealt with as spies and +as such severely punished. The Confederate right of eminent domain +over agency sites and buildings, forts, and arsenals was to be +recognized, as also the operation of laws against counterfeiting +and of the fugitive slave law. In default of regular troops, the +Confederacy was to support an armed police for protection and the +maintenance of order. The judicial rights of the Indians were to be +very greatly extended but the Confederacy reserved to itself the +right to apprehend criminals other than Indian.</p> +<p>The intentions of the Confederate government were one thing, its +accomplishments another. The act of April 8 was not put into +immediate execution, and might have been allowed to become obsolete +had it not been for the controversy between Pike and Hindman. On +the first of August, while the subject-matter of the address, which +he had so imprudently issued to the Indians, was yet fresh in his +mind, General Pike wrote a letter of advice, eminently sound +advice, to President Davis.<a id="footnotetag483" name= +"footnotetag483"></a><a href="#footnote483"><sup>483</sup></a> +Avoiding all captiousness, he set forth a</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote483" name= +"footnote483"></a><b>Footnote 483:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag483">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 871-874.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page179" id="page179"></a>[pg +179]</span> +<p>programme of what ought to be done for Indian Territory and for +the Indians, in order that their friendly alliance might be +maintained. He urged many things and one thing very particularly. +It was the crux of them all and it was that Indian Territory should +be absolutely separated from Arkansas, in a military way, and that +no troops from either Arkansas or Texas should be stationed within +it. Other suggestions of Pike's were equally sound. Indeed, the +entire letter of the first of August was sound and in no part of it +more sound than in that which recommended the immediate appointment +of a superintendent of Indian affairs for the Arkansas and Red +River Superintendency, also the appointment of Indian agents for +all places that had none.<a id="footnotetag484" name= +"footnotetag484"></a><a href="#footnote484"><sup>484</sup></a> It +was high time that positions in connection with the conduct of +Indian affairs should be something more than sinecures.</p> +<p>Aspirants for the office of superintendent had already made +their wants known. Foremost among them was Douglas H. Cooper. It +was not in his mind, however, to separate the military command from +the civil and he therefore asked that he be made brigadier-general +and <i>ex officio</i> superintendent of Indian affairs in the place +of Pike removed.<a id="footnotetag485" name= +"footnotetag485"></a><a href="#footnote485"><sup>485</sup></a> His +own representations of Pike's grievous offence had fully prepared +him for the circumstance of Pike's removal and he anticipated it in +making his own application for office. Subsequent knowledge of +Pike's activities and of his standing at Richmond must have come to +Cooper as a rude awakening.</p> +<p>Nevertheless, Cooper did get his appointment. It</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote484" name= +"footnote484"></a><b>Footnote 484:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag484">(return)</a> +<p>In his message of August 18, 1862 [Richardson, vol. i, 238, +President Davis remarked upon the vacancies in these offices and +said that, in consequence of them, delays had occurred in the +payment of annuities and allowances to which the Indians were +entitled.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote485" name= +"footnote485"></a><b>Footnote 485:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag485">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. liii, supplement, 821.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page180" id="page180"></a>[pg +180]</span> +<p>came the twenty-ninth of September in the form of special orders +from the adjutant-general's office.<a id="footnotetag486" name= +"footnotetag486"></a><a href="#footnote486"><sup>486</sup></a> Pike +was still on the ground, as will be presently shown, and Cooper's +moral unfitness for a position of so much responsibility was yet to +be revealed. The moment was one when the Confederacy was taking +active steps to keep its most significant promise to the Indian +nations, give them a representation in Congress. The Cherokees had +lost no time in availing themselves of the privilege of electing a +delegate, neither had the Choctaws and Chickasaws. Elias C. +Boudinot had proved to be the successful candidate of the former +and Robert M. Jones<a id="footnotetag487" name= +"footnotetag487"></a><a href="#footnote487"><sup>487</sup></a> of +the latter. Over the credentials of Boudinot, the House of +Representatives made some demur; but, as there was no denying his +constitutional right, under treaty guarantee, to be present, they +were accepted and he was given his seat.<a id="footnotetag488" +name="footnotetag488"></a><a href="#footnote488"><sup>488</sup></a> +Provisions had, however, yet to be determined for regulating Indian +elections and fixing the pay and mileage, likewise also, the duties +and privileges of Indian delegates.<a id="footnotetag489" name= +"footnotetag489"></a><a href="#footnote489"><sup>489</sup></a> +Perhaps it is unfair to intimate that the provisions would have +been determined earlier, had congress not preferred to go upon the +assumption that they would never be needed, since it was scarcely +likely that the Indians would realize the importance of their +rights and act upon them.<a id="footnotetag490" name= +"footnotetag490"></a><a href="#footnote490"><sup>490</sup></a></p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote486" name= +"footnote486"></a><b>Footnote 486:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag486">(return)</a> +<p>War Department, <i>Confederate Records, Special Orders of the +Adjutant and Inspector General's Office</i>, C.S.A., 1862, p. 438; +<i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 885.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote487" name= +"footnote487"></a><b>Footnote 487:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag487">(return)</a> +<p>See document of date, October 7, 1861, signed by Douglas H. +Cooper, certifying that Robert M. Jones had received the "greatest +number of votes cast" as delegate in Congress for the Choctaws and +Chickasaws [Pickett <i>Papers</i>, Package 118].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote488" name= +"footnote488"></a><b>Footnote 488:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag488">(return)</a> +<p><i>Journal</i>, vol. v, 513, 514.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote489" name= +"footnote489"></a><b>Footnote 489:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag489">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., vol. ii, 452, 457, 480; vol. v, 514, 523, +561.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote490" name= +"footnote490"></a><b>Footnote 490:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag490">(return)</a> +<p>Davis had thrown the responsibility of the whole matter upon +Congress, when he insisted that the "delegate" clauses in the +treaties should (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page181" id="page181"></a>[pg +181]</span> +<p>While Congress was debating the question of Indian delegate +credentials and their acceptance, a tragedy took place in Indian +Territory that more than confirmed General Pike's worst +prognostications and proved his main contention that Indian affairs +should be considered primarily upon their own merits, as an end in +themselves, and dealt with accordingly. Had the Arkansas and Red +River Superintendency been regularly established, the tragedy +referred to might never have occurred; but it was not yet +established and for many reasons, one of them being that, although +Douglas H. Cooper's appointment had been resolved upon, he had not +yet been invested with the office of superintendent.<a id= +"footnotetag491" name="footnotetag491"></a><a href= +"#footnote491"><sup>491</sup></a> His commission was being withheld +because charges of incapacity and drunkenness had been preferred +against him.<a id="footnotetag492" name= +"footnotetag492"></a><a href="#footnote492"><sup>492</sup></a></p> +<p>General Pike's disclosures had aroused suspicion and grave +apprehension in Richmond, so much so, indeed, that the War +Department, convinced that conditions in Indian Territory were very +far from being what they should be, decided to undertake an +investigation of its own through its Indian bureau. Promptly, +therefore, S.S. Scott, acting commissioner, departed for the West. +General Pike was in Texas.</p> +<p>Now one of the contingencies that Pike had most constantly +dreaded was tribal disorder on the Leased</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 490:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag490">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) be so modified as to make the admission of the Indians +dependent, not upon the treaty-making power, but upon the +legislative. See his message of December 12, 1861, Richardson, vol. +i, 149-151.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote491" name= +"footnote491"></a><b>Footnote 491:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag491">(return)</a> +<p>Elias Rector, who had been retained as superintendent under the +Confederate government, seems never to have exercised the functions +of the office subsequent to the assumption by Pike of his duties as +commander of the Department of Indian Territory. He was probably +envious of Pike and resigned rather than serve in a subordinate +capacity. He seems to have made some troube for Pike [<i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xiii, 964, 976].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote492" name= +"footnote492"></a><b>Footnote 492:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag492">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 906, 908, 910-911, 927-928.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page182" id="page182"></a>[pg +182]</span> +<p>District,<a id="footnotetag493" name= +"footnotetag493"></a><a href="#footnote493"><sup>493</sup></a> a +disorder that might at any moment extend itself to Texas and to +other parts of the Indian Territory, imperiling the whole +Confederate alliance. So long as there was a strong force at Fort +McCulloch and at the frontier posts of longer establishment, +particularly at Fort Cobb, the Reserve Indians could be held in +check with comparative ease. Hindman, ignorant of or indifferent to +the situation, no matter how serious it might be for others, had +ordered the force to be scattered and most of it withdrawn from the +Red River Valley.</p> +<p>The so-called Wichita, or Reserve, Indians, to call them by a +collective term only very recently bestowed, had ever constituted a +serious problem for the neighboring states as well as for the +central government. It was with the Confederacy as with the old +Union. The Reserve Indians were a motley horde, fragments of many +tribes that had seen better days. They were all more or less +related, either geographically or linguistically. Some of them, it +is difficult to venture upon what proportion, had been induced to +enter into negotiations with Pike and through him had formed an +alliance with the Confederacy. Apparently, those who had done this +were chiefly Tonkawas. Other Reserve Indians continued true to the +North. As time went on hostile feelings, engendered by living in +opposite camps, gained in intensity, the more especially because +white men, both north and south, encouraged them to go upon the +war-path, either against their own associates or others. Reprisals, +frequently bloody, were regularly instituted. With Pike's departure +from Fort McCulloch an opportunity for greater vindictiveness +offered, notwithstanding the fact that the Choctaw and +Chickasaw</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote493" name= +"footnote493"></a><b>Footnote 493:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag493">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 868.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page183" id="page183"></a>[pg +183]</span> +<p>troops had been left behind and were guarding the near-by +country, their own.</p> +<p>Sometime in the latter part of August or the early part of +September, Matthew Leeper, the Wichita agent under the Confederate +government, a left-over from Buchanan's days, went from the Leased +District,<a id="footnotetag494" name="footnotetag494"></a><a href= +"#footnote494"><sup>494</sup></a> frightened away, some people +thought, perhaps afraid of the inevitable results of the mischief +his own hands had so largely wrought, and sojourned in Texas, his +old home. The sutler left also and a man named Jones was then in +sole charge of the agency. The northern sympathizers among the +Indians thereupon aroused themselves. They had gained greatly of +late in strength and influence and their numbers had been augmented +by renegade Seminoles from Jumper's battalion and by outlawed +Cherokees. They warned Jones that Leeper would be wise not to +return. If he should return, it would be the worse for him; for +they were determined to wreak revenge upon him for all the misery +his machinations in favor of the Confederacy and for his own gain +had cost them. Presumably, Jones scorned to transmit the warning +and, in course of time, Leeper returned.</p> +<p>The twenty-third of October witnessed one of the bloodiest +scenes ever enacted on the western plains. The northern Indians of +the Reserve together with a lot of wandering Shawnees, Delawares, +and Kickapoos, many of them good-for-nothing or vicious, some +Seminoles and Cherokees attacked Leeper unawares, killed him,<a id= +"footnotetag495" name="footnotetag495"></a><a href= +"#footnote495"><sup>495</sup></a> as also three white male +employees of the agency.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote494" name= +"footnote494"></a><b>Footnote 494:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag494">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. liii, supplement, 828.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote495" name= +"footnote495"></a><b>Footnote 495:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag495">(return)</a> +<p>On the murder of Agent Leeper, see Scott to Holmes, November 2, +1862, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 919-921; Holmes to +Secretary of War, November 15, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 919: F. Johnson +to Dole, January 20, 1863, Abel, <i>American Indian as Slaveholder +and Secessionist</i>, 329-330, <i>footnote</i>; (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page184" id="page184"></a>[pg +184]</span> +<p>They then put "the bodies into the agency building and fired +it." The next morning they made an equally brutal attack upon the +Tonkawas and with most telling effect. More than half of them were +butchered. The survivors, about one hundred fifty, fled to Fort +Arbuckle.<a id="footnotetag496" name="footnotetag496"></a><a href= +"#footnote496"><sup>496</sup></a> Their condition was pitiable. The +murderers, for they were nothing less than that, fled northward, +they and their families, to swell the number of Indian refugees +already living upon government bounty in Kansas.</p> +<p>Commissioner Scott then at Fort Washita hurried to the Leased +District to examine into the affair. He had made many observations +since leaving Richmond, had talked with Pike, now returned from +Texas, and had come around pretty much to his way of thinking. His +recommendations to the department commander that were intended to +reach the Secretary of War as well were in every sense a +corroboration of Pike's complaints in so far as the woeful neglect +of the Indians was concerned. Better proof that Hindman's conduct +had been highly reprehensible could scarcely be asked for.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 495:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag495">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) Moore, <i>Rebellion Record</i>, vol. vi, 6; W.F. Cady to +Cox, February 16, 1870, Indian Office <i>Report Book</i>, no. 19, +186-188; Coffin to Dole, September 24, 1863, Commissioner of Indian +Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1863, 177.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote496" name= +"footnote496"></a><b>Footnote 496:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag496">(return)</a> +<p>S.S. Scott asked permission of Governor Winchester Colbert, +November 10, 1862, to place the fugitive Tonkawas "temporarily on +Rocky or Clear Creek, near the road leading from Fort Washita to +Arbuckle." Colbert granted the permission, "provided they are +subject to the laws of the Chickasaw Nation, and will furnish +guides to the Home Guards and the Chickasaw Battalion, when called +upon to do so."</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page185" id="page185"></a>[pg +185]</span> +<h2>VIII. THE RETIREMENT OF GENERAL PIKE</h2> +<p>The tragedy at the Wichita agency brought General Pike again to +the fore. His resignation had not been accepted at Richmond as +Hindman supposed was the case at the time he released him from +custody. In fact, as events turned out, it looked as though Hindman +were decidedly more in disrepute there than was Pike. His arbitrary +procedure in the Trans-Mississippi District had been complained of +by many persons besides the one person whom he had so unmercifully +badgered. Furthermore, the circumstances of his assignment to +command were being inquired into and everything divulged was +telling tremendously against him.</p> +<p>The irregularity of Hindman's assignment to command has been +already commented upon in this narrative. Additional details may +now be given. Van Dorn had hopes, on the occasion of his own +summons to work farther east, that Sterling Price would be the one +chosen eventually to succeed him or, at all events, the one to take +the chief command of the Confederate forces in the West. He greatly +wished that upon him and upon him alone his mantle should +fall.<a id="footnotetag497" name="footnotetag497"></a><a href= +"#footnote497"><sup>497</sup></a> The filling of the position by +Hindman was to be but tentative, to last only until Price,<a id= +"footnotetag498" name="footnotetag498"></a><a href= +"#footnote498"><sup>498</sup></a> perhaps also Van Dorn,</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote497" name= +"footnote497"></a><b>Footnote 497:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag497">(return)</a> +<p>Van Dorn to President Davis, June 9, 1862, <i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xiii, 831-832.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote498" name= +"footnote498"></a><b>Footnote 498:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag498">(return)</a> +<p>Price was preferred to H.M. Rector; because Van Dorn felt that +Rector's influence with the people of Arkansas had greatly +declined. The truth was, Governor Rector had become incensed at the +disregard shown for Arkansas by Confederate commanders. In a recent +proclamation, he had announced that the state would henceforth look +out for herself.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page186" id="page186"></a>[pg +186]</span> +<p>could discuss matters personally with the president and remove +the prejudice believed to be existing in his mind against Price; +but the War Department had quite other plans developed, a rumor of +which soon reached the ears of Van Dorn. It was then he +telegraphed, begging Davis to make no appointment for the present +to the command of the Trans-Mississippi District and informing him +that Hindman had been sent there temporarily.<a id="footnotetag499" +name="footnotetag499"></a><a href="#footnote499"><sup>499</sup></a> +The request came to Richmond too late. An appointment had already +been resolved upon and made. The man chosen was John Bankhead +Magruder, a major-general in the Army of Northern Virginia. +However, as he was not yet ready to take up his new duties, Hindman +was suffered to assume the command in the West; but Magruder's +rights held over. They were held in abeyance, so to speak, +temporarily waived.<a id="footnotetag500" name= +"footnotetag500"></a><a href="#footnote500"><sup>500</sup></a></p> +<p>The controversy between Pike and Hindman would seem to have +impelled Secretary Randolph to wish to terminate early Magruder's +delay; but Magruder was loath to depart. His lack of enthusiasm +ought to have been enough to convince those sending him that he</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote499" name= +"footnote499"></a><b>Footnote 499:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag499">(return)</a> +<p>The orders for Hindman to repair west, issuing from Beauregard's +headquarters, were explicit, not upon the point of the temporary +character of his appointment, but upon that of its having been made +"at the earnest solicitation of the people of Arkansas." +[<i>Official Records</i>, vol. x, part ii, 547].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote500" name= +"footnote500"></a><b>Footnote 500:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag500">(return)</a> +<p>Price, nothing daunted, continued to seek the position and +submitted plans for operations in the West. His importunities +finally forced the inquiry from Davis as to whether Magruder's +appointment had ever been rescinded and whether, since he seemed in +no hurry to avail himself of it, he really wanted the place. +Randolph reported that Magruder had no objection to the service to +which he had been ordered but desired to remain near Richmond until +the expected battle in the neighborhood should have occurred. +Randolph then suggested that Price be tendered the position of +second in command [Randolph to Davis, June 23, 1862, <i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xiii, 837], an arrangement that met with +Magruder's hearty approval [Magruder to R.E. Lee, June 26, 1862, +Ibid., 845].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page187" id="page187"></a>[pg +187]</span> +<p>was hardly the man for the place. His acquaintance with +Trans-Mississippi conditions was very superficial, yet even he +found out that they were of a nature to admonish those concerned of +their urgency, especially in the matter of lack of arms.<a id= +"footnotetag501" name="footnotetag501"></a><a href= +"#footnote501"><sup>501</sup></a> By the fourteenth of July his +indecision was apparently overcome. At any rate, on that day +Randolph wrote Pike that Magruder, the real commander of the +Trans-Mississippi District, would soon arrive at Little Rock and +that the offences of which Pike had had reason to complain would +not be repeated.</p> +<p>Letters travelled slowly in those days and Randolph's comforting +intelligence did not reach Pike in time to avert the catastrophe of +his proclamation and consequent arrest. And it was just as well, +all things considered, for Magruder never reached Little Rock. He +was a man of intemperate habits and, while <i>en route</i>, was +ordered back to Richmond to answer "charges of drunkenness and +disobedience of orders."<a id="footnotetag502" name= +"footnotetag502"></a><a href="#footnote502"><sup>502</sup></a> His +appointment was thereupon rescinded. The man selected in his place, +to the total ignoring of Price's prior claims, was Theophilus H. +Holmes, a native of North Carolina.<a id="footnotetag503" name= +"footnotetag503"></a><a href="#footnote503"><sup>503</sup></a> +President Davis was still possessed of the notion that frontier +affairs could be best conducted by men who had no local attachments +there. Late events had all too surely lent weight to his theory. +Nevertheless, in holding it, Davis was strictly inconsistent and +illogical; for loyalty to the particular home state constituted the +strongest asset that the Confederacy had. It was the lode-star that +had drawn Lee and</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote501" name= +"footnote501"></a><b>Footnote 501:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag501">(return)</a> +<p>Magruder to Randolph, July 5, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, +vol. xiii, 851-852.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote502" name= +"footnote502"></a><b>Footnote 502:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag502">(return)</a> +<p>Clark to Price, July 17, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. +liii, supplement, 816-817.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote503" name= +"footnote503"></a><b>Footnote 503:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag503">(return)</a> +<p>Wright, <i>General Officers of C.S.A</i>., 15-16.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page188" id="page188"></a>[pg +188]</span> +<p>many another, who cared not a whit for political principles in +and for themselves, from their allegiance to the Union. It was the +great bulwark of the South.</p> +<p>Holmes was ordered west July 16;<a id="footnotetag504" name= +"footnotetag504"></a><a href="#footnote504"><sup>504</sup></a> but, +as he had the necessary preparations to make and various private +matters to attend to, August had almost begun before it proved +possible for him to reach Little Rock.<a id="footnotetag505" name= +"footnotetag505"></a><a href="#footnote505"><sup>505</sup></a> The +interval had given Hindman a new lease of official life and a +further extension of opportunity for oppression, which he had used +to good advantage. The new department commander, while yet in +Richmond, had discussed the Pike-Hindman controversy with his +superior officers and had arrived at a conclusion distinctly +favorable to Pike. He frankly confessed as much weeks afterwards. +Once in Little Rock, however, he learned from the Hindman coterie +of Pike's Indian proclamation and immediately veered to Hindman's +side.<a id="footnotetag506" name="footnotetag506"></a><a href= +"#footnote506"><sup>506</sup></a> Pike talked with him, recounted +his grievances in a fashion that none could surpass, but made +absolutely no impression upon him. So small a thing and so short a +time had it taken to develop a hostile prejudice in Holmes's mind, +previously unbiased, so deep-seated that it never, in all the +months that followed, knew the slightest diminution. Conversely and +most fortuitously, a friendliness grew up between Holmes and the +man whom he had supplanted that made the former, either forget the +orders given him in Richmond or put so new a construction upon them +that they were rendered nugatory. It was a situation, exceedingly +fortunate for</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote504" name= +"footnote504"></a><b>Footnote 504:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag504">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 855.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote505" name= +"footnote505"></a><b>Footnote 505:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag505">(return)</a> +<p>He had reached Vicksburg by the thirtieth of July and from that +point he issued his orders assuming the command [ibid., 860].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote506" name= +"footnote506"></a><b>Footnote 506:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag506">(return)</a> +<p>Pike to Holmes, December 30, 1862 (Appendix); <i>Confederate +Military History</i>, vol. x, 121-122.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page189" id="page189"></a>[pg +189]</span> +<p>the service as a whole, no doubt, but most unhappy for Indian +Territory.</p> +<p>It finally dawned upon Pike that it was useless to argue any +longer upon the matters in dispute between him and Hindman, for +Holmes had pre-judged the case. Moreover, Holmes was beginning to +appreciate the advantage of being in a position where he could, by +ignoring Pike's authority and asserting his own, be much the gainer +in a material way. How he could have reconciled such an attitude +with the instructions he had received from Randolph it is +impossible to surmise. The instructions, whether verbal or written, +must have been in full accord with the secretary's letter to Pike +of the fourteenth of July, which, although Pike was as yet ignorant +of it, had explicitly said that no supplies for Indian Territory +should be diverted from their course and that there should be no +interference whatever with Pike's somewhat peculiar command.<a id= +"footnotetag507" name="footnotetag507"></a><a href= +"#footnote507"><sup>507</sup></a> All along the authorities in +Richmond, their conflicting departmental regulations to the +contrary notwithstanding, had insisted that the main object of the +Indian alliance had been amply attained when the Indians were found +posing as a Home Guard. Indians were not wanted for any service +outside the limits of their own country. Service outside was to be +deprecated, first, last, and always. Indeed, it was in response to +a suggestion from Pike, made in the autumn of 1861, that the Indian +Territory ought to be regarded as a thing apart, to be held for the +Confederacy most certainly but not to be involved in the warfare +outside, that Pike's department had been created and no +subsequent</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote507" name= +"footnote507"></a><b>Footnote 507:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag507">(return)</a> +<p>Pike to Holmes, December 30, 1862. The same assurance had +apparently been given to Pike in May [<i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xiii, 863].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page190" id="page190"></a>[pg +190]</span> +<p>arrangements for the Trans-Mississippi Department or District, +whichever it may have been at the period, were intended to militate +against that fundamental fact.<a id="footnotetag508" name= +"footnotetag508"></a><a href="#footnote508"><sup>508</sup></a></p> +<p>Despairing of accomplishing anything by lingering longer in +Little Rock, Pike applied to Holmes for a leave of absence and was +granted it for such time as might have to elapse before action upon +his resignation could be secured.<a id="footnotetag509" name= +"footnotetag509"></a><a href="#footnote509"><sup>509</sup></a> The +circumstance of Hindman's having relieved Pike from duty was thus +ignored or passed over in silence. General Pike had come to Little +Rock to see his family<a id="footnotetag510" name= +"footnotetag510"></a><a href="#footnote510"><sup>510</sup></a> but +he now decided upon a visit to Texas. Exactly what he expected to +do there nobody knows; but he undoubtedly had at heart the +interests of his department. He went to Warren first and later to +Grayson County. At the latter place, he made Sherman his private +headquarters and it was from there that he subsequently found it +convenient to pass over again into Indian Territory.</p> +<p>Pike was in Arkansas as late as the nineteenth of August and +probably still there when Randolph's letter of the fourteenth of +July, much delayed, arrived.<a id="footnotetag511" name= +"footnotetag511"></a><a href="#footnote511"><sup>511</sup></a> If +angry before, he was now incensed; for he knew for a certainty at +last that Hindman had been a sort of usurper in the +Trans-Mississippi District and, with power emanating from no one +higher than Beauregard, had never legally possessed a flicker of +authority for doing the many insulting things that he had +arrogantly done to him.<a id="footnotetag512" name= +"footnotetag512"></a><a href="#footnote512"><sup>512</sup></a> +Next, from some source, came the</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote508" name= +"footnote508"></a><b>Footnote 508:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag508">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 861, 864, 868.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote509" name= +"footnote509"></a><b>Footnote 509:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag509">(return)</a> +<p>Holmes to the Secretary of War, November 15, 1862 [ibid., +918].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote510" name= +"footnote510"></a><b>Footnote 510:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag510">(return)</a> +<p>For an account of Pike's movements, see <i>Confederate Military +History</i>, vol. x, 126.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote511" name= +"footnote511"></a><b>Footnote 511:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag511">(return)</a> +<p>Abel, <i>American Indian as Slaveholder and Secessionist</i>, +356.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote512" name= +"footnote512"></a><b>Footnote 512:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag512">(return)</a> +<p>Pike to Holmes, December 30, 1862, "Appendix."</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page191" id="page191"></a>[pg +191]</span> +<p>news that President Davis had refused positively to accept +Pike's resignation.<a id="footnotetag513" name= +"footnotetag513"></a><a href="#footnote513"><sup>513</sup></a> What +better proof could anyone want that Pike was sustained at +headquarters? What that view of the matter may have meant in +emboldening him to his later excessively independent actions must +be left to the reader's conjecture. It never occurred to Pike that +if his resignation had been refused, it had probably been refused +upon the supposition that, with Hindman out of the way, all would +be well. One good reason for thinking that that was the Richmond +attitude towards the affair is the fact that no record of anything +like immediate and formal action upon the resignation is +forthcoming. Pike heard that it had been refused and positively, +which was very gratifying; but it is far more likely that it had +been put to one side and purposely; in order that, since Pike was +unquestionably the best man for Indian Territory, all difficulties +might be left to adjust themselves, the less said about Hindman's +autocracy the better it would be for all concerned.</p> +<p>But it was soon apparent that Hindman was not to be put out of +the way. It was to be still possible for him to work mischief in +Indian Territory. With some slight modifications, the +Trans-Mississippi District had been converted into the +Trans-Mississippi Department and, on the twentieth of August, +orders<a id="footnotetag514" name="footnotetag514"></a><a href= +"#footnote514"><sup>514</sup></a> issued from</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote513" name= +"footnote513"></a><b>Footnote 513:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag513">(return)</a> +<p>There is something very peculiar about the acceptance or +non-acceptance of Pike's resignation. Randolph wrote to Holmes, +October 27, 1862, these words: "... General Pike's resignation +having been accepted, you will be left without a commanding officer +in the Indian Territory..." [<i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, +906]. A letter endorsement, made by Randolph, on or later than +September 19th, was to this effect: "General Pike's resignation has +not yet been accepted" [<i>ibid</i>., liii, supplement, 821], and +another, made by him, November 5th, to this: "Accept General Pike's +resignation, and notify him of it" [<i>ibid</i>., 822].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote514" name= +"footnote514"></a><b>Footnote 514:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag514">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 877.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page192" id="page192"></a>[pg +192]</span> +<p>Little Rock, arranging for an organization into three districts, +the Texas, the Louisiana,<a id="footnotetag515" name= +"footnotetag515"></a><a href="#footnote515"><sup>515</sup></a> and +the Arkansas. The last-named district was entrusted to General +Hindman and made to embrace Arkansas, Missouri, and the Indian +Territory. Hindman took charge at Fort Smith, August twenty-fourth +and straightway planned such disposition of his troops as would +make for advancing the Confederate line northward of the Boston +Mountains, Fort Smith, and the Arkansas River. The Indian forces +that were concentrated around Forts Smith and Gibson were shifted +to Carey's Ferry that they might cover the military road southward +from Fort Scott. To hold the Cherokee country and to help maintain +order there, a battalion of white cavalry was posted at Tahlequah +and, in each of the nine townships, or districts, of the country, +the formation of a company of home guard, authorized.<a id= +"footnotetag516" name="footnotetag516"></a><a href= +"#footnote516"><sup>516</sup></a></p> +<p>The maintaining of order in the Cherokee Nation had come to be +imperatively necessary. John Ross, the Principal Chief, was now a +prisoner within the Federal lines.<a id="footnotetag517" name= +"footnotetag517"></a><a href="#footnote517"><sup>517</sup></a> His +capture had been accomplished by strategy only a short time before +and not without strong suspicion that he had been in collusion with +his captors. Early in August, General Blunt, determined that the +country north of the Arkansas should not be abandoned, +notwithstanding the retrograde movement of Colonel Salomon, had +ordered Salomon, now a brigadier in command of the Indian +Expedition, to send</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote515" name= +"footnote515"></a><b>Footnote 515:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag515">(return)</a> +<p>Not all of Louisiana was in Holmes's department and only that +part of it west of the Mississippi constituted the District of +Louisiana. Governor Moore had vigorously protested against a +previous division, one that "tacked" "all north of Red River" "onto +Arkansas" [<i>Official Records</i>, vol. liii, supplement, +819].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote516" name= +"footnote516"></a><b>Footnote 516:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag516">(return)</a> +<p>—Ibid., vol. xiii, 46-47.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote517" name= +"footnote517"></a><b>Footnote 517:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag517">(return)</a> +<p>Nominally, Ross was yet a prisoner, although, as a matter of +fact, he had started upon a mission to Washington, his desire being +to confer with President Lincoln in person regarding the condition +of the Cherokees [Blunt to Lincoln, August 13, 1862, ibid., +565-566].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page193" id="page193"></a>[pg +193]</span> +<p>back certain white troops in support of the Indian.<a id= +"footnotetag518" name="footnotetag518"></a><a href= +"#footnote518"><sup>518</sup></a> Dr. Gillpatrick, who was the +bearer of the orders, imparted verbal instructions that the +expeditionary force so sent should proceed to Tahlequah and +complete what Colonel Phillips had confessed he had not had +sufficient time for, the making of diplomatic overtures to the +Cherokee authorities.<a id="footnotetag519" name= +"footnotetag519"></a><a href="#footnote519"><sup>519</sup></a></p> +<p>Blunt's expeditionary force had proceeded to Tahlequah and to +Park Hill and there, under the direction of Colonel William F. +Cloud, had seized John Ross and his family, their valuables, also +official papers and the treasury of the Cherokee Nation.<a id= +"footnotetag520" name="footnotetag520"></a><a href= +"#footnote520"><sup>520</sup></a> The departure of the Principal +Chief had had a demoralizing effect upon the Cherokees; for, when +his restraining influence was removed, likewise the Federal +support, political factions, the Pins, or full-bloods, and the +Secessionists, mostly half-breeds, had been able to indulge their +thirst for vengeance uninterruptedly.<a id="footnotetag521" name= +"footnotetag521"></a><a href="#footnote521"><sup>521</sup></a> +Chaos had well-nigh resulted.</p> +<p>The departure of the expeditionary force had meant more than +mere demoralization among the Indians. It had meant the abandonment +of their country to the Confederates and the Confederates, once +realizing that, delaying nothing, took possession. The secessionist +Cherokees then called a convention, formally deposed John Ross, and +elected Stand Watie as Principal Chief in his stead.<a id= +"footnotetag522" name="footnotetag522"></a><a href= +"#footnote522"><sup>522</sup></a> Back of all such revolutionary +work, was General Hindman and it was not long before Hindman +himself was in Tahlequah.<a id="footnotetag523" name= +"footnotetag523"></a><a href="#footnote523"><sup>523</sup></a> Once +there, he proceeded to set his stamp upon things with customary</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote518" name= +"footnote518"></a><b>Footnote 518:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag518">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 531-532.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote519" name= +"footnote519"></a><b>Footnote 519:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag519">(return)</a> +<p>—Ibid., 182.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote520" name= +"footnote520"></a><b>Footnote 520:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag520">(return)</a> +<p>—Ibid., 552.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote521" name= +"footnote521"></a><b>Footnote 521:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag521">(return)</a> +<p>—Ibid., 623, 648.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote522" name= +"footnote522"></a><b>Footnote 522:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag522">(return)</a> +<p><i>Confederate Military History</i>, vol. x, 129.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote523" name= +"footnote523"></a><b>Footnote 523:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag523">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 42.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page194" id="page194"></a>[pg +194]</span> +<p>vigor and order was shortly restored both north and south of the +Arkansas. Guerrilla warfare was summarily suppressed, marauding +stopped, and the perpetrators of atrocities so deservedly punished +that all who would have imitated them lost their taste for such +fiendish sport. As far north as the Moravian Mission, the +Confederates were undeniably in possession; but, at that juncture, +Holmes called Hindman to other scenes. A sort of apathy then +settled like a cloud upon the Cherokee Nation<a id="footnotetag524" +name="footnotetag524"></a><a href= +"#footnote524"><sup>524</sup></a>. Almost lifeless, it awaited the +next invader.</p> +<p>One part of the programme, arranged for at the time of the +re-districting of the Trans-Mississippi Department, had called for +a scheme to reënter southwest Missouri. Hindman was to lead +but Rains, Shelby, Cooper, and others were to constitute a sort of +outpost and were to make a dash, first of all, to recover the lead +mines at Granby. The Indians of both armies were drawn thitherward, +the one group to help make the advance, the other to resist it. At +Newtonia on September 30 the first collision of any moment came and +it came and it ended with victory for the Confederates<a id= +"footnotetag525" name="footnotetag525"></a><a href= +"#footnote525"><sup>525</sup></a>. Cooper's Choctaws and Chickasaws +fought valiantly but so also did Phillips's Cherokees. They lost +heavily in horses<a id="footnotetag526" name= +"footnotetag526"></a><a href="#footnote526"><sup>526</sup></a>, +their own poorly shod ponies; but they themselves stood fire well. +To rally them after defeat proved, however, a difficult matter. +Their</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote524" name= +"footnote524"></a><b>Footnote 524:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag524">(return)</a> +<p>Report of M.W. Buster to Cooper, September 19, 1862, <i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xiii, 273-277.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote525" name= +"footnote525"></a><b>Footnote 525:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag525">(return)</a> +<p>For detailed accounts of the Battle of Newtonia, see +<i>ibid</i>., 296-307; Edwards, <i>Shelby and his Men</i>, 83-89; +Britton, <i>Civil War on the Border</i>, vol. i, 355-363; Anderson, +<i>Life of General Stand Watie</i>, 20; Crawford, <i>Kansas in the +Sixties</i>, 54; <i>Confederate Military History</i>, vol. x, +132.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote526" name= +"footnote526"></a><b>Footnote 526:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag526">(return)</a> +<p>Evan Jones to Dole, January 8, 1864, Indian Office General +Files, Cherokee, 1859-1865, J 401.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page195" id="page195"></a>[pg +195]</span> +<p>disciplining had yet left much to be desired.<a id= +"footnotetag527" name="footnotetag527"></a><a href= +"#footnote527"><sup>527</sup></a> Scalping<a id="footnotetag528" +name="footnotetag528"></a><a href="#footnote528"><sup>528</sup></a> +of the dead took place as on the battle-field of Pea Ridge; but, in +other respects, the Indians of both armies acquitted themselves +well and far better than might have been expected.</p> +<p>The participation of the Indians in the Battle of Newtonia was +significant. Federals and Confederates had alike resorted to it for +purposes other than the red man's own. The Indian Expedition had +now for a surety definitely abandoned the intention for which it +was originally organized and outfitted. As a matter of fact, it had +long since ceased to exist. The military</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote527" name= +"footnote527"></a><b>Footnote 527:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag527">(return)</a> +<p>"Since leaving the Fugitive Indians on Dry Wood Creek, nothing +has occurred of material interest other than you will receive +through official Dispatches from the Officers of our Army. The +Indians under Col. Phillips fought well at the Battle Newtonia, +they have at all times stood fire. The great difficulty of their +officers is in keeping them together in a retreat, and should such +be necessary on the field in presence of an enemy in their present +state of discipline it would be almost impossible to again return +them to the attack in good order—Another Battle was fought at +this place in which the enemy were defeated with considerable loss, +four of their guns being taken by a charge of the 2d Kansas.</p> +<p>"In this Contest the Indians behaved well, the officers and +soldiers of our own regiments now freely acknowledge them to be +valuable Allies and in no case have they as yet faltered, untill +ordered to retire, the prejudice once existing against them is fast +disappearing from our Army and it is now generaly conceded that +they will do good service in our border warfare. This we have never +doubted and confident as we have been of their fitness for border +warfare we have been content to await, untill they had proven to +the country not only their loyalty but their ability to fight. +Since their organization they have been engaged in several battles +and in every case successfully, one of us will start in a day or +two for Tahlequah and may find something of interest on the march. +We are now in the Cherokee Nation. An effort is now being made by +Gen'l Blunt to punish plundering in the country. Union People have +suffered from this as much as rebels. We have before called the +attention of our Army Officers to this fact; with our Fifteen +Hundred Cherokee Warriors in the service of our government—we +feel that every possible protection should be extended to them as a +people" [Carruth to Coffin, October 25, 1862, enclosed in Coffin to +Dole, November 16, 1862, Indian Office General Files, <i>Southern +Superintendency</i> 1859-1862].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote528" name= +"footnote528"></a><b>Footnote 528:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag528">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 894.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page196" id="page196"></a>[pg +196]</span> +<p>organization, of which the Indian regiments in the Federal +service now formed a part, was Blunt's division of the Army of the +Frontier and it had other objects in view, other tasks to perform, +than the simple recovery of Indian Territory.</p> +<p>It is true General Blunt had set his heart upon that particular +accomplishment but he was scarcely a free agent in the matter. Men +above him in rank had quite other aims and his, perforce, had to be +subordinated to theirs. In August, Blunt had planned a kind of +second Indian Expedition to go south to Fort Gibson and to restore +the refugees to their homes.<a id="footnotetag529" name= +"footnotetag529"></a><a href="#footnote529"><sup>529</sup></a> It +had started upon its way when the powers higher up interposed.</p> +<p>General Schofield, anticipating the renewed endeavor of the +Confederates to push their line forward, had called upon Blunt for +assistance and Blunt had responded with such alacrity as was +possible, considering that many of the troops he summoned for +Schofield's use were those that had been doing hard service within +and on the border of the Indian country for full two months. During +all that time their horses had been deprived entirely of grain feed +and had been compelled to subsist upon prairie grass. They were in +a bad way.<a id="footnotetag530" name="footnotetag530"></a><a href= +"#footnote530"><sup>530</sup></a> Once outside the Indian +Territory, the Indian regiments, begrudging the service demanded of +them, were kept more fully occupied than were the white; for there +was</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote529" name= +"footnote529"></a><b>Footnote 529:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag529">(return)</a> +<p>"Orders have been given by General Blunt for the Indian +Expedition to go South soon; he says the families of the Indians +may go"—CARRUTH to Coffin, August 29, 1862, enclosed in +Coffin to Mix, August 30, 1862, Indian Office General Files, +<i>Southern Superintendence</i>, 1859-1862.</p> +<p>"Enclosed you will find an order from General James G. Blunt in +regard to the removal of the Indian families to their homes. I +start to-morrow for Fort Scott, Kansas, to overtake the second +Indian expedition, commanded by General Blunt in +person."—Carruth to Coffin, September 19, 1862, Commissioner +of Indian Affairs, Report, 1862, p. 166.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote530" name= +"footnote530"></a><b>Footnote 530:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag530">(return)</a> +<p>Britton, <i>Civil War on the Border</i>, vol. i, 337.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page197" id="page197"></a>[pg +197]</span> +<p>always scouting<a id="footnotetag531" name= +"footnotetag531"></a><a href="#footnote531"><sup>531</sup></a> for +them to do and frequently skirmishing. On Cowskin River, Phillips's +Third Indian and, near Shirley's Ford on Spring River, Ritchie's +Second had each engaged the Confederates with success, although not +entirely with credit. Ritchie had allowed his men to run amuck even +to the extent of attacking their comrades in Colonel Weer's +brigade, which was the second in Blunt's reorganized army. On +account of his lack of control over his troops, Ritchie was +reported upon for dismissal from the service.<a id="footnotetag532" +name="footnotetag532"></a><a href= +"#footnote532"><sup>532</sup></a></p> +<p>The Battle of Newtonia was inconclusive. Subsequent to it, the +Federals were greatly reënforced and, in the first days of +October, Schofield and Blunt, who had both arrived recently upon +the scene, coming to the aid of Salomon, who had been the +vanquished one at Newtonia, were able, in combination with Totten, +to deprive Cooper of all the substantial fruits of victory. He was +obliged to fall back into Arkansas, whither a part of Blunt's +division pursued him and encamped themselves on the old +battle-field of Pea Ridge.<a id="footnotetag533" name= +"footnotetag533"></a><a href="#footnote533"><sup>533</sup></a></p> +<p>Cooper was far from being defeated, however, and, under orders +from Rains, soon made plans for attempting an invasion of Kansas; +but Blunt, ably seconded by Crawford of the Second Kansas, was too +quick for him. He followed him to Maysville and then a little +beyond the Cherokee border to old Fort Wayne in the present +Delaware District of the Nation. There, on the open prairie, a +battle was fought,<a id="footnotetag534" name= +"footnotetag534"></a><a href="#footnote534"><sup>534</sup></a> on +October 22, so</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote531" name= +"footnote531"></a><b>Footnote 531:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag531">(return)</a> +<p>Phillips to Blunt, September 5, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, +vol. xiii, 614-615.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote532" name= +"footnote532"></a><b>Footnote 532:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag532">(return)</a> +<p>Weer to Moonlight, September 12, 1862, ibid., 627; Weer to +Blunt, September 24, 1862, ibid., 665-666; Britton, <i>Civil War on +the Border</i>, vol. i, 352.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote533" name= +"footnote533"></a><b>Footnote 533:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag533">(return)</a> +<p>Britton, <i>Civil War on the Border</i>, vol. i, 366; Crawford, +<i>Kansas in the Sixties</i>, 54.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote534" name= +"footnote534"></a><b>Footnote 534:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag534">(return)</a> +<p>Anderson, <i>Life of General Stand Watie</i>, 20; Crawford, +<i>Kansas in the</i> (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page198" id="page198"></a>[pg +198]</span> +<p>disastrous to the Confederates, who, by the by, were greatly +outnumbered, that they fled, a demoralized host, by way of Fort +Gibson across the Arkansas River to Cantonment Davis,<a id= +"footnotetag535" name="footnotetag535"></a><a href= +"#footnote535"><sup>535</sup></a> Stand Watie and his doughty +Cherokees covering their retreat. The Federals had then once again +an undisputed possession of Indian Territory north of the +Arkansas.<a id="footnotetag536" name="footnotetag536"></a><a href= +"#footnote536"><sup>536</sup></a></p> +<p>Such was the condition of affairs when Pike emerged from his +self-imposed retreat in Texas. The case for the Confederate cause +among the Indians was becoming desperate. So many things that +called for apprehension were occurring. Cooper and Rains were both +in disgrace, the failure of the recent campaign having been +attributed largely to their physical unfitness for duty. Both were +now facing an investigation of charges for drunkenness. Moreover, +the brutal attack upon and consequent murder of Agent Leeper had +just shocked the community. Hearing of that murder and considering +that he was still the most responsible party in Indian Territory, +General Pike made preparations to proceed forthwith to the Leased +District. His plans were frustrated by his own arrest at the +command of General Holmes.</p> +<p>His unfriendliness to Pike was in part due to Holmes's own +necessities. It was to his interest to assert authority over the +man who could procure supplies for Indian Territory and when +occasion offered, if that man should dare to prove obdurate, to +ignore his position altogether. Nevertheless, Holmes had not seen +fit in early October to deny Pike his title of</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 534:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag534">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) <i>Sixties</i>, 56-62; Edwards, <i>Shelby and his Men, +90; Official Records, vol. xiii, 43, 324. 325, 325-328, 329-331, +331-332, 332-336, 336-337, 759</i>; Britton, <i>Civil War on the +Border</i>, vol. i, <i>364-375</i>.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote535" name= +"footnote535"></a><b>Footnote 535:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag535">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records, vol. xiii, 765</i>.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote536" name= +"footnote536"></a><b>Footnote 536:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag536">(return)</a> +<p>Blunt was ordered "to clean out the Indian country" +[<i>ibid</i>., 762].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page199" id="page199"></a>[pg +199]</span> +<p>commander and had personally addressed him by it.<a id= +"footnotetag537" name="footnotetag537"></a><a href= +"#footnote537"><sup>537</sup></a> Yet all the time he was +encroaching upon that commander's prerogatives, was withholding his +supplies, just as Hindman had done, and was exploiting Indian +Territory, in various ways, for his own purposes. Rumors came that +Pike was holding back munition trains in Texas and then that he was +conspiring with Texan Unionists against the Confederacy. To further +his own designs, Holmes chose to credit the rumors and made them +subserve the one and the same end; for he needed Pike's ammunition +and he wanted Pike himself out of the way. He affected to believe +that Pike was a traitor and, when he reappeared as brigade +commander, to consider that he had unlawfully reassumed his old +functions. Accordingly, he issued an order to Roane,<a id= +"footnotetag538" name="footnotetag538"></a><a href= +"#footnote538"><sup>538</sup></a> to whom he had entrusted the +Indians, for Pike's arrest; but he had already called Pike to +account for holding back the munition trains and had ordered him, +if the charge were really true, to report in person at Little +Rock.<a id="footnotetag539" name="footnotetag539"></a><a href= +"#footnote539"><sup>539</sup></a></p> +<p>The order for General Pike's arrest bore date of November 3. +Roane, the man to whom the ungracious task was assigned, was well +suited to it. He had been adjudged by Holmes himself as absolutely +worthless as a commander and, being so, had been sent to take care +of the Indians,<a id="footnotetag540" name= +"footnotetag540"></a><a href="#footnote540"><sup>540</sup></a> a +severe commentary upon Holmes's own fitness for the supreme control +of anything that had to do with them or their concerns. Others had +an equally poor opinion of Roane's generalship and character. John +S. Phelps, indeed, was writing at this very time, the autumn of +1862, to Secretary</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote537" name= +"footnote537"></a><b>Footnote 537:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag537">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 924.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote538" name= +"footnote538"></a><b>Footnote 538:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag538">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 923, 980, 981.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote539" name= +"footnote539"></a><b>Footnote 539:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag539">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 904.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote540" name= +"footnote540"></a><b>Footnote 540:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag540">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 899.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page200" id="page200"></a>[pg +200]</span> +<p>Stanton in testimony of Roane's unsavory reputation.<a id= +"footnotetag541" name="footnotetag541"></a><a href= +"#footnote541"><sup>541</sup></a></p> +<p>The arrest of Pike took place November 14 at Tishomingo in the +Chickasaw country and a detachment of Shelby's brigade was detailed +to convey him to Little Rock.<a id="footnotetag542" name= +"footnotetag542"></a><a href="#footnote542"><sup>542</sup></a> +Then, as once before, his reported resignation saved him from long +confinement and from extreme ignominy. On the fifth of November, +President Davis instructed the adjutant-general to accept Pike's +resignation forthwith and five days thereafter,<a id= +"footnotetag543" name="footnotetag543"></a><a href= +"#footnote543"><sup>543</sup></a> before the arrest had actually +taken place, Holmes advised Hindman that he had better let Pike go +free so soon as he should leave the Indian country; inasmuch as his +resignation was now an assured thing.<a id="footnotetag544" name= +"footnotetag544"></a><a href="#footnote544"><sup>544</sup></a> +Holmes evidently feared to let the release take place within the +limits of Pike's old command; for some of the Indians were still +devotedly attached to him and were still pinning their faith upon +his plighted word. John Jumper and his Seminole braves were among +those most loyal to Pike; and Holmes was afraid that wholesale +desertions from their ranks would follow inevitably Pike's +degradation. Many desertions had already occurred, ostensibly +because of lack of food and raiment. Commissioner Scott had +complained to Holmes of the Indian privations<a id="footnotetag545" +name="footnotetag545"></a><a href="#footnote545"><sup>545</sup></a> +and Holmes had been forced to concede, although only at the +eleventh hour, the Indian claim to some consideration. He had +arbitrarily shared tribal quota of supplies, bought with tribal +money, with white troops and had lamely excused himself by saying +that he had done it to prevent</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote541" name= +"footnote541"></a><b>Footnote 541:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag541">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 752.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote542" name= +"footnote542"></a><b>Footnote 542:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag542">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 921.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote543" name= +"footnote543"></a><b>Footnote 543:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag543">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., vol. liii, supplement, 821.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote544" name= +"footnote544"></a><b>Footnote 544:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag544">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., vol. xiii, 913.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote545" name= +"footnote545"></a><b>Footnote 545:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag545">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 920.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page201" id="page201"></a>[pg +201]</span> +<p>grumbling<a id="footnotetag546" name= +"footnotetag546"></a><a href="#footnote546"><sup>546</sup></a> and +the charge of favoritism. One other offence of which Holmes was +guilty he did not attempt to palliate, the taking of the Indians +out of their own country without their consent. To the very last +Pike had expostulated<a id="footnotetag547" name= +"footnotetag547"></a><a href="#footnote547"><sup>547</sup></a> +against such violation of treaty promises; but Holmes and Hindman +were deaf alike to entreaty and to reprimand.</p> +<p>General Pike, poet and student, was now finally deprived of his +command and the Indians left to their own devices or at the mercy +of men, who could not be trusted or were not greatly needed +elsewhere. No one attempted any longer to conceal the truth that +alliance with the Indians was a supremely selfish consideration, +and nothing more, on the part of those who coveted Indian Territory +because of its geographical position, its strategic and economic +importance. For a little while longer, Pike contended with his +enemies by means of the best weapon he had, his facile pen. His +acrimonious correspondence with the chief of those enemies, Hindman +and Holmes, reached its highest point of criticism in a letter of +December 30 to the latter. That letter summed up his grievances and +was practically his last charge. Having made it, he retired from +the scene, not to reappear until near the close of the war, when +Kirby Smith found it advantageous to reëmploy him for service +among the red men.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote546" name= +"footnote546"></a><b>Footnote 546:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag546">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 928.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote547" name= +"footnote547"></a><b>Footnote 547:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag547">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 905, 963.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page202" id="page202"></a>[pg +202]</span> +<hr /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page203" id="page203"></a>[pg +203]</span> +<h2>IX. THE REMOVAL OF THE REFUGEES TO THE SAC AND FOX AGENCY</h2> +<p>General Blunt's decision to restore the Indian refugees in +Kansas to their own country precipitated a word war of disagreeable +significance between the civil and military authorities. The +numbers of the refugees had been very greatly augmented in the +course of the summer, notwithstanding the fact that so large a +proportion of the men had joined the Indian Expedition. It is true +they had not all stayed with it. The retrograde movement of Colonel +Salomon and his failure later on to obey Blunt's order to the +letter<a id="footnotetag548" name="footnotetag548"></a><a href= +"#footnote548"><sup>548</sup></a> that he should return to the +support of the Indians had disheartened them and many of the +enlisted braves had deserted the ranks, as chance offered, and had +strayed back to their families in the refugee camps of southern +Kansas.<a id="footnotetag549" name="footnotetag549"></a><a href= +"#footnote549"><sup>549</sup></a></p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote548" name= +"footnote548"></a><b>Footnote 548:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag548">(return)</a> +<p>Blunt to Caleb Smith, November 21, 1862 [Indian Office General +Files, <i>Southern Superintendency</i>, 1859-1862, I 860].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote549" name= +"footnote549"></a><b>Footnote 549:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag549">(return)</a> +<p>One of the first notices of their desertion was the +following:</p> +<p>"We are getting along well, very well. The Indians seem happy +and contented, and seemingly get enough to eat and wear. At least I +hear no complaint. For the last two or three days the Indian +soldiers have been stragling back, until now there are some three +or four hundred in, and they are still coming. I held a council +with them to-day to try and find out why they are here. But they +don't seem to have any idea themselves. All I could learn was that +Old George started and the rest followed. The Col. it seems told +them to go some where else. I shall send an express to Col. Furness +in the morning to find out if possible what it means. It seems to +me it will not do to give the provisions purchased for the women +and children to the soldiers....</p> +<p>"The soldiers look clean and hearty, and complain of being +treated like dogs, starved etc, which I must say their looks +belie...."—GEO.A. CUTLER to Wm. G. Coffin, August 13, 1862, +<i>ibid</i>.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page204" id="page204"></a>[pg +204]</span> +<p>Then the numbers had been augmented in other ways. The Quapaws, +who had been early driven from their homes and once restored,<a id= +"footnotetag550" name="footnotetag550"></a><a href= +"#footnote550"><sup>550</sup></a> had left them again when they +found that their country had been denuded of all its portable +resources. It was exposed to inroads of many sorts. Even the +Federal army preyed upon it and, as all the able-bodied male +Quapaws were gradually drawn into that army, there was no way of +defending it. Its inhabitants, therefore, returned as exiles to the +country around about Leroy.<a id="footnotetag551" name= +"footnotetag551"></a><a href="#footnote551"><sup>551</sup></a></p> +<p>It was much the same with near neighbors of the Quapaws, with +the Senecas and the Seneca-Shawnees. These Indians had been induced +to accept one payment of their annuities from the Confederate +agent<a id="footnotetag552" name="footnotetag552"></a><a href= +"#footnote552"><sup>552</sup></a> but had later repented their +digression from the old allegiance to the United States and had +solicited its protection in order that they might remain true. Some +of them stayed with Agent Elder near Fort Scott,<a id= +"footnotetag553" name="footnotetag553"></a><a href= +"#footnote553"><sup>553</sup></a> others moved northward and lived +upon the charity of the Shawnees near Lawrence.<a id= +"footnotetag554" name="footnotetag554"></a><a href= +"#footnote554"><sup>554</sup></a> But those Shawnees were doomed +themselves to be depredated upon, especially that group of them +known as Black Bob's Band, a band that had been assigned a +settlement in Johnson</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote550" name= +"footnote550"></a><b>Footnote 550:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag550">(return)</a> +<p>Coffin to Elder, August 9, 1862; Coffin to Mix, August 16, 1862, +Indian Office General Files, <i>Neosho</i>, C 1745 of 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote551" name= +"footnote551"></a><b>Footnote 551:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag551">(return)</a> +<p>Some of the Quapaws that went to Leroy were not <i>bona fide</i> +refugees. Elder reported them as lured thither by the idea of +getting fed [Elder to Dole, July 9, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., E 114 of +1862].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote552" name= +"footnote552"></a><b>Footnote 552:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag552">(return)</a> +<p>Coffin to Dole, May 31, 1862, Indian Office General Files, +<i>Neosho</i>.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote553" name= +"footnote553"></a><b>Footnote 553:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag553">(return)</a> +<p>Coffin to Mix, July 30, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., C 1732 of 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote554" name= +"footnote554"></a><b>Footnote 554:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag554">(return)</a> +<p>J.J. Lawler to Mix, August 2, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., +<i>Shawnee</i>, 1855-1862; Abbott to Branch, July 26, 1862, +<i>ibid</i>. Some of the Senecas, about one hundred twenty-three, +went as far as Wyandot City. For them and their relief, the Senecas +in New York interceded. See Chief John Melton to Commissioner of +Indian Affairs, September 2, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., <i>Neosho</i>, H +541; Mix to Coffin, September 11, 1862, Indian Office <i>Letter +Book</i>, no. 69, 99.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page205" id="page205"></a>[pg +205]</span> +<p>County, adjoining the Missouri border.<a id="footnotetag555" +name="footnotetag555"></a><a href="#footnote555"><sup>555</sup></a> +In August<a id="footnotetag556" name="footnotetag556"></a><a href= +"#footnote556"><sup>556</sup></a> and again in the first week of +September<a id="footnotetag557" name="footnotetag557"></a><a href= +"#footnote557"><sup>557</sup></a> guerrillas under Quantrill,<a id= +"footnotetag558" name="footnotetag558"></a><a href= +"#footnote558"><sup>558</sup></a> crossed over the line and raided +the Black Bob lands, robbing the Indians of practically everything +they possessed, their clothing, their household goods, their +saddles, their ponies, their provisions, and driving the original +owners quite away. They fired upon them as they fled and committed +atrocities upon the helpless ones who lagged behind. They then +raided Olathe.<a id="footnotetag559" name= +"footnotetag559"></a><a href="#footnote559"><sup>559</sup></a> +Somewhat earlier, guerrillas had similarly devastated the Kansas +Agency, although not to the same extent.<a id="footnotetag560" +name="footnotetag560"></a><a href="#footnote560"><sup>560</sup></a> +The Black Bob Shawnees found a refuge in the western part of the +tribal reserve.<a id="footnotetag561" name= +"footnotetag561"></a><a href="#footnote561"><sup>561</sup></a></p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote555" name= +"footnote555"></a><b>Footnote 555:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag555">(return)</a> +<p>This group of Shawnee refugees must be distinguished from the +so-called <i>Absentee Shawnees</i>, who also became refugees. The +Shawnees had been very much molested and disturbed during the +period of border strife following the passage of the +Kansas-Nebraska Bill. Black Bob's Band was then exceedingly +desirous of going south to dwell with the Seneca-Shawnees [Rector +to Greenwood, January 6, 1860, enclosing Dorn to Greenwood, +December 30, 1859, Indian Office General Files, <i>Neosho</i>, R +463 of 1860]. The Absentee Shawnees had taken refuge in Indian +Territory prior to the war, but were expelled immediately after it +began. They obtained supplies for a time from the Wichita Agent and +lived as refugees on Walnut Creek [Paschal Fish and other Shawnee +delegates to Cooley, December 5, 1865, Indian Office Land Files, +<i>Shawnee</i>, 1860-1865]. Later on, they seem, at least some of +them, to have gone up to the Shawnee Reserve [Dole to Coffin, July +27, 1863, Indian Office <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 71, 195; Dole to +Usher, July 27, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., <i>Report Book</i>, no. 13, +208-209].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote556" name= +"footnote556"></a><b>Footnote 556:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag556">(return)</a> +<p>H.B. Branch to Dole, June 19, 1863, enclosing various letters +from Agent Abbott, Indian Office General Files, <i>Shawnee</i>, +1863-1875, B 343.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote557" name= +"footnote557"></a><b>Footnote 557:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag557">(return)</a> +<p>Branch to Dole, October 3, 1862, transmitting letter from Abbott +to Branch, September 25, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., <i>Shawnee</i>, +1855-1862, B 1583.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote558" name= +"footnote558"></a><b>Footnote 558:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag558">(return)</a> +<p>Connelley, <i>Quantrill and the Border Wars</i>, 269, says that, +from' August 15, 1863, the Confederate government was directly +responsible for the work of Quantrill. From that day, the +guerrillas were regular Confederate soldiers. They were not +generally regarded as such, however; for, in November, 1863, Price +was trying to prevail upon Quantrill and his men to come into the +regular army [<i>Official Records</i>, vol. liii, supplement, +907-908].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote559" name= +"footnote559"></a><b>Footnote 559:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag559">(return)</a> +<p>Governor Robinson issued a proclamation, on the occasion of this +emergency for volunteers against guerrillas.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote560" name= +"footnote560"></a><b>Footnote 560:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag560">(return)</a> +<p>Farnsworth to Dole, July 23, 1862 [Indian Office General Files, +<i>Kansas</i>, 1855-1862, F 386].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote561" name= +"footnote561"></a><b>Footnote 561:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag561">(return)</a> +<p>Letter of Agent Abbott, June 5, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., +<i>Shawnee</i>, 1863-1875, B 343.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page206" id="page206"></a>[pg +206]</span> +<p>Some Wyandot Indians, who before the war had sought and found +homes among the Senecas,<a id="footnotetag562" name= +"footnotetag562"></a><a href="#footnote562"><sup>562</sup></a> were +robbed of everything they possessed by secessionist Indians,<a id= +"footnotetag563" name="footnotetag563"></a><a href= +"#footnote563"><sup>563</sup></a> who would not, however, permit +them to go in search of relief northward.<a id="footnotetag564" +name="footnotetag564"></a><a href="#footnote564"><sup>564</sup></a> +When all efforts to induce them to throw in their lot with the +Confederacy proved unavailing, the strict watch over them was +somewhat relaxed and they eventually managed to make their escape. +They, too, fled into Kansas. And so did about one hundred +Delawares, who had been making their homes in the Cherokee country. +In the spring of 1862, they had begun to return destitute to the +old reservation<a id="footnotetag565" name= +"footnotetag565"></a><a href="#footnote565"><sup>565</sup></a> but +seem not to have been counted refugees until much later in the +year.<a id="footnotetag566" name="footnotetag566"></a><a href= +"#footnote566"><sup>566</sup></a> The Delaware Reservation on the +northern bank of the Kansas River and very near to Missouri was +peculiarly exposed</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote562" name= +"footnote562"></a><b>Footnote 562:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag562">(return)</a> +<p>Indian Office General Files, <i>Neosho</i>, I 81 of 1860.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote563" name= +"footnote563"></a><b>Footnote 563:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag563">(return)</a> +<p>Lawrence and others, Wyandots, to Dole, December 23, 1862, +ibid., Land Files, <i>Shawnee</i>, 1860-1865, L 12 of 1862. This +letter was answered January 20, 1863, and, on the same day, Coffin +was instructed to relieve their distress.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote564" name= +"footnote564"></a><b>Footnote 564:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag564">(return)</a> +<p>"Being personally acquainted with the condition of the Wyandots +... would here state, that a portion of them are living among the +Senecas bordering on the Cherokee Country, and they are in a +suffering condition. The rebel portion of the Senecas and Cherokees +have robbed them of all of their ponies, and in fact all the +property they had, and will not allow them to leave to come to +Wyandott, which is about 2 hundred miles in distance, and their +friends in Wyandott are unable to relieve them (on account of the +rebel forces) without protection of our armies. The Wyandotts that +are here are anxious to go and relieve their friends, and would +respectfully request that they be allowed to form into a military +company and be mustered into Gov'nt service and go with the +expedition south to relieve their friends and assist in reclaiming +the rebel Indians. A few of the Wyandotts are in service ... They +are all very anxious to be transferred into a company by themselves +for the purpose above stated...."—CHARLES MOORE to Dole, +February 9, 1862, Indian Office Special Files, no. 201, D 576.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote565" name= +"footnote565"></a><b>Footnote 565:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag565">(return)</a> +<p>Johnson to Dole, April 2, 1862, Indian Office General Files, +<i>Delaware</i>, 1862-1866.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote566" name= +"footnote566"></a><b>Footnote 566:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag566">(return)</a> +<p>Johnson to Dole, November 5, 1862, ibid., <i>Southern +Superintendency</i>, 1859-1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page207" id="page207"></a>[pg +207]</span> +<p>to ravages, horses and cattle being frequently stolen.<a id= +"footnotetag567" name="footnotetag567"></a><a href= +"#footnote567"><sup>567</sup></a> For that reason and because so +much urged thereto by Agent Johnson,<a id="footnotetag568" name= +"footnotetag568"></a><a href="#footnote568"><sup>568</sup></a> who +was himself anxious for service, the Delawares were unusually eager +to enlist.</p> +<p>The Osages had been induced by Ritchie and others to join the +Indian Expedition or to serve as independent scouts.<a id= +"footnotetag569" name="footnotetag569"></a><a href= +"#footnote569"><sup>569</sup></a> Their families, consequently, +found it safe and convenient to become refugees.<a id= +"footnotetag570" name="footnotetag570"></a><a href= +"#footnote570"><sup>570</sup></a> In July, they formed much the +larger part of some five hundred from Elder's agency, who sought +succor at Leroy. That did not deter the Osages, however, from +offering a temporary abiding-place, within their huge reserve, to +the homeless Creeks under Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la.<a id="footnotetag571" +name="footnotetag571"></a><a href= +"#footnote571"><sup>571</sup></a></p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote567" name= +"footnote567"></a><b>Footnote 567:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag567">(return)</a> +<p>Johnson to Dole, May 28, 1862, Indian Office General Files, +<i>Delaware</i>, I 667 of 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote568" name= +"footnote568"></a><b>Footnote 568:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag568">(return)</a> +<p>Johnson wished to retain his agency and also hold a commission +as colonel of volunteers, Department of the Interior, <i>Register +of Letters Received</i>, no. 4, pp. 214, 357. James H. Lane +endorsed his request and it was granted.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote569" name= +"footnote569"></a><b>Footnote 569:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag569">(return)</a> +<p>The Osages rendered occasionally some good service. They and the +Comanches plundered the Chickasaws very considerably [Holmes +Colbert to N.G. Taylor, April 14, 1868, Indian Office Consolidated +Files, <i>Chickasaw</i>, C 716 of 1868. See also Office letter to +Osage treaty commissioners, May 4, 1868]. In October, the Osage +force advanced as far as Iola and then retreated [Henning to Blunt, +October 11, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 726]. Soon +after that they were mustered out and in a very disgruntled +condition. They claimed that the government had used them very +badly and had never paid them anything [Henning to Chipman, +November 13, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 790]. They knew little of the +discipline of war and left the army whenever they had a mind +to.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote570" name= +"footnote570"></a><b>Footnote 570:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag570">(return)</a> +<p>The Osages joined the Indian Expedition only upon condition that +their families would be supported during their absence [Coffin to +Dole, June 4, 1862, Indian Office Consolidated Files, +<i>Neosho</i>, C 1662 of 1862]. The families were soon destitute. +Coffin ordered Elder to minister to them at Leroy; but he seems to +have distrusted the southern superintendent and to have preferred +to keep aloof from him. Coffin then appointed a man named John +Harris as special Osage agent [Coffin to Dole, July 7, 1862, +<i>ibid</i>., C 1710]. Elder tried to circumvent Coffin's plans for +the distribution of cattle [Coffin to Elder, July 16, 1862, ibid., +C 1717] and Coffin lodged a general charge of neglect of duty +against him [Coffin to Dole, July 19, 1862, <i>ibid</i>.].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote571" name= +"footnote571"></a><b>Footnote 571:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag571">(return)</a> +<p>The invitation was extended by White Hair and Charles Mograin +[Coffin to Dole, November 16, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., C 1904]. Coffin +was anxious for (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page208" id="page208"></a>[pg +208]</span> +<p>During the summer the wretched condition of the Indian refugees +had, thanks to fresh air, sunlight, and fair weather, been much +ameliorated. Disease had obtained so vast a start that the medical +service, had it been first-class, which it certainly was not, would +otherwise have proved totally inadequate. The physicians in +attendance claimed to have from five to eight thousand +patients,<a id="footnotetag572" name="footnotetag572"></a><a href= +"#footnote572"><sup>572</sup></a> yet one of them, Dr. S.D. Coffin, +found it possible to be often and for relatively long periods +absent from his post. Of this the senior physician, Dr. William +Kile, made complaint <a id="footnotetag573" name= +"footnotetag573"></a><a href="#footnote573"><sup>573</sup></a> and +that circumstance marked the beginning of a serious estrangement +between him and Superintendent Coffin.<a id="footnotetag574" name= +"footnotetag574"></a><a href="#footnote574"><sup>574</sup></a></p> +<p>In August, General Blunt announced his intention of returning +the Indian families to their homes.<a id="footnotetag575" name= +"footnotetag575"></a><a href="#footnote575"><sup>575</sup></a> He +was convinced that some of the employees of the Indian Office and +of the Interior Department were personally profiting by the +distribution of supplies to the refugees and that they were +conniving with citizens of Kansas in perpetrating a gigantic fraud +against the government. The circumstances of the refugees had been +well aired</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 571:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag571">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la who had been rather obstreperous, to +accept [Coffin to Dole, November 14, 1862, Indian Office General +Files, Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote572" name= +"footnote572"></a><b>Footnote 572:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag572">(return)</a> +<p>Dr. S.D. Coffin, to Dole, July 5, 1862, ibid., General Files, +Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862; J.C. Carter to Dole July 22, +1862, ibid.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote573" name= +"footnote573"></a><b>Footnote 573:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag573">(return)</a> +<p>Kile to Dole, ibid.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote574" name= +"footnote574"></a><b>Footnote 574:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag574">(return)</a> +<p>The estrangement resulted in the retirement of Kile from the +service. In September, Dr. Kile asked for a leave of absence. +Shortly afterwards, Secretary Smith instructed Charles E. Mix, the +acting commissioner, that the services of Kile were no longer +needed, since the superintendent could attend to the purchasing and +distributing of supplies [Smith to Mix, September 22, 1862, Indian +Office General Files, Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862]. Mix +promptly informed Kile that his resignation was accepted [Mix to +Kile, September 22, 1862, ibid., Letter Book, no. 69, p. 133].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote575" name= +"footnote575"></a><b>Footnote 575:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag575">(return)</a> +<p>"Orders have been given by General Blunt for the Indian +Expedition to go South soon; he says the families of the Indians +may go. They wish to do so but no provision is made for their +subsistence or conveyance. We wish immediate instructions in this +particular."—Carruth to Coffin, August 29, 1862, ibid., +General Files, Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page209" id="page209"></a>[pg +209]</span> +<p>in Congress, first in connection with a Senate resolution for +their relief.<a id="footnotetag576" name= +"footnotetag576"></a><a href="#footnote576"><sup>576</sup></a> On +July fifth, Congress had passed an act suspending annuity +appropriations to the tribes in hostility to the United States +government and authorizing the president to expend, at discretion, +those same annuities in behalf of the refugees.<a id= +"footnotetag577" name="footnotetag577"></a><a href= +"#footnote577"><sup>577</sup></a> At once, the number<a id= +"footnotetag578" name="footnotetag578"></a><a href= +"#footnote578"><sup>578</sup></a> of refugees increased and white +men rushed forward to obtain contracts for furnishing supplies.</p> +<p>There was a failure of the corn crop in southern Kansas that +year and Dr. Kile, appreciating certain facts, that the Indian pony +is dear, as is the Arabian horse, to his master, that the Indian +ponies were pretty numerous in spite of the decimation of the past +winter, and that they would have to be fed upon corn, advised a +return to Indian Territory before the cold weather should set +in.<a id="footnotetag579" name="footnotetag579"></a><a href= +"#footnote579"><sup>579</sup></a> He communicated with Blunt<a id= +"footnotetag580" name="footnotetag580"></a><a href= +"#footnote580"><sup>580</sup></a> and found Blunt of the same +opinion, so also Cutler<a id="footnotetag581" name= +"footnotetag581"></a><a href="#footnote581"><sup>581</sup></a> and +Coleman.<a id="footnotetag582" name="footnotetag582"></a><a href= +"#footnote582"><sup>582</sup></a> Contrariwise was Superintendent +Coffin,<a id="footnotetag583" name="footnotetag583"></a><a href= +"#footnote583"><sup>583</sup></a> whose view of the case was +strengthened by E.H. Carruth, H.W. Martin,<a id="footnotetag584" +name="footnotetag584"></a><a href="#footnote584"><sup>584</sup></a> +and A.C. Ellithorpe.<a id="footnotetag585" name= +"footnotetag585"></a><a href="#footnote585"><sup>585</sup></a></p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote576" name= +"footnote576"></a><b>Footnote 576:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag576">(return)</a> +<p><i>U.S. Congressional Globe</i>, 37th congress, second session, +part i, 815, 849, 875, 891, 940.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote577" name= +"footnote577"></a><b>Footnote 577:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag577">(return)</a> +<p><i>U.S. Statutes at Large</i>, vol. xii, 528.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote578" name= +"footnote578"></a><b>Footnote 578:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag578">(return)</a> +<p>In October, Coffin put the number of refugees, inclusive of the +Cherokees on Drywood Creek, at almost seven thousand five hundred +[Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i> 1862, p. 137] and +asked for sixty-nine thousand dollars for their support during the +third quarter of 1862 [Coffin to Mix, September 16, 1862, Indian +Office General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency</i>, +1859-1862].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote579" name= +"footnote579"></a><b>Footnote 579:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag579">(return)</a> +<p>Kile to Dole, July 25, 1862, <i>ibid</i>.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote580" name= +"footnote580"></a><b>Footnote 580:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag580">(return)</a> +<p>Kile to Blunt, September 2, 1862, <i>ibid</i>.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote581" name= +"footnote581"></a><b>Footnote 581:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag581">(return)</a> +<p>Cutler to Coffin, September 30, 1862, Commissioner of Indian +Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, 139.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote582" name= +"footnote582"></a><b>Footnote 582:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag582">(return)</a> +<p>Coleman to Coffin, September 30, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 141.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote583" name= +"footnote583"></a><b>Footnote 583:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag583">(return)</a> +<p>Coffin to Mix, August 30, 1862, Indian Office General Files, +<i>Southern Superintendency</i>, 1859-1862: same to same, September +13, 1862, <i>ibid</i>.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote584" name= +"footnote584"></a><b>Footnote 584:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag584">(return)</a> +<p>Carruth and Martin to Coffin, September 28, 1862, Commissioner +of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, 167.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote585" name= +"footnote585"></a><b>Footnote 585:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag585">(return)</a> +<p>"In replying to the several interrogatorys contained in your +letter of the 11th inst, I shall base my answer entirely upon my +own (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page210" id="page210"></a>[pg +210]</span> +<p>In the contest that ensued between the military and civil +authorities or between Blunt and Coffin,<a id="footnotetag586" +name="footnotetag586"></a><a href="#footnote586"><sup>586</sup></a> +Coffin triumphed, although Blunt made no concealment of his</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 585:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag585">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) observations and experience, obtained during a six +months campaign with the Indians, and in the Creek and Cherokee +countries. Taking a deep interest in the welfare of these loyal +refugee Indians, who have sacrificed <i>all</i>, rather than fight +against our Flag, I shall be cautious and advise no policy but that +which will insure their safe restoration to their homes.</p> +<p>"The important question in your letter and that which embodies +the whole subject matter is the following—'Would it be safe +in the present condition of the country to restore the southern +refugee Indians now in southern Kansas, the women and children, the +old, feeble and infirm to their homes in the Indian country?'</p> +<p>"I answer—It would not be safe to take the women and +children to the Creek or Cherokee countries this fall for the +following reasons, 1st The corn and vegetable crop north of the +Arkansas River will not afford them subsistence for a single month. +The excessive drouth has almost completely destroyed it, and what +little would have matured is laid waste by the frequent foraging +parties of our own Army, or those of the Rebels.</p> +<p>"The amount of Military force necessary to restore and safely +protect this people in their homes would far exceed what is at +present at the disposal of the Department of Kansas; and should +they be removed to the Indian country, and our forces again be +compelled to fall back for the protection of Missouri or Kansas, it +would again involve their precipitate flight, or insure their total +destruction.</p> +<p>"Again—the effectiveness of our troops would be materially +embarased by the presence of such a vast number of timid and +helpless creatures—I base my judgment upon the following +facts—viz.:</p> +<p>"The expedition which I have been with during the summer, +exploring this country, consisted of three Brigades but containing +actually only about 6 thousand men. We routed, captured, and +pursued the fragments of several Rebel commands, driving them south +of the Arkansas River, opposite to, and in the vicinity of Fort +Gibson. This done, we found the whole of Western Arkansas alive, +and the numerous rebel squads were at once reinforced from the +guerila parties of Missouri, Arkansas, Texas, and the various rebel +Indian tribes, until they now number a force of from 30 to 40 +thousand strong, under the command of Pike, Drew, McIntosh, Rains, +Stand Watie and others, ready to contest the passage of the +Arkansas River at any point and in fact capable of crossing to the +north side of the river and possessing the country we have twice +passed over. Why did our command fall back? Simply because we had +not force sufficient to cross the Arkansas River and maintain our +position and because we were to remote from our dipo of +supplies.</p> +<p>"The Creek country west of the Verdigris River is almost +destitute (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote586" name= +"footnote586"></a><b>Footnote 586:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag586">(return)</a> +<p>A dispute between Blunt and Coffin had been going on for some +time. In August, Coffin wrote to Mix that "The contrariness and +(cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page211" id="page211"></a>[pg +211]</span> +<p>suspicions of graft and peculation<a id="footnotetag587" name= +"footnotetag587"></a><a href="#footnote587"><sup>587</sup></a> and +the moment, following the defeat of the Confederates at old Fort +Wayne, seemed rather auspicious for the return of the refugees. In +reality, it was not, however; for the Federals were far from +possessing Indian Territory and they had no force that they could +devote to it exclusively.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 585:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag585">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) of forage for man or beast, owing to the +drouth—Hence to remove these families would involve to the +gov't great additional expense, not only to subsist but to protect +them—Where they are they need no military protection and food +is abundant.</p> +<p>"You will bear in mind that a large portion of the Indian +country is south of the Arkansas River and is at present the +stronghold of the Rebels. Many portions of it mountainous and +rugged, affording secure retreats that will require a powerful army +to dislodge."—A.C. ELLITHORPE to Coffin, September 12, 1862, +Indian Office General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency</i>, +1859-1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 586:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag586">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) interference manifested by the military authorities in +the Indian Country towards those who are having charge of the +Indians within the Cherokee Nation is so annoying and embarrassing +that it has become unpleasant, difficult, and almost impossible for +them to attend to the duties of their official capacities with +success. If the Military would only make it their business to rid +the Indian Territory of Rebels instead of intermeddling with the +affairs of the Interior Department or those connected with or +acting for the same, the Refugee Indians in Kansas might have long +since been enabled to return to their homes ..."—Indian +Office General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency</i>, 1863-1864, C +466.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote587" name= +"footnote587"></a><b>Footnote 587:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag587">(return)</a> +<p>It was not long before the Indians were complaining of the very +things that General Blunt suspected. For instance, in December, the +Delawares begged President Lincoln to remove Agent Johnson because +of his peculations and ungovernable temper. They also asked that +the store of Thomas Carney and Co. be ordered away from their +reservation. The latter request had been made before, the Delawares +believing that Leavenworth and Lawrence were sufficiently near for +them to trade independently [Indian Office General Files, +<i>Delaware</i>, 1862-1866]. Coffin made a contract with Stettaner +Bros. November 29, 1862, and Dole confirmed it by letter, December +13, 1862 [<i>ibid., Southern Superintendency</i>, 1863-1864]. +Secretary Smith was not very well satisfied with the Stettaner +bids. They were too indefinite [<i>ibid</i>., 1859-1862, 1837]. +Nevertheless, Dole, who was none too scrupulous himself, +recommended their acceptance [Dole to Smith, December 11, 1862]. +Number 201 of Indian Office <i>Special Files</i> is especially rich +in matter relating to transactions of Stettaner Bros., Carney and +Stevens, and Perry Fuller, so also are the files of the Indian +Division of the Interior Department, and also, to some extent, the +House Files in the Capitol Building at Washington, D.C.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page212" id="page212"></a>[pg +212]</span> +<p>Aside from pointing out the military inadequacy, Coffin had +chiefly argued that provisions could easily be obtained where the +refugees then were; but his opposition to Blunt's suggestion was +considerably vitiated by recommendations of his own, soon given, +for the removal of the refugees to the Sac and Fox Agency upon the +plea that they could not be supported much longer to advantage in +southern Kansas. The drouth was the main reason given; but, as Kile +had very truly said, the settlers were getting pretty tired of the +Indian exiles, whose habits were filthy and who were extremely +prodigal in their use of timber. The Sac and Fox Agency was +headquarters for the Sacs and Foxes of Mississippi, for the +Ottawas, and for the confederated Chippewas and Munsees. C.C. +Hutchinson was the agent there and there Perry Fuller, Robert S. +Stevens, and other sharpers had their base of operations.</p> +<p>The removal northward was undertaken in October and consummated +in a little less than two months; but at an expense that was +enormous and in spite of great unwillingness on the part of most of +the Indians, who naturally objected to so greatly lengthening the +distance between them and their own homes.<a id="footnotetag588" +name="footnotetag588"></a><a href="#footnote588"><sup>588</sup></a> +The refugees were distributed in tribal groups rather generally +over the reserves included within the Sac and Fox Agency. At the +request of Agent Elder, the Ottawas consented to accommodate the +Seneca-Shawnees and the Quapaws, although not without expressing +their fears that the dances and carousals of the Quapaws would +demoralize their young men<a id="footnotetag589" name= +"footnotetag589"></a><a href="#footnote589"><sup>589</sup></a> and, +finally, not without insisting upon a mutual agreement that no</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote588" name= +"footnote588"></a><b>Footnote 588:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag588">(return)</a> +<p>Coffin to Dole, November 14, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., Indian Office +General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency</i>, 1859-1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote589" name= +"footnote589"></a><b>Footnote 589:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag589">(return)</a> +<p>C.C. Hutchinson to Dole, August 21, 1863, Indian Office General +Files, <i>Ottawa</i>, 1863-1872, D 236.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page213" id="page213"></a>[pg +213]</span> +<p>spirituous liquors should be brought within the limits of their +Reserve under any circumstances whatsoever.<a id="footnotetag590" +name="footnotetag590"></a><a href="#footnote590"><sup>590</sup></a> +The Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws found a lodgment on the Sac +and Fox Reservation and the Seminoles fairly close at hand, at +Neosho Falls. That was as far north as they could be induced to +go.</p> +<p>Of the Cherokees, more needs to be said for they were not so +easily disposed of. At various times during the past summer, +Cherokees, opposed to, not identified with, or not enthusiastic in +the Confederate cause, had escaped from Indian Territory and had +collected on the Neutral Lands. Every Confederate reverse or +Federal triumph, no matter how slight, had proved a signal for +flight. By October, the Cherokee refugees on the Neutral Lands were +reported to be nearly two thousand in number, which, allowing for +some exaggeration for the sake of getting a larger portion of +relief, was a goodly section of the tribal population.<a id= +"footnotetag591" name="footnotetag591"></a><a href= +"#footnote591"><sup>591</sup></a> At the end of October, +Superintendent Coffin paid them a visit and urged them to remove to +the Sac and Fox Agency, whither the majority of their comrades in +distress were at that very moment going.<a id="footnotetag592" +name="footnotetag592"></a><a href="#footnote592"><sup>592</sup></a> +The Cherokees refused; for General Blunt had given them his word +that, if he were successful in penetrating the Indian Territory, +they should at once go home.<a id="footnotetag593" name= +"footnotetag593"></a><a href="#footnote593"><sup>593</sup></a> Not +long after Coffin's departure, their camp on Drywood</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote590" name= +"footnote590"></a><b>Footnote 590:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag590">(return)</a> +<p>J.T. Jones to Dole, December 30, 1862, Indian Office General +Files, <i>Sac and Fox</i>, 1862-1866. The precautions proved of +little value. Whiskey was procured by both the hosts and their +guests and great disorders resulted. Agent Hutchinson did his best +to have the refugees removed, but, in his absence, the Ottawas were +prevailed upon by Agent Elder to extend their hospitality for a +while longer.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote591" name= +"footnote591"></a><b>Footnote 591:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag591">(return)</a> +<p>Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, 137.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote592" name= +"footnote592"></a><b>Footnote 592:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag592">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 1863, 175.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote593" name= +"footnote593"></a><b>Footnote 593:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag593">(return)</a> +<p>Coffin to Dole, November 10, 1862, enclosing copies of a +correspondence between him and a committee of the Cherokee +refugees, October 31, 1862, Indian Office General Files, +<i>Cherokee</i>, 1859-1865, C 1892.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page214" id="page214"></a>[pg +214]</span> +<p>Creek, about twelve miles south of Fort Scott, was raided by +guerrillas;<a id="footnotetag594" name= +"footnotetag594"></a><a href="#footnote594"><sup>594</sup></a> but +even that had no effect upon their determination to remain. The +Neutral Lands, although greatly intruded upon by white people, were +legally their own and they declined to budge from them at the +instance of Superintendent Coffin.</p> +<p>Arrangements were undertaken for supplying the Cherokee refugees +with material relief;<a id="footnotetag595" name= +"footnotetag595"></a><a href="#footnote595"><sup>595</sup></a> but +scarcely had anything been done to that end when, to Coffin's utter +surprise, as he said, the military authorities "took forcible +possession of them" and had them all conveyed to Neosho, Missouri, +presumably out of his reach. But Coffin would not release his hold +and detailed the new Cherokee agent, James Harlan,<a id= +"footnotetag596" name="footnotetag596"></a><a href= +"#footnote596"><sup>596</sup></a> and Special Agent A.G. Proctor to +follow them there.</p> +<p>John Ross, his family, and a few friends were, meanwhile, +constituting another kind of refugee in the eastern part of the +United States.<a id="footnotetag597" name= +"footnotetag597"></a><a href="#footnote597"><sup>597</sup></a> and +were criticized by some</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote594" name= +"footnote594"></a><b>Footnote 594:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag594">(return)</a> +<p>Coffin to Dole, November 14, 1862, Indian Office General Files, +<i>Southern Superintendency</i>, 1859-1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote595" name= +"footnote595"></a><b>Footnote 595:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag595">(return)</a> +<p>Coffin to Mix, August 31, 1863, Indian Office General Files, +<i>Southern Superintendency</i>, 1863-1864, C 466. A.M. Jordan, who +acted as commissary to the Cherokees at Camp Drywood, reported to +Dole, December 6, 1862, that he was feeding about a thousand who +were then there [<i>ibid., Cherokee</i>, I 847 of 1862].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote596" name= +"footnote596"></a><b>Footnote 596:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag596">(return)</a> +<p>Charles W. Chatterton, of Springfield, Illinois, who had been +appointed Cherokee agent in the place of John Crawford, removed +[Dole to Coffin, March 18, 1862, <i>ibid., Letter Book</i>, no. 67 +pp. 492-493] had died, August 31, at the Sac and Fox Agency +[Hutchinson to Mix September 1, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., General Files, +<i>Cherokee</i>, H 538 of 1862]; [Coffin to Dole, September 13, +1862, <i>ibid</i>., C 1827: W.H. Herndon to Dole, November 15, +1862, <i>ibid</i>., H 605]. Harlan was not regularly commissioned +as Cherokee agent until January, 1863 [Coffin to Dole, April 7, +1863, <i>ibid</i>., C 143 of 1863; Harlan to Dole, January 26, +1863, <i>ibid</i>., H 37 of 1863].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote597" name= +"footnote597"></a><b>Footnote 597:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag597">(return)</a> +<p>John Ross asked help for his own family and for the families of +various relations, thirty-four persons in all. He wanted five +hundred dollars for each person [Ross to Dole, October 13, 1862, +<i>ibid</i>., R 1857 of 1862]. Later, he asked for seventeen +thousand dollars, likewise for maintenance [Ross to Dole, November +19, 1862, <i>ibid</i>.]. The beginning of the next year, he +notified the department that some of his party were about to return +home (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page215" id="page215"></a>[pg +215]</span> +<p>of their opponents for living in too sumptuous a manner.<a id= +"footnotetag598" name="footnotetag598"></a><a href= +"#footnote598"><sup>598</sup></a></p> +<p>The removal, under military supervision, of the Cherokee +refugees, had some justification in various facts, Blunt's firm +conviction that Coffin and his instigators or abettors were +exploiting the Indian service, that the refugees at Leroy were not +being properly cared for, and that those on the Neutral Lands had +put themselves directly under the protection of the army.<a id= +"footnotetag599" name="footnotetag599"></a><a href= +"#footnote599"><sup>599</sup></a> His then was the responsibility. +When planning his second Indian Expedition, Blunt had discovered +that the Indian men were not at all inclined to accompany it unless +they could have some stronger guarantee than any yet given that +their families would be well looked after in their absence. They +had returned from the first expedition to find their women and +children and aged men, sick, ill-fed, and unhappy.</p> +<p>It was with knowledge of such things and with the hope that they +would soon be put a stop to and their repetition prevented by a +return of the refugees to Indian Territory, that John Ross, in +October, made a personal appeal to President Lincoln and interceded +with him to send a military force down, sufficient to over-awe the +Confederates and to take actual possession</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 597:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag597">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) [<i>ibid</i>., R 14 of 1863 and requested that +transportation from Leavenworth and supplies be furnished them +[Indian Office General Files, <i>Cherokee</i>, R 13 of 1863]. Dole +informed Coffin that the request should be granted [see Office +letter of January 6, 1863] and continued forwarding to John Ross +his share of the former remittance [Indian Office <i>Letter +Book</i>, no. 69, 503]. To make the monetary allowance to John +Ross, Cherokee chief, the Chickasaw funds were drawn upon [Second +Auditor, E.B. Trench, to Dole, June 19, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., General +Files, <i>Cherokee</i>, A 202 of 1863; Office letter of June 20, +1863].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote598" name= +"footnote598"></a><b>Footnote 598:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag598">(return)</a> +<p>Ross and others to Dole, July 29, 1864 [<i>ibid</i>., General +Files, <i>Cherokee</i>, 1859-1865, R 360]; Secretary of the +Interior to Ross, August 25, 1864 [<i>ibid</i>., I 651]; John Ross +and Evan Jones to Dole, August 26, 1864 [<i>ibid</i>., R 378]; +Office letter of October 14, 1864; Coffin's letter of July 8, +1864.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote599" name= +"footnote599"></a><b>Footnote 599:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag599">(return)</a> +<p>Blunt to Smith, November 21, 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page216" id="page216"></a>[pg +216]</span> +<p>of the land. Lincoln's sympathies and sense of justice were +immediately aroused and he inquired of General Curtis, in the +field, as to the practicability of occupying "the Cherokee country +consistently with the public service."<a id="footnotetag600" name= +"footnotetag600"></a><a href="#footnote600"><sup>600</sup></a> +Curtis evaded the direct issue, which was the Federal obligation to +protect its wards, by boasting that he had just driven the enemy +into the Indian Territory "and beyond" and by doubting "the +expediency of occupying ground so remote from supplies."<a id= +"footnotetag601" name="footnotetag601"></a><a href= +"#footnote601"><sup>601</sup></a></p> +<p>General Blunt's force continued to hold the northeastern part of +the Cherokee country until the end of October when it fell back, +crossed the line, and moved along the Bentonville road in order to +meet its supply train from Fort Scott.<a id="footnotetag602" name= +"footnotetag602"></a><a href="#footnote602"><sup>602</sup></a> +Blunt's division finally took its stand on Prairie Creek<a id= +"footnotetag603" name="footnotetag603"></a><a href= +"#footnote603"><sup>603</sup></a> and, on the twelfth of November, +made its main camp on Lindsay's prairie, near the Indian +boundary.<a id="footnotetag604" name="footnotetag604"></a><a href= +"#footnote604"><sup>604</sup></a> The rout of Cooper at Fort Wayne +had shaken the faith of many Indians in the invincibility of the +Confederate arms. They had disbanded and gone home, declaring +"their purpose to join the Federal troops the first opportunity" +that presented itself.<a id="footnotetag605" name= +"footnotetag605"></a><a href="#footnote605"><sup>605</sup></a> To +secure them and to reconnoitre once more, Colonel Phillips had +started out near the beginning of November and, from the third to +the fifth, had made his way down through the Cherokee Nation, by +way of Tahlequah and Park Hill, to Webber's Falls on the +Arkansas.<a id="footnotetag606" name="footnotetag606"></a><a href= +"#footnote606"><sup>606</sup></a> His return was by</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote600" name= +"footnote600"></a><b>Footnote 600:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag600">(return)</a> +<p>Lincoln to Curtis, October 10, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, +vol. xiii, 723.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote601" name= +"footnote601"></a><b>Footnote 601:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag601">(return)</a> +<p>Curtis to Lincoln, October 10, 1862, <i>ibid</i>.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote602" name= +"footnote602"></a><b>Footnote 602:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag602">(return)</a> +<p>Britton, <i>Civil War on the Border</i>, vol. i, 376-377.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote603" name= +"footnote603"></a><b>Footnote 603:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag603">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 379.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote604" name= +"footnote604"></a><b>Footnote 604:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag604">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 380; Bishop, <i>Loyalty on the +Frontier</i>, 56.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote605" name= +"footnote605"></a><b>Footnote 605:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag605">(return)</a> +<p>Blunt to Schofield, November 9, 1862, <i>Official Records</i>, +vol. xiii, 785.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote606" name= +"footnote606"></a><b>Footnote 606:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag606">(return)</a> +<p>H.W. Martin to Coffin, December 20, 1862, Indian Office General +Files, <i>Southern Superintendency</i>, 1859-1862, C 1950.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page217" id="page217"></a>[pg +217]</span> +<p>Dwight's Mission. His view of the country through which he +passed must have been discouraging.<a id="footnotetag607" name= +"footnotetag607"></a><a href="#footnote607"><sup>607</sup></a> +There was little to subsist upon and the few Indians lingering +there were in a deplorable state of deprivation, little food, +little clothing<a id="footnotetag608" name= +"footnotetag608"></a><a href="#footnote608"><sup>608</sup></a> and +it was winter-time.</p> +<p>So desolate and abandoned did the Cherokee country appear that +General Blunt considered it would be easily possible to hold it +with his Indian force alone, three regiments, yet he said no more +about the immediate return of the refugees,<a id="footnotetag609" +name="footnotetag609"></a><a href="#footnote609"><sup>609</sup></a> +but issued an order for their removal to Neosho. The wisdom of his +action might well be questioned since the expense of supporting +them there would be immeasurably greater than in Kansas<a id= +"footnotetag610" name="footnotetag610"></a><a href= +"#footnote610"><sup>610</sup></a> unless, indeed, the military +authorities intended to assume the entire charge of them.<a id= +"footnotetag611" name="footnotetag611"></a><a href= +"#footnote611"><sup>611</sup></a> Special Agent Martin regarded +some talk that was rife of letting them forage upon the +impoverished people of Missouri as</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote607" name= +"footnote607"></a><b>Footnote 607:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag607">(return)</a> +<p>It was not discouraging to Blunt, however. His letter referring +to it was even sanguine [<i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, +785-786].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote608" name= +"footnote608"></a><b>Footnote 608:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag608">(return)</a> +<p>Martin to Coffin, December 20, 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote609" name= +"footnote609"></a><b>Footnote 609:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag609">(return)</a> +<p>The Interior Department considered it, however, and consulted +with the War Department as late as the twenty-sixth. See +<i>Register of Letters Received</i>, vol. D., p. 155.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote610" name= +"footnote610"></a><b>Footnote 610:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag610">(return)</a> +<p>Coffin to Henning, December 28, 1862, Indian Office Consolidated +Files, <i>Cherokee</i>, C 17 of 1863.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote611" name= +"footnote611"></a><b>Footnote 611:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag611">(return)</a> +<p>Coffin's letter to Dole of December 20 [Indian Office General +Files, <i>Southern Superintendency</i>, 1859-1862, C 1950] would +imply that the superintendent expected that to be the case. He +said, having reference to Martin's report, "... The statement of +facts which he makes, from all the information I have from other +sources, I have no doubt are strictly true and will no doubt meet +your serious consideration.</p> +<p>"If the Programme as fixed up by the Military Officers, and +which I learn Dr. Gillpatrick is the bearer to your city and the +solicitor general to procure its adoption is carried out, the +Indian Department, superintendent, and agents may all be dispensed +with. The proposition reminds me of the Fable of the Wolves and the +Shepherds, the wolves represented to the shepherds that it was very +expensive keeping dogs to guard the sheep, which was wholly +unnecessary; that if they would kill off the dogs, they, the +wolves, would protect the sheep without any compensation +whatever."</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page218" id="page218"></a>[pg +218]</span> +<p>sheer humbug. The army was not doing that and why should the +defenceless Indians be expected to do it. As it was, they seem to +have been reduced to plundering in Kansas.<a id="footnotetag612" +name="footnotetag612"></a><a href="#footnote612"><sup>612</sup></a> +On the whole, it is difficult to explain Blunt's plan for the +concentration of the Cherokee refugees at Neosho, since there were, +at the time, many indications that Hindman was considering another +advance and an invasion of southwest Missouri.</p> +<p>The November operations of the Federals in northeastern Arkansas +were directed toward arresting Hindman's progress, if progress were +contemplated. Meanwhile, Phillips with detachments of his Indian +brigade was continuing his reconnoissances and, when word came that +Stand Watie had ventured north of the Arkansas, Blunt sent him to +compel a recrossing.<a id="footnotetag613" name= +"footnotetag613"></a><a href="#footnote613"><sup>613</sup></a> +Stand Watie's exploit was undoubtedly a preliminary to a general +Confederate plan for the recovery of northwestern Arkansas and the +Indian Territory, a plan, which Blunt, vigorous and aggressive, was +determined to circumvent. In the action at Cane Hill,<a id= +"footnotetag614" name="footnotetag614"></a><a href= +"#footnote614"><sup>614</sup></a> the latter part of November, and +in the Battle of Prairie Grove,<a id="footnotetag615" name= +"footnotetag615"></a><a href="#footnote615"><sup>615</sup></a> +December seventh, the mettle of the Federals was put to a severe +test which it stood successfully and Blunt's cardinal purpose was +fully accomplished.<a id="footnotetag616" name= +"footnotetag616"></a><a href="#footnote616"><sup>616</sup></a> In +both engagements, the Indians played a part and played it</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote612" name= +"footnote612"></a><b>Footnote 612:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag612">(return)</a> +<p>These Indians must have been the ones referred to in Richard C. +Vaughn's letter to Colonel W.D. Wood, December i, 1862 [<i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xxii, part i, 796].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote613" name= +"footnote613"></a><b>Footnote 613:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag613">(return)</a> +<p>Britton, <i>Civil War on the Border</i>, vol. i, p. 382.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote614" name= +"footnote614"></a><b>Footnote 614:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag614">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., vol. i, chapter xxix.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote615" name= +"footnote615"></a><b>Footnote 615:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag615">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., vol. i, chapter xxx; <i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xxii, part i, 66-82, 82-158, vol. liii, +supplement, 458-461, 866, 867; Livermore, <i>The Story of the Civil +War</i>, part iii, bk. 1, 84-85.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote616" name= +"footnote616"></a><b>Footnote 616:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag616">(return)</a> +<p>One opinion is to the effect that the result of the Battle of +Prairie Grove, Fayetteville, or Illinois Creek, was virtually to +end the war north of the Arkansas River [<i>ibid</i>., p. 85; +<i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part i, 82]. (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page219" id="page219"></a>[pg +219]</span> +<p>conspicuously and well, the northern regiments so well,<a id= +"footnotetag617" name="footnotetag617"></a><a href= +"#footnote617"><sup>617</sup></a> indeed, that shortly afterwards +two additional ones, the Fourth and the Fifth, were +projected.<a id="footnotetag618" name="footnotetag618"></a><a href= +"#footnote618"><sup>618</sup></a> Towards the end of the year, +Phillips, whom Blunt had sent upon another excursion into Indian +Territory,<a id="footnotetag619" name="footnotetag619"></a><a href= +"#footnote619"><sup>619</sup></a> could report</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 616:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag616">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) Bishop wrote, "After the battle of Prairie Grove, and +the gradual retrogression of the Army of the Frontier into +Missouri, Fayetteville was still held as a military post, and those +of us who remained there were given to understand that the place +would not be abandoned ... The demoralized enemy had fallen back to +Little Rock, with the exception of weak nomadic forces that, like +Stygian ghosts, wandered up and down the Arkansas from Dardanelle +to Fort Smith...." [<i>Loyalty on the Frontier</i>, 205]. Schofield +was of the opinion, however, that the Battle of Prairie Grove was a +hard-won victory. "Blunt and Herron were badly beaten in detail, +and owed their escape to a false report of my arrival with +re-enforcements." [<i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, p. +6].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote617" name= +"footnote617"></a><b>Footnote 617:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag617">(return)</a> +<p>And yet it was only a short time previously that Major A.C. +Ellithorpe, commanding the First Regiment Indian Home Guards, had +had cause to complain seriously of the Creeks of that regiment. On +November 7, he wrote from Camp Bowen that Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la was +enticing the Indians away from the performance of their duties. +"You will now perceive that we are on the border of the Indian +country and a very large portion of the Indians are now scouting +through their own Territory. What I now desire is that every man +who was enlisted as a soldier shall at once return to his command +by the way of Fort Scott unless otherwise ordered by competent +authority...." [Indian Office Land Files, <i>Southern +Superintendency</i>, 1855-1870, C 1933]. Coffin, as usual, appeared +as an apologist for the Indians and attempted to exonerate +Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la from all blame [Letter to Dole, December 3, +1862, <i>ibid</i>.]. He called the aged chief, "that noble old +Roman of the Indians," and the chief himself protested against the +injustice and untruth of Ellithrope's accusation +[Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la to Coffin, November 24, 1862, +<i>ibid</i>.].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote618" name= +"footnote618"></a><b>Footnote 618:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag618">(return)</a> +<p>Officers for these two regiments were appointed by the +president, December 26, 1862, and ordered to report to Blunt, who, +in turn ordered them to report to Phillips. When the officers +arrived in Indian Territory, they found no such regiments as the +Fourth and Fifth Indian [<i>U.S. Senate Report</i>, 41st congress, +third session, no. 359]. They never did materialize as a matter of +fact; but the officers did duty, nevertheless, and were regularly +mustered out of the service in 1863. In 1864, Congress passed an +act for the adjudication of their claim for salary [<i>U.S. +Statutes at Large</i>, vol. xiii, 413]. It is rather surprising +that the regiments were not organized; inasmuch as many new +recruits were constantly presenting themselves.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote619" name= +"footnote619"></a><b>Footnote 619:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag619">(return)</a> +<p>Phillips to Blunt, December 25, 1862 [<i>Official Records</i>, +vol. xxii, part i, 873-874].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page220" id="page220"></a>[pg +220]</span> +<p>that Stand Watie and Cooper had been pushed considerably below +the Arkansas, that many of the buildings at Fort Davis had been +demolished,<a id="footnotetag620" name= +"footnotetag620"></a><a href="#footnote620"><sup>620</sup></a> that +one of the Creek regiments was about to retire from the Confederate +service, and that the Choctaws, once so deeply committed, were +wavering in their allegiance to the South.<a id="footnotetag621" +name="footnotetag621"></a><a href= +"#footnote621"><sup>621</sup></a></p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote620" name= +"footnote620"></a><b>Footnote 620:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag620">(return)</a> +<p>The buildings at Fort Davis were burnt, and deliberately, by +Phillips's orders. [See his own admission, <i>ibid</i>., part ii, +56, 62].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote621" name= +"footnote621"></a><b>Footnote 621:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag621">(return)</a> +<p>Blunt to Weed, December 30, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., part i, 168.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page221" id="page221"></a>[pg +221]</span> +<h2>X. NEGOTIATIONS WITH UNION INDIANS</h2> +<p>As though the Indians had not afflictions enough to endure +merely because of their proximity to the contending whites, life +was made miserable for them, during the period of the Civil War, as +much as before and after, by the insatiable land-hunger of +politicians, speculators, and would-be captains of industry, who +were more often than not, rogues in the disguise of public +benefactors. Nearly all of them were citizens of Kansas. The +cessions of 1854, negotiated by George W. Manypenny, Commissioner +of Indian Affairs, were but a prelude to the many that followed. +For years and years there was in reality never a time when some +sort of negotiation, <i>sub rosa</i> or official, was not going on. +The order of procedure was pretty much what it had always been: a +promise that the remaining land should be the Indian's, undisturbed +by white men and protected by government guarantee, forever; +encroachment by enterprising, covetous, and lawless whites; +conflict between the two races, the outraged and the aggressive; +the advent of the schemer, the man with political capital and +undeveloped or perverted sense of honor, whose vision was such that +he saw the Indian owner as the only obstacle in the way of vast +material and national progress; political pressure upon the +administration in Washington, lobbying in Congress; authorization +of negotiations with the bewildered Indians; delimitation of the +meaning of the solemn and grandly-sounding word, +<i>forever</i>.</p> +<p>When the war broke out, negotiations, begun in the</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page222" id="page222"></a>[pg +222]</span> +<p>border warfare days, were still going on. This was most true as +regarded the Osages, whose immense holding in southern Kansas was +something not to be tolerated, so the politicians reasoned, +indefinitely. Petitions,<a id="footnotetag622" name= +"footnotetag622"></a><a href="#footnote622"><sup>622</sup></a> +praying that the lands be opened to white settlement were +constantly being sent in and intruders,<a id="footnotetag623" name= +"footnotetag623"></a><a href="#footnote623"><sup>623</sup></a> who +intended to force action, becoming more and more numerous and more +and more recalcitrant. One of the first official communications of +Superintendent Coffin embodied a plea for getting a treaty of +cession for which the signs had seemed favorable the previous year. +Coffin, however, discredited<a id="footnotetag624" name= +"footnotetag624"></a><a href="#footnote624"><sup>624</sup></a> a +certain Dr. J.B. Chapman, who, notwithstanding he represented white +capitalists,<a id="footnotetag625" name= +"footnotetag625"></a><a href="#footnote625"><sup>625</sup></a> had +yet found favor with the Osages. To their</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote622" name= +"footnote622"></a><b>Footnote 622:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag622">(return)</a> +<p>For example, take the petitions forwarded by M.W. Delahay, +surveyor-general of Kansas [Indian Office Consolidated Files, +<i>Neosho</i>, D 455 of 1861]. One of the petitions contains this +statement: "... The lands being largely settled upon and improved +and those adjacent being all claimed and settled upon by +residents—while a large emigration from Texas and other +rebellious States are forced to seek homes in a more northern and +uncongenial climate greatly against their interests and +inclinations...."</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote623" name= +"footnote623"></a><b>Footnote 623:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag623">(return)</a> +<p>Intruders upon the Osage lands, as upon the Cherokee Neutral, +were numerous for years before the war. Agent Dorn was continually +complaining of them, chiefly because they were free-state in +politics. He again and again asked for military assistance in +removing them. See his letter to Greenwood, February 26, 1860, +<i>Neosho</i>, 1833-1865, D 107. Buchanan's administration had +conceived the idea of locating other Kansas Indians upon the huge +Osage Reserve. See Dorn to Greenwood, March 26, 1860, <i>ibid</i>., +D 119. Apparently, the fragments of tribes in the northeastern +corner of Indian Territory had been approached on the same subject, +but they did not favor it and Agent Dorn was doubtful if the Osages +would [Dorn to Greenwood, April 17, 1860, <i>ibid</i>., D 129].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote624" name= +"footnote624"></a><b>Footnote 624:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag624">(return)</a> +<p>He described him as a self-appointed guardian of the Osages, as +a scamp and a nuisance [Coffin to Dole, June 17, 1861, +<i>ibid</i>., C 1223 of 1861].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote625" name= +"footnote625"></a><b>Footnote 625:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag625">(return)</a> +<p>Chapman, August 26, 1860, inquired of Greenwood whether there +was any prospect of a treaty being negotiated with the Osages and +whether the capitalists he represented would be likely to secure +railroad rights to the South by it. He asserted that the Delawares +had been "humbugged" by their treaty, it having been negotiated "in +the interests of the Democrats at Leavenworth" [<i>ibid</i>., C 702 +of 1860].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page223" id="page223"></a>[pg +223]</span> +<p>everlasting sorrow and despoliation, the Indians have been fated +to place a child-like trust in those least worthy.</p> +<p>The defection of portions of the southern tribes offered an +undreamed of opportunity for Kansas politicians to accomplish their +purposes. They had earlier thought of removing the Kansas tribes, +one by one, to Indian Territory; but the tribes already there had a +lien upon the land, titles, and other rights, that could not be +ignored. Their possession was to continue so long as the grass +should grow and the water should run. It was not for the government +to say that they should open their doors to anybody. An early +intimation that the Kansans saw their opportunity was a +resolution<a id="footnotetag626" name="footnotetag626"></a><a href= +"#footnote626"><sup>626</sup></a> submitted by James H. Lane to the +Senate, March 17, 1862, proposing an inquiry into "the propriety +and expediency of extending the southern boundary of Kansas to the +northern boundary of Texas, so as to include within the boundaries +of Kansas the territory known as the Indian territory." Obviously, +the proposition had a military object immediately in view; but +Commissioner Dole, to whom it was referred, saw its ulterior +meaning and reported<a id="footnotetag627" name= +"footnotetag627"></a><a href="#footnote627"><sup>627</sup></a> +adversely upon it as he had upon an earlier proposition to erect a +regular territorial form of government in the Indian country south +of Kansas.<a id="footnotetag628" name="footnotetag628"></a><a href= +"#footnote628"><sup>628</sup></a> He was "unable to perceive any +advantage to be derived from the adoption of such a measure, since +the same military power that would be required to enforce the +authority of territorial officers is all-sufficient to protect and +enforce the authority of such officers as are required in the +management of our present system</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote626" name= +"footnote626"></a><b>Footnote 626:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag626">(return)</a> +<p><i>United State Congressional Globe</i>, 37th congress, second +session, part ii, p. 1246.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote627" name= +"footnote627"></a><b>Footnote 627:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag627">(return)</a> +<p>Dole to Smith, April 2, 1862, Indian Office <i>Report Book</i>, +no. 12, 353-354.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote628" name= +"footnote628"></a><b>Footnote 628:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag628">(return)</a> +<p>Dole to Smith, March 17, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., 335-337.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page224" id="page224"></a>[pg +224]</span> +<p>of Indian relations."<a id="footnotetag629" name= +"footnotetag629"></a><a href="#footnote629"><sup>629</sup></a> And +he insisted that the whole of the present Indian country should be +left to the Indians.<a id="footnotetag630" name= +"footnotetag630"></a><a href="#footnote630"><sup>630</sup></a> The +honor of the government was pledged to that end. Almost +coincidently he negatived<a id="footnotetag631" name= +"footnotetag631"></a><a href="#footnote631"><sup>631</sup></a> +another suggestion, one advocated by Pomeroy for the confiscation +of the Cherokee Neutral Lands.<a id="footnotetag632" name= +"footnotetag632"></a><a href="#footnote632"><sup>632</sup></a> For +the time being, Dole was strongly opposed to throwing either the +Neutral Lands or the Osage Reserve open to white settlers.</p> +<p>Behind Pomeroy's suggestion was the spirit of retaliation, of +meting out punishment to the Indians, who, because they had been so +basely deserted by the United States government, had gone over to +the Confederacy; but the Kansas politicians saw a chance to kill +two birds with one stone, vindictively punish the southern Indians +for their defection and rid Kansas of the northern Indians, both +emigrant and indigenous. The intruders upon Indian lands, the +speculators and the politicians, would get the spoils of victory. +Against the idea of punishing the southern Indians for what after +all was far from being entirely their fault, the friends of justice +marshaled their forces. Dole was not exactly of their number; for +he had other ends to serve in resisting measures advanced by the +Kansans, yet, to his credit be it said that he did always hold +firmly to the notion that tribes like the Cherokee were more sinned +against than sinning. The government had been the first to shirk +responsibility and to violate sacred obligations. It had failed to +give the protection guaranteed by treaties and it was not giving it +yet adequately.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote629" name= +"footnote629"></a><b>Footnote 629:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag629">(return)</a> +<p>Dole to Smith, March 17, 1862, Indian Office <i>Report Book</i>, +no. 12, 335.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote630" name= +"footnote630"></a><b>Footnote 630:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag630">(return)</a> +<p>Report of April 2, 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote631" name= +"footnote631"></a><b>Footnote 631:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag631">(return)</a> +<p>Dole to Smith, March 20, 1862, Indian Office <i>Report Book</i>, +no. 12, 343-344.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote632" name= +"footnote632"></a><b>Footnote 632:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag632">(return)</a> +<p><i>Daily Conservative</i>, May 10, 1862. Note the arguments in +favor of confiscation as quoted from the <i>Western +Volunteer</i>.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page225" id="page225"></a>[pg +225]</span> +<p>The true friends of justice were men of the stamp of W.S. +Robertson<a id="footnotetag633" name="footnotetag633"></a><a href= +"#footnote633"><sup>633</sup></a> and the Reverend Evan +Jones,<a id="footnotetag634" name="footnotetag634"></a><a href= +"#footnote634"><sup>634</sup></a> who went out of their way to +plead the Indian's cause and to detail the extenuating +circumstances surrounding his lamentable failure to keep faith. +Supporting the men of the opposite camp was even the Legislature of +Kansas. In no other way can a memorial from the General Assembly, +urging the extinguishment of the title of certain Indian lands in +Kansas, be interpreted.<a id="footnotetag635" name= +"footnotetag635"></a><a href="#footnote635"><sup>635</sup></a></p> +<p>It is not easy to determine always just what motives did actuate +Commissioner Dole. They were not entirely above suspicion and his +name is indissolubly connected with some very nefarious Indian +transactions; but fortunately they have not to be recounted here. +At the very time when he was offering unanswerable arguments +against the propositions of Lane and Pomeroy, he was entertaining +something similar to those propositions in his own mind. A special +agent, Augustus Wattles, who had been sufficiently familiar and +mixed-up with the free state and pro-slavery controversy to be +called upon to give testimony before the Senate</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote633" name= +"footnote633"></a><b>Footnote 633:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag633">(return)</a> +<p>Robertson wrote to the Secretary of the Interior, January 7, +1862, asking most earnestly "that decisive measures be not taken +against the oppressed and betrayed people of the Creek and Cherokee +tribes, until everything is heard about their struggle in the +present crisis" [Department of the Interior, <i>Register of Letters +Received</i>, "Indians," no. 4]. The letter was referred to the +Indian Office and Mix replied to it, February 14, 1862 [Indian +Office <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 67, p. 357]. The concluding +paragraph of the letter is indicative of the government feeling, +"... In reply I transmit herewith for your information the Annual +Report of this Office, which will show ... what policy has governed +the Office as to this matter, and that it is in consonance with +your wish...."</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote634" name= +"footnote634"></a><b>Footnote 634:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag634">(return)</a> +<p>Jones wrote frequently and at great length on the subject of +justice to the Cherokees. One of his most heartfelt appeals was +that of January 21, 1862 [Indian Office Consolidated Files, +<i>Cherokee</i>, J 556 of 1862].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote635" name= +"footnote635"></a><b>Footnote 635:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag635">(return)</a> +<p>Cyrus Aldrich, representative from Minnesota and chairman of the +House Committee on Indian Affairs referred the memorial to the +Indian Office [<i>Letters Registered</i>, vol. 58, <i>Southern +Superintendency</i>, A. 484 of 1862].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page226" id="page226"></a>[pg +226]</span> +<p>Harper's Ferry Investigating Committee<a id="footnotetag636" +name="footnotetag636"></a><a href="#footnote636"><sup>636</sup></a> +and who had been on the editorial staff of the New York +Tribune,<a id="footnotetag637" name="footnotetag637"></a><a href= +"#footnote637"><sup>637</sup></a> had, in 1861, been sent by the +Indian Office to inspect the houses that Robert S. Stevens had +contracted to build for the Sacs and Foxes of Mississippi and for +the Kaws.<a id="footnotetag638" name="footnotetag638"></a><a href= +"#footnote638"><sup>638</sup></a> The whole project of the +house-building was a fraud upon the Indians, a scheme for using up +their funds or for transferring them to the pockets of promoters +like Stevens<a id="footnotetag639" name= +"footnotetag639"></a><a href="#footnote639"><sup>639</sup></a> and +M.C. Dickey<a id="footnotetag640" name= +"footnotetag640"></a><a href="#footnote640"><sup>640</sup></a> +without the trouble of giving value received.</p> +<p>From a letter<a id="footnotetag641" name= +"footnotetag641"></a><a href="#footnote641"><sup>641</sup></a> of +protest, written by Stevens against Wattles's mission of +inspection, it can be inferred that there was a movement on foot to +induce the Indians to emigrate southward. Stevens, not wholly +disinterested, thought it a poor time to attempt changes in +tribal</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote636" name= +"footnote636"></a><b>Footnote 636:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag636">(return)</a> +<p>Robinson, <i>Kansas Conflict</i>, 358.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote637" name= +"footnote637"></a><b>Footnote 637:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag637">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 370. For other facts touching Wattles and +his earlier career, see Villard, <i>John Brown</i>, index; Wilson, +<i>John Brown: Soldier of Fortune</i>, index.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote638" name= +"footnote638"></a><b>Footnote 638:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag638">(return)</a> +<p>On the entire subject of negotiations with the Indians of +Kansas, see Abel, <i>Indian Reservations in Kansas and the +Extinguishment of Their Titles</i>. The house-building project is +fully narrated there.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote639" name= +"footnote639"></a><b>Footnote 639:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag639">(return)</a> +<p>For additional information about Stevens, see <i>Daily +Conservative</i>, February 11, 12, 13, 28, 1862. Senator Lane +denounced him as a defaulter to the government in the +house-building project. See <i>Lane</i> to Dole, April 22, 1862; +Smith to Dole, May 13 1862; Dole to Lane, May 5, 1862, <i>Daily +Conservative</i>, May 21, 1862. In July, Lane, hearing that +certificates of indebtedness were about to be issued to Stevens on +his building contract for the Sacs and Foxes, entered a "solemn +protest against such action" and requested that the Department +would let the matter lie over until the assembling of Congress +[Interior Department, <i>Register of Letters Received</i>, January +2, 1862 to December 27, 1865, "Indians," no. 4]. Governor +Robinson's enemies regarded him as the partner of Stevens [<i>Daily +Conservative</i>, November 22, 1861] in the matter of some other +affairs, and that fact may help to explain Senator Lane's bitter +animosity. The names of Robinson and Stevens were connected in the +bond difficulty, which lay at the bottom of Robinson's +impeachment.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote640" name= +"footnote640"></a><b>Footnote 640:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag640">(return)</a> +<p>Dickey's interest in the house-building is seen in the +following: Dickey to Greenwood, February 26, 1861, Indian Office +General Files, <i>Kansas</i>, 1855-1862, D250; same to same, March +1, 1861, <i>ibid</i>., D 251.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote641" name= +"footnote641"></a><b>Footnote 641:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag641">(return)</a> +<p>Stevens to Mix, August 24, 1861, Indian Office Special Files, +no. 201, <i>Sac and Fox</i>, S439 of 1861.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page227" id="page227"></a>[pg +227]</span> +<p>policy. His conclusions were right, his premises, necessarily +unrevealed, were false. Wattles became involved in the emigration +movement, if he did not initiate it, and, subsequent to making his +report upon the house-building, received a private communication +from Dole, asking his opinion "of a plan for confederating the +various Indian tribes, in Kansas and Nebraska, into one, and giving +them a Territory and a Territorial Government with political +privileges."<a id="footnotetag642" name= +"footnotetag642"></a><a href="#footnote642"><sup>642</sup></a> This +was in 1861, long before any scheme that Lane or Pomeroy had +devised would have matured. Wattles started upon a tour of +observation and inquiry among the Kansas tribes and discovered +that, with few exceptions, they were all willing and even anxious +to exchange their present homes for homes in Indian Territory. Some +had already discussed the matter tentatively and on their own +account with the Creeks and Cherokees. On his way east, after +completing his investigations, Wattles stopped in New York and +"consulted with our political friends" there "concerning this +movement, and they not only gave it their approbation, but were +anxious that this administration should have the credit of +originating and carrying out so wise and so noble a scheme for +civilizing and perpetuating the Indian race." Would Wattles and his +friends have said the same had they been fully cognizant of the +conditions under which the emigrant tribes had been placed in the +West?</p> +<p>In February of 1862, the House of Representatives called<a id= +"footnotetag643" name="footnotetag643"></a><a href= +"#footnote643"><sup>643</sup></a> for the papers relating to the +Wattles mission<a id="footnotetag644" name= +"footnotetag644"></a><a href="#footnote644"><sup>644</sup></a> and, +in March, Wattles expatiated upon the</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote642" name= +"footnote642"></a><b>Footnote 642:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag642">(return)</a> +<p>Wattles to Dole, January 10, 1862, Indian Office Special Files, +no. 201, <i>Central Superintendency</i>, W 528 of 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote643" name= +"footnote643"></a><b>Footnote 643:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag643">(return)</a> +<p>Department of the Interior, <i>Register of Letters Received</i>, +"Indians," no. 4, p. 439.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote644" name= +"footnote644"></a><b>Footnote 644:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag644">(return)</a> +<p>The papers relating to the mission are collected in Indian +Office Special Files, no. 201.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page228" id="page228"></a>[pg +228]</span> +<p>emigration and consolidation scheme in a report to Secretary +Smith.<a id="footnotetag645" name="footnotetag645"></a><a href= +"#footnote645"><sup>645</sup></a> Then, yet in advance of +congressional authorization, began a systematic course of Indian +negotiation, all having in view the relieving of Kansas from her +aboriginal encumbrance. No means were too underhand, too +far-fetched, too villainous to be resorted to. Every advantage was +taken of the Indian's predicament, of his pitiful weakness, +political and moral. The reputed treason of the southern tribes was +made the most of. Reconstruction measures had begun for the Indians +before the war was over and while its issue was very far from being +determined in favor of the North.</p> +<p>As if urged thereto by some influence malign or fate sinister, +the loyal portion of two of the southern tribes, the Creeks and the +Seminoles, took in April, 1862, a certain action that, all +unbeknown to them, expedited the northern schemes for Indian +undoing. The action referred to was tribal reörganization. +Each of the two groups of refugees elected chiefs and headmen and +notified the United States government that it was prepared to do +business as a nation.<a id="footnotetag646" name= +"footnotetag646"></a><a href="#footnote646"><sup>646</sup></a> The +business in mind had to do with annuity payments<a id= +"footnotetag647" name="footnotetag647"></a><a href= +"#footnote647"><sup>647</sup></a> and other dues but the Indian +Office soon extended it to include treaty-making.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote645" name= +"footnote645"></a><b>Footnote 645:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag645">(return)</a> +<p>Indian Office Consolidated Files, <i>Central +Superintendency</i>, W 528 of 1862; Department of the Interior, +<i>Register of Letters Received</i>, "Indians," no. 4, p. 517.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote646" name= +"footnote646"></a><b>Footnote 646:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag646">(return)</a> +<p>Ok-ta-ha-ras Harjo and others to Dole, April 5, 1862, Indian +Office General Files, <i>Creek</i>, 1860-1869, O 45; Coffin to +Dole, April 15, 1862, transmitting communication of Billy Bowlegs +and others, April 14, 1862 <i>ibid., Seminole</i>, 1858-1869, +C1594; <i>Letters Registered</i>, vol. 58.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote647" name= +"footnote647"></a><b>Footnote 647:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag647">(return)</a> +<p>On the outside of the Seminole petition, the office instruction +for its answer of May 7, 1862, reads as follows: "Say that by +resolution of Congress the annuities were authorized to be used to +prevent starvation and suffering amongst them and that being the +only fund in our hands must not be diverted from that purpose at +present."</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page229" id="page229"></a>[pg +229]</span> +<p>Negotiations with the Osages had been going on intermittently +all this time. No opportunity to press the point of a land cession +had ever been neglected and much had been made, in connection with +the project for territorial organization, of the fact that the +Osages had memorialized Congress for a civil government, they +thinking by means of it to prevent further frauds and impositions +being practiced upon them.<a id="footnotetag648" name= +"footnotetag648"></a><a href="#footnote648"><sup>648</sup></a> +Coffin and Elder, suspicious of each other, jealously watched every +avenue of approach to Osage confidence. On the ninth of March, +Elder inquired if Coffin had been regularly commissioned to open up +negotiations anew and asked to be associated with him if he +had.<a id="footnotetag649" name="footnotetag649"></a><a href= +"#footnote649"><sup>649</sup></a> A treaty was started but not +finished for Elder received a private letter from Dole that seemed +to confine the negotiations to a mere ascertaining of views.<a id= +"footnotetag650" name="footnotetag650"></a><a href= +"#footnote650"><sup>650</sup></a> Then the Indians grown weary of +uncertainty took matters into their own hands and appointed several +prominent tribesmen for the express purpose of negotiating a treaty +that would end the "suspense as to their future destiny."<a id= +"footnotetag651" name="footnotetag651"></a><a href= +"#footnote651"><sup>651</sup></a> From the treaty of cession that +Coffin drafted, he having taken a miserably unfair advantage of +Osage isolation and destitution, the Osages turned away in +disgust.<a id="footnotetag652" name="footnotetag652"></a><a href= +"#footnote652"><sup>652</sup></a> In November, some of their +leading men journeyed up to Leroy to invite the dissatisfied +Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la to winter with them.<a id="footnotetag653" name= +"footnotetag653"></a><a href="#footnote653"><sup>653</sup></a> +Coffin seized the occasion to reopen the subject of a cession and +the Indians manifested</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote648" name= +"footnote648"></a><b>Footnote 648:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag648">(return)</a> +<p>Indian Office Consolidated Files, <i>Neosho</i>, A 476 of 1862. +See also Indian Office report to the Secretary of the Interior, May +6, 1862. The Commissioner's letter and the memorial were sent to +Aldrich, May 9, 1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote649" name= +"footnote649"></a><b>Footnote 649:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag649">(return)</a> +<p>Indian Office Consolidated Files, <i>Neosho</i>, E 94. of +1862.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote650" name= +"footnote650"></a><b>Footnote 650:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag650">(return)</a> +<p>Coffin to Dole, April 5, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., C 1583.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote651" name= +"footnote651"></a><b>Footnote 651:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag651">(return)</a> +<p>Communication of April 10, 1862, transmitted by Chapman to Dole, +<i>ibid</i>., C 1640.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote652" name= +"footnote652"></a><b>Footnote 652:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag652">(return)</a> +<p>Elder to Coffin, July 9, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., E 114.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote653" name= +"footnote653"></a><b>Footnote 653:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag653">(return)</a> +<p>Coffin to Dole, November 16, 1862, <i>ibid</i>., C 1904.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page230" id="page230"></a>[pg +230]</span> +<p>a willingness to sell a part of their Reserve; but again Coffin +was too grasping and another season of waiting intervened.</p> +<p>With slightly better success the Kickapoos were approached. +Their lands were coveted by the Atchison and Pike's Peak Railway +Company and Agent O.B. Keith used his good offices in the interest +of that corporation.<a id="footnotetag654" name= +"footnotetag654"></a><a href="#footnote654"><sup>654</sup></a> Good +offices they were, from the standpoint of benefit to the grantees, +but most disreputable from that of the grantors. He bribed the +chiefs outrageously and the lesser men among the Kickapoos +indignantly protested.<a id="footnotetag655" name= +"footnotetag655"></a><a href="#footnote655"><sup>655</sup></a> +Rival political and capitalistic concerns, emanating from St. +Joseph, Missouri, and from the northern tier of counties in +Kansas,<a id="footnotetag656" name="footnotetag656"></a><a href= +"#footnote656"><sup>656</sup></a> took up the quarrel and never +rested until they had forced a hearing from the government. The +treaty was arrested after it had reached the presidential +proclamation stage and was in serious danger of complete +invalidation.<a id="footnotetag657" name= +"footnotetag657"></a><a href="#footnote657"><sup>657</sup></a> It +passed muster only when a Senate amendment had rendered it +reasonably acceptable to the Kickapoos.</p> +<p>Not much headway was made with Indian treaty-making in +1862.<a id="footnotetag658" name="footnotetag658"></a><a href= +"#footnote658"><sup>658</sup></a> In March, 1863, an element</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote654" name= +"footnote654"></a><b>Footnote 654:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag654">(return)</a> +<p>Indian Office Consolidated Files, <i>Kickapoo</i>, I 655 of 1862 +and I 361 of 1864.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote655" name= +"footnote655"></a><b>Footnote 655:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag655">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., B 355 of 1863 and I 361 of 1864.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote656" name= +"footnote656"></a><b>Footnote 656:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag656">(return)</a> +<p>Albert W. Horton to Pomeroy, June 20, 1863 and O.B. Keith to +Pomeroy, June 20, 1863, Indian Office Consolidated Files, +<i>Kickapoo</i>, G 59 and P 64 of 1863.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote657" name= +"footnote657"></a><b>Footnote 657:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag657">(return)</a> +<p>Lane and A.C. Wilder requested the Interior Department, +September 1, 1863, "that no rights be permitted to attach to R.R. +Co. until charges of fraud in connection with Kickapoo Treaty are +settled." Their request was replied to, September 12, 1863 +[Interior Department, <i>Register of Letters Received</i>, January +2, 1862 to December 27, 1865, "Indians," no. 4, 361].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote658" name= +"footnote658"></a><b>Footnote 658:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag658">(return)</a> +<p>Dole, however, seems to have become thoroughly reconciled to the +idea. He submitted his views upon the subject once more in +connection with a memorial that Pomeroy referred to the Secretary +of the Interior "for the concentration of the Indian tribes of the +West and especially those of Kansas, in the Indian country ... " +[Dole to Smith, November 22, 1862, Indian Office <i>Report +Book</i>, no. 12, pp. 505-506; Department of the Interior, +<i>Register of Letters Received</i>, vol. D, November 22, 1862]. +(cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page231" id="page231"></a>[pg +231]</span> +<p>conditioning a greater degree of success was introduced into the +government policy.<a id="footnotetag659" name= +"footnotetag659"></a><a href="#footnote659"><sup>659</sup></a> That +was by the Indian appropriation act, which, in addition to +continuing the practice of applying tribal annuities to the relief +of refugees, authorized the president to negotiate with Kansas +tribes for their removal from Kansas and with the loyal portion of +Indian Territory tribes for cessions of land on which to +accommodate them.<a id="footnotetag660" name= +"footnotetag660"></a><a href="#footnote660"><sup>660</sup></a> As +Dole pertinently remarked to Secretary Usher, the measure was all +very well as a policy in prospect but it was one that most +certainly could not be carried out until Indian Territory was in +Federal possession. Blunt was still striving after possession or +re-possession but his force was not "sufficient to insure beyond +peradventure his success."<a id="footnotetag661" name= +"footnotetag661"></a><a href="#footnote661"><sup>661</sup></a></p> +<p>Scarcely had the law been enacted when John Ross and other +Cherokees, living in exile and in affluence, offered to consider +proposals for a retrocession to the United States public domain of +their Neutral Lands. The Indian Office was not yet prepared to +treat and not until November did Ross and his associates<a id= +"footnotetag662" name="footnotetag662"></a><a href= +"#footnote662"><sup>662</sup></a> get any</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 658:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag658">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) December 26, 1862, Dole wrote to Smith thus: "... It +being in contemplation to extinguish the Indian title to lands ... +in Kansas and provide them with homes in the Indian Territory ... I +would recommend that a commissioner should be appointed to +negotiate ... I would accordingly suggest that Robt. S. Corwin be +appointed ..." [Indian Office <i>Report Book</i>, no. 13, pp. +12-13]. Now Corwin's reputation was not such as would warrant his +selection for the post. He was not a man of strict integrity. His +name is connected with many shady transactions in the early history +of Kansas.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote659" name= +"footnote659"></a><b>Footnote 659:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag659">(return)</a> +<p>Presumably, Lane was the chief promoter of it. See Baptiste +Peoria to Dole, February 9, 1863, Indian Office General Files, +<i>Osage River</i>, 1863-1867.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote660" name= +"footnote660"></a><b>Footnote 660:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag660">(return)</a> +<p><i>U.S. Statutes at Large</i>, vol. xii, 793.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote661" name= +"footnote661"></a><b>Footnote 661:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag661">(return)</a> +<p>Dole to Usher, July 29, 1863, Indian Office <i>Report Book</i>, +no. 13, p. 211.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote662" name= +"footnote662"></a><b>Footnote 662:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag662">(return)</a> +<p>His associates were then the three men, Lewis Downing, James +McDaniel, and Evan Jones, who had been appointed delegates with +him, (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page232" id="page232"></a>[pg +232]</span> +<p>real encouragement<a id="footnotetag663" name= +"footnotetag663"></a><a href="#footnote663"><sup>663</sup></a> to +renew their offer, yet the Cherokees had as early as February +repudiated their alliance with the southern Confederacy. That the +United States government was only awaiting a time most propitious +for itself is evident from the fact that, when, in the spring +following, refugees from the Neutral Lands were given an +opportunity to begin their backward trek, they were told that they +would not be permitted to linger at their old homes but would have +to go on all the way to Fort Gibson, one hundred twenty miles +farther south.<a id="footnotetag664" name= +"footnotetag664"></a><a href="#footnote664"><sup>664</sup></a> That +was one way of ridding Kansas of her Indians and a way not very +creditable to a professed and powerful guardian.</p> +<p>Almost simultaneously with Ross's first application came an +offer from the oppressed Delawares to look for a new home in the +far west, in Washington Territory. The majority preferred to go to +the Cherokee country.<a id="footnotetag665" name= +"footnotetag665"></a><a href="#footnote665"><sup>665</sup></a> Some +of the tribe had already lived there and wanted to return. Had the +minority gained their point, the Delawares would have traversed the +whole continent within the space of about two and a half centuries. +They would have wandered from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from the +Susquehanna River to the Willamette, in a desperate effort to +escape the avaricious pioneer, and, to their own chagrin, they +would have found him on the western coast also. Never again would +there be any place for them free from his influence.</p> +<p>In the summer of 1863, negotiations were undertaken</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 662:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag662">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) by the newly-constructed national council, for doing +business with the United States government [Commissioner of Indian +Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1863, p. 23].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote663" name= +"footnote663"></a><b>Footnote 663:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag663">(return)</a> +<p>See Office letter of November 19, 1863.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote664" name= +"footnote664"></a><b>Footnote 664:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag664">(return)</a> +<p>David M. Harlan to Dole, December 20, 1864, Indian Office +General Files, Cherokee 1859-1865, H 1033.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote665" name= +"footnote665"></a><b>Footnote 665:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag665">(return)</a> +<p>Johnson to Dole, May 24, 1863, <i>ibid., Delaware</i>, +1862-1866.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page233" id="page233"></a>[pg +233]</span> +<p>in deadly earnest. A commencement was made with the Creeks in +May, Agent Cutler calling the chiefs in council and laying before +them the draft of a treaty that had been prepared, upon the advice +of Coffin,<a id="footnotetag666" name="footnotetag666"></a><a href= +"#footnote666"><sup>666</sup></a> in Washington and that had been +entrusted for transmission to the unscrupulous ex-agent, Perry +Fuller.<a id="footnotetag667" name="footnotetag667"></a><a href= +"#footnote667"><sup>667</sup></a> The Creek chiefs consented to +sell a tract of land for locating other Indians upon, but declared +themselves opposed to any plan for "sectionizing" their country and +asked that they might be consulted as to the Indians who were to +share it with them. The month before they had prayed to be allowed +to go back home. Well fed and clothed though they were, and quite +satisfied with their agent, they were terribly homesick.<a id= +"footnotetag668" name="footnotetag668"></a><a href= +"#footnote668"><sup>668</sup></a> Might they not go down and clean +out their country for themselves? It seemed impossible for the army +to do it.<a id="footnotetag669" name="footnotetag669"></a><a href= +"#footnote669"><sup>669</sup></a></p> +<p>Coffin next came forward with a suggestion that Indian +colonization in Texas would be far preferable to colonization +elsewhere, although if nothing better could be done, he would +advocate the selection of the Osage land on the Arkansas and its +tributaries.<a id="footnotetag670" name= +"footnotetag670"></a><a href="#footnote670"><sup>670</sup></a> Why +he wanted to steer clear of the Indian Territory is not</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote666" name= +"footnote666"></a><b>Footnote 666:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag666">(return)</a> +<p>"... I would most respectfully suggest that a Treaty be gotten +up by you and the Sec. of the Interior, and sent to me and Gov. +Carney and some other suitable com. to have ratified in due form +and returned. And you will pardon me for saying that the Treaty +should be a model for all that are to follow with the broken and +greatly reduced, and fragmental tribes in the Indian Territory, and +may be made greatly to promote the interests of the Indians and the +Government especially in view of the removal of the Indians from +Kansas and Nebraska as contemplated by recent Act of +Congress."—COFFIN to Dole, March 22, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., Land +Files, <i>Southern Superintendency</i>, 1855-1870, C 117.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote667" name= +"footnote667"></a><b>Footnote 667:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag667">(return)</a> +<p>Cutler to Dole, May, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., General Files, +<i>Creek</i>, 1860-1869, C 240.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote668" name= +"footnote668"></a><b>Footnote 668:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag668">(return)</a> +<p>Ok-ta-ha-ras Harjo and others to "Our Father," April 1, 1863, +(Indian Office General Files, <i>Creek</i>, 1860-1869).</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote669" name= +"footnote669"></a><b>Footnote 669:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag669">(return)</a> +<p>Same to same, May 16, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., O 6.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote670" name= +"footnote670"></a><b>Footnote 670:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag670">(return)</a> +<p>Coffin to Dole, May 23, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., Land Files, +<i>Southern Superintendency</i>, 1855-1870.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page234" id="page234"></a>[pg +234]</span> +<p>evident. The Pottawatomies<a id="footnotetag671" name= +"footnotetag671"></a><a href="#footnote671"><sup>671</sup></a> +asked to be allowed to settle on the Creek land,<a id= +"footnotetag672" name="footnotetag672"></a><a href= +"#footnote672"><sup>672</sup></a> but the Creeks were letting their +treaty hang fire. They wanted it made in Washington, D.C., and they +wanted one of their great men, Mik-ko-hut-kah, then with the army, +to assist in its negotiation.<a id="footnotetag673" name= +"footnotetag673"></a><a href="#footnote673"><sup>673</sup></a> +Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la had died in the spring<a id="footnotetag674" +name="footnotetag674"></a><a href="#footnote674"><sup>674</sup></a> +and they were seemingly feeling a little helpless and forlorn.</p> +<p>Thinking to make better progress with the treaties and better +terms if he himself controlled the government end of the +negotiations, Commissioner Dole undertook a trip west in the late +summer.<a id="footnotetag675" name="footnotetag675"></a><a href= +"#footnote675"><sup>675</sup></a> By the third of September the +Creek treaty was an accomplished fact.<a id="footnotetag676" name= +"footnotetag676"></a><a href="#footnote676"><sup>676</sup></a> +Aside from the cession of land for the accommodation of Indian +emigrants, its most important provision was a recognition of the +binding force of Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. In due +course, the treaty went to the Senate and, in March, was accepted +by that body with amendments.<a id="footnotetag677" name= +"footnotetag677"></a><a href="#footnote677"><sup>677</sup></a> It +went back to the</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote671" name= +"footnote671"></a><b>Footnote 671:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag671">(return)</a> +<p>A treaty had been made with the Pottawatomies by W.W. Ross, +their agent, November 15, 1861 [<i>ibid., Pottawatomie</i>, I 547 +of 1862]. Its negotiation was so permeated by fraud that the +Indians refused to let it stand [Dole to Smith, January 15, 1862]. +At this time, 1863, Superintendent Branch, against whom charges of +gambling, drunkenness, licentiousness, and misuse of annuity funds +had been preferred by Agent Ross [Indian Office General Files, +<i>Pottawatomie</i>, R 21 and 143 of 1863], was endeavoring to +persuade Father De Smet to establish a Roman Catholic Mission on +their Reserve. De Smet declined because of the exigencies of the +war. His letter of January 5, 1863, has no file mark.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote672" name= +"footnote672"></a><b>Footnote 672:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag672">(return)</a> +<p>Cutler to Dole, June 6, 1863, Indian Office General Files, +<i>Creek</i>, 1860-1869.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote673" name= +"footnote673"></a><b>Footnote 673:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag673">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote674" name= +"footnote674"></a><b>Footnote 674:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag674">(return)</a> +<p>Coffin to Dole, March 22, 1863.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote675" name= +"footnote675"></a><b>Footnote 675:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag675">(return)</a> +<p>Proctor's letter of July 31, 1863 would indicate that Dole went +to the Cherokee Agency before the Sac and Fox. Proctor was writing +from the former place and he said, "Mr. Dole leaves to-day for +Kansas ..." [Indian Office General Files, <i>Southern +Superintendency</i>, 1863-1864, C 466].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote676" name= +"footnote676"></a><b>Footnote 676:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag676">(return)</a> +<p>Indian Office Land Files, <i>Treaties</i>, Box 3, 1864-1866.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote677" name= +"footnote677"></a><b>Footnote 677:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag677">(return)</a> +<p>Usher to Dole, March 23, 1864, <i>ibid</i>.,</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page235" id="page235"></a>[pg +235]</span> +<p>Indians but they rejected it altogether.<a id="footnotetag678" +name="footnotetag678"></a><a href="#footnote678"><sup>678</sup></a> +The Senate amendments were not such as they could conscientiously +and honorably submit to and maintain their dignity as a +preëminently loyal and semi-independent people.<a id= +"footnotetag679" name="footnotetag679"></a><a href= +"#footnote679"><sup>679</sup></a> One of the amendments was +particularly obnoxious. It affected the provision that deprived the +southern Creeks of all claims upon the old home.<a id= +"footnotetag680" name="footnotetag680"></a><a href= +"#footnote680"><sup>680</sup></a> Dole's Creek treaty of 1863 was +never ratified.</p> +<p>Other treaties negotiated by Dole were with the Sacs and Foxes +of Mississippi,<a id="footnotetag681" name= +"footnotetag681"></a><a href="#footnote681"><sup>681</sup></a> the +Osages, the Shawnees,<a id="footnotetag682" name= +"footnotetag682"></a><a href="#footnote682"><sup>682</sup></a></p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote678" name= +"footnote678"></a><b>Footnote 678:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag678">(return)</a> +<p>Its binding force upon them was, however, a subject of +discussion afterwards and for many years [Superintendent Byers to +Lewis V. Bogy, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, February 7, 1867, +<i>ibid</i>., General Files, <i>Creek</i>, 1860-1869, B 94].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote679" name= +"footnote679"></a><b>Footnote 679:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag679">(return)</a> +<p>For an interpretation of the treaty relative to the claims of +the loyal Creeks, see Dole to Lane, January 27, 1864 [<i>ibid., +Report Book</i>, no. 13, pp. 287-291]. It is interesting to note +that a certain Mundy Durant who had been sixty years in the Creek +Nation, put in a claim, February 23, 1864, in behalf of the "loyal +Africans." He asked "that they have guaranteed to them equal rights +with the Indians ..." "All of our boys," said he, "are in the army +and I feel they should be remembered ..." [<i>ibid</i>., General +Files, <i>Creek</i>, 1860-1869, D 362].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote680" name= +"footnote680"></a><b>Footnote 680:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag680">(return)</a> +<p>Article IV. Both the Creeks and the Seminoles, in apprising the +Indian Office of the fact that they had organized as a nation, had +voiced the idea that the southern Indians had forfeited all their +rights "to any part of the property or annuities ..."</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote681" name= +"footnote681"></a><b>Footnote 681:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag681">(return)</a> +<p>The Sacs and Foxes brought forward a claim against the southern +refugees, for the "rent of 204 buildings," amounting to $14,688.00 +[Indian Office Land Files, <i>Southern Superintendency</i>, +1855-1870, Letter of May 14, 1864. See also Dole to Usher, March +25, 1865, <i>ibid</i>., also I 952, C 1264, and C 1298, +<i>ibid</i>.,]. Coffin thought the best way to settle their claim +was to give them a part of the Creek cession [Coffin to Martin, May +23, 1864, and Martin to Dole, May 26, 1864, <i>ibid</i>., General +Files, <i>Sac and Fox</i>, 1862-1866, M 284]. The Sac and Fox +chiefs were willing to submit the case to the arbitrament of Judge +James Steele. Martin was of the opinion that should their treaty, +then pending, fail it would be some time before they would consent +to make another. This treaty had been obtained with difficulty, +only by Dole's "extraordinary exertions with the tribe" [Martin to +Dole, May 2, 1864, <i>ibid</i>., M 270].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote682" name= +"footnote682"></a><b>Footnote 682:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag682">(return)</a> +<p>Negotiations with the Shawnees had been undertaken in 1862. In +June, Black Bob, the chief of the Shawnees on the Big Blue Reserve +in Johnson County, Kansas, protested against a treaty then before +Congress. He claimed it was a fraud (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page236" id="page236"></a>[pg +236]</span> +<p>and the New York Indians. He attempted one with the Kaws but +failed.<a id="footnotetag683" name="footnotetag683"></a><a href= +"#footnote683"><sup>683</sup></a> The Osages, who had</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 682:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag682">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) [Telegram, A.H. Baldwin to Dole, June 4, 1862, <i>ibid., +Shawnee</i>, 1855-1862, B 1340 of 1862], which was the red man's +usual appraisement of the white man's dealings. A rough draft of +another treaty seems to have been sent to Agent Abbott for the +Shawnees on July 18 and another, substantially the same, December +29. One of the matters that called for adjustment was the Shawnee +contract with the Methodist Episcopal Church South, Dole affirming +that "as the principal members of that corporation, and those who +control it are now in rebellion against the U.S. Government, the +said contract is to be regarded as terminated...." [Indian Office +Land Files, <i>Shawnee</i>, 1860-1865, I 865]. Usher's letter to +Dole of December 27, 1862 was the basis of the instruction. Dole's +negotiations of 1863 were impeached as were all the previous, Black +Bob and Paschal Fish, the first and second chiefs of the +Chillicothe Band of Shawnees, leading the opposition. Agent Abbott +was charged with using questionable means for obtaining Indian +approval [<i>ibid</i>., General Files, <i>Shawnee</i>, 1863-1875]. +Conditions at the Shawnee Agency had been in a bad state for a long +time, since before the war. Guerrilla attacks and threatened +attacks had greatly disturbed domestic politics. They had +interfered with the regular tribal elections.</p> +<p>"Last fall (1862), owing to the constant disturbance on the +border of Mo., the election was postponed from time to time, until +the 12th of January. Olathe had been sacked, Shawnee had been +burned, and the members of the Black Bob settlement had been robbed +and driven from their homes, and it had not been considered safe +for any considerable number to congregate together from the fact +that the Shawnees usually all come on horseback, and the +bushwhackers having ample means to know what was going on, would +take the opportunity to make a dash among them, and secure their +horses.</p> +<p>"De Soto was designated as the place to hold the election it +being some twenty miles from the border ..."—Abbott to Dole, +April 6, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., Land Files, <i>Shawnee</i>, 1860-1865, +A 158. In the summer, the Shawnees made preparations for seeking a +new home. Their confidence in Abbott must have been by that time +somewhat restored, since the prospecting delegation invited him to +join it [<i>ibid., Shawnee</i>, A 755 of 1864]. A chief source of +grievance against him and cause for distrust of him had reference +to certain depredation claims of the Shawnees [<i>ibid</i>., +General Files, <i>Shawnee</i>, 1855-1862, I 801].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote683" name= +"footnote683"></a><b>Footnote 683:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag683">(return)</a> +<p>The Kaw lands had been greatly depredated upon and encroached +upon [<i>ibid</i>., Land Files, <i>Kansas</i>, 1862]. Dole +anticipated that troubles were likely to ensue at any moment. He, +therefore, desired to put the Kaws upon the Cherokee land just as +soon as it was out of danger [Dole to H.W. Farnsworth, October 24, +1863, <i>ibid., Letter Book</i>, no. 72, p. 57]. Jeremiah Hadley, +the agent for a contemplated Mission School among the Kaws, was +much exercised as to how a removal might affect his contract and +work. See his letter to Dole, November 17, 1863.</p> +<p>An abortive treaty was likewise made with the Wyandots, whom +Dole (cont.)]</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page237" id="page237"></a>[pg +237]</span> +<p>recently<a id="footnotetag684" name= +"footnotetag684"></a><a href="#footnote684"><sup>684</sup></a> so +generously consented to receive the unwelcome</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 683:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag683">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) designed to place upon the Seneca-Shawnee lands. Both +the Wyandots and the Seneca-Shawnees objected to the ratification +of the treaty [Coffin to Dole, January 28, 1864, Indian Office +Consolidated Files, <i>Neosho</i>, C 639 of 1864].]</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote684" name= +"footnote684"></a><b>Footnote 684:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag684">(return)</a> +<p>They had recently done another thing that, at the time of +occurrence, the Federals in Kansas deemed highly commendable. They +had murderously attacked a group of Confederate recruiting +officers, whom they had overtaken or waylaid on the plains. The +following contemporary documents, when taken in connection with +Britton's account [<i>Civil War on the Border</i>, vol. ii, 228], +W.L. Bartles's address [Kansas Historical Society, +<i>Collections</i>, vol. viii, 62-66], and Elder's letter to Blunt, +May 17, 1863, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 286, +amply describe the affair:</p> +<p>(a)</p> +<p>"I have just returned to this place from the Grand Council of +the Great and Little Osage Indians. I found them feeling decidedly +fine over their recent success in destroying a band of nineteen +rebels attempting to pass through their country. A band of the +Little Osages met them first and demanded their arms and that they +should go with them to Humboldt (as we instructed them to do at the +Council at Belmont). The rebels refused and shot one of the Osages +dead. The Osages then fired on them. They ran and a running fight +was kept up for some 15 miles. The rebel guide was killed early in +the action. After crossing Lightning Creek, the rebels turned up +the creek toward the camp of the Big Hill Camp. The Little Osages +had sent a runner to aprise the Big Hills of the presence of the +rebels and they were coming down the creek 400 strong, and met the +rebels, drove them to the creek and surrounded them. The rebels +displayed a white flag but the Indians disregarded it. They killed +all of them as they supposed; but afterwards learned that two of +them, badly wounded, got down a steep bank of the creek and made +their escape down the creek. They scalped them all and cut their +heads off. They killed 4 of their horses (which the Indians greatly +regretted) and captured 13, about 50 revolvers, most of the rebels +having 4 revolvers, a carbine and saber. There were 3 colonels, one +lieutenant-colonel, one major and 4 captains. They had full +authority to organise enroll and muster into rebel service all the +rebels in Colorado and New Mexico where they were doubtless bound. +Major Dowdney [Doudna] in command of troops at Humboldt went down +with a detachment and buried them and secured the papers, letting +the Indians keep all the horses, arms, etc. I have no doubt that +this will afford more protection to the frontiers of Kansas than +anything that has yet been done and from the frequency and boldness +of the raids recently something of the kind was very much needed. +The Indians are very much elated over it. I gave them all the +encouragement I could, distributed between two and three hundred +dollars worth of goods amongst them. There was a representative at +the Council from the Osages that have gone South, many of them now +in the army. He stated that they were all now very anxious to get +back, and wished to know if they should meet the loyal Osages on +the hunt on the Plains and come in with them if they could be +suffered to stay. I gave him a letter to them promising them if +they returned immediately and (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page238" id="page238"></a>[pg +238]</span> +<p>refugees on the Ottawa Reserve,<a id="footnotetag685" name= +"footnotetag685"></a><a href="#footnote685"><sup>685</sup></a> were +distinctly overreached by the government representatives, working +in the interest of corporate wealth. In August, the chief men of +the Osages had gone up to the Sac and Fox Agency to confer with +Dole,<a id="footnotetag686" name="footnotetag686"></a><a href= +"#footnote686"><sup>686</sup></a> but Dole was being</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 684:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag684">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) joined their loyal brethren in protecting the frontiers, +running down Bushwhackers, and ridding the country of rebels, they +should be protected. I advised them to come immediately to Humboldt +and report to Major Dowdney and he would furnish them powder and +lead to go on the hunt. This seemed to give great satisfaction to +all the chiefs as they are exceedingly desirous to have them back +and the representative started immediately back with the letter, +and the Indians as well as the Fathers of the Mission have no doubt +but they will return. If so, it will very materially weaken the +rebel force now sorely pressing Col. Phillips' command at Fort +Gibson.</p> +<p>"The Osages are now very desirous to make a treaty are willing +to sell 25 miles in width by 50 off the east end of their +reservation and 20 miles wide off the north side, but I will write +more fully of this in a day or two."—COFFIN to Dole, June 10, +1863, Indian Office Consolidated Files, <i>Neosho</i>, C 299 of +1863.</p> +<p>(b)</p> +<p>"It will be remembered that sometime in the month of May last a +party consisting of nineteen rebel officers duly commissioned and +authorised to organise the Indians and what rebels they might find +in Colorado and New Mexico against the Government of the United +States while passing through the country of the Great and Little +Osages were attacked and the whole party slaughtered by these +Indians. As an encouragement to those Indians to continue their +friendship and loyalty to our Government, I would respectfully +recommend that medals be given to the Head Chief of the combined +tribes, White Hair, and the Head Chief of the Little Bear and the +chiefs of the Big Hill bands, Clarimore and Beaver, four in all who +were chiefly instrumental in the destruction of those +emissaries.</p> +<p>"I believe the bestowal of the medals would be a well deserved +acknowledgment to those chiefs for an important service rendered +and promotive of good."—COFFIN to Dole, Indian Office +Consolidated Files, <i>Neosho</i>. C 596.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote685" name= +"footnote685"></a><b>Footnote 685:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag685">(return)</a> +<p>Coffin to Dole, July 13, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., General Files, +<i>Southern Superintendency</i>, 1863-1864. Coffin had been +directed, by an office letter of June 24 to have the refugees +removed. See also, Dole to Hutchinson, June 24, 1863, <i>ibid., +Letter Book</i>, no. 71, p. 69. Other primary sources bearing upon +this matter are, Hutchinson to ?, June 11, 1863, <i>ibid., +Ottawa</i>, 1863-1873, H 230; Elder to Dole, August 10, 1863, +<i>Neosho</i>, E 22 of 1863; Hutchinson to Dole, August 21, 1863, +<i>Ottawa</i>, D 236 of 1863; Mix to Elder, September 11, 1863, +<i>ibid., Letter Book</i>, no. 71, p. 383.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote686" name= +"footnote686"></a><b>Footnote 686:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag686">(return)</a> +<p>"About 100 of the Osages with their Chiefs and headmen visited +the Sac and Fox agency to meet me on the 20th to Council and +probably make a treaty to dispose of a part of their reserve. I was +detained with the Delawares and Quantrels raid upon Lawrence and +did not reach the reserve (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page239" id="page239"></a>[pg +239]</span> +<p>unavoidably detained by the Delawares and by Quantrill's raid +upon Lawrence,<a id="footnotetag687" name= +"footnotetag687"></a><a href="#footnote687"><sup>687</sup></a> so, +becoming impatient, they left. The commissioner followed them to +Leroy and before the month was out, he was able to report a treaty +as made.<a id="footnotetag688" name="footnotetag688"></a><a href= +"#footnote688"><sup>688</sup></a> It was apparently done over-night +and yet</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 686:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag686">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) until the 25th and found the Osages had left that day +for their homes. I followed them to this place [Leroy] 40 miles +south of the Sac and Fox agency and have been in Council with them +for two days. I have some doubt about succeeding in a treaty as the +Indians do not understand parting with their lands in trust. I +could purchase all we want at present for not exceeding 25 cts pr +acre but doubt whether the Senate would ratify such a +purchase—as they have adopted the Homestead policy with the +Gov't lands and would not wish to purchase of the Indians to give +to the whites. I propose to purchase 25 miles by 40 in the S.E. +corner of their reserve @ 5 pr. ct making a dividend of 10,000 +annually. I have two reasons for this purchase. 1st I want the land +for other Kansas tribes and 2nd The Indians are paupers now and +must have this much money any way or starve. Then I propose to take +in trust the north half of their reserve—to be sold for their +benefit as the Sac and Fox and other tribes dispose of their lands. +To this last the Indians object they want to sell outright and I +may fail in consequence. We shall not differ much about the +details—if we can agree on the main points—I shall know +to-day—</p> +<p>"From here I return to the Sac and Fox agency where I have some +hopes of making a treaty with them or at least agree upon the main +points so soon as they can be provided with another home—The +fact that we have failed to drive the traitors out of the Indian +Country interfers very much with my operations here—from the +Sac and Fox Reserve I may go to the Pottawatamies but rather expect +that I will return to Leavenworth where I shall again council with +the Delawares and from there go to the Kickapoos—Senator +Pomeroy is here with me and will probably remain with +me—Judge Johnston is also with me and assisting me as Clerk +since Mr. Whiting left. This is not considered as a very safe +country as Bush Whackers are plenty and bold—You may show +this to Sec Usher—"—Indian Office Consolidated Files, +<i>Neosho</i>, D 195 of 1863.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote687" name= +"footnote687"></a><b>Footnote 687:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag687">(return)</a> +<p>Connelley, <i>Quantrill and the Border Wars</i>, 335-420.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote688" name= +"footnote688"></a><b>Footnote 688:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag688">(return)</a> +<p>"I arrived here last night from Leroy, after having succeeded in +effecting a treaty with the Osage Indians by which the Govt. obtain +of them by purchase thirty miles in extent off the East end of +their reserve (at a cost of 300,000$ to remain on interest +<i>forever</i> at <i>5 pr ct</i>—which gives them an annuity +of 15000$ annually)—They also cede to the U.S. <i>in +trust</i> twenty miles off the North side of the Bal. of their +reserve the full extent east and west—to be disposed of as +the Sec. Int. shall direct for their benefit—with the usual +reserves to half breeds—provision for schools etc.—I +have been all this afternoon in Council with the Delewares who have +to the No. of 30 or 40 followed me out here for the purpose of +again talking over (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page240" id="page240"></a>[pg +240]</span> +<p>it was not a conclusive thing; for, in October, the Osage chiefs +were still making propositions<a id="footnotetag689" name= +"footnotetag689"></a><a href="#footnote689"><sup>689</sup></a> +and</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 688:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag688">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) the proposed treaty with them. They had trouble after I +left them at Leavenworth, but our council today has done good and +they have just left for home with the agreement to call a council +and send a delegation to the Cherokees to look up a new +home—When will Jno. Ross leave for his people. I wish he +could be there when the Delaware delegation goes down—as I am +exceedingly anxious that they get a home of the Cherokees.</p> +<p>"I think there is but little doubt but I shall make a treaty +with the Sac and Foxes as they say they are <i>satisfied</i> to +remove to a part of the Land I have purchased of the +Osages—on the line next the Cherokees—I can make a +treaty with the Creeks and may do so but I think I will make it +<i>conditional</i> upon the signatures of some of the Chiefs now in +the army—Those here are very anxious to treat and sell us a +large tract of the country The trouble with the Southern Indians is +their claims for losses by the war I will have to put in a clause +of some kind to satisfy them on that subject—That they are +entitled to it I have no doubt—but what view Congress will +take of it—or the Senate in ratifying the treaty of course I +cannot tell—Some of the Wyandots are here—</p> +<p>"I have just closed a Council with the Sac and Foxes and have +heard many fine speeches. We meet again day after tomorrow—as +tomorrow must be appropriated to the Creeks—I think I shall +have a success here—The Sack and Foxes to the No of say two +hundred have a dance out on the green They are dressed and painted +for the occasion and as it is in honor of my visit I must go out +and witness it * * * Well we have had an extensive dance which cost +me a beef and while waiting for a Chipaway Chief who comes as I +learn to complain of his agent I go on with my Letter—The New +York Indians are tolerably well represented and I shall talk with +them tonight—This is a grand jubilee amongst the Indians +here. So many tribes and parts of tribes or their Chiefs gathered +here to see the Comr. Paint and feathers are in great demand and +singing, whooping—and the Drum is constantly ringing in my +ears. I am satisfied that it is a good arrangement to have them +here together it is cheaper and better and saves much time.</p> +<p>"I made a great mistake that I did not bring maps of the +reserves and especially of the Indian Territory—I do the best +I can from the Treaties.</p> +<p>"I have had no mail for Eight Days as my mail is at Leavenworth. +I expect my letters day after tomorrow when I hope to have a late +letter from you as well as one from the Sec.—Will you please +send Hutchinson some money he must have funds to pay for surveying +and alloting the Ottawa reserve The survey is finished and pay +demanded."</p> +<p>[Indian Office Consolidated Files, <i>Neosho</i>, D 198 of +1863].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote689" name= +"footnote689"></a><b>Footnote 689:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag689">(return)</a> +<p>The propositions were in the form of a memorandum, drawn up by +White Hair, principal chief of the Great and Little Osages, and +Little Bear, principal chief of the Little Osages, who, in +conjunction with Charles Mograin, assistant head chief of the Great +and Little Osages, had been (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page241" id="page241"></a>[pg +241]</span> +<p>making them after the fashion of the Creeks long before at +Indian Springs.<a id="footnotetag690" name= +"footnotetag690"></a><a href="#footnote690"><sup>690</sup></a> Dole +had finally to be told that the rank and file of the Osages would +not allow their chiefs to confer with him except in general +council.<a id="footnotetag691" name="footnotetag691"></a><a href= +"#footnote691"><sup>691</sup></a> As a matter of fact, not one of +the Dole treaties could run the gauntlet of criticism and, +consequently, the whole project of treaty-making in 1862 and 1863 +accomplished nothing beneficial. It only served to complicate a +situation already serious and to forecast that when the great test +should come, as come it surely would, the government would be found +wanting, lacking in magnanimity, lacking in justice, and all too +willing to sacrifice its honor for big interests and transient +causes.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 689:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag689">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) solicited by their people, when in council at Humboldt, +July 4, to proceed to Washington and interview their Great Father +[Coffin to Dole, July 16, 1863, Indian Office Consolidated Files, +<i>Neosho</i>, C 365 of 1863]. The propositions were to the effect +that the Osages would gladly sell thirty miles by twenty miles off +the southeast corner of their Reserve and one-half of the Reserve +on the north for $1,350,000, which should draw six per cent +interest until paid [<i>ibid</i>., D 239 of 1863]. John Schoenmaker +of the Osage Mission was apprehensive that the Roman Catholic +interests would be disregarded as in the Potawatomi Treaty. See +letter to Coffin, June 25th.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote690" name= +"footnote690"></a><b>Footnote 690:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag690">(return)</a> +<p>Abel, <i>Indian Consolidation West of the Mississippi</i>.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote691" name= +"footnote691"></a><b>Footnote 691:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag691">(return)</a> +<p>Charles Mograin warned Dole of this.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page242" id="page242"></a>[pg +242]</span> +<hr /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page243" id="page243"></a>[pg +243]</span> +<h2>XI. INDIAN TERRITORY IN 1863, JANUARY TO JUNE INCLUSIVE</h2> +<p>As with the war as a whole, so with that part of it waged on the +Arkansas frontier, the year 1863 proved critical. Its midsummer +season saw the turning-point in the respective fortunes of the +North and the South, both in the east and in the west. The +beginning of 1863 was a time for recording great depletion of +resources in Indian Territory, as elsewhere, great disorganization +within Southern Indian ranks, and much privation, suffering, and +resultant dissatisfaction among the tribes generally. The moment +called for more or less sweeping changes in western commands. Those +most nearly affecting the Arkansas frontier were the establishment +of Indian Territory as a separate military entity<a id= +"footnotetag692" name="footnotetag692"></a><a href= +"#footnote692"><sup>692</sup></a> and the detachment of western +Louisiana</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote692" name= +"footnote692"></a><b>Footnote 692:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag692">(return)</a> +<p>The establishment of a separate command for Indian Territory was +not accomplished all at once. In December, 1862, Steele had been +ordered to report to Holmes for duty and, in the first week of +January, he was given the Indian Territory post, subject to +Hindman. On or about the eighth, he assumed command [<i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xxii, part i, 28] at Fort Smith. In less than a +week thereafter, his command was separated from that of Hindman +[<i>ibid</i>., part ii, 771]. The following document shows exactly +what had been the previous relation between the two:</p> +<p>Head Qrs. Dept. Indn. Terry.<br /> +Ft. Smith, Jan. 31st, 1863.</p> +<p>COLONEL: Your special No. 22, par. viii has been recd. I would +respectfully suggest that when assigned to this command by Maj. +Gen'l Hindman the command was styled in orders, "1st Div'n 1st +Corps Trans. Miss. Army." The special order referred to, it is +respectfully suggested, may be susceptible of misconstruction as +there are under my command two separate Brigades, one under the +command (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page244" id="page244"></a>[pg +244]</span> +<p>and Texas from the Trans-Mississippi Department.<a id= +"footnotetag693" name="footnotetag693"></a><a href= +"#footnote693"><sup>693</sup></a> Both were accomplished in January +and both were directly due to a somewhat tardy realization of the +vast strategic importance of the Indian country. Unwieldy, +geographically, the Trans-Mississippi Department had long since +shown itself to be. Moreover, it was no longer even passably safe +to leave the interests of Indian Territory subordinated to those of +Arkansas.<a id="footnotetag694" name="footnotetag694"></a><a href= +"#footnote694"><sup>694</sup></a></p> +<p>The man chosen, after others, his seniors in rank, had declined +the dubious honor,<a id="footnotetag695" name= +"footnotetag695"></a><a href="#footnote695"><sup>695</sup></a> for +the command of Indian Territory was William Steele, +brigadier-general, northern born, of southern sympathies. Thus was +ignored whatever claim Douglas H. Cooper might have been thought to +have by reason of his intimate and long acquaintance with Indian +affairs and his influence, surpassingly great, with certain of the +tribes. Cooper's unfortunate weakness, addiction to intemperance, +had stood more or less in the way of his promotion right along just +as it had decreased his military efficiency on at least one +memorable occasion and had hindered the confirmation of his +appointment as superintendent of Indian affairs in the Arkansas and +Red River constituency. In this narrative, as events are divulged, +it will be seen that the preference for Steele exasperated Cooper, +who was not a big enough man to put love of country before the +gratification of his own</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 692:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag692">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) of Gen'l D.H. Cooper and one under command of Col. J.W. +Speight.</p> +<p>I am, Col., Very Res'py W. STEELE, <i>Brig. Gen'l</i>.,<br /> +Col. S.S. Anderson, A.A.G.</p> +<p>P.S. Please find enclosed printed Gen. Order, no. 4, which I +have assumed the responsibility of issuing on receipt of Lt. Gen'l +Holmes' order declaring my command in the Ind'n country +independent.</p> +<p>(Sd) W. STEELE, <i>Brig. Gen'l</i>.</p> +<p>[A.G.O., <i>Confederate Records</i>, chap. 2, no. 270, p. +65].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote693" name= +"footnote693"></a><b>Footnote 693:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag693">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 771-772.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote694" name= +"footnote694"></a><b>Footnote 694:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag694">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>ibid</i>., 771.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote695" name= +"footnote695"></a><b>Footnote 695:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag695">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>ibid</i>., 843; <i>Confederate Records</i>, chap. 2, +no. 270, pp. 25-27.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page245" id="page245"></a>[pg +245]</span> +<hr /> +<div class="figcenter" style="width:100%;"><a href= +"images/245.png"><img width="100%" src="images/245.png" alt= +"" /></a> +<h4>FACSIMILE OF MONTHLY INSPECTION REPORT OF THE SECOND CREEK +REGIMENT OF MOUNTED VOLUNTEERS.</h4> +</div> +<hr /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page246" id="page246"></a>[pg +246]</span> +<hr /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page247" id="page247"></a>[pg +247]</span> +<p>ambition, consequently friction developed between him and his +rival highly detrimental to the service to which each owed his best +thought, his best endeavor.<a id="footnotetag696" name= +"footnotetag696"></a><a href="#footnote696"><sup>696</sup></a></p> +<p>Conditions in Indian Territory, at the time Steele took command, +were conceivably the worst that could by any possibility be +imagined. The land had been stripped of its supplies, the troops +were scarcely worthy of the name.<a id="footnotetag697" name= +"footnotetag697"></a><a href="#footnote697"><sup>697</sup></a> +Around Fort Smith, in Arkansas, things were equally bad.<a id= +"footnotetag698" name="footnotetag698"></a><a href= +"#footnote698"><sup>698</sup></a> People were clamoring for +protection against marauders, some were wanting only the +opportunity to move themselves and their effects far away out of +the reach of danger, others were demanding that the unionists be +cleaned out just as secessionists had, in some cases, been. +Confusion worse confounded prevailed. Hindman had resorted to a +system of almost wholesale furloughing to save expense.<a id= +"footnotetag699" name="footnotetag699"></a><a href= +"#footnote699"><sup>699</sup></a> Most of the Indians had taken +advantage of it and were off duty when Steele arrived. Many had +preferred to subsist at government cost.<a id="footnotetag700" +name="footnotetag700"></a><a href="#footnote700"><sup>700</sup></a> +There was so little in their own homes for them to get. Forage was +practically non-existent and Steele soon had it impressed <a id= +"footnotetag701" name="footnotetag701"></a><a href= +"#footnote701"><sup>701</sup></a> upon him that troops in the +Indian Territory ought, as Hindman had come to think months +before,<a id="footnotetag702" name="footnotetag702"></a><a href= +"#footnote702"><sup>702</sup></a> to be all unmounted.</p> +<p>Although fully realizing that it was incumbent upon him to hold +Fort Smith as a sort of key to his entire command, Steele knew it +would be impossible to</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote696" name= +"footnote696"></a><b>Footnote 696:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag696">(return)</a> +<p>It might as well be said, at the outset, that Cooper was not the +ranking officer of Steele. He claimed that he was [<i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 1037-1038]; but the government +disallowed the contention [<i>ibid</i>., 1038].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote697" name= +"footnote697"></a><b>Footnote 697:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag697">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., part i, 28; part ii, 862, 883, 909.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote698" name= +"footnote698"></a><b>Footnote 698:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag698">(return)</a> +<p><i>Confederate Records</i>, chap. 2, no. 270, pp. 29-30.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote699" name= +"footnote699"></a><b>Footnote 699:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag699">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 895, 909.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote700" name= +"footnote700"></a><b>Footnote 700:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag700">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., part i, 30.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote701" name= +"footnote701"></a><b>Footnote 701:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag701">(return)</a> +<p><i>Confederate Records</i>, chap. 2, no. 270, p. 31.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote702" name= +"footnote702"></a><b>Footnote 702:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag702">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, 51.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page248" id="page248"></a>[pg +248]</span> +<p>maintain any considerable force there. He, therefore, resolved +to take big chances and to attempt to hold it with as few men as +his commissary justified, trusting that he would be shielded from +attack "by the inclemency of the season and the waters of the +Arkansas."<a id="footnotetag703" name="footnotetag703"></a><a href= +"#footnote703"><sup>703</sup></a> The larger portion of his +army<a id="footnotetag704" name="footnotetag704"></a><a href= +"#footnote704"><sup>704</sup></a> was sent southward, in the +direction of Red River.<a id="footnotetag705" name= +"footnotetag705"></a><a href="#footnote705"><sup>705</sup></a> But +lack of food and forage was, by no manner of means, the only +difficulty that confronted Steele. He was short of guns, +particularly of good guns,<a id="footnotetag706" name= +"footnotetag706"></a><a href="#footnote706"><sup>706</sup></a> and +distressingly short of money.<a id="footnotetag707" name= +"footnotetag707"></a><a href="#footnote707"><sup>707</sup></a> The +soldiers had not been paid for months.</p> +<p>The opening of 1863 saw changes, equally momentous, in Federal +commands. Somewhat captiously, General Schofield discounted recent +achievements of Blunt and advised that Blunt's District of Kansas +should be completely disassociated from the Division of the Army of +the Frontier,<a id="footnotetag708" name= +"footnotetag708"></a><a href="#footnote708"><sup>708</sup></a> +which he had, at Schofield's own earlier request, been commanding. +It was another instance of personal jealousy, interstate rivalry, +and local</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote703" name= +"footnote703"></a><b>Footnote 703:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag703">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part i, 30.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote704" name= +"footnote704"></a><b>Footnote 704:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag704">(return)</a> +<p>Perhaps the word, <i>army</i>, is inapplicable here. Steele +himself was in doubt as to whether he was in command of an army or +of a department [<i>Confederate Records</i>, chap. 2, no. 270, p. +54].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote705" name= +"footnote705"></a><b>Footnote 705:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag705">(return)</a> +<p><i>Confederate Records</i>, chap. 2, no. 270, p. 36. See also, +Steele to Anderson, January 22, 1863 [ibid., 50-51], which besides +detailing the movements of Steele's men furnishes, on the authority +of "Mr. Thomas J. Parks of the Cherokee Nation," evidence of brutal +murders and atrocities committed by Blunt's army "whilst on their +march through the northwestern portion of this State in the +direction of Kansas."</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote706" name= +"footnote706"></a><b>Footnote 706:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag706">(return)</a> +<p>Crosby's telegram, February first, to the Chief of Ordnance is +sufficient attestation,</p> +<p>"Many of Cooper's men have inferior guns and many none at all. +Can you supply?" [Ibid., 65-66].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote707" name= +"footnote707"></a><b>Footnote 707:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag707">(return)</a> +<p>The detention and the misapplication of funds by William +Quesenbury seem to have been largely responsible for Steele's +monetary embarrassment [ibid., 28, 63-64, 75, 76, 77, 79-81, 101, +147]. Cotton speculation in Texas was alluring men with ready money +southward [ibid., 94, 104].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote708" name= +"footnote708"></a><b>Footnote 708:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag708">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 6.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page249" id="page249"></a>[pg +249]</span> +<p>conflict of interests.<a id="footnotetag709" name= +"footnotetag709"></a><a href="#footnote709"><sup>709</sup></a> So +petty was Schofield and so much in a mood for disparagement that he +went the length of condemning the work of Blunt and Herron<a id= +"footnotetag710" name="footnotetag710"></a><a href= +"#footnote710"><sup>710</sup></a> in checking Hindman's advance as +but a series of blunders and their success at Prairie Grove as but +due to an accident.<a id="footnotetag711" name= +"footnotetag711"></a><a href="#footnote711"><sup>711</sup></a> +General Curtis, without, perhaps, having any particular regard for +the aggrieved parties himself, resented Schofield's insinuations +against their military capacity, all the more so, no doubt, because +he was not above making the same kind of criticisms himself and was +not impervious to them. In the sequel, Schofield reorganized the +divisions of his command, relieved Blunt altogether, and personally +resumed the direction of the Army of the Frontier.<a id= +"footnotetag712" name="footnotetag712"></a><a href= +"#footnote712"><sup>712</sup></a> Blunt went back to his District +of Kansas and made his headquarters at Fort Leavenworth.</p> +<p>In some respects, the reorganization decided upon by Schofield +proved a consummation devoutly to be wished; for, within the +reconstituted First Division was placed an Indian Brigade, which +was consigned to the charge of a man the best fitted of all around +to have it, Colonel William A. Phillips.<a id="footnotetag713" +name="footnotetag713"></a><a href="#footnote713"><sup>713</sup></a> +And that was not all; inasmuch as the Indian Brigade, consisting of +the three regiments of Indian Home Guards, a battalion of the Sixth +Kansas Cavalry, and a four-gun battery that had been captured at +the Battle of Old</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote709" name= +"footnote709"></a><b>Footnote 709:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag709">(return)</a> +<p>It seems unnecessary and inappropriate to drag into the present +narrative the political squabbles that disgraced Missouri, Kansas, +Arkansas, and Colorado during the war. Lane was against Schofield, +Gamble against Curtis.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote710" name= +"footnote710"></a><b>Footnote 710:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag710">(return)</a> +<p>Yet both Blunt and Herron were, at this very time, in line for +promotion, as was Schofield, to the rank of major-general +[<i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, II, 95.]</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote711" name= +"footnote711"></a><b>Footnote 711:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag711">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 6, 12, 95; <i>Confederate Military +History</i>, vol. x, 195.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote712" name= +"footnote712"></a><b>Footnote 712:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag712">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 22.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote713" name= +"footnote713"></a><b>Footnote 713:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag713">(return)</a> +<p>Britton, <i>Civil War on the Border</i> vol. ii, 18-19.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page250" id="page250"></a>[pg +250]</span> +<p>Fort Wayne,<a id="footnotetag714" name= +"footnotetag714"></a><a href="#footnote714"><sup>714</sup></a> was +almost immediately detached from the rest of Schofield's First +Division and assigned to discretionary "service in the Indian +Nation and on the western border of Arkansas."<a id= +"footnotetag715" name="footnotetag715"></a><a href= +"#footnote715"><sup>715</sup></a> It continued so detached even +after Schofield's command had been deprived by Curtis of the two +districts over which the brigade was to range, the eighth and the +ninth.<a id="footnotetag716" name="footnotetag716"></a><a href= +"#footnote716"><sup>716</sup></a> Thus, at the beginning of 1863, +had the Indian Territory in a sense come into its own. Both the +Confederates and the Federals had given it a certain measure of +military autonomy or, at all events, a certain opportunity to be +considered in and for itself.</p> +<p>Indian Territory as a separate military entity came altogether +too late into the reckonings of the North and the South. It was now +a devastated land, in large areas, desolate. General Curtis and +many another like him might well express regret that the red man +had to be offered up in the white man's slaughter.<a id= +"footnotetag717" name="footnotetag717"></a><a href= +"#footnote717"><sup>717</sup></a> It was unavailing regret and +would ever be. Just as with the aborigines who lay athwart the path +of empire and had to yield or be crushed so with the civilized +Indian of 1860. The contending forces of a fratricidal war had +little mercy for each other and none at all for him. Words of +sympathy were empty indeed. His fate was inevitable. He was between +the upper and the nether mill-stones and, for him, there was no +escape.</p> +<p>Indian Territory was really in a terrible condition. Late in +1862, it had been advertised even by southern men as lost to the +Confederate cause and had been</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote714" name= +"footnote714"></a><b>Footnote 714:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag714">(return)</a> +<p>It is not very clear whether or not the constituents of the +Indian Brigade were all at once decided upon. They are listed as +they appear in Britton, <i>Civil War on the Border</i>, vol. ii, 3. +Schofield seems to have hesitated in the matter [<i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 26].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote715" name= +"footnote715"></a><b>Footnote 715:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag715">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 33.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote716" name= +"footnote716"></a><b>Footnote 716:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag716">(return)</a> +<p>On the subject of the reduction of Schofield's command, see +<i>ibid</i>., 40.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote717" name= +"footnote717"></a><b>Footnote 717:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag717">(return)</a> +<p>Curtis to Phillips, February 17, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., +113-114.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page251" id="page251"></a>[pg +251]</span> +<p>practically abandoned to the jayhawker. Scouting parties of both +armies, as well as guerrillas, had preyed upon it like vultures. +Indians, outside of the ranks, were tragic figures in their utter +helplessness. They dared trust nobody. It was time the Home Guard +was being made to justify its name. Indeed, as Ellithorpe reported, +"to divert them to any other operations" than those within their +own gates "will tend to demoralize them to dissolution."<a id= +"footnotetag718" name="footnotetag718"></a><a href= +"#footnote718"><sup>718</sup></a></p> +<p>The winter of 1862-1863 was a severe one. Its coming had been +long deferred; but, by the middle of January, the cold weather had +set in in real earnest. Sleet and snow and a constantly descending +thermometer made campaigning quite out of the question. Colonel +Phillips, no more than did his adversary, General Steele, gave any +thought to an immediate offensive. Like Steele his one idea was to +replenish resources and to secure an outfit for his men. They had +been provided with the half worn-out baggage train of Blunt's old +division. It was their all and would be so until their commander +could supplement it by contrivances and careful management. +Incidentally, Phillips expected to hold the line of the Arkansas +River; but not to attempt to cross it until spring should come. It +behooved him to look out for Marmaduke whose expeditions into +Missouri<a id="footnotetag719" name="footnotetag719"></a><a href= +"#footnote719"><sup>719</sup></a> were cause for anxiety, +especially as their range might at any moment be extended.</p> +<p>The Indian regiments of Phillips's brigade were soon +reported<a id="footnotetag720" name="footnotetag720"></a><a href= +"#footnote720"><sup>720</sup></a> upon by him and declared to be in +a sad state. The first regiment was still, to all intents and +purposes, a Creek force, notwithstanding that its fortunes had been +varied, its desertions, incomparable.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote718" name= +"footnote718"></a><b>Footnote 718:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag718">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 49.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote719" name= +"footnote719"></a><b>Footnote 719:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag719">(return)</a> +<p><i>Confederate Military History</i>, vol. x, 161, 162.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote720" name= +"footnote720"></a><b>Footnote 720:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag720">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 56-58.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page252" id="page252"></a>[pg +252]</span> +<p>The second regiment, after many vicissitudes, and after having +gotten rid of its unmanageable elements, notably, the Osages and +the Quapaws, had become a Cherokee and the third was largely so. +That third regiment was Phillips's own and was the only one that +could claim the distinction of being disciplined and even it was +exposed occasionally to the chronic weakness of all Indian +soldiers, absence without leave. The Indian, on his own business +bent, was disposed to depart whenever he pleased, often, too, at +times most inopportune, sometimes, when he had been given a special +and particular task. He knew not the usages of army life and really +meant no offence; but, all the same, his utter disregard of army +discipline made for great disorder.</p> +<p>It was not the chief cause of disorder, however, for that was +the unreliability of the regimental officers. The custom, from the +first, had been to have the field officers white men, a saving +grace; but the company officers, with few exceptions, had been +Indians and totally incompetent. Strange as it may seem, drilling +was almost an unknown experience to the two regiments that had been +mustered in for the First Indian Expedition. To obviate some of the +difficulties already encountered, Phillips had seen to it that the +third regiment had profited by the mistakes of its forerunners. It +had, therefore, been supplied with white first lieutenants and +white sergeants, secured from among the non-commissioned men of +other commands. The result had fully justified the innovation. +After long and careful observation, Phillips's conclusion was that +it was likely to be productive of irretrievable disaster and +consequently an unpardonable error of judgment "to put men of poor +ability in an Indian regiment." Primitive man has an inordinate +respect for a strong</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page253" id="page253"></a>[pg +253]</span> +<p>character. He appreciates integrity, though he may not have it +among his own gifts of nature. "An Indian company improperly +officered" will inevitably become, to somebody's discomfiture, "a +frightful mess."</p> +<p>If any one there was so foolish as to surmise that the +independent commands, northern and southern, would be given free +scope to solve the problems of Indian Territory, unhampered by +contingent circumstances, he was foreordained to grevious +disappointment. Indian Territory had still to subserve the +interests of localities, relatively more important. It would be so +to the very end. In and for herself, she would never be allowed to +do anything and her commanders, no matter how much they might wish +it otherwise—and to their lasting honor, be it said, many of +them did—would always have to subordinate her affairs to +those of the sovereign states around her; for even northern states +were sovereign in practice where Indians were concerned. General +Steele was one of the men who endeavored nobly to take a large view +of his responsibilities to Indian Territory. Colonel Phillips, his +contemporary in the opposite camp, was another; but both met with +insuperable obstacles. The attainment of their objects was +impossible from the start. Both men were predestined to +failure.</p> +<p>Foraging or an occasional scouting when the weather permitted +was the only order of the winter days for Federals and +Confederates. With the advent of spring, however, Phillips became +impatient for more aggressive action. He had been given a large +programme, no insignificant part of which was, the restoration of +refugees to their impoverished homes; but his first business would +necessarily have to be, the occupancy of the country. Not far was +he allowed to venture within</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page254" id="page254"></a>[pg +254]</span> +<p>it during the winter; because his superior officers wished him +to protect, before anything else, western Arkansas. Schofield and, +after Schofield's withdrawal from the command of southwestern +Missouri, Curtis had insisted upon that, while Blunt, to whom +Phillips, after a time, was made immediately accountable, was +guardedly of another way of thinking and, although not very +explicit, seemed to encourage Phillips in planning an advance.</p> +<p>Phillips's inability to progress far in the matter of occupancy +of Indian Territory did not preclude his keeping a close tab on +Indian affairs therein, such a tab, in fact, as amounted to +fomenting an intrigue. It will be recalled that on the occasion of +his making the excursion into the Cherokee Nation, which had +resulted in his incendiary destruction of Fort Davis, he had gained +intimations of a rather wide-spread Indian willingness to desert +the Confederate service. He had sounded Creeks and Choctaws and had +found them surprisingly responsive to his machinations. They were +nothing loath to confess that they were thoroughly disgusted with +the southern alliance. It had netted them nothing but unutterable +woe. Among those that Phillips approached, although not personally, +was Colonel McIntosh, who communicated with Phillips through two +intimate friends. McIntosh was persuaded to attempt no immediate +demonstration in favor of the North; for that would be premature, +foolhardy; but to bide the time, which could not be far distant, +when the Federal troops would be in a position to support +him.<a id="footnotetag721" name="footnotetag721"></a><a href= +"#footnote721"><sup>721</sup></a> The psychological moment was not +yet. Blunt called Phillips back for operations outside of +Indian</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote721" name= +"footnote721"></a><b>Footnote 721:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag721">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 61-62.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page255" id="page255"></a>[pg +255]</span> +<p>Territory; but the seed of treason had been sown and sown in +fertile soil, in the heart of a McIntosh.<a id="footnotetag722" +name="footnotetag722"></a><a href= +"#footnote722"><sup>722</sup></a></p> +<p>In January, 1863, Phillips took up again the self-imposed task +of emissary.<a id="footnotetag723" name= +"footnotetag723"></a><a href="#footnote723"><sup>723</sup></a> The +unionist Cherokees, inclusive of those in the Indian Brigade, were +contemplating holding a national council on Cowskin Prairie, which +was virtually within the Federal lines. Secessionist Cherokees, +headed by Stand Watie, were determined that such a council should +not meet if they could possibly prevent it and prevent it they +would if they could only get a footing north of the Arkansas River. +Their suspicion was, that the council, if assembled, would declare +the treaty with the Confederate States abrogated. To circumvent +Stand Watie, to conciliate some of the Cherokees by making +reparation for past outrages, and to sow discord among others, +Phillips despatched Lieutenant-colonel Lewis Downing on a scout +southward. He was just in time; for the Confederates were on the +brink of hazarding a crossing at two places, Webber's Falls and +Fort Gibson.<a id="footnotetag724" name= +"footnotetag724"></a><a href="#footnote724"><sup>724</sup></a> Upon +the return of Downing, Phillips himself moved across the border +with the avowed intention of rendering military support, if needed, +to the Cherokee Council, which convened on the fourth of +February.<a id="footnotetag725" name="footnotetag725"></a><a href= +"#footnote725"><sup>725</sup></a> From Camp Ross, he continued to +send out scouting parties, secret agents,<a id="footnotetag726" +name="footnotetag726"></a><a href="#footnote726"><sup>726</sup></a> +and agents of distribution.</p> +<p>The Cherokee Council assembled without the preliminary formality +of a new election. War conditions</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote722" name= +"footnote722"></a><b>Footnote 722:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag722">(return)</a> +<p>This remark would be especially applicable if the Colonel +McIntosh, mentioned by Phillips, was Chilly, the son of William +McIntosh of Indian Springs Treaty notoriety.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote723" name= +"footnote723"></a><b>Footnote 723:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag723">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 100.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote724" name= +"footnote724"></a><b>Footnote 724:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag724">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 85.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote725" name= +"footnote725"></a><b>Footnote 725:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag725">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 96-97.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote726" name= +"footnote726"></a><b>Footnote 726:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag726">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 100, 108.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page256" id="page256"></a>[pg +256]</span> +<p>had made regular pollings impossible. Consequently, the council +that convened in February, 1863 was, to all intents and purposes, +the selfsame body that, in October, 1861, had confirmed the +alliance with the Confederate States. It was Phillips's intention +to stand by, with military arm upraised, until the earlier action +had been rescinded. While he waited, word came that the harvest of +defection among the Creeks had begun; for "a long line of +persons"<a id="footnotetag727" name="footnotetag727"></a><a href= +"#footnote727"><sup>727</sup></a> was toiling through the snow, +each wearing the white badge on his hat that Phillips and McIntosh +had agreed should be their sign of fellowship. Then came an order +for Phillips to draw back within supporting distance of +Fayetteville, which, it was believed, the Confederates were again +threatening.<a id="footnotetag728" name= +"footnotetag728"></a><a href="#footnote728"><sup>728</sup></a> +Phillips obeyed, as perforce, he had to; but he left a detachment +behind to continue guarding the Cherokee Council.<a id= +"footnotetag729" name="footnotetag729"></a><a href= +"#footnote729"><sup>729</sup></a></p> +<p>The legislative work of the Cherokee Council, partisan body that +it was, with Lewis Downing as its presiding officer and Thomas Pegg +as acting Principal Chief, was reactionary, yet epochal. It +comprised several measures and three of transcendant importance, +passed between the eighteenth and the twenty-first:</p> +<p>1. An act revoking the alliance with the Confederate States and +re-asserting allegiance to the United States.</p> +<p>2. An act deposing all officers of any rank or character +whatsoever, inclusive of legislative, executive, judicial, who were +serving in capacities disloyal to the United States and to the +Cherokee Nation.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote727" name= +"footnote727"></a><b>Footnote 727:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag727">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 101.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote728" name= +"footnote728"></a><b>Footnote 728:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag728">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 111-112.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote729" name= +"footnote729"></a><b>Footnote 729:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag729">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 115.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page257" id="page257"></a>[pg +257]</span> +<p>3. An act emancipating slaves throughout the Cherokee +country.<a id="footnotetag730" name="footnotetag730"></a><a href= +"#footnote730"><sup>730</sup></a></p> +<p>His detention in Arkansas was not at all to Phillips's liking. +It tried his patience sorely; for he felt the crying need of Indian +Territory for just such services as his and, try as he would, he +could not visualize that of Arkansas. Eagerly he watched for a +chance to return to the Cherokee country. One offered for the fifth +of March but had to be given up. Again and yet again in +letters<a id="footnotetag731" name="footnotetag731"></a><a href= +"#footnote731"><sup>731</sup></a> to Curtis and Blunt he +expostulated against delay but delay could not well be avoided. The +pressure from Arkansas for assistance was too great. Blunt +sympathized with Phillips more than he dared openly admit and +tacitly sanctioned his advance. Never at any time could there have +been the slightest doubt as to the singleness of the virile +Scotchman's purpose. In imagination he saw his adopted country +repossessed of Indian Territory and of all the overland approaches +to Texas and Mexico from whence, as he supposed, the Confederacy +expected to draw her grain and other supplies. Some regard for the +Indian himself he doubtless had; but he used it as a means to the +greater end. His sense of justice was truly British in its +keenness.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote730" name= +"footnote730"></a><b>Footnote 730:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag730">(return)</a> +<p>Ross to Dole, April 2, 1863 [Indian Office General Files, +<i>Cherokee</i>, 1859-1865, R 87]; Commissioner of Indian Affairs, +<i>Report</i>, 1863, p. 23; Britton, <i>Civil War on the +Border</i>, vol. ii, 24-25; Moore, <i>Rebellion Record</i>, vol. +vi, 50; Eaton, <i>John Ross and the Cherokee Indians</i>, 196.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote731" name= +"footnote731"></a><b>Footnote 731:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag731">(return)</a> +<p>Britton [<i>Civil War on the Border</i>, vol. ii, 27 conveys the +idea that, while Phillips, truly enough, wished to enter the Indian +country at the earliest day practicable, he did not care to go +there before the Indian ponies could "live on the range." He knew +that the refugees at Neosho would insist upon following in his +wake. It would be heartless to expose them to starvation and to the +ravages of diseases like the small-pox. Nevertheless, the +correspondence of Phillips, scattered through the <i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 121-367, shows conclusively that +the weeks of waiting were weary ones.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page258" id="page258"></a>[pg +258]</span> +<p>His Indian soldiers loved him. They believed in him. He was able +to accomplish wonders in training them. He looked after their +welfare and he did his best to make the government and its agents +of the Indian Office keep faith with the refugees. Quite +strenuously, too, he advocated further enlistments from among the +Indians, especially from among those yet in Indian Territory. If +the United States did not take care, the Confederates would +successfully conscript where the Federals might easily recruit. In +this matter as in many another, he had Blunt's unwavering support; +for Blunt wanted the officers of the embryo fourth and fifth +regiments to secure their commands. Blunt's military district was +none too full of men.</p> +<p>March was then as now the planting season in the Arkansas Valley +and, as Phillips rightly argued, if the indigent Indians were not +to be completely pauperized, they ought to be given an opportunity +to be thrown once more upon their own resources, to be returned +home in time to put in crops. When the high waters subsided and the +rivers became fordable, he grew more insistent. There was grass in +the valley of the Arkansas and soon the Confederates would be +seizing the stock that it was supporting. He had held the line of +the Arkansas by means of scouts all winter, but scouting would not +be adequate much longer. The Confederates were beginning, in +imitation of the Federals, to attach indigents to their cause by +means of relief distribution and the "cropping season was wearing +on."</p> +<p>At the end of March, some rather unimportant changes were made +by Curtis in the district limits of his department and coincidently +Phillips moved over the border. The first of April his camp was at +Park Hill. His great desire was to seize Fort Smith; for he</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page259" id="page259"></a>[pg +259]</span> +<p>realized that not much recruiting could be done among the +Choctaws while that post remained in Confederate hands. Blunt +advised caution. It would not even do to attempt as yet any +permanent occupation south of the Arkansas. Dashes at the enemy +might be made, of course, but nothing more; for at any moment those +higher up might order a retrograde movement and anyhow no +additional support could be counted upon. Halleck was still calling +for men to go to Grant's assistance and accusing Curtis of keeping +too many needlessly in the West. The Vicksburg campaign was on.</p> +<p>The order that Blunt anticipated finally came and Curtis called +for Phillips to return. La Rue Harrison, foraging in +Arkansas,<a id="footnotetag732" name="footnotetag732"></a><a href= +"#footnote732"><sup>732</sup></a> was whining for assistance. +Phillips temporized, having no intention whatsoever of abandoning +his appointed goal. His arguments were unanswerable but Curtis like +Halleck could never be made to appreciate the plighted faith that +lay back of Indian participation in the war and the strategic +importance of Indian Territory. The northern Indian regiments, +pleaded Phillips, were never intended for use in Arkansas. Why +should they go there? It was doubtful if they could ever be induced +to go there again. They had been recruited to recover the Indian +Territory and now that they were within it they were going to stay +until the object had been attained. Phillips solicited Blunt's +backing and got it, to the extent, indeed, that Blunt informed +Curtis that if he wanted Indian Territory given up he must order it +himself and take the consequences. It was not given up but Phillips +suffered great embarrassments in holding it. The only support Blunt +could render him was to send a negro regiment to Baxter Springs to +protect supply</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote732" name= +"footnote732"></a><b>Footnote 732:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag732">(return)</a> +<p><i>Confederate Military History</i>, vol. x, 166-168.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page260" id="page260"></a>[pg +260]</span> +<p>trains. Guerrillas and bushwhackers were everywhere and +Phillips's command was half-starved. Smallpox<a id="footnotetag733" +name="footnotetag733"></a><a href="#footnote733"><sup>733</sup></a> +broke out and, as the men became more and more emaciated, gained +ground. Phillips continued to make occasional dashes at the enemy +and in a few engagements he was more than reasonably successful. +Webber's Falls was a case in point.</p> +<p>As May advanced, the political situation in Missouri seemed to +call loudly for a change in department commanders and President +Lincoln, quite on his own initiative apparently, selected Schofield +to succeed Curtis,<a id="footnotetag734" name= +"footnotetag734"></a><a href="#footnote734"><sup>734</sup></a> +Curtis having identified himself with a faction opposed to Governor +Gamble. The selection was obnoxious to many and to none more than +to Herron and to Blunt, whose military exploits Schofield had +belittled. The former threatened resignation if Schofield were +appointed but the latter restrained himself and for a brief space +all went well, Schofield even manifesting some sympathy for +Phillips at Fort Gibson, or Fort Blunt, as the post, newly +fortified, was now called. He declared that the Arkansas River must +be secured its entire length; but the Vicksburg campaign was still +demanding men and Phillips had to struggle on, unaided. Indeed, he +was finally told that if he could not hold on by himself he must +fall back and let the Indian Territory take care of itself until +Vicksburg should have fallen.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote733" name= +"footnote733"></a><b>Footnote 733:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag733">(return)</a> +<p>Britton, <i>Civil War on the Border</i>, vol. ii, 26.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote734" name= +"footnote734"></a><b>Footnote 734:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag734">(return)</a> +<p>A change had been resolved upon in March, E.V. Sumner being the +man chosen; but he died on the way out [Livermore, <i>Story of the +Civil War</i>, part iii, book i, 256]. Sumner had had a wide +experience with frontier conditions, first, in the marches of the +dragoons [Pelzer, <i>Marches of the Dragoons in the Mississippi +Valley</i>] later, in New Mexico [Abel, <i>Official Correspondence +of James S. Calhoun</i>], and, still later, in ante-bellum Kansas. +His experience had been far from uniformly fortunate but he had +learned a few very necessary lessons, lessons that Schofield had +yet to con.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page261" id="page261"></a>[pg +261]</span> +<p>The inevitable clash between Schofield and Blunt was not long +deferred. It came over a trifling matter but was fraught with +larger meanings.<a id="footnotetag735" name= +"footnotetag735"></a><a href="#footnote735"><sup>735</sup></a> It +was probably as much to get away from Schofield's near presence as +to see to things himself in Indian Territory that led Blunt to go +down in person to Fort Gibson. He arrived there on the eleventh of +July, taking Phillips entirely by surprise. Vicksburg had fallen +about a week before.</p> +<p>The difficulties besetting Colonel Phillips were more than +matched by those besetting General Steele. He, too, struggled on +unaided, nay, more, he was handicapped at every turn. Scarcely had +he taken command at Fort Smith when he was apprised of the fact +that the chief armorer there had been ordered to remove all the +tools to Arkadelphia.<a id="footnotetag736" name= +"footnotetag736"></a><a href="#footnote736"><sup>736</sup></a> +Steele was hard put to it to obtain any supplies at all.<a id= +"footnotetag737" name="footnotetag737"></a><a href= +"#footnote737"><sup>737</sup></a> Many that he did get the promise +of were diverted from their course,<a id="footnotetag738" name= +"footnotetag738"></a><a href="#footnote738"><sup>738</sup></a> just +as were General Pike's. This was true even in the case of +shoes.<a id="footnotetag739" name="footnotetag739"></a><a href= +"#footnote739"><sup>739</sup></a> He tried to fit his regiments out +one by one with the things the men required in readiness for a +spring campaign<a id="footnotetag740" name= +"footnotetag740"></a><a href="#footnote740"><sup>740</sup></a> but +it was up-hill work. And what was perfectly incomprehensible to him +was, that when his need was so great there was yet corn available +for private parties to speculate in and to realize enormous profits +on.<a id="footnotetag741" name="footnotetag741"></a><a href= +"#footnote741"><sup>741</sup></a> In April, the Indian regiments, +assembling and reforming in expectation of a call to action, made +special demands upon his granaries but they were</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote735" name= +"footnote735"></a><b>Footnote 735:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag735">(return)</a> +<p>June 9, orders issued redistricting Schofield's Department of +Missouri [<i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 315].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote736" name= +"footnote736"></a><b>Footnote 736:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag736">(return)</a> +<p><i>Confederate Records</i>, chap. 2, no. 270, p. 34.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote737" name= +"footnote737"></a><b>Footnote 737:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag737">(return)</a> +<p>Steele to Blair, February 10, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 87-88.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote738" name= +"footnote738"></a><b>Footnote 738:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag738">(return)</a> +<p>Steele to Anderson, February 8, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 81-82.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote739" name= +"footnote739"></a><b>Footnote 739:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag739">(return)</a> +<p>Duval to Cabell, May 15, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 244-245.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote740" name= +"footnote740"></a><b>Footnote 740:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag740">(return)</a> +<p>Steele to Cabell, March 19, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 148.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote741" name= +"footnote741"></a><b>Footnote 741:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag741">(return)</a> +<p>Steele to Anderson, March 22, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 158.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page262" id="page262"></a>[pg +262]</span> +<p>nearly empty.<a id="footnotetag742" name= +"footnotetag742"></a><a href="#footnote742"><sup>742</sup></a> It +was not possible for him to furnish corn for seed or, finally, the +necessaries of life to indigent Indians. Indian affairs +complicated, his situation tremendously.<a id="footnotetag743" +name="footnotetag743"></a><a href="#footnote743"><sup>743</sup></a> +He could get no funds and no</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote742" name= +"footnote742"></a><b>Footnote 742:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag742">(return)</a> +<p>Steele to Anderson, April 3, 1863, <i>Confederate Records</i>, +179-180.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote743" name= +"footnote743"></a><b>Footnote 743:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag743">(return)</a> +<p>For instance the officers of the First Cherokee regiment had a +serious dispute as to the ranking authority among them +[<i>ibid</i>., Letter from Steele, March 14, 1863, p. 143]. The +following letters indicate that there were other troubles and other +tribes in trouble also:</p> +<p>(a)</p> +<p>"Your communication of 13 Inst. is to hand. I am directed by the +Commanding Gen'l to express to you his warmest sympathy in behalf +of your oppressed people, and his desire and determination to do +all that may be in his power to correct existing evils and +ameliorate the condition of the loyal Cherokees. The Gen'l feels +proud to know that a large portion of your people, actuated by a +high spirit of patriotism, have shown themselves steadfast and +unyielding in their allegiance to our Government notwithstanding +the bitter hardships and cruel ruthless outrages to which they have +been subjected.</p> +<p>"It is hoped that the time is not very far distant, when your +people may again proudly walk their own soil, exalted in the +feeling, perhaps with the consciousness that our cruel and cowardly +foe has been adequately punished and humiliated.</p> +<p>"Your communication has been ford. to Lt Gen'l Holmes with the +urgent request that immediate steps be taken to bring your people +fully within the pale of civilized warfare.</p> +<p>"It is hoped that there may be no delay in a matter so vitally +important.</p> +<p>"We are looking daily for the arrival of Boats from below with +corn, tis the wish of the Gen'l that the necessitous Indians sh'd +be supplied from this place. Boats w'd be sent farther up the +river, were we otherwise circumstanced. As it is the Boats have +necessarily to run the gauntlet of the enemy—The Gen'l +however hopes to be able to keep the River free to navigation until +a sufficient supply of corn to carry us through the winter can be +accumulated at this place.</p> +<p>"You will receive notice of the arrival of corn so that it may +be conveyed to the Indians needing it."—CROSBY to Stand +Watie, commanding First Cherokee Regiment, February 16, 1863, +<i>ibid</i>., pp. 91-93.</p> +<p>(b)</p> +<p>"I am directed by Gen'l Steele to say that a delegation from the +Creeks have visited him since your departure and a full discussion +has been had of such matters as they are interested in.</p> +<p>"They brought with them a letter from the Principal Chief Moty +Kennard asking that the Cattle taken from the refugee Creeks be +turned over to the use of the loyal people of the nation. The Gen. +Com'dg has ordered a disposition of these Cattle to be made in +accordance with the wishes of the chief. If necessary please give +such instructions as will attain this object. (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page263" id="page263"></a>[pg +263]</span> +<p>instructions from Richmond so he dealt with the natives as best +he could.<a id="footnotetag744" name="footnotetag744"></a><a href= +"#footnote744"><sup>744</sup></a> Small-pox became epidemic</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 743:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag743">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) No Boats yet. Will endeavor to send one up the river +should more than one arrive."—Crosby to D.H. Cooper, February +19, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., p. 97.</p> +<p>(c)</p> +<p>"I enclose, herewith, a letter from the agent of the Seminoles. +You will see from that letter the danger we are in from neglecting +the wants of the Indians. I have never had one cent of money +pertaining to the Indian superintendency, nor have I received any +copies of treaties, nor anything else that would give me an insight +into the affairs of that Department. I wrote, soon after my arrival +at this place, to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs but have +received no reply. If you have any knowledge of the whereabouts of +the superintendent who has been lately appointed I hope you will +urge upon him the necessity of coming at once and attending to +these matters."—STEELE to Anderson, April 6, 1863, +<i>ibid</i>., 180.</p> +<p>(d)</p> +<p>"I have today received a long letter from the Chief of the +Osages, which I enclose for your perusal. Maj. Dorn came in from +Texas a few days since, and has, I understand, gone down to Little +Rock on the steamer 'Tahlequah.' It is certainly represented that a +portion of the funds in his hands is in specie. Please have the +latter surely delivered. Please return Black Dog's letter unless +you wish to forward it."—STEELE to Holmes, May 16, 1863, +<i>ibid</i>., 249.</p> +<p>(e)</p> +<p>"Letters, received today, indicate a great necessity for your +presence with the tribe for whom you are Agent. I wish you, +therefore, to visit them, and relieve the discontent, as far as the +means in your hands will permit. The Osage Chief, 'Black Dog,' now +acting as 1st Chief, claims that certain money has been turned over +to you for certain purposes, for which they have received +nothing."—STEELE to A.J. Dorn, May 16, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., +249.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote744" name= +"footnote744"></a><b>Footnote 744:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag744">(return)</a> +<p>"Your letter of May 6th, with letter of Black Dog enclosed, has +been received and the enclosure forwarded to Lieut. Gen. Holmes for +his information. The General Com'dg desires me to express his +regrets that the affairs of the Osage and Seminole tribes should be +in such a deplorable condition, but he is almost powerless, at +present, to remedy the evils you so justly complain of. He has +written again and again to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs at +Richmond requesting instructions in the discharge of his duties as +ex-officio Superintendent of Indian Affairs, but not a word has +ever been received in reply to his reiterated requests, owing +probably to the difficulty of communication between this point and +the Capital. He has also requested that funds be sent him to +liquidate the just demands of our Indian Allies, but from the same +cause his requests have met with no response. You must readily +appreciate the difficulties under which Gen. Steele necessarily +labors. In fact his action is completely paralized by the want of +instructions and funds. In connection with this he has been +compelled to exert every faculty in defending the line of the +Arkansas River against an enemy, vastly his superior in arms, +numbers, artillery and everything that adds to the efficiency of an +army, and consequently has not been able to pay (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page264" id="page264"></a>[pg +264]</span> +<p>among his men,<a id="footnotetag745" name= +"footnotetag745"></a><a href="#footnote745"><sup>745</sup></a> as +among Phillips's—and from like causes.</p> +<p>Then General Steele had difficulty in getting his men and the +right kind of men together. Lawless Arkansans were unduly desirous +of joining the Indian regiments, thinking that discipline there +would be lax enough to suit their requirements.<a id= +"footnotetag746" name="footnotetag746"></a><a href= +"#footnote746"><sup>746</sup></a> Miscellaneous conscripting by +ex-officers of Arkansan troops gave much cause for annoyance<a id= +"footnotetag747" name="footnotetag747"></a><a href= +"#footnote747"><sup>747</sup></a> as did also Cooper's unauthorized +commissioning of officers to a regiment made</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 744:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag744">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) that attention to the business of the superintendency +that he would under other circumstances.</p> +<p>"It was stated, some time ago, in the newspapers, that a +superintendent had been appointed in Richmond, and the General +Com'dg has been anxiously expecting his arrival for several weeks. +He earnestly hopes that the superintendent may soon reach the field +of his labors, provided with instructions, funds and everything +necessary to the discharge of his important duties.</p> +<p>"Major Dorn, the Agent for the Osages, was here, a few days ago, +but he is now in Little Rock. The General has written to him, +requiring him to come up immediately, visit the tribe for which he +is the Agent and relieve their necessities as far as the means in +his hands will permit.</p> +<p>"The General has been offically informed that Major D. has in +his possession, for the use of the Osages twenty odd thousand +dollars.</p> +<p>"I have to apologize, on the part of Gen'l Steele, for the +various letters which have been received from you, and which still +remain unanswered, but his excuse must be that, in the absence of +proper instructions etc. he was really unable to answer your +questions or comply with your requests, and he cannot make promises +that there is not, at least, a <i>very strong probability</i> of +his being able to fulfil. Too much harm has already been occasioned +in the Indian Country by reckless promises, and he considers it +better, in every point of view, to deal openly and frankly with the +Indians than to hold out expectations that are certain not to be +realized.</p> +<p>"It is not possible, however, to say in a letter what could be +so much better said in a personal interview, and the Gen'l +therefore, desires me to say that as soon as your duties will admit +of your absence, he will be happy to see and converse with you +fully and freely at his Head Quarters" [<i>ibid</i>., no. 268, pp. +27-29].</p> +<p>On this same subject, see also Steele to Wigfall, April 15, +1863, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 819-821.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote745" name= +"footnote745"></a><b>Footnote 745:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag745">(return)</a> +<p><i>Confederate Records</i>, chap. 2, no. 270, p. 220.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote746" name= +"footnote746"></a><b>Footnote 746:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag746">(return)</a> +<p>Steele to Anderson, May 9, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 233-234.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote747" name= +"footnote747"></a><b>Footnote 747:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag747">(return)</a> +<p>Same to same, March 1, and 3, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 112-113, +113-114.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page265" id="page265"></a>[pg +265]</span> +<p>out of odd battalions and independent companies.<a id= +"footnotetag748" name="footnotetag748"></a><a href= +"#footnote748"><sup>748</sup></a> Cooper, in fact, seemed bent upon +tantalizing Steele and many of the Indians were behind him.<a id= +"footnotetag749" name="footnotetag749"></a><a href= +"#footnote749"><sup>749</sup></a> Colonel Tandy Walker was +especially his supporter. Cooper had been Walker's choice for +department commander<a id="footnotetag750" name= +"footnotetag750"></a><a href="#footnote750"><sup>750</sup></a> and +continued so, in spite of all Steele's honest attempts to +propitiate him and in spite of his promise to use every exertion to +satisfy Choctaw needs generally.<a id="footnotetag751" name= +"footnotetag751"></a><a href="#footnote751"><sup>751</sup></a> To +Tandy Walker Steele entrusted the business of recruiting anew among +the Choctaws.<a id="footnotetag752" name= +"footnotetag752"></a><a href="#footnote752"><sup>752</sup></a></p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote748" name= +"footnote748"></a><b>Footnote 748:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag748">(return)</a> +<p>Steele to Anderson, February 13, 1863, <i>Confederate +Records</i>, chap 2, no. 270, p. 89.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote749" name= +"footnote749"></a><b>Footnote 749:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag749">(return)</a> +<p>It was not true, apparently, that the Chickasaws were +dissatisfied with Cooper. See the evidence furnished by themselves, +<i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 1116-1117.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote750" name= +"footnote750"></a><b>Footnote 750:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag750">(return)</a> +<p><i>Confederate Military History</i>, vol. x, 134, +<i>footnote</i>.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote751" name= +"footnote751"></a><b>Footnote 751:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag751">(return)</a> +<p>Steele to Tandy Walker, February 25, 1863, <i>Confederate +Records</i>, chap. 2; no. 270, p. 109.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote752" name= +"footnote752"></a><b>Footnote 752:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag752">(return)</a> +<p>Crosby to Walker, March 11, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., p. 136. Steele +thought that the Indians might as well be employed in a military +way since they were more than likely to be a public charge. To +Colonel Anderson he wrote, March 22, 1863 [<i>ibid</i>., p. 155], +"I forward the above copy of a letter from Gen'l Cooper for Gen'l +Holmes' information. I purpose if not otherwise directed to call +out all the available force of the Nations within the conscript +age.... They have to be fed and might as well be organized and put +into a position to be useful." From the correspondence of Steele, +it would seem that there was some trouble over Walker's promotion. +April 10, Steele wrote again to Anderson on the subject of Indian +enrollment in the ranks and referred to the other matter.</p> +<p>"The enclosed copy of some articles in the Treaty between the +C.S. Govt and the Choctaws with remarks by Gen'l Cooper are +submitted for the consideration of the Lt. Gen'l.</p> +<p>"It appears that Col. Walker was recommended to fill the vacancy +made by the promotion of Col. Cooper, the right being given by the +treaty to appoint to the office of Col., the other offices being +filled by election, and that at the time, the enemy were at Van +Buren. Col. Walker being at the convenient point was put upon duty +by Col. Cooper and has since been recognized by several acts of my +own, not however with a full knowledge of the circumstances. That +under instructions from Gen'l Hindman a Regt was being organized +which it was expected would be commanded by Col. Folsom, the whole +of which appears to be a very good arrangement. The necessity that +exists of feeding nearly all the Indians would seem to present an +(cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page266" id="page266"></a>[pg +266]</span> +<p>Furloughs and desertions were the bane of Steele's +existence.<a id="footnotetag753" name="footnotetag753"></a><a href= +"#footnote753"><sup>753</sup></a> In these respects Alexander's +brigade,</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 752:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag752">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) additional reason for having them in service. Companies +are also being organized from the Reserve Indians, with the view to +replace white troops with them who are now engaged protecting the +frontier from the incursions of the wild tribes. Moreover the +enemy's forces being composed partially of Indians, the troops +would be effective against them, when they might not be against +other troops..." [<i>ibid</i>., pp. 186-187]. Appointments, as well +as promotions, within the Indian service caused Steele much +perplexity. See Steele to Anderson, April 13, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., +pp. 190-191.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote753" name= +"footnote753"></a><b>Footnote 753:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag753">(return)</a> +<p>Steele thought it desirable to arrest all men, at large, who +were subject to military duty under the conscript act, unless they +could produce evidence "of a right to remain off duty" [Crosby to +Colonel Newton, January 12, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., p. 32]. Presumably +whole companies were deserting their posts [Crosby to Cooper, +February 1, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., pp. 66-67]. It was suggested that +some deserters should be permitted to organize against jayhawkers +as, under sanction from Holmes, had been the case with deserters in +the Magazine Mountains [Steele to Anderson, February 1, 1863, +<i>ibid</i>., p. 67]. When word came that the Federals were about +to organize militia in northwestern Arkansas, Steele ordered that +all persons, subject to military duty, who should fail to enroll +themselves before February 6, should be treated as bushwhackers +[same to same, February 3, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., pp. 69-70]. Colonel +Charles DeMorse, whose Texas regiment had been ordered, February +15, to report to Cooper [Crosby to DeMorse, February 15, 1863, +<i>ibid</i>.,], asked to be allowed to make an expedition against +the wild tribes. Some two hundred fifty citizens would be more than +glad to accompany it. Steele was indignant and Duval, at his +direction, wrote thus to Cooper, April 19: "... Now if these men +were so anxious to march three or four hundred miles to <i>find</i> +the enemy, they could certainly be induced to take up arms +<i>temporarily</i> in defence of their immediate homes" +[<i>ibid</i>., p. 203]. It was not that Steele objected to +expeditions against the wild tribes but he was disgusted with the +lack of patriotism and military enthusiasm among the Texans and +Arkansans. Colonel W.P. Lane's regiment of Texas Partizan Rangers +was another that had to be chided for its dilatoriness +[<i>ibid</i>., pp. 168-169, 199, 234]. Deficient means of +transportation was oftentimes the excuse given for failure to +appear but Steele's complaint to Anderson, April 10 [<i>ibid</i>., +185-186], was very much more to the point. He wrote,</p> +<p>"... I find that men are kept back upon every pretext; that +QrMasters and Govt Agents or persons calling themselves such have +detailed them to drive teams hauling cotton to Mexico, and employed +them about the Gov't agencies. This cotton speculating mania is +thus doing us great injury besides taking away all the +transportation in the country...." Public feeling in Texas was on +the side of deserters to a very great extent and in one instance, +at least, Steele was forced to defer to it, "You will desist from +the attempt to take the deserters from Hart's Company or any other +in northern Texas if the state of public feeling is such that it +cannot be done without (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page267" id="page267"></a>[pg +267]</span> +<p>within which Colonel Phillips had detected traitors to the +Confederate cause,<a id="footnotetag754" name= +"footnotetag754"></a><a href="#footnote754"><sup>754</sup></a> was, +perhaps, the most incorrigible.<a id="footnotetag755" name= +"footnotetag755"></a><a href="#footnote755"><sup>755</sup></a> From +department headquarters came impassioned appeals<a id= +"footnotetag756" name="footnotetag756"></a><a href= +"#footnote756"><sup>756</sup></a> for activity and for loyalty +but</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 753:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag753">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) danger of producing a collision with the people. The men +are no doubt deserters, but we have no men to spare, to enforce the +arrest at the present time" [Steele to Captain Randolph, July i, +1863, <i>ibid</i>., p. 116. See also Steele to Borland, July 1, +1863, <i>ibid</i>., no. 268, p. 117]. When West's Battery was +ordered to report at Fort Smith it was discovered going in the +opposite direction [Steele to J.E. Harrison, April 25, 1863, +<i>ibid</i>., no. 270, p. 213; Duval to Harrison, May 1, 1863, +<i>ibid</i>., p. 221; Steele to Anderson, May 9, 1863, +<i>ibid</i>., p. 233; Steele to Cooper, May 11 1863, <i>ibid</i>., +pp. 237-238].</p> +<p>One expedition to the plains that Steele distinctly encouraged +was that organized by Captain Wells [Steele to Cooper, March 16, +1863, <i>ibid</i>., pp. 145-146]. It was designed that Wells's +command should operate on the western frontier of Kansas and +intercept trains on the Santa Fé trail [Steele to Anderson, +April 17, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., p. 197].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote754" name= +"footnote754"></a><b>Footnote 754:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag754">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, p. 62.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote755" name= +"footnote755"></a><b>Footnote 755:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag755">(return)</a> +<p>For correspondence with Alexander objecting to further +furloughing and urging the need of promptness, see <i>Confederate +Records</i>, chap. 2, no. 270, pp. 121-122, 163-164, 170, 178-179, +210-211.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote756" name= +"footnote756"></a><b>Footnote 756:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag756">(return)</a> +<p>The following are illustrations:</p> +<p>"... Every exertion is being made and the Gen'l feels confident +that the means will be attained of embarking in an early spring +campaign. It only remains for the officers and men to come forward +to duty in a spirit of willingness and cheerfulness to render the +result of operations in the Dept (or beyond it as the case may be) +not only successful but to add fresh renown to the soldiers whom he +has the honor to command ..."—CROSBY to Talliaferro, February +24, 1863, <i>Confederate Records</i>, chap. 2, no. 270, pp. +105-106.</p> +<p>"The Commanding Gen'l would be gratified to grant the within +petition were it compatible with the interests of the service and +the cause which petitioners 'Hold dearer than life.' He is fully +aware of the many urgent reasons which a number of officers and men +have for visiting their homes, providing for their families, etc., +etc.</p> +<p>"The Enemy conscious of his superior strength is constantly +threatening the small force that now holds him in check on the line +of the Arkansas river. Speight's Brigade was sent to their present +position—not because they were not needed here—but for +the reason that it was an utter impossibility to subsist it in this +region.</p> +<p>"Every consideration of patriotism and duty imperiously demands +the presence of every officer and soldier belonging to this +command. The season of active operations is at hand. The enemy in +our front is actively employed in accumulating supplies and +transportation and in massing, drilling, and disciplining his +troops. His advance cannot be expected to be long (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page268" id="page268"></a>[pg +268]</span> +<p>without telling or lasting effect. The Confederate service in +Indian Territory was honeycombed with fraud and corruption.<a id= +"footnotetag757" name="footnotetag757"></a><a href= +"#footnote757"><sup>757</sup></a> Wastrels, desperadoes, scamps of +every sort luxuriated at Indian expense. It was no wonder that +false muster rolls had to be guarded against.<a id="footnotetag758" +name="footnotetag758"></a><a href="#footnote758"><sup>758</sup></a> +The Texans showed throughout so great an aversion to the giving of +themselves or of their worldly goods<a id="footnotetag759" name= +"footnotetag759"></a><a href="#footnote759"><sup>759</sup></a> to +the salvation of the country that</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 756:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag756">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) delayed. This enemy is made up of Kansas Jayhawkers, +'Pin Indians,' and Traitors from Missouri, Arkansas and Texas. The +ruin, devastation, oppression, and tyranny that has marked his +progress has no parallel in history. The last official Report from +your Brigade shews a sad state of weakness. Were the enemy informed +on this point <i>our line of defence would soon be transferred from +the Arkansas to Red river</i>. In the name of God, our country and +all that is near and dear to us, let us discard from our minds +every other consideration than that of a firm, fixed, and manly +determination to do our duty and our whole duty to our country in +her hour of peril and need. The season is propitious for an +advance. Let not supineness, indifference and a lack of enthusiasm +in a just and holy cause, compel a retreat Texas is the great +Commissary Depot west of the Mississippi. The enemy must be kept as +far from her rich fields and countless herds, as possible. Let us +cheerfully, harmoniously, and in a spirit of manly sacrifice bend +every energy mental and physical to preparations for a forward +movement. The foregoing reasons for a refusal to grant leave of +absence will serve as an answer in all similar cases and will be +disseminated among the officers and men of the Brigade by the +Commanders thereof."—CROSBY, by command of Steele, March 20, +1863, <i>Confederate Records</i>, chap. 2, no. 270, pp. +151-152.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote757" name= +"footnote757"></a><b>Footnote 757:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag757">(return)</a> +<p>J.A. Scales to Adair, April 12, 1863, <i>Official Records</i>, +vol. xxii, part ii, 821-822.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote758" name= +"footnote758"></a><b>Footnote 758:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag758">(return)</a> +<p><i>Confederate Records</i>, chap. 2, no. 270, p. 224.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote759" name= +"footnote759"></a><b>Footnote 759:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag759">(return)</a> +<p>Holmes, as early as March, warned Steele that he would have to +get his supplies soon from Texas. It would not be possible to draw +them much longer from the Arkansas River. He was told to prepare to +get them in Texas "at all hazard," which instruction was construed +by Steele to mean, "take it, if you cant buy it" [<i>ibid</i>., +145-146]. It was probably the prospect of having to use force or +compulsion that made Steele so interested, late in May, in finding +out definitely whether Hindman's acts in Arkansas had really been +legalized [Steele to Blair, May 22, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 34]. +Appreciating that it was matter of vital concern that the grain +crop in northern Texas should be harvested, Steele was at a loss to +know how to deal with petitions that solicited furloughs for the +purpose [Steele to Anderson, May 4, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 227; Duval +to Cabell, May 7, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 230-231]. Perhaps, it was a +concession to some such need that induced him, in June, to permit +seven day furloughs [Duval to Cooper, June 27, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., +no. 268, p. 100].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page269" id="page269"></a>[pg +269]</span> +<p>Steele in despair cried out, "... it does appear as if the Texas +troops on this frontier were determined to tarnish the proud fame +that Texans have won in other fields."<a id="footnotetag760" name= +"footnotetag760"></a><a href="#footnote760"><sup>760</sup></a> The +Arkansans were no better and no worse. The most fitting employment +for many, the whole length and breadth of Steele's department, was +the mere "ferreting out of jayhawkers and deserters."<a id= +"footnotetag761" name="footnotetag761"></a><a href= +"#footnote761"><sup>761</sup></a></p> +<p>The Trans-Mississippi departmental change, effected in January, +was of short duration, so short that it could never surely have +been intended to be anything but transitional. In February the +parts were re-united and Kirby Smith put in command of the +whole,<a id="footnotetag762" name="footnotetag762"></a><a href= +"#footnote762"><sup>762</sup></a> President Davis explaining, not +very candidly, that no dissatisfaction with Holmes was thereby +implied.<a id="footnotetag763" name="footnotetag763"></a><a href= +"#footnote763"><sup>763</sup></a> Smith was the ranking officer and +entitled to the first consideration. Moreover, Holmes had once +implored that a substitute for himself be sent out. As a matter of +fact, Holmes had become too much entangled with Hindman, too much +identified with all that Arkansans objected to in Hindman,<a id= +"footnotetag764" name="footnotetag764"></a><a href= +"#footnote764"><sup>764</sup></a> his intolerance, his arrogance, +his illegalities, for him to be retained longer, with complacency, +in chief command. Hindman and he were largely to blame for the +necessity<a id="footnotetag765" name="footnotetag765"></a><a href= +"#footnote765"><sup>765</sup></a> of suspending the privilege of +the writ of <i>habeas corpus</i> in Arkansas and the adjacent +Indian country, which had just been done. Strong</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote760" name= +"footnote760"></a><b>Footnote 760:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag760">(return)</a> +<p>Steele to Alexander, April 23, 1863, <i>Confederate Records</i>, +no. 270, pp. 210-211.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote761" name= +"footnote761"></a><b>Footnote 761:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag761">(return)</a> +<p>Duval to Colonel John King, June 30, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., no. +268, p. 110.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote762" name= +"footnote762"></a><b>Footnote 762:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag762">(return)</a> +<p>Livermore, <i>Story of the Civil War</i>, part iii, book i, p. +255.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote763" name= +"footnote763"></a><b>Footnote 763:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag763">(return)</a> +<p>Davis to Holmes, February 26, 1863, <i>Official Records</i>, +vol. liii, supplement, 849-850.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote764" name= +"footnote764"></a><b>Footnote 764:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag764">(return)</a> +<p>Davis to Holmes, January 28, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 846-847.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote765" name= +"footnote765"></a><b>Footnote 765:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag765">(return)</a> +<p>The necessity was exceedingly great. Take, for instance, the +situation at Fort Smith, where the citizens themselves asked for +the establishment of martial law in order that lives and property +might be reasonably secure [Crosby to Mayor Joseph Bennett, January +10, 1863, <i>Confederate Records</i>, chap. 2, no. 270, pp. +33-34].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page270" id="page270"></a>[pg +270]</span> +<p>political pressure was exerted in Richmond<a id="footnotetag766" +name="footnotetag766"></a><a href="#footnote766"><sup>766</sup></a> +and the Arkansas delegation in Congress demanded Hindman's +recall,<a id="footnotetag767" name="footnotetag767"></a><a href= +"#footnote767"><sup>767</sup></a> Holmes's displacement, and Kirby +Smith's appointment. The loss of that historic fort, Arkansas +Post,<a id="footnotetag768" name="footnotetag768"></a><a href= +"#footnote768"><sup>768</sup></a> also a tardy appreciation of the +economic value of the Arkansas Valley and, incidentally, of the +entire Trans-Mississippi Department,<a id="footnotetag769" name= +"footnotetag769"></a><a href="#footnote769"><sup>769</sup></a> had +really determined matters; but, fortunately, the supersedure of +Holmes by Smith did not affect the position of Steele.</p> +<p>Steele divined that the Federals would naturally make an early +attempt to occupy in force the country north of the Arkansas River +and beyond it to the southward in what had hitherto been a strictly +Confederate stronghold. It was his intention to forestall them. The +two Cherokee regiments constituted, for some little time, his best +available troops and them he kept in almost constant motion.<a id= +"footnotetag770" name="footnotetag770"></a><a href= +"#footnote770"><sup>770</sup></a> His great reliance, and well it +might be, was upon Stand Watie, whom he had</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote766" name= +"footnote766"></a><b>Footnote 766:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag766">(return)</a> +<p>Davis to Garland, March 28, 1863, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. +liii, supplement, 861-863; Davis to the Arkansas delegation, March +30, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 863-865.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote767" name= +"footnote767"></a><b>Footnote 767:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag767">(return)</a> +<p>Hindman was not immediately recalled; but he soon manifested an +unwillingness to continue under Holmes [<i>ibid</i>., 848]. He had +very pronounced opinions about some of his associates. Price he +thought of as a breeder of factions and Holmes as an honest man but +unsystematic. In the summer, he actually asked for an assignment to +Indian Territory [<i>ibid</i>., vol. xxii, part ii, 895].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote768" name= +"footnote768"></a><b>Footnote 768:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag768">(return)</a> +<p>Livermore, <i>Story of the Civil War</i>, part iii, book i, 85. +Davis would fain have believed that so great a disaster had not +befallen the Confederate arms [Letter to Holmes, January 28, 1863, +<i>Official Records</i>, vol. liii, supplement, 847].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote769" name= +"footnote769"></a><b>Footnote 769:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag769">(return)</a> +<p>Perhaps, it is scarcely fair to intimate that the +Trans-Mississippi Department was regarded as unimportant at this +stage. It was only relatively so. In proof of that, see Davis to +Governor Flanagin, April 3, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 865-866; Davis to +Johnson, July 14, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 879-880. When Kirby Smith +tarried late in the assumption of his enlarged duties, Secretary +Seddon pointed out the increasingly great significance of them +[Letter to Smith, March 18, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., vol. xxii, part ii, +pp. 802-803].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote770" name= +"footnote770"></a><b>Footnote 770:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag770">(return)</a> +<p>Steele to Cabell, April 18, 1863, <i>Confederate Records</i>, +no. 270, p. 199.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page271" id="page271"></a>[pg +271]</span> +<p>brought up betimes within convenient distance of Fort +Smith<a id="footnotetag771" name="footnotetag771"></a><a href= +"#footnote771"><sup>771</sup></a> and with whom, in April, +Phillips's men had two successful encounters, on the +fourteenth<a id="footnotetag772" name="footnotetag772"></a><a href= +"#footnote772"><sup>772</sup></a> and the twenty-fifth. The one of +the twenty-fifth was at Webber's Falls and especially noteworthy, +since, as a Federal victory, it prevented a convening of the +secessionist Cherokee Council,<a id="footnotetag773" name= +"footnotetag773"></a><a href="#footnote773"><sup>773</sup></a> for +which, so important did he deem it, Steele had planned an extra +protection.<a id="footnotetag774" name= +"footnotetag774"></a><a href="#footnote774"><sup>774</sup></a> The +completeness of the Federal victory was marred by the loss of Dr. +Gillpatrick,<a id="footnotetag775" name= +"footnotetag775"></a><a href="#footnote775"><sup>775</sup></a> who +had so excellently served the ends of diplomacy between the Indian +Expedition and John Ross.</p> +<p>Through May and June, engagements, petty in themselves but +contributing each its mite to ultimate success or failure, occupied +detachments of the opposing Indian forces with considerable +frequency.<a id="footnotetag776" name="footnotetag776"></a><a href= +"#footnote776"><sup>776</sup></a> Two, devised by Cooper, those of +the fourteenth<a id="footnotetag777" name= +"footnotetag777"></a><a href="#footnote777"><sup>777</sup></a> and +twentieth<a id="footnotetag778" name="footnotetag778"></a><a href= +"#footnote778"><sup>778</sup></a> of May may be said to +characterize the entire</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote771" name= +"footnote771"></a><b>Footnote 771:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag771">(return)</a> +<p>"You will order Colonel Stand Watie to move his command down the +Ark. River to some point in the vicinity of Fort +Smith."—CROSBY to Cooper, February 14, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., p. +90.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote772" name= +"footnote772"></a><b>Footnote 772:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag772">(return)</a> +<p>Britton, <i>Civil War on the Border</i>, vol. ii, 37.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote773" name= +"footnote773"></a><b>Footnote 773:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag773">(return)</a> +<p>Phillips to Curtis, April 26, 1863, <i>Official Records</i>, +vol. xxii, part i, 314-315; Britton, <i>Civil War on the +Border</i>, vol. ii, 40-41. Mrs. Anderson, in her <i>Life of +General Stand Watie</i>, denies categorically that the meeting of +the council was interrupted on this occasion [p. 22] and cites the +recollections of "living veterans" in proof.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote774" name= +"footnote774"></a><b>Footnote 774:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag774">(return)</a> +<p>"I am directed by the General Com'dg to say that he deems it +advisable that you should move your Hd. Qrs. higher up the river, +say in the vicinity of Webber's Falls or Pheasant Bluff. He is +desirous that you should be somewhere near the Council when that +body meets, so that any attempt of the enemy to interfere with +their deliberations may be thwarted by you."—DUVAL to Cooper, +April 22, 1863, <i>Confederate Records</i>, chap. 2, no. 270, p. +209.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote775" name= +"footnote775"></a><b>Footnote 775:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag775">(return)</a> +<p>Britton, <i>Civil War on the Border</i>, vol. ii, 42.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote776" name= +"footnote776"></a><b>Footnote 776:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag776">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., vol. ii, chapters vi and vii.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote777" name= +"footnote777"></a><b>Footnote 777:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag777">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. liii, supplement, 469.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote778" name= +"footnote778"></a><b>Footnote 778:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag778">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., vol. xxii, part i, 337-338; <i>Confederate +Records</i>, chap. 2, no. 268, p. 34.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page272" id="page272"></a>[pg +272]</span> +<p>series and were nothing but fruitless demonstrations to seize +the Federal grazing herds. A brilliant cavalry raid, undertaken by +Stand Watie and for the same purpose, a little later, was slightly +more successful;<a id="footnotetag779" name= +"footnotetag779"></a><a href="#footnote779"><sup>779</sup></a> but +even its fair showing was reversed in the subsequent skirmish at +Greenleaf Prairie, June 16.<a id="footnotetag780" name= +"footnotetag780"></a><a href="#footnote780"><sup>780</sup></a> To +the northward, something more serious was happening, since actions, +having their impetus in Arkansas,<a id="footnotetag781" name= +"footnotetag781"></a><a href="#footnote781"><sup>781</sup></a> were +endangering Phillips's line of communication with Fort Scott, his +base and his depot of supplies. In reality, Phillips was hard +pressed and no one knew better than he how precarious his situation +was. Among his minor troubles was the refusal of his Creeks to +charge in the engagement of May 20.</p> +<p>The refusal of the Creeks to charge was not, however, indicative +of any widespread disaffection.<a id="footnotetag782" name= +"footnotetag782"></a><a href="#footnote782"><sup>782</sup></a> +So</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote779" name= +"footnote779"></a><b>Footnote 779:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag779">(return)</a> +<p>Anderson, 20-21. Interestingly enough, about this time Cooper +reported that he could get plenty of beef where he was and at a +comparatively low price, <i>Confederate Records</i>, chap. 2, no. +268, pp. 60-61.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote780" name= +"footnote780"></a><b>Footnote 780:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag780">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part i, 348-352.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote781" name= +"footnote781"></a><b>Footnote 781:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag781">(return)</a> +<p>Not all got their impetus there. The following letter although +not sent, contains internal evidence that Cooper was concocting +some of them:</p> +<p>"I learn unofficially that Gen'l Cooper, having received notice +of the approach of a train of supplies for Gibson, was about +crossing the Arkansas with the largest part of his force, to +intercept it. It is reported that the train would have been in 15 +miles of Gibson last night. If Gen'l Cooper succeeds Phillips will +leave soon, if not he will probably remain some time longer. Be +prepared to move in case he leaves."—STEELE to Cabell, June +24, 1863, <i>Confederate Records</i>, chap. 2, no. 268, p. 96.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote782" name= +"footnote782"></a><b>Footnote 782:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag782">(return)</a> +<p>The following letter shows the nature of the Creek +disaffection:</p> +<p>DEAR GREAT FATHER: Sir, The wicked rebellion in the United +States has caused a division in the Nation. Some of our many loving +leaders have joined the rebels merely for speculation and +consequently divided our people and that brought ruin in our +Nation. They had help near and ours was far so that our ruin was +sure. We saw this plain beforehand. Therefore we concluded to go to +you our great father, remembering the treaty that you have made +with us long ago in which you promised us protection. This was the +cause that made us to go and meet you in your white house about +eighteen months ago and there laid our complaint before you, as a +weaker brother wronged of his rights by a stronger brother and you +promised us your protection; but before we got back to our people +they were (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page273" id="page273"></a>[pg +273]</span> +<p>honorably had Phillips been conducting himself with reference to +Indian affairs, so promptly and generously had he discharged his +obligations to the refugees who had been harbored at +Neosho—they had all returned now from exile<a id= +"footnotetag783" name="footnotetag783"></a><a href= +"#footnote783"><sup>783</sup></a>—so successfully had he +everywhere encountered the foe that the Indians, far and wide, were +beginning to look to him for succor,<a id="footnotetag784" name= +"footnotetag784"></a><a href="#footnote784"><sup>784</sup></a> many +of them to</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 782:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag782">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) made to leave their humble and peaceful home and also +all their property and traveled towards north in the woods without +roads not only that but they were followed, so that they had to +fight three battles so as to keep their families from being taken +away from them. In the last fight they were overpowered by a +superior force so they had to get away the best way they can and +most every thing they had was taken away from them ... Now this was +the way we left our country and this was the condition of our +people when we entered within the bounds of the State of Kansas +...</p> +<p>Now Great Father you have promised to help us in clearing out +our country so that we could bring back our families to their homes +and moreover we have enlisted as home guards to defend our country +and it will be twelve months in a few weeks ... but there is +nothing done as yet in our country. We have spent our time in the +states of Mo. and Arks. and in the Cherokee Nation. We are here in +Ft. Gibson over a month. Our enemies are just across the river and +our pickets and theirs are fighting most every day ...</p> +<p>There is only three regts. of Indians and a few whites are here. +Our enemy are gathering fast from all sides ...</p> +<p>A soldier's rights we know but little but it seems to us that +our rations are getting shorter all the time but that may be on +account of the teams for it have to be hauled a great +ways.—CREEKS to the President of the United States, May 16, +1863, Office of Indian Affairs, General Files, <i>Creek</i>, +1860-1869, O 6 of 1863.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote783" name= +"footnote783"></a><b>Footnote 783:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag783">(return)</a> +<p>Britton's account of the return of the Cherokee exiles is +recommended for perusal. It could scarcely be excelled. See, +<i>Civil War on the Border</i>, vol. ii, 34-37.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote784" name= +"footnote784"></a><b>Footnote 784:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag784">(return)</a> +<p>Certain proceedings of Carruth and Martin would seem to suggest +that they were endeavoring to reap the reward of Phillips's labors, +by negotiating, somewhat prematurely, for an inter-tribal council. +Coffin may have endorsed it, but Dole had not [Dole to Coffin, July +8, 1863, Indian Office <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 71, p. 116]. The +pretext for calling such a council lay in fairly recent doings of +the wild tribes. The subjoined letters and extracts of letters will +elucidate the subject: February 7, Coffin reported to Dole [General +Files, <i>Southern Superintendency</i>, 1863-1864] that the wild +Indians had been raiding on the Verdigris and Fall Rivers into the +Creek and Cherokee countries, "jayhawking property," and bringing +it into Kansas and selling it to the settlers. Some of the cattle +obtained in this way had been (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page274" id="page274"></a>[pg +274]</span> +<p>wonder, whether in joining the Confederacy, they had not made a +terrible mistake, a miscalculation beyond all remedying.</p> +<p>To the Confederates, tragically enough, the Indian's tale of woe +and of regret had a different meaning. The</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 784:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag784">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) sold by a settler to the contractor and fed to the +Indians. Jim Ned's band of wild Delawares, returning from such a +jayhawking expedition, had stolen some Osage ponies and had become +involved in a fight in which two Delawares had been killed [Coffin +to Dole, February 12, 1863, <i>ibid., Neosho</i>, C 73 of 1863]. +Coffin prevailed upon Jim Ned to stop the jayhawking excursions; +inasmuch as "Considerable bad feeling exists on the part of the +Cherokees in consequence of the bringing up ... a great many +cattle, ponies, and mules, which they allege belong to the Cherokee +refugees ..." [Coffin to Dole, February 24, 1863, Indian Office +General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency</i>, 1863-1864].</p> +<p>Feelings of hostility continued to exist, notwithstanding, +between the civilized and uncivilized red men and "aided materially +the emissaries of the Rebellion in fomenting discords and warlike +raids upon whites as well as Indians ..." [Coffin to Dole, June 25, +1863, <i>ibid</i>., C 325]. It was under such circumstances that +Carruth took it upon himself to arrange an inter-tribal council. +This is his report [Carruth to Coffin, June 17, 1863, +<i>ibid</i>.,]. His action was seconded by Martin [Martin to +Coffin, June 18, 1863, <i>ibid</i>.,]:</p> +<p>"I left Belmont (the temporary Wichita agency) May 26th to hold +a Council with the Indians of the Wichita Agency, who have not as +yet reached Kansas ... I found ... upon reaching Fall River ... +that the Wichitas alone had sent over 100 men. We reached the Ark. +River May 31st. After having been compelled to purchase some +provisions for the number of people, who have come, that were not +provided for. The next day we were joined by the Kickapoos and +Sacs, and here I was informed by the Kickapoos, that no runner had +gone through to the Cadoes and Comanches from them, as we had heard +at Belmont, yet I learned, that these tribes were then camped at +the Big Bend, some sixty miles above and waiting at this point: I +sent three Wichitas—among them the Chief—some Ionies, +Wacoes, and Tawa Kuwus through to them calling on their Chiefs to +come and have a 'talk.'</p> +<p>"They reached us on the 8th of June, and after furnishing the +presents I had taken to them all the different tribes were called +to Council. Present were, Arapahoes, Lipans, Comanches, Kioways, +Sac and Foxes, Kickapoos and Cadoes besides the Indians who went +out with me.</p> +<p>"All of them are true to the Government of the United States, +but some are at war with each other. I proposed to them to make +peace with all the tribes friendly to our Government, so that their +'Great Father' might view all of them alike.</p> +<p>"To this they agreed, and a Council was called to which the +Osages, Potawatomies, Shians, Sac and Foxes, in fact all the tribes +at variance, are (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page275" id="page275"></a>[pg +275]</span> +<p>tale had been told many times of late and every time with a new +emphasis upon that part of it that recounted delusion and betrayal. +For quite a while now the Indians had been feeling themselves +neglected. Steele was aware of the fact but helpless. When told of +treaty rights he had to plead ignorance; for he had never seen the +treaties and had no official knowledge of their contents. He was +exercising the functions of superintendent <i>ex officio</i>, not +because the post had ever been specifically conferred upon him or +instructions sent, but because he had come to his command to find +it, in nearly every aspect, Indian and no agent or superintendent +at hand to take charge <a id="footnotetag785" name= +"footnotetag785"></a><a href="#footnote785"><sup>785</sup></a> of +affairs that were</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 784:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag784">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) to be invited, to hold a grand peace Council near the +mouth of the Little Arkansas River within six weeks. Meanwhile they +are to send runners to notify these tribes to gather on the +Arkansas, sixty miles above, that they may be within reach of our +call when we get to the Council ground. Subsistence will have to be +provided for at least 10000 Indians at that time. They will expect +something from the Government to convince them of its power to +carry through its promises. Some of the Cadoes and Comanches +connected with this Agency, after coming to the Arkansas, returned +to Fort Cobb. These will all come back to this Council. Their +desire is to be subsisted on the Little Arkansas, some 70 miles +from Emporia until the war closes.</p> +<p>"They argue like this, 'The Government once sent us our +provisions to Fort Cobb over 300 miles from Fort Smith. We do not +want to live near the whites, because of troubles between them and +us in regard to ponies, timber, fields, green corn, etc. Our +subsistence can be hauled to the mouth of the Little Arkansas, +easier by far, than it was formerly from Fort Smith, and by being +at this point we shall be removed from the abodes of the whites, so +they cannot steal our ponies, nor can our people trouble them.'</p> +<p>"I believe they are right. I have had more trouble the past +winter in settling difficulties between the Indians and whites on +account of trades, stolen horses, broken fences, etc. than from all +other causes combined.</p> +<p>"I cannot get all the Indians of this Agency together this side +of the Little Arkansas. That point will be near enough the Texan +frontier for the Indians to go home easily when the war closes. It +is on the direct route to Fort Cobb. They are opposed to going via +Fort Gibson ..."</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote785" name= +"footnote785"></a><b>Footnote 785:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag785">(return)</a> +<p>Without legislating on the subject, and without intending it, +the Confederacy had virtually put into effect, a recommendation of +Hindman's that "The superintendencies, agencies, etc., should be +abolished, and a purely military establishment substituted ..." +[<i>Official Records</i>, vol. xiii, p. 51.].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page276" id="page276"></a>[pg +276]</span> +<p>ordinarily not strictly within the range of military +cognizance.</p> +<p>General Steele, like many another, was inclined to think that +the red men greatly over-estimated their own importance; for they +failed to "see and understand how small a portion of the +field"<a id="footnotetag786" name="footnotetag786"></a><a href= +"#footnote786"><sup>786</sup></a> they really occupied. To Steele, +it was not Indian Territory that was valuable but Texas. For him +the Indian country, barren by reason of the drouth, denuded of its +live stock, a prey to jayhawker, famine, and pestilence, did +nothing more than measure the distance between the Federals and the +rich Texan grain-fields, from whence he fondly hoped an +inexhaustible supply of flour<a id="footnotetag787" name= +"footnotetag787"></a><a href="#footnote787"><sup>787</sup></a> for +the Confederates was to come. In short, the great and wonderful +expanse that had been given to the Indian for a perpetual home was +a mere buffer.</p> +<p>But it was a buffer, throbbing with life, and that was something +Steele dared not ignore and could not if he would. With such a +consciousness, when the secessionist Cherokees were making +arrangements for their council at Webber's Falls in April, he +hastened to propitiate them ahead of time by addressing them +"through the medium of their wants" for he feared what might be +their action<a id="footnotetag788" name= +"footnotetag788"></a><a href="#footnote788"><sup>788</sup></a> +should they assemble with a</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote786" name= +"footnote786"></a><b>Footnote 786:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag786">(return)</a> +<p>Steele to Wigfall, April 15, 1863, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xxii, part ii, 820.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote787" name= +"footnote787"></a><b>Footnote 787:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag787">(return)</a> +<p>Steele's letter books furnish much evidence on this score. A +large portion has been published in the <i>Official Records</i>. +During the period covered by this chapter, he was drawing his +supply of flour from Riddle's Station, "on the Fort Smith and Boggy +Road" [<i>Confederate Records</i>, chap. 2, no. 270, p. 252] in +charge of which was Captain Hardin of Bass's Texas Cavalry. He +expected to draw from Arkansas likewise [Steele to Major S.J. Lee, +June 9, 1863, <i>Confederate Records</i>, chap. 2, no. 268, pp. +70-71; Duval to Hardin, June 16, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., p. 81; Steele +to Lee, June 17, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., pp. 87-88].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote788" name= +"footnote788"></a><b>Footnote 788:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag788">(return)</a> +<p>"Enclosed please find a letter to Col. Adair, and a note from +him forwarding it. I send it for the consideration of General +Holmes. The (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page277" id="page277"></a>[pg +277]</span> +<p>grievance<a id="footnotetag789" name= +"footnotetag789"></a><a href="#footnote789"><sup>789</sup></a> +against the Confederacy in their hearts. Protection against the +oncoming enemy and relief from want were the things the Indians +craved, so, short though his own supplies were, Steele had to make +provision for the helpless and indigent natives, the feeding of +whom became a fruitful and constantly increasing source of +embarrassment.<a id="footnotetag790" name= +"footnotetag790"></a><a href="#footnote790"><sup>790</sup></a></p> +<p>Just and generous as General Steele endeavored to</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 788:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag788">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) subject is one of grave importance. If a regiment of +infantry could be spared to take post at this place and General +Cabell could be permitted to include it in his command, I would go +more into the nation and would be able soon to give the required +protection. The troops from Red River have been ordered up and +should be some distance on the way before this. I fear the meeting +of the Cherokee Council which takes place on the 20th ... unless +more troops arrive before they act."—STEELE to Anderson, +April 15, 1863, <i>Confederate Records</i>, no. 270, p. 194.</p> +<p>This was not the first time Steele had expressed a wish to go +into the Nation. March 20th, when writing to Anderson +[<i>ibid</i>., p. 150], he had thought it of "paramount importance" +that he visit all parts of his command. Concerning his apprehension +about the prospective work of the Cherokee Council, he wrote quite +candidly to Wigfall [<i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, +821].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote789" name= +"footnote789"></a><b>Footnote 789:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag789">(return)</a> +<p>The letter to Colonel W.P. Adair, written by one of his +adjutants, J.A. Scales, April 12, 1863 [<i>ibid</i>., 821-822], is +a creditable presentation of the Cherokee grievance.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote790" name= +"footnote790"></a><b>Footnote 790:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag790">(return)</a> +<p>Steele here presents certain phases of the embarrassment,</p> +<p>"... The matter of feeding destitute Indians has been all +through a vexatious one, the greatest trouble being to find in each +neighborhood a reliable person to receive the quota for that +neighborhood. These people seem more indifferent to the wants of +others than any I have seen; they are not willing to do the least +thing to assist in helping their own people who are destitute. I +have, in many instances, been unable to get wagons to haul the +flour given them. I have incurred a great responsibility in using +army rations in this way and to the extent that I have. I have +endeavored to give to all destitute and to sell at cost to those +who are able to purchase. In this matter the Nation has been more +favored than the adjacent States. I am told by Mr. Boudinot that a +bill was passed by the Cherokee Council, taking the matter into +their own hands. I hope it is so. In which case I shall cease +issuing to others who have not, like them, been driven from their +homes. Dr. Walker was appointed to superintend this matter, some +system being necessary to prevent the same persons from drawing +from different commissaries ..."—STEELE to D.H. Cooper, June +15, 1863, <i>Confederate Records</i>, chap. 2, no. 268, pp. +80-81.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page278" id="page278"></a>[pg +278]</span> +<p>be in the matter of attention to Indian necessities, his efforts +were unappreciated largely because of evil influences at work to +undermine him and to advance Douglas H. Cooper. Steele had his +points of vulnerability, his inability to check the Federal advance +and his remoteness from the scene of action, his headquarters being +at Fort Smith. Connected with the second point and charged against +him were all the bad practices of those men who, in their political +or military control of Indian Territory, had allowed Arkansas to be +their chief concern. Such practices became the foundation stone of +a general Indian dissatisfaction and, concomitantry, Douglas H. +Cooper, of insatiable ambition, posed as the exponent of the idea +that the safety of Indian Territory was an end in itself.</p> +<p>The kind of separate military organization that constituted +Steele's command was not enough for the Indians. Seemingly, they +desired the restoration of the old Pike department, but not such as +it had been in the days of the controversy with Hindman but such as +it always was in Pike's imagination. The Creeks were among the +first to declare that this was their desire. They addressed<a id= +"footnotetag791" name="footnotetag791"></a><a href= +"#footnote791"><sup>791</sup></a> themselves to President +Davis<a id="footnotetag792" name="footnotetag792"></a><a href= +"#footnote792"><sup>792</sup></a> and</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote791" name= +"footnote791"></a><b>Footnote 791:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag791">(return)</a> +<p>Mory Kanard and Echo Harjo to President Davis, May 18, 1863, +<i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 1118-1119.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote792" name= +"footnote792"></a><b>Footnote 792:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag792">(return)</a> +<p>Davis, in his message of January 12, 1863 [Richardson, +<i>Messages and Papers of the Confederacy</i>, vol. i, 295] had +revealed an acquaintance with some Indian dissatisfaction but +intimated that it had been dispelled, it having arisen "from a +misapprehension of the intentions of the Government ..." It was +undoubtedly to allay apprehension on the part of the Indians that +Miles, in the house of Representatives, offered the following +resolution, February 17, 1863:</p> +<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That the Government of the Confederate States +has witnessed with feelings of no ordinary gratification the +loyalty and good faith of the larger portion of its Indian allies +west of the State of Arkansas.</p> +<p>"<i>Resolved further</i>, That no effort of the Confederate +Government shall be spared to protect them fully in all their +rights and to assist them in defending their country against the +encroachments of all enemies." [<i>Journal of the Congress of the +Confederate States</i>, vol. vi, 113].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page279" id="page279"></a>[pg +279]</span> +<p>boldly said that their country had "been treated as a mere +appendage of Arkansas, where needy politicians and +<i>protégés</i> of Arkansas members of Congress must +be quartered." The Seminoles followed suit,<a id="footnotetag793" +name="footnotetag793"></a><a href="#footnote793"><sup>793</sup></a> +although in a congratulatory way, after a rumor had reached them +that the Creek request for a separate department of Indian +Territory was about to be granted. The rumor was false and in June +Tandy Walker, on behalf of the Choctaws, reopened the whole +subject.<a id="footnotetag794" name="footnotetag794"></a><a href= +"#footnote794"><sup>794</sup></a> A few days earlier, the Cherokees +had filed their complaint but it was of a different character, more +fundamental, more gravely portentous.</p> +<p>The Cherokee complaint took the form of a deliberate charge of +contemplated bad faith on the part of the Confederate government. +E.C. Boudinot, the Cherokee delegate in the Southern Congress, had +recently returned from Richmond, empowered to submit a certain +proposal to his constituents. The text of the proposal does not +appear in the records but its nature,<a id="footnotetag795" name= +"footnotetag795"></a><a href="#footnote795"><sup>795</sup></a> +after account be taken of some exaggeration attributable to the +extreme of indignation, can be inferred from the formal +protest<a id="footnotetag796" name="footnotetag796"></a><a href= +"#footnote796"><sup>796</sup></a> against it, which was drawn up at +Prairie Springs in the Cherokee Nation about fifteen miles from +Fort Gibson on the twenty-first of June and signed by Samuel M. +Taylor, acting assistant chief, John Spears of the Executive +Council, and Alexander Foreman, president of the convention. To all +intents and purposes the Cherokees were asked, in return for some +paltry offices chiefly military, to institute a sort of system of +military land grants. White people were to be induced to enlist in +their behalf and were then to</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote793" name= +"footnote793"></a><b>Footnote 793:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag793">(return)</a> +<p>June 6, 1863, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, +1120.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote794" name= +"footnote794"></a><b>Footnote 794:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag794">(return)</a> +<p>June 24, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 1122-1123.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote795" name= +"footnote795"></a><b>Footnote 795:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag795">(return)</a> +<p>Steele's letter to Kirby Smith, June 24, 1863 [<i>ibid</i>., +883-884], gives some hint of its nature also.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote796" name= +"footnote796"></a><b>Footnote 796:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag796">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 1120-1122.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page280" id="page280"></a>[pg +280]</span> +<p>be allowed to settle, on equal terms with the Cherokees, within +the Cherokee country. The proposal, as construed by Taylor and his +party, was nothing more or less than a suggestion that the +Cherokees surrender their nationality, their political integrity, +the one thing above everything else that they had sought to +preserve when they entered into an active alliance with the +Confederate States. So sordid was the bargain proposed, so unequal, +that the thought obtrudes itself that a base advantage was about to +be taken of the Cherokee necessities and that the objectors were +justified in insinuating that Boudinot and his political friends +were to be the chief beneficiaries. The Cherokee country was +already practically lost to the Confederacy. Might it not be +advisable to distribute the tribal lands, secure individual +holdings, while vested rights might still accrue; for, should bad +come to worse, private parties could with more chance of success +prosecute a claim than could a commonalty, which in its national or +corporate capacity had committed treason and thereby forfeited its +rights. One part of the Cherokee protest merits quotation here. Its +noble indignation ought to have been proof enough for anybody.</p> +<blockquote> +<p>... We were present when the treaty was made, were a party to +it, and rejoiced when it was done. In that treaty our rights to our +country as a Nation were guaranteed to us forever, and the +Confederate States promised to protect us in them. We enlisted +under the banner of those States, and have fought in defense of our +country under that treaty and for the rights of the South for +nearly two years. We have been driven from our homes, and suffered +severe hardships, privations, and losses, and now we are informed, +when brighter prospects are before us, that you think it best for +us to give part of our lands to our white friends; that, to defend +our country and keep troops for our protection, we must raise and +enlist them from</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page281" id="page281"></a>[pg +281]</span> +<blockquote> +<p>our own territory, and that it is actually necessary that they +are citizens of our country to enable us to keep them with us. To +do this would be the end of our national existence and the ruin of +our people. Two things above all others we hold most dear, our +nationality and the welfare of our people. Had the war been our +own, there would have been justice in the proposition, but it is +that of another nation. We are allies, assisting in establishing +the rights and independence of another nation. We, therefore, in +justice to ourselves and our people, cannot agree to give a part of +our domain as an inducement to citizens of another Government to +fight their own battles and for their own country; besides, it +would open a door to admit as citizens of our Nation the worst +class of citizens of the Confederate States ...</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page282" id="page282"></a>[pg +282]</span><br /> +<hr /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page283" id="page283"></a>[pg +283]</span> +<h2>XII. INDIAN TERRITORY IN 1863, JULY TO DECEMBER INCLUSIVE</h2> +<p>Independence Day, 1863, witnessed climacteric scenes in the war +dramas, east and west. The Federal victories of Gettysburg and +Vicksburg, all-decisive in the history of the great American +conflict, when considered in its entirety, had each its measure of +immediate and local importance. The loss of all control of the +Mississippi navigation meant for the Confederacy its practical +splitting in twain and the isolation of its western part. For the +Arkansas frontier and for the Missouri border generally, it +promised, since western commands would now recover their men and +resume their normal size, increased Federal aggressiveness or the +end of suspended. Initial preparation for such renewed +aggressiveness was contemporary with the fall of Vicksburg and lay +in the failure of the Confederate attack upon Helena, an attack +that had been projected for the making of a diversion only. The +failure compelled Holmes to draw his forces back to Little +Rock.</p> +<p>Confederate operations in Indian Territory through May and June +had been, as already described, confined to sporadic demonstrations +against Federal herds and Federal supply trains, all having for +their main object the dislodgment of Phillips from Fort Gibson. +What proved to be their culmination and the demonstration most +energetically conducted occurred at Cabin Creek,<a id= +"footnotetag797" name="footnotetag797"></a><a href= +"#footnote797"><sup>797</sup></a> while far away Vicksburg was +falling and</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote797" name= +"footnote797"></a><b>Footnote 797:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag797">(return)</a> +<p>For an official report of the action at Cabin Creek, see +<i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part i, 378-382. While, as +things eventuated, it was an endeavor (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page284" id="page284"></a>[pg +284]</span> +<p>Gettysburg was being fought. A commissary train from Fort Scott +was expected. It was to come down, escorted by Colonel Williams who +was in command of the negro troops that Blunt had stationed at +Baxter Springs. To meet the train and to reinforce Williams, +Phillips despatched Major Foreman from Fort Gibson. Cooper had +learned of the coming of the train and had made his plans to seize +it in a fashion now customary.<a id="footnotetag798" name= +"footnotetag798"></a><a href="#footnote798"><sup>798</sup></a> The +plans were quite elaborate and involved the coöperation<a id= +"footnotetag799" name="footnotetag799"></a><a href= +"#footnote799"><sup>799</sup></a> of Cabell's Arkansas +brigade,<a id="footnotetag800" name="footnotetag800"></a><a href= +"#footnote800"><sup>800</sup></a> which was to come from across the +line and proceed down the east side of the Grand River. Thither +also, Cooper sent a</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 797:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag797">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) to cut off the supply train, there was throughout the +possibility that it might also result in heading off Blunt, who was +known to be on his way to Fort Gibson [Steele to Cooper, June 29, +1863; Duval to Cooper, June 29, 1863; Duval to Cabell, June 29, +1863].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote798" name= +"footnote798"></a><b>Footnote 798:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag798">(return)</a> +<p>Steele to Cabell, June 25, 1863 [<i>Confederate Records</i>, +chap. 2, no. 268, p. 97; <i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part +ii, 885].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote799" name= +"footnote799"></a><b>Footnote 799:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag799">(return)</a> +<p>Steele to Cabell, June 29, 1863 [<i>Confederate Records</i>, +chap. 2, no. 268, p. 105; <i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part +ii, 893-894].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote800" name= +"footnote800"></a><b>Footnote 800:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag800">(return)</a> +<p>Of W.L. Cabell, the <i>Confederate Military History</i>, vol. x, +has this to say: "Maj. W.L. Cabell, who had been sent to inspect +the accounts of quartermasters in the department, having well +acquitted himself of this duty, was, in March 1863, commissioned +brigadier-general and requested to collect absentees from the +service in northwestern Arkansas. Given Carroll's and Monroe's +regiments, he was directed to perfect such organizations as he +could ..." He collected his brigade with great rapidity and it soon +numbered about four thousand men. Even, in April, Steele was +placing much reliance upon it, although he wished to keep its +relation to him a secret. He wrote to Cooper to that effect.</p> +<p>"Who will be in command of the Choctaws when you leave? Will +they be sufficient to picket and scout on the other side of the +river far enough to give notice of any advance of the enemy down +the river? I do not wish it to be generally known that Cabell's +forces are under my command, but prefer the enemy should think them +a separate command; for this reason I do not send these troops west +until there is a necessity for it; in the meantime the other troops +can be brought into position, where if we can get sufficient +ammunition all can be concentrated. I cannot direct positively, not +having the intimate knowledge of the country, but you should be in +a position which would enable you to move either down the Ark. +River or on to the road leading from Boggy Depot to Gibson as +circumstances may indicate. Let me hear from you +frequently."—STEELE to Cooper, April 28, 1863, <i>Confederate +Records</i>, chap. 2, no. 270, pp. 217-218.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page285" id="page285"></a>[pg +285]</span> +<p>part of his own brigade and at the same time ordered another +part under Stand Watie to go to Cabin Creek and to take such +position on its south bank as to command the crossing. It was a +time when the rivers were all in flood, a circumstance that greatly +affected the outcome since it prevented the forces on the east side +of the Grand from coming to Stand Watie's support. As Foreman +proceeded northward to effect a junction with Williams, he detached +some Cherokees from the Third Indian, under Lieutenant Luke F. +Parsons, to reconnoitre. In that way he became apprised of Watie's +whereabouts and enabled to put himself on his guard. The commissary +train, in due time, reached Cabin Creek and, after some slight +delay caused, not by Stand Watie's interposition, but by the high +waters, crossed. Federals and Confederates then collided in a +somewhat disjointed but lengthy engagement with the result that +Stand Watie retired and the train, nothing the worse for the +hold-up, moved on without further molestation to Fort Gibson.<a id= +"footnotetag801" name="footnotetag801"></a><a href= +"#footnote801"><sup>801</sup></a></p> +<p>The action at Cabin Creek, July 1 to 3, was the last attempt of +any size for the time being to capture Federal supplies en route. +The tables were thenceforth turned and the Confederates compelled +to keep a close</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote801" name= +"footnote801"></a><b>Footnote 801:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag801">(return)</a> +<p>In describing what appears to be the action at Cabin Creek, +Steele refers to "bad conduct of the Creeks," and holds it partly +responsible for the failure [<i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, +part ii, 910]. It is possible that he had in mind, however, a +slightly earlier encounter, the same that he described, adversely +to D.N. McIntosh's abilities as a commander, in his general report +[<i>ibid</i>., part i, 32]. Steele had little faith in the Indian +brigade and frankly admitted that he expected it in large measure, +to "dissolve," if the Confederates were to be forced to fall back +at Cabin Creek [Steele to Blair, July 1, 1863, <i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 902]. Nevertheless, he anticipated +a victory for his arms there [Steele to Blair, July 3, 1863, +<i>ibid</i>., 903]. From his general report, it might be thought +that Stand Watie disappointed him at this time, as later; but the +Confederate failure was most certainly mainly attributable to the +high waters, which prevented the union of their expeditionary +forces [Steele to Blair, July 5, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 905].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page286" id="page286"></a>[pg +286]</span> +<p>watch on their own depots and trains. Up to date, since his +first arrival at Fort Gibson, Colonel Phillips had been necessarily +on the defensive because of the fewness of his men. Subsequent to +the Cabin Creek affair came a change, incident to events and +conditions farther east. The eleventh of July brought General +Blunt, commander of the District of the Frontier, to Fort Gibson. +His coming was a surprise, as has already been casually remarked, +but it was most timely. There was no longer any reason whatsoever +why offensive action should not be the main thing on the Federal +docket in Indian Territory, as elsewhere.</p> +<p>To protect its own supplies and to recuperate, the strength of +the Confederate Indian brigade was directed toward Red River, +notwithstanding that Steele had still the hope of dislodging the +Federals north of the Arkansas.<a id="footnotetag802" name= +"footnotetag802"></a><a href="#footnote802"><sup>802</sup></a> His +difficulties<a id="footnotetag803" name= +"footnotetag803"></a><a href="#footnote803"><sup>803</sup></a> were +no less legion than before, but he thought it might be possible to +accomplish the end desired by invading Kansas,<a id= +"footnotetag804" name="footnotetag804"></a><a href= +"#footnote804"><sup>804</sup></a> a plan that seemed very feasible +after S.P. Bankhead assumed command of the Northern Sub-District of +Texas.<a id="footnotetag805" name="footnotetag805"></a><a href= +"#footnote805"><sup>805</sup></a> Steele himself had "neither the +artillery nor the kind of force necessary to take a place" +fortified as was Gibson; but to the westward of the Federal +stronghold Bankhead might move. He might attack Fort Scott, Blunt's +headquarters but greatly weakened now, and possibly also some small +posts in southwest Missouri, replenishing his resources from time +to time in the fertile and well settled Neosho River Valley. +Again</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote802" name= +"footnote802"></a><b>Footnote 802:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag802">(return)</a> +<p>Steele took umbrage at a published statement of Pike that seemed +to doubt this and to intimate that the line of the Arkansas had +been definitely abandoned [Steele to Pike, July 13, 1863, +<i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 925].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote803" name= +"footnote803"></a><b>Footnote 803:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag803">(return)</a> +<p>For new aspects of his difficulties, see Steele to Boggs, chief +of staff, July 7, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 909-911.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote804" name= +"footnote804"></a><b>Footnote 804:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag804">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., p. 910.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote805" name= +"footnote805"></a><b>Footnote 805:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag805">(return)</a> +<p>Steele to Bankhead, July 11, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 921-922.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page287" id="page287"></a>[pg +287]</span> +<p>local selfishness rose to the surface<a id="footnotetag806" +name="footnotetag806"></a><a href="#footnote806"><sup>806</sup></a> +and Bankhead, surmising Steele's weakness and that he would almost +inevitably have to fall back, perhaps vacating Indian Territory +altogether, became alarmed for the safety of Texas.<a id= +"footnotetag807" name="footnotetag807"></a><a href= +"#footnote807"><sup>807</sup></a></p> +<p>Steele's recognition and admission of material incapacity for +taking Fort Gibson in no wise deterred him from attempting it. The +idea was, that Cooper should encamp at a point within the Creek +Nation, fronting Fort Gibson, and that Cabell should join him there +with a view to their making a combined attack.<a id= +"footnotetag808" name="footnotetag808"></a><a href= +"#footnote808"><sup>808</sup></a> As entertained, the idea +neglected to give due weight to the fact that Cabell's men were in +no trim for immediate action,<a id="footnotetag809" name= +"footnotetag809"></a><a href="#footnote809"><sup>809</sup></a> +notwithstanding that concerted action was the only thing likely to +induce success. Blunt, with</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote806" name= +"footnote806"></a><b>Footnote 806:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag806">(return)</a> +<p>Arkansas betrayed similar selfishness. President Davis's +rejoinder to a protest from Flanagin against a tendency to ignore +the claims of the West struck a singularly high note. Admitting +certain errors of the past, he prayed for the generous +coöperation of the future; for "it is to the future, not to +the past, that we must address ourselves, and I wish to assure you, +though I hope it is unnecessary, that no effort shall be spared to +promote the defense of the Trans-Mississippi Department, and to +develop its resources so as to meet the exigencies of the present +struggle" [<i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 932]. Five +days afterwards, Governor Reynolds, in commending Secretary Seddon +for a very able ministry, expressed confidence that his +gubernatorial colleagues in Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana would, +with himself, "act in no sectional or separatist spirit." It was +saying a good deal, considering how strong the drift of popular +opinion had been and was to be in the contrary direction. However, +in August, the four governors appealed collectively to their +constituents and to "the Allied Indian Nations," proving, if proof +were needed, that they personally were sincere [<i>ibid</i>., vol. +liii, supplement, 892-894; Moore's <i>Rebellion Record</i>, vol. +vii, 406-407].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote807" name= +"footnote807"></a><b>Footnote 807:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag807">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 922.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote808" name= +"footnote808"></a><b>Footnote 808:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag808">(return)</a> +<p>The plans for such concerted action were made as early as July 8 +[Steele to Cooper, July 8, 1863, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xxii, part ii, 911-912]. Cabell was instructed to take position +between Webber's Falls and Fort Gibson [Duval to Cabell, July 10, +1863, <i>ibid</i>., 916-917] and more specifically, two days before +the battle, "within 15 or 20 miles of Gibson and this side of where +Gen. Cooper is now encamped on Elk Creek" [Steele to Cabell, July +15, 1863, <i>Confederate Records</i>, chap. 2, no. 268, p. +145].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote809" name= +"footnote809"></a><b>Footnote 809:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag809">(return)</a> +<p>Steele knew of the deficiencies in their equipment, however, and +of their exhausted state (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page288" id="page288"></a>[pg +288]</span> +<p>scouts out in all directions and with spies in the very camps of +his foes, soon obtained an inkling of the Confederate plan and +resolved to dispose of Cooper before Cabell could arrive from +Arkansas.<a id="footnotetag810" name="footnotetag810"></a><a href= +"#footnote810"><sup>810</sup></a> Cooper's position was on Elk +Creek, not far from present Muskogee,<a id="footnotetag811" name= +"footnotetag811"></a><a href="#footnote811"><sup>811</sup></a> and +near Honey Springs on the seventeenth of July the two armies met, +Blunt forcing the engagement, having made a night march in order to +do it. The Indians of both sides<a id="footnotetag812" name= +"footnotetag812"></a><a href="#footnote812"><sup>812</sup></a> were +on hand, in force, the First and Second Home Guards, being +dismounted as infantry and thus fighting for once as they had been +mustered in. Of the Confederate, or Cooper, brigade Stand Watie, +the ever reliable, commanded the First and Second Cherokee, D.N. +McIntosh, the First and Second Creek, and Tandy Walker, the +regiment of Choctaws and Chickasaws. The odds were all against +Cooper from the start and, in ways that Steele had not specified, +the material equipment proved itself inadequate indeed. Much of the +ammunition was worthless.<a id="footnotetag813" name= +"footnotetag813"></a><a href="#footnote813"><sup>813</sup></a> +Nevertheless, Cooper stubbornly contested every inch of the ground +and finally gave way only when large numbers of his Indians, +knowing their guns to be absolutely useless to them, became +disheartened and then demoralized. In confusion, they led the van +in</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 809:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag809">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) [Duval to W.H. Scott, Commanding Post at Clarksville, +Ark., July 8, 1863, <i>Confederate Records</i>, p. 133; Steele to +Blair, July 10, 1863, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, +917; same to same, July 13, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 925].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote810" name= +"footnote810"></a><b>Footnote 810:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag810">(return)</a> +<p>See Blunt's official report, dated July 26, 1863 [<i>ibid</i>., +part i, 447-448].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote811" name= +"footnote811"></a><b>Footnote 811:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag811">(return)</a> +<p>Anderson, <i>Life of General Stand Watie</i>, 21.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote812" name= +"footnote812"></a><b>Footnote 812:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag812">(return)</a> +<p>With respect to the number of white troops engaged on the +Federal side there seems some discrepancy between Blunt's report +[<i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part i, 448] and Phisterer's +statistics [<i>Statistical Record</i>, 145].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote813" name= +"footnote813"></a><b>Footnote 813:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag813">(return)</a> +<p>See Cooper's report, dated August 12, 1863 [<i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xxii, part i, 457-461]. The following references +are to letters that substantiate, in whole or in part, what Cooper +said in condemnation of the ammunition: Duval to Du Bose, dated +Camp Prairie Springs, C.N., July 27, 1863 [<i>Confederate +Records</i>, chap. 2, no. 268, p. 159]; Steele to Blair, dated Camp +Imochiah, August 9, 1863 [<i>ibid</i>., 185-187; <i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 961].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page289" id="page289"></a>[pg +289]</span> +<p>flight across the Canadian; but enough of those more +self-contained went thither in an easterly or southeasterly +direction so as to create the impression among their enemies that +they were retiring to meet the expected reinforcements from Fort +Smith.<a id="footnotetag814" name="footnotetag814"></a><a href= +"#footnote814"><sup>814</sup></a></p> +<p>But the reinforcements were yet far away. Indeed, it was not +until all was over and a day too late that Cabell came up. A tragic +sight confronted him; but his own march had been so dismal, so +inauspicious that everything unfortunate that had happened seemed +but a part of one huge catastrophe. He had come by the "old Pacific +mail route, the bridges of which, in some places, were still +standing in the uninhabited prairies."<a id="footnotetag815" name= +"footnotetag815"></a><a href="#footnote815"><sup>815</sup></a> The +forsaken land broke the morale of his men—they had never been +enthusiastic in the cause, some of them were conscripted unionists, +forsooth, and they deserted his ranks by the score, by whole +companies. The remnant pushed on and, in the far distance, heard +the roaring of the cannon. Then, coming nearer, they caught a first +glimpse of Blunt's victorious columns; but those columns were +already retiring, it being their intention to recross to the Fort +Gibson side of the Arkansas. "Moving over the open, rolling +prairies,"<a id="footnotetag816" name="footnotetag816"></a><a href= +"#footnote816"><sup>816</sup></a> Nature's vast meadows, their +numbers seemed great indeed and Cabell made no attempt to pursue or +to court further conflict. The near view of the battle-field +dismayed<a id="footnotetag817" name="footnotetag817"></a><a href= +"#footnote817"><sup>817</sup></a> him; for its gruesome records all +too surely told him of another Confederate defeat.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote814" name= +"footnote814"></a><b>Footnote 814:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag814">(return)</a> +<p>Cooper intended to create such an impression [<i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xxii, part i, 460] and he did [Schofield to +McNeil, July 26, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., part ii, 399-400].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote815" name= +"footnote815"></a><b>Footnote 815:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag815">(return)</a> +<p><i>Confederate Military History</i>, vol. x, 199.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote816" name= +"footnote816"></a><b>Footnote 816:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag816">(return)</a> +<p><i>Ibid</i>., 200.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote817" name= +"footnote817"></a><b>Footnote 817:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag817">(return)</a> +<p>Cabell might well be dismayed. Steele had done his best to hurry +him up. A letter of July 15 was particularly urgent [<i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 933].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page290" id="page290"></a>[pg +290]</span> +<p>In the fortunes of the Southern Indians, the Battle of Honey +Springs was a decisive event. Fought and lost in the country of the +Creeks, it was bound to have upon them a psychological effect +disastrous to the steady maintenance of their alliance with the +Confederacy, so also with the other great tribes; but more of that +anon. In a military way, it was no less significant than in a +political; for it was the beginning of a vigorously offensive +campaign, conducted by General Blunt, that never ended until the +Federals were in occupation of Fort Smith and Fort Smith was at the +very door of the Choctaw country. No Indian tribe, at the outset of +the war, had more completely gone over to the South than had the +Choctaw. It had influenced the others but had already come to rue +the day that had seen its own first defection. Furthermore, the +date of the Confederate rout at Honey Springs marked the beginning +of a period during which dissatisfaction with General Steele +steadily crystallized.</p> +<p>Within six weeks after the Battle of Honey Springs, the Federals +were in possession of Fort Smith, which was not surprising +considering the happenings of the intervening days. The +miscalculations that had eventuated in the routing of Cooper had +brought Steele to the decision of taking the field in person; for +there was just a chance that he might succeed where his +subordinates, with less at stake than he, had failed. Especially +might he take his chances on winning if he could count upon help +from Bankhead to whom he had again made application, nothing +deterred by his previous ill-fortune.</p> +<p>It was not, by any means, Steele's intention to attempt the +reduction of Fort Gibson;<a id="footnotetag818" name= +"footnotetag818"></a><a href="#footnote818"><sup>818</sup></a> for, +with such artillery</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote818" name= +"footnote818"></a><b>Footnote 818:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag818">(return)</a> +<p>Steele to Blair, July 22, 1863 [<i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xxii, part ii, 940-941].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page291" id="page291"></a>[pg +291]</span> +<p>as he had, the mere idea of such an undertaking would be +preposterous. The defensive would have to be, for some time to +come, his leading role; but he did hope to be able to harry his +enemy, somewhat, to entice him away from his fortifications and to +make those fortifications of little worth by cutting off his +supplies. Another commissary train would be coming down from Fort +Scott via Baxter Springs about the first of August.<a id= +"footnotetag819" name="footnotetag819"></a><a href= +"#footnote819"><sup>819</sup></a> For it, then, Steele would lie in +wait.</p> +<p>When all was in readiness, Fort Smith was vacated, not +abandoned; inasmuch as a regiment under Morgan of Cabell's brigade +was left in charge, but it was relinquished as department +headquarters. Steele then took up his march for Cooper's old +battle-ground on Elk Creek. There he planned to mass his forces and +to challenge an attack. He went by way of Prairie Springs<a id= +"footnotetag820" name="footnotetag820"></a><a href= +"#footnote820"><sup>820</sup></a> and lingered there a little +while, then moved on to Honey Springs, where was better +grazing.<a id="footnotetag821" name="footnotetag821"></a><a href= +"#footnote821"><sup>821</sup></a> He felt obliged thus to make his +stand in the Creek country; for the Creeks were getting fractious +and it was essential for his purposes that they be mollified and +held in check. Furthermore, it was incumbent upon him not to expose +his "depots in the direction of Texas."<a id="footnotetag822" name= +"footnotetag822"></a><a href="#footnote822"><sup>822</sup></a></p> +<p>As the summer days passed, Cabell and Cooper drew into his +vicinity but no Bankhead, notwithstanding that Magruder had ordered +him to hurry to Steele's</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote819" name= +"footnote819"></a><b>Footnote 819:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag819">(return)</a> +<p>Steele to Bankhead, July 22, 1863 [<i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xxii, part ii, 940]</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote820" name= +"footnote820"></a><b>Footnote 820:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag820">(return)</a> +<p>Duval to A.S. Morgan, July 18, 1863 [<i>ibid</i>., 933; Steele +to Blair, July 22, 1863 [<i>ibid</i>., 940-941].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote821" name= +"footnote821"></a><b>Footnote 821:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag821">(return)</a> +<p>Steele arrived at Prairie Springs on the twenty-fourth [Steele +to Blair, July 26, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 948] and moved to Honey +Springs two days later [same to same, July 29, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., +950-951]. On August 7, his camp was at Soda Springs, whither he had +gone "for convenience of water and grass" [same to same, August 7, +1863, <i>ibid</i>., 956].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote822" name= +"footnote822"></a><b>Footnote 822:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag822">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 951.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page292" id="page292"></a>[pg +292]</span> +<p>support.<a id="footnotetag823" name= +"footnotetag823"></a><a href="#footnote823"><sup>823</sup></a> +Bankhead had not the slightest idea of doing anything that would +put Texas in jeopardy. In northern Texas sympathy for the Federal +cause, or "rottenness" as the Confederates described it, was +rife.<a id="footnotetag824" name="footnotetag824"></a><a href= +"#footnote824"><sup>824</sup></a> It would be suicidal to take the +home force too far away. Moreover, it was Bankhead's firm +conviction that Steele would never be able to maintain himself so +near to Fort Gibson, so he would continue where he was and decide +what to do when time for real action came.<a id="footnotetag825" +name="footnotetag825"></a><a href="#footnote825"><sup>825</sup></a> +It would be hazarding a good deal to amalgamate his command,<a id= +"footnotetag826" name="footnotetag826"></a><a href= +"#footnote826"><sup>826</sup></a> half of which would soon be well +disciplined, with Steele's, which, in some of its parts, was known +not to be.</p> +<p>As a matter of fact, Steele's command was worse than +undisciplined. It was permeated through and through with defection +in its most virulent form, a predicament not wholly unforeseen. The +Choctaws had pretty well dispersed, the Creeks were sullen, and +Cabell's brigade of Arkansans was actually disintegrating. The +prospect of fighting indefinitely in the Indian country had no +attractions for men who were not in the Confederate service for +pure love of the cause. Day by day desertions<a id="footnotetag827" +name="footnotetag827"></a><a href="#footnote827"><sup>827</sup></a> +took place until the number became alarming and, what was worse, in +some cases, the officers were in collusion with the men in +delinquency. Cabell himself was not above suspicion.<a id= +"footnotetag828" name="footnotetag828"></a><a href= +"#footnote828"><sup>828</sup></a> To prevent the spread of</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote823" name= +"footnote823"></a><b>Footnote 823:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag823">(return)</a> +<p>By August third, Bankhead had not been heard from at all [Steele +to Blair, August 3, 1863, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part +ii, 953]. The following communications throw some light upon +Bankhead's movements [<i>ibid</i>., 948, 956, 963].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote824" name= +"footnote824"></a><b>Footnote 824:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag824">(return)</a> +<p>Crosby to G.M. Bryan, August 30, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 984.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote825" name= +"footnote825"></a><b>Footnote 825:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag825">(return)</a> +<p>Bankhead to E.P. Turner, August 13, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., +965-966.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote826" name= +"footnote826"></a><b>Footnote 826:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag826">(return)</a> +<p>Bankhead to Boggs, August 10, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 966.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote827" name= +"footnote827"></a><b>Footnote 827:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag827">(return)</a> +<p>There is an abundance of material in the <i>Confederate +Records</i> on the subject of desertions in the West. Note +particularly pp. 167, 168, 173-174, 192-193, 198, 204-205 of chap. +2, no. 268. Note, also, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part +ii, 956.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote828" name= +"footnote828"></a><b>Footnote 828:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag828">(return)</a> +<p>Duval to Cabell, August 17, 1863, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xxii, part ii 969-970.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page293" id="page293"></a>[pg +293]</span> +<p>contagion among the Indians, his troops were moved to more and +more isolated camps<a id="footnotetag829" name= +"footnotetag829"></a><a href="#footnote829"><sup>829</sup></a> +across the Canadian<a id="footnotetag830" name= +"footnotetag830"></a><a href="#footnote830"><sup>830</sup></a> and, +finally, back in the direction of Fort Smith. Ostensibly they were +moved to the Arkansas line to protect Fort Smith; for Steele knew +well that his present hold upon that place was of the frailest. It +might be threatened at any moment from the direction of Cassville +and Morgan had been instructed, in the event of an attack in +prospect, to cross the boundary line and proceed along the Boggy +road towards Riddle's station.<a id="footnotetag831" name= +"footnotetag831"></a><a href="#footnote831"><sup>831</sup></a> +Steele was evidently not going to make any desperate effort to hold +the place that for so long had been the seat of the Confederate +control over the Southern Indians.</p> +<p>All this time, General Blunt had been patrolling the Arkansas +for some thirty miles or so of its course<a id="footnotetag832" +name="footnotetag832"></a><a href="#footnote832"><sup>832</sup></a> +and had been thoroughly well aware of the assembling of Steele's +forces, likewise of the disaffection of the Indians, with which, by +the way, he had had quite a little to do. Not knowing exactly what +Steele's intentions might be but surmising that he was meditating +an attack, he resolved to assume the offensive himself.<a id= +"footnotetag833" name="footnotetag833"></a><a href= +"#footnote833"><sup>833</sup></a> The full significance of his +resolution can be fully appreciated only by the noting of the fact +that, subsequent to the Battle of Honey Springs, he had been +instructed by General Schofield, his superior officer, not only not +to advance but to fall back. To obey the order was inconceivable +and Blunt had deliberately disobeyed it.<a id="footnotetag834" +name="footnotetag834"></a><a href="#footnote834"><sup>834</sup></a> +It was now his determination to do more. Fortunately, Schofield had +recently changed his mind; for word had</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote829" name= +"footnote829"></a><b>Footnote 829:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag829">(return)</a> +<p><i>Confederate Military History</i>, vol. x, 202.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote830" name= +"footnote830"></a><b>Footnote 830:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag830">(return)</a> +<p>Steele to Scott, August 7, 1863, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xxii, part ii, 957.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote831" name= +"footnote831"></a><b>Footnote 831:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag831">(return)</a> +<p>Steele to Morgan, August, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 951; August 8, +1863, <i>ibid</i>., 957.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote832" name= +"footnote832"></a><b>Footnote 832:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag832">(return)</a> +<p>Steele to Blair, August 7, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 956.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote833" name= +"footnote833"></a><b>Footnote 833:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag833">(return)</a> +<p>Blunt to Schofield, July 30, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 411.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote834" name= +"footnote834"></a><b>Footnote 834:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag834">(return)</a> +<p>Blunt to Lincoln, September 24, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., vol. liii, +supplement, 572.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page294" id="page294"></a>[pg +294]</span> +<p>come to him that Congress had decided to relieve Kansas of her +Indian encumbrance by compassing the removal of all her tribes, +indigenous and immigrant, to Indian Territory. It mattered not that +the former had a title to their present holdings by ancient +occupation and long continued possession and the latter a title in +perpetuity, guaranteed by the treaty-making power under the United +States constitution. All the tribes were to be ousted from the soil +of the state that had been saved to freedom; but it would be first +necessary to secure the Indian Territory and the men of the Kansas +tribes were to be organized as soldiers to secure it. It is +difficult to imagine a more ironical proceeding. The Indians were +to be induced to fight for the recovery of a section of the country +that would make possible their own banishment. Blunt strenuously +objected, not because he was averse to ridding Kansas of the +Indians, but because he had no faith in an Indian soldiery. Said +he,</p> +<blockquote> +<p>There are several reasons why I do not think such a policy +practicable or advisable. It would take several months under the +most favorable circumstances to organize and put into the field the +Indians referred to, even were they ready and willing to enlist, of +which fact I am not advised, but presume they would be very slow to +enlist; besides my experience thus far with Indian soldiers has +convinced me that they are of little service to the Government +compared with other soldiers. The Cherokees, who are far superior +in every respect to the Kansas Indians, did very good service while +they had a specific object in view—the possession and +occupation of their own country; having accomplished that, they +have become greatly demoralized and nearly worthless as troops. I +would earnestly recommend that (as the best policy the Government +can pursue with these Indian regiments) they be mustered out of +service some time during the coming winter, and put to work raising +their subsistence, with a few white troops stationed among them for +their protection.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page295" id="page295"></a>[pg +295]</span> +<blockquote> +<p>I would not exchange one regiment of negro troops for ten +regiments of Indians, and they can be obtained in abundance +whenever Texas is reached.</p> +<p>In ten days from this date, if I have the success I expect, the +Indian Territory south of the Arkansas River will be in our +possession ...<a id="footnotetag835" name= +"footnotetag835"></a><a href="#footnote835"><sup>835</sup></a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>Blunt's mind was made up. He was determined to go forward with +the force he already had. Ill-health<a id="footnotetag836" name= +"footnotetag836"></a><a href="#footnote836"><sup>836</sup></a> +retarded his movements a trifle; but on the twenty-second of +August, two days after the massacre by guerrillas had occurred at +Lawrence, he crossed the Arkansas. He was at length accepting +General Steele's challenge but poor Steele was quite unprepared for +a duel of any sort. If Blunt distrusted the Indians, how very much +more did he and with greater reason! With insufficient guns and +ammunition, with no troops, white or red, upon whom he could +confidently rely, and with no certainty of help from any quarter, +he was compelled to adopt a Fabian policy, and he moved slowly +backward, inviting yet never stopping to accept a full and regular +engagement. Out of the Creek country he went and into the +Choctaw.<a id="footnotetag837" name="footnotetag837"></a><a href= +"#footnote837"><sup>837</sup></a> At Perryville, on the road<a id= +"footnotetag838" name="footnotetag838"></a><a href= +"#footnote838"><sup>838</sup></a> to</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote835" name= +"footnote835"></a><b>Footnote 835:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag835">(return)</a> +<p>Blunt to Schofield, August 22, 1863, <i>Official Records</i>, +vol. xxii, part ii, 465.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote836" name= +"footnote836"></a><b>Footnote 836:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag836">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 466. There seems to have been a good deal +of sickness at Fort Gibson and some mortality, of which report was +duly made to Steele [<i>ibid</i>., 956; <i>Confederate Records</i>, +chap. 2, no. 268, pp. 192-193].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote837" name= +"footnote837"></a><b>Footnote 837:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag837">(return)</a> +<p>Steele had crossed the line between the Creeks and Choctaws, +however, before Blunt crossed the Arkansas. On August sixteenth, he +had his camp on Longtown Creek and was sending a detachment out as +far south as within about ten miles of Boggy Depot [<i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 968]. A few days later, he made +his camp on Brooken Creek, a little to the eastward [<i>ibid</i>., +972]. By that time, Steele was evidently quite reconciled to the +thought that Fort Smith might at any moment be attacked and, +perhaps, in such force that it would be needless to attempt to +defend it. Cabell was to move to a safe distance, in the +neighborhood of Scullyville, from whence, should there be +reasonable prospect of success, he might send out +reënforcements. In the event of almost certain failure, he was +to draw off betimes in the direction of Riddle's station, where +flour was stored [<i>ibid</i>.].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote838" name= +"footnote838"></a><b>Footnote 838:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag838">(return)</a> +<p>On the subject of roads and highways in Indian Territory, see +<i>ibid</i>., (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page296" id="page296"></a>[pg +296]</span> +<p>Texas, his men did have a small skirmish with Blunt's and at +both Perryville and North Fork, Blunt destroyed some of his +stores.<a id="footnotetag839" name="footnotetag839"></a><a href= +"#footnote839"><sup>839</sup></a> At North Fork, Steele had +established a general hospital, which now passed from his +control.</p> +<p>Following the unsuccessful skirmish at Perryville, the evening +of August 25, Steele was "pushed rapidly down the country,"<a id= +"footnotetag840" name="footnotetag840"></a><a href= +"#footnote840"><sup>840</sup></a> so observed the wary Bankhead to +whom fresh orders to assist Steele had been communicated.<a id= +"footnotetag841" name="footnotetag841"></a><a href= +"#footnote841"><sup>841</sup></a> Boggy Depot to the Texan +commander seemed the proper place to defend<a id="footnotetag842" +name="footnotetag842"></a><a href="#footnote842"><sup>842</sup></a> +and near there he now waited; but Steele on East Boggy, full sixty +miles from Red River and from comparative safety, begged him to +come forward to Middle Boggy, a battle was surely impending.<a id= +"footnotetag843" name="footnotetag843"></a><a href= +"#footnote843"><sup>843</sup></a> No battle occurred, +notwithstanding; for Blunt had given up the pursuit. He had come to +know that not all of Steele's command was ahead of him,<a id= +"footnotetag844" name="footnotetag844"></a><a href= +"#footnote844"><sup>844</sup></a> that McIntosh with the Creeks had +gone west within the Creek country, the Creeks having refused to +leave it,<a id="footnotetag845" name="footnotetag845"></a><a href= +"#footnote845"><sup>845</sup></a> and that Cabell had gone +east,</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 838:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag838">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) vol. xxxiv, part ii, 859; vol. xii, part ii, 997; +Sheridan, <i>Memoirs</i>, vol. ii, 340.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote839" name= +"footnote839"></a><b>Footnote 839:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag839">(return)</a> +<p>Blunt to Schofield, August 27, 1863, <i>Official Records</i>, +vol. xxii, part i. 597-598; Steele to Snead, September 8, 1863, +<i>Confederate Records</i>, chap. 2, no. 268, p. 223.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote840" name= +"footnote840"></a><b>Footnote 840:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag840">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 983.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote841" name= +"footnote841"></a><b>Footnote 841:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag841">(return)</a> +<p>W.T. Carrington to Bankhead, August 22, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., +975.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote842" name= +"footnote842"></a><b>Footnote 842:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag842">(return)</a> +<p>Bankhead to Turner, August 23, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 977. Near +Boggy Depot, "the Fort Gibson and Fort Smith roads" forked. At +Boggy Depot, moreover, were "all the stores of the Indian +Department." With Boggy Depot in the hands of the enemy, Bankhead's +whole front would be uncovered [Bankhead to Turner August 20, 1863, +<i>ibid</i>., 972].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote843" name= +"footnote843"></a><b>Footnote 843:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag843">(return)</a> +<p>Duval to Bankhead and other commanders, August 27, 1863, +<i>ibid</i>., 981.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote844" name= +"footnote844"></a><b>Footnote 844:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag844">(return)</a> +<p>Blunt to Schofield, August 27, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., part i, 597. +He thought, however, that Stand Watie was with Steele but he was +not. He was absent on a scout [Steele to Boggs, August 30, 1863, +<i>ibid</i>., part ii, 984].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote845" name= +"footnote845"></a><b>Footnote 845:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag845">(return)</a> +<p>Steele to Snead, September 11, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., part ii, +1012.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page297" id="page297"></a>[pg +297]</span> +<p>towards Fort Smith.<a id="footnotetag846" name= +"footnotetag846"></a><a href="#footnote846"><sup>846</sup></a> It +was Fort Smith that now engaged Blunt's attention and thither he +directed his steps, Colonel W.F. Cloud<a id="footnotetag847" name= +"footnotetag847"></a><a href="#footnote847"><sup>847</sup></a> of +the Second Kansas Cavalry, who, acting under orders from General +McNeil,<a id="footnotetag848" name="footnotetag848"></a><a href= +"#footnote848"><sup>848</sup></a> had coöperated with him at +Perryville, being sent on in advance. Fort Smith surrendered with +ease, not a blow being struck in her defence;<a id="footnotetag849" +name="footnotetag849"></a><a href="#footnote849"><sup>849</sup></a> +but there was Cabell yet to be dealt with.</p> +<p>Steele's conduct, his adoption of the Fabian policy, severely +criticized in some quarters, in Indian Territory, in Arkansas, in +Texas, had yet been condoned and, indeed, approved<a id= +"footnotetag850" name="footnotetag850"></a><a href= +"#footnote850"><sup>850</sup></a> by General Kirby Smith, the</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote846" name= +"footnote846"></a><b>Footnote 846:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag846">(return)</a> +<p>Cabell's brigade, as already indicated, had had to be sent back +"to avoid the contagion of demoralization." [<i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 983; Steele to Snead, September +11, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 1012].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote847" name= +"footnote847"></a><b>Footnote 847:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag847">(return)</a> +<p>Cloud had arrived at Fort Gibson, August 21 [Cloud to McNeil, +August 22, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 466].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote848" name= +"footnote848"></a><b>Footnote 848:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag848">(return)</a> +<p>John McNeil was commanding the District of Southwestern +Missouri. The orders originated with Schofield [<i>ibid</i>., part +i, 15].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote849" name= +"footnote849"></a><b>Footnote 849:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag849">(return)</a> +<p>Cabell had taken a position on the Poteau. Steele had been much +averse to his running the risk of having himself shut up in Fort +Smith [Steele to Cabell, September 1, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., part ii, +987].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote850" name= +"footnote850"></a><b>Footnote 850:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag850">(return)</a> +<p>"The general commanding is satisfied that the Fabian policy is +the true one to adopt when not well satisfied that circumstances +warrant a different course..." [G.M. Bryan to Steele, September 8, +1863, <i>ibid</i>., 999]. Smith believed in "abandoning a part to +save the whole" [Letter to General R. Taylor, September 3, 1863, +<i>ibid</i>., 989]; but President Davis and men of the states +interested had impressed it upon him that that would never do. It +must have been with some idea of justifying Steele's procedure in +mind that Smith wrote to Stand Watie, September 8th [<i>ibid</i>., +999-1000]. Watie had lodged a complaint with him, August 9th, +against the Confederate subordination of the Indian interests. To +that Smith replied in words that must have made a powerful appeal +to the Cherokee chief, who had already, in fact on the selfsame day +that he wrote to Smith, made an equally powerful one to his own +tribe and to other tribes. Watie's appeal will be taken up later, +the noble sounding part of Smith's may as well find a place for +quotation here.</p> +<p>"I know that your people have cause for complaint. Their +sufferings and the apparent ill-faith of our Government would +naturally produce dissatisfaction. That your patriotic band of +followers deserve the thanks of our Government I know. They have +won the respect and esteem of our people (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page298" id="page298"></a>[pg +298]</span> +<p>person most competent to judge fairly; because he possessed a +full comprehension of the situation in Steele's command. Smith knew +and others might have known that the situation had been largely +created by envy, hatred, and malice, by corruption in high places, +by peculation in low, by desertions in white regiments and by +defection in Indian.</p> +<p>The Confederate government was not unaware of the increasing +dissatisfaction among its Indian allies. It had innumerable sources +of information, the chief of which and, perhaps, not the most +reliable or the least factional, were the tribal delegates<a id= +"footnotetag851" name="footnotetag851"></a><a href= +"#footnote851"><sup>851</sup></a> in Congress. Late</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 850:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag850">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) by their steadfast loyalty and heroic bravery. Tell them +to remain true; encourage them in their despondency; bid them +struggle on through the dark gloom which now envelops our affairs, +and bid them remember the insurmountable difficulties with which +our Government has been surrounded; that she has never been untrue +to her engagements, though some of her agents may have been remiss +and even criminally negligent. Our cause is the same—a just +and holy one; we must stand and struggle on together, till that +just and good Providence, who always supports the right, crowns our +efforts with success. I can make you no definite promises. I have +your interest at heart, and will endeavor faithfully and honestly +to support you in your efforts and in those of your people to +redeem their homes from an oppressor's rule...</p> +<p>"What might have been done and has not is with the past; it is +needless to comment upon it, and I can only assure you that I feel +the importance of your country to our cause..."</p> +<p>That Smith was no more sincere than other white men had been, +when addressing Indians, goes almost without saying. It was +necessary to pacify Stand Watie and promises would no longer +suffice. Candor was a better means to the end sought. Had Smith +only not so very recently had his interview with the governors of +the southwestern states, his tone might not have been so +conciliatory. In anticipation of that interview and in advance of +it, for it might come too late, some Arkansans, with R.W. Johnson +among them, had impressed it upon Governor Flanagin that both +Arkansas and Indian Territory were necessary to the Confederacy. In +their communication, appeared these fatal admissions, fatal to any +claim of disinterestedness:</p> +<p>"Negro slavery exists in the Indian Territory, and is profitable +and desirable there, affording a practical issue of the right of +expansion, for which the war began..." [July 25, 1863, <i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 945].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote851" name= +"footnote851"></a><b>Footnote 851:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag851">(return)</a> +<p>Only two of the tribes, entitled to a delegate in the +Confederate Congress, seem to have availed themselves of the +privilege in 1863, the (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page299" id="page299"></a>[pg +299]</span> +<p>in May, Commissioner Scott<a id="footnotetag852" name= +"footnotetag852"></a><a href="#footnote852"><sup>852</sup></a> set +out upon a tour of inspection, similar to the one he had made +during the days of the Pike regime. On his way through Arkansas, he +stopped at Little Rock to consult with General Holmes and to get +his bearings before venturing again among the tribes; but Holmes +was ill, too ill to attend to business,<a id="footnotetag853" name= +"footnotetag853"></a><a href="#footnote853"><sup>853</sup></a> and +no interview with him was likely to be deemed advisable for some +time to come. Scott had, therefore, to resume his journey without +instructions or advice from the district commander, not regrettable +from some points of view since it enabled</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 851:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag851">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) Cherokee and the Choctaw, which may account for the +persistence with which, in one form or another, a measure for +filling vacancies in the Indian representation came up for +discussion or for reference [See <i>Journal</i>, vols. iii, vi]. It +became law in January, 1864 [<i>ibid</i>., vol. iii, 521]. A +companion measure, for the regulation of Indian elections, had a +like bearing. It became law earlier, in May, 1863 [<i>ibid</i>., +420, vi, 459]. In the <i>Official Records</i>, fourth ser. vol. in, +1189, <i>footnote o</i>, the statement is made that the name of +Elias C. Boudinot appeared first on the roll, January 8, 1864; but +it must be erroneous, since Boudinot, as the delegate from the +Cherokee Nation, was very active in Congress all through the year +1863. His colleague from the Choctaw Nation was Robert M. Jones. On +December 10, when Indian affairs had become exceedingly critical, +Representative Hanly moved that one of the Indian delegates should +be requested to attend the sessions of the Committee on Indian +Affairs (<i>Journal</i>, vol. vi, 520). This proposition eventually +developed into something very much more important,</p> +<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, First, That each Delegate from the several +Indian nations with whom treaties have been made and concluded by +the Confederate States of America shall have and be entitled to a +seat upon the floor of this House, may propose and introduce +measures being for the benefit of his particular nation, and be +heard in respect and regard thereto, or other matters in which his +nation may be particularly interested.</p> +<p>"Second. That, furthermore, it shall be the duty of the Speaker +of this House to appoint one Delegate from one of the Indian +nations upon the Committee on Indian Affairs, and the Delegate so +appointed shall have and possess all the rights and privileges of +other members of such committee, except the right to vote on +questions pending before such committee"—<i>Journal</i>, vol. +vi, 529. The Speaker appointed Boudinot to the position thus +created.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote852" name= +"footnote852"></a><b>Footnote 852:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag852">(return)</a> +<p>In February, upon the nomination of President Davis and the +recommendation of Secretary Seddon, Scott had been appointed to the +position of full commissioner [<i>ibid</i>., vol. iii, 69].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote853" name= +"footnote853"></a><b>Footnote 853:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag853">(return)</a> +<p>During the illness of Holmes, which was protracted, Price +commanded in the District of Arkansas.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page300" id="page300"></a>[pg +300]</span> +<p>him to approach his difficult and delicate task with an open +mind and with no preconceived notions derived from Holmes's +prejudices.</p> +<p>Scott entered the Indian Territory in July and was at once beset +with complaints and solicitations, individual and tribal. On his +own account, he made not a few discoveries. On the eighth of August +he reported<a id="footnotetag854" name= +"footnotetag854"></a><a href="#footnote854"><sup>854</sup></a> to +Holmes upon things that have already been considered here, +defective powder, deficient artillery, and the like; but not a word +did he say about the Cooper<a id="footnotetag855" name= +"footnotetag855"></a><a href="#footnote855"><sup>855</sup></a> and +Boudinot intrigues. It was too early to commit himself on matters +so personal and yet so fundamental. The Indians were not so +reticent. The evil influence that Cooper had over them, due largely +to the fact that he professed himself to be interested in Indian +Territory to the exclusion of all other parts of the country, was +beginning to find expression in various communications to President +Davis and others in authority. Just how far Stand Watie was privy +to Cooper's schemes and in sympathy with them, it is impossible to +say. Boudinot was Cooper's able coadjutor, fellow conspirator, +while Boudinot and Watie were relatives and friends.</p> +<p>Watie's energies, especially his intellectual, were apparently +being exerted in directions far removed from the realm of selfish +and petty intrigue. He was a man of vision, of deep penetration +likewise, and he was a patriot. Personal ambition was not his +besetting sin. If he had only had real military ability and the +qualities that make for discipline and for genuine leadership</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote854" name= +"footnote854"></a><b>Footnote 854:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag854">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 1097.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote855" name= +"footnote855"></a><b>Footnote 855:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag855">(return)</a> +<p>On August 14, Cooper complained to Smith that Steele had been +given the place that rightfully should have been his [<i>ibid</i>., +987]. Smith looked into the matter and made his reply, strictly +non-partisan, September 1st [<i>ibid</i>., 1037]. The authorities +at Richmond declared against Cooper's claims and pretensions, yet, +in no wise, did he abandon them.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page301" id="page301"></a>[pg +301]</span> +<p>among men, he might have accomplished great things for Indian +Territory and for the Confederacy. Almost simultaneously with the +forwarding of Scott's first report to Holmes, he personally made +reports<a id="footnotetag856" name="footnotetag856"></a><a href= +"#footnote856"><sup>856</sup></a> and issued appeals,<a id= +"footnotetag857" name="footnotetag857"></a><a href= +"#footnote857"><sup>857</sup></a> some of which, because of their +grasp, because of their earnestness, and because of their spirit of +noble self-reliance, call for very special mention. Watie's purpose +in making and in issuing them was evidently nothing more and +nothing less than to dispel despondency and to arouse to +action.</p> +<p>Watie's appeal may have had the effect designed but it was an +effect doomed to be counteracted almost at once. Blunt's offensive +had more of menace to the Creeks and their southern neighbors than +had Steele's defensive of hope. The amnesty to deserters,<a id= +"footnotetag858" name="footnotetag858"></a><a href= +"#footnote858"><sup>858</sup></a> that issued under authority from +Richmond on the twenty-sixth of August, even though conditional +upon a return to duty, was a confession of weakness and it availed +little when the Choctaws protested against the failure to supply +them with arms and ammunition, proper in quality and quantity, for +Smith to tell them that such things, intended to meet treaty +requirements but diverted, had been lost in the fall of +Vicksburg.<a id="footnotetag859" name="footnotetag859"></a><a href= +"#footnote859"><sup>859</sup></a> Had not white men been always +singularly adept at making excuses for breaking their promises to +red?</p> +<p>In September, when everything seemed very dark for the +Confederacy on the southwestern front, desperate efforts were made +to rally anew the Indians.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote856" name= +"footnote856"></a><b>Footnote 856:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag856">(return)</a> +<p>Watie's report to Scott, August 8, 1863 [<i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 1104-1105] was full of very just +criticism, but not at all factional.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote857" name= +"footnote857"></a><b>Footnote 857:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag857">(return)</a> +<p>The appeal to the Creeks, through their governor, is to be found +in <i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 1105-1106, and that +to the Choctaws and Chickasaws, <i>ibid</i>., 1106-1107.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote858" name= +"footnote858"></a><b>Footnote 858:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag858">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 980.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote859" name= +"footnote859"></a><b>Footnote 859:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag859">(return)</a> +<p>Smith to Principal Chief, Choctaw Nation, August 13, 1863, +<i>ibid</i>., 967; Bryan to Hon. R.M. Jones, September 19, 1863, +<i>ibid</i>., 1021.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page302" id="page302"></a>[pg +302]</span> +<p>Proposals<a id="footnotetag860" name= +"footnotetag860"></a><a href="#footnote860"><sup>860</sup></a> from +Blunt were known to have reached both the Creeks and the Choctaws +and were being considered, by the one, more or less secretly and, +by the other, in open council. Israel G. Vore,<a id= +"footnotetag861" name="footnotetag861"></a><a href= +"#footnote861"><sup>861</sup></a> who had become the agent of the +Creeks and whose influence was considerable, was called upon to +neutralize the Federal advances. In a more official way, +Commissioner Scott worked with the Choctaws, among whom there was +still a strong element loyal to the Confederacy, loyal enough, at +all events, to recruit for a new regiment to fight in its +cause.</p> +<p>Nothing was more likely to bring reassurance to the Indians than +military activity; but military activity of any account was +obviously out of the question unless some combination of commands +could be devised, such a combination, for example, as Magruder had +in mind when he proposed that the forces of Steele, Cooper, +Bankhead, and Cabell should coöperate to recover Forts Smith +and Gibson, something more easily said than done. It was no sooner +said than brigade transfers rendered it quite impracticable, Cabell +and Bankhead both being needed to give support to Price. In charge +now of the Northern Sub-district of Texas was Henry E. McCulloch. +From him Steele felt he had a right to expect coöperation, +since their commands were</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote860" name= +"footnote860"></a><b>Footnote 860:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag860">(return)</a> +<p>Steele to Snead, September 11, 1863, <i>Official Records</i>, +vol. xxii, part ii, 1013; Bankhead to Steele, September 15, 1863, +<i>ibid</i>., 1016.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote861" name= +"footnote861"></a><b>Footnote 861:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag861">(return)</a> +<p>In the spring of 1863, Vore was engaged in disbursing funds, +more particularly, in paying the Indian troops [Steele to Anderson, +April 17, 1863, <i>Confederate Records</i>, chap. 2, no. 270, pp. +197-198]. In November, 1862, the Creeks had requested that Vore be +made their agent and the appointment was conferred upon him the +following May [Scott to Seddon, December 12, 1863, <i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 1095]. The Creeks were inclined to +be displeased at the delay, especially as they later had no reason +to regret their choice [Moty Kanard to Davis, August 17, 1863. +<i>ibid</i>., 1107]. It was Cooper, apparently, who suggested +sending up Vore to have him work upon the Creeks [<i>ibid</i>., +1000].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page303" id="page303"></a>[pg +303]</span> +<p>territorially in conjunction, and to consult with him he +journeyed to Bonham.<a id="footnotetag862" name= +"footnotetag862"></a><a href="#footnote862"><sup>862</sup></a></p> +<p>Viewed in the light of subsequent events, the journey was +productive of more evil than good. With Steele absent, the command +in Indian Territory devolved upon Cooper<a id="footnotetag863" +name="footnotetag863"></a><a href="#footnote863"><sup>863</sup></a> +and Cooper employed the occasion to ingratiate himself with the +Indians, to increase his influence with them, and to undermine the +man who he still insisted had supplanted him. When Steele returned +from Texas he noticed very evident signs of insubordination. There +were times when he found it almost impossible to locate Cooper +within the limits of the command or to keep in touch with him. +Cooper was displaying great activity, was making plans to recover +Fort Smith, and conducting himself generally in a very independent +way. October had, however, brought a change in the status of Fort +Smith; for General Smith had completely detached the commands of +Indian Territory and Arkansas from each other.<a id= +"footnotetag864" name="footnotetag864"></a><a href= +"#footnote864"><sup>864</sup></a> It was not to Holmes that Steele +reported thenceforth but to Smith direct. Taken in connection with +the need that soon arose, on account of the chaos in northern +Texas, for McCulloch<a id="footnotetag865" name= +"footnotetag865"></a><a href="#footnote865"><sup>865</sup></a> to +become absorbed in home affairs, the</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote862" name= +"footnote862"></a><b>Footnote 862:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag862">(return)</a> +<p>His destination was apparently to be Shreveport, the department +headquarters [Crosby to Bankhead, September 23, 1863. +<i>Confederate Records</i>, chap. 2, no. 268. p. 251].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote863" name= +"footnote863"></a><b>Footnote 863:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag863">(return)</a> +<p>Cooper's headquarters, in the interval, were to be at Fort +Washita [<i>ibid</i>.,], where a company of Bass's regiment had +been placed in garrison [Duval to Cooper, July 15, 1863, +<i>ibid</i>., p. 145].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote864" name= +"footnote864"></a><b>Footnote 864:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag864">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 1045.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote865" name= +"footnote865"></a><b>Footnote 865:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag865">(return)</a> +<p>McCulloch was being greatly embarrassed by the rapid spread of +unionist sentiment and by desertions from his army. The expedient +of furloughing was restarted to. To his credit, be it said, that no +embarrassments, no dawning of the idea that he was fighting in a +failing cause, could make him forget the ordinary dictates of +humanity. His scornful repudiation of Quantrill and his methods was +characteristic of the man. For that repudiation, see, particularly, +McCulloch to Turner, October 22, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., vol. xxvi. +part ii, 348.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page304" id="page304"></a>[pg +304]</span> +<p>separation from Arkansas left Indian Territory stranded.</p> +<p>Fort Smith, moreover, was about to become Blunt's headquarters +and it was while he was engaged in transferring his effects from +Fort Scott to that place that the massacre of Baxter Springs +occurred, Blunt arriving upon the scene too late to prevent the +murderous surprise having its full effect. The Baxter Springs +massacre was another guerrilla outrage, perpetrated by Quantrill +and his band<a id="footnotetag866" name= +"footnotetag866"></a><a href="#footnote866"><sup>866</sup></a> who, +their bloody work accomplished at the Federal outpost, passed on +down through the Cherokee Nation, killing outright whatever Indians +or negroes they fell in with. It was their boast that they never +burdened themselves with prisoners. The gang crossed the Arkansas +about eighteen miles above Fort Gibson<a id="footnotetag867" name= +"footnotetag867"></a><a href="#footnote867"><sup>867</sup></a> and +arrived at Cooper's camp on the Canadian, October twelfth.<a id= +"footnotetag868" name="footnotetag868"></a><a href= +"#footnote868"><sup>868</sup></a></p> +<p>Scarcely had Blunt established his headquarters at Fort Smith, +when political influences long hostile to him, Schofield at their +head,<a id="footnotetag869" name="footnotetag869"></a><a href= +"#footnote869"><sup>869</sup></a> had accumulated force</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote866" name= +"footnote866"></a><b>Footnote 866:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag866">(return)</a> +<p>Quantrill's bold dash from the Missouri to the Canadian had been +projected in a spirit of bravado, deviltry, and downright savagery, +and had undoubtedly been incited by the execution of Ewing's +notorious order, <i>Number Eleven</i> [<i>Official Records</i>, +vol. xxii, part ii, 473]. That order, as modified by Schofield, had +authorized the depopulating of those counties of Missouri, Jackson, +Cass, Bates, and a part of Vernon, where the guerrillas were +believed to have their chief recruiting stations and where +secessionist feeling had always been dominant. It was at once +retaliatory and precautionary and on a par with the instructions +for the removal of the Acadians on the eve of the breaking out of +the French and Indian War. The banished Missourians have, however, +as yet found no Longfellow to sentimentalize over them or to +idealize, in a story of <i>Evangeline</i>, their misfortunes and +their character. History has been spared the consequent and +inevitable distortion.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote867" name= +"footnote867"></a><b>Footnote 867:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag867">(return)</a> +<p>Britton, <i>Civil War on the Border</i>, vol. ii, 224.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote868" name= +"footnote868"></a><b>Footnote 868:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag868">(return)</a> +<p>Quantrill to Price, October 13, 1863, <i>Official Records</i>, +vol. xxii, part i, 700-701.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote869" name= +"footnote869"></a><b>Footnote 869:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag869">(return)</a> +<p>In the matter of domestic politics in Kansas, particularly as +they were shaped by the excitement over the guerrilla outrages, +Schofield belonged to the party of <i>Moderates</i>, "Paw Paws" as +its members were called in derision, (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page305" id="page305"></a>[pg +305]</span> +<p>sufficient to effect his removal. He was relieved, under +Schofield's orders of October 19, and Brigadier-general John McNeil +then assumed command of the District of the Frontier.<a id= +"footnotetag870" name="footnotetag870"></a><a href= +"#footnote870"><sup>870</sup></a> Colonel Phillips continued in +charge at Fort Gibson,<a id="footnotetag871" name= +"footnotetag871"></a><a href="#footnote871"><sup>871</sup></a> his +presence being somewhat of a reassurance to the Cherokees, who, +appreciating Blunt's energetic administration, regretted his +recall.<a id="footnotetag872" name="footnotetag872"></a><a href= +"#footnote872"><sup>872</sup></a></p> +<p>Had the Federal Cherokees been authoritatively apprised of the +real situation in the Indian Territory farther south, they need +never have been anxious as to the safety of Fort Gibson. Steele's +situation was peculiarly complex. As private personage and as +commander he elicits commiseration. Small and incapable was his +force,<a id="footnotetag873" name="footnotetag873"></a><a href= +"#footnote873"><sup>873</sup></a> intriguing and intractable were +his</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 869:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag869">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) and Blunt, like Lane, Wilder, and others, to that of the +<i>Extremists</i>, or <i>Radicals</i>. Of the Extremists the "Red +Legs" were the active wing, those who indulged in retaliatory and +provocative outrages. Schofield's animosity against Blunt, to some +extent richly deserved, amounted almost to a persecution. He +instituted an investigation of the District of the Frontier and it +was upon the basis of the findings of the committee of +investigation that he ordered Blunt's retirement [Schofield to +Townsend, October 3, 1863, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part +ii, 595-597; Blunt to Curtis, November 30, 1864, <i>ibid</i>., vol. +xli, part iv, 727-729]. For evidence of continued animosity see the +correspondence of Champion Vaughan, <i>ibid</i>., vol. xxii, part +ii, 738, 742.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote870" name= +"footnote870"></a><b>Footnote 870:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag870">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 666.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote871" name= +"footnote871"></a><b>Footnote 871:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag871">(return)</a> +<p>For the condition and movements of the Indian Brigade from +November 20, 1863, to December 20, 1863, see <i>Daily +Conservative</i>, January 3, 1864.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote872" name= +"footnote872"></a><b>Footnote 872:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag872">(return)</a> +<p>The resolutions, commendatory of his work, to which Blunt refers +in his letter to Curtis of November 30, were passed by the Cherokee +National Council, October 20, 1863. The text of them is to be +found, as also Chief Christie's letter of transmittal, in +<i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxxiv, part ii, 790-791.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote873" name= +"footnote873"></a><b>Footnote 873:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag873">(return)</a> +<p>Steele reported that on October first he had "Seminoles, 106; +Chickasaws, 208; Creeks, 305; Choctaws, 1,024; Choctaw militia, +200, and whites, 999" [<i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part i, +34]. Concerning the condition of his entire command, the best +understanding can be obtained from the inspection report of Smith's +assistant inspector-general, W.C. Schaumburg, [<i>ibid</i>., part +ii, 1049-1053], October 26, 1863. Schaumburg exhibits conditions as +simply deplorable, Indians poorly mounted, ignorant of drill, +destitute of suitable (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page306" id="page306"></a>[pg +306]</span> +<p>subordinates. Of the white force Magruder<a id="footnotetag874" +name="footnotetag874"></a><a href="#footnote874"><sup>874</sup></a> +was doing his utmost to deprive him, and of the Indian Steele found +it next to impossible to keep account. Insignificant as it was, it +was yet scattered here, there, and everywhere,<a id= +"footnotetag875" name="footnotetag875"></a><a href= +"#footnote875"><sup>875</sup></a> Cooper conniving at its desultory +dispersion. Instead of strengthening his superior's hands, Cooper +was, in fact, steadily weakening them and all for his own +advancement. He disparaged Steele's work, discredited it with the +Indians,<a id="footnotetag876" name="footnotetag876"></a><a href= +"#footnote876"><sup>876</sup></a> and, whenever possible, allowed a +false construction to be put upon his acts. In connection with the +movements of the white troops, is a case in point to be found. +Rumor had it that Bankhead's brigade, now Gano's,<a id= +"footnotetag877" name="footnotetag877"></a><a href= +"#footnote877"><sup>877</sup></a> was to be called away for coast +defence. Cooper knew perfectly well that such was not Steele's +intention and yet he suffered</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 873:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag873">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) arms; posts dilapidated; and prominent tribesmen, like +Colonel Tandy Walker, indulging in petty graft, drawing government +rations for members of their families and for their negro slaves. +McCulloch was also of the opinion that conditions in Indian +Territory were pretty bad [<i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part +i, 1065], and that the red men were absolutely unreliable +[<i>ibid</i>., vol. xxvi, part ii, 378].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote874" name= +"footnote874"></a><b>Footnote 874:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag874">(return)</a> +<p>For Magruder's insolent and overbearing attitude towards Steele, +see his correspondence in <i>ibid</i>., part ii. Magruder wanted +Indian Territory attached to the District of Texas [p. 295] and was +much disgusted that Gano's brigade was beyond his reach; inasmuch +as Smith himself had placed it in Indian Territory and Steele could +retain it there if he so pleased [pp. 349, 369, 371].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote875" name= +"footnote875"></a><b>Footnote 875:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag875">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 1063, 1065, 1076, +1109.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote876" name= +"footnote876"></a><b>Footnote 876:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag876">(return)</a> +<p>Cooper's influence was greatest with the Choctaws and +Chickasaws. The Choctaw wavering of which there were numerous signs +[<i>ibid</i>., 1019, 1024], the disposition of the Choctaw Council +towards neutrality [<i>ibid</i>., 1042, 1046], which Scott was +called upon to check [<i>ibid</i>., 1030-1031], and the Choctaw +complaint about the absence or inadequacy of arms [<i>ibid</i>., +1021] were all made the most of, in order to accentuate Steele's +incapacity for his task. October 7, the Chickasaw Legislature +petitioned for the elevation of Cooper to the full command in +Indian Territory [<i>ibid</i>., 1123-1124]. It was, of course, a +covert attack upon Steele.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote877" name= +"footnote877"></a><b>Footnote 877:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag877">(return)</a> +<p>Dissatisfaction with Bankhead on the part of his men had been +the chief cause of the transfer to Richard M. Gano. Steele had a +good deal of trouble with Gano's brigade as also with Bass's +regiment [See <i>Confederate Records</i>, chap. 2, nos. 267, +268].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page307" id="page307"></a>[pg +307]</span> +<p>the Indians to believe that it was; in order that they might +with impunity charge Steele with having violated their treaty +pledges.<a id="footnotetag878" name="footnotetag878"></a><a href= +"#footnote878"><sup>878</sup></a> To nothing did they hold so +rigidly as to the promise that white troops were always to support +Indian.</p> +<p>In the role of Indian superintendent ex officio, Steele had no +fewer difficulties and perplexities than in that of military chief. +The feeding of indigents was a problem not easily solved, if +solvable. In the absence of legislative provision, Hindman had +instituted the questionable practice of furnishing relief to +civilians at the cost of the army commissary and no other course +had ever been deemed expedient by his successors. In July, 1863, +Steele had ordered<a id="footnotetag879" name= +"footnotetag879"></a><a href="#footnote879"><sup>879</sup></a> +practically all distribution agencies to be abolished, his reason +being that only refugees,<a id="footnotetag880" name= +"footnotetag880"></a><a href="#footnote880"><sup>880</sup></a> +Indians out of their own country, ought, in the season of ripened +and ripening crops, to need subsistence and such subsistence, being +limited in amount and derived altogether from the army supply, +could be most economically handled by the regular commissaries. As +winter approached and the necessity for feeding on a large scale +became again pronounced,</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote878" name= +"footnote878"></a><b>Footnote 878:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag878">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 1063-1064, +1064-1065.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote879" name= +"footnote879"></a><b>Footnote 879:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag879">(return)</a> +<p>"I am instructed by the Gen. Com'dg to direct that you issue an +order abolishing all agencies in the Indian country for feeding +'Indigents.'</p> +<p>"It is thought that the crops now coming in will be sufficient +to support these people without any further drain upon Govt +supplies.</p> +<p>"What little issues are absolutely necessary will be made by +post commissaries."—DUVAL to Lee, July 1, 1863, +<i>Confederate Records</i>, chap. 2, no. 268, p. 119.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote880" name= +"footnote880"></a><b>Footnote 880:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag880">(return)</a> +<p>"I beg leave to recommend to your favorable consideration the +accompanying letter from the Hon. E.C. Boudinot. The necessity of +feeding not only the refugees, but to some extent during the winter +the other Indians, has been recognized by all commanders, the +drouth of last year having cut the crops very short. As the crops +are now maturing I have in a great measure discontinued the issue +except to refugee Cherokees and Osages, both of whom are out of +their own country ..."—STEELE to Smith, July 13, 1863, +<i>ibid</i>., pp. 142-143.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page308" id="page308"></a>[pg +308]</span> +<p>he was disposed to keep the whole matter still under army +regulations so as to "avoid increasing competition."<a id= +"footnotetag881" name="footnotetag881"></a><a href= +"#footnote881"><sup>881</sup></a> The army exchequer could be +subsequently reimbursed when specific appropriations for Indians +should be made. Supplies of clothing had naturally to be otherwise +provided for and for those he contracted<a id="footnotetag882" +name="footnotetag882"></a><a href="#footnote882"><sup>882</sup></a> +in northern Texas. Steele's whole policy with regard to the +indigents was subjected to the severest criticism;<a id= +"footnotetag883" name="footnotetag883"></a><a href= +"#footnote883"><sup>883</sup></a> for it was based upon the idea +that to be forewarned is to be forearmed. Disappointed speculators +and grafters were chief among his critics and, in spite of all his +precautions, they outwitted him. Peculation appeared on every hand, +white sharpers abounded, and Indians, relatively affluent, +subsisted at government expense.</p> +<p>Another source of embarrassment was developed by the application +of war measures, primarily intended for the states only, to the +Indian country. Indian property was impressed<a id="footnotetag884" +name="footnotetag884"></a><a href="#footnote884"><sup>884</sup></a> +as occasion arose. Very</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote881" name= +"footnote881"></a><b>Footnote 881:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag881">(return)</a> +<p>Steele to Scott, August 7, 1863, <i>Confederate Records</i>, pp. +179-180.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote882" name= +"footnote882"></a><b>Footnote 882:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag882">(return)</a> +<p>Steele to Bryan, November 9, 1863, <i>Confederate Records</i>, +chap. 2, no. 267, p. 31. The Reserve Indians had all along been fed +by contract [Steele to Scott, August 7, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., no. +268, pp. 179-180]. In the fall, Steele renewed the contract with +Johnson and Grimes [Steele to S.A. Roberts, November 15, 1863, +<i>ibid</i>., no. 267, p. 37] and detailed men from his command, +from Martin's regiment, to assist in its execution [Steele to +McCulloch, November 22, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., p. 41].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote883" name= +"footnote883"></a><b>Footnote 883:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag883">(return)</a> +<p>The Creeks were particularly dissatisfied. They claimed that +food and raiment had been promised them, but the source of the +promises Steele was powerless to determine [Steele to Vore, +November 20, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., p. 39]. Indian soldiers on leave +seemed to expect their usual allowances and Cooper, although +disclaiming that he had any desire to "pander to the prejudices" of +the natives, was always to be found on their side in any contention +with Steele. To all appearances, the Indians had Cooper's support, +in demanding all the privileges and profits of regular troops and +"all the latitude of irregular, or partisan" [Steele to Cooper, +November 24, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., pp. 44-45].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote884" name= +"footnote884"></a><b>Footnote 884:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag884">(return)</a> +<p>Concerning the request of Steele that cotton and teams be +ordered exempt from impressment, see Steele to Bryan, November 9, +1863. <i>Confederate Records</i>, chap. 2, no. 267, p. 31. The +Choctaws had considerable cotton and the question was what was to +be done with it in case of an advance of (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page309" id="page309"></a>[pg +309]</span> +<p>frequently was this the case in the matter of transportation +facilities, in that also of negro labor. It was Steele's opinion +that the impressment law and the grain tithe law were not operative +as against the Indians<a id="footnotetag885" name= +"footnotetag885"></a><a href="#footnote885"><sup>885</sup></a> but +his necessities forced the practice, and execution by the army, +under his orders, only intensified Indian opposition to him.</p> +<p>Indian opposition to Steele in tangible form took two +directions, one of which, the advancement of Douglas H. Cooper, has +already been frequently referred to. The other was the advancement +of Stand Watie. During the summer, Stand Watie, as chief of the +Confederate Cherokees, had authorized the formation of a Cherokee +brigade,<a id="footnotetag886" name="footnotetag886"></a><a href= +"#footnote886"><sup>886</sup></a> the object being, the dislodgment +of the Federals from Fort Gibson and their consequent retirement +from the Cherokee country. The brigade had not materialized; but +all Stand Watie's subsequent efforts were directed towards the +accomplishment of its patriotic object. Love of country best +explains his whole military endeavor. The enemy in the Cherokee +country he harassed, the enemy elsewhere, he left for others to +deal with. Generally speaking, in consequence, the autumn months of +1863 found Watie hovering around the Arkansas, the Cherokees and +their neighbors with him, while Cooper, almost equally +particularistic because the Choctaws and Chickasaws were his main +support, concerned himself with plans for the recovery of Fort +Smith.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 884:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag884">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) the enemy. Was it to be burnt and the owners were they +to be indemnified [Steele to Anderson, December 9, 1863, +<i>Confederate Records</i>, p. 68]? Steele peremptorily forbade +confiscation of Indian property and discouraged any interference +"with the duties of agents, or with the National Council or +government of the tribes" [Steele to Captain J.L. Randolph, +enrolling officer, July 7, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., no. 268, p. +132].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote885" name= +"footnote885"></a><b>Footnote 885:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag885">(return)</a> +<p>Crosby to A.S. Cabell, October 6, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., no. 267, +p. 2.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote886" name= +"footnote886"></a><b>Footnote 886:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag886">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 1103.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page310" id="page310"></a>[pg +310]</span> +<p>The fervid patriotism of one leader and the overweening personal +ambition of the other divided the Indians, then, into two camps and +it was but natural that the idea should soon evolve that Indian +interests could be best subserved by the formation of two distinct +Indian brigades. To this idea General Smith, when appealed to, +subscribed;<a id="footnotetag887" name= +"footnotetag887"></a><a href="#footnote887"><sup>887</sup></a> but +General Steele was dubious about the propriety of putting Stand +Watie in charge of one of the brigades. "He appears to exercise," +said Steele, "no restraint over his men in keeping them together, +and his requisitions upon the depots seem to be made with utter +disregard of the numbers present or even on his rolls."<a id= +"footnotetag888" name="footnotetag888"></a><a href= +"#footnote888"><sup>888</sup></a> General Smith conceived it would +be possible, by organizing the Indians into their own brigades and +satisfying them that way, to draw off the white contingent and make +of it a separate brigade, still operating, however, within the +Indian country. To Cooper, the thought of a separate white brigade +was most unwelcome. The Indians could be an effective force only in +close conjunction with white troops. The separation of whites and +Indians would inevitably mean, although not at present intended, +the isolation of the latter and, perhaps, their ultimate +abandonment.</p> +<p>The various proposals and counter-proposals all converged in an +opposition to Steele. His presence in the Indian country seemed to +block the advancement of everybody. Cooper resented his authority +over himself and Stand Watie interpreted his waiting policy as due +to inertness and ineptitude. So small a hold did the Federals +really have on the Indian country that if Steele would only exert +himself it could easily be</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote887" name= +"footnote887"></a><b>Footnote 887:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag887">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. 22, part ii, 1055-1056.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote888" name= +"footnote888"></a><b>Footnote 888:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag888">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 1065.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page311" id="page311"></a>[pg +311]</span> +<p>broken. But Steele was neither aggressive nor venturesome. His +task was truly beyond him. Discouraged, he asked to be relieved and +he was relieved, Brigadier-general Samuel B. Maxey being chosen as +his successor.<a id="footnotetag889" name= +"footnotetag889"></a><a href="#footnote889"><sup>889</sup></a> +Again Cooper had been passed over, notwithstanding that his Indian +friends had done everything they could for him. They had made +allegations against Steele; in order that a major-generalship might +be secured for Cooper and brigadier-generalships for some of +themselves.<a id="footnotetag890" name= +"footnotetag890"></a><a href="#footnote890"><sup>890</sup></a> +Boudinot was believed by Steele to be at the bottom of the whole +scheme; but it had been in process of concoction for a long time +and Steele had few friends. General Smith was the stanchest of that +few and even Holmes<a id="footnotetag891" name= +"footnotetag891"></a><a href="#footnote891"><sup>891</sup></a> was +not among them.</p> +<p>Obviously, with things in such a chaotic state, military +operations in the Indian country, during the autumn and early +winter were almost negligible.<a id="footnotetag892" name= +"footnotetag892"></a><a href="#footnote892"><sup>892</sup></a> +Steele expected that the Federals would attempt a drive from Fort +Smith to the Red River and he collected what forces he could for +that contingency. Little reliance was to be placed upon the +Cherokees since they were intent upon recovering Fort Gibson; but +the Choctaws through whose country the hostile force would proceed, +were the drive made, aroused themselves as in the first days of the +war. They recruited their regiments anew</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote889" name= +"footnote889"></a><b>Footnote 889:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag889">(return)</a> +<p>Special Orders, no. 214, December 11, 1863, <i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 1094.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote890" name= +"footnote890"></a><b>Footnote 890:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag890">(return)</a> +<p>Steele to S. Cooper, December 19, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., +1100-1101.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote891" name= +"footnote891"></a><b>Footnote 891:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag891">(return)</a> +<p>Boudinot to Davis, December 21, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 1103.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote892" name= +"footnote892"></a><b>Footnote 892:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag892">(return)</a> +<p>Steele contended that between the very natural fear that the +Indians entertained that the white troops were going to be +withdrawn from their country and Magruder's determination to get +those same white troops, it was impossible to make any move upon +military principles [Steele to Anderson, November 9, 1863, +<i>ibid</i>., 1064-1065]. Steele refused to recognize Magruder's +right to interfere with his command [Steele to Cooper, November 8, +1863, <i>ibid</i>., 1063-1064].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page312" id="page312"></a>[pg +312]</span> +<p>and they organized a militia; but the drive was never +made.<a id="footnotetag893" name="footnotetag893"></a><a href= +"#footnote893"><sup>893</sup></a></p> +<p>The only military activity anywhere was in the Cherokee country +and it was almost too insignificant for mention. Towards the end of +November, the Federal force there was greatly reduced in numbers, +the white and negro contingents being called away to Fort +Smith.<a id="footnotetag894" name="footnotetag894"></a><a href= +"#footnote894"><sup>894</sup></a> The Indian Home Guards under +Phillips were alone in occupation. With a detachment of the Third +Indian, Watie had one lone skirmish, although about one half of +Phillips's brigade was out scouting. The skirmish occurred on +Barren Fork, a tributary of the Illinois, on the eighteenth of +December.<a id="footnotetag895" name="footnotetag895"></a><a href= +"#footnote895"><sup>895</sup></a> Late in November, Watie had +planned a daring cavalry raid into the Neosho Valley.<a id= +"footnotetag896" name="footnotetag896"></a><a href= +"#footnote896"><sup>896</sup></a> The skirmish on Barren Fork +arrested him in his course somewhat; but, as the Federals, +satisfied with a rather petty success, did not pursue him, he went +on and succeeded in entering southwest Missouri. The raid did +little damage and was only another of the disjointed individual +undertakings that Steele deplored but that the Confederates were +being more and more compelled to make.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote893" name= +"footnote893"></a><b>Footnote 893:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag893">(return)</a> +<p>Steele to Gov. Samuel Garland, Nov. 30, 1863, <i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xxii, part ii, 1082. Col. McCurtain of the +Choctaw militia reported to Cooper that he expected to have fifteen +hundred Choctaws assembled by December first [Steele to Cano, +December 2, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 1085]. The Second Choctaw regiment +continued scattered and out of ammunition [Steele to Cooper, +December 22, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 1109]. The Seminole battalion was +ordered to report to Bourland for frontier defence [Duval to +Cooper, December 20, 1863, <i>ibid</i>., 1102].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote894" name= +"footnote894"></a><b>Footnote 894:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag894">(return)</a> +<p>Britton, <i>Civil War on the Borde</i>, vol. ii, 236.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote895" name= +"footnote895"></a><b>Footnote 895:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag895">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxii, part i, 781-782.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote896" name= +"footnote896"></a><b>Footnote 896:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag896">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., part ii, 722, 746, 752.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page313" id="page313"></a>[pg +313]</span> +<h2>XIII. ASPECTS, CHIEFLY MILITARY, 1864-1865</h2> +<p>The assignment of General Maxey to the command of Indian +Territory invigorated Confederate administration north of the Red +River, the only part of the country in undisputed occupancy. Close +upon the assumption of his new duties, came a project<a id= +"footnotetag897" name="footnotetag897"></a><a href= +"#footnote897"><sup>897</sup></a> for sweeping reforms, involving +army reorganization, camps of instruction for the Indian soldiery, +a more general enlistment, virtually conscription, of +Indians—this upon the theory that "Whosoever is not for us is +against us"—the selection of more competent and reliable +staff officers, and the adoption of such a plan of offensive +operations as would mean the retaking of Forts Smith and +Gibson.<a id="footnotetag898" name="footnotetag898"></a><a href= +"#footnote898"><sup>898</sup></a> To Maxey, thoroughly familiar +with the geography of the region, the surrender of those two places +appeared as a gross error in military technique; for the Arkansas +River was a natural line of defence, the Red was not. "If the +Indian Territory gives way," argued he, "the granary of the +Trans-Mississippi Department, the breadstuffs, and beef of this and +the Arkansas army are gone, the left flank of Holmes' army is +turned, and with it not only the meat and bread, but the salt and +iron of what is left of the Trans-Mississippi Department."<a id= +"footnotetag899" name="footnotetag899"></a><a href= +"#footnote899"><sup>899</sup></a></p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote897" name= +"footnote897"></a><b>Footnote 897:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag897">(return)</a> +<p>Maxey to Anderson, January 12, 1864, <i>Official Records</i>, +vol. xxxiv, part ii, 856-858.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote898" name= +"footnote898"></a><b>Footnote 898:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag898">(return)</a> +<p>To this list might be added the proper fitting out of the +troops, which was one of the first things that Maxey called to +Smith's attention [<i>ibid</i>., vol. xxii, part ii, +1112-1113].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote899" name= +"footnote899"></a><b>Footnote 899:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag899">(return)</a> +<p>This idea met with Smith's full approval [<i>ibid</i>., vol. +xxxiv, part ii, 918].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page314" id="page314"></a>[pg +314]</span> +<p>Army reorganization was an immense proposition and was bound to +be a difficult undertaking under the most favorable of auspices, +yet it stood as fundamental to everything else. Upon what lines +ought it to proceed? One possibility was, the formation of the two +brigades, with Stand Watie and Cooper individually in command, +which had already been suggested to General Smith and favored by +him; but which had recently been found incompatible with his latest +recommendation that all the Indian troops should be commanded, +<i>in toto</i>, by Cooper.<a id="footnotetag900" name= +"footnotetag900"></a><a href="#footnote900"><sup>900</sup></a> One +feature of great importance in its favor it had in that it did not +ostensibly run counter to the Indian understanding of their +treaties that white troops should be always associated with Indian +in the guaranteed protection of the Indian country, which was all +very well but scarcely enough to balance an insuperable objection, +which Cooper, when consulted, pointed out.<a id="footnotetag901" +name="footnotetag901"></a><a href="#footnote901"><sup>901</sup></a> +The Indians had a strong aversion to any military consolidation +that involved the elimination of their separate tribal characters. +They had allied themselves with the Confederacy as nations and as +nations they wished to fight. Moreover, due regard ought always to +be given, argued Cooper, to their tribal prejudices, their +preferences, call them what one will, and to their historical +neighborhood alliances. Choctaws and Chickasaws might well stay +together and Creeks and Seminoles; but woe betide the contrivance +that should attempt the amalgamation of Choctaws and Cherokees.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote900" name= +"footnote900"></a><b>Footnote 900:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag900">(return)</a> +<p>This is given upon the authority of Maxey [<i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xxxiv, part ii, 857]. It seems slightly at +variance with Smith's own official statements. Smith would appear +to have entertained a deep distrust of Cooper, whose promotion he +did not regard as either "wise or necessary" [<i>ibid</i>., vol. +xxii, part ii, 1102].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote901" name= +"footnote901"></a><b>Footnote 901:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag901">(return)</a> +<p>Cooper to T.M. Scott, January, 1864 [<i>Ibid</i>., vol. xxxiv, +part ii, 859-862].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page315" id="page315"></a>[pg +315]</span> +<hr /> +<div class="figcenter" style="width:100%;"><a href= +"images/315.png"><img width="100%" src="images/315.png" alt= +"" /></a> +<h4>FACSIMILE OF MONTHLY INSPECTION REPORT OF THE FIRST CREEK +REGIMENT OF MOUNTED VOLUNTEERS.</h4> +</div> +<hr /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page316" id="page316"></a>[pg +316]</span> +<hr /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page317" id="page317"></a>[pg +317]</span> +<p>It seems a little strange that the Indians should so emphasize +their national individualism at this particular time, inasmuch as +six of them, the Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, and +Caddo, professing to be still in strict alliance with the Southern +States, had formed an Indian confederacy, had collectively +re-asserted their allegiance, pledged their continued support, and +made reciprocal demands. All these things they had done in a joint, +or general, council, which had been held at Armstrong Academy the +previous November. Resolutions of the council, embodying the +collective pledges and demands, were even at this very moment under +consideration by President Davis and were having not a little to do +with his attitude toward the whole Maxey programme.</p> +<p>In the matter of army reorganization, Smith was prepared to +concede to Maxey a large discretion.<a id="footnotetag902" name= +"footnotetag902"></a><a href="#footnote902"><sup>902</sup></a> The +brigading that would most comfortably fit in with the nationalistic +feelings of the Indians and, at the same time, accord, in spirit, +with treaty obligations and also make it possible for Cooper to +have a supreme command of the Indian forces in the field was that +which Cooper himself advocated, the same that Boudinot took +occasion, at this juncture, to urge upon President Davis.<a id= +"footnotetag903" name="footnotetag903"></a><a href= +"#footnote903"><sup>903</sup></a> It was a plan for three distinct +Indian brigades, a Cherokee, a Creek-Seminole, and a +Choctaw-Chickasaw. Maxey thought "it would be a fine recruiting +order,"<a id="footnotetag904" name="footnotetag904"></a><a href= +"#footnote904"><sup>904</sup></a> yet, notwithstanding, he gave +his</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote902" name= +"footnote902"></a><b>Footnote 902:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag902">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxxiv, part ii, 917.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote903" name= +"footnote903"></a><b>Footnote 903:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag903">(return)</a> +<p>Boudinot to Davis, January 4, 1864 [<i>ibid</i>., vol. liii, +supplement, 920-921]. Boudinot also suggested other things, some +good, some bad. He suggested, for instance, that Indian Territory +be attached to Missouri and Price put in command. Seddon doubted if +Price would care for the place [<i>ibid</i>., 921].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote904" name= +"footnote904"></a><b>Footnote 904:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag904">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., vol. xxxiv, part ii, 858.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page318" id="page318"></a>[pg +318]</span> +<p>preference for the two brigade plan.<a id="footnotetag905" name= +"footnotetag905"></a><a href="#footnote905"><sup>905</sup></a> The +promotion of Cooper, implicit in the three brigade plan, was not at +all pleasing to General Smith; for he thought of it as reflecting +upon Steele, whom he loyally described as having "labored +conscientiously and faithfully in the discharge of his +duties."<a id="footnotetag906" name="footnotetag906"></a><a href= +"#footnote906"><sup>906</sup></a> With Steele removed from the +scene<a id="footnotetag907" name="footnotetag907"></a><a href= +"#footnote907"><sup>907</sup></a>—and he was soon removed for +he had been retained in the Indian country only that Maxey might +have for a brief season the benefit of his experience<a id= +"footnotetag908" name="footnotetag908"></a><a href= +"#footnote908"><sup>908</sup></a>—the case was altered and +Boudinot again pressed his point,<a id="footnotetag909" name= +"footnotetag909"></a><a href="#footnote909"><sup>909</sup></a> +obtaining, finally, the assurance of the War Department that so +soon as the number of Indian regiments justified the organization +of three brigades they should be formed.<a id="footnotetag910" +name="footnotetag910"></a><a href= +"#footnote910"><sup>910</sup></a></p> +<p>The formation of brigades was only one of the Indian demands +that had emanated from the general council. Another was, the +establishment of Indian Territory as a military department, an +arrangement altogether inadvisable and for better reasons than the +one reason that Davis offered when he addressed the united nations +through their principal chiefs on the twenty-second of +February.<a id="footnotetag911" name="footnotetag911"></a><a href= +"#footnote911"><sup>911</sup></a> Davis's reason was that</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote905" name= +"footnote905"></a><b>Footnote 905:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag905">(return)</a> +<p>Maxey to Smith, January 15, 1864, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xxxiv, part ii, 875.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote906" name= +"footnote906"></a><b>Footnote 906:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag906">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., vol. xxii, part ii, 1101-1102.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote907" name= +"footnote907"></a><b>Footnote 907:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag907">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., vol. xxxiv, part ii, 845, 848.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote908" name= +"footnote908"></a><b>Footnote 908:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag908">(return)</a> +<p>So Smith explained [<i>ibid</i>., 845, when Steele objected to +staying in the Indian Territory in a subordinate capacity +[<i>ibid</i>., vol. xxii, part ii, 1108]. Steele was transferred to +the District of Texas [<i>ibid</i>., vol. xxxiv, part ii, 961]. The +withdrawal of Steele left Cooper the ranking officer and the person +on whom such a command, if created, would fall [<i>ibid</i>., vol. +liii, supplement, 968-969].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote909" name= +"footnote909"></a><b>Footnote 909:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag909">(return)</a> +<p>Boudinot to Davis, February 11, 1864, <i>ibid</i>., 968.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote910" name= +"footnote910"></a><b>Footnote 910:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag910">(return)</a> +<p>Seddon to Davis, February 22, 1864, <i>ibid</i>., 968-969.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote911" name= +"footnote911"></a><b>Footnote 911:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag911">(return)</a> +<p>Richardson, <i>Messages and Papers of the Confederacy</i>, vol. +i, 477-479; <i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxxiv, part iii, 824-825. +Davis addressed the chiefs and not the delegation that had brought +the resolutions [<i>ibid</i>., vol. liii, supplement, 1030-1031]. +John Jumper, Seminole principal chief, was a member of the +delegation.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page319" id="page319"></a>[pg +319]</span> +<p>as a separate department Indian Territory could not count upon +the protection of the forces belonging to the Trans-Mississippi +Department that was assured to her while she remained one of its +integral parts. A distinct military district she should certainly +be.</p> +<p>When Davis wrote, the ambition of Cooper had, in a measure, been +satisfied; for he had been put in command of all "the Indian troops +in the Trans-Mississippi Department on the borders of +Arkansas."<a id="footnotetag912" name="footnotetag912"></a><a href= +"#footnote912"><sup>912</sup></a> It was by no means all he wanted +or all that he felt himself entitled to and he soon let it be known +that such was the state of affairs. He tried to presume upon the +fact that his commission as superintendent of Indian affairs had +issued from the government, although never actually delivered to +him, and, in virtue of it, he was in military command.<a id= +"footnotetag913" name="footnotetag913"></a><a href= +"#footnote913"><sup>913</sup></a> The quietus came from General +Smith, who informed Cooper that his new command and he himself were +under Maxey.<a id="footnotetag914" name= +"footnotetag914"></a><a href="#footnote914"><sup>914</sup></a></p> +<p>It was hoped that prospective Indian brigades would be a +powerful incentive to Indian enlistment and so they proved. +Moreover, much was expected in that direction from the reassembling +of the general council at Armstrong Academy, and much had to be; +for the times were critical. Maxey's position was not likely to be +a sinecure. As a friend wrote him,</p> +<blockquote> +<p>Northern Texas and the Indian Department have been neglected so +long that they have become the most difficult and the most +responsible commands in the Trans-Mississippi Department. I tremble +for you. A great name is in store for you or you fall into the rank +of failures; the latter may be your</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote912" name= +"footnote912"></a><b>Footnote 912:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag912">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxxiv, part ii, 848; Special +Orders of the Adjutant and Inspector General's Office, 1864, +<i>Confederate Records</i>, no. 7, p. 15.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote913" name= +"footnote913"></a><b>Footnote 913:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag913">(return)</a> +<p>Cooper to Davis, February 29, 1864, <i>Official Records</i>, +vol. xxxiv, part ii, 1007.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote914" name= +"footnote914"></a><b>Footnote 914:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag914">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 1008.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page320" id="page320"></a>[pg +320]</span> +<blockquote> +<p>fate, and might be the fate of any man, even after an entire and +perfect devotion of all one's time and talent, for want of the +proper means. In military matters these things are never +considered. Success is the only criterion—a good rule, upon +the whole, though in many instances it works great injustice. Good +and deserving men fall, and accidental heroes rise in the scale, +kicking their less fortunate brothers from the platform.<a id= +"footnotetag915" name="footnotetag915"></a><a href= +"#footnote915"><sup>915</sup></a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>With a view to strengthening the Indian alliance and +accomplishing all that was necessary to make it effective, +Commissioner Scott was ordered by Seddon to attend the meeting of +the general council.<a id="footnotetag916" name= +"footnotetag916"></a><a href="#footnote916"><sup>916</sup></a> +Unfortunately, he did not arrive at Armstrong Academy in time, most +unfortunately, in fact, since he was expected to bring funds with +him and funds were sadly needed. Maxey attended and delivered an +address<a id="footnotetag917" name="footnotetag917"></a><a href= +"#footnote917"><sup>917</sup></a> that rallied the Indians in spite +of themselves. In council meeting they had many things to consider, +whether or no they should insist upon confining their operations +henceforth to their own country. Some were for making a raid into +Kansas, some for forming an alliance with the Indians of the +Plains,<a id="footnotetag918" name="footnotetag918"></a><a href= +"#footnote918"><sup>918</sup></a> who, during this year of 1864, +were to prove a veritable thorn in the flesh to Kansas and +Colorado.<a id="footnotetag919" name="footnotetag919"></a><a href= +"#footnote919"><sup>919</sup></a> As regarded some of the work of +the general council, Samuel Garland, the principal chief of the +Choctaws, proved a huge stumbling block,</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote915" name= +"footnote915"></a><b>Footnote 915:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag915">(return)</a> +<p>S.A. Roberts to Maxey, February 1, 1864, <i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xxxiv, part ii, 936-937.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote916" name= +"footnote916"></a><b>Footnote 916:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag916">(return)</a> +<p>Seddon to Scott, January 6, 1864, <i>ibid</i>., 828-829.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote917" name= +"footnote917"></a><b>Footnote 917:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag917">(return)</a> +<p>Moty Kanard, late principal chief of the Creek Nation, spoke of +it as a <i>noble</i> address and begged for a copy [<i>ibid</i>., +960].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote918" name= +"footnote918"></a><b>Footnote 918:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag918">(return)</a> +<p>Vore to Maxey, January 29, 1864, <i>ibid</i>., 928; Maxey to +Anderson, February 9, 1864, <i>ibid</i>., 958; same to same, +February 7, 1864, <i>ibid</i>., vol. liii, supplement, 963-966.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote919" name= +"footnote919"></a><b>Footnote 919:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag919">(return)</a> +<p>Inasmuch as the alliance with the Indians of the Plains was +never fully consummated and inasmuch as these Indians harassed and +devastated the frontier states for reasons quite foreign to the +causes of the Civil War, the subject of their depredations and +outrages is not considered as within the scope of the present +volume.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page321" id="page321"></a>[pg +321]</span> +<p>and Cooper was forced, so he said, to "put the members of the +grand council to work on" him.<a id="footnotetag920" name= +"footnotetag920"></a><a href="#footnote920"><sup>920</sup></a> It +was Cooper's wish, evidently, that the council would "insist under +the Indian compact that all Choctaw troops shall be put at once in +the field as regular Confederate troops for the redemption and +defense of the whole Indian Territory." The obstinacy of the +Choctaw principal chief had to be overcome in order "to bring out +the Third Choctaw Regiment speedily and on the proper basis." In +general, the council reiterated its recommendations of November +previous and so Boudinot informed President Davis,<a id= +"footnotetag921" name="footnotetag921"></a><a href= +"#footnote921"><sup>921</sup></a> it being with him the opportunity +he coveted of urging, as already noted, the promotion of Cooper to +a major-generalship.</p> +<p>In January and so anterior to most of the foregoing incidents, +the shaking of the political dice in Washington, D.C., had brought +again into existence the old Department of Kansas, Curtis in +command.<a id="footnotetag922" name="footnotetag922"></a><a href= +"#footnote922"><sup>922</sup></a> Its limits were peculiar for they +included Indian Territory<a id="footnotetag923" name= +"footnotetag923"></a><a href="#footnote923"><sup>923</sup></a> and +the military post of Fort Smith as well as Kansas and the +territories of Nebraska and Colorado. The status of Fort Smith was +a question for the future to decide; but, in the meantime, it was +to be a bone of contention between Curtis and his colleague, +Frederick Steele, in command of the sister Department of</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote920" name= +"footnote920"></a><b>Footnote 920:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag920">(return)</a> +<p>Cooper to Maxey, February, 1864, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xxxiv, part ii, 959. The report reached Phillips that the Choctaws +wanted a confederacy quite independent of the southern +[<i>ibid</i>., part i, 107].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote921" name= +"footnote921"></a><b>Footnote 921:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag921">(return)</a> +<p>Although Davis's address of February 22 could well, in point of +chronology, have been an answer to the applications and +recommendations of the second session of the general council, it +has been dealt with in connection with those of the first session, +notwithstanding that Boudinot made his appeal less than a fortnight +before Davis wrote. In his address, Davis specifically mentioned +the work of the first session and made no reference whatsoever to +that of the second.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote922" name= +"footnote922"></a><b>Footnote 922:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag922">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxxiv, part ii, 10.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote923" name= +"footnote923"></a><b>Footnote 923:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag923">(return)</a> +<p>Ewing wanted the command of Indian Territory, <i>ibid</i>., +89.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page322" id="page322"></a>[pg +322]</span> +<p>Arkansas; for Steele had control over all Federal forces within +the political and geographical boundaries of the state that gave +the name to his department except the Fort Smith garrison.<a id= +"footnotetag924" name="footnotetag924"></a><a href= +"#footnote924"><sup>924</sup></a> The termination of Schofield's +career in Missouri<a id="footnotetag925" name= +"footnotetag925"></a><a href="#footnote925"><sup>925</sup></a> was +another result of political dice-throwing, so also was the call for +Blunt to repair to the national capital for a conference.<a id= +"footnotetag926" name="footnotetag926"></a><a href= +"#footnote926"><sup>926</sup></a></p> +<p>But politics had nothing whatever to do with an event more +notable still. With the first of February began one of the most +remarkable expeditions that had yet been undertaken in the Indian +country. It was an expedition conducted by Colonel William A. +Phillips and it was remarkable because, while it professed to have +for its object the cleaning out of Indian Territory,<a id= +"footnotetag927" name="footnotetag927"></a><a href= +"#footnote927"><sup>927</sup></a> its incidents were as much +diplomatic and pacific as military. Its course was only feebly +obstructed and might have been extended into northern Texas had +Moonlight of the Fourteenth Kansas Cavalry chosen to +coöperate.<a id="footnotetag928" name= +"footnotetag928"></a><a href="#footnote928"><sup>928</sup></a> As +it was, the course was southward almost to Fort Washita. Phillips +carried with him copies of President Lincoln's Amnesty +Proclamation<a id="footnotetag929" name= +"footnotetag929"></a><a href="#footnote929"><sup>929</sup></a> and +he distributed them freely. His interpretation of the proclamation +was his own and perhaps not strictly warranted by the phraseology +but justice and generosity debarred his seeing why magnanimity and +forgiveness should not be extended betimes to the poor deluded red +man as much as to the deliberately rebellious white. To various +prominent chiefs</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote924" name= +"footnote924"></a><b>Footnote 924:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag924">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxxiv, part ii, 167, 187.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote925" name= +"footnote925"></a><b>Footnote 925:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag925">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 188.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote926" name= +"footnote926"></a><b>Footnote 926:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag926">(return)</a> +<p>Lane, Wilder, and Dole, requested that Blunt be summoned to +Washington [<i>ibid</i>., 52].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote927" name= +"footnote927"></a><b>Footnote 927:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag927">(return)</a> +<p>See Phillips's address to his soldiers, January 30, 1864, +<i>ibid</i>., 190.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote928" name= +"footnote928"></a><b>Footnote 928:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag928">(return)</a> +<p>Phillips to Curtis, February 16, 1864, <i>ibid</i>., part i, +106-108.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote929" name= +"footnote929"></a><b>Footnote 929:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag929">(return)</a> +<p>Richardson, <i>Messages and Papers of the Presidents</i>, vol. +vi, 213-215.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page323" id="page323"></a>[pg +323]</span> +<p>of secessionist persuasion he sent messages of encouragement and +good-will.<a id="footnotetag930" name="footnotetag930"></a><a href= +"#footnote930"><sup>930</sup></a> More sanguine than circumstances +really justified, he returned to report that, for some of the +tribes at least, the war was virtually over.<a id="footnotetag931" +name="footnotetag931"></a><a href="#footnote931"><sup>931</sup></a> +What his peace mission may have accomplished, the future would +reveal; but there was no doubting what his raid had done. It had +produced consternation among the weaker elements. The Creeks, the +Seminoles, and the Chickasaws had widely dispersed, some into the +fastnesses of the mountains. Only the Choctaws continued obdurate +and defiant. It was strange that Phillips should have arrived at +conclusions so sweeping; for his course<a id="footnotetag932" name= +"footnotetag932"></a><a href="#footnote932"><sup>932</sup></a> had +led him within hearing range of the general council in session at +Armstrong Academy and there the division of sentiment was not so +much along tribal lines as along individual. Strong personalities +triumphed; for, as Maxey so truly divined, the Indian nations were +after all aristocracies. The minority really ruled. At Armstrong +Academy, in spite of tendencies toward an isolation that, in +effect, would have been neutrality and, on the part of a few, +toward a definite retracing of steps, the southern Indians renewed +their pledges of loyalty to the Confederacy. Phillips's olive +branch was in their hands and they threw it aside. Months before +they might have been secured for the North but not now. For them +the hour of wavering was past. Maxey's vigor was stimulating.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote930" name= +"footnote930"></a><b>Footnote 930:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag930">(return)</a> +<p>To Governor Colbert of the Chickasaw Nation [<i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xxxiv, part i, 109-110], to the Council of the +Choctaw Nation [<i>ibid</i>., 110], to John Jumper of the Seminole +Nation [<i>ibid</i>., 111], to McIntosh, possibly D.N. +[<i>ibid</i>., part ii, 997]. For Maxey's comments upon Phillips +and his letters, see Maxey to Smith, February 26, 1864, +<i>ibid</i>., 994-997.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote931" name= +"footnote931"></a><b>Footnote 931:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag931">(return)</a> +<p>Phillips to Curtis, February 24, 1864, <i>ibid</i>., part i, +108-109.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote932" name= +"footnote932"></a><b>Footnote 932:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag932">(return)</a> +<p>For the itinerary of the course, see <i>ibid</i>., 111-112.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page324" id="page324"></a>[pg +324]</span> +<p>The explanation of Phillips's whole proceeding during the month +of February is to be found in his genuine friendship for the +Indian, which eventually profited him much, it is true, but, from +this time henceforth, was lifelong. He stood in somewhat of a +contrast to Blunt, whom General Steele thought unprincipled<a id= +"footnotetag933" name="footnotetag933"></a><a href= +"#footnote933"><sup>933</sup></a> and who in Southern parlance was +"an old land speculator,"<a id="footnotetag934" name= +"footnotetag934"></a><a href="#footnote934"><sup>934</sup></a> and +to Curtis, who was soon to show himself, as far as the Indians were +concerned, in his true colors. While Phillips was absent from Fort +Gibson, Curtis arrived there. He was making a reconnoissance of his +command and, as he passed over one reservation after another, he +doubtless coveted the Indian land for white settlement and +justified to himself a scheme of forfeiture as a way of penalizing +the red men for their defection.<a id="footnotetag935" name= +"footnotetag935"></a><a href="#footnote935"><sup>935</sup></a> +Phillips was not encouraged to repeat his peace mission.</p> +<p>Blunt's journey to Washington had results, complimentary and +gratifying to his vanity because publicly vindicatory. On the +twenty-seventh of February he was restored to his old command or, +to be exact, ordered "to resume command of so much of the District +of the Frontier as is included within the boundaries of the +Department of Kansas."<a id="footnotetag936" name= +"footnotetag936"></a><a href="#footnote936"><sup>936</sup></a> His +headquarters were at Fort Smith and immediately began the +controversy between him and Thayer, although scornfully +unacknowledged by Thayer, as to the status of Fort Smith. Thayer +refused to admit that there could be any issue<a id= +"footnotetag937" name="footnotetag937"></a><a href= +"#footnote937"><sup>937</sup></a> between them for the law in the +case was clear. What Blunt and Curtis really wanted was to get hold +of the</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote933" name= +"footnote933"></a><b>Footnote 933:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag933">(return)</a> +<p>F. Steele to S. Breck, March 27, 1864, <i>Official Records</i>, +vol. xxxiv, part ii, 751.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote934" name= +"footnote934"></a><b>Footnote 934:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag934">(return)</a> +<p>T.M. Scott to Maxey, April 12, 1864, <i>ibid</i>., part iii, +762.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote935" name= +"footnote935"></a><b>Footnote 935:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag935">(return)</a> +<p>This matter is very much generalized here for the reason that it +properly belongs in the volume on reconstruction that is yet to +come.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote936" name= +"footnote936"></a><b>Footnote 936:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag936">(return)</a> +<p>February 23, 1864, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxxiv, part ii, +408.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote937" name= +"footnote937"></a><b>Footnote 937:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag937">(return)</a> +<p>John M. Thayer to Charles A. Dana, March 15, 1864, <i>ibid</i>., +617.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page325" id="page325"></a>[pg +325]</span> +<p>western counties of Arkansas<a id="footnotetag938" name= +"footnotetag938"></a><a href="#footnote938"><sup>938</sup></a> so +as to round out the Department of Kansas. To them it was absurd +that Fort Smith should be within their jurisdiction and its +environs within Steele and Thayer's. The upshot of the quarrel was, +the reorganization of the frontier departments on the seventeenth +of April which gave Fort Smith and Indian Territory to the +Department of Arkansas<a id="footnotetag939" name= +"footnotetag939"></a><a href="#footnote939"><sup>939</sup></a> and +sent Blunt back to Leavenworth. His removal from Fort Smith, +especially as Curtis had intended, had no change in department +limits been made, to transfer Blunt's headquarters to Fort +Gibson,<a id="footnotetag940" name="footnotetag940"></a><a href= +"#footnote940"><sup>940</sup></a> was an immense relief to +Phillips. Blunt and Phillips had long since ceased to have +harmonious views with respect to Indian Territory. During his short +term of power, Blunt had managed so to deplete Phillips's forces +that two of the three Indian regiments were practically all that +now remained to him since one, the Second Indian Home Guards, had +been permanently stationed at Mackey's Salt Works on the plea that +its colonel, John Ritchie, was Phillips's ranking officer and it +was not expedient that he and Phillips "should operate +together."<a id="footnotetag941" name="footnotetag941"></a><a href= +"#footnote941"><sup>941</sup></a> Blunt had detached also a part of +the Third Indian and had placed it at Scullyville as an outpost to +Fort Smith. There were to be no more advances southward for +Phillips.<a id="footnotetag942" name="footnotetag942"></a><a href= +"#footnote942"><sup>942</sup></a> Instead of making them he was to +occupy himself with the completion of the fortifications at Fort +Gibson.<a id="footnotetag943" name="footnotetag943"></a><a href= +"#footnote943"><sup>943</sup></a></p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote938" name= +"footnote938"></a><b>Footnote 938:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag938">(return)</a> +<p>Thayer to Grant, March 11, 1864, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xxxiv, part ii, 566.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote939" name= +"footnote939"></a><b>Footnote 939:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag939">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., part iii, 192, 196.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote940" name= +"footnote940"></a><b>Footnote 940:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag940">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., part ii, 651. Blunt would have preferred +Scullyville [<i>ibid</i>., part iii, 13].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote941" name= +"footnote941"></a><b>Footnote 941:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag941">(return)</a> +<p>Blunt to Curtis, March 30, 1864, <i>ibid</i>., part ii, 791.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote942" name= +"footnote942"></a><b>Footnote 942:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag942">(return)</a> +<p>Blunt to Phillips, April 3, 1864, <i>ibid</i>., part iii, 32; +Phillips to Curtis, April 5, 1864, <i>ibid</i>., 52-53.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote943" name= +"footnote943"></a><b>Footnote 943:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag943">(return)</a> +<p>Curtis had ordered the completion of the fortifications which +might be taken to imply that he too was not favoring a forward +policy.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page326" id="page326"></a>[pg +326]</span> +<p>Among the southern Indians, Maxey's reconstruction policy was +all this time having its effect. It was revitalizing the Indian +alliance with the Confederacy, but army conditions were yet a long +way from being satisfactory. In March Price relieved Holmes in +command of the District of Arkansas.<a id="footnotetag944" name= +"footnotetag944"></a><a href="#footnote944"><sup>944</sup></a> A +vigorous campaign was in prospect and Price asked for all the help +the department commander could afford him. The District of Indian +Territory had forces and of all the disposable Price asked the +loan. Maxey, unlike his predecessors, was more than willing to +coöperate but one difficulty, which he would fain have ignored +himself—for he was not an Albert Pike—he was compelled +to report. The Indians had to be free, absolutely free, to go or to +stay.<a id="footnotetag945" name="footnotetag945"></a><a href= +"#footnote945"><sup>945</sup></a> The choice of coöperating +was theirs but theirs also the power to refuse to coöperate, +if they so desired, and no questions asked. The day had passed when +Arkansans or Texans could decide the matter arbitrarily. Watie was +expected to prefer to continue the irregular warfare that he and +Adair, his colonel of scouts, had so successfully been waging for a +goodly time now. Formerly, they had waged it to Steele's great +annoyance;<a id="footnotetag946" name="footnotetag946"></a><a href= +"#footnote946"><sup>946</sup></a> but Maxey felt no repugnance to +the services of Quantrill, so, of course, had nothing to say in +disparagement of the work of Watie. It was the kind of work, he +frankly admitted he thought the Indians best adapted to. The +Choctaws under Tandy Walker were found quite willing to cross the +line and they did excellent service in the Camden campaign, which, +both in the cannonade near Prairie d'Ane on the thirteenth of April +and in the Battle of Poison Spring on the</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote944" name= +"footnote944"></a><b>Footnote 944:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag944">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxxiv, part ii, 1034, 1036.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote945" name= +"footnote945"></a><b>Footnote 945:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag945">(return)</a> +<p>Maxey to Smith, April 3, 1864, <i>ibid</i>., part iii, +728-729.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote946" name= +"footnote946"></a><b>Footnote 946:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag946">(return)</a> +<p>For Steele's opposition to Adair's predatory movements, see +<i>Confederate Records</i>, chap. 2, nos. 267, 268.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page327" id="page327"></a>[pg +327]</span> +<p>eighteenth of April, offered a thorough test of what Indians +could do when well disciplined, well officered, and well +considered. The Indian reinforcement of Marmaduke was ungrudgingly +given and ungrudgingly commended.<a id="footnotetag947" name= +"footnotetag947"></a><a href="#footnote947"><sup>947</sup></a> The +Camden campaign was short and, when about over, Maxey was released +from duty with Price's army. His own district demanded +attention<a id="footnotetag948" name="footnotetag948"></a><a href= +"#footnote948"><sup>948</sup></a> and the Indians recrossed the +line.</p> +<p>Price's call for help had come before Maxey had taken more than +the most preliminary of steps towards the reorganization of his +forces and not much was he able to do until near the end of June. +Two brigades had been formed without difficulty and Cooper had +secured his division; but after that had come protracted delay. The +nature of the delay made it a not altogether bad thing since the +days that passed were days of stirring events. In the case of Stand +Watie's First Brigade no less than of Tandy Walker's Second were +the events distinguished by measurable success. The Indians were +generally in high good humor; for even small successes, when +coupled with appreciation of effort expended, will produce that. +One adventure of Watie's, most timely and a little out of the +ordinary, had been very exhilarating. It was the seizure of a +supply boat on the Arkansas at Pheasant Bluff, not far from the +mouth of the Canadian up which the boat was towed until its +commissary stores had been extracted. The boat was the Williams, +bound for Fort Gibson.<a id="footnotetag949" name= +"footnotetag949"></a><a href="#footnote949"><sup>949</sup></a></p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote947" name= +"footnote947"></a><b>Footnote 947:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag947">(return)</a> +<p>Williamson to Maxey, April 28, 1864, <i>Official Records</i>, +vol. xxxiv, part i, 845.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote948" name= +"footnote948"></a><b>Footnote 948:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag948">(return)</a> +<p>It had not been Smith's intention that he should go out of his +own district, where his services were indispensable, until Price's +need should be found to be really urgent [Boggs to Maxey, April 12, +1864, <i>ibid</i>., part iii, 760-761].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote949" name= +"footnote949"></a><b>Footnote 949:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag949">(return)</a> +<p>__<i>Ibid</i>., part i, 1011-1013; part iv, 686-687.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page328" id="page328"></a>[pg +328]</span> +<p>It was under the inspiration of such recent victories that the +southern Indians took up for consideration the matter of +reënlistment, the expiration "of the present term of service" +being near at hand. Parts of the Second Brigade took action first +and, on the twenty-third of June, the First Choctaw Regiment +unanimously reenlisted for the war. Cooper was present at the +meeting "by previous request."<a id="footnotetag950" name= +"footnotetag950"></a><a href="#footnote950"><sup>950</sup></a> +Resolutions<a id="footnotetag951" name= +"footnotetag951"></a><a href="#footnote951"><sup>951</sup></a> were +drawn up and adopted that reflected the new enthusiasm. Other +Choctaw regiments were to be prevailed upon to follow suit and the +leading men of the tribe, inclusive of Chief Garland who was not +present, were to be informed that the First Choctaw demanded of +them, in their legislative and administrative capacities "such +co-operation as will force all able-bodied free citizens of the +Choctaw Nation, between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years, +and fitted for military service, to at once join the army and aid +in the common defense of the Choctaw Nation, and give such other +coöperation to the Confederate military authorities as will +effectually relieve our country from Federal rule and ruin."</p> +<p>The First Brigade was not behindhand except in point of time by +a few days. All Cherokee military units were summoned to Watie's +camp on Limestone Prairie.<a id="footnotetag952" name= +"footnotetag952"></a><a href="#footnote952"><sup>952</sup></a> The +assemblage began its work on the twenty-seventh of June, made it +short and decisive and indicated it in a single resolution:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>Whereas, the final issue of the present struggle between the +North and South involves the destiny of the Indian Territory alike +with that of the Confederate States: Therefore,</p> +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That we, the Cherokee Troops, C.S. Army, do</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote950" name= +"footnote950"></a><b>Footnote 950:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag950">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxxiv, part iv, 694.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote951" name= +"footnote951"></a><b>Footnote 951:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag951">(return)</a> +<p>__<i>Ibid</i>., 695.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote952" name= +"footnote952"></a><b>Footnote 952:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag952">(return)</a> +<p>Stand Watie to Cooper, June 27, 1864, <i>ibid</i>., part i, +1013.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page329" id="page329"></a>[pg +329]</span> +<blockquote> +<p>unanimously re-enlist as soldiers for the war, be it long or +short.<a id="footnotetag953" name="footnotetag953"></a><a href= +"#footnote953"><sup>953</sup></a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>No action was taken on the policy of conscription; but, in July, +the Cherokee National Council met and, to it, Chief Watie proposed +the enactment of a conscription law.<a id="footnotetag954" name= +"footnotetag954"></a><a href="#footnote954"><sup>954</sup></a></p> +<p>As a corollary to reorganization, the three brigade plan was now +put tentatively into operation. It was, in truth, "a fine +recruiting order," and Commissioner Scott, when making his annual +rounds in August, was able to report to Secretary Seddon,</p> +<blockquote> +<p>It is proposed to organize them into three brigades, to be +called the Cherokee, Choctaw, and Creek Brigades; the Cherokee +Brigade, composed of Cherokees, Chickasaws, and Osages, has already +been organized; the Creek Brigade, composed of Creeks and +Seminoles, is about being so, and the Choctaws anticipate no +difficulty in being able to raise the number of men required to +complete the organization of the Choctaw Brigade.<a id= +"footnotetag955" name="footnotetag955"></a><a href= +"#footnote955"><sup>955</sup></a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>Behind all this virility was General Maxey. Without him, it is +safe to say, the war for the Indians would have ended in the +preceding winter. In military achievements, others might equal or +excel him but in rulings<a id="footnotetag956" name= +"footnotetag956"></a><a href="#footnote956"><sup>956</sup></a> that +endeared him to the Indians and in</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote953" name= +"footnote953"></a><b>Footnote 953:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag953">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xli, part ii, 1013.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote954" name= +"footnote954"></a><b>Footnote 954:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag954">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 1046-1047. The general council of the +confederated tribes had recommended an increase in the armed force +of Indian Territory and that it was felt could best be obtained, in +these days of wavering faith, only by conscription. The general +council was expected to meet again, July 20, at Chouteau's Trading +House [<i>ibid</i>., 1047]. In October, the Chickasaws resorted to +conscription. For the text of the conscription act, see +<i>ibid</i>., vol. liii, supplement, 1024-1025.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote955" name= +"footnote955"></a><b>Footnote 955:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag955">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., vol. xli, part ii, 1078. For additional +facts concerning the progress of reorganization, see Portlock to +Marston, August 5, 1864, <i>Confederate Records</i>, chap. 2, no. +259, p. 37; Portlock to Captain E. Walworth, August 27, 1864, +<i>ibid</i>., pp. 42-43.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote956" name= +"footnote956"></a><b>Footnote 956:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag956">(return)</a> +<p>The most significant of Maxey's rulings was that on official +precedence. His position was that no race or color line should be +drawn in determining (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page330" id="page330"></a>[pg +330]</span> +<p>propaganda work he had no peer. At Fort Towson, his +headquarters, he had set up a printing press, from which issued +many and many a document, the purpose of each and every one the +same. The following quotation from one of Maxey's letters +illustrates the purpose and, at the same time, exhibits the methods +and the temper of the man behind it. The matter he was discussing +when writing was the Camden campaign, in connection with which, he +said,</p> +<blockquote> +<p>... In the address of General Smith the soldiers of Arkansas, +Missouri, Texas, and Louisiana are specially named. The soldiers +from this Territory bore an humbler part in the campaign, and +although they did not do a great deal, yet a fair share of the +killed, wounded, captured, and captured property and cannon can be +credited to them. I had a number of General Smith's address struck +off for circulation here, and knowing the omission would be noticed +and felt, I inserted after Louisiana, "and of the Indian +Territory," which I hope will not meet General Smith's +disapproval.</p> +<p>I would suggest that want of transportation in this Territory +will cripple movements very much....</p> +<p>During my absence General Cooper urged General McCulloch to help +him in this particular; General M. replies he can do "absolutely +nothing." I am not disposed to complain about anything, but I do +think this thing ought to be understood and regulated. Supplies of +breadstuffs and forage, as well as clothing, sugar, etc., all +having to be drawn from beyond the limits of this Territory, a more +than ordinary supply of transportation is necessary. To that for +the troops must be added that made necessary by the destitute +thrown on the hands of the Government and who must be taken care +of. I do not expect General Smith to investigate and study the +peculiar</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 956:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag956">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) the relative rank of officers [Maxey to Cooper, June 29, +1864, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. xxxiv, part iv, 698-699] and he +held that Confederate law recognized no distinction between Indian +and white officers of the same rank. Charles de Morse, a Texan, +with whom General Steele had had several differences, took great +exception to Maxey's decision. Race prejudice was strong in him. +Had there been many like him, the Indians, with any sense of +dignity, could never have continued long identified with the +Confederate cause. For De Morse's letter of protest, see +<i>ibid</i>., 699-700.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page331" id="page331"></a>[pg +331]</span> +<blockquote> +<p>characteristics of command here so closely as I have. He hasn't +the time, nor is it necessary. In my opinion no effort should be +spared to hold this country. Its loss would work a more permanent +injury than the loss of any State in the Confederacy. States can be +recovered—the Indian Territory, once gone, never. Whites, +when exiled by a cruel foe, find friends amongst their race; +Indians have nowhere to go. Let the enemy once occupy the country +to Red River and the Indians give way to despair. I doubt whether +many of the highest officials in our Government have ever closely +studied this subject. It is the great barrier to the empire State +of the South from her foe now and in peace. Let Federalism reach +the Red River, the effects will not stop there. The doctrine of +<i>uti possidetis</i> may yet play an important part.</p> +<p>I believe from what I have heard that Mr. Davis has a fair +knowledge of this subject, and I think from conversations with +General Smith he has, but his whole time being occupied with his +immense department—an empire—I trust he will pardon me +when I say that no effort of commissaries, quartermasters, or +anybody else should be spared to hold this country, and I only +regret that it has not fallen into abler hands than mine....<a id= +"footnotetag957" name="footnotetag957"></a><a href= +"#footnote957"><sup>957</sup></a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>Military reorganization<a id="footnotetag958" name= +"footnotetag958"></a><a href="#footnote958"><sup>958</sup></a> for +the Indian troops had, in reality, come too late. Confederate +warfare all along the frontier, in the summer and autumn of 1864, +was little more than a series of raids, of which Price's Missouri +was the greatest. For raiding, the best of organization was never +needed. Watie, Shelby, Price were all men of the same stamp. Watie +was the greatest of Indian raiders and his mere name became almost +as much of a terror as Quantrill's with which it was frequently +found associated, rightly or wrongly. Around Fort Smith in July and +farther north in August the Indian raided to good effect. Usually, +when he raided in the upper part of his own country, Federal</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote957" name= +"footnote957"></a><b>Footnote 957:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag957">(return)</a> +<p>Maxey to Boggs, May 11, 1864, <i>Official Records</i>, vol. +xxxiv, part iii, 820.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote958" name= +"footnote958"></a><b>Footnote 958:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag958">(return)</a> +<p>For progress reached in reorganization by October, see orders +issued by direction of Maxey, <i>ibid</i>., vol. liii, supplement, +1023.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page332" id="page332"></a>[pg +332]</span> +<p>supply trains were his objective, but not always. The refugees +were coming back from Kansas and their new home beginnings were +mercilessly preyed upon by their Confederate fellow tribesmen, who +felt for the owners a vindictive hatred that knew no relenting.</p> +<p>Watie's last great raid was another Cabin Creek affair that +reversed the failure of two years before. It occurred in September +and was undertaken by Watie and Gano together, the former waiving +rank in favor of the latter for the time being.<a id= +"footnotetag959" name="footnotetag959"></a><a href= +"#footnote959"><sup>959</sup></a> A brilliant thing, it was, so +Maxey, and Smith's adjutant after him, reported.<a id= +"footnotetag960" name="footnotetag960"></a><a href= +"#footnote960"><sup>960</sup></a> The booty taken was great in +amount and as much as possible of it utilized on the spot. Maxey +regretted that the Choctaws were not on hand also to be fitted out +with much-needed clothing.<a id="footnotetag961" name= +"footnotetag961"></a><a href="#footnote961"><sup>961</sup></a> It +was in contemplation that Watie should make a raid into Kansas to +serve as a diversion, while Price was raiding Missouri.<a id= +"footnotetag962" name="footnotetag962"></a><a href= +"#footnote962"><sup>962</sup></a> The Kansans had probably much to +be thankful for that circumstances hindered his penetrating far, +since, at Cabin Creek, some of his men, becoming intoxicated, +committed horrible excesses and "slaughtered +indiscriminately."<a id="footnotetag963" name= +"footnotetag963"></a><a href="#footnote963"><sup>963</sup></a></p> +<p>Had the force at Fort Gibson been at all adequate to the needs +of the country it was supposed to defend, such raids as Watie's +would have been an utter impossibility. Thanks to Federal +indifference and mismanagement, however, the safety of Indian +Territory was</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote959" name= +"footnote959"></a><b>Footnote 959:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag959">(return)</a> +<p>Cooper to T.M. Scott, October 1, 1864, <i>Official Records</i>, +vol. xli, part i, 783; Watie to T.B. Heiston, October 3, 1864, +<i>ibid</i>., 785.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote960" name= +"footnote960"></a><b>Footnote 960:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag960">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 793, 794. Cooper described it "as brilliant +as any one of the war" [<i>ibid</i>., 783] and Maxey confessed that +he had long thought that movements of the raiding kind were the +most valuable for his district [<i>ibid</i>., 777].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote961" name= +"footnote961"></a><b>Footnote 961:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag961">(return)</a> +<p>Maxey to Boggs, October 9, 1864, <i>ibid</i>., part iii, +990.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote962" name= +"footnote962"></a><b>Footnote 962:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag962">(return)</a> +<p>Cooper to Bell, October 6, 1864, <i>ibid</i>., 982-984.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote963" name= +"footnote963"></a><b>Footnote 963:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag963">(return)</a> +<p>Curtis Johnson to W.H. Morris, September 20, 1864 [<i>ibid</i>., +part i, 774].</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page333" id="page333"></a>[pg +333]</span> +<p>of less consequence now than it had been before. The +incorporation with the Department of Arkansas and the consequent +separation from that of Kansas had been anything but a wise move. +The relations of the Indian country with the state in which its +exiles had found refuge were necessarily of the closest and +particularly so at this time when their return from exile was under +way and almost over. For reasons not exactly creditable to the +government, when all was known, Colonel Phillips had been removed +from command at Fort Gibson. At the time of Watie's raid, Colonel +C.W. Adams was the incumbent of the post; but, following it, came +Colonel S.H. Wattles<a id="footnotetag964" name= +"footnotetag964"></a><a href="#footnote964"><sup>964</sup></a> and +things went rapidly from bad to worse. The grossest corruption +prevailed and, in the midst of plenty, there was positive want. +Throughout the winter, cattle-driving was indulged in, army men, +government agents, and civilians all participating. It was only the +ex-refugee that faced starvation. All other folk grew rich. +Exploitation had succeeded neglect and Indian Territory presented +the spectacle of one of the greatest scandals of the time; but its +full story is not for recital here.</p> +<p>Great as Maxey's services to Indian Territory had been and yet +were, he was not without his traducers and Cooper was chief among +them, his overweening</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote964" name= +"footnote964"></a><b>Footnote 964:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag964">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xli, part iii, 301. Wattles was +not at Fort Gibson a month before he was told to be prepared to +move even his Indian Brigade to Fort Smith [<i>ibid</i>., part iv, +130]. The necessity for executing the order never arose, although +all the winter there was talk off and on of abandoning Fort Gibson +entirely, sometimes also there was talk of abandoning Fort Smith. +So weak had the two places been for a long time that Cooper +insisted there was no good reason why the Confederates should not +attempt to seize them. It is interesting that Thayer notified +Wattles to be prepared to move just when there was the greatest +prospect of a Confederate Indian raid into Kansas.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page334" id="page334"></a>[pg +334]</span> +<p>ambition being still unsatisfied. In November, at a meeting of +the general council for the confederated tribes, Maxey spoke<a id= +"footnotetag965" name="footnotetag965"></a><a href= +"#footnote965"><sup>965</sup></a> in his own defence and spoke +eloquently; for his cause was righteous. General Smith was his +friend<a id="footnotetag966" name="footnotetag966"></a><a href= +"#footnote966"><sup>966</sup></a> in the sense that he had been +Steele's; but there soon came a time when even the department +commander was powerless to defend him further. Early in 1865, +Cooper journeyed to Richmond.<a id="footnotetag967" name= +"footnotetag967"></a><a href="#footnote967"><sup>967</sup></a> What +he did there can be inferred from the fact that orders were soon +issued for him to relieve Maxey.<a id="footnotetag968" name= +"footnotetag968"></a><a href="#footnote968"><sup>968</sup></a> He +assumed command of the district he had so long coveted and had +sacrificed honor to get, March first,<a id="footnotetag969" name= +"footnotetag969"></a><a href="#footnote969"><sup>969</sup></a> +General Smith disapproving of the whole procedure. "The change," +said he, "has not the concurrence of my judgment, and I believe +will not result beneficially."<a id="footnotetag970" name= +"footnotetag970"></a><a href="#footnote970"><sup>970</sup></a></p> +<p>But Smith was mistaken in his prognostications. The change was +not just but it did work beneficially. Cooper knew how to manage +the Indians, none better, and the time was fast approaching when +they would need managing, if ever. As the absolute certainty of +Confederate defeat gradually dawned upon them, they became almost +desperate. They had to be handled very carefully lest they break +out beyond all restraint.<a id="footnotetag971" name= +"footnotetag971"></a><a href="#footnote971"><sup>971</sup></a></p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote965" name= +"footnote965"></a><b>Footnote 965:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag965">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xli, part iv, 1035-1037; vol. +liii, supplement, 1027.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote966" name= +"footnote966"></a><b>Footnote 966:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag966">(return)</a> +<p>In July, 1864, orders issued from Richmond for the retirement of +Maxey and the elevation of Cooper [<i>ibid</i>., part ii, 1019]; +but Smith held them in abeyance [<i>ibid</i>., part iii, 971]; for +he believed that Maxey's "removal, besides being an injustice to +him, would be a misfortune to the department." The suppression of +the orders failed to meet the approval of the authorities at +Richmond and some time subsequent to the first of October Smith was +informed that the orders were "imperative and must be carried into +effect" [<i>ibid</i>.].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote967" name= +"footnote967"></a><b>Footnote 967:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag967">(return)</a> +<p><i>Official Records</i>, vol. xlviii, part i, 1382.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote968" name= +"footnote968"></a><b>Footnote 968:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag968">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 1403.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote969" name= +"footnote969"></a><b>Footnote 969:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag969">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 1408.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote970" name= +"footnote970"></a><b>Footnote 970:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag970">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote971" name= +"footnote971"></a><b>Footnote 971:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag971">(return)</a> +<p>The evidence for this is chiefly in Cooper's own letter book. +One published letter is especially valuable in this connection. It +is from Cooper (cont.)</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page335" id="page335"></a>[pg +335]</span> +<p>Phillips was again in charge of their northern compatriots<a id= +"footnotetag972" name="footnotetag972"></a><a href= +"#footnote972"><sup>972</sup></a> and, at Fort Gibson, he, too, was +handling Indians carefully. It was in a final desperate sort of a +way that a league with the Indians of the Plains was again +considered advisable and held for debate at the coming meeting of +the general council. To effect it, when decided upon, the services +of Albert Pike were solicited.<a id="footnotetag973" name= +"footnotetag973"></a><a href="#footnote973"><sup>973</sup></a> No +other could be trusted as he. Apparently he never served or agreed +to serve<a id="footnotetag974" name="footnotetag974"></a><a href= +"#footnote974"><sup>974</sup></a> and no alliance was needed; for +the war was at an end. On the twenty-sixth of May, General E. Kirby +Smith entered into a convention with Major-general E.R.S. Canby, +commanding the Military Division of West Mississippi, by which he +agreed to surrender the Trans-Mississippi Department and everything +appertaining to it.<a id="footnotetag975" name= +"footnotetag975"></a><a href="#footnote975"><sup>975</sup></a> The +Indians had made an alliance with the Southern Confederacy in vain. +The promises of Pike, of Cooper, and of many another government +agent had all come to naught.</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><b>Footnote 971:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag971">(return)</a> +<p>(cont.) confidentially to Anderson, May 15, 1865. <i>Official +Records</i>, vol. xlviii, part ii, 1306.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote972" name= +"footnote972"></a><b>Footnote 972:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag972">(return)</a> +<p>For Phillips's own account of his reinstallment, see his letter +to Herron, January 16, 1865, <i>ibid</i>., part i, 542-543.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote973" name= +"footnote973"></a><b>Footnote 973:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag973">(return)</a> +<p>Smith to Pike, April 8, 1864, <i>ibid</i>., part ii, 1266-1269. +It was necessary to have someone else beside Throckmorton, who was +a Texan, serve; because the Indians of the Plains had a deep +distrust of Texas and of all Texans [Smith to Cooper, April 8, +1864, <i>ibid</i>., 1270-1271; and Smith to Throckmorton, April 8, +1864, <i>ibid</i>., 1271-1272].</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote974" name= +"footnote974"></a><b>Footnote 974:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag974">(return)</a> +<p>Smith issued him a commission however. See <i>ibid</i>., +1266.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote975" name= +"footnote975"></a><b>Footnote 975:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag975">(return)</a> +<p>—<i>Ibid</i>., 604-606.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page336" id="page336"></a>[pg +336]</span> +<hr /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page337" id="page337"></a>[pg +337]</span> +<h2>APPENDIX</h2> +<p>LITTLE ROCK,<a id="footnotetag976" name= +"footnotetag976"></a><a href= +"#footnote976"><sup>976</sup></a><br /> +December 30, 1862.</p> +<p>SIR: My letters, in respectful terms, addressed to your Adjutant +General, when I re-assumed command of the Indian Country, late in +October, have not been fortunate enough to be honored with a reply. +This will reach you through another medium, and so that others +besides yourself shall know its contents. I am no longer an officer +under you, but a private citizen, and <i>free</i>, so far as any +citizen of Arkansas can call himself free while he lives in this +State; and I will see whether you are as impervious to <i>all</i> +other considerations, as you are to all sense of courtesy and +justice.</p> +<p>You were sent out to Arkansas with certain <i>positive</i> +orders, which you were <i>immediately</i> to enforce. You +<i>knew</i> that "Gen Hindman never was the commanding General of +the Trans. Mississippi Department," and was not sent there by the +War Department; and that, <i>therefore</i> and <i>of course</i>, +all his orders were illegal, for want of power. You <i>knew</i> +that he never had any right to interfere with my command in the +Department of Indian Territory, to take away my troops and +ordnance, or to send me <i>any</i> orders whatever; and that +<i>therefore</i> I was <i>wholly</i> in the right, in all my +controversy with him. You <i>knew</i>, also, that in stripping the +Indian Country of troops, artillery, arms and ammunition, he had +been guilty of multiplied outrages, contrary to the will and policy +of the President, forbidden by the Secretary of War for the future, +and hostile to the interests of the Confederacy.</p> +<p>I had been advised by the Secretary of War, on the 14th of July, +before <i>you</i> were unfortunately thought of [in] connection +with the Trans. Mississippi Department, that Gen. Magruder was +assigned to the command of it; and that although I would be under +his command, it was not doubted that my relations with him would be +pleasant and harmonious, and that I would have such latitude in +command of the Indian country, as might be necessary for me to</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote976" name= +"footnote976"></a><b>Footnote 976:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag976">(return)</a> +<p>Scottish Rite Temple, Pike <i>Papers</i>.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page338" id="page338"></a>[pg +338]</span> +<p>act to the best advantage in its defence. And by the same letter +I was advised, that it was regretted I had met with so many +embarrassments in procuring supplies; and that an order had been +issued from the Adjutant and Inspector General's Office, to prevent +the pursuing of such courses as I had complained of, in the seizure +of what I had procured; and the Secretary said it was to be hoped +that neither I nor any other officer would hereafter have cause to +complain of supplies being diverted from their legitimate +destination. And that Gen. Magruder might fully understand my +position, &c., a copy of my letter of 8th June, to General +Hindman, stating in detail the plundering process to which the +Indian Service had before then been subjected, was furnished to the +former officer. Three several copies of this letter were sent me, +that it might be certain to reach me.</p> +<p>I do not repeat the substance of that letter, for <i>your</i> +benefit. You have known it, no doubt, ever since you left Richmond. +You told me in August, that the War Department was fully informed +in regard to the matters between myself and Generals Van Dorn and +Hindman. You spoke it in the way of a taunt, and as if the +Department justified them and condemned me. You <i>meant</i> me so +to understand it. You are a <i>very</i> ingenious person; inasmuch +as you <i>knew</i> the exact contrary to be true. When I afterwards +received the Secretary's letter, I remembered your remark, and did +not doubt, and do not now doubt, that when you were substituted for +Gen. Magruder, you received the same instructions that had been +given <i>him</i> and were yourself furnished with a copy of the +same letter, for the same purpose.</p> +<p>At all events, you were sent out to put an end to his outrages, +and to avert, if you could, the mischiefs about to spring from +them. But when you reached Little Rock, you found him there, and +you found that the troops, artillery, ammunition and stores that +had reached and were on their way there from the Indian Country, +under his unrighteous orders, <i>and which it was your duty to +restore to me</i>, were too valuable to be parted with, if that +could be in any way avoided. Probably you foresaw that you might, +by and by need to seize money and supplies procured by me. +Twenty-six pieces of artillery, a supply of fixed ammunition and +other trifles, on hand, with $1,350,000 in money, and over 6,000 +suits of clothing in prospect, were the bait Hindman had to tempt +you withal; and for it you</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page339" id="page339"></a>[pg +339]</span> +<p>sold your soul, as Faust sold his to Mephistopheles. Your +Lieutenant became your master; you found it convenient to believe +his version of every thing, and to justify him in every thing, and +you ended in making all his devilments your own, and adopting the +whole infernal spawn and brood, with additions of your own to the +family.</p> +<p>You told me in August, that you had been prepared to judge me +favorably, until you read my address to the Indians on resigning my +command, but after that, you could not judge me fairly. I did not +in the least doubt the <i>fact</i>; but I did <i>not</i> believe +the <i>reason</i>. What, moreover, had <i>you</i> to <i>judge</i> +in regard to <i>me</i>? You were not sent to <i>judge</i> any body. +Hindman was the criminal you <i>were</i> to operate upon.</p> +<p>And, if you were sent, or had otherwise any right, to judge +<i>me</i>, you administered the sort of justice that is in vogue in +hell. Before you <i>saw me, you heard him</i>. You adopted all his +views, and never asked me a question in regard to our controversy, +or as to my own action, or the condition of things in the Indian +Country. I had been infamously and assiduously slandered, from the +moment when I began to resist his illegal, impolitic and outrageous +attempts to deprive the Indian Department of every thing, to make +it a mere appanage of, and appendix to, North-Western Arkansas, to +take the Indians again out of their own country, and to compel me +to unite in that insane and miserable "expedition into Missouri," +which was projected and planned by Folly, mis-managed and +misconducted by Imbecility and ended, as I knew it would, in +disaster and disgrace. Lies of all varieties were ingeniously and +laboriously invented at and about Head Quarters, and despatches, by +special and <i>fit</i> agents, to be industriously circulated +throughout the Indian Country and Texas, as well as Arkansas. The +Indians were told that I had carried away into Texas the gold and +silver belonging to <i>them</i>; while the Texans were made to +believe that I was paying <i>their</i> moneys to the Indians. It +was reported, in Bonham, Texas, by officers sent from Hindman's +Head Quarters, that I was defaulter to the amount of $125,000 and +at last there crawled out from the sewer under the throne, and +sneaked about the Indian Country and Texas, the damnable lie, that +an Indian had been taken, bearing letters from me to the Northern +Indians, or, to the enemy in Kansas; or, as another version had it, +from Gen. James H. Lane to me; and</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page340" id="page340"></a>[pg +340]</span> +<p>three months ago it was whispered about that I was a member of +the secret disloyal organization in Northern Texas. Such lies could +have been counted by scores. Most of them are dead and rotten; but +some still live, by means of assiduous nursing. And all these lies, +and more either you or Hindman sent to the President at +Richmond.</p> +<p>I say, sir, you never <i>inquired</i> into <i>any</i> thing. You +never wished to <i>hear</i> any thing, whatever from <i>me</i>. You +disobeyed the orders with which you were sent as a public curse and +calamity into Arkansas, as if the State were not already +sufficiently infested by Hindman. Is it true that he has lately, +upon his single order, and without the ceremony of even a +<i>mock</i> trial, caused three men "suspected of disloyalty" to be +shot; and that, two of them being proven to him to be true Southern +men, he sent a reprieve, which, either setting out too late, or +lagging on the way, reached the scene of murder after their blood +had bathed the desecrated soil of Arkansas? It has come to me so, +from officers direct from Fort Smith. At any rate, he has put to +death nine or ten persons, without any legal trial. Who is +<i>he</i>, that he should do these things in this nineteenth +century? And who are <i>you</i>, sir, that you should suffer, and +by suffering, <i>approve</i> and adopt them? How many <i>more</i> +murders will suffice to awaken public vengeance?</p> +<p>Was the Star Chamber any worse than Hindman's Military +Commissions, that are ordered to preserve no records? Were the +<i>Lettres de Cachet</i> of Louis XV, any greater outrage on the +personal liberty of <i>French subjects</i>, than Hindman's arrests +and committal to the Penitentiary of <i>suspected</i> persons? Was +Tristan l'Hermite any more the minister of tyranny, than his +Provost Marshals? or Caligula, Caesar Borgia or Colonel Kirke any +more cruel and remorseless than he, that you have sustained all his +acts, and made all his atrocities your own? Take care, sir! You are +not so high, that you may not be reached by the arm of justice. The +President is above you both, and God is above him, and +<i>sometimes</i> interferes in human affairs.</p> +<p>Unless the late Secretary of War, through the President, sent an +official falsehood to the Congress of the Confederate States, you +were sent to Arkansas with <i>positive</i> and <i>unconditional</i> +instructions, that, if Gen. Hindman <i>had</i> declared Martial Law +in Arkansas, and adopted oppressive police regulations under it, +<i>you should rescind the</i></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page341" id="page341"></a>[pg +341]</span> +<p><i>declarations of Martial Law, and the Regulations adopted to +carry it into effect</i>. You have not done so. You have not only +<i>not</i> rescinded <i>any</i> thing; but you have, by a General +Order, long ago, continued in force all orders of General Hindman, +not specially revoked by you. That order could have no retroactive +effect, to make <i>his</i> orders <i>to have been valid</i> in the +<i>past</i>. It could only put them in force for the <i>future</i>; +and you thereby made them <i>your</i> orders, as fully as if you +had re-issued them. In so doing, you became the enemy of your +country, if not of the Human race, and outlawed yourself.</p> +<p>You have <i>yourself</i> established a tariff of prices +exclusively on articles produced by the farmers, including the +sweet potatoes raised by old women and superannuated negroes. You +leave the Jews and extortioners, some of the former of whom go +about in uniforms, claiming to be <i>officers</i> and your agents +to charge these same venders of produce, whatever infamous prices +they please for wares they need to purchase with the pittances +received according to your scale of prices, for the vegetables that +supply your and other tables.</p> +<p>You pretend, I learn, that the President gave you discretionary +power, in regard to Martial Law, and the Regulations in question. I +do not believe it; for, if he did, then he and the Secretary +intentionally deceived Congress by the equivalent of a lie. Do you +pretend that the President paltered with Congress in a double +sense? I put you face to face. Is it <i>your</i> act, in +<i>defiance</i> of orders, that continues Martial Law in force in +Arkansas, stifles freedom of speech, muzzles the Press, tramples on +all the rights at once of the People of that State, and makes the +State itself only a congregation of Helots, incompetent to be +represented in Congress? Is it merely a contest between you and +Phelps, <i>which</i> of the two shall be Military Governor? If it +<i>is</i> your act, then justice ought at once to be done upon you, +lest the President, winking at the outrage, and not stripping from +your back your uniform of Lieutenant General, should deserve to be +impeached, as your accomplice.</p> +<p>Or, do you dare assert that it is <i>his</i> act, because he +gave you discretionary power on the subject, after informing +Congress that Hindman never was Commanding General of the +Department, and that you had been ordered to rescind his +declaration of Martial Law,—nay, after publicly proclaiming +that <i>no</i> General had any power to declare Martial Law? All +the Confederacy thanked and applauded</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page342" id="page342"></a>[pg +342]</span> +<p>him for so striking at the root of an immense outrage and abuse +and an unexpected public course; but if he has authorized or +sanctions <i>your</i> course, he is unworthy longer to be +President. If he has not, you have defied his orders and justified +men in judging yourself authorized and him guilty; and so you are +unworthy longer to be General.</p> +<p>When I saw you in August, you were greatly exercised on the +subject of my printed address to the Indians, publication of which +in Little Rock you had suppressed, <i>as if it could do any harm in +Arkansas</i>. You suppressed it, because it exposed those whose +acts were losing the Indian Country. You wanted to keep what had +been taken from <i>me</i>, and to escape damnation for the probable +<i>consequences</i> of the acts, the <i>profit</i> of which you +were reluctant to part with. I do not wonder the letter troubled +you; for it told <i>the truth</i>, and condemned and denounced in +advance <i>more</i> unjustifiable courses of conduct that you were +about to pursue.</p> +<p>You pretended that it had produced a great "ferment" among the +Indians; and that even many of the Chickasaws had in consequence of +it, left the service. It had produced <i>no</i> ferment, and +<i>none</i> of the Chickasaws had left us. On the contrary, the +Indians were quieted by it, the Creeks re-organized, in numbers, +two regiments, and the Chickasaws five companies. That was its +purpose, and such was its effect.</p> +<p>But to <i>you</i>, its enormity consisted in its exposure of the +conduct of two Major Generals. I told the Indians <i>plainly</i>, +that it was not <i>my</i> fault or the fault of the Government, but +of these two Generals, that moneys, clothing, arms and ammunition, +procured for them, had not reached them; that troops raised for +service among them had never entered their country; and that, +finally, troops, artillery and ammunition were carried out of it. +This censure of my <i>superiors</i>, in vindication of the +President and Government, shocked your tender sensibilities. You +were ready to follow in their footsteps, and already <i>had</i> the +plunder; and you told me that "the act of the officer was the act +of the Government." Did you really <i>mean</i>, that the Indians +should have been led or left to suppose that these acts were the +acts of the Government? That would have been <i>almost</i> as great +an infamy, as it was to <i>take</i> the supplies, and so give them +cause and reason to believe the robbery the act of the Government, +<i>and thus excite them to revolt</i>. Moreover, when I told you +that the act of</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page343" id="page343"></a>[pg +343]</span> +<p>the officer was <i>not</i>, in the case in question, the act of +the Government; that, if I had permitted the Indians to suppose so, +they would long have left us; and that, to quiet them, I had been +compelled, for three months and more than a hundred times, to +explain to them what had become of their supplies, and how and by +whom they have been seized, you admitted that "that was right for +local explanation." As there could be no objection to telling all, +what I had often told part, that <i>they</i> might tell the rest; +and as it was no more a crime to <i>print</i> than to <i>say</i> +it; I have the right to believe and I <i>do</i> believe that your +<i>real</i> objection to its publication was that it exposed <i>to +our own people the actual</i> conduct of other Generals, and the +<i>intended</i> conduct of yourself. Have <i>you</i> left the +Indians to believe that the late seizure and appropriation, by +<i>yourself</i>, of their clothing and moneys, is the act of the +Government? If you have, you ought to be shot as a Traitor, for +provoking them to revolt, and giving aid and comfort to the +enemy.</p> +<p>But you told me, that when you first read my letter, you held up +your hands, and exclaimed, "What! is the man a Traitor?" And you +said that not one of my friends in Little Rock, and I had, you +said, a great many, pretended to justify the letter. You have never +found a friend of mine, or an indifferent person, silly enough to +think, like you, that it savored of treason. It is only rarely one +meets a man so scantily furnished with sense as to misunderstand +and pervert what is written in plain English. I was vindicating +myself, and still more the Government, and persuading the Indians +to remain loyal, notwithstanding the wrongs they had endured. I, +too, was an officer; and <i>my</i> acts <i>had</i> been the acts of +the Government. <i>My</i> promises to them were <i>its</i> +promises. The procuring of supplies by <i>me</i>, was <i>its</i> +act; and when, reaching or not reaching the frontier, the supplies +were like the unlucky traveler, who journeyed from Jerusalem to +Jericho, <i>then</i> the Government <i>ceased</i> to act, and +unlicensed outrage took its place. And, further, <i>my</i> act was +the act of the Government, when I told the Indians <i>why</i> they +had not received their supplies and money, and vindicated that +Government at the expense of those who were guilty of the act; and +who having done it and reaped the profit, should not be heard to +object that all the world should know what they did, nor be allowed +to escape the responsibility of <i>all</i> the consequences.</p> +<p>If to tell the Indians that other Generals had wrongfully +stopped</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page344" id="page344"></a>[pg +344]</span> +<p>their supplies, in any degree <i>resembled</i> Treason, that +could only be so, because it <i>was</i> treason to <i>do</i> the +act. It cannot be wrong to make known what it was right and proper +to do. The truth is, that the acts done were outrages, which it was +desirable for the doers to conceal from the Indians. I refused to +become a party to those outrages, by concealing them. I would not +agree in advance to be <i>silent</i>, when <i>you</i> should repeat +and improve on those outrages, and consummate what had been so +felicitously begun.</p> +<p>I do not doubt that there are assassins wearing uniforms, who +are knaves enough to <i>pretend</i> to read my letter as you do, +and to see in it the desire of a disappointed man to be revenged, +even by the ruin of his country. Power always has its pimps and +catamites. These would no doubt gladly have made my letter the +means of murdering me by that devilish engine of Military +despotism, a Military commission, that is <i>ordered</i> to +preserve no records. You, I think really look upon it with alarm. +It is, no doubt, <i>very</i> desirable to <i>you</i>, that the +blame of losing the Indian Country, which, if not already a fact +accomplished, is a fact inevitable, should be made to fall upon me. +You, as the pliant and useful implement of Gen. Hindman, are the +cause of this loss; and you know I can prove it. You and he have +left nothing <i>undone</i>, that <i>could</i> be done, to lose it. +And you may rest assured, that whether I live or die, you shall not +escape one jot or tittle of the deep damnation to which you are +richly entitled for causing a loss so irretrievable, so astounding, +so unnecessary and so <i>fatal</i>, and one which it will be +impossible to excuse as owing to ignorance and stupidity. No degree +of <i>these</i> misfortunes, can be pleaded in bar of judgment. +<i>You</i> will have <i>forced</i> the Indians to go to the North +for protection. <i>You</i> will have <i>given away</i> their +country to the enemy. <i>You</i> will have turned their arms +against us. You will have done this by disobeying the orders of +your Government, continuing the courses it condemned, and to put an +end to which it sent you out here; by falsifying its pledges and +promises, taking for others' uses the moneys which it sent out to +pay the Indians, robbing them of the clothing sent by it to cover +their nakedness, and thus thrusting aside all the considerations of +common honesty, of justice, of humanity, and even of policy, +expediency and common sense.</p> +<p>When Mr. C.B. Johnson agreed, in September to loan your +Quartermaster at Little Rock, $350,000 of the money he was</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page345" id="page345"></a>[pg +345]</span> +<p>conveying to Major Quesenbury, the Quartermaster of the +Department of Indian Territory, <i>you promised</i> him that it +should be repaid to Major Quesenbury as soon as you should receive +funds, and before he would have disposed of the remaining million. +<i>You got the money by means of that promise; and you did not keep +the promise</i>. On the contrary, by an order that reached Fort +Smith three hours before Mr. Johnson did, you compelled Major +Quesenbury, the moment he received the money, to turn every dollar +of it, over to a <i>Commissary</i> at Fort Smith; <i>and it was +used to supply the needs of Gen. Hindman's troops</i>; when the +Seminoles, fourteen months in the service have never been paid a +dollar; and the Chickasaw and Choctaw Battalion, and Chilly +McIntosh's Creeks, each corps a year and more in the service, have +received only $45,000 each, and no clothing. Was this violation of +your promise, the act of the Government?</p> +<p>To replace the clothing I had procured for the Indians in +December, 1861, and which, with near 1,000 tents, fell into the +hands of the troops of Generals Price and Van Dorn, I sent an +agent, in June, to Richmond, who went to Georgia, and there +procured some 6,500 suits, with about 3,000 shirts and 3,000 pairs +of drawers, and some two or three hundred tents. These supplies +were at Monroe early in September; and the Indians were informed +that they and the moneys had been procured and were on the way. The +good news went all over their country, as if on the wings of the +wind; and universal content and rejoicing were the +consequences.</p> +<p>The clothing reached Fort Smith; and its issue to Gen. Hindman's +people commenced immediately. I sent a Quartermaster for it and he +was retained there. If <i>any</i> of it has ever reached the +Indians, it has been only recently, and but a small portion of +it.</p> +<p>You pretend to believe that the Indians were in a "ferment" and +discontented; and you took this very opportune occasion to stop all +the moneys due their troops and for debts in their country and take +and appropriate to the use of other troops the clothing promised to +and procured for <i>them</i>. The clothing and the money were +<i>theirs</i>; and you were in possession of an order from the War +Department, forbidding you to divert any supplies from their +legitimate destination; an order which was issued, <i>as you +knew</i>, in consequence of <i>my</i> complaints, and to prevent +moneys and supplies for the <i>Indians</i> being stopped: <i>and +yet you stopped all</i>.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page346" id="page346"></a>[pg +346]</span> +<p>You borrow part of the money, and then seize the rest, like a +<i>genteel</i> highwayman, who first borrows all he can of a +traveler, on promise of punctual re-payment; and then claps a +pistol to his head, and orders him to "stand and deliver" the rest. +And you did even more than this.</p> +<p>For you promised the Acting Commissioner of Indian Affairs, when +he was at Little Rock, about the 1st of October, on his way to the +Indian Country, to give the Indians assurances of the good faith of +the Government—<i>you promised him</i>, I say, <i>that the +clothing in question should go to the Indians</i>. He told the +Chickasaws and Seminoles, at least, of this promise. You broke it. +You did <i>not</i> send them the clothing. You placed the +Commissioner and the Government in an admirable attitude before the +Indians; and the consequence has been, I understand, the disbanding +of the Chickasaws, and the failure of the Seminole troops to +re-organize. The consequence will be far more serious yet. Indians +cannot be deceived, and promises made them shamelessly broken, with +impunity.</p> +<p>While <i>you</i> were thus stopping their clothing, and robbing +the half-naked Indians to clothe other troops, the Federals were +sending home the Choctaws whom they had taken prisoners, after +clothing them comfortably and putting money in their pockets. No +one need be astonished, when <i>all</i> the Indians shall have +turned their arms against us.</p> +<p>Why did you and Gen. Hindman not procure by your own exertions +what you need for your troops? He reached Little Rock on the 31st +of May. You came here in August. I sent my agents to Richmond, for +money and clothing, in June and July. I never asked either of +<i>you</i> for <i>any</i> thing. I could procure for <i>my</i> +command all I wanted. You and he were Major Generals; I, only a +Brigadier; and Brigadiers are plenty as blackberries in season. It +is to be supposed that if I could procure money, clothing and +supplies for <i>Indians</i>, you and he could do so for white +troops. Both of you come blundering out to Arkansas with nothing, +and supply yourselves with what <i>I</i> procure. Some officers +would be ashamed <i>so</i> to supply deficiencies caused by their +own want of foresight, energy or sense.</p> +<p><i>You</i> do not even know you need an Engineer, until one of +mine comes by, with $20,000 in his hands for Engineer Service in +the</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page347" id="page347"></a>[pg +347]</span> +<p>Indian Territory, some of which belongs to <i>me</i> for +advances made, and with stationery and instruments procured by +<i>me</i>, for <i>my</i> Department, in Richmond, a year ago; and +<i>then</i> you find out that there are such things as Engineers, +and that you need one; and you seize on Engineer, money, and +stationery. You even take, notwithstanding Paragraph VI, of General +Orders No. 50, the stationery procured by me for the Adjutant +General's Office of my Department, by purchase in Richmond in +December, 1861; for the want of which I had been compelled to +permit my own private stock to be used for months.</p> +<p>I no longer wonder that you do these things. When you told me +that you could not judge me fairly, because I told the Indians that +others had done them injustice, you confessed much more than you +intended. It was a pregnant sentence you uttered. By it you judged +and convicted yourself, and pronounced <i>your own sentence</i>, +when you uttered <i>it</i>.</p> +<p>The Federal authorities were proposing to the Indians <i>at the +very time when you stopped their clothing and money</i>, that, if +they would return to the old Union, they should not be asked to +take up arms, their annuities should be paid them in money, the +negroes taken from them be restored, all losses and damage +sustained by them be paid for, and they be allowed to retain, as so +much clear profit, what had been paid them by the Confederate +States. It was a liberal offer and a great temptation, to come at +the moment when you and Hindman were felicitously completing your +operations, and when there were no breadstuffs in their country, +and they and their women and children were starving and half-naked. +You chose an admirable opportunity to rob, to disappoint, to +outrage and exasperate them, and make your own Government +fraudulent and contemptible in their eyes. If any human action +<i>can</i> deserve it, the hounds of hell ought to hunt your soul +and Hindman's for it through all eternity.</p> +<p>Instead of co-operating with the Federal authorities, and doing +all that he and you <i>could</i> do to induce the Indians to listen +to and accept their propositions, <i>he</i> had better have +expelled the enemy from Arkansas or "have perished in the attempt;" +and you had better have marched on Helena, before its +fortifications were finished, and purged the eastern part of the +State of the enemy's presence. If you had succeeded as admirably in +that, as you have in losing</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page348" id="page348"></a>[pg +348]</span> +<p>the Indian Country, you would have merited the eternal gratitude +of Arkansas, instead of its execrations; and the laurel, instead of +a halter. I said that you and your Lieutenant had left +<i>nothing</i> undone. I repeat it. Take another <i>small</i> +example. Until I left the command, at the end of July, the Indian +troops had regularly had their half rations of coffee. As soon as I +was got rid of, an order from Gen. Hindman took all the remaining +coffee, some 3,000 lbs., to Fort Smith. Even in this small matter, +he could not forego an opportunity of injuring and disappointing +them.</p> +<p>You asked me, in August, what was the need of any white troops +at all, in the Indian Country; and you said that the few mounted +troops, I had, if kept in the Northern part of the Cherokee +Country, would have been enough to repel any Federal force that +ever would have entered it. As you and Hindman never allowed any +ammunition procured by me, to reach the Indian Country, if you +could prevent it, whether I obtained it at Richmond or Corinth, or +in Texas, and as you approve of his course in taking out of that +country all that was to be found in it, I am entitled to suppose +that you regarded ammunition for the Indians as little necessary, +as troops to protect them in conformity to the pledge of honor of +the Government. One thing, however, is to be said to the credit of +your next in command. When he has ordered anything to be seized, he +has never denied having done so, or tried to cast responsibility on +an inferior. After you had written to me that you had ordered Col. +Darnell to seize, at Dallas, Texas, ammunition furnished by me, you +denied to him, I understand, that you had given the order. Is it +so? and <i>did</i> he refuse to trust the order in your hands, or +even to let you see it, but would show it to Gen. McCulloch?</p> +<p>Probably you know by this time, if you are capable of learning +<i>any</i> thing, whether any white troops are needed in the Indian +Country. The brilliant result of Gen. Hindman's profound +calculations and masterly strategy, and of his long-contemplated +invasion of Missouri, is before the country; and the disgraceful +rout at Fort Wayne, with the manoeuvres and results on the +Arkansas, are pregnant commentaries on the abuse lavished on me, +for not taking "the line of the Arkansas," or making Head Quarters +on Spring River, with a force too small to effect any thing any +where.</p> +<p>I have not spoken of your Martial Law and Provost Marshals</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page349" id="page349"></a>[pg +349]</span> +<p>in the Indian Country, and your seizure of salt-works there, or, +in detail, of your seizure of ammunition procured by me in Texas, +and on its way to the Indian troops, of the withdrawal of all white +troops and artillery from their country, of the retention for other +troops of the mountain howitzers procured by me for Col. Waitie, +and the ammunition sent me, for them and for small arms, from +Richmond. This letter is but a part of the indictment I will prefer +bye and bye, when the laws are no longer silent, and the +constitution and even public opinion no longer lie paralyzed under +the brutal heel of Military Power; and when the results of your +<i>im</i>policy and <i>mis</i>management shall have been fully +developed.</p> +<p>But I have a word or two to say as to myself. From the time when +I entered the Indian Country, in May, 1861, to make Treaties, until +the beginning of June, 1862, when Gen. Hindman, in the plentitude +of his self-conceit and folly, assumed absolute control of the +Military and other affairs of the Department of Indian Territory, +and commenced plundering it of troops, artillery and ammunition, +dictating Military operations, and making the Indian country an +appanage of Northwestern Arkansas, there was profound peace +throughout its whole extent. Even with the wild Camanches and +Kiowas, I had secured friendly relations. An unarmed man could +travel in safety and alone, from Kansas to Red River, and from the +Arkansas line to the Wichita Mountains. The Texan frontier had not +been as perfectly undisturbed for years. We had fifty-five hundred +Indians in service, under arms, and they were as loyal as our own +people, little as had been done by any one save myself to keep them +so, and much as had been done by others to alienate them. They +referred all their difficulties to me for decision, and looked to +me alone to see justice done them and the faith of Treaties +preserved.</p> +<p>Most of the time without moneys (those sent out to that +Department generally failing to reach it) I had managed to keep the +white and Indian troops better fed than any other portion of the +troops of the Confederacy any where. I had 26 pieces of artillery, +two of the batteries as perfectly equipped and well manned as any, +any where. I had on hand and on the way, an ample supply of +ammunition, after being once plundered. While in command, <i>I had +procured, first and last</i>, 36,000 pounds of rifle and cannon +powder. If you would like to know, sir, how I effected this, in the +face</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page350" id="page350"></a>[pg +350]</span> +<p>of all manner of discouragements and difficulties, it is no +secret. My disbursing officers can tell you who supplied them with +funds for many weeks, and whose means purchased horses for the +artillery. Ask the Chickasaws and Seminoles who purchased the only +shoes they had received—four hundred pairs, at five dollars +each, procured and paid for by <i>me</i>, in Bonham, and which I +sent up to them after I was taken "in personal custody" in +November.</p> +<p><i>You</i> dare pretend, sir, that <i>I</i> might be disloyal, +or even in thought couple the word Treason with <i>my</i> name. +What <i>peculiar</i> merit is it in <i>you</i> to serve on our side +in this war? You were bred a soldier, and your only chance for +distinction lay in obtaining promotion in the army, and in the army +of the Confederacy. You <i>were</i> Major, or something of the +sort, in the old army, and you <i>are</i> a Lieutenant General. +Your reward I think, for what you have done or not done, is +sufficient.</p> +<p>I was a private citizen, over fifty years of age, and neither +needing nor desiring military rank or civil honors. I accepted the +office of Commissioner, at the President's <i>solicitation</i>. I +took that of Brigadier General, with all the odium that I knew +would follow it, and fall on me as the Leader of a force of +Indians, knowing there would be little glory to be reaped, and +wanting no promotion, simply and solely to see <i>my</i> pledges to +the Indians carried out, to keep them loyal to us, to save their +country to the Confederacy, and to preserve the Western frontier of +Arkansas and the Northern frontier of Texas from devastation and +desolation.</p> +<p>What has been my <i>reward</i>? All my efforts have been +rendered nugatory, and my attempts even to <i>collect</i> and +<i>form</i> an army frustrated, by the continual plundering of my +supplies and means by other Generals, and your and their deliberate +efforts to disgust and alienate the Indians. Once before this, an +armed force was sent to arrest me. You all disobeyed the +President's orders, and treated me as a criminal for endeavoring to +have them carried out. The whole country swarms with slanders +against me; and at last, because I felt constrained reluctantly to +re-assume command, after learning that the President would not +accept my resignation, I am taken from Tishomingo to Washington, a +prisoner, under an armed guard, it having been deemed necessary, +for the sake of effect, to send two hundred and fifty men into the +Indian Country to arrest me. <i>The Senatorial election was at +hand</i>.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page351" id="page351"></a>[pg +351]</span> +<p>I had, unaided and alone, <i>secured</i> to the Confederacy a +magnificent country, equal in extent, fertility, beauty and +resources to any of our States—nay, superior to any. I had +secured the means, in men and arms, of keeping it. I knew how only +it could be defended. I asked no aid of any of you. I only asked to +be let alone. Verily, I have my reward also, as Hastings had his, +for winning India for the British Empire.</p> +<p>It is <i>your</i> day <i>now</i>. You sit above the laws and +domineer over the constitution. "Order reigns in Warsaw." But bye +and bye, there will be a <i>just</i> jury empannelled, who will +hear <i>all</i> the testimony and decide impartially—no less +a jury than the People of the Confederate States; and for their +verdict as to myself, I and my children will be content to wait; as +also for the sure and stern sentence and universal malediction, +that will fall like a great wave of God's just anger on you and the +murderous miscreant by whose malign promptings you are making +yourself accursed.</p> +<p>Whether I am respectfully yours, you will be able to determine +from the contents of this letter.</p> +<p>ALBERT PIKE, <i>Citizen of Arkansas</i>.<br /> +THEOPHILUS H. HOLMES, Major General &c.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page352" id="page352"></a>[pg +352]</span> +<hr /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page353" id="page353"></a>[pg +353]</span> +<h2>SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2> +<p>I. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF SOURCES.</p> +<p>ABEL, ANNIE HELOISE, editor. The official correspondence of +James S. Calhoun (Washington, D.C., 1915).</p> +<p>AMERICAN ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA, 1861-1865 (New York).</p> +<p>BISHOP, ALBERT WEBB. Loyalty on the frontier, or sketches of +union men of the southwest (St. Louis, 1863).</p> +<p>CENTRAL SUPERINTENDENCY RECORDS. The Central Superintendency, +embracing much of the territory included in the old St. Louis +Superintendency, was established in 1851 under an act of congress, +approved February 27 of that year.<a id="footnotetag977" name= +"footnotetag977"></a><a href="#footnote977"><sup>977</sup></a> Its +headquarters were at St. Louis from the date of its founding to +1859,<a id="footnotetag978" name="footnotetag978"></a><a href= +"#footnote978"><sup>978</sup></a> at St. Joseph from that time to +July, 1865,<a id="footnotetag979" name= +"footnotetag979"></a><a href="#footnote979"><sup>979</sup></a> at +Atchison, from July, 1865 to 1869,<a id="footnotetag980" name= +"footnotetag980"></a><a href="#footnote980"><sup>980</sup></a> and +at Lawrence, from 1869 to 1878.</p> +<p>In February of 1878, J.H. Hammond, who was then in charge of the +superintendency, reported upon its records to the Commissioner of +Indian Affairs.<a id="footnotetag981" name= +"footnotetag981"></a><a href="#footnote981"><sup>981</sup></a> He +spoke of the existence of "eight cases containing <i>Books, +Records, Papers</i>," and he enclosed with his report schedules of +the contents of certain boxes labelled A,B,C,D,E,F,H,L. Of Box A, +the schedule appertaining gave this information: "Old Records, +Files, Memoranda, etc., Miscellaneous Papers accumulated prior to +1869, when Enoch Hoag became Sup'tCent.Sup'tcy." More particularly, +Box A contained "One Bundle Old Treaties of various years, three +(bundles) of Agency Accounts," and, for the period of 1830-1833, it +contained "One Bundle Ancient Maps," and one of "Old Bills and +Papers."</p> +<p>The collection as a whole, undoubtedly sent into the United +States Indian Office as Hammond reported upon it, has long since +been irretrievably broken up and its parts distributed. Knowing +this the</p> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote977" name= +"footnote977"></a><b>Footnote 977:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag977">(return)</a> +<p>9 <i>United States Statutes at Large</i>, p. 586, sec. 2; Indian +Office <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 44, p. 259.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote978" name= +"footnote978"></a><b>Footnote 978:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag978">(return)</a> +<p>Greenwood to Robinson, November 21, 1859, <i>ibid</i>., no. 62, +p. 272.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote979" name= +"footnote979"></a><b>Footnote 979:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag979">(return)</a> +<p>Dole to Murphy, June 23, 1865, <i>ibid</i>., no. 77, p. 341.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote980" name= +"footnote980"></a><b>Footnote 980:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag980">(return)</a> +<p>Parker to Hoag, May 26, 1869, <i>ibid</i>., no. 90, p. 202.</p> +</blockquote> +<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote981" name= +"footnote981"></a><b>Footnote 981:</b> <a href= +"#footnotetag981">(return)</a> +<p>Dr. William Nicholson, who succeeded Enoch Hoag as +superintendent, was ordered to deliver the records to Hammond [Hoyt +to Nicholson, telegram, January 15, 1878, Office of Indian Affairs, +<i>Correspondence of the Civilization Division</i>]. Hammond +forwarded the records to Washington, D.C., February 11, 1878.</p> +</blockquote> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page354" id="page354"></a>[pg +354]</span> +<p>investigator is fain to deplore the advent of "efficiency" +methods into the government service. Such efficiency, when +interpreted by the ordinary clerk, has ever meant confusion where +once was order and a dislocation that can never be made good. From +the break-up, in the instance under consideration, the following +books have been recovered:</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td width="20%">Letter Book</td> +<td>July 25, 1853 to May 10, 1861.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Letter Book</td> +<td>November 1, 1859 to February 5, 1863.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Letter Book</td> +<td>February, 1863.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Letter Book</td> +<td>"Letters to Commissioner of Indian Affairs," May 23, 1855 to +October 31, 1859.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Letter Book</td> +<td>"Letters to Commissioner," "Records," February 14, 1863 to June +6, 1868.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Letter Book</td> +<td>"District of Nebraska, Letters to Commissioner," June 6, 1868 +to April 10, 1871.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Letter Book</td> +<td>April 12, 1871 to February 21, 1874.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Letter Book</td> +<td>"Letters to Commissioner," February 21, 1874 to October 22, +1875.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Letter Book</td> +<td>"Letters to Commissioner," October 25, 1875 to January 31, +1876.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Letter Book</td> +<td>"Letters to Agents," October 4, 1858 to December 12, 1867.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Letter Book</td> +<td>"Letters Sent to Agents, District of Nebraska," December 12, +1867 to August 22, 1871.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>Account Book of Central Superintendency, being Abstract of +Disbursements, 1853 to 1865.</p> +<p>CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA. "Jefferson Davis Papers."</p> +<p>These papers, miscellaneous in character and now located in the +Archives Division of the Adjutant General's Office of the United +States War Department, seem to have belonged personally to +President Davis or to have been retained by him. Among them is +Albert Pike's Report of the Indian negotiations conducted by him in +1861.</p> +<p>—— Journal of the Congress, 1861-1865.</p> +<p>United States Senate <i>Executive Documents</i>, 58th congress, +second session, no. 234.</p> +<p>Private Laws of the Confederate States of America, First +Congress (Richmond, 1862).</p> +<p>Private Laws of the Confederate States of America, Second +Congress (Richmond, 1864).</p> +<p>Provisional and Permanent Constitutions of the Confederate +States and Acts and Resolutions of the First Session of the +Provisional Congress (Richmond, 1861).</p> +<p>Public Laws of the Confederate States of America, 1863-1864 +(Richmond, 1864).</p> +<p>Statutes at Large of the Confederate States of America, First +Congress, edited by J.M. Matthews (Richmond, 1862).</p> +<p>Statutes at Large of the Provisional Government of the +Confederate States of America from February 8, 1861 to February 18, +1862, together with the Constitution for the Provisional Government +and the Permanent Constitution of the Confederate States, and +the</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page355" id="page355"></a>[pg +355]</span> +<p>Treaties Concluded by the Confederate States with the Indian +Tribes, edited by J.M. Matthews (Richmond, 1864).</p> +<p>Statutes at Large of the Confederate States, commencing First +Session of the First Congress and including First Session of the +Second Congress, edited by J.M. Matthews (Richmond, 1864).</p> +<p>Statutes at Large of the Confederate States of America, Second +Congress (Richmond, 1864).</p> +<p>CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA. Papers of the Adjutant and +Inspector General's Office.</p> +<p>Special Orders (Richmond, 1862).</p> +<p>General Orders, January, 1862 to December, 1863 (Columbia, +1863).</p> +<p>General Orders for 1863 (Richmond, 1864).</p> +<p>Special Orders (Richmond, 1864).</p> +<p>General Orders, January 1, to June 30, 1864, compiled by R.C. +Gilchrist (Columbia, 1864).</p> +<p>—— "Pickett Papers."</p> +<p>State papers of the Southern Confederacy now lodged in the +Library of Congress. Had Pike continued to prosecute his mission +under the auspices of the State Department, these papers would +undoubtedly have contained much of value for the present work, but +as it is they yield only an occasional document and that of very +incidental importance. The papers used were found in packages 81, +86, 88, 93, 95, 106, 107, 109, 113, 118. The "Pickett Papers" were +originally in the hands of Secretary Benjamin. After coming into +the possession of the United States government, they were at first +confided to the care of the Treasury Department and were handed +over later, by direction of the president, to the Library of +Congress. The fact of their being in the charge of the Treasury +Department explains the circumstance of its possession of the +original treaty made by Pike with the Comanches, and the fact that +that manuscript turned up long after the main body of "Pickett +Papers" had been transferred to the Congressional Library suggests +the possibility that detached Confederate records may yet repose in +the recesses of the Treasury archives. Between the dates of their +consignment and their transfer, they must have become to some +degree disintegrated. The War Department borrowed some of the +Pickett Papers for inclusion in the <i>Official Records of the War +of the Rebellion</i>.</p> +<p>—— Records, or Archives.</p> +<p>Among these, which are to-day in the War Department in charge of +the Chief Clerk of the Adjutant-general's Office, are the +following:</p> +<p>Chap. 2, no. 258, Letter Book, Brig. Gen. D.H. Cooper, C.S.A., +Ex officio Indian Agent, etc., May 10-27, 1865 (File Mark, W. +236).</p> +<p>It is a mere fragment. Its wrapper bears the following +endorsement: War Department, Archive Office, Chap. 2, No. 258.</p> +<p>Chap. 2, no. 270, Letter Book, Col. and Brig. Gen. Win. Steele's +command.</p> +<p>The contents are,</p> +<p>a. A few letters dealing with Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico, +March to July, 1862, pp. 7-22. These letters emanated from the</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page356" id="page356"></a>[pg +356]</span> +<p>authority of William Steele, Colonel of the Seventh Regiment of +Texas Mounted Volunteers.</p> +<p>b. Letters dealing with matters in the Department of Indian +Territory, January 8, 1863 to May 18, 1863, pp. 27-254. Pages 1-6, +23-26, and 47 and 48 are missing.</p> +<p>The list of the whole, as given, is,</p> +<p>Letters Sent—Col. and Brig. Gen. Wm. Steele's +command—Mch. 7, 1862 to May 18, 1863, viz.,</p> +<p>1. 7th Regt Texas M. Vols. Mch. 7 to June 20/62</p> +<p>2. Dept. New Mexico, June 24/62</p> +<p>3. Forces of Arizona, July 12, 1862.</p> +<p>4. Dept of Indian Territory, Jan. 8-12, 1863</p> +<p>5. 1st Div. 1st. Corps Trans-Miss. Dept., Jan. 13-20, 1863.</p> +<p>6. Dept. of Indian Territory, Jan. 21 to May 18, 1863.</p> +<p>Chap. 2, no. 268, Letters Sent, Department of Indian Territory, +from May 19, 1863 to September 27, 1863.</p> +<p>This is another William Steele letter book, but is not quite +complete. In point of time covered, it succeeds no. 270 and is +itself succeeded by no. 267.</p> +<p>Chap. 2, no. 267, Letters Sent, September 28, 1863 to June 17, +1864.</p> +<p>Pages 3 to 6, inclusive, are missing and there are no letters +after page 119.</p> +<p>Chap. 2, no. 259, Inspector General's Letters and Reports, from +April 23, 1864, to May 15, 1865.</p> +<p>The cover has this as title: Letter Book A: Insp't Gen'l's +Office—Dis't of Indian Ter'y From April 23rd, 1864 to May 15, +1865. On the inside of the front cover, appears this in pencil: +"Received from Gen'l M.J. Wright, Oct. 16/79." Some pages at the +beginning of the book have been cut out. Between pages 145 and 196, +are reports, variously signed, some by E.E. Portlock, some by N.W. +Battle, and some by James Patteson.</p> +<p>Chap. 2, no. 260, District of the Indian Territory, Inspector +General's Letter Book, April 23, 1864 to January 7, 1865.</p> +<p>"Received from Gen'l M.J. Wright, Oct. 16/79." From a comparison +of nos. 259 and 260, it is seen that no. 259 is a rough letter and +report book and that no. 260 is a finished product. The 1864 +material in no. 259 is duplicated by that in no. 260.</p> +<p>Chap. 7, no. 36. Indian Treaties.</p> +<p>Chap. 7, no. 48. Regulations adopted by the War Department, on +the 15th of April 1862, for carrying into effect the Acts of +Congress of the Confederate States, Relating to Indian Affairs, +etc. (Richmond, 1862).</p> +<p>On page 1, is to be found, "Regulations for Carrying into +effect, the Act of Congress of the Confederate States, approved May +21, 1861, entitled An Act for the protection of certain Indian +Tribes, and of other Acts relating to Indian Affairs."</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page357" id="page357"></a>[pg +357]</span> +<p>FORT SMITH PAPERS. See Abel, <i>The American Indian as +Slaveholder and Secessionist</i>, p. 361.</p> +<p>GREELEY, HORACE. The American conflict (Hartford, 1864-1867), 2 +vols.</p> +<p>INDIAN BRIGADE, Inspection Reports of, for 1864 and 1865. These +were loaned for perusal by Luke F. Parsons, who was brigade +inspector under Colonel William A. Phillips.</p> +<p>KAPPLER, CHARLES J., compiler and editor. Indian Affairs: Laws +and Treaties. United States Senate Documents, 58th congress, second +session, no. 319, 2 vols. Supplementary volume, United States +Senate Documents, 62nd congress, second session, no. 719.</p> +<p>LEEPER PAPERS. See Abel, <i>The American Indian as Slaveholder +and Secessionist</i>, pp. 360, 362.</p> +<p>LINCOLN, ABRAHAM. Complete Works, edited by John G. Nicolay and +John Hay (New York, 1890), 10 vols.</p> +<p>MCPHERSON, EDWARD. Political History of the United States of +America during the Great Rebellion (Washington, D.C., 1864).</p> +<p>MISSIONARY HERALD, containing the proceeding of the American +Board for Foreign Missions (Boston), vols. 56, 57, 60.</p> +<p>MOORE, FRANK, editor. Rebellion Record: Diary of American Events +(New York, 1868), 11 vols. and a supplementary volume for +1861-1864.</p> +<p>PHILLIPS, WILLIAM ADDISON. Conquest of Kansas by Missouri and +her allies (Boston, 1856).</p> +<p>"PIKE PAPERS." On subjects other than Indian, extant manuscripts +written and received by Albert Pike are exceedingly numerous. One +collection of his personal papers is in the possession of Mr. Fred +Allsopp of Little Rock; but the largest proportion of those of more +general interest, as also of more special, is in the Scottish Rite +Temple, Washington, D.C., under the care of Mr. W.L. Boyden. Three +things only deserve particular mention; viz.,</p> +<p>a. Autobiography of General Albert Pike. A bound typewritten +manuscript, "from stenographic notes, furnished by himself."</p> +<p>b. Confederate States, a/c's with. These papers are in a small +file-box and are chiefly receipts from John Crawford, Matthew +Leefer, Douglas H. Cooper, John Jumper, and</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page358" id="page358"></a>[pg +358]</span> +<p>others for money advanced to them and vouchers for purchases +made by Pike. There are three personal letters in the box: D.H. +Cooper to Pike, July 28, 1873; William Quesenbury to Pike, August +10, 1873; William Quesenbury to Pike, August 11, 1873. All three +letters have to do with a certain $5000 seemingly unaccounted for, +a subject in controversy between Pike and Cooper, reflecting upon +the latter's integrity. One of the papers is an itemized account of +the money Pike expended for the Indians, money "placed in his hands +to be disbursed among the Indian Tribes under Treaty stipulations +in January, A.D. 1862." It contains an enclosure, the receipt +signed by Edward Cross, depositary, showing that Pike restored to +the Confederate Treasury the unexpended balance, $19,263 10/100 +specie, $49,980 55/100, treasury notes. The receipt is dated Little +Rock, March 13, 1863.</p> +<p>c. Choctaw Case. Two packages of papers come under this heading. +One is of manuscript matter mainly, the other of printed matter +solely. In the latter is the <i>Memorial of P.P. Pitchlynn</i>, +House Miscellaneous Documents, no. 89, 43d congress, first session, +and on it Pike has inscribed, "Written by me, Albert Pike."</p> +<p>RICHARDSON, JAMES D., editor. Compilation of the messages and +papers of the Confederacy, including the diplomatic correspondence +(Nashville, 1905), 2 vols.</p> +<p>—— Compilation of the messages and papers of the +presidents, 1789-1897 (Washington, 1896-1899), 10 vols.</p> +<p>United States of America. Commissioner of Indian Affairs, +<i>Reports</i>, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865.</p> +<p>—— Congressional Globe, 37th and 38th congresses, +1861-1865.</p> +<p>—— Department of the Interior, Files.</p> +<p>The files run in two distinct series. One series has its +material arranged in boxes, the other, in bundles. The former +comprises letters from the Commissioner of Indian Affairs only, and +has been examined to the extent here given,</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td width="20%">No. 9,</td> +<td>January 1, 1861 to December 1, 1861.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>No. 10,</td> +<td>December 1, 1861 to November 1, 1862.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>No. 11,</td> +<td>November 1, 1862 to July 1, 1863.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>No. 12,</td> +<td>July 1, 1863 to June 15, 1864.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>No. 13,</td> +<td>June 15, 1864 to April 1, 1865.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>The latter were difficult of discovery. After an exhausting +search, however, they were located on a top-most shelf, under the +roof, in the file-room off from the gallery in the Patent Office +building. The bundles are small and each is bandaged as were the +Indian Office files, originally. The bandage, or wrapper, is +labelled according to the contents. For example, one bundle is +labelled, "No. 1, 1849-1864, War;" another, "No. 24, 1852-1868, +Exec." In the first are letters from the War Department, in the +second, from the White House. Some of the letters are from a</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page359" id="page359"></a>[pg +359]</span> +<p>given department by reference only. A great number of the +bundles have nothing but a number to distinguish them,</p> +<p>United States of America. Department of the Interior, Letter +Books, "Records of Letters Sent."</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td width="20%">No. 3,</td> +<td>July 22, 1857 to January 3, 1862.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>No. 4,</td> +<td>January 3, 1862 to June 30, 1864.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>No. 5,</td> +<td>July 1, 1864 to December 12, 1865.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>No. 6,</td> +<td>December 14, 1865 to September 22, 1865.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>—— Department of the Interior, Letter Press Books, +"Letters, Indian Affairs."</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td width="20%">No. 3,</td> +<td>August 20, 1858 to March 5, 1862.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>No. 4,</td> +<td>March 5, 1862 to July 1, 1863.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>No. 5.</td> +<td>July 1, 1863 to June 22, 1864.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>No. 6,</td> +<td>June 22, 1864 to April 11, 1865.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>Department of the Interior, Register Books, "Register of Letters +Received," Corresponding to the two series of files, are two series +of registers. One series is a register of letters received from the +Indian Office and each volume is labelled "Commissioner of Indian +Affairs." The particular volume used for the present work covers +the period from December 5, 1860 to January 6, 1866. It will be +found cited as "D," that being a designation given to it by Mr. +Rapp, the person at present in charge of the records. The second +series is a register of letters received from persons other than +the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Each volume is labelled, +"Indians."</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td width="35%">"Indians," No. 3,</td> +<td>January 8, 1856 to October 27, 1861.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>"Indians," No. 4,</td> +<td>January 2, 1862 to December 27, 1865.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>—— Office of Indian Affairs, Consolidated Files. +During the last few years and since the time when most of this +investigation was made, the various files of the Indian Office have +been consolidated and, in many cases, hopelessly muddled. It has +been thought best to refer in the text, wherever possible, to the +old separate files, inasmuch as all letter books and registers were +kept with the separate filing in view.</p> +<p>—— Office of Indian Affairs,</p> +<p>General Files.</p> +<p>Central Superintendency, boxes 1860-1862, 1863-1868; Southern +Superintendency, boxes 1859-1862, 1863-1864, 1865, 1866; Cherokee, +1859-1865, 1865-1867, 1867-1869, 1869-1870; Chickasaw, 1854-1868; +Choctaw, 1859-1866; Creek, 1860-1869; Delaware, 1855-1861, +1862-1866; Kansas, 1855-1862, 1863-1868; Kickapoo, 1855-1865; +Kiowa, 1864-1868; Miscellaneous, 1858-1863, 1864-1867, 1868-1869; +Osage River, 1855-1862, 1863-1867;</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page360" id="page360"></a>[pg +360]</span> +<p>Otoe, 1856-1862, 1863-1869; Ottawa, 1863-1872; Pottawatomie, +1855-1861, 1862-1865; Sac and Fox, 1862-1866; Seminole, 1858-1869; +Wichita, 1860-1861, 1862-1871.</p> +<p>UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Office of Indian Affairs, +Irregularly-Shaped Papers.</p> +<p>This was a collection made for the convenience of the Indian +Office.</p> +<p>The name itself is a sufficient explanation.</p> +<p>—— Office of Indian Affairs, John Ross Papers.</p> +<p>These were evidently part of the evidence furnished at the Fort +Smith Council, 1865.</p> +<p>—— Office of Indian Affairs, Land Files.</p> +<p>Central Superintendency, box 10, 1852-1869; Southern +Superintendency, 1855-1870; Cherokee, box 21, 1850-1869; Choctaw, +box 38, 1846-1873; Creek, box 45, 1846-1873; Dead Letters, box 51; +Freedmen in Indian Territory, 2 boxes; Indian Talks, Councils, +&c., box 3, 1856-1864, box 4, 1865-1866; Kansas, box 80, +1863-1865; Kickapoo, box 86, 1857-1868; Miscellaneous, box 103, +1860-1870; Neosho, box 117, 1833-1865; New York, box 130, +1860-1874; Osage, box 143, 1831-1873; Osage River, box 146, +1860-1866; Shawnee, box 190, 1860-1865; Special Cases, box 111, +"Invasion of Indian Territory by White Settlers;" Treaties, box 2, +1853-1863, box 3, 1864-1866.</p> +<p>—— Office of Indian Affairs, Special Files.</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td width="20%">No. 87,</td> +<td>"Claims of Loyal Seminoles."</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>No. 106,</td> +<td>"Claims of Delawares for Depredations, 1863."</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>No. 134,</td> +<td>"Claims of Choctaws and Chickasaws."</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>No. 142,</td> +<td>"Claims of Choctaws and Chickasaws."</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>No. 201,</td> +<td>"Southern Refugees."</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>No. 284,</td> +<td>"Claims of Creeks."</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>Kansas, box 78, 1860-1861, box 79, 1862; Otoe, box 153, +1856-1876; Ottawa, box 155, 1863-1873; Pawnee, box 156, 1859-1877; +Pottawatomie, box 163, 1855-1865; Sac and Fox, box 177, 1860-1864, +box 178, 1865-1868; Shawnee Deeds and Papers, box 195; Subsistence +Indian Prisoners, one box; Wyandott, box 242, 1836-1863, and many +other file boxes, with dates of the period under investigation, +have been examined but have yielded practically nothing of interest +for the subject.</p> +<p>Special Cases are quite distinct from Special Files. There are +in all two hundred three of the former and three hundred three of +the latter. There is in the Indian Office a small manuscript index +to the Special Cases and a folio index to the Special Files.</p> +<p>—— Office of Indian Affairs. Letter Books (letters +sent). See Abel, <i>The American Indian as Slaveholder and +Secessionist</i>, pp. 363-364.</p> +<p>—— Office of Indian Affairs. Letters Registered +(abstract of letters received), ibid., p. 364.</p> +<p>—— Office of Indian Affairs, Miscellaneous Records, +vol. viii, April, 1852 to July, 1861; vol. ix, July, 1861 to +January 22, 1887.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page361" id="page361"></a>[pg +361]</span> +<p>UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Office of Indian Affairs. Parker +Letter Book. Letters to E.S. Parker, Commissioner of Indian +Affairs, and others, 1869 to 1870.</p> +<p>—— Office of Indian Affairs. <i>Report Books</i>, +Reports of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of +the Interior. See Abel, <i>The American Indian as Slaveholder and +Secessionist</i>, p. 365.</p> +<p>UNITED STATES SENATE, Report of the Committee on the Conduct of +the War, 37th congress, third session, no. 108 (1863), 3 vols.; +38th congress, second session, no. 142 (1865), 3 vols. and +Supplemental Report (1866), 2 vols.</p> +<p>—— Committee Reports, no. 278, 36th congress, first +session, being testimony before a Select Committee of the Senate, +appointed to inquire into the Harper's Ferry affair.</p> +<p>—— WAR DEPARTMENT.</p> +<p>Aside from the <i>Confederate Records</i>, which are not regular +War Department files, papers have been examined there for the Civil +War period, although not by any means exhaustively. Enough were +examined, however, to show reason for disparaging somewhat the work +of the editors of the <i>Official Records</i>. Apparently, the +editors, half of them northern sympathizers and half of them +southern, proceeded upon a principle of selection that necessitated +exchanging courtesies of omission.</p> +<p>WAR OF THE REBELLION. Compilation of the official records of the +Union and Confederate armies (Washington), 129 serial volumes and +an index volume.</p> +<p>The volumes used extensively in the present work were, <i>first +series</i>, volumes iii, viii, xiii, xxii, parts 1 and 2, xxvi, +part 2, xxxiv, parts 1, 2, 3, and 4, xli, parts 1, 2, 3, and 4, +xlviii, parts 1 and 2, liii, supplement; <i>fourth series</i>, +volume iii.</p> +<p>II. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF AUTHORITIES</p> +<p>ABEL, ANNIE HELOISE. American Indian as slaveholder and +secessionist (Cleveland, 1915).</p> +<p>—— History of events resulting in Indian +consolidation west of the Mississippi.</p> +<p>American Historical Association <i>Report</i>, 1906, +233-450.</p> +<p>—— Indian reservations in Kansas and the +extinguishment of their titles.</p> +<p>Kansas Historical Society <i>Collections</i>, vol. viii, +72-109.</p> +<p>ANDERSON, MRS. MABEL WASHBOURNE. Life of General Stand Watie +(Pryor, Oklahoma, 1915), pamphlet.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page362" id="page362"></a>[pg +362]</span> +<p>BADEAU, ADAM. Military history of U.S. Grant (New York, 1868), 3 +vols.</p> +<p>BARTLES, WILLIAM LEWIS. Massacre of Confederates by Osage +Indians in 1863.</p> +<p>Kansas Historical Society <i>Collections</i>, vol. iii, +62-66.</p> +<p>Biographical Congressional Directory, 1774-1903.</p> +<p>House Documents, 57th congress, second session, no. 458 +(Washington, D.C., 1903).</p> +<p>BLACKMAR, FRANK W. Life of Charles Robinson (Topeka, 1902).</p> +<p>BLAINE, JAMES G. Twenty years of Congress, 1860-1880 (Norwich, +Connecticut, 1884-1886), 2 vols.</p> +<p>BOGGS, GENERAL WILLIAM ROBERTSON, C.S.A. Military reminiscences +(Durham, North Carolina, 1913).</p> +<p>BORLAND, WILLIAM P. General Jo. O. Shelby.</p> +<p>Missouri <i>Historical Review</i>, vol. vii, 10-19.</p> +<p>BOUTWELL, GEORGE SEWALL. Reminiscences of sixty years in public +affairs (New York, 1902), 2 vols.</p> +<p>BOYDEN, WILLIAM L. The character of Albert Pike as gleaned from +his correspondence.</p> +<p><i>New Age Magazine</i>, March 1915, pp. 108-111.</p> +<p>BRADFORD, GAMALIEL. Confederate portraits.</p> +<p>"Judah P. Benjamin," <i>Atlantic Monthly</i>, June, 1913; +"Alexander H. Stephens," <i>ibid</i>., July, 1913; "Robert Toombs," +<i>ibid</i>., August, 1913.</p> +<p>BRITTON, WILEY. Memoirs of the rebellion on the border, 1863 +(Chicago, 1882).</p> +<p>—— The Civil War on the border (New York, 1899), 2 +vols.</p> +<p>BROTHERHEAD, WILLIAM. General Frémont and the injustice +done him.</p> +<p>Yale University Library of American Pamphlets, vol. 22.</p> +<p>CAPERS, HENRY D. The life and times of C.G. Memminger (Richmond, +1893).</p> +<p>CARR, LUCIEN. Missouri: a bone of contention, American +Commonwealth series (Boston, 1896).</p> +<p>CHADWICK, ADMIRAL FRENCH ENSOR. Causes of the Civil War, +American Nation series (New York, 1907), vol. xix.</p> +<p>CLAYTON, POWELL. The aftermath of the Civil War in Arkansas (New +York, 1915).</p> +<p>CONNELLEY, WILLIAM E. James Henry Lane: the grim chieftain of +Kansas (Topeka, 1899).</p> +<p>—— Quantrill and the border wars (Cedar Rapids, +1910).</p> +<p>CORDLEY, RICHARD. Pioneer days in Kansas (Boston, 1903).</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page363" id="page363"></a>[pg +363]</span> +<p>COX, JACOB DOLSON. Military reminiscences of the Civil War (New +York, 1900), 2 vols.</p> +<p>CRAWFORD, SAMUEL J. Kansas in the sixties (Chicago, 1911).</p> +<p>CURRY, J.L.M. Civil history of the government of the Confederate +States with some personal reminiscences (Richmond, 1901).</p> +<p>DANA, C.A. Recollections of the Civil War (New York, 1898).</p> +<p>DAVIS, JEFFERSON. Rise and fall of the Confederate government +(New York, 1881), 2 vols.</p> +<p>DAVIS, JOHN P. Union Pacific Railway (Chicago, 1894).</p> +<p>DAWSON, CAPTAIN F.W. Reminiscences of Confederate service, +1861-1865 (Charleston, 1882).</p> +<p>DRAPER, J.W. History of the American Civil War (New York, +1867-1870), 3 vols.</p> +<p>DYER, FREDERICK H., compiler. Compendium of the war of the +rebellion (Des Moines, 1908).</p> +<p>EATON, RACHEL CAROLINE. John Ross and the Cherokee Indians +(Menasha, Wisconsin, 1914).</p> +<p>EDWARDS, JOHN NEWMAN. Shelby and his men (Cincinnati, 1867).</p> +<p>—— Noted guerrillas, or the warfare of the border +(Chicago, 1877).</p> +<p>EGGLESTON, GEORGE CARY. History of the Confederate war: its +causes and conduct (New York, 1910), 2 vols.</p> +<p>EVANS, GENERAL CLEMENT A., editor. Confederate military history +(Atlanta, 1899), 10 vols.</p> +<p>FISHER, SYDNEY G. Suspension of habaes corpus during the war of +the rebellion. <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>, vol. iii, +454-488.</p> +<p>FISKE, JOHN. Mississippi Valley in the Civil War (Boston, +1900).</p> +<p>FITE, EMERSON DAVID. Social and industrial conditions in the +North during the Civil War (New York, 1910).</p> +<p>FORMBY, JOHN. American Civil War (New York, 1910).</p> +<p>FORNEY, J.W. Anecdotes of public men (New York, 1873-1881), 2 +vols.</p> +<p>FOULKE, WILLIAM DUDLEY. Oliver P. Morton, life and important +speeches (Indianapolis, 1899), 2 vols.</p> +<p>GORDON, GENERAL JOHN B. Reminiscences of the Civil War (New +York, 1903).</p> +<p>GORHAM, GEORGE C. Life and public services of Edwin M. Stanton +(New York, 1899), 2 vols.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page364" id="page364"></a>[pg +364]</span> +<p>GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON. Personal memoirs (New York, 1895), 2 +vols., new edition, revised.</p> +<p>GREENE, FRANCIS VINTON. Mississippi, Campaigns of the Civil War +series (New York, 1882).</p> +<p>GROVER, CAPTAIN GEORGE S. Shelby raid, 1863. Missouri +<i>Historical Review</i>, vol. vi, 107-126.</p> +<p>—— The Price campaign of 1864.</p> +<p>Missouri <i>Historical Review</i>, vol. vi, 167-181.</p> +<p>HALLUM, JOHN. Biographical and pictorial history of Arkansas +(Albany, 1887).</p> +<p>HODGE, DAVID M. Argument before the Committee of Indian Affairs +of the United States Senate, March 10, 1880, in support of Senate +Bill, no. 1145, providing for the payment of awards' made to the +Creek Indians who enlisted in the Federal army, loyal refugees, and +freedmen (Washington, D.C., 1880), pamphlet.</p> +<p>—— Is-ha-he-char, and Co-we Harjo. To the Committee +on Indian</p> +<p>Affairs of the House of Representatives of the 51st congress in +the matter of the claims of the loyal Creeks for losses sustained +during the late rebellion (Washington, D.C.), pamphlet.</p> +<p>HOSMER, JAMES KENDALL. Appeal to arms, American Nation series +(New York, 1907), vol. xx.</p> +<p>—— Outcome of the Civil War, American Nation series +(New York, 1907), vol. xxi.</p> +<p>HOUCK, LOUIS. History of Missouri (Chicago, 1908), 3 vols.</p> +<p>HULL, AUGUSTUS LONGSTREET. Campaigns of the Confederate army +(Atlanta, 1901).</p> +<p>HUMPHREY, SETHK. The Indian dispossessed (Boston, 1906), revised +edition.</p> +<p>HUNTER, MOSES H., editor. Report of the military services of +General David Hunter, U.S.A., during the war of the rebellion. (New +York, 1873), second edition.</p> +<p>JOHNSON, ROBERT UNDERWOOD and Clarence Clough Buel, editors. +Battles and leaders of the Civil War (New York, 1887), 4 vols.</p> +<p>JOHNSTON, GENERAL JOSEPH E. Narrative of military operations +during the late war (New York, 1874).</p> +<p>JOHNSTON, COLONEL WILLIAM PRESTON. Life of General Albert Sidney +Johnston (New York, 1878).</p> +<p>LEWIS, WARNER. Civil War reminiscences. Missouri <i>Historical +Review</i>, vol. ii, 221-232.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page365" id="page365"></a>[pg +365]</span> +<p>LIVERMORE, WILLIAM ROSCOE. The story of the Civil War (New York, +1913), part iii, books 1 and 2.</p> +<p>LOVE, WILLIAM DELOSS. Wisconsin in the war of the rebellion +(Chicago, 1866).</p> +<p>LOWMAN, HOVEY E. Narrative of the Lawrence massacre [Lawrence, +1864], pamphlet.</p> +<p>LUBBOCK, F.R. Six decades in Texas, or memoirs, edited by C. W. +Raines (Austin, 1890).</p> +<p>MCCLURE, A.K. Abraham Lincoln and men of war times +(Philadelphia, 1892), fourth edition.</p> +<p>MCDOUGAL, JUDGE H.C. A decade of Missouri politics, 1860 to +1870, from a Republican Viewpoint. Missouri <i>Historical +Review</i>, vol. iii, 126-153.</p> +<p>MCKIM, RANDOLPH H. Numerical strength of the Confederate army +(New York, 1912).</p> +<p>MCLAUGHLIN, JAMES. My friend, the Indian (Boston, 1910).</p> +<p>MANNING, EDWIN C. Biographical, historical, and miscellaneous +selections (Cedar Rapids, 1911).</p> +<p>MARTIN, GEORGE W. First two years of Kansas (Topeka, 1907), +pamphlet.</p> +<p>MERRIAM, G.S. Life and times of Samuel Bowles (New York, +1885).</p> +<p>NOBLE, JOHN W. Battle of Pea Ridge, or Elk Horn tavern (St. +Louis, 1892). War papers and personal recollections, 1861-1865, +published by the Commandery of the State of Missouri.</p> +<p>PELZER, LOUIS. Marches of the dragoons in the Mississippi Valley +(Iowa City, 1917).</p> +<p>PHILLIPS, JUDGE JOHN F. Hamilton Rowan Gamble and the +provisional government of Missouri. Missouri <i>Historical +Review</i>, vol. v, 1-14.</p> +<p>PHISTERER, FREDERICK, compiler. Statistical record of the armies +of the United States (New York, 1890).</p> +<p>PUMPELLY, RAPHAEL. Across America and Asia (New York, 1870), +third edition, revised.</p> +<p>REAGAN, JOHN H. Memoirs with special reference to secession and +the Civil War, edited by W.F. McCaleb (New York, 1906).</p> +<p>REYNOLDS, JOHN HUGH. Makers of Arkansas, Stories of the States +series (New York, 1905).</p> +<p>—— Presidential reconstruction in Arkansas.</p> +<p>Arkansas Historical Association <i>Publications</i>, vol. i, +352-361.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page366" id="page366"></a>[pg +366]</span> +<p>RHODES, JAMES FORD. History of the United States from the +compromise of 1850 (New York, 1893-1906), 7 vols.</p> +<p>RIDDLE, ALBERT GALLATIN. Recollections of war times (New York, +1895).</p> +<p>ROBINSON, CHARLES. Kansas conflict (Lawrence, 1898). Roman, +Alfred. Military operations of General Beauregard (New York, 1884), +2 vols.</p> +<p>ROPES, JOHN C. Story of the Civil War (New York, 1895-1905), +parts 1 and 2.</p> +<p>ROSENGARTEN, JOSEPH GEORGE. The German soldier in the wars of +the United States (Philadelphia, 1886).</p> +<p>ROSS, MRS.W.P. Life and times of William P. Ross (Fort Smith, +1893).</p> +<p>SCHOFIELD, JOHN MCALLISTER. Forty-six years in the army (New +York, 1897).</p> +<p>SCHURZ, CARL. Reminiscences (New York, 1909), 3 vols.</p> +<p>SHEA, JOHN C. Reminiscences of Quantrill's raid upon the city of +Lawrence, Kansas (Kansas City, Mo., 1879), pamphlet.</p> +<p>SHERIDAN, PHILIP H. Personal memoirs (New York, 1888), 2 +vols.</p> +<p>SHERMAN, GENERAL WILLIAM T. Home letters, edited by M.A. DeWolfe +Howe (New York, 1909).</p> +<p>—— Memoirs (New York, 1875), 2 vols.</p> +<p>SHINN, JOSEPH H. History of education in Arkansas (Washington, +D.C., 1900).</p> +<p>United States Bureau of Education, <i>Publications</i>.</p> +<p>SHOEMAKER, FLOYD C. Story of the Civil War in northeast +Missouri</p> +<p>Missouri <i>Historical Review</i>, vol. vii, 63-75, 113-131.</p> +<p>SMITH, GUSTAVUS W. Confederate war papers (New York, 1884), +second edition.</p> +<p>SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY. Political history of slavery (New York, +1903), 2 vols.</p> +<p>SNEAD, THOMAS L. Fight for Missouri (New York, 1886).</p> +<p>SPEER, JOHN. Life of Gen. James H. Lane, "the liberator of +Kansas." (Garden City, Kansas, 1896).</p> +<p>SPRING, LEVERETT. Career of a Kansas politician (James H. +Lane).</p> +<p><i>American Historical Review</i>, vol. iv, 80-104.</p> +<p>—— Kansas: the prelude to the war for the union, +American Commonwealth series (Boston, 1892).</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page367" id="page367"></a>[pg +367]</span> +<p>STANTON, R.L. Church and the rebellion (New York, 1864).</p> +<p>STEARNS, FRANK PRESTON. Life and public services of George +Luther Stearns (Philadelphia, 1907).</p> +<p>STEPHENS, ALEXANDER H. Constitutional view of the late war +between the states (Philadelphia, 1870), 2 vols.</p> +<p>STOREY, MOORFIELD. Charles Sumner, American Statesmen series +(Boston, 1900).</p> +<p>SUMNER, CHARLES. Works (Boston, 1874-1883), 15 vols.</p> +<p>TENNEY, WILLIAM J. Military and naval history of the rebellion +in the United States (New York, 1866).</p> +<p>THAYER, WILLIAM ROSCOE. Life and letters of John Hay (Boston, +1915), 2 vols.</p> +<p>THORNDIKE, RACHAEL SHERMAN, editor. Sherman letters (New York, +1894).</p> +<p>TODD, ALBERT. Campaigns of the rebellion (Manhattan, Kansas, +1884).</p> +<p>VAN DEVENTER, HORACE. Albert Pike (Knoxville, 1909).</p> +<p>VIOLETTE, E.M. Battle of Kirksville, August 6, 1862. Missouri +<i>Historical Review</i>, vol. v, 94-112.</p> +<p>VICTOR, ORVILLE J., editor. Incidents and anecdotes of the war +(New York, 1862).</p> +<p>VILLARD, HENRY. Memoirs (Boston, 1904), 2 vols.</p> +<p>VILLARD, OSWALD GARRISON. John Brown, 1800-1859 (Boston, +1910).</p> +<p>WHITFORD, WILLIAM CLARKE. Colorado volunteers in the Civil War +(Denver, 1906).</p> +<p>WIGHT, S.A. General Jo. O. Shelby. Missouri <i>Historical +Review</i>, vol. vii, 146-148.</p> +<p>WILDER, DANIEL W. Annals of Kansas (Topeka, 1875).</p> +<p>WILLIAMS, CHARLES R. Rutherford Birchard Hayes (Boston, 1914), 2 +vols.</p> +<p>WILLIAMS, R.H. With the border ruffians: memoirs of the far +west, 1852-1868, edited by E.W. Williams (London, 1908).</p> +<p>WILSON, CALVIN D. Negroes who owned slaves (<i>Popular Science +Monthly</i>, vol. lxxxi, no. 5, 483-494).</p> +<p>WILSON, HILL P. John Brown: soldier of fortune (Lawrence, +1913).</p> +<p>WOODBURN, JAMES ALBERT. Life of Thaddeus Stevens (Indianapolis, +1913).</p> +<p>WRIGHT, MARCUS J. General officers of the Confederate army (New +York, 1911).</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page368" id="page368"></a>[pg +368]</span> +<hr /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page369" id="page369"></a>[pg +369]</span> +<h2>INDEX</h2> +<br /> +<p>Abbott, James B: <a href="#page204">204</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page236">236</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Abel, Annie Heloise: work cited in <i>footnotes</i> on pages +<a href="#page14">14</a>, <a href="#page57">57</a>, <a href= +"#page75">75</a>, <a href="#page85">85</a>, <a href= +"#page172">172</a>, <a href="#page183">183</a>, <a href= +"#page190">190</a>, <a href="#page226">226</a>, <a href= +"#page241">241</a>, <a href="#page260">260</a></p> +<p>Absentee Shawnees: <a href="#page205">205</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Acadians: removal of, <a href="#page304">304</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Adair, W. P: <a href="#page268">268</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page277">277</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page326">326</a> and <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Adams, C. W: <a href="#page333">333</a></p> +<p>Ah-pi-noh-to-me: <a href="#page108">108</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Aldrich, Cyrus: <a href="#page225">225</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page229">229</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Alexander, A. M: <a href="#page267">267</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Allen's Battery: <a href="#page146">146</a></p> +<p>Allen County (Kans.): <a href="#page82">82</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Aluktustenuke: <a href="#page94">94</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page108">108</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Amnesty Proclamation: <a href="#page322">322</a></p> +<p>Anderson, Mrs. Mabel Washbourne: work cited in <i>footnotes</i> +on pages <a href="#page127">127</a>, <a href="#page130">130</a>, +<a href="#page138">138</a>, <a href="#page194">194</a>, <a href= +"#page197">197</a>, <a href="#page271">271</a>, <a href= +"#page272">272</a>, <a href="#page288">288</a></p> +<p>Anderson, S. S: <a href="#page265">265</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Arapahoes: <a href="#page274">274</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Arizona Territory: <a href="#page61">61</a>-62</p> +<p>Arkadelphia (Ark.): <a href="#page261">261</a></p> +<p>Arkansans: circulate malicious stories about Pike, <a href= +"#page160">160</a>, <i>footnote</i>; lawless, <a href= +"#page264">264</a>; unable to decide arbitrarily about Indian +movements, <a href="#page326">326</a></p> +<p>Arkansas: regards McCulloch as defender, <a href= +"#page15">15</a>; Van Dora's requisition for troops, <a href= +"#page25">25</a>; Federals occupy northern, <a href= +"#page34">34</a>; Pike to call for aid, <a href="#page36">36</a>; +attack from direction of, expected, <a href="#page48">48</a>; left +in miserable plight by Van Dorn, <a href="#page128">128</a>; army +men exploited Pike's command, <a href="#page150">150</a>; R.W. +Johnson serves as delegate from, <a href="#page175">175</a>; R.W. +Johnson becomes senator from in the First Congress, <a href= +"#page176">176</a>; Thomas B. Hanly, representative from, +introduces bill for establishment of Indian superintendency, +<a href="#page176">176</a>; disagreeable experiences of Indians in, +<a href="#page177">177</a>; Pike recommends separation of Indian +Territory from both Texas and, <a href="#page179">179</a>; unsafe +to leave interests of Indian Territory subordinated to those of, +<a href="#page246">246</a>; political squabbles in, <a href= +"#page249">249</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Indian Home Guards not +intended for use in, <a href="#page259">259</a>; privilege of writ +of <i>habeas corpus</i> suspended, <a href="#page269">269</a>; +Blunt and Curtis want possession of western counties, <a href= +"#page325">325</a></p> +<p>Arkansas and Red River Superintendency: <a href= +"#page181">181</a>; territorial limits, <a href="#page177">177</a>; +officials, <a href="#page177">177</a>-178; restrictions upon +Indians and white men, <a href="#page178">178</a>; Pike recommends +organization, <a href="#page179">179</a>; Cooper seeks appointment +as superintendent, <a href="#page179">179</a></p> +<p>Arkansas Military Board: <a href="#page15">15</a>, <a href= +"#page16">16</a></p> +<p>Arkansas Post (Ark.): loss of, <a href="#page270">270</a></p> +<p>Arkansas River: mentioned, <a href="#page165">165</a>, <a href= +"#page192">192</a>, <a href="#page194">194</a>, <a href= +"#page216">216</a>, <a href="#page268">268</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page272">272</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page295">295</a>; Pike's headquarters near junction with +Verdigris, <a href="#page22">22</a>; Pike to call troops to prevent +descent, <a href="#page36">36</a>; Indian refugees reach, <a href= +"#page85">85</a>; Indians flee across, <a href="#page135">135</a>; +Campbell to examine alleged position of enemy south, <a href= +"#page136">136</a>; Federals in possession of country north of, +<a href="#page198">198</a>; Stand Watie and Cooper pushed below, +<a href="#page220">220</a>; Phillips to hold line of, <a href= +"#page251">251</a>; Schofield desires control of entire length of +course, <a href="#page260">260</a>; Blunt patrolling, <a href= +"#page293">293</a>; Stand Watie to move down, to vicinity of Fort +Smith,</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page370" id="page370"></a>[pg +370]</span> +<p><a href="#page271">271</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Osages, +Pottawatomies, Cheyennes, and others to gather on, 274-275, +<i>footnote</i>; natural line of defence, <a href= +"#page315">315</a>; seizure of supply boat on, <a href= +"#page327">327</a></p> +<p>Arkansas State Convention: <a href="#page16">16</a></p> +<p>Arkansas Volunteers: <a href="#page60">60</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Armstrong Academy (Okla.): meeting of Indian General Council at, +<a href="#page317">317</a>; unfortunate delay of Scott in reaching, +<a href="#page320">320</a>; Southern Indians renew pledge of +loyalty to Confederate States at, <a href="#page323">323</a></p> +<p>Army of Frontier: under Blunt, <a href="#page196">196</a>; +regiments of Indian Home Guards part of, <a href= +"#page196">196</a>; encamps on old battlefield of Pea Ridge, +<a href="#page197">197</a>; gradual retrogression into Missouri, +<a href="#page219">219</a>, <i>footnote</i>; District of Kansas to +be separated from, <a href="#page248">248</a></p> +<p>Atchison and Pike's Peak Railway Company: <a href= +"#page230">230</a></p> +<p>Atrocities: Pike charged with giving countenance to, <a href= +"#page30">30</a>-31, <a href="#page31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +degree of Pike's responsibility for, <a href="#page32">32</a>; +repudiated by Cherokee National Council, <a href= +"#page32">32</a>-33; become subject of correspondence between +opposing generals, <a href="#page33">33</a>; charged against +Indians at Battle of Wilson's Creek, <a href="#page34">34</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; forbidden by Van Dorn, <a href="#page36">36</a>; +guerrilla, <a href="#page44">44</a>; influenced Halleck regarding +use of Indian soldiers, <a href="#page102">102</a>; at Battle of +Newtonia, <a href="#page195">195</a>; Blunts army accused of, +<a href="#page248">248</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Stand Watie's men +commit, <a href="#page332">332</a></p> +<br /> +<p>Badeau, Adam: work cited, <a href="#page96">96</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Baldwin, A.H: <a href="#page235">235</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Bankhead, S.P: given command of Northern Sub-District of Texas, +<a href="#page286">286</a>; Steele applies for assistance, <a href= +"#page290">290</a>; fails to appear, <a href="#page291">291</a>; +dissatisfaction with, <a href="#page306">306</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Barren Fork (Okla.): skirmish on, <a href="#page312">312</a></p> +<p>Bartles, W.L: <a href="#page237">237</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Bass's Texas Cavalry: <a href="#page276">276</a>, +<i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page303">303</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page306">306</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Bassett, Owen A: <a href="#page123">123</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Bates County (Mo.): <a href="#page58">58</a>, <a href= +"#page304">304</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Baxter Springs (Kans.): location, <a href="#page121">121</a>, +<a href="#page125">125</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Weer leaves Salomon +and Doubleday at, <a href="#page121">121</a>; Indian encampment at, +<a href="#page125">125</a>, <a href="#page129">129</a>; negro +regiment sent to, <a href="#page259">259</a>, <a href= +"#page284">284</a>; commissary train expected, <a href= +"#page291">291</a>; massacre at, <a href="#page304">304</a></p> +<p>Bayou Bernard: <a href="#page163">163</a>-164</p> +<p>Beauregard, Pierre G.T: devises plans for bringing Van Dorn +east, <a href="#page14">14</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page34">34</a>; Hindman takes command under order of, <a href= +"#page127">127</a>, <a href="#page186">186</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page190">190</a></p> +<p>Belmont (Kansas.): <a href="#page274">274</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Benge, Pickens: <a href="#page132">132</a></p> +<p>Benjamin, Judah P: <a href="#page22">22</a>, <a href= +"#page23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page24">24</a>, +<i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page175">175</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Bennett, Joseph: <a href="#page269">269</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Bentonville (Ark.): <a href="#page29">29</a>, <a href= +"#page216">216</a></p> +<p>Big Bend of Arkansas: <a href="#page73">73</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page274">274</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Big Blue Reserve: <a href="#page235">235</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Big Hill Camp: <a href="#page237">237</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Big Mountain: <a href="#page148">148</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Billy Bowlegs: <a href="#page68">68</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page108">108</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page228">228</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Biographical Congressional Directory: work cited, <a href= +"#page59">59</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page70">70</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Bishop, Albert Webb: work cited, <a href="#page219">219</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Black Beaver Road: <a href="#page67">67</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Black Bob: <a href="#page235">235</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page236">236</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Black Bob's Band: <a href="#page204">204</a>; to be +distinguished from Absentee Shawnees, <a href= +"#page204">204</a>-205, <i>footnote</i>; lands raided by +guerrillas, 205</p> +<p>Black Dog: <a href="#page263">263</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Blair, Francis P: <a href="#page49">49</a></p> +<p>Blair, W.B: <a href="#page290">290</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Bleecker, Anthony: <a href="#page41">41</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Blue River (Okla.): <a href="#page110">110</a></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page371" id="page371"></a>[pg +371]</span> +<p>Blunt, James G: learns of designs of Drew's Cherokees, <a href= +"#page33">33</a>; avenges burning of Humboldt, <a href= +"#page53">53</a>; succeeds Denver at Fort Scott, <a href= +"#page98">98</a>; in command of reëstablished Department of +Kansas, <a href="#page106">106</a>; reverses policy of Halleck and +Sturgis, <a href="#page106">106</a>-107 and <i>footnote</i>; +promotion objected to, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +ideas on necessary equipment of Indian soldiers, <a href= +"#page109">109</a>; Weer reports on subject of Cherokee relations, +<a href="#page136">136</a>; forbids Weer to make incursion into +adjoining states, <a href="#page139">139</a>; orders white troops +to support Indian Brigade, <a href="#page192">192</a>-193; in +charge of Army of Frontier, <a href="#page196">196</a>; plans +Second Indian Expedition, <a href="#page196">196</a> and +<i>footnotes</i>; promises to return refugees to homes, <a href= +"#page196">196</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page203">203</a>; +opinion touching profiteering, <a href="#page208">208</a>, <a href= +"#page210">210</a>-211; issue between, and Coffin, <a href= +"#page210">210</a>-211 and <i>footnote</i>; promises return home to +refugee Cherokees, <a href="#page213">213</a>; vigorous policy, +<a href="#page218">218</a>; achievements discounted by Schofield, +<a href="#page248">248</a>, <a href="#page249">249</a>; accusation +of brutal murders and atrocities, <a href="#page248">248</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; makes headquarters at Fort Leavenworth, <a href= +"#page249">249</a>; wishes Phillips to advance, <a href= +"#page254">254</a>, <a href="#page257">257</a>; advancement of +Schofield obnoxious to, <a href="#page260">260</a>; undertakes to +go to Fort Gibson, <a href="#page261">261</a>, <a href= +"#page286">286</a>; in command of District of Frontier, <a href= +"#page286">286</a>; victorious at Honey Springs, <a href= +"#page288">288</a>-289; decides to assume offensive, <a href= +"#page293">293</a>; no faith in Indian soldiery, <a href= +"#page294">294</a>; transfers effects from Fort Scott to Fort +Smith, <a href="#page304">304</a>; relieved by McNeil, <a href= +"#page305">305</a>; summoned to Washington for conference, <a href= +"#page322">322</a> and <i>footnote</i>; restored to command, +<a href="#page324">324</a>; controversy with Thayer, <a href= +"#page324">324</a></p> +<p>Bob Deer: <a href="#page68">68</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Boggs, W.R: <a href="#page286">286</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Boggy Depot (Okla.): <a href="#page162">162</a>, <a href= +"#page284">284</a>, <a href="#page295">295</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page296">296</a> and <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Bogy, Lewis V: <a href="#page235">235</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Bonham (Texas): <a href="#page302">302</a>-303</p> +<p>Border Warfare: <a href="#page16">16</a>-17, <a href= +"#page44">44</a></p> +<p>Boston Mountains: McCulloch and Price retreating towards, +<a href="#page26">26</a>, <i>footnote</i>; to push Confederate line +northward of, <a href="#page192">192</a></p> +<p>Boudinot, Elias C: Cherokee delegate in Confederate Congress, +<a href="#page180">180</a>; submits proposals to Cherokees, +<a href="#page279">279</a>; active in Congress, <a href= +"#page299">299</a>, <i>footnote</i>; coadjutor of Cooper and +relative of Stand Watie, <a href="#page300">300</a>; Steele +forwards letter from, <a href="#page307">307</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +Steele believes, responsible for opposition, <a href= +"#page311">311</a>; urges plan of brigading upon Davis, <a href= +"#page317">317</a>; suggests attaching Indian Territory to +Missouri, <a href="#page317">317</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page318">318</a>, <a href="#page321">321</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +reports to Davis, <a href="#page321">321</a></p> +<p>Bourland, James: <a href="#page312">312</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Bowman, Charles S: <a href="#page108">108</a></p> +<p>Branch, H.B: <a href="#page48">48</a>, <i>footnote</i>, 51, +<i>footnote</i>, 74, <i>footnote</i>, 116; charges against, 234, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Breck, S: <a href="#page324">324</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Britton, Wiley: work cited in <i>footnotes</i> on pages <a href= +"#page20">20</a>, <a href="#page22">22</a>, <a href= +"#page30">30</a>, <a href="#page35">35</a>, <a href= +"#page50">50</a>, <a href="#page51">51</a>, <a href= +"#page52">52</a>, <a href="#page55">55</a>, <a href= +"#page113">113</a>, <a href="#page118">118</a>, <a href= +"#page126">126</a>, <a href="#page131">131</a>, <a href= +"#page132">132</a>, <a href="#page146">146</a>, <a href= +"#page194">194</a>, <a href="#page196">196</a>, <a href= +"#page197">197</a>, <a href="#page198">198</a>, <a href= +"#page216">216</a>, <a href="#page218">218</a>, <a href= +"#page237">237</a>, <a href="#page249">249</a>, <a href= +"#page250">250</a>, <a href="#page257">257</a>, <a href= +"#page260">260</a>, <a href="#page271">271</a>, <a href= +"#page273">273</a></p> +<p>Brooken Creek (Okla.): <a href="#page295">295</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Brooks, William: <a href="#page46">46</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page47">47</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Brown, E.B: <a href="#page119">119</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page127">127</a></p> +<p>Brown, John: <a href="#page42">42</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Browne, William M: <a href="#page172">172</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Bryan, G.M: <a href="#page292">292</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Buchanan, James: <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href= +"#page70">70</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Buffalo Hump: <a href="#page65">65</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Burbank, Robert: <a href="#page77">77</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Bureau of Indian Affairs: created in Confederate War Dept, +<a href="#page172">172</a> and <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Burlington (Kans.): <a href="#page80">80</a></p> +<p>Burns, Robert: <a href="#page26">26</a></p> +<p>Bushwhackers: <a href="#page125">125</a>, <a href= +"#page236">236</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page239">239</a>, +<i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page260">260</a>, <a href= +"#page266">266</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Buster, M.W: <a href="#page194">194</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page372" id="page372"></a>[pg +372]</span><br /> +<p>Cabell, A.S: 270, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Cabell, W.L: <a href="#page277">277</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page284">284</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page287">287</a>, <a href="#page289">289</a>, <a href= +"#page292">292</a>, <a href="#page297">297</a></p> +<p>Cabin Creek (Okla.): <a href="#page131">131</a>, <a href= +"#page283">283</a>-286 and <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page332">332</a></p> +<p>Caddoes: reported loyal to U.S., <a href="#page66">66</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; in First Indian Expedition, <a href= +"#page115">115</a>, <i>footnote</i>; encamped at Big Bend, <a href= +"#page274">274</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Calhoun, James S: <a href="#page260">260</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Camden Campaign (Ark.): <a href="#page326">326</a>-327</p> +<p>Cameron, Simon: <a href="#page56">56</a>, <a href= +"#page60">60</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page72">72</a></p> +<p>Camp Bowen: <a href="#page219">219</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Camp Imochiah: <a href="#page288">288</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Camp McIntosh: <a href="#page112">112</a>, <a href= +"#page153">153</a></p> +<p>Camp Quapaw: <a href="#page146">146</a></p> +<p>Camp Radziwintski (Radziminski?): <a href="#page153">153</a></p> +<p>Camp Ross, <a href="#page255">255</a></p> +<p>Camp Stephens: <a href="#page32">32</a>, <a href= +"#page35">35</a></p> +<p>Campbell, A.B: <a href="#page81">81</a></p> +<p>Campbell, W.T: sent to reconnoitre, <a href="#page136">136</a>; +halts at Fort Gibson, <a href="#page136">136</a></p> +<p>Canadian River: <a href="#page129">129</a>, <a href= +"#page162">162</a>, <a href="#page164">164</a>, <a href= +"#page293">293</a>, <a href="#page327">327</a></p> +<p>Canby, E.R.S: <a href="#page335">335</a></p> +<p>Cane Hill (Ark.): <a href="#page28">28</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page218">218</a></p> +<p>Cantonment Davis (Okla.): established as Pike's headquarters, +<a href="#page22">22</a>; Indians gather at, <a href= +"#page27">27</a>; Cooper at, <a href="#page169">169</a>; Cooper's +force flee to, <a href="#page198">198</a></p> +<p>Carey's Ferry (Okla.): <a href="#page192">192</a></p> +<p>Carey's Ford (Okla.): <a href="#page126">126</a></p> +<p>Carney, Thomas: <a href="#page211">211</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +named as suitable commissioner, <a href="#page233">233</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Carr, Eugene A: <a href="#page30">30</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Carriage Point: <a href="#page111">111</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Carrington, W.T: <a href="#page296">296</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Carruth, E.H: teacher among Indians, <a href="#page59">59</a>, +<a href="#page64">64</a>, <i>footnote</i>; furthers plan for +inter-tribal council, <a href="#page69">69</a>; suspected of +stirring up Indian refugees against Coffin, <a href= +"#page87">87</a>-88 and <i>footnote</i>; refugee Creeks want as +agent, <a href="#page89">89</a>; satisfied with appointment to +Wichita Agency, <a href="#page89">89</a>; sent on mission, <a href= +"#page122">122</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page133">133</a>; +in Cherokee Nation, <a href="#page195">195</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +disapproves of attempting return of refugees, <a href= +"#page209">209</a>; Martin and, arrange for inter-tribal council, +<a href="#page273">273</a>-275, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Carter, J.C: <a href="#page208">208</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Cass County (Mo.): <a href="#page304">304</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Cassville (Mo.): <a href="#page293">293</a></p> +<p>Century Company's War Book: work cited, <a href= +"#page13">13</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Central Superintendent: <a href="#page116">116</a>-117</p> +<p>Chapman, J.B: <a href="#page222">222</a> and <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page229">229</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Chap-Pia-Ke: <a href="#page69">69</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Charles Johnnycake: <a href="#page64">64</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Chatterton, Charles W: <a href="#page214">214</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Cherokee Brigade: <a href="#page309">309</a></p> +<p>Cherokee country: <a href="#page193">193</a>, <a href= +"#page194">194</a></p> +<p>Cherokee Delegate: <a href="#page111">111</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page180">180</a></p> +<p>Cherokee Expedition: <a href="#page73">73</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Cherokee Nation: <a href="#page47">47</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page74">74</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page111">111</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Clarkson to take command of +all forces within, <a href="#page130">130</a>; future attitude +under consideration, <a href="#page133">133</a>; Weer suggests +resumption of allegiance to U.S., <a href="#page134">134</a>; Weer +proposes abolition of slavery by vote, <a href="#page134">134</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; intention to remain true to Confederacy, <a href= +"#page135">135</a>; cattle plentiful, <a href="#page145">145</a>; +Hindman designs to stop operations of wandering mercantile +companies, <a href="#page156">156</a>; maintenance of order +necessary, <a href="#page192">192</a>; archives and treasury +seized, <a href="#page193">193</a>; Carruth and Martin in, <a href= +"#page195">195</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Delaware District of, <a href= +"#page197">197</a>; deplorable condition of country, <a href= +"#page217">217</a>; Boudinot, delegate in Congress from, <a href= +"#page299">299</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Quantrill and his band pass +into, <a href="#page304">304</a></p> +<p>Cherokee National Council: ratifies treaty with Confederacy, +<a href="#page28">28</a>, <i>footnote</i>; opposed to atrocities, +<a href="#page32">32</a>-33; resolutions against atrocities, +<a href="#page33">33</a>; assemblies, <a href= +"#page255">255</a>-256, legislative work, <a href= +"#page256">256</a>-257; Federal victory at</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page373" id="page373"></a>[pg +373]</span> +<p>Webber's Falls prevents convening, <a href="#page271">271</a> +and <i>footnote</i>; passage of bill relative to feeding destitute +Indians, <a href="#page277">277</a>, <i>footnote</i>; adopts +resolutions commendatory of Blunt's work, <a href= +"#page305">305</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Stand Watie proposes enactment +of conscription law, <a href="#page329">329</a></p> +<p>Cherokee Neutral Lands (Kans.): 47, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page53">53</a>, <a href="#page121">121</a>, <a href= +"#page125">125</a>, <i>footnote</i>; refugee Cherokees collect on, +<a href="#page213">213</a>; refugees refuse to vacate, 214; Pomeroy +advocates confiscation of, <a href="#page224">224</a>; John Ross +and associates ready to consider retrocession of, <a href= +"#page231">231</a>-232 and <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Cherokee Strip (Kans.): <a href="#page79">79</a></p> +<p>Cherokee Treaty with Confederacy: ratified by National Council, +<a href="#page28">28</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Indians stipulated to +fight in own fashion, <a href="#page32">32</a></p> +<p>Cherokees: unwilling to have Indian Territory occupied by +Confederate troops, <a href="#page15">15</a>; civil war impending, +<a href="#page29">29</a>; disturbances stirred up by bad white men, +<a href="#page47">47</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page48">48</a>; effect of Federal defeat at Wilson's Creek, +<a href="#page49">49</a>; attitude towards secession, <a href= +"#page63">63</a>, <i>footnote</i>; in First Indian Expedition, +<a href="#page115">115</a>, <i>footnote</i>; driven from country, +116; flee across Arkansas River, <a href="#page135">135</a>; +exasperated by Pike's retirement to confines of Indian Territory, +<a href="#page159">159</a>; outlawed, participate in Wichita Agency +tragedy, <a href="#page183">183</a>; demoralizing effect of Ross's +departure, <a href="#page193">193</a>; secessionist, call +convention, <a href="#page193">193</a>; should be protected against +plundering, <a href="#page195">195</a>, <i>footnote</i>; refugee, +on Drywood Creek, <a href="#page209">209</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page213">213</a>; repudiate alliance with Confederacy, +<a href="#page232">232</a>; approached by Steele through medium of +necessities, <a href="#page276">276</a>; charge Confederacy with +bad faith, <a href="#page279">279</a>-281; asked to give military +land grants to white men in return for protection, <a href= +"#page279">279</a>-281; Blunt thinks superior to Kansas tribes, +294; intent upon recovery of Fort Gibson, 311; troops pass +resolution of reënlistment for war, <a href= +"#page328">328</a>-329</p> +<p>Chicago Tribune: <a href="#page75">75</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Chickasaw Battalion: <a href="#page152">152</a>, <a href= +"#page155">155</a>; Tonkawas to furnish guides for, <a href= +"#page184">184</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Chickasaw Home Guards: <a href="#page184">184</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Chickasaw Legislature: <a href="#page306">306</a>, +<i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page329">329</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Chickasaw Nation: Pike arrested at Tishomingo, <a href= +"#page200">200</a>; funds drawn upon for support of John Ross and +others, <a href="#page215">215</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Phillips +communicates with governor, <a href="#page323">323</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Chickasaws: discord within ranks, <a href="#page29">29</a>; +attitude towards secession, <a href="#page63">63</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; delegation of, and Creeks, and Kininola, <a href= +"#page65">65</a>, <i>footnote</i>; plundered by Osages and +Comanches, <a href="#page207">207</a>, <i>footnote</i>; refugee, +given temporary home, <a href="#page213">213</a>; dissatisfied with +Cooper, 265, <i>footnote</i>; disperse, <a href= +"#page323">323</a></p> +<p>Chiekies: <a href="#page66">66</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Chillicothe Band of Shawnees: <a href="#page236">236</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Chilton, W.P: <a href="#page173">173</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Chipman, N.P: <a href="#page207">207</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Chippewas: <a href="#page212">212</a></p> +<p>Choctaw and Chickasaw Battalion: <a href="#page25">25</a>, +<a href="#page32">32</a></p> +<p>Choctaw Battalion: <a href="#page152">152</a>, <a href= +"#page155">155</a></p> +<p>Choctaw Council: considers Blunt's proposals, <a href= +"#page302">302</a>; disposition towards neutrality, <a href= +"#page306">306</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Phillips sends communication +to, <a href="#page323">323</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Choctaw Militia: <a href="#page311">311</a>-312, <a href= +"#page312">312</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Choctaw Nation: Pike withdraws into, <a href="#page110">110</a>; +Robert M. Jones, delegate from, in Congress, <a href= +"#page299">299</a>, <i>footnote</i>; proposed conscription within, +<a href="#page328">328</a></p> +<p>Choctaws: discord bred by unscrupulous merchants, <a href= +"#page29">29</a>; attitude</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page374" id="page374"></a>[pg +374]</span> +<p>towards secession, <a href="#page63">63</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +refugee, given temporary home, <a href="#page213">213</a>; waver in +allegiance to South, <a href="#page220">220</a>; sounded by +Phillips, <a href="#page254">254</a>; little recruiting possible +while Fort Smith is in Confederate hands, <a href= +"#page258">258</a>-259; Steele entrusts recruiting to Tandy Walker, +<a href="#page265">265</a>; no tribe so completely secessionist as, +<a href="#page290">290</a>; protest against failure to supply with +arms and ammunition, <a href="#page301">301</a>; proposals from +Blunt known to have reached, <a href="#page302">302</a>; cotton, +<a href="#page308">308</a>-309, <i>footnote</i>; bestir themselves +as in first days of war, <a href="#page311">311</a>; principal +chief opposes projects of Armstrong Academy council, <a href= +"#page321">321</a>; want confederacy separate and distinct from +Southern, <a href="#page321">321</a>, <i>footnote</i>; do excellent +service in Camden campaign, <a href="#page326">326</a></p> +<p>Choo-Loo-Foe-Lop-Hah Choe: talk, <a href="#page68">68</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; signature, <a href="#page69">69</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Chouteau's Trading House: <a href="#page329">329</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Christie: <a href="#page305">305</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Chustenahlah (Okla.): <a href="#page79">79</a></p> +<p>Cincinnati (Ark.): <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href= +"#page35">35</a></p> +<p>Cincinnati Gazette: <a href="#page58">58</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page88">88</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Clarimore: <a href="#page238">238</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Clark, Charles T: <a href="#page82">82</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Clark, George W: <a href="#page158">158</a> and +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Clark, Sidney: <a href="#page104">104</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Clarke, G.W: <a href="#page22">22</a></p> +<p>Clarkson, J.J: assigned to supreme command in northern part of +Indian Territory, <a href="#page129">129</a>-130; applies for +permission to intercept trains on Santa Fé road, <a href= +"#page129">129</a>, <i>footnote</i>; at Locust Grove, <a href= +"#page131">131</a>; surprised in camp, <a href="#page131">131</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; made prisoner, <a href="#page132">132</a>; Pike's +reference to, <a href="#page158">158</a>; placed in Cherokee +country, <a href="#page159">159</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Clarksville (Ark.): <a href="#page287">287</a>-288, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Clay, Clement C: <a href="#page176">176</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Cloud, William F: <a href="#page193">193</a>, <a href= +"#page297">297</a></p> +<p>Cochrane, John: <a href="#page56">56</a>-57</p> +<p>Coffee, J.T: <a href="#page113">113</a> and <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page125">125</a></p> +<p>Coffin, O.S: letter, <a href="#page82">82</a> and +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Coffin, S.D: <a href="#page208">208</a></p> +<p>Coffin, William G: testifies to disturbances among Osages, +<a href="#page46">46</a>, <i>footnote</i>; pays visit to ruins of +Humboldt, <a href="#page54">54</a>, <i>footnote</i>; plans for +inter-tribal council, <a href="#page69">69</a>; orders +countermanded for enlistment of Indians, <a href="#page77">77</a>; +learns of refugees in Kansas, <a href="#page80">80</a>; compelled +by settlers to seek new abiding-place for refugees, <a href= +"#page86">86</a>; refugees lodge complaint against, <a href= +"#page87">87</a> and <i>footnote</i>; military enrollment of +Indians conducted under authority of Interior Department, <a href= +"#page105">105</a> and <i>footnote</i>; applies for new +instructions regarding First Indian Expedition, <a href= +"#page105">105</a>; dispute with Elder, <a href= +"#page116">116</a>-117, <a href="#page207">207</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; anxious to have Osage offer accepted by refugee +Creeks, <a href="#page207">207</a>-208, <i>footnote</i>; +disapproves of Blunt's plan for early return of refugees, <a href= +"#page209">209</a>; issue between Blunt and, <a href= +"#page210">210</a>-211; contract with Stettaner Bros. approved by +Dole, <a href="#page211">211</a>, <i>footnote</i>; urges removal of +refugees to Sac and Fox Agency, <a href="#page212">212</a>; visits +refugee Cherokees on Neutral Lands, <a href="#page213">213</a>; +details Harlan and Proctor to care for refugee Cherokees at Neosho, +<a href="#page214">214</a>; drafts Osage treaty of cession, +<a href="#page229">229</a>; suggests location for Indian +colonization, <a href="#page233">233</a>; would reward Osage +massacrers, <a href="#page238">238</a>, <i>footnote</i>; prevails +upon Jim Ned to stop jayhawking, <a href="#page274">274</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Colbert, Holmes: <a href="#page207">207</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Colbert, Winchester: <a href="#page184">184</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Coleman, Isaac: <a href="#page209">209</a></p> +<p>Collamore, George W: career, <a href="#page87">87</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; investigation into condition of refugees, <a href= +"#page87">87</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Colorado Territory: likely to be menaced by Southern Indians, +<a href="#page61">61</a>; conditions in, <a href="#page61">61</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; recruiting officers massacred by Osages,</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page375" id="page375"></a>[pg +375]</span> +<p><a href="#page238">238</a>, <i>footnote</i>; political squabbles +in, <a href="#page249">249</a>, <i>footnote</i>; harassed by +Indians of Plains, <a href="#page320">320</a>; made part of +restored Department of Kansas, <a href="#page321">321</a></p> +<p>Comanches: Pike's negotiation with, <a href="#page63">63</a>, +<i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page65">65</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page173">173</a>, <i>footnote</i>; peaceable and quiet, +<a href="#page112">112</a>; this side of Staked Plains friendly, +<a href="#page153">153</a>; Osages and, plunder Chickasaws, +<a href="#page207">207</a>, <i>footnote</i>; reported encamped at +Big Bend, <a href="#page274">274</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Confederates: disposition to over-estimate size of enemy, +<a href="#page30">30</a>, <i>footnote</i>; defeat at Pea Ridge +decisive, <a href="#page34">34</a>; should concentrate on saving +country east of Mississippi, <a href="#page34">34</a>; retreat from +Pea Ridge, <a href="#page35">35</a>; possible to fraternize with +Federals, <a href="#page44">44</a>; victorious at Drywood Creek, +<a href="#page51">51</a>-52; in vicinity of Neosho, <a href= +"#page127">127</a>; no forces at hand to resist invasion of Indian +Territory, <a href="#page147">147</a>; defeat at Locust Grove +counted against Pike, <a href="#page161">161</a>; Cherokee country +abandoned to, <a href="#page193">193</a>; in possession as far +north as Moravian Mission, <a href="#page194">194</a>; victory at +Newtonia, <a href="#page194">194</a>-195 and <i>footnotes</i>; +ill-success on Cowskin River and at Shirley's Ford, <a href= +"#page197">197</a>; flee to Cantonment Davis, <a href= +"#page198">198</a>; officers massacred by Osages, <a href= +"#page237">237</a>-238, <i>footnote</i>; grants to Indian +Territory, 250; foraging and scouting occupy, <a href= +"#page253">253</a>; distributing relief to indigents, <a href= +"#page258">258</a></p> +<p>Congress, Confederate: authorizes Partisan Rangers, <a href= +"#page112">112</a>; Arkansas delegates testify to Van Dorn's +aversion for Indians, <a href="#page148">148</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +act of regulating intercourse with Indians, <a href= +"#page169">169</a>; act for establishing Arkansas and Red River +Superintendency, <a href="#page177">177</a>-178; concedes rights +and privileges to Indian delegates, <a href="#page299">299</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Congress, United States: <a href="#page71">71</a>, <a href= +"#page76">76</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page86">86</a> and +<i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page99">99</a>; circumstances of +refugees well-aired in, <a href="#page209">209</a>; gives president +discretionary power for relief of refugees, <a href= +"#page209">209</a>; Osages memorialize for civil government, +<a href="#page229">229</a> and <i>footnote</i>; act authorizing +negotiations with Indian tribes, <a href="#page231">231</a>; +decides to relieve Kansas of Indian encumbrance, <a href= +"#page294">294</a></p> +<p>Connelley, William E: work cited, <a href="#page42">42</a> and +<i>footnotes</i> on pages <a href="#page51">51</a>, <a href= +"#page101">101</a>, <a href="#page205">205</a>, <a href= +"#page239">239</a></p> +<p>Conway, Martin F: <a href="#page72">72</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page88">88</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page107">107</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Cooley, D.N: <a href="#page205">205</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Cooper, Douglas H: colonel of First Regiment Choctaw and +Chickasaw Mounted Rifles, <a href="#page25">25</a>; communicates +with Pike, <a href="#page29">29</a>, <i>footnote</i>; objects to +keeping Indians at home, <a href="#page31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +arrives at Camp Stephens, <a href="#page32">32</a>, <a href= +"#page35">35</a>; protects baggage train on way to Elm Springs, +<a href="#page35">35</a>; recommends Indians as guerrillas, +<a href="#page112">112</a>; ordered to repair to country north of +Canadian River, <a href="#page129">129</a>, <a href= +"#page154">154</a>; orders Indian leaders to report at Fort Davis, +<a href="#page137">137</a>; regiment goes out of service, <a href= +"#page153">153</a>; views on employment of Indians, <a href= +"#page159">159</a> and <i>footnote</i>; Pike to hand over command +to, <a href="#page162">162</a>; transmits Pike's circular, <a href= +"#page167">167</a>, <a href="#page169">169</a>; orders arrest of +Pike, <a href="#page169">169</a>; calls for troops from all Indian +nations, <a href="#page174">174</a>, <i>footnote</i>; seeks to +become superintendent of Indian affairs, <a href= +"#page179">179</a>; appointment withheld because of inebriety, +<a href="#page181">181</a>; to attempt to reënter southwest +Missouri, <a href="#page194">194</a>; after Battle of Newtonia +obliged to fall back into Arkansas, <a href="#page197">197</a>; +under orders from Rains, plans invasion of Kansas, <a href= +"#page197">197</a>; defeated in Battle of Fort Wayne, <a href= +"#page197">197</a>-198; in disgrace, <a href="#page198">198</a>; +Steele preferred to, <a href="#page246">246</a>; not ranking +officer of Steele, <a href="#page247">247</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page300">300</a>, <i>footnote</i>; force poorly equipped, +<a href="#page248">248</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page376" id="page376"></a>[pg +376]</span> +<p>apparently bent upon annoying Steele, <a href= +"#page265">265</a>; can get plenty of beef, <a href= +"#page272">272</a>; influences to advance, at expense of Steele, +<a href="#page278">278</a>, <a href="#page306">306</a> and +<i>footnote</i>; orders Stand Watie to take position at Cabin +Creek, <a href="#page284">284</a>-285; ammunition worthless at +Honey Springs, <a href="#page288">288</a>; Boudinot and, intrigue +together, <a href="#page300">300</a>; headquarters at Fort Washita, +<a href="#page303">303</a>, <i>footnote</i>; manifests great +activity in own interests, <a href="#page303">303</a>; Quantrill +and band reach camp of, <a href="#page304">304</a>; plans recovery +of Fort Smith, <a href="#page309">309</a>; opposed to idea of +separating white auxiliary from Indian forces, <a href= +"#page310">310</a>; raises objection to two brigade idea, <a href= +"#page316">316</a>; Boudinot and, advise formation of three +distinct Indian brigades, <a href="#page317">317</a>; placed in +command of all Indian troops in Trans-Mississippi Department on +borders of Arkansas, <a href="#page319">319</a>; declared +subordinate to Maxey, <a href="#page319">319</a>; begins work of +undermining Maxey, <a href="#page333">333</a>-334</p> +<p>Cooper, S: <a href="#page29">29</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page128">128</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Corwin, David B: <a href="#page144">144</a></p> +<p>Corwin, Robert S: <a href="#page231">231</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Cottonwood River (Kans.): <a href="#page85">85</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Cowskin Prairie (Mo. and Okla.): Stand Watie's engagement at, +<a href="#page113">113</a>; encampment on, <a href= +"#page119">119</a>, <a href="#page120">120</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +affair at, erroneously reported as Federal victory, <a href= +"#page119">119</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Round Grove on, <a href= +"#page126">126</a>; scouts called in at, <a href= +"#page138">138</a></p> +<p>Cowskin River: <a href="#page197">197</a></p> +<p>Crawford, John: <a href="#page48">48</a>, <a href= +"#page214">214</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Crawford, Samuel J: work cited, <a href="#page101">101</a>, +<i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page194">194</a>, footnote, <a href= +"#page197">197</a>, <i>footnote</i>; at Battle of Fort Wayne, +<a href="#page197">197</a></p> +<p>Crawford Seminary: <a href="#page46">46</a>, <a href= +"#page50">50</a></p> +<p>Creek and Seminole Battalion: <a href="#page25">25</a></p> +<p>Creek Nation: <a href="#page62">62</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page111">111</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Clarkson to take +command of all forces within, <a href="#page130">130</a>; Pike +negotiates treaty with, <a href="#page173">173</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Creeks: delegation of, and Chickasaws and Kininola seek help at +Leroy, <a href="#page65">65</a>, <i>footnote</i>; desert +Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la, <a href="#page76">76</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +constitute main body of refugees in Kansas, <a href= +"#page81">81</a>; compose First Regiment Indian Home Guards, +<a href="#page114">114</a> and <i>footnote</i>; company authorized +by Pike, <a href="#page173">173</a>, <i>footnote</i>; refugee, +offered home by Osages, <a href="#page207">207</a> and +<i>footnote</i>; refugee, given temporary home by Sacs and Foxes of +Mississippi, <a href="#page213">213</a>; unionist element attempts +tribal re-organization, <a href="#page228">228</a>; views regarding +accommodation of other Indians upon lands, <a href= +"#page233">233</a>; Senate ratifies treaty with, <a href= +"#page234">234</a>; reject treaty, <a href="#page235">235</a>; +Phillips sounds, <a href="#page254">254</a>; Phillips learns that +defection has begun, <a href="#page256">256</a>; refuse to charge, +<a href="#page272">272</a>; nature and extent of disaffection +among, <a href="#page272">272</a>-273 and <i>footnote</i>; address +Davis, <a href="#page278">278</a>; bad conduct complained of by +Steele, <a href="#page285">285</a>, <i>footnote</i>; inevitable +effect of Battle of Honey Springs upon, <a href="#page290">290</a>; +Blunt's offensive and Steele's defensive, <a href= +"#page301">301</a>; proposals of Blunt known to have reached, +<a href="#page302">302</a>; disperse among fastnesses of mountains, +<a href="#page323">323</a></p> +<p>Cross Timber Hollow (Ark.): <a href="#page30">30</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Currier, C.F: <a href="#page67">67</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Curtis, Samuel R: in charge of Southwestern District of +Missouri, <a href="#page26">26</a>-27; estimate of number of troops +contributed by Pike, <a href="#page30">30</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +instructed to report on Confederate use of Indians, <a href= +"#page33">33</a>, <i>footnote</i>; victory at Pea Ridge complete, +<a href="#page34">34</a>; surmise with respect to movements of +Stand Watie and others, <a href="#page120">120</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; resents insinuations against military capacity of +Blunt and Herron, <a href="#page249">249</a>; Lane opposed to +Gamble, Schofield, and, <a href="#page249">249</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; regrets sacrifice of red men</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page377" id="page377"></a>[pg +377]</span> +<p>in white man's quarrel, <a href="#page250">250</a>; calls for +Phillips to return, <a href="#page259">259</a>; succeeded by +Schofield, <a href="#page260">260</a>; in command of restored +Department of Kansas, <a href="#page321">321</a>; arrives at Fort +Gibson, <a href="#page324">324</a></p> +<p>Cutler, George A: council held at Leroy by, <a href= +"#page62">62</a>, <i>footnote</i>; at Fort Leavenworth, <a href= +"#page74">74</a>, <i>footnote</i>; ordered by Lane to transfer +council to Fort Scott, <a href="#page74">74</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +reports Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la in distress, <a href="#page76">76</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; refugees complain of treatment, 87; approves of +early return of refugees, <a href="#page209">209</a>; calls Creek +chiefs to consider draft of treaty, <a href="#page233">233</a></p> +<br /> +<p>Dana, Charles A: <a href="#page126">126</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +324, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Danley, C.C: <a href="#page15">15</a></p> +<p>Davis, Jefferson: work cited, <a href="#page14">14</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; urged to send second general officer out, <a href= +"#page15">15</a>-16; McCulloch's sacrifice of Confederate interests +in Missouri reported to, <a href="#page18">18</a>; unfavorable to +Price and to his method of fighting, <a href="#page18">18</a>-19; +report of Pike submitted to, <a href="#page21">21</a>; Cooper, in +name of, orders Ross to issue proclamation calling for fighting +men, <a href="#page137">137</a>; correspondence with Pike, <a href= +"#page167">167</a>-168; recommends creation of bureau of Indian +affairs, <a href="#page172">172</a>; appoints Pike diplomatic agent +to Indian tribes, <a href="#page173">173</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +signs bill for establishment of southern superintendency, <a href= +"#page176">176</a>; Pike makes important suggestions to, <a href= +"#page179">179</a>; offers explanation for non-payment of Indian +moneys, <a href="#page179">179</a>, <i>footnote</i>; inconsistentcy +of, <a href="#page187">187</a>; refusal to accept Pike's +resignation, <a href="#page190">190</a>; orders adjutant-general to +accept Pike's resignation, <a href="#page200">200</a>; lack of +candor in explaining matters to Holmes, <a href="#page269">269</a>; +Creeks address, <a href="#page278">278</a>; replies to protest from +Flanagin, <a href="#page287">287</a>, <i>footnote</i>; opposed to +surrendering part to save whole, <a href="#page297">297</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; considers resolutions of Armstrong Academy +council, <a href="#page317">317</a>; addresses Indians through +principal chiefs, <a href="#page318">318</a> and <i>footnote</i>; +objects making Indian Territory separate department, <a href= +"#page318">318</a>-319; knowledge of economic and strategic +importance of Indian Territory, <a href="#page331">331</a></p> +<p>Davis, John S: <a href="#page80">80</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Davis, William P: <a href="#page80">80</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Dawson, C.L: <a href="#page150">150</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page152">152</a>, <a href="#page153">153</a>, <a href= +"#page154">154</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Deitzler, George W: <a href="#page97">97</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Delahay, M.W: <a href="#page222">222</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Delaware Reservation (Kans.): location, <a href= +"#page206">206</a>; store of Carney and Co. on, <a href= +"#page211">211</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Delawares: interview of Dole with, <a href="#page77">77</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; in First Indian Expedition, <a href= +"#page113">113</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page115">115</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; from Cherokee country made refugees, <a href= +"#page116">116</a>, <a href="#page206">206</a>; wandering, +implicated in tragedy at Wichita Agency, <a href= +"#page183">183</a>; eager to enlist, <a href="#page207">207</a>; +request removal of Agent Johnson and Carney and Co. from +reservation, <a href="#page211">211</a>, <i>footnote</i>; wild, +involved in serious trouble with Osages, <a href= +"#page274">274</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Democratic Party: <a href="#page47">47</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>De Morse, Charles: <a href="#page266">266</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page330">330</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Denver, James W: career, <a href="#page70">70</a>; popular +rejoicing over prospect of recall, <a href="#page72">72</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; learns of presence of refugees in Kansas, <a href= +"#page80">80</a>; assigned by Halleck to command of District of +Kansas, <a href="#page97">97</a>; Lane and Pomeroy protest against +appointment, <a href="#page97">97</a>; later movements, <a href= +"#page98">98</a> and <i>footnote</i>; coöperates with Steele +and Coffin to advance preparations for First Indian Expedition, +<a href="#page102">102</a>; removal from District of Kansas +inaugurated "Sturgis' military despotism," <a href= +"#page104">104</a></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page378" id="page378"></a>[pg +378]</span> +<p>Department no. 2: <a href="#page19">19</a></p> +<p>Department of Arkansas: <a href="#page322">322</a></p> +<p>Department of Indian Territory: Pike in command, <a href= +"#page20">20</a>; relation to other military units, 21; Pike +deplores absorption of, <a href="#page151">151</a>; Pike's +appointment displeasing to Elias Rector, <a href= +"#page181">181</a>, <i>footnote</i>; created at suggestion from +Pike, <a href="#page189">189</a></p> +<p>Department of Kansas: Hunter in command, <a href= +"#page27">27</a>, <a href="#page61">61</a>, <a href= +"#page70">70</a>; consolidated with Department of Missouri, +<a href="#page96">96</a>; reëstablished, <a href= +"#page106">106</a> and <i>footnote</i>; Blunt assigned to command, +<a href="#page106">106</a>, <a href="#page118">118</a>; restored, +Curtis in command, <a href="#page321">321</a></p> +<p>Department of Mississippi: <a href="#page96">96</a>, <a href= +"#page105">105</a></p> +<p>Department of Missouri: Halleck in command, <a href= +"#page27">27</a>, <a href="#page61">61</a>; consolidated with +Department of Kansas, <a href="#page96">96</a></p> +<p>Department of Mountain: <a href="#page96">96</a></p> +<p>Department of Potomac: <a href="#page96">96</a></p> +<p>Department of West: <a href="#page27">27</a>, <a href= +"#page61">61</a></p> +<p>De Smet, Father: <a href="#page234">234</a></p> +<p>De Soto (Kans.): <a href="#page236">236</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Dickey, M.C: <a href="#page226">226</a> and <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>District of Arkansas: Hindman in command, <a href= +"#page192">192</a>; Price in command during illness of Holmes, +<a href="#page299">299</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Price succeeds Holmes, +<a href="#page326">326</a></p> +<p>District of Frontier: Blunt in command, <a href= +"#page286">286</a>; McNeil relieves Blunt, <a href= +"#page305">305</a>; Schofield institutes investigation, <a href= +"#page305">305</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>District of Kansas: Denver assigned to command of, <a href= +"#page97">97</a>; Sturgis assigned to, <a href="#page98">98</a>; +checks progress of First Indian Expedition, <a href= +"#page105">105</a>; Schofield advises complete separation from Army +of Frontier, <a href="#page248">248</a>; re-constituted with +headquarters at Fort Leavenworth, <a href="#page249">249</a></p> +<p>District of Texas: 306, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page318">318</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Dole, R.W: <a href="#page74">74</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page114">114</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Dole, William P: <a href="#page53">53</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page54">54</a>, <i>footnote</i>; absent on mission to +West, <a href="#page60">60</a>; submits new evidence of serious +state of affairs among Indians, <a href="#page61">61</a>; authority +of U.S. over Indians to be maintained, 61; Lane's plans appeal to, +<a href="#page72">72</a>-73; disappointed over Stanton's reversal +of policy for use of Indian troops, <a href="#page76">76</a>; +countermands orders for enlistment of Indians, <a href= +"#page77">77</a>; warned that army supplies to refugees to be +discontinued, <a href="#page83">83</a>; Coffin and Ritchie apply +for new instructions regarding First Indian Expedition, <a href= +"#page105">105</a>-106; reports adversely upon subject of Lane's +motion, <a href="#page223">223</a>; motives considered, <a href= +"#page225">225</a>; submits views on Pomeroy's project for +concentration of tribes, <a href="#page230">230</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; undertakes mission to West, <a href= +"#page234">234</a>; treaties made by, <a href="#page234">234</a> +<i>et seq</i>.; detained by Delawares and by Quantrill's raid upon +Lawrence, <a href="#page238">238</a>-239 and <i>footnote</i>; +negotiates with Osages at Leroy, <a href="#page239">239</a> and +<i>footnote</i>; treaties impeachable, <a href= +"#page241">241</a></p> +<p>Dorn, Andrew J: mentioned, <a href="#page263">263</a>, +<i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page264">264</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +avowed secessionist, <a href="#page47">47</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Doubleday, Charles: <a href="#page114">114</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +colonel of Second Ohio Cavalry, <a href="#page118">118</a>; Weer to +supersede, <a href="#page119">119</a>; proposes to attempt to reach +Fort Gibson, <a href="#page119">119</a>; desirous of checking Stand +Watie, <a href="#page119">119</a>; indecisive engagement on Cowskin +Prairie, <a href="#page119">119</a> and <i>footnote</i>; ordered +not to go into Indian Territory, <a href="#page120">120</a>; left +at Baxter Springs by Weer, <a href="#page121">121</a></p> +<p>Downing, Lewis: <a href="#page231">231</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page255">255</a>, <a href="#page256">256</a></p> +<p>Drew, John: dispersion of regiment, <a href="#page24">24</a>, +<a href="#page132">132</a>; movements of men at Pea Ridge, <a href= +"#page32">32</a>; finds refuge at Camp Stephens, <a href= +"#page35">35</a>; authorized to furlough men, <a href= +"#page111">111</a>, <i>footnote</i>; regiment stationed in vicinity +of Park Hill, <a href="#page111">111</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +desires</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page379" id="page379"></a>[pg +379]</span> +<p>Clarkson placed in Cherokee country, <a href="#page159">159</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Drywood Creek (Kans.): Federal defeat at, <a href= +"#page51">51</a> and <i>footnote</i>; Price breaks camp at, +<a href="#page52">52</a>, <i>footnote</i>; fugitive Indians on, +<a href="#page195">195</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page209">209</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Cherokee camp raided by +guerrillas, <a href="#page213">213</a>-214</p> +<p>Du Bose, J.J: <a href="#page288">288</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Duval, B.G: <a href="#page266">266</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Dwight's Mission: <a href="#page217">217</a></p> +<br /> +<p>East Boggy (Okla.): <a href="#page296">296</a></p> +<p>Eaton, Rachel Caroline: work cited, <a href="#page257">257</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Echo Harjo: <a href="#page278">278</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Edgar County (Ill.): <a href="#page84">84</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Edwards, John Newman: work cited in <i>footnotes</i> on pages +<a href="#page14">14</a>, <a href="#page151">151</a>, <a href= +"#page194">194</a>, <a href="#page198">198</a></p> +<p>Elder, Peter P: <a href="#page48">48</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page204">204</a>; makes Fort Scott headquarters of Neosho +Agency, <a href="#page50">50</a>; disputes with Coffin, <a href= +"#page116">116</a>-117, <a href="#page207">207</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; prevails upon Ottawas to extend hospitality to +refugees, <a href="#page213">213</a>, <i>footnote</i>; suspicious +of Coffin, <a href="#page229">229</a></p> +<p>Elk Creek (Okla.): Kiowas select home on, <a href= +"#page153">153</a>; Cooper encamps on, <a href="#page287">287</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Elkhorn Tavern (Ark.): <a href="#page30">30</a> and +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Ellithorpe, A.C: <a href="#page105">105</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page115">115</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page131">131</a>, <i>footnote</i>; with detachment at Vann's +Ford, <a href="#page144">144</a>; disapproves of attempting to +return refugees at early date, <a href="#page209">209</a>-211 and +<i>footnote</i>; complains of Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la, <a href= +"#page219">219</a>, <i>footnote</i>; opinion about Indian Home +Guards, <a href="#page251">251</a></p> +<p>Elm Springs (Ark.): <a href="#page35">35</a></p> +<p>El Paso (Tex.): <a href="#page48">48</a></p> +<p>Emancipation Proclamation: Frémont's, <a href= +"#page57">57</a>; Lincoln's, <a href="#page234">234</a></p> +<p>Evansville (Ark.): <a href="#page28">28</a></p> +<p>Ewing, Thomas: <a href="#page304">304</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page321">321</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>"Extremists": <a href="#page305">305</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<br /> +<p>Fairhaven (Mass.): <a href="#page31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Fall River (Kans.): <a href="#page79">79</a>, <a href= +"#page81">81</a>, <a href="#page82">82</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page84">84</a>-85, <a href="#page273">273</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>False Wichita (Washita) River (Okla.): <a href= +"#page153">153</a></p> +<p>Farnsworth, H.W: <a href="#page205">205</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page236">236</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Fayetteville (Ark.): <a href="#page28">28</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page256">256</a>; battle of, <a href="#page218">218</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Federals: early encounter with, anticipated by Van Dorn, +<a href="#page20">20</a>; expulsion from Missouri planned by Van +Dorn, <a href="#page26">26</a>; drive back Confederates under +McCulloch and Price, <a href="#page26">26</a>; disposition to +over-estimate number of enemy, <a href="#page30">30</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; attempt to recover battery seized by Indians at +Leetown, <a href="#page31">31</a>; in occupation of northern +Arkansas, <a href="#page34">34</a>; defeat at Wilson's Creek, +<a href="#page49">49</a>; defeat at Drywood Creek, <a href= +"#page51">51</a>-52 and <i>footnote</i>; showing unwonted vigor on +northeastern border of Cherokee country, <a href= +"#page112">112</a>, <i>footnote</i>; flight, <a href= +"#page113">113</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Stand Watie on watch for, +<a href="#page130">130</a>; defeat in Battle of Newtonia, <a href= +"#page194">194</a>-195 and <i>footnotes</i>; direct efforts towards +arresting Hindman's progress, <a href="#page218">218</a>; grants to +Indian Territory, <a href="#page250">250</a>; foraging and +scouting, <a href="#page253">253</a>; in possession of Fort Smith, +<a href="#page290">290</a>; Steele places drive from Fort Smith to +Red River, <a href="#page311">311</a>; fail to pursue Stand Watie, +<a href="#page312">312</a></p> +<p>First Choctaw Regiment: under Col. Sampson Folsom, <a href= +"#page152">152</a>; ordered to Fort Gibson, <a href= +"#page155">155</a>; men unanimously reënlist for duration of +war, <a href="#page328">328</a>; demands, <a href= +"#page328">328</a></p> +<p>First Creek Regiment: commanded by D.N. McIntosh, <a href= +"#page25">25</a>; men gather at Cantonment Davis, <a href= +"#page27">27</a>; two hundred men gather at Camp Stephens, <a href= +"#page32">32</a>; about to make extended scout westward, <a href= +"#page112">112</a>; under orders to advance up Verdigris toward +Santa Fé road, <a href="#page152">152</a></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page380" id="page380"></a>[pg +380]</span> +<p>First Indian Brigade: <a href="#page327">327</a></p> +<p>First Indian Expedition: had beginnings in Lane's project, +<a href="#page41">41</a>; revival of interest in, <a href= +"#page99">99</a>; Denver, Steele, and Coffin coöperate to +advance, <a href="#page102">102</a>; arms go forward to Leroy and +Humboldt, <a href="#page102">102</a>; time propitious for, <a href= +"#page103">103</a>; policy of Sturgis not yet revealed, <a href= +"#page103">103</a>-104; Steele, Denver, and Wright in dark +regarding, <a href="#page103">103</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Steele +issues order against enlistment of Indians, <a href= +"#page105">105</a>; vigor restored by re-establishment of +Department of Kansas, <a href="#page106">106</a>; orders for +resuming enlistment of Indians, <a href="#page106">106</a>-107; +organization proceeding apace, <a href="#page113">113</a> and +<i>footnote</i>; outfit of Indians decidedly inferior, <a href= +"#page117">117</a>; Weer appointed to command of, <a href= +"#page117">117</a> and <i>footnote</i>; Doubleday proposed for +command of, <a href="#page118">118</a>; existence ignored by +Missourians, <a href="#page119">119</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +destruction planned by Stand Watie and others, <a href= +"#page120">120</a> and <i>footnote</i>; Weer attempts to expedite +movement, <a href="#page121">121</a>; special agents accompany, +<a href="#page121">121</a>-122 and <i>footnote</i>; component parts +encamp at Baxter Springs, <a href="#page125">125</a>; First Brigade +put under Salomon, <a href="#page125">125</a>; Second Brigade put +under Judson, <a href="#page125">125</a>; advance enters Indian +Territory unmolested, <a href="#page126">126</a>; forward march and +route, 126; Hindman proposes to check progress, <a href= +"#page129">129</a>; march, <a href="#page130">130</a>; delicate +position with respect to U.S. Indian policy, <a href= +"#page134">134</a>; troubles begin, <a href="#page138">138</a>; +supplies insufficient, <a href="#page138">138</a>; in original form +brought to abrupt end, <a href="#page143">143</a>; Pike's +depreciatory opinion, <a href="#page164">164</a> and +<i>footnote</i>; Osages join conditionally, <a href= +"#page207">207</a> and <i>footnote</i>; Gillpatrick serves ends of +diplomacy between John Ross and, <a href="#page271">271</a></p> +<p>First Kansas: <a href="#page97">97</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>First Missouri Cavalry: <a href="#page113">113</a></p> +<p>First Regiment Cherokee Mounted Rifles: commanded by John Drew, +<a href="#page25">25</a>; joins Pike at Smith's Mill, <a href= +"#page28">28</a>; movements and conduct at Pea Ridge, <a href= +"#page32">32</a>; iniquitous designs, <a href="#page33">33</a>; +stationed in vicinity of Park Hill, <a href="#page111">111</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; defection after defeat at Locust Grove, <a href= +"#page132">132</a></p> +<p>First Regiment Choctaw and Chickasaw Mounted Rifles: commanded +by Cooper, <a href="#page25">25</a>; gathers at Camp Stephens, +<a href="#page32">32</a>; goes out of service, <a href= +"#page153">153</a>; two companies post themselves in upper part of +Indian Territory, <a href="#page155">155</a>; eight companies +encamp near Fort McCulloch, <a href="#page155">155</a>; fights +valiantly at Battle of Newtonia, <a href="#page194">194</a></p> +<p>Flanagin, Harris: <a href="#page270">270</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page287">287</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Folsom, Sampson: <a href="#page152">152</a>, <a href= +"#page155">155</a></p> +<p>Folsom, Simpson N: <a href="#page152">152</a></p> +<p>Foreman, John A: <a href="#page144">144</a>, <a href= +"#page284">284</a>, <a href="#page285">285</a></p> +<p>Formby, John: work cited, <a href="#page19">19</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Fort Arbuckle (Okla.): <a href="#page15">15</a>, <a href= +"#page60">60</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page184">184</a> and +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Fort Blunt (Okla.): <a href="#page260">260</a></p> +<p>Fort Cobb (Okla.): <a href="#page15">15</a>, <a href= +"#page60">60</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page112">112</a>, +<a href="#page153">153</a>, <a href="#page275">275</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; about to be abandoned by Texan volunteers, +<a href="#page173">173</a>, <i>footnote</i>; McKuska appointed to +take charge of remaining property, <a href="#page174">174</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Fort Davis (Okla.): Campbell discovers strong Confederate force +at, <a href="#page136">136</a>; Cooper orders Indians to report at, +<a href="#page137">137</a>; many of buildings destroyed by order of +Phillips, <a href="#page220">220</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page254">254</a></p> +<p>Fort Gibson (Okla.): Pike's headquarters not far from, <a href= +"#page22">22</a>; Choctaw troops guard road by Perryville towards, +<a href="#page112">112</a>; Hindman orders Pike to establish +headquarters at, <a href="#page128">128</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +Campbell halts at, <a href="#page136">136</a>; Weer inclined to +wander from straight road to, <a href="#page139">139</a>; +newly-fortified, given name of Fort Blunt, <a href= +"#page260">260</a>; Blunt undertakes to go to,</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page381" id="page381"></a>[pg +381]</span> +<p><a href="#page261">261</a>; Cooper learns of approach of train +of supplies for, <a href="#page272">272</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +Creeks obliged to stay at, <a href="#page273">273</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; Phillips despatches Foreman to reënforce +Williams, 284; Steele's equipment inadequate to taking of Fort +Gibson, <a href="#page286">286</a>, <a href="#page290">290</a>-291; +Phillips continues in charge at, <a href="#page305">305</a>; +Cherokees intent upon recovery, <a href="#page311">311</a>; +Phillips to complete fortifications at, <a href="#page325">325</a>; +rapid changing of commands at, <a href="#page333">333</a>, <a href= +"#page335">335</a></p> +<p>Fort Larned (Kans.): <a href="#page112">112</a>, <a href= +"#page152">152</a></p> +<p>Fort Leavenworth (Kans.): <a href="#page73">73</a>, +<i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page123">123</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +protected, <a href="#page45">45</a>; Prince in charge at, <a href= +"#page55">55</a>; troops ordered to, <a href="#page60">60</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; Hunter stationed at, <a href="#page69">69</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; arms for Indian Expedition to be delivered at, +<a href="#page100">100</a></p> +<p>Fort Lincoln (Kans.): <a href="#page52">52</a></p> +<p>Fort McCulloch (Okla.): constructed under Pike's direction, +<a href="#page110">110</a>; Pike to advance from, <a href= +"#page119">119</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Pike's force at, not to be +despised, <a href="#page128">128</a>; Cherokees exasperated by +Pike's continued stay at, <a href="#page159">159</a>; Pike departs +from, <a href="#page162">162</a></p> +<p>Fort Roe (Kans.): <a href="#page80">80</a>, <a href= +"#page85">85</a></p> +<p>Fort Scott (Kans.): <a href="#page213">213</a>, <a href= +"#page214">214</a>; Lane at, <a href="#page45">45</a>, <a href= +"#page51">51</a>; chief Federal stronghold in middle Southwest, +<a href="#page46">46</a>; temporary headquarters for Neosho Agency, +<a href="#page50">50</a>; abandoned by Lane in anticipation of +attack by Price, <a href="#page52">52</a>; Indian council +transferred to, <a href="#page74">74</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Blunt +succeeds Denver at, <a href="#page98">98</a>; tri-weekly post +between St. Joseph and, <a href="#page116">116</a>; supply train +from, waited for, <a href="#page126">126</a>; Indians mustered in +at, <a href="#page132">132</a>; Weer cautioned against allowing +communication to be cut off, <a href="#page138">138</a>-139; +Phillips's communication with, threatened, <a href= +"#page272">272</a>; Steele plans to take, <a href= +"#page286">286</a></p> +<p>Fort Smith (Ark.): Drew's Cherokees marching from, to +Fayetteville, <a href="#page28">28</a>, <i>footnote</i>; troops +ordered withdrawn from, <a href="#page60">60</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +Choctaw troops watch road to, <a href="#page112">112</a>; +indignation in, against Pike, <a href="#page158">158</a>; martial +law instituted in, <a href="#page162">162</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +attempt to make permanent headquarters for Arkansas and Red River +Superintendency, <a href="#page176">176</a>-177; plans to push +Confederate line northward of, <a href="#page192">192</a>; +conditions in and around, <a href="#page247">247</a>, <a href= +"#page269">269</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Phillips despairs of Choctaw +recruiting while in Confederate hands, <a href= +"#page258">258</a>-259; Steele takes command at, <a href= +"#page261">261</a>; door of Choctaw country, <a href= +"#page290">290</a>; becomes Blunt's headquarters, <a href= +"#page304">304</a>; Steele expects Federals to attempt a drive +from, to Red River, <a href="#page311">311</a>; included within +restored Department of Kansas, <a href="#page321">321</a>; dispute +over jurisdiction of, <a href="#page324">324</a>; included within +re-organized Department of Arkansas, <a href="#page325">325</a>; +Indian raids around, <a href="#page331">331</a></p> +<p>Fort Smith <i>Papers</i>: work cited, <a href= +"#page150">150</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Fort Towson (Okla.): <a href="#page330">330</a></p> +<p>Fort Washita (Okla.): <a href="#page15">15</a>, <a href= +"#page60">60</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page303">303</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Fort Wayne (Okla.): in Delaware District of Cherokee Nation, +<a href="#page197">197</a>; battle of, October 22, 1862, <a href= +"#page197">197</a>, <a href="#page211">211</a>, <a href= +"#page216">216</a>, <a href="#page249">249</a></p> +<p>Fort Wise (Colo.): <a href="#page152">152</a></p> +<p>Foster, R.D: <a href="#page47">47</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Foster, Robert: <a href="#page47">47</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Foulke, William Dudley: work cited, <a href="#page43">43</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Fourteenth Kansas Cavalry: <a href="#page322">322</a></p> +<p>Fourteenth Missouri State Militia: <a href= +"#page113">113</a></p> +<p>Fourth Kansas Volunteers: <a href="#page117">117</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Franklin County (Kans.): <a href="#page50">50</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Frémont, John C: removal of, <a href="#page13">13</a>; +sends out emergency call for men, <a href="#page48">48</a>; failure +to support Lyon, <a href="#page49">49</a>; no coördination of +parts of army</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page382" id="page382"></a>[pg +382]</span> +<p>of, <a href="#page56">56</a>; emancipation proclamation, +<a href="#page57">57</a>; put in charge of Department of Mountain, +<a href="#page96">96</a></p> +<p>Frontier Guards: <a href="#page45">45</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Fuller, Perry: <a href="#page88">88</a> and <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page211">211</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page212">212</a>, <a href="#page233">233</a></p> +<p>Furnas, Robert W: <a href="#page105">105</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +letter to Dole, <a href="#page107">107</a>-108; becomes ranking +officer in field, <a href="#page143">143</a>; made commander of +Indian Brigade, <a href="#page144">144</a></p> +<br /> +<p>Gamble, Hamilton R: <a href="#page119">119</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page249">249</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page260">260</a></p> +<p>Gano, Richard M: <a href="#page306">306</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page332">332</a></p> +<p>Gano's Brigade: <a href="#page306">306</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Garland, A.H: <a href="#page148">148</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page270">270</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Garland, Samuel: <a href="#page312">312</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page321">321</a></p> +<p>Gillpatrick, Doctor: sent under flag of truce to Ross, <a href= +"#page135">135</a>; bearer of verbal instructions, <a href= +"#page193">193</a>, <a href="#page217">217</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +death, <a href="#page271">271</a></p> +<p>Granby (Mo.): lead mines, <a href="#page20">20</a>; abandoned, +<a href="#page20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>; plan for recovery, +<a href="#page194">194</a></p> +<p>Grand Falls: <a href="#page47">47</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Grand River (Okla.): <a href="#page284">284</a>; Cowskin Prairie +on, <a href="#page119">119</a>; Second Indian Home Guards to +examine country, <a href="#page126">126</a>; Salomon places Indians +as corps of observation on, <a href="#page142">142</a>, <a href= +"#page144">144</a>;</p> +<p>Grand Saline (Okla.): <a href="#page112">112</a>, <a href= +"#page131">131</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page139">139</a></p> +<p>Grayson County (Texas): <a href="#page190">190</a></p> +<p>Great Father: 46, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page240">240</a>-241, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page272">272</a>-273, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Greene, Francis Vinton: work cited, <a href="#page14">14</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Greenleaf Prairie (Okla.): <a href="#page272">272</a></p> +<p>Greeno, H.S: <a href="#page136">136</a>, <a href= +"#page137">137</a></p> +<p>Greenwood, A.B: <a href="#page222">222</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Guerrillas: Indian approved by Pike, <a href="#page22">22</a> +and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page112">112</a>; not present in +Sherman's march, <a href="#page44">44</a>; Halleck interested in +suppression of, <a href="#page101">101</a>; operations checked by +Hindman in Indian Territory, <a href="#page194">194</a>; Quantrill +and, raid Black Bob lands and Olathe, <a href="#page205">205</a>; +policy of Confederate government towards, <a href= +"#page205">205</a>, <i>footnote</i>; attacks disturb Shawnees, +<a href="#page236">236</a>, <i>footnote</i>; raid Cherokee refugee +camp on Drywood Creek, <a href="#page213">213</a>-214; everywhere +on Indian frontier, <a href="#page260">260</a>; perpetrate Baxter +Springs Massacre, <a href="#page304">304</a>; are recruiting +stations in certain counties of Missouri, <a href= +"#page304">304</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<br /> +<p>Hadley, Jeremiah: <a href="#page236">236</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Halleck, Henry W: in command of Department of Missouri, <a href= +"#page27">27</a>; plans for Denver, <a href="#page71">71</a>; +disparaging remarks, <a href="#page75">75</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +probable reason for objecting to use of Indians in war, <a href= +"#page75">75</a>, <i>footnote</i>; in charge of Department of +Mississippi, <a href="#page96">96</a>; Lincoln's estimate of, +<a href="#page96">96</a>; instructed regarding First Indian +Expedition, <a href="#page100">100</a>; opposed to arming Indians, +<a href="#page101">101</a>; interested in suppression of jayhawkers +and guerrillas, <a href="#page101">101</a>; well rid of Kansas, +<a href="#page106">106</a>, <i>footnote</i>; disregard of orders +respecting Indian Expedition, <a href="#page109">109</a>; calls for +men, <a href="#page259">259</a></p> +<p>Hallum, John: work cited, <a href="#page149">149</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Halpine, Charles G: <a href="#page96">96</a></p> +<p>Hanly, Thomas B: <a href="#page176">176</a></p> +<p>Hardin, Captain: <a href="#page276">276</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Harlan, David M: <a href="#page232">232</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Harlan, James: <a href="#page214">214</a> and +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Harper's Ferry Investigating Committee: <a href= +"#page226">226</a>-227</p> +<p>Harrell, J.M: work cited in <i>footnotes</i> on pages <a href= +"#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a>, <a href= +"#page188">188</a>, <a href="#page190">190</a>, <a href= +"#page194">194</a>, <a href="#page249">249</a>, <a href= +"#page251">251</a>, <a href="#page284">284</a>, <a href= +"#page289">289</a></p> +<p>Harris, Cyrus: <a href="#page63">63</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Harris, John: <a href="#page207">207</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Harris, J.D: <a href="#page152">152</a></p> +<p>Harrison, J.E: <a href="#page267">267</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Harrison, LaRue: <a href="#page259">259</a></p> +<p>Harrisonville (Mo.): <a href="#page55">55</a></p> +<p>Hart's Company: <a href="#page266">266</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Hart's Spies: <a href="#page153">153</a></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page383" id="page383"></a>[pg +383]</span> +<p>Hay, John: work cited in <i>footnotes</i> on pages <a href= +"#page41">41</a>, <a href="#page45">45</a>, <a href= +"#page96">96</a></p> +<p>Hébert, Louis: <a href="#page34">34</a></p> +<p>Helena (Ark.): <a href="#page283">283</a></p> +<p>Henning, B.S: <a href="#page207">207</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Herndon, W.H: <a href="#page214">214</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Herron, Francis J: <a href="#page249">249</a>, <a href= +"#page260">260</a></p> +<p>Heth, Henry: <a href="#page19">19</a></p> +<p>Hindman, Thomas C: <a href="#page119">119</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +appointment, <a href="#page127">127</a>, <i>footnote</i>; assumes +command of Trans-Mississippi District, <a href="#page128">128</a>, +<a href="#page186">186</a>; disparagement of Pike's command, +<a href="#page128">128</a>, <i>footnote</i>; orders Pike's white +auxiliary to move to Little Rock, <a href="#page147">147</a>; +begins controversy with Pike, <a href="#page156">156</a>; starts +new attack upon Pike, <a href="#page161">161</a>; justification for +treatment of Pike, 162; impossible to be reconciled to Pike, +<a href="#page163">163</a>; withdraws approval of Pike's +resignation, <a href="#page169">169</a>; placed in charge of +District of Arkansas, <a href="#page192">192</a>; appears in +Tahlequah, <a href="#page193">193</a>; summoned by Holmes, <a href= +"#page194">194</a>; instructed to let Pike go free, <a href= +"#page200">200</a>; resorts to save expense, <a href= +"#page247">247</a>; recall demanded by Arkansas delegation, +<a href="#page270">270</a>; associates appraised by, <a href= +"#page270">270</a>, <i>footnote</i>; asks for assignment to Indian +Territory, <a href="#page270">270</a>, <i>footnote</i>; feeds +indigents at cost of army commissary, <a href= +"#page307">307</a></p> +<p>Hitchcock, E.A: <a href="#page98">98</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Ho-go-bo-foh-yah: <a href="#page82">82</a></p> +<p>Holmes, Theophilus H: <a href="#page127">127</a>, +<i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page166">166</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +appointed to command of Trans-Mississippi Department, <a href= +"#page187">187</a>; develops prejudice against Pike, 188; grants +Pike leave of absence, <a href="#page190">190</a>; real reasons for +unfriendliness to Pike, <a href="#page198">198</a>-199; orders +arrest of Pike, <a href="#page199">199</a>; forced to concede +Indian claim to some consideration, <a href="#page200">200</a>; +command placed under supervision of Kirby Smith, <a href= +"#page269">269</a>; relations with Hindman, <a href= +"#page269">269</a>; displacement demanded by Arkansas delegation, +<a href="#page270">270</a>; Price commands in District of Arkansas +during illness, <a href="#page299">299</a>, <i>footnote</i>; not +friend of Steele, <a href="#page311">311</a></p> +<p>Honey Springs (Ark.): <a href="#page288">288</a></p> +<p>Horse Creek (Mo.): <a href="#page145">145</a></p> +<p>Horton, Albert W: <a href="#page230">230</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Hoseca X Maria: <a href="#page65">65</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Hubbard, David: <a href="#page172">172</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Hudson's Crossing (Okla.): <a href="#page126">126</a>, <a href= +"#page143">143</a></p> +<p>Humboldt (Kans.): <a href="#page69">69</a>, <a href= +"#page79">79</a>; proposed headquarters of Neosho Agency, <a href= +"#page52">52</a>; sacked and burnt by marauders, <a href= +"#page53">53</a>; Coffin's account of burning of, <a href= +"#page54">54</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Kansas Seventh ordered to give +relief to refugees, <a href="#page82">82</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +Kansas Tenth at, <a href="#page82">82</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +Jennison with First Kansas Cavalry at, <a href="#page99">99</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Hunter, David: falls back upon Sedalia and Rolla, <a href= +"#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page26">26</a>; in command of +Department of Kansas, <a href="#page27">27</a>, <a href= +"#page65">65</a>-66; Lane places men at disposal, <a href= +"#page41">41</a>, <i>footnote</i>; guards White House, <a href= +"#page45">45</a>, <i>footnote</i>; appointment distasteful to Lane, +<a href="#page66">66</a>-69; stationed at Fort Leavenworth, +<a href="#page69">69</a>, <i>footnote</i>; orders relief of +refugees, <a href="#page73">73</a>, <i>footnote</i>; issues passes +to Indian delegation, <a href="#page73">73</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +interviewed at Planter's House in St. Louis, <a href= +"#page74">74</a>, <i>footnote</i>; friction between Lane and, +<a href="#page74">74</a>-76; suggests mustering in of Kansas +Indians, <a href="#page74">74</a>-75, <i>footnote</i>; Halleck's +strictures upon command, <a href="#page75">75</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +sends relief to refugees, <a href="#page81">81</a>; warns that army +supplies to refugees must cease, <a href="#page83">83</a>; relieved +from command, <a href="#page96">96</a>; troubles mostly due to +local politics, <a href="#page97">97</a></p> +<p>Hutchinson, C.C: <a href="#page55">55</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page212">212</a>, <a href="#page213">213</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<br /> +<p>Illinois Creek: battle of, <a href="#page218">218</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Illinois River: <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href= +"#page312">312</a></p> +<p>Indian Alliance with Confederacy: conditioned by stress of</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page384" id="page384"></a>[pg +384]</span> +<p>circumstances, <a href="#page134">134</a>; Creeks and Choctaws +disgusted with, <a href="#page254">254</a>; Cherokee National +Council revokes, <a href="#page256">256</a>; Indians fear mistake, +<a href="#page273">273</a>-274; effect of Battle of Honey Springs +upon, <a href="#page290">290</a>; strengthened by formation of +Indian league, <a href="#page317">317</a>; revitalized by Maxey's +reforms, <a href="#page326">326</a></p> +<p>Indian Confederacy: formed by Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks, +Seminoles and Caddoes, <a href="#page317">317</a>; Choctaws want +separate from Southern, <a href="#page321">321</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Indian Brigade: formed, <a href="#page144">144</a>; scouting of +component parts of, <a href="#page145">145</a>-146; white troops +ordered to support of, <a href="#page192">192</a>-193; Phillips +given command, <a href="#page249">249</a>; integral parts, <a href= +"#page249">249</a>, <a href="#page250">250</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +assigned service, <a href="#page250">250</a>; regarded by Phillips +as in sad state, <a href="#page251">251</a></p> +<p>Indian Delegation: <a href="#page62">62</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page73">73</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page74">74</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Dole interviewed in Leavenworth, +<a href="#page94">94</a>; Osage wants conference with Great Father, +<a href="#page240">240</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Creek, confers with +Steele, <a href="#page262">262</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Davis +disregards, <a href="#page318">318</a> and <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Indian Home Guards: <i>Fifth Regiment</i>, <a href= +"#page219">219</a> and <i>footnote</i>; <i>First Regiment</i>, +Furnas, colonel commanding, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <a href= +"#page143">143</a>; muster roll, <a href="#page108">108</a>-109, +<i>footnote</i>; composed of Creeks and Seminoles, <a href= +"#page114">114</a>; ordered to take position in vicinity of Vann's +Ford, <a href="#page144">144</a>; demoralization, <a href= +"#page145">145</a>; component part of Phillips's Indian Brigade, +<a href="#page249">249</a>; composed mainly of Creeks, <a href= +"#page251">251</a>; fought dismounted at Honey Springs, <a href= +"#page288">288</a>; <i>Fourth Regiment</i>, <a href= +"#page219">219</a> and <i>footnote</i>; <i>Second Regiment</i>, +<a href="#page125">125</a>; <i>Third Regiment</i>, formation, +<a href="#page132">132</a>; Phillips commissioned colonel of, +<a href="#page132">132</a>; detachment at Fort Gibson, <a href= +"#page144">144</a>; engagement, <a href="#page163">163</a>-164, +<a href="#page194">194</a>, <a href="#page197">197</a>; component +part of Phillips's Indian Brigade, <a href="#page249">249</a>; +largely Cherokee in composition, <a href="#page252">252</a>; +innovations introduced into, <a href="#page252">252</a>; part +placed at Scullyville, <a href="#page325">325</a></p> +<p>Indian Protectorate: <a href="#page175">175</a></p> +<p>Indian Indigents: <a href="#page247">247</a>, <a href= +"#page262">262</a>, <a href="#page307">307</a>-308 and +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Indian Refugees: Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la and his men, <a href= +"#page79">79</a>; numbers justified use of Indian soldiery, +<a href="#page79">79</a>; numbers exaggerated, <a href= +"#page81">81</a>, <a href="#page209">209</a> and <i>footnote</i>; +destitution, <a href="#page81">81</a>; Dr. Campbell ministers to +needs, <a href="#page81">81</a>-82; Seventh Kansas gives relief, +<a href="#page82">82</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Coffin describes +pitiable state, <a href="#page82">82</a> and <i>footnote</i>; Snow +furnishes details of destitution of Seminole, <a href= +"#page83">83</a>, <i>footnote</i>; army supplies to be +discontinued, <a href="#page83">83</a>; Kile made special +distributing agent, <a href="#page84">84</a>; much-diseased, +<a href="#page85">85</a>; hominy, chief food, <a href= +"#page85">85</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Neosho Valley selected as +suitable place for, <a href="#page86">86</a>; complain of +treatment, <a href="#page87">87</a>; Collamore and Jones +investigate condition, <a href="#page87">87</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +unwilling to remove to Sac and Fox reservation, <a href= +"#page88">88</a> and <i>footnote</i>; Creek request appointment of +Carruth as agent, <a href="#page89">89</a>; manifest confidence in +Lane's power, <a href="#page94">94</a>; unassuaged grief, <a href= +"#page95">95</a>; subsistence becomes matter of serious moment, +<a href="#page99">99</a>; Congress applies Indian annuity money to +support of, <a href="#page99">99</a>; want to assist in recovery of +Indian Territory, <a href="#page99">99</a>; to furnish troops for +First Indian Expedition, <a href="#page100">100</a>; Halleck +opposed to arming of, <a href="#page101">101</a>; Blunt advises +early return to own country, <a href="#page136">136</a>; numbers +increase as result of Salomon's retrograde movement, <a href= +"#page146">146</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page203">203</a>; +Blunt promises to restore to homes, <a href="#page196">196</a>, +<a href="#page203">203</a>; of Neosho Agency, <a href= +"#page204">204</a>-207 and <i>footnotes</i>; Creek offered home by +Osages, <a href="#page207">207</a> and <i>footnote</i>; conditions +among, <a href="#page208">208</a>; Cherokee on Drywood Creek, +<a href="#page209">209</a>; distributed over Sac and Fox +Agency,</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page385" id="page385"></a>[pg +385]</span> +<p><a href="#page212">212</a>-213; collect on Neutral Lands, +<a href="#page213">213</a> and <i>footnote</i>; camp of Cherokee +raided by guerrillas, <a href="#page213">213</a>-214; Harland and +Proctor to look out for, at Neosho, <a href="#page214">214</a>; +claim of Sacs and Foxes against Creek, <a href="#page235">235</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; Phillips's reasons for returning to homes, 258; at +Neosho returned to homes, <a href="#page273">273</a> and +<i>footnote</i>; cattle stolen, <a href="#page274">274</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; on return journey preyed upon by compatriots, +<a href="#page332">332</a></p> +<p>Indian Representation in Confederate Congress: <a href= +"#page180">180</a>, <a href="#page279">279</a>, <a href= +"#page298">298</a>-299, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Indian Soldiers (Confederate): as Home Guard, 23-24; as possible +guerrillas to prey upon Kansas, <a href="#page23">23</a> and +<i>footnote</i>; as corps of observation, <a href="#page25">25</a>; +refuse to move until paid, <a href="#page27">27</a>; conduct at +Battle of Pea Ridge, <a href="#page30">30</a>-33; not included in +Van Dorn's scheme of things, <a href="#page35">35</a>; Van Dorn +orders return to own country, <a href="#page35">35</a>; order to +cut off supplies from Missouri and Kansas, <a href= +"#page35">35</a>-36; may be rewarded by Pike, <a href= +"#page36">36</a>; Pike's report on activity, <a href= +"#page112">112</a>; Hindman's appraisement, <a href= +"#page128">128</a>, <i>footnote</i>; stigma attaching to use, +<a href="#page148">148</a>, <i>footnote</i>; organized in military +way for own protection, <a href="#page159">159</a>; do scouting, +<a href="#page163">163</a>; Smith to raise and command certain, +<a href="#page173">173</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Pike to receive five +companies from Seminoles, <a href="#page173">173</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; Leeper to enlist from Reserve tribes, <a href= +"#page173">173</a>-174, <i>footnote</i>; Cooper calls from all +Indian nations, <a href="#page174">174</a>, <i>footnote</i>; as +Home Guard, <a href="#page189">189</a>; privations and desertions, +<a href="#page200">200</a>; threw away guns at Battle of Honey +Springs, <a href="#page288">288</a>; recruiting, <a href= +"#page317">317</a>, <a href="#page319">319</a>; results under best +conditions, <a href="#page326">326</a>-327; consider +reënlistment, <a href="#page328">328</a>; recognition of +services, 330</p> +<p>Indian Soldiers (Federal): feasibility of, <a href= +"#page50">50</a>, <a href="#page57">57</a>; Frémont and +Robinson not in favor of, <a href="#page57">57</a>; Hunter suggests +making, out of Kansas tribes, <a href="#page74">74</a>-75, +<i>footnote</i>; Stanton refuses to employ, <a href= +"#page76">76</a> and <i>footnote</i>; use justified, <a href= +"#page79">79</a>; economy, <a href="#page99">99</a>; to form larger +part of First Indian Expedition, <a href="#page100">100</a>; +Halleck opposed to, <a href="#page101">101</a>, <a href= +"#page102">102</a>; Dole instructs officers to report at Fort +Leavenworth, <a href="#page102">102</a>, <i>footnote</i>; necessary +equipment, <a href="#page109">109</a>; final preparations, <a href= +"#page121">121</a>; appearance, <a href="#page123">123</a> and +<i>footnote</i>; excellent for scouting, <a href= +"#page125">125</a>; at Locust Grove, <a href="#page131">131</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; accused of outrages committed by white men, +<a href="#page135">135</a>, <i>footnote</i>; do scouting, <a href= +"#page163">163</a>; tribute of praise for, <a href= +"#page195">195</a>, <i>footnote</i>; made part of Army of Frontier, +<a href="#page196">196</a>; diverted to service in Missouri, +<a href="#page196">196</a>; desertions, <a href="#page203">203</a> +and <i>footnote</i>; do well at Cane Hill and Prairie Grove, +<a href="#page218">218</a>-219; disposed to take leave of absence, +<a href="#page252">252</a>; to help secure Indian Territory, +<a href="#page294">294</a>; negro regiment compared with Indian, +<a href="#page295">295</a></p> +<p>Indian Springs (Ga.): treaty, <a href="#page255">255</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Indian Territory: McCulloch expected to secure, <a href= +"#page15">15</a>; included within Trans-Mississippi District, +<a href="#page20">20</a>; troops of, <a href="#page25">25</a>; Pike +to endeavour to maintain, <a href="#page36">36</a>; attack, from, +expected, <a href="#page48">48</a>; Frémont calls for aid, +<a href="#page48">48</a>; situation delicate, <a href= +"#page59">59</a>-60; left destitute of protection, <a href= +"#page60">60</a>; Hunter's suggestion, <a href="#page75">75</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; first refugees from, <a href="#page79">79</a>; +"home," 93; early return promised, <a href="#page94">94</a>; +expeditions to recover, projected, <a href="#page95">95</a> and +<i>footnote</i>; refugees want to recover, <a href= +"#page99">99</a>; Stand Watie returns into, <a href= +"#page113">113</a>; Carruth and Martin to take note of conditions +in, <a href="#page122">122</a> and <i>footnote</i>; Pike's force +for defence of, exclusively, <a href="#page129">129</a>; Indian +Brigade holding its own there, <a href="#page146">146</a>; Pike's +Indian force ordered to northern</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page386" id="page386"></a>[pg +386]</span> +<p>border, <a href="#page148">148</a>; Pike attempts justification +of retirement to southern part, <a href="#page151">151</a>; Pike +declares Indian officers peers of white, <a href= +"#page158">158</a>-159; defence regarded by Pike as chief duty, +<a href="#page159">159</a>; strategic importance not unappreciated +by Confederate government, <a href="#page171">171</a>; attached for +judicial purposes to western district of Arkansas, <a href= +"#page177">177</a>; Confederate government fails to carry out +promise, <a href="#page177">177</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Pike advises +complete separation of, <a href="#page179">179</a>; Scott to +investigate conditions in, <a href="#page181">181</a>; Pike returns +to, <a href="#page190">190</a>; included within District of +Arkansas, <a href="#page192">192</a>; guerrilla warfare in, +suppressed, <a href="#page194">194</a>; Federals in undisputed +possession of, <a href="#page198">198</a>; Holmes exploiting, +<a href="#page199">199</a>; Indian alliance valuable, <a href= +"#page201">201</a>; Absentee Shawnees expelled from, <a href= +"#page205">205</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Blunt advises speedy return of +refugees, <a href="#page209">209</a>; Confederates plan recovery, +<a href="#page218">218</a>; Lane introduces resolution for adding, +to Kansas, <a href="#page223">223</a>; Dole objects to regular +territorial form of government in, <a href="#page223">223</a>; +Kansas tribes willing to exchange lands for homes in, <a href= +"#page227">227</a>; project for concentration of tribes in, +<a href="#page230">230</a>, <i>footnote</i>; negotiations for +removal of Kansas tribes to, <a href="#page231">231</a>; depletion +of resources, <a href="#page245">245</a>, <a href= +"#page247">247</a>; organized as separate military command, +<a href="#page245">245</a> and <i>footnote</i>; troops to be all +unmounted,## 247; advertised as lost to Confederate cause, <a href= +"#page250">250</a>; conception of responsibility to, <a href= +"#page253">253</a>; Phillips's plans for recovery not at present +practicable, <a href="#page257">257</a>; strategic importance +unappreciated by Halleck and Curtis, <a href="#page259">259</a>; +Curtis to take consequences of giving up <a href= +"#page259">259</a>; privilege of writ of <i>habeas corpus</i> +suspended in, <a href="#page269">269</a>; Hindman asks for +assignment to, <a href="#page270">270</a>, <i>footnote</i>; is mere +buffer, <a href="#page276">276</a>; Cooper poses as friend of, +<a href="#page278">278</a>, <a href="#page300">300</a>; Creeks +complaint to Davis, <a href="#page279">279</a>; Confederate +operations confined to attacks upon supply trains, <a href= +"#page283">283</a>; removal of all Kansas Indians to, <a href= +"#page294">294</a>; roads and highways in, <a href= +"#page295">295</a>-296, <i>footnote</i>; necessary to Confederacy, +<a href="#page298">298</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Scott enters, <a href= +"#page300">300</a>; command devolved upon Cooper, <a href= +"#page303">303</a>; made distinct from Arkansas, <a href= +"#page303">303</a>; Magruder wants attached to District of Texas, +<a href="#page306">306</a>, <i>footnote</i>; war measures applied +to, <a href="#page308">308</a>-309; Maxey in command of, <a href= +"#page311">311</a>; Indian Home Guards only Federal forces in, +<a href="#page312">312</a>; granary of Trans-Mississippi +Department, <a href="#page315">315</a>; Boudinot's suggestions +regarding, <a href="#page317">317</a>, <i>footnote</i>; council +requests be made separate department, <a href="#page318">318</a>; +Davis objects, <a href="#page318">318</a>-319; included within +restored Department of Kansas, <a href="#page321">321</a>; Phillips +starts upon expedition through, <a href="#page322">322</a>; Price +asks for loan of troops from, 326; strategic importance of, +<a href="#page331">331</a>; scandalous performances in, <a href= +"#page333">333</a></p> +<p>Indian Trust Funds: <a href="#page173">173</a>-174</p> +<p>Indians of Plains: regarding alliance with, <a href= +"#page320">320</a>, <a href="#page335">335</a>; harass Kansas and +Colorado, <a href="#page320">320</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page335">335</a></p> +<p>Interior Department: <a href="#page73">73</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page105">105</a> and <i>footnote</i>; profiteering among +employees, <a href="#page208">208</a>; Lane and Wilder make +request, <a href="#page230">230</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Inter-tribal Council: at Leroy, <a href="#page62">62</a>-69, +<i>footnotes</i>; Lane's plans for at headquarters, <a href= +"#page69">69</a>; Leroy selected as the place for, <a href= +"#page69">69</a>; sessions of, <a href="#page69">69</a>-70; +Hunter's plans for, at Fort Leavenworth, <a href="#page70">70</a>, +<a href="#page74">74</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Lane orders transfer to +Fort Scott, <a href="#page74">74</a>, <i>footnote</i>; at Belmont, +<a href="#page237">237</a>, <i>footnote</i>; at Armstrong Academy, +<a href="#page317">317</a>, <a href="#page320">320</a>, <a href= +"#page323">323</a></p> +<p>Iola (Kans.): <a href="#page88">88</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +Doubleday concentrates near, <a href="#page120">120</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; Osages advance as far as, <a href= +"#page207">207</a> <i>footnote</i></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page387" id="page387"></a>[pg +387]</span> +<p>Ionies: <a href="#page274">274</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Iowas: <a href="#page77">77</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Ironeyes: <a href="#page115">115</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Iroquois: <a href="#page79">79</a></p> +<br /> +<p>Jackson, Claiborne: <a href="#page16">16</a>, <a href= +"#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page50">50</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Jackson County (Mo.): <a href="#page304">304</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Jacksonport (Ark.): <a href="#page25">25</a></p> +<p>Jan-neh: <a href="#page109">109</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Jayhawkers: <a href="#page41">41</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page97">97</a>, <a href="#page101">101</a>, <a href= +"#page251">251</a>, <a href="#page266">266</a>, <a href= +"#page268">268</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page269">269</a>, +<a href="#page273">273</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Jayhawking Expedition: <a href="#page73">73</a>, <i>footnote</i> +<a href="#page274">274</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Jennison, C.R: <a href="#page50">50</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page52">52</a>, <i>footnote</i> <a href="#page99">99</a>, +<i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page104">104</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Jewell, Lewis R: <a href="#page131">131</a></p> +<p>Jim Ned: <a href="#page274">274</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Jim Pockmark: <a href="#page65">65</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>John Jumper: in command of Creek and Seminole Battalion, +<a href="#page25">25</a>; on side of Confederacy, <a href= +"#page62">62</a>, <i>footnote</i>; ordered to take Fort Larned, +<a href="#page112">112</a>; Seminole Battalion in motion toward +Salt Plains, <a href="#page152">152</a>; honour conferred upon, by +Provisional Congress, <a href="#page174">174</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +renegade members from Seminole Battalion of, involved in tragedy at +Wichita Agency, <a href="#page183">183</a>; loyal to Pike, <a href= +"#page200">200</a>; member of delegation to Davis, <a href= +"#page318">318</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Phillips sends communication +to, <a href="#page323">323</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>John Ross <i>Papers</i>: work cited, <a href="#page28">28</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Johnson and Grimes: <a href="#page308">308</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Johnson, F: <a href="#page207">207</a> and <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page211">211</a></p> +<p>Johnson, Robert W: <a href="#page24">24</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page25">25</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page175">175</a>, <a href="#page176">176</a></p> +<p>Johnson County (Kans.): <a href="#page204">204</a>, <a href= +"#page235">235</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Johnston, Albert Sidney: <a href="#page14">14</a>, +<i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page19">19</a> and <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page26">26</a></p> +<p>Joint Committee on Conduct of War: <a href="#page33">33</a>, +<a href="#page33">33</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Jones, Evan: <a href="#page64">64</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page73">73</a>, <i>footnote</i>; investigates conditions among +refugees, <a href="#page87">87</a>, <i>footnote</i>; accompanies +Weer, <a href="#page121">121</a>; entrusted with confidential +message to John Ross, <a href="#page121">121</a>-122; pleads for +justice to Indians, <a href="#page225">225</a> and <i>footnote</i>; +offers to negotiate about Neutral Lands, <a href= +"#page231">231</a></p> +<p>Jones, J.T: <a href="#page213">213</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Jones, Robert M: <a href="#page180">180</a> and +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Jon-neh: <a href="#page108">108</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Jordan, A.M: <a href="#page214">214</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Jordan, Thomas: <a href="#page128">128</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Journal of the Confederate Congress: work cited in +<i>footnotes</i> on pages <a href="#page172">172</a>, <a href= +"#page173">173</a>, <a href="#page174">174</a>, <a href= +"#page175">175</a>, <a href="#page278">278</a></p> +<p>Judson, William R: <a href="#page134">134</a>; in charge of +Second Brigade of First Indian Expedition, <a href= +"#page125">125</a></p> +<br /> +<p>Kansans: fighting methods, <a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href= +"#page44">44</a>; implacable and dreaded foes of Missouri, <a href= +"#page18">18</a>; fears attack from direction of Indian Territory, +<a href="#page48">48</a>; profiteering among, <a href= +"#page208">208</a>; covet Indian lands, <a href="#page221">221</a>, +<a href="#page224">224</a></p> +<p>Kansas: Indians on predatory expeditions into, <a href= +"#page23">23</a>; Indians to form battalion, <a href= +"#page23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Indians to cut off supplies +from, <a href="#page35">35</a>-36; bill for admission signed by +Buchanan, <a href="#page41">41</a>; exposed to danger, <a href= +"#page45">45</a>; troops called to Missouri, <a href= +"#page48">48</a>; Price has no immediate intention of invading, +<a href="#page52">52</a>; Indian enlistment, <a href= +"#page57">57</a>; likely to be menaced by Southern Indians, +<a href="#page61">61</a>; Territory, <a href="#page70">70</a>; +refugees afflicted sorely, <a href="#page93">93</a>; desire to +recover Indian Territory, <a href="#page95">95</a>; Halpine makes +derogatory remarks about, <a href="#page96">96</a>; not desired in +Halleck's command, <a href="#page96">96</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +revolution to have been expected, <a href="#page104">104</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; Pike's Indians to repel invasion of Indian +Territory from, <a href="#page148">148</a>; Pike tries to prevent +cattle-driving to, <a href="#page173">173</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +failure of corn crop in southern part, <a href="#page209">209</a>; +people want refugees removed from southern, <a href= +"#page212">212</a>; refugees</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page388" id="page388"></a>[pg +388]</span> +<p>plundering in, <a href="#page218">218</a>; resolution for +extending southern boundary, <a href="#page223">223</a>; +proposition to confederate tribes of Nebraska and of, <a href= +"#page227">227</a>; negotiations begun to relieve, of Indian +encumbrance, <a href="#page228">228</a>; project to concentrate +tribes of, in Indian Territory, <a href="#page230">230</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; negotiations with tribes of, <a href= +"#page231">231</a>; political squabbles, <a href= +"#page249">249</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Wells's command on western +frontier, <a href="#page267">267</a>, <i>footnote</i>; stolen +property brought into, <a href="#page273">273</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +Steele plans to invade, <a href="#page286">286</a>; advisability of +making raid considered, <a href="#page320">320</a>; Stand Watie +contemplates an invasion, <a href="#page332">332</a> Kansas +Brigade: <i>See Lane's Kansas Brigade</i> Kansas Legislature: +<a href="#page42">42</a>, <a href="#page71">71</a>, +<i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page225">225</a> Kansas Militia: +<a href="#page50">50</a>, <i>footnote</i> Kansas River: <a href= +"#page206">206</a> Kansas Seventh: <a href="#page82">82</a>, +<i>footnote</i> Kansas-Nebraska Bill: <a href="#page17">17</a>, +<a href="#page44">44</a> Kansas Tenth: <a href="#page82">82</a>, +<i>footnote</i> Kaws: <a href="#page226">226</a>, <a href= +"#page236">236</a> and <i>footnote</i> Kaw Agency (Kans.): <a href= +"#page55">55</a>, <a href="#page205">205</a> Kechees (Keeches?): +<a href="#page115">115</a>, <i>footnote</i> Ke-Had-A-Wah: <a href= +"#page65">65</a>, <i>footnote</i> Keith, O.B: <a href= +"#page230">230</a> Ketchum, W. Scott: <a href="#page119">119</a>, +<i>footnote</i> Kickapoos: reported almost unanimously loyal to +U.S, <a href="#page66">66</a>, <i>footnote</i>; in First Indian +Expedition, <a href="#page115">115</a>, <i>footnote</i>; implicated +in tragedy at Wichita Agency, <a href="#page183">183</a>; +fraudulent negotiation with, <a href="#page230">230</a> and +<i>footnote</i>; confer with Carruth, <a href="#page274">274</a>, +<i>footnote</i> Kile, William: special agent to refugees, <a href= +"#page84">84</a>; refuses appointment as quartermaster, <a href= +"#page115">115</a>, <i>footnote</i>; misunderstanding with Ritchie, +<a href="#page115">115</a>, <i>footnote</i>; estrangement between +Coffin and, <a href="#page208">208</a> and <i>footnote</i>; +resignation, <a href="#page208">208</a>, <i>footnote</i>; advises +speedy return of refugees, <a href="#page209">209</a> Killebrew, +James: <a href="#page50">50</a>, <i>footnote</i> King, John: +<a href="#page269">269</a>, <i>footnote</i> Kininola: <a href= +"#page65">65</a>, <i>footnote</i> Kiowas: <a href= +"#page112">112</a>; select home on Elk Creek, <a href= +"#page153">153</a>; friendly, <a href="#page153">153</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; confer with Carruth, <a href="#page274">274</a>, +<i>footnote</i> Knights of Golden Circle: <a href= +"#page111">111</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<br /> +<p>Lane, H.S: <a href="#page146">146</a>, <i>footnote</i> Lane, +James Henry: character, <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href= +"#page56">56</a>; enthusiasm, <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href= +"#page49">49</a>; influence with Lincoln, <a href= +"#page41">41</a>-42; elected senator from Kansas, <a href= +"#page42">42</a>; accepts colonelcy and begins recruiting, <a href= +"#page43">43</a>; not to be taken as type, <a href= +"#page45">45</a>; redoubles efforts for organizing brigade, +<a href="#page49">49</a>; empowered to recruit, <a href= +"#page50">50</a>; conceives idea of utilizing Indians, <a href= +"#page50">50</a>, <a href="#page57">57</a>; abandons Fort Scott, +<a href="#page52">52</a>; throws up breastworks at Fort Lincoln, +<a href="#page52">52</a>; proceeds to seek revenge in spite of +Robinson's opposition, <a href="#page55">55</a>; burns Osceola, +<a href="#page55">55</a>; attitude towards slavery, <a href= +"#page56">56</a>; suggests re-organization of military districts on +frontier, <a href="#page58">58</a>; disconcerted by appointment of +Hunter, <a href="#page66">66</a>-69; plans for inter-tribal +council, <a href="#page69">69</a>; Denver had measured swords with, +<a href="#page70">70</a>; control over Federal patronage in Kansas, +<a href="#page71">71</a>; nominated brigadier-general, <a href= +"#page71">71</a>; friction between Hunter and, <a href= +"#page74">74</a>-76; instructed by anti-Coffin conspirators, +<a href="#page88">88</a>, <i>footnote</i>; protests to Lincoln +against appointment of Denver, <a href="#page97">97</a>; succeeds +in preventing appointment of Denver, <a href="#page98">98</a>; +responsible for Blunt's promotion, <a href="#page107">107</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; Phillips appointed on staff, 126, <i>footnote</i>; +endorses request of Agent Johnson, <a href="#page207">207</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; introduces resolution for extending southern +boundary of Kansas, <a href="#page223">223</a>; denounces Stevens +as defaulter, <a href="#page226">226</a>, <i>footnote</i>; opposed +to Gamble, Schofield, and Curtis, <a href="#page249">249</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; belongs to party of</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page389" id="page389"></a>[pg +389]</span> +<p><i>Extremists</i>, <a href="#page305">305</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +requests that Blunt be summoned to Washington for conference, +<a href="#page322">322</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Lane, W.P: <a href="#page266">266</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Lane's Kansas Brigade: <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href= +"#page43">43</a>, <a href="#page49">49</a>, <a href= +"#page51">51</a>, <a href="#page58">58</a>, <a href= +"#page59">59</a>, <a href="#page71">71</a>; relation to Hunter's +command, <a href="#page72">72</a> and <i>footnote</i>; marauding +committed, <a href="#page75">75</a>, <i>footnote</i>; prospective +Indian element dispensed with, <a href="#page77">77</a></p> +<p>Lawler, J.J: <a href="#page204">204</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Lawrence (Kans.): <a href="#page62">62</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page73">73</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Quantrill's raid upon, +<a href="#page238">238</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Dole detained by raid +upon, <a href="#page239">239</a></p> +<p>Lawrenceburg (Ind.): <a href="#page43">43</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Lawrence <i>Republican</i>: <a href="#page58">58</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Leased District (Okla.): <a href="#page181">181</a>-182, +<a href="#page198">198</a></p> +<p>Leavenworth <i>Daily Conservative</i>: <a href="#page58">58</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Lee, Robert E: <a href="#page186">186</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page187">187</a></p> +<p>Lee, R.W: <a href="#page307">307</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Leeper, Matthew: authorized to enlist men, <a href= +"#page173">173</a>, <i>footnote</i>; departs for Texas, <a href= +"#page183">183</a>; murder, <a href="#page183">183</a></p> +<p>Leetown (Ark.): <a href="#page30">30</a>, <a href= +"#page31">31</a></p> +<p>Leroy (Kans.): <a href="#page86">86</a>, <a href= +"#page229">229</a>, <a href="#page239">239</a> and <i>footnote</i>; +arrangements for keeping cattle, <a href="#page54">54</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; Lane builds stockades, <a href="#page55">55</a>; +council held by Cutler at, <a href="#page62">62</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; substituted for Humboldt as place for council, +<a href="#page69">69</a>; sessions of council, <a href= +"#page69">69</a>-70; Indian Brigade left, for Humboldt, <a href= +"#page115">115</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Weer returns to, <a href= +"#page121">121</a>; some Quapaws at, <a href="#page204">204</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; Osages at, <a href="#page207">207</a>; Blunt +thinks refugees not properly cared for, <a href="#page215">215</a>; +Dole negotiates with Osages at, <a href="#page239">239</a> and +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Lexington (Mo.): <a href="#page52">52</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page55">55</a></p> +<p>Limestone Gap: <a href="#page111">111</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Limestone Prairie: <a href="#page328">328</a></p> +<p>Lincoln, Abraham: <a href="#page71">71</a>, <a href= +"#page72">72</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page211">211</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; suggests Hunter's falling back, <a href= +"#page13">13</a>; calls for volunteers, <a href="#page41">41</a>; +approached by Phelps and Blair, <a href="#page49">49</a>; +popularity asserted, <a href="#page54">54</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +fears Frémont's supineness, <a href="#page56">56</a>; Lane +urged to seek interview with, <a href="#page58">58</a>; appointment +of Cameron mistake, <a href="#page60">60</a>; attention solicited +by Dole, <a href="#page61">61</a>; sickness in family, <a href= +"#page76">76</a>, <i>footnote</i>; refugees appeal to, <a href= +"#page87">87</a> and <i>footnote</i>; estimate of Halleck, <a href= +"#page96">96</a>; protests to, against appointment of Denver, +<a href="#page97">97</a>; wires Halleck to defer assignment of +Denver, <a href="#page97">97</a>-98; responsible for Blunt's +promotion, <a href="#page107">107</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Ross to +intercede with, <a href="#page192">192</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +inquires into practicability of occupying Cherokee country, +<a href="#page216">216</a>; selects Schofield to succeed Curtis, +<a href="#page260">260</a>; Amnesty Proclamation distributed among +Indians, <a href="#page322">322</a></p> +<p>Lindsay's Prairie: <a href="#page216">216</a></p> +<p>Linn County (Kans.): <a href="#page101">101</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Lipans: <a href="#page274">274</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Little Arkansas River: <a href="#page275">275</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Little Bear: <a href="#page240">240</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Little Bear Band of Osages: <a href="#page238">238</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Little Blue River (Okla.): <a href="#page151">151</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Little Boggy (Okla.): <a href="#page112">112</a></p> +<p>Little Osage River: <a href="#page45">45</a>, <a href= +"#page52">52</a></p> +<p>Little Rock (Ark.): <a href="#page36">36</a>, <a href= +"#page63">63</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page190">190</a>; Van +Dorn assumes command at, <a href="#page25">25</a>; Hindman assumes +command at, <a href="#page128">128</a>; Hindman orders Pike to move +part of forces to, <a href="#page147">147</a>; Scott endeavours to +interview Holmes in, <a href="#page299">299</a></p> +<p>Livermore, William Roscoe: work cited in <i>footnotes</i> on +<a href="#page260">260</a>, <a href="#page269">269</a>, <a href= +"#page270">270</a></p> +<p>Locust Grove (Okla.): skirmish at, <a href="#page33">33</a>, +<a href="#page131">131</a>-132; Clarkson's commissary captured at, +<a href="#page138">138</a>; defeat of Confederates at, counted +heavily against Pike, <a href="#page161">161</a></p> +<p>Lo-ka-la-chi-ha-go: <a href="#page109">109</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Lo-ga-po-koh: <a href="#page109">109</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Long Tiger: <a href="#page103">103</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page390" id="page390"></a>[pg +390]</span> +<p>Longtown Creek (Okla.): <a href="#page295">295</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Louisiana: portion included within Trans-Mississippi District, +<a href="#page20">20</a>; requisition upon, for troops, <a href= +"#page25">25</a>; portion included within Trans-Mississippi +Department, <a href="#page192">192</a> and <i>footnote</i>; +western, detached from Trans-Mississippi Department, <a href= +"#page246">246</a></p> +<p>Love, William DeLoss: work cited in <i>footnotes</i> on pages +<a href="#page118">118</a>, <a href="#page138">138</a></p> +<p>Lower Creeks: <a href="#page62">62</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Lyon, Nathaniel: work to be repeated, <a href="#page14">14</a>; +insight into Indian character, <a href="#page48">48</a>; death, +<a href="#page49">49</a></p> +<br /> +<p>McClellan, George B: <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href= +"#page75">75</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page96">96</a></p> +<p>McClish, Fraser: <a href="#page62">62</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>McCulloch, Ben: refuses to coöperate with Price, <a href= +"#page14">14</a>, <a href="#page56">56</a>; takes position in +Arkansas, <a href="#page15">15</a>; relations with leading +Confederates in Arkansas and Missouri, <a href="#page16">16</a>; +little in common with Price, <a href="#page17">17</a>; indifference +towards Missouri, <a href="#page18">18</a>; proceeds to Richmond to +discuss matters in controversy, <a href="#page19">19</a>; driven +back into northwestern Arkansas, <a href="#page26">26</a>; death, +<a href="#page31">31</a>, <a href="#page34">34</a>; had approved of +using Indians against Kansas, <a href="#page31">31</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; commission from, found on John Matthews, <a href= +"#page54">54</a>, <i>footnote</i>; had diverted Pike's supplies, +<a href="#page147">147</a>-148</p> +<p>McCulloch, Henry E: in command of Northern Sub-district of +Texas, <a href="#page302">302</a>; opinion of conditions in Indian +Territory, <a href="#page306">306</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>McCurtain, J: <a href="#page312">312</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>McDaniel, James: <a href="#page231">231</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>McDonald, Hugh: <a href="#page173">173</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>McGee's Residence: <a href="#page47">47</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>McIntosh, Chilly: <a href="#page25">25</a>, <a href= +"#page62">62</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page152">152</a></p> +<p>McIntosh, D.N: colonel in command of First Creek Regiment, +<a href="#page25">25</a>; arrives at Camp Stephens, <a href= +"#page32">32</a>; under orders to advance up Verdigris toward Santa +Fé road, <a href="#page152">152</a>; conduct as commander, +<a href="#page285">285</a>, <i>footnote</i>; commanded First and +Second Creek at Honey Springs, <a href="#page288">288</a></p> +<p>McIntosh, James: <a href="#page29">29</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +death, <a href="#page31">31</a>, <a href="#page34">34</a>; defeated +Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la in Battle of Chustenahlah, <a href= +"#page79">79</a></p> +<p>McIntosh, Unee: <a href="#page62">62</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>McIntosh, William: <a href="#page255">255</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Mackey's Salt Works (Okla.): <a href="#page325">325</a></p> +<p>McNeil, John: <a href="#page297">297</a> and <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page305">305</a></p> +<p>Magazine Mountains: <a href="#page266">266</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Magruder, John Bankhead: to command Trans-Mississippi +Department, <a href="#page186">186</a>; delay, <a href= +"#page186">186</a>, <i>footnote</i>; appointment, rescinded, +<a href="#page187">187</a>; orders Bankhead to Steele's assistance, +<a href="#page291">291</a>-292; proposes consolidation of commands +for recovery of Forts Smith and Gibson, <a href="#page302">302</a>; +tries to deprive Steele of white force, <a href="#page306">306</a>, +<a href="#page311">311</a>, <i>footnote</i>; wants Indian Territory +attached to Texas, <a href="#page306">306</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Manypenny, George W: <a href="#page221">221</a></p> +<p>Marmaduke, John S: <a href="#page251">251</a>, <a href= +"#page327">327</a></p> +<p>Marston, B.W: <a href="#page329">329</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Marque and Reprisal Law: <a href="#page21">21</a></p> +<p>Martial Law: <a href="#page162">162</a> and <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Martin, George W: work cited, <a href="#page59">59</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Martin, H.W: entrusted with mission by Coffin, <a href= +"#page122">122</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page133">133</a>; +opinion regarding refugees, <a href="#page209">209</a>, <a href= +"#page217">217</a>-218; arrangements for inter-tribal council, +<a href="#page273">273</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Martin's Regiment: <a href="#page308">308</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Marysville (Okla.): <a href="#page112">112</a></p> +<p>Matthews, John: incensing Osages and Cherokees against U.S. +government, <a href="#page47">47</a>, <i>footnote</i>; death, +<a href="#page53">53</a> and <i>footnote</i>; had commission from +McCuIloch, <a href="#page54">54</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Maxey, Samuel B: assigned to command of Indian Territory, +<a href="#page311">311</a>; project for sweeping reforms, <a href= +"#page315">315</a> and <i>footnote</i>; delivers address at +Armstrong Academy council, <a href="#page320">320</a></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page391" id="page391"></a>[pg +391]</span> +<p>and <i>footnote</i>; thinks Indians best adapted for irregular +warfare, <a href="#page326">326</a>; coöperates with Price +willingly, <a href="#page326">326</a>-327; rulings, <a href= +"#page329">329</a>-330, <i>footnote</i>; sets up printing-press for +propaganda work, <a href="#page330">330</a>; speaks in own defense, +<a href="#page334">334</a>; superseded by Cooper, <a href= +"#page334">334</a></p> +<p>Maysville (Ark.): <a href="#page131">131</a>, <a href= +"#page197">197</a></p> +<p>Maremec River (Mo.): <a href="#page27">27</a></p> +<p>Methodist Episcopal Church South: <a href="#page236">236</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Mexican War: <a href="#page70">70</a>; Roane's conduct in, +criticised by Pike, <a href="#page149">149</a></p> +<p>Mexico: Lane in, <a href="#page42">42</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +teams hauling cotton to, <a href="#page266">266</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Miamies: <a href="#page77">77</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Mico Hatki: <a href="#page62">62</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page64">64</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page108">108</a>, +<i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page234">234</a></p> +<p>Middle Boggy (Okla.): <a href="#page152">152</a>, <a href= +"#page296">296</a></p> +<p>Miles, W. Porcher: <a href="#page278">278</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Mills, James K.: <a href="#page113">113</a></p> +<p>Mississippi River: <a href="#page14">14</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page26">26</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page34">34</a>, <a href="#page268">268</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Missouri: <a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page173">173</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; decisive result of Battle of Pea Ridge, <a href= +"#page13">13</a>; expected Confederacy to force situation for her, +<a href="#page18">18</a>; requisition upon, for troops, <a href= +"#page25">25</a>; relief planned by Van Dorn, <a href= +"#page26">26</a>, <a href="#page34">34</a>; Indians to cut off +supplies from, <a href="#page35">35</a>; fight for, on border, +<a href="#page43">43</a>-44; troops from Kansas called to, <a href= +"#page48">48</a>; Denver served in, <a href="#page70">70</a>; +activity of secessionists, <a href="#page110">110</a>; Payton, +senator from, <a href="#page176">176</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Hindman +and others plan to reënter southwest, <a href= +"#page194">194</a>, <a href="#page218">218</a>; Delaware +Reservation not far distant from, <a href="#page206">206</a>; +Martin refuses to consider refugees living upon impoverished people +of, <a href="#page217">217</a>-218; political squabbles in, +<a href="#page249">249</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Watie succeeds in +entering southwestern, <a href="#page312">312</a>; Boudinot +suggests arrangements for, <a href="#page317">317</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Missouri Commandery: work cited, <a href="#page148">148</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Missouri River: <a href="#page53">53</a></p> +<p>Missouri State Guard: <a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href= +"#page158">158</a></p> +<p>Missouri State Guards: Eighth Division, <a href= +"#page130">130</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Missourians: customary fighting methods during period of border +warfare, <a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page44">44</a>; +refugee, in Lane's Kansas Brigade, <a href="#page51">51</a>; +inroads resented by various tribes, <a href="#page77">77</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; intent upon ignoring First Indian Expedition, +<a href="#page119">119</a>, <i>footnote</i>; battalion of, at +Locust Grove, <a href="#page131">131</a></p> +<p>Mitchell, Robert B: appointment by Robinson, <a href= +"#page46">46</a>, <i>footnote</i>; raises volunteers to go against +Indians, <a href="#page46">46</a>, <i>footnote</i>; needed by +Halleck, <a href="#page101">101</a> and <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Mix, Charles E: <a href="#page52">52</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page60">60</a>, <a href="#page208">208</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>"Moderates": <a href="#page304">304</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Mograin, Charles: <a href="#page207">207</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page241">241</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Moneka: <a href="#page46">46</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Montgomery, James: <a href="#page15">15</a> and <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page45">45</a>, <a href="#page53">53</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Moonlight, Thomas: <a href="#page322">322</a></p> +<p>Moore, Charles: <a href="#page206">206</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Moore, Frank: work cited in <i>footnotes</i> on pages <a href= +"#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page84">84</a>, <a href= +"#page135">135</a>, <a href="#page184">184</a>, <a href= +"#page257">257</a>, <a href="#page287">287</a></p> +<p>Moore, Thomas O: <a href="#page192">192</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Moravian Mission: <a href="#page194">194</a></p> +<p>Morgan, A.S: <a href="#page291">291</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page293">293</a></p> +<p>Morton, Oliver P: <a href="#page43">43</a> and +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Moty Kennard: <i>footnotes</i> on pages <a href= +"#page62">62</a>, <a href="#page65">65</a>, <a href= +"#page262">262</a>, <a href="#page278">278</a>, <a href= +"#page302">302</a>, <a href="#page320">320</a></p> +<p>Mundy Durant: <a href="#page235">235</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Munsees: <a href="#page212">212</a></p> +<p>Muskogee (Okla.): <a href="#page288">288</a></p> +<p>Murrow, J.S: <a href="#page162">162</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<br /> +<p>Napier's <i>Peninsular War</i>: Pike's study of, <a href= +"#page163">163</a></p> +<p>Nebraska Territory: <a href="#page227">227</a>, <a href= +"#page231">231</a></p> +<p>Neosho (Mo.): defeat of Federals at, <a href="#page113">113</a>; +Ratliff despatched to, <a href="#page127">127</a>; Cherokee +refugees removed from Drywood Creek to, <a href="#page214">214</a>, +<a href="#page217">217</a>, <a href="#page218">218</a>; refugees +at, <a href="#page257">257</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page273">273</a> and <i>footnote</i></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page392" id="page392"></a>[pg +392]</span> +<p>Neosho Agency: headquarters, <a href="#page46">46</a>, <a href= +"#page50">50</a>, <a href="#page52">52</a>; tribes included within, +<a href="#page48">48</a>; in great confusion, <a href= +"#page115">115</a>-116; changes in location of, <a href= +"#page116">116</a>-117</p> +<p>Neosho Falls (Kans.): <a href="#page213">213</a></p> +<p>Neosho Valley: suitable place for refugees, <a href= +"#page86">86</a>; refugees object to leaving, <a href= +"#page88">88</a>; Steele plans to replenish resources from, +<a href="#page286">286</a>; Stand Watie makes daring cavalry raid +into, <a href="#page312">312</a></p> +<p>New Albany: <a href="#page80">80</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>New England Relief Society: <a href="#page87">87</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>New Mexico: <a href="#page61">61</a>, <a href= +"#page113">113</a>, <a href="#page152">152</a>, <a href= +"#page238">238</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Newton, Robert C: <a href="#page266">266</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Newton County (Mo.): <a href="#page47">47</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Newtonia (Mo.): battle of, <a href="#page194">194</a>-195 and +<i>footnotes</i></p> +<p>New York Indian Lands: <a href="#page79">79</a>; intruded upon +by white squatters, <a href="#page80">80</a>, <a href= +"#page85">85</a>; refugees upon, <a href="#page79">79</a>, <a href= +"#page85">85</a>; controversy over, <a href="#page85">85</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; Dole makes treaty concerning, <a href= +"#page235">235</a>-236</p> +<p>New York <i>Tribune</i>: <a href="#page31">31</a>, +<i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page126">126</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page226">226</a></p> +<p>Nicolay, John G: <a href="#page42">42</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Nineteenth Regiment of Arkansas Volunteers: <a href= +"#page150">150</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Ninth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry: <a href="#page119">119</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; Frederick Salomon, colonel, <a href= +"#page118">118</a>; part attached to First Brigade of First Indian +Expedition, <a href="#page126">126</a></p> +<p>North, The: <a href="#page42">42</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page171">171</a>, <a href="#page245">245</a>; indifference +towards West, <a href="#page43">43</a>; reconstruction measures in +favor of, <a href="#page228">228</a>; Indian Territory came too +late into reckonings of, <a href="#page250">250</a></p> +<p>North Fork of the Canadian (Okla.): <a href="#page173">173</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>North Fork Village (Okla.): <a href="#page173">173</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Northern Sub-District of Texas: <a href="#page286">286</a>, +<a href="#page302">302</a></p> +<br /> +<p>Ock-tah-har-sas Harjo: <a href="#page228">228</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; elected principal chief by refugee Creeks, +<a href="#page89">89</a>; addresses "Our Father," <a href= +"#page233">233</a></p> +<p>Office of Indian Affairs: prompt action needed, <a href= +"#page47">47</a>, <i>footnote</i>; approval sought, <a href= +"#page52">52</a>; appeal to War Department for restoration of +military force in Indian Territory, <a href="#page60">60</a>; +Carruth, special agent of, accompanies First Indian Expedition, +<a href="#page122">122</a> and <i>footnote</i>; agents ignored by +military men of First Indian Expedition, <a href="#page133">133</a> +and <i>footnote</i>; profiteering among employees, <a href= +"#page208">208</a>; Wattles sent out by, <a href= +"#page226">226</a>; not yet prepared to treat with John Ross for +retrocession of Neutral Lands, <a href="#page231">231</a></p> +<p>Oh-Chen-Yah-Hoe-Lah: <a href="#page69">69</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Oke-Tah-hah-shah-haw Choe: talk, <a href="#page66">66</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Olathe (Kans.): <a href="#page205">205</a></p> +<p>Old George: <a href="#page203">203</a></p> +<p>Oldham, Williamson S: <a href="#page157">157</a> and +<i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page176">176</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la: <a href="#page24">24</a>, <a href= +"#page63">63</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page73">73</a>, +<i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page76">76</a> and <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page79">79</a>; defeated by McIntosh in Battle of +Chustenahlah, <a href="#page79">79</a>; lodges complaint against +Coffin, <a href="#page87">87</a>; friends oppose election of +Ock-tah-har-sas Harjo as principal chief, <a href="#page89">89</a>; +interviews Lane, <a href="#page94">94</a>; Coffin talks with, on +subject of Indian Expedition, <a href="#page102">102</a>-103, +<i>footnote</i>; wants "wagons that shoot," <a href= +"#page117">117</a>; Creeks under, offered home by Osages, <a href= +"#page207">207</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page229">229</a>; +Ellithorpe complains of, <a href="#page219">219</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; death, <a href="#page234">234</a></p> +<p>Osage County (Kans.): <a href="#page80">80</a></p> +<p>Osage Nation: <a href="#page47">47</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Osage Reservation (Kans.): exposed condition of, <a href= +"#page55">55</a>; refugees cross, <a href="#page79">79</a>; +intruders upon, <a href="#page222">222</a> and <i>footnote</i>; +owners unwilling to cede part of, <a href= +"#page229">229</a>-230</p> +<p>Osage River: <a href="#page27">27</a></p> +<p>Osages: <a href="#page252">252</a>; bad white men interfering +with, <a href="#page46">46</a>; disturbances</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page393" id="page393"></a>[pg +393]</span> +<p>among, <a href="#page46">46</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page47">47</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Mitchell schemes to negotiate +treaty with, <a href="#page47">47</a>, <i>footnote</i>; offer +assistance to U.S., <a href="#page49">49</a>; John Matthews, trader +among, <a href="#page53">53</a>, <i>footnote</i>; loyalty asserted, +<a href="#page54">54</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Coffin to coöperate +with Elder in negotiating with, 87-88, <i>footnote</i>; attempt to +persuade enlistment for First Indian Expedition, <a href= +"#page115">115</a>, <a href="#page207">207</a>; approached for +cession of lands, <a href="#page116">116</a>, <a href= +"#page222">222</a>; abandon Confederate cause, <a href= +"#page121">121</a>; Weer promotes enlistment of, <a href= +"#page121">121</a>; service rendered by, <a href= +"#page207">207</a>, <i>footnote</i>; offer home to Creeks, <a href= +"#page207">207</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page229">229</a>, +<a href="#page237">237</a>-238; memorialize Congress, <a href= +"#page229">229</a>; disgusted with Coffin's draft of treaty of +cession, <a href="#page229">229</a>; Dole makes treaty with, +<a href="#page235">235</a>, <a href="#page239">239</a> and +<i>footnote</i>; massacre of Confederate officers, <a href= +"#page237">237</a>-238, <i>footnote</i>; council of Great and +Little, <a href="#page237">237</a>, <i>footnote</i>; unfair +advantage taken by representatives of U.S. government, <a href= +"#page238">238</a>; terms of Dole's treaty with, <a href= +"#page239">239</a>, <i>footnote</i>; makes propositions to Dole, +<a href="#page240">240</a>-241, <i>footnote</i>; Dorn reported to +have funds for, <a href="#page264">264</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Jim +Ned's band involved in serious difficulties with, <a href= +"#page274">274</a>, <i>footnote</i>; invited to inter-tribal +council, <a href="#page274">274</a>-275, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Osceola (Mo.): Lane burns, <a href="#page55">55</a></p> +<p>Ottawas: included within Sac and Fox Agency, <a href= +"#page212">212</a>; receive refugees upon certain conditions, +<a href="#page212">212</a>-213; extend further hospitality to +refugees, <a href="#page213">213</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<br /> +<p>Pagy, A.T: <a href="#page65">65</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Park Hill (Okla.): Pike tarries at, <a href="#page28">28</a>; +Drew's regiment stationed near in, <i>footnote</i>; Greene sent +with detachment to Tahlequah and, 136; Blunt's expeditionary force +reaches, <a href="#page193">193</a>; Phillips has camp at, 258</p> +<p>Parke County (Ind.): <a href="#page80">80</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Parks, R.C: <a href="#page113">113</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Parks, Thomas J: <a href="#page248">248</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Parsons, Luke F: <a href="#page285">285</a></p> +<p>Partisan Rangers: authorized by Confederate government, <a href= +"#page112">112</a>; W.P. Lane's company of Texas, <a href= +"#page266">266</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Paschal Fish: <a href="#page205">205</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page236">236</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Pascofa: <a href="#page62">62</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Patton, James: <a href="#page47">47</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Pawnee Fork: <a href="#page112">112</a></p> +<p>"Paw Paws": <a href="#page304">304</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Payton, R.L.Y: <a href="#page176">176</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Pea-o-pop-i-cult: <a href="#page65">65</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Pearce, N. Bart: <a href="#page16">16</a>, <a href= +"#page22">22</a>, <a href="#page156">156</a>, <a href= +"#page158">158</a></p> +<p>Pea Ridge (Ark.): <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href= +"#page29">29</a>, <a href="#page34">34</a>, <a href= +"#page36">36</a>, <a href="#page197">197</a></p> +<p>Pegg, Thomas: <a href="#page256">256</a></p> +<p>Pelzer, Louis: work cited, <a href="#page260">260</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Peorias: <a href="#page77">77</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Perryville (Okla.): <a href="#page112">112</a>, <a href= +"#page295">295</a>-296</p> +<p>Pheasant Bluff (Okla.): <a href="#page271">271</a>, <a href= +"#page327">327</a></p> +<p>Phelps, John S: <a href="#page49">49</a>, <a href= +"#page199">199</a>-200</p> +<p>Phil David: <a href="#page68">68</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Phillips, James A: <a href="#page126">126</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Phillips, William A: <a href="#page126">126</a>, <a href= +"#page321">321</a>; <i>footnote</i>; biographical sketch, <a href= +"#page126">126</a>, <i>footnote</i>; commissioned colonel of Third +Indian, <a href="#page132">132</a>; forces engage with those of +Stand Watie, <a href="#page163">163</a>-164; Indians under, fought +well in Battle of Newtonia, <a href="#page194">194</a>, <a href= +"#page195">195</a>, <i>footnote</i>; reconnoissances, <a href= +"#page218">218</a>; orders buildings at Fort Davis destroyed, +<a href="#page220">220</a>, <i>footnote</i>; given command of +Indian Brigade by Blunt, <a href="#page249">249</a>; reports Indian +Brigade in sad state, <a href="#page251">251</a>; large view of +responsibilities to Indian Territory, <a href="#page253">253</a>; +makes overtures to Indians, <a href="#page254">254</a>; +expostulates against delay in attempting recovery of Indian +Territory, <a href="#page257">257</a>; reasons for returning +refugees, <a href="#page258">258</a>; moves over border, <a href= +"#page258">258</a>; communication with Fort Scott threatened, +<a href="#page272">272</a>; continues in charge at Fort Gibson, +<a href="#page305">305</a>; Indian Home</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page394" id="page394"></a>[pg +394]</span> +<p>Guards under, only Federal troops left in Indian Territory, +<a href="#page312">312</a>; undertakes extended expedition through +Indian Territory, <a href="#page322">322</a>; gives own +interpretation to Lincoln's Amnesty Proclamation, <a href= +"#page322">322</a>-323; differences between Blunt and, <a href= +"#page325">325</a>; removed from command at Fort Gibson, <a href= +"#page333">333</a>; restored to command, <a href= +"#page335">335</a></p> +<p>Phisterer, Frederick: work cited in <i>footnotes</i> on pages +<a href="#page30">30</a>, <a href="#page288">288</a></p> +<p>Piankeshaws: <a href="#page77">77</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Pickett Papers: work cited in <i>footnotes</i> on pages <a href= +"#page171">171</a>, <a href="#page172">172</a>, <a href= +"#page175">175</a></p> +<p>Pike, Albert: <a href="#page128">128</a>; assigned to command of +Department of Indian Territory, <a href="#page20">20</a>; report +submitted to Davis, <a href="#page21">21</a>; report to be found in +U.S. War Department, <a href="#page21">21</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +makes headquarters at Cantonment Davis, <a href="#page22">22</a>; +anxious to save Indian Territory for South, <a href= +"#page22">22</a>-23; ordered to join Van Dorn with Indians, +<a href="#page27">27</a>; becomes ranking officer in field, +<a href="#page31">31</a>; criticism in New York <i>Tribune</i>, +<a href="#page31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i>; authorizes Indian +fighting at Pea Ridge, <a href="#page32">32</a>; rejoins army at +Cincinnati, <a href="#page35">35</a>; receives orders from Maury, +<a href="#page36">36</a>; talk with Comanches, <a href= +"#page65">65</a>, <i>footnote</i>; negotiations with Upper Creeks, +<a href="#page66">66</a>, <i>footnote</i>; negotiations with +Seminoles, <a href="#page68">68</a>, <i>footnote</i>; intrenches +himself at Fort McCulloch, <a href="#page110">110</a>; report on +Indian military activity, <a href="#page112">112</a>; ordered to +send more important of forces to Little Rock, <a href= +"#page147">147</a>; protests against orders of May 31 and June 17, +<a href="#page154">154</a>-156; objects to appointment of Pearce, +<a href="#page156">156</a>; reports grievances to Randolph, +<a href="#page156">156</a>; Cherokees exasperated by stay at Fort +McCulloch, <a href="#page159">159</a>; letter to Stand Watie, +<a href="#page159">159</a>, <i>footnote</i>; John Ross complains +of, <a href="#page160">160</a>; prepares resignation, <a href= +"#page161">161</a>; indites conciliatory letter to Hindman, +<a href="#page162">162</a>-163; student of art of war, <a href= +"#page163">163</a>; publishes circular address to Southern Indians, +<a href="#page165">165</a>; effect of circular, 166 and +<i>footnote</i>; correspondence with Davis, <a href= +"#page167">167</a>-168; arrested by Cooper, <a href= +"#page169">169</a>; entered upon diplomatic career as agent of +Confederate State Department, <a href="#page171">171</a>-172 and +<i>footnote</i>; exceeded instructions in assuming financial +obligations, <a href="#page174">174</a>, <i>footnote</i>; considers +remuneration, <a href="#page175">175</a>, <i>footnote</i>; makes +important recommendations to Davis, <a href="#page179">179</a>; +applies to Holmes for leave of absence, <a href="#page190">190</a>; +resignation, <a href="#page191">191</a> and <i>footnote</i>; +reënters Indian Territory, <a href="#page198">198</a>; rumors +of conspiracy with unionists in Texas, <a href="#page199">199</a>; +arrested, <a href="#page200">200</a>; sums up grievances in letter +to Holmes, <a href="#page201">201</a>, Appendix; Kirby Smith +attempts to reëmploy for service among Indians of Plains, +<a href="#page201">201</a>, <a href="#page335">335</a>; Steele +takes umbrage at published statement, <a href="#page286">286</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>"Pins": <a href="#page193">193</a>, <a href="#page268">268</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Planter's House: <a href="#page74">74</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page94">94</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Pocahontas (Ark.): <a href="#page25">25</a></p> +<p>Poison Spring (Ark.): battle of, <a href= +"#page326">326</a>-327</p> +<p>Pomeroy, Samuel C: <a href="#page41">41</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +elected senator from Kansas, <a href="#page42">42</a>; John Brown's +opinion of, <a href="#page42">42</a>, <i>footnote</i>; endorses +principle underlying Frémont's emancipation proclamation, +<a href="#page56">56</a>-57 instructed by anti-Coffin conspirators, +<a href="#page88">88</a>, <i>footnote</i>; protests against +appointment of Denver, <a href="#page97">97</a>; succeeds in +preventing appointment of Denver, <a href="#page98">98</a>; +responsibility for Blunt's promotion, <a href="#page107">107</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; advocates confiscation of Cherokee Neutral Lands, +<a href="#page224">224</a>; recommends concentration of tribes of +West in Indian Territory, <a href="#page230">230</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; in company of Dole at Leroy, <a href= +"#page239">239</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Pontiac: <a href="#page31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page395" id="page395"></a>[pg +395]</span> +<p>Portlock, E.E: <a href="#page329">329</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Poteau River (Okla.): <a href="#page297">297</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Pottawatomies: <a href="#page234">234</a> and <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page274">274</a>-275, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Prairie Creek (Ark.): <a href="#page216">216</a></p> +<p>Prairie d'Ane (Ark.): <a href="#page326">326</a></p> +<p>Prairie Grove (Ark.): battle of, <a href="#page218">218</a> and +<i>footnote</i>, 249</p> +<p>Prairie Springs: <a href="#page279">279</a></p> +<p>Price, Sterling: <a href="#page16">16</a>, <a href= +"#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page26">26</a>, <a href= +"#page29">29</a>, <a href="#page52">52</a>, <a href= +"#page55">55</a>, <a href="#page56">56</a>, <a href= +"#page127">127</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page185">185</a>, +<a href="#page317">317</a>, <i>footnote</i>; tries to induce +Quantrill and his men to enter regular service, <a href= +"#page205">205</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Hindman's opinion of, <a href= +"#page270">270</a>, <i>footnote</i>; commands in District of +Arkansas, <a href="#page299">299</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page326">326</a></p> +<p>Prince, William E: <a href="#page55">55</a>, <a href= +"#page58">58</a></p> +<p>Proctor, A.G: <a href="#page214">214</a>, <a href= +"#page234">234</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Provisional Congress: refuses to confirm nomination of Heth, +<a href="#page19">19</a>; calls for information on McCulloch-Price +controversy, <a href="#page19">19</a>; established precedents of +good faith in Indian relations, <a href="#page172">172</a>; +resolution authorizing Davis to send a commissioner to Indian +nations, <a href="#page172">172</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page173">173</a>, <i>footnote</i>; work of, <a href= +"#page173">173</a>-175 and <i>footnotes</i>; confers honour upon +John Jumper, <a href="#page174">174</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +considerations of committees regarding Indian superintendency, +<a href="#page175">175</a>, <a href="#page176">176</a></p> +<p>Pryor, Nathaniel: <a href="#page145">145</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Pryor Creek (Okla.): <a href="#page142">142</a>, <a href= +"#page145">145</a></p> +<br /> +<p>Quantrill, W.C: <a href="#page45">45</a>; guerrillas raid Black +Bob Lands and Olathe, <a href="#page205">205</a>; raid upon +Lawrence, <a href="#page238">238</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page239">239</a>; work scorned and repudiated by McCulloch, +<a href="#page303">303</a>, <i>footnote</i>; perpetrates Baxter +Springs massacre, <a href="#page304">304</a>; movements, <a href= +"#page304">304</a> and <i>footnote</i>; Maxey feels no repugnance +for services of, <a href="#page326">326</a></p> +<p>Quapaw Agency: <a href="#page53">53</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Quapaw Nation: <a href="#page46">46</a>, <a href= +"#page50">50</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Quapaws: <a href="#page48">48</a>, in First Indian Expedition, +<a href="#page115">115</a>, <i>footnote</i>; driven into exile, +<a href="#page116">116</a> and <i>footnote</i>; become refugees or +are drawn into ranks of Federal army, <a href="#page204">204</a>; +some, not <i>bona fide</i> refugees, <a href="#page204">204</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; no longer in Second Regiment of Indian Home +Guards, <a href="#page252">252</a></p> +<p>Quapaw Strip (Kans.): <a href="#page126">126</a></p> +<p>Quesenbury, William: <a href="#page158">158</a>, <a href= +"#page248">248</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<br /> +<p>Rabb's Battery: <a href="#page114">114</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>"Radicals": <a href="#page305">305</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Rains, James S: <a href="#page125">125</a>; makes Tahlequah +headquarters of Eighth Division Missouri State Guard, <a href= +"#page130">130</a>, <i>footnote</i>; to attempt to reënter +southwest Missouri, <a href="#page194">194</a>; Cooper acts under +orders from, <a href="#page197">197</a>; in disgrace, <a href= +"#page198">198</a></p> +<p>Randolph, J.L: <a href="#page267">267</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page309">309</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Randolph, George W: Pike makes complaint against Hindman, +<a href="#page156">156</a>-158; sympathy for Pike, <a href= +"#page168">168</a>; desires to terminate Magruder's delay, <a href= +"#page186">186</a>; suggests that Price serve as second in command +under Magruder, <a href="#page186">186</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +reassures Pike, <a href="#page187">187</a>, <a href= +"#page189">189</a>; instructions to Holmes, <a href= +"#page189">189</a></p> +<p>Ratliff, Robert W: <a href="#page121">121</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page127">127</a></p> +<p>Rector, Elias: <a href="#page175">175</a>, <a href= +"#page181">181</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Rector, H.M: <a href="#page185">185</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>"Red Legs": <a href="#page305">305</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Red River: <a href="#page20">20</a>, <a href="#page36">36</a>, +<a href="#page248">248</a>, <a href="#page311">311</a>, <a href= +"#page315">315</a></p> +<p>Reserve Indians: <a href="#page112">112</a>; Pike negotiates +successfully with, <a href="#page173">173</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +volunteers authorized, <a href="#page173">173</a>-174, +<i>footnote</i>; disorders among, <a href="#page182">182</a>; +uprising against and murder of Leeper undertaken by, <a href= +"#page182">182</a>-183; Tonkawas almost exterminated by, <a href= +"#page184">184</a>; companies organized among, <a href= +"#page266">266</a>, <i>footnote</i>; fed by contract, <a href= +"#page308">308</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Reynolds, Thomas C: <a href="#page287">287</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Richardson, James D; work cited in <i>footnotes</i> on pages +<a href="#page21">21</a>, <a href="#page172">172</a>, <a href= +"#page278">278</a>, <a href="#page322">322</a></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page396" id="page396"></a>[pg +396]</span> +<p>Richardson, John M: <a href="#page113">113</a></p> +<p>Riddle's Station (Okla.): <a href="#page276">276</a>, +<i>footnote</i> <a href="#page293">293</a>, <a href= +"#page295">295</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Ritchie, John: applies to Dole for new instructions, <a href= +"#page106">106</a>; appraisement of, <a href="#page106">106</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; dilatory in movements, <a href="#page114">114</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; disagreement with Kile, <a href= +"#page115">115</a>, <i>footnote</i>; slow in putting in appearance +at Humboldt, <a href="#page115">115</a>; commands Second Regiment +Indian Home Guards, <a href="#page115">115</a>; conducts prisoners +to Fort Leavenworth, <a href="#page144">144</a>; allows men to run +amuck at Shirley's Ford, <a href="#page197">197</a>; dismissal from +service recommended, <a href="#page197">197</a>; Phillip's ranking +officer, <a href="#page325">325</a></p> +<p>Roane, J.S: Arkansas left in care of, <a href= +"#page128">128</a>, <a href="#page149">149</a>; asks forces of +Pike, <a href="#page149">149</a>; conduct in Mexican War criticised +by Pike, <a href="#page149">149</a>, <i>footnote</i>; fights duel +with Pike, <a href="#page149">149</a>, <i>footnote</i>; character, +<a href="#page199">199</a>; arrests Pike, <a href= +"#page200">200</a></p> +<p>Roberts, S.A: <a href="#page308">308</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page320">320</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Robertson, W.S: <a href="#page225">225</a> and +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Robinson, Charles: work cited in <i>footnotes</i> on pages +<a href="#page15">15</a>, <a href="#page70">70</a>, <a href= +"#page97">97</a>, <a href="#page98">98</a>, <a href= +"#page226">226</a>; appointment of Mitchell, <a href= +"#page46">46</a>, <i>footnote</i>; opposed to Lane's plans for +revenge, <a href="#page55">55</a>; approves of principle underlying +Frémont's proclamation, <a href="#page56">56</a>-57; opposed +to enlistment of Indians, <a href="#page57">57</a>; seeks aid of +Prince, <a href="#page58">58</a>; responsible for Stanton's +contesting of Lane's seat, <a href="#page59">59</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; Lane has no intention of obliging, <a href= +"#page71">71</a>, <i>footnote</i>; commissions for First Indian +Expedition pouring in, <a href="#page123">123</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +calls for volunteers against guerrillas, <a href= +"#page205">205</a>, <i>footnote</i>; relations with Stevens, +<a href="#page226">226</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Robinson, William: <a href="#page62">62</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Rocky Creek (Clear Creek): <a href="#page184">184</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Rolla (Mo.): <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href= +"#page26">26</a></p> +<p>Roman, Alfred: work cited, <a href="#page14">14</a>, +<i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page34">34</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Roman Catholic Mission: 87, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page121">121</a>, <a href="#page241">241</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Rosengarten, Joseph George: work cited, <a href= +"#page118">118</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Ross, John: attitude of faction of, towards proposed Confederate +military occupation of Indian Territory, <a href="#page15">15</a>; +communicates with Pike on movements of Cherokee troops, <a href= +"#page28">28</a>, <i>footnote</i>; opposed to secession, <a href= +"#page63">63</a>, <i>footnote</i>; reported to have host ready to +do service for U.S., <a href="#page66">66</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +loyal to U.S., <a href="#page74">74</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +communication from Weer, <a href="#page134">134</a> and +<i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page135">135</a>; reply to Weer, +<a href="#page135">135</a>-136; submits documents justifying his +own and tribal actions, <a href="#page136">136</a>; receives +peremptory order from Cooper, <a href="#page137">137</a>; arrested +by Greeno, <a href="#page137">137</a>; suspected of collusion with +captor, <a href="#page137">137</a>-138, <a href="#page192">192</a>; +addresses himself to Hindman against Pike, <a href= +"#page160">160</a>; on mission to Washington, <a href= +"#page192">192</a> and <i>footnote</i>; formally deposed by +convention called by secessionist Cherokees, <a href= +"#page193">193</a>; receives monetary assistance, <a href= +"#page214">214</a> and <i>footnote</i>; makes personal appeal to +Lincoln to enable refugees to be returned to homes, <a href= +"#page215">215</a>-216; and associates ready to negotiate for +retrocession of Neutral Lands, <a href="#page231">231</a>; +Gillpatrick medium of diplomatic intercourse between, and First +Indian Expedition, <a href="#page271">271</a></p> +<p>Ross, Mrs. W.P: work cited, <a href="#page111">111</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Ross, W.W: <a href="#page234">234</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Round Grove (Okla.): <a href="#page126">126</a></p> +<p>Russell, O.F: <a href="#page152">152</a>-153</p> +<br /> +<p>Sac and Fox Agency (Kans.): <a href="#page54">54</a>, +<i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page114">114</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +suggested removal of refugees to, <a href="#page212">212</a>; +tribes included within, <a href="#page212">212</a>; Osages repair +to, to confer with Dole, <a href="#page238">238</a> and +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Sacs and Foxes of Mississippi: encounter refugees from +Indian</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page397" id="page397"></a>[pg +397]</span> +<p>Territory, <a href="#page80">80</a>; offer home to refugees, +<a href="#page86">86</a>; reservation, <a href="#page87">87</a>; +receive Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws, <a href= +"#page213">213</a>; scheme of building houses for, <a href= +"#page226">226</a> and <i>footnote</i>; Dole makes treaty with, +<a href="#page235">235</a>; claim against Creek refugees, <a href= +"#page235">235</a>, <i>footnote</i>; some Sacs confer with Carruth, +<a href="#page274">274</a>, <i>footnote</i>; invited to +inter-tribal council, <a href="#page274">274</a>-275. +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>St. Francis River: <a href="#page20">20</a></p> +<p>St. Joe (St. Joseph): <a href="#page74">74</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page116">116</a>, <a href="#page230">230</a></p> +<p>St Louis <i>Republican</i>: <a href="#page75">75</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Salomon, Frederick: colonel of Ninth Wisconsin Volunteer +Infantry, <a href="#page118">118</a>; in command at Fort Scott, +<a href="#page118">118</a>; left in command at Baxter Springs by +Weer, <a href="#page121">121</a>; in charge of First Brigade, First +Indian Expedition, <a href="#page125">125</a>; instructions to, +with respect to Indian policy of U.S. government, <a href= +"#page134">134</a>; deplorable equipment of troops, <a href= +"#page138">138</a>; arrests Weer, <a href="#page139">139</a>; gives +reasons arrest, <a href="#page140">140</a>-142; retrograde movement +of, <a href="#page142">142</a>, <a href="#page143">143</a>, +<a href="#page147">147</a>, <a href="#page203">203</a>; establishes +himself at Camp Quapaw, <a href="#page146">146</a>; ordered by +Blunt to send troops to support of Indian Brigade, <a href= +"#page192">192</a>-193</p> +<p>Salt Plains: <a href="#page152">152</a>, <a href= +"#page153">153</a></p> +<p>Sam Checote: <a href="#page62">62</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Santa Fé Trail: to intercept trains on, <a href= +"#page129">129</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page267">267</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; Creek regiment to advance toward, <a href= +"#page152">152</a></p> +<p>Scales, J.A: <a href="#page268">268</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page277">277</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Schaumburg, W.C: <a href="#page305">305</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Schoenmaker, John: <a href="#page241">241</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Schofield, John M: <a href="#page106">106</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page119">119</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page196">196</a>, <a href="#page248">248</a>, <a href= +"#page249">249</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page260">260</a>, +<a href="#page261">261</a>, <a href="#page293">293</a>, <a href= +"#page304">304</a> and <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Schurz, Carl: <a href="#page41">41</a> and <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page42">42</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Scott, S.S: acting commissioner of Indian affairs, <a href= +"#page172">172</a>, <i>footnote</i>; remarks of, <a href= +"#page177">177</a>, <i>footnote</i>; to investigate conditions in +Indian Territory, <a href="#page181">181</a>; hurries to Leased +District, <a href="#page184">184</a>; asks Governor Colbert to +harbor fugitive Tonkawas, <a href="#page184">184</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; sets out upon tour of inspection, <a href= +"#page299">299</a>; made full commissioner, <a href= +"#page299">299</a>, <i>footnote</i>; reports to Holmes concerning +neglect of Indian Territory, <a href="#page300">300</a>; reports to +Seddon prospects for three Indian brigades, <a href= +"#page329">329</a></p> +<p>Scott, T.M: <a href="#page316">316</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Scott, W.H: <a href="#page287">287</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Scott, Winfield S: <a href="#page48">48</a>, <a href= +"#page56">56</a>, <a href="#page69">69</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Scott County (Ark.): <a href="#page20">20</a></p> +<p>Scullyville (Okla.): <a href="#page155">155</a>, <a href= +"#page325">325</a>, and <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Second Brigade, First Indian Expedition: put under Judson, +<a href="#page125">125</a></p> +<p>Second Choctaw Regiment: <a href="#page312">312</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Second Indian Brigade: <a href="#page327">327</a></p> +<p>Second Indian Expedition: Carruth and Martin act in anticipation +of, <a href="#page133">133</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Blunt making plans +for, <a href="#page196">196</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page208">208</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Blunt discovers that Indians +stipulate care of families during absence, <a href= +"#page215">215</a></p> +<p>Second Indiana Battery: <a href="#page118">118</a>, <a href= +"#page125">125</a></p> +<p>Second Ohio Cavalry: <a href="#page118">118</a>, <a href= +"#page119">119</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page125">125</a>-126</p> +<p>Second Regiment Cherokee Mounted Rifles: commanded by Stand +Watie, <a href="#page25">25</a>; joins Pike at Cincinnati, <a href= +"#page28">28</a>; takes position to observe enemy, <a href= +"#page32">32</a>; guiltless of atrocities committed at Pea Ridge, +<a href="#page32">32</a>; makes way to Camp Stephens, <a href= +"#page35">35</a>; detail sent with ammunition to main army, +<a href="#page35">35</a>; scouting along northern line of Cherokee +country, <a href="#page112">112</a>; desertions from, <a href= +"#page145">145</a></p> +<p>Second Regiment Indian Home Guards: miscellaneous in +composition, <a href="#page114">114</a> and <i>footnote</i>; men +not yet mustered in, <a href="#page121">121</a>; fills up after +defeat of Confederates at Locust Grove, <a href="#page132">132</a>; +Corwin takes</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page398" id="page398"></a>[pg +398]</span> +<p>command of, <a href="#page144">144</a>; engagement at Shirley's +Ford, <a href="#page197">197</a>; component part of Phillips's +Indian Brigade, <a href="#page249">249</a>; Cherokee in +composition, <a href="#page252">252</a>; fought dismounted at Honey +Springs, <a href="#page288">288</a>; stationed at Mackey's Salt +Works, <a href="#page325">325</a></p> +<p>Sedalia (Mo.): <a href="#page13">13</a></p> +<p>Seddon, James A: <a href="#page270">270</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page299">299</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page317">317</a>, <i>footnote</i>; instructs Scott to attend +meeting of council at Armstrong Academy, <a href= +"#page320">320</a>; Scott reports prospects of forming three Indian +brigades, <a href="#page329">329</a></p> +<p>Seminole Battalion: <a href="#page152">152</a>, <a href= +"#page312">312</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Seminole Nation: <a href="#page130">130</a></p> +<p>Seminoles (Confederate): Murrow, agent, <a href= +"#page162">162</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Pike negotiates treaty with, +<a href="#page173">173</a>, <i>footnote</i>; agree to furnish five +companies of mounted volunteers, <a href="#page173">173</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; Creeks and, want separate military department made +of Indian Territory, <a href="#page278">278</a>-279; disperse, +<a href="#page323">323</a></p> +<p>Seminoles (Federal or Unionist): Carruth teacher among, <a href= +"#page59">59</a>; destitution of refugee, <a href="#page83">83</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; in First Regiment Indian Home Guards, <a href= +"#page114">114</a> and <i>footnote</i>; attempt tribal +reörganization, <a href="#page228">228</a></p> +<p>Senate Committee on Indian Affairs (Confederate): Johnson's +bill, <a href="#page176">176</a>; members, <a href= +"#page176">176</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Senecas: <a href="#page48">48</a>, <a href="#page204">204</a> +and <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Seneca-Shawnees: refugees, <a href="#page116">116</a>, <a href= +"#page204">204</a>; object to Wyandot treaty, <a href= +"#page237">237</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Shawnee Agency (Kans.): <a href="#page236">236</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Shawnee Reserve (Kans.): <a href="#page205">205</a> and +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Shawnees: <a href="#page48">48</a>; loyal to U.S., <a href= +"#page66">66</a>, <i>footnote</i>; in First Indian Expedition, +<a href="#page113">113</a>, <i>footnote</i>; from Cherokee country +made refugees, <a href="#page116">116</a>; implicated in tragedy at +Wichita Agency, <a href="#page183">183</a>; Neosho Agency Indians +seek refuge among, <a href="#page204">204</a>; are depredated upon, +<a href="#page204">204</a>, <a href="#page205">205</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; Dole makes treaty with, <a href= +"#page235">235</a></p> +<p>Shelby, Jo: <a href="#page45">45</a>, <a href= +"#page194">194</a>, <a href="#page200">200</a></p> +<p>Sheridan, Philip H: work cited, <a href="#page296">296</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Sherman (Tex.): <a href="#page190">190</a></p> +<p>Sherman, William T: <a href="#page44">44</a></p> +<p>Shians (Cheyennes): <a href="#page274">274</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Shirley's Ford (Mo.): <a href="#page197">197</a></p> +<p>Shoal Creek (Mo.): <a href="#page118">118</a>, <a href= +"#page120">120</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Shoe-Nock-Me-Koe: <a href="#page68">68</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Shreveport (La.): <a href="#page303">303</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Sigel, Franz: <a href="#page29">29</a></p> +<p>Simms, W.E: <a href="#page176">176</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Sixth Kansas Cavalry: <a href="#page249">249</a></p> +<p>Slavery: <a href="#page298">298</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Smith, James M.C: <a href="#page173">173</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Smith, Caleb P: <a href="#page60">60</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page61">61</a>, <a href="#page99">99</a>; authorizes +expenditure of funds for relief of refugees, <a href= +"#page83">83</a></p> +<p>Smith, John: <a href="#page62">62</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Smith, E. Kirby: <a href="#page317">317</a>; seeks to +reëmploy Pike for service among Indians, <a href= +"#page201">201</a>, <a href="#page335">335</a> and <i>footnote</i>; +assigned to command, <a href="#page269">269</a>; approves Steele's +adoption of Fabian policy, <a href="#page297">297</a>; reply to +Stand Watie, <a href="#page297">297</a>-298, <i>footnote</i>; +detaches command of Indian Territory from that of Arkansas, +<a href="#page303">303</a>; subscribes to idea of forming two +Indian brigades, <a href="#page310">310</a>; is stanchest of +Steele's friends, <a href="#page311">311</a>; opposed to three +brigade plan and to promotion of Cooper implicit in it, <a href= +"#page318">318</a>; commends work of Steele, <a href= +"#page318">318</a>; address emended by Maxey, <a href= +"#page330">330</a>; friend of Maxey, <a href="#page334">334</a>; +holds in abeyance orders for retirement of Maxey, <a href= +"#page334">334</a>, <i>footnote</i>; enters into convention with +Canby, <a href="#page335">335</a></p> +<p>Smith's Mill: <a href="#page28">28</a></p> +<p>Snead, Thomas L: work cited, <a href="#page15">15</a>, +<i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page296">296</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Snow, George C: <a href="#page80">80</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page83">83</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Soda Springs (Okla.): <a href="#page291">291</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page399" id="page399"></a>[pg +399]</span> +<p>South, The: indifference towards West, <a href="#page43">43</a>; +love of home state, great bulwark of, <a href= +"#page187">187</a>-188; Choctaws reported as wavering in allegiance +to, <a href="#page220">220</a>; Indian Territory as separate +military entity comes too late into reckonings, <a href= +"#page250">250</a></p> +<p>Southern Confederacy: decisive results of battle of Pea Ridge, +<a href="#page13">13</a>; expected by Missouri to force situation +for her, <a href="#page18">18</a>; relation of Indian Territory +determined by treaties of alliance, <a href="#page21">21</a>; +Pike's great purpose to save Indian Territory for, <a href= +"#page22">22</a>-23; Weer suggests that Cherokee Nation dissolve +its alliance with, <a href="#page134">134</a>; management of Indian +affairs of, <a href="#page149">149</a>-150, <a href= +"#page171">171</a>; view of obligations towards Indians, <a href= +"#page174">174</a>, <i>footnote</i>; policy with respect to +guerrillas, <a href="#page205">205</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Wyandots +refuse to throw in lot with, <a href="#page206">206</a>; Kansas +politicians want to punish Indians for going over to, <a href= +"#page224">224</a>; Cherokees repudiate alliance with, <a href= +"#page232">232</a>; Indians losing faith in, <a href= +"#page273">273</a>-274; charged with bad faith by Cherokees, +<a href="#page279">279</a>-281; Indian devotion to, re-asserted, +<a href="#page317">317</a>; Indians pledge anew loyalty to, +<a href="#page323">323</a></p> +<p>Southern Expedition: <a href="#page73">73</a> and +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Southern Indian Regiments: <a href="#page24">24</a>-25</p> +<p>Southern Superintendency (Confederate): establishment delayed by +prolongation of Pike's mission, <a href="#page175">175</a>; bill +for establishment of, <a href="#page176">176</a></p> +<p>Southern Superintendency (Federal): <a href="#page117">117</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Southwest, The: <a href="#page46">46</a>, <a href= +"#page70">70</a></p> +<p>Southwestern District of Missouri: <a href= +"#page26">26</a>-27</p> +<p>Southwestern Division of District of Missouri: <a href= +"#page127">127</a></p> +<p>Spavinaw Creek (Okla.): <a href="#page130">130</a>, <a href= +"#page138">138</a></p> +<p>Spavinaw Hills (Okla.): <a href="#page127">127</a></p> +<p>Spears, John: <a href="#page279">279</a></p> +<p>Speer, John: <a href="#page43">43</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Speight, J.W: brigade of, <a href="#page246">246</a>, +<i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page267">267</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Springfield (Mo.): <a href="#page26">26</a>, <a href= +"#page51">51</a></p> +<p>Spring, Leverett: work cited in <i>footnotes</i> on pages +<a href="#page15">15</a>, <a href="#page52">52</a>, <a href= +"#page97">97</a></p> +<p>Spring River: <a href="#page119">119</a>, <a href= +"#page126">126</a>; Shirley's Ford on, <a href= +"#page197">197</a></p> +<p>Staked Plains: <a href="#page153">153</a></p> +<p>Stand Watie: <a href="#page159">159</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +colonel of Second Regiment Cherokee Mounted Rifles, <a href= +"#page25">25</a>; men in poor trim and undisciplined, <a href= +"#page28">28</a>; men take position as corps of observation, +<a href="#page32">32</a>; makes way to Camp Stephens, <a href= +"#page35">35</a>; scouting, <a href="#page112">112</a>, <a href= +"#page127">127</a>; engagements, <a href="#page112">112</a>, +<a href="#page113">113</a>, <a href="#page119">119</a> and +<i>footnote</i>; encampment on Cowskin Prairie, <a href= +"#page119">119</a>; home of, <a href="#page127">127</a>; successful +skirmishing commented upon, <a href="#page152">152</a>; elected +Principal Chief, <a href="#page193">193</a>; Phillips compels, to +re-cross Arkansas, <a href="#page218">218</a>; in command of First +Cherokee Regiment, <a href="#page262">262</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +Steele's great reliance upon, <a href="#page270">270</a>; cavalry +raids, <a href="#page272">272</a>, <a href="#page312">312</a>; +forced to retire from Cabin Creek, <a href="#page285">285</a>; +commanded First and Second Cherokee at Honey Springs, <a href= +"#page288">288</a>; complaints to Kirby Smith, <a href= +"#page297">297</a>, <i>footnote</i>; related to Boudinot, <a href= +"#page300">300</a>; makes reports and appeals, <a href= +"#page301">301</a>; proposed advancement, <a href= +"#page309">309</a>; authorizes formation of Cherokee Brigade, +<a href="#page309">309</a>; Steele's appraisement of, <a href= +"#page310">310</a>; skirmish at Barren Fork, <a href= +"#page312">312</a>; has command of First Indian Brigade, <a href= +"#page327">327</a>; all Cherokee military units summoned to camp on +Limestone Prairie, <a href="#page328">328</a>; name becomes source +of terror, <a href="#page331">331</a>; last great raid of, <a href= +"#page332">332</a></p> +<p>Stanton, Edwin M: <a href="#page75">75</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page76">76</a>; refuses to countenance use of Indians as +soldiers, <a href="#page76">76</a> and <i>footnote</i>; efficient +administration of, <a href="#page96">96</a>; deprecates +interference in military affairs in Kansas, <a href= +"#page98">98</a> and <i>footnote</i></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page400" id="page400"></a>[pg +400]</span> +<p>Stanton, Frederick P: <a href="#page59">59</a>, <a href= +"#page72">72</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>State Department (Confederate): <a href="#page171">171</a>, +<a href="#page172">172</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>State Rights: <a href="#page18">18</a></p> +<p>Statutes at Large of Provisional Government: work cited, +<a href="#page174">174</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Stearns, Frank Preston: work cited, in <i>footnotes</i> on pages +<a href="#page42">42</a>, <a href="#page87">87</a></p> +<p>Steele, Frederick: in command of Department of Arkansas, +<a href="#page322">322</a>; argues over military status of Fort +Smith, <a href="#page321">321</a>-322</p> +<p>Steele, James: special agent, <a href="#page100">100</a>; infers +Halleck unfavorable to Indian expedition, <a href= +"#page101">101</a>; presents credentials at arsenal at Fort +Leavenworth, <a href="#page101">101</a>; Sac and Fox chiefs willing +to abide by decision, <a href="#page235">235</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Steele, William: <a href="#page247">247</a>; to report to Holmes +for duty, <a href="#page245">245</a>, <i>footnote</i>; preferred to +Cooper, <a href="#page246">246</a>; sends most of troops in +direction of Red River, <a href="#page248">248</a>; takes large +view of responsibilities to Indian Territory, <a href= +"#page253">253</a>; difficulties and embarrassments, <a href= +"#page261">261</a>-269; appeal for loyalty to Confederate cause, +<a href="#page267">267</a>-268, <i>footnote; ex officio</i> +superintendent of Indian affairs, <a href="#page275">275</a>-276; +regards Indian Territory as buffer, <a href="#page276">276</a>; +influences to undermine, <a href="#page278">278</a>; makes stand in +Creek country, <a href="#page291">291</a>; opposition to, <a href= +"#page310">310</a>; command in bad condition, <a href= +"#page292">292</a>; crosses from Creek into Choctaw country, +<a href="#page295">295</a>; journeys to Bonham to consult with +McCulloch, <a href="#page302">302</a>-303; command detached from +that of Arkansas, <a href="#page303">303</a>; size of force, +<a href="#page305">305</a>, <i>footnote</i>; work discredited and +disparaged by Cooper, <a href="#page306">306</a>; policy and +practice in matter of feeding indigents and refugees, <a href= +"#page307">307</a> and <i>footnote</i>; relieved of command of +Indian Territory, <a href="#page311">311</a>; Kirby Smith commends +work, <a href="#page318">318</a></p> +<p>Stettaner Bros: <a href="#page211">211</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Stevens, Robert S: <a href="#page211">211</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page212">212</a>, <a href="#page226">226</a> and +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Stevens, Thaddeus: <a href="#page57">57</a>, <a href= +"#page60">60</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Stidham, George W: <a href="#page62">62</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page173">173</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Stockton's Hall: <a href="#page58">58</a> and +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Sturgis, S.D: Lane ordered to coöperate with, <a href= +"#page56">56</a>; placed in command of District of Kansas, <a href= +"#page98">98</a>; policy with respect to First Indian Expedition, +<a href="#page103">103</a>-104; opposed to idea of Indian +expedition, <a href="#page104">104</a>; military despotism, +<a href="#page104">104</a>; forbids enlistment of Indians, <a href= +"#page105">105</a>; refusal to reinstate Weer, <a href= +"#page117">117</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Sugar Creek (Ark.): <a href="#page30">30</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Sumner, E.V: <a href="#page260">260</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Susquehanna River: <a href="#page232">232</a></p> +<br /> +<p>Tahlequah (Okla.): <a href="#page132">132</a>, <a href= +"#page136">136</a>; Rains makes headquarters, <a href= +"#page130">130</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Hindman places white cavalry +at, <a href="#page192">192</a>; Blunt's expeditionary force seizes +archives and treasury of Cherokee Nation, <a href= +"#page193">193</a>; Hindman appears in, <a href="#page193">193</a>; +steamer, <a href="#page263">263</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Talliaferro (Taliaferro?), T.D: <a href="#page267">267</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Tandy Walker: supporter of Cooper, <a href="#page265">265</a>; +recruits among Choctaws, <a href="#page265">265</a>; appointment, +<a href="#page265">265</a>, <i>footnote</i>; asks for establishment +of Indian Territory as separate military department, <a href= +"#page279">279</a>; commanded Regiment of Choctaws and Chickasaws +at Honey Springs, <a href="#page288">288</a>; indulging in petty +graft, <a href="#page306">306</a>, <i>footnote</i>; service of +Choctaws under, in Camden campaign, <a href="#page326">326</a>; has +command of Second Indian Brigade, <a href="#page327">327</a></p> +<p>Tawa Kuwus: <a href="#page274">274</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Taylor, N.G: <a href="#page207">207</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Taylor, R: <a href="#page297">297</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Taylor, Samuel M: <a href="#page279">279</a></p> +<p>Tecumseh: <a href="#page73">73</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Te-Nah: <a href="#page65">65</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Tenth Kansas Infantry: <a href="#page117">117</a>, <a href= +"#page118">118</a></p> +<p>Texans: assist Indians at Leetown</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page401" id="page401"></a>[pg +401]</span> +<p>engagement, <a href="#page31">31</a>; away fighting "the cold +weather people," <a href="#page65">65</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +circulate malicious stories about Pike, <a href="#page160">160</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; disposition towards self-sacrifice, <a href= +"#page268">268</a>; not possible to deal with Indians arbitrarily, +<a href="#page326">326</a></p> +<p>Texas: <a href="#page179">179</a>; requisition upon, for troops, +<a href="#page25">25</a>; Pike to call for troops from, <a href= +"#page36">36</a>; way to, likely to be blocked by Southern Indians, +<a href="#page61">61</a>; Pike wants to be near, <a href= +"#page151">151</a>; anti-Pike reports spreading through, <a href= +"#page169">169</a>; road from Missouri to, <a href= +"#page173">173</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Oldham, senator from, <a href= +"#page176">176</a>, <i>footnote</i>; rumors current that Pike is +conspiring with unionists, in, <a href="#page199">199</a>; detached +from Trans-Mississippi Department, <a href="#page245">245</a>-246; +cotton speculation alluring men with ready money, <a href= +"#page248">248</a>, <i>footnote</i>; public feeling towards +deserters, <a href="#page266">266</a>, <i>footnote</i>; great +commissary depot west of Mississippi, <a href="#page268">268</a>, +<i>footnote</i>; Bankhead becomes alarmed for safety of, <a href= +"#page287">287</a>, <a href="#page292">292</a>; virtual chaos in, +<a href="#page303">303</a>; Steele contracts for clothing in +northern, <a href="#page308">308</a></p> +<p>Thayer, John M: <a href="#page324">324</a> and +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Thayer, William Roscoe: work cited in <i>footnotes</i> on pages +<a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href="#page45">45</a>, <a href= +"#page96">96</a></p> +<p>Third Choctaw Regiment: <a href="#page321">321</a></p> +<p>Thomas, L: <a href="#page74">74</a>-75, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page100">100</a>, <a href="#page109">109</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Throckmorton, James W: <a href="#page335">335</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Thurston's House: <a href="#page54">54</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Timiny Barnet: <a href="#page62">62</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Tishomingo (Okla.): <a href="#page200">200</a></p> +<p>Toe-Lad-Ke: talk, <a href="#page67">67</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +signature, <a href="#page69">69</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Tonkawas: negotiations with Pike, <a href="#page182">182</a>; +about one-half of, butchered, <a href="#page184">184</a>; +surviving, flee to Fort Arbuckle, <a href="#page184">184</a> and +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Toombs, Robert: <a href="#page171">171</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page173">173</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Totten, James: <a href="#page197">197</a></p> +<p>Trans-Mississippi Department: <a href="#page128">128</a>, +<i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page149">149</a>, <a href= +"#page168">168</a>, <a href="#page186">186</a>, <a href= +"#page187">187</a>, <a href="#page192">192</a>, <a href= +"#page245">245</a>-246, <a href="#page269">269</a>, <a href= +"#page270">270</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page315">315</a>, +<a href="#page318">318</a>-319</p> +<p>Trans-Mississippi District of Department no. 2: <a href= +"#page14">14</a>, <a href="#page19">19</a>, <a href= +"#page20">20</a>, <a href="#page25">25</a>, <a href= +"#page127">127</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page128">128</a>, +<i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page190">190</a>, <a href= +"#page191">191</a></p> +<p>Treaties of Alliance: <a href="#page21">21</a>, <a href= +"#page23">23</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page173">173</a> +and <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Trench, E.B: <a href="#page215">215</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Turner, E.P: <a href="#page292">292</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Turner, John W: <a href="#page83">83</a> and <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Tus-te-nu-ke-ema-ela: <a href="#page108">108</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Tus-te-nuk-ke: <a href="#page108">108</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<br /> +<p>Upper Creeks: <a href="#page62">62</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Usher, John P: <a href="#page231">231</a>, <a href= +"#page239">239</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<br /> +<p>Van Buren (Ark.): <a href="#page162">162</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page177">177</a></p> +<p>Van Dorn, Earl: <a href="#page14">14</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page20">20</a>, <a href="#page25">25</a>, <a href= +"#page26">26</a>, <a href="#page34">34</a>, <a href= +"#page35">35</a>, <a href="#page36">36</a>; appointment, <a href= +"#page19">19</a>; failure to credit Indians in report, <a href= +"#page31">31</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page148">148</a>; +orders Indians to harass enemy on border of own country, <a href= +"#page35">35</a>-36, <a href="#page110">110</a>; telegraphic +request to Davis, <a href="#page127">127</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page186">186</a>; diverts and appropriates Pike's +supplies, <a href="#page147">147</a>-148 and <i>footnote</i>; hopes +Price will be successor, <a href="#page185">185</a></p> +<p>Vann's Ford: <a href="#page144">144</a></p> +<p>Vaughan, Champion: <a href="#page305">305</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Vaughn, Richard C: <a href="#page218">218</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Verdigris River: <a href="#page76">76</a>, <a href= +"#page79">79</a>, <a href="#page80">80</a>, <a href= +"#page85">85</a>, <a href="#page142">142</a>, <a href= +"#page144">144</a>, <a href="#page145">145</a>, <a href= +"#page210">210</a>-211, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page273">273</a>, <i>footnote</i>; tributary of Arkansas, +<a href="#page22">22</a></p> +<p>Verdigris Valley: <a href="#page79">79</a>, <a href= +"#page85">85</a></p> +<p>Vernon County (Mo.): <a href="#page304">304</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Vicksburg (Miss.): <a href="#page188">188</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page259">259</a>, <a href="#page260">260</a>, <a href= +"#page283">283</a>, <a href="#page301">301</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Villard, Henry: work cited, <a href="#page45">45</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Villard, Oswald Garrison: work cited, <a href= +"#page226">226</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Vore, Israel G: <a href="#page302">302</a> and +<i>footnote</i></p> +<br /> +<p>Wakoes (Wacoes): <a href="#page66">66</a>, <i>footnote</i>; sent +out as runners, <a href="#page274">274</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page402" id="page402"></a>[pg +402]</span> +<p>Walker, L.P: <a href="#page172">172</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Walnut Creek (Kans.): <a href="#page79">79</a>, <a href= +"#page85">85</a>, <a href="#page152">152</a>, <a href= +"#page205">205</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Walnut Grove: <a href="#page35">35</a></p> +<p>Walworth, E: <a href="#page329">329</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>War Department (Confederate): <a href="#page127">127</a>, +<a href="#page172">172</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page186">186</a>, <a href="#page318">318</a></p> +<p>War Department (Federal): 60 and <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page73">73</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page76">76</a>, +<a href="#page99">99</a>, <a href="#page100">100</a></p> +<p>Warren (Tex.): <a href="#page190">190</a></p> +<p>Warrensburg (Mo.): <a href="#page58">58</a></p> +<p>Washington (George): <a href="#page65">65</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Washington Territory: <a href="#page232">232</a></p> +<p>Wattles, Augustus: <a href="#page46">46</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page54">54</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page57">57</a>, <a href="#page225">225</a>-228</p> +<p>Wattles, Stephen H: <a href="#page131">131</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page333">333</a> and <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Weas: <a href="#page77">77</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Webber's Falls (Okla.): <a href="#page216">216</a>, <a href= +"#page255">255</a>, <a href="#page260">260</a>, <a href= +"#page271">271</a>, <a href="#page276">276</a>, <a href= +"#page287">287</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Weed, Thurlow: work cited, <a href="#page60">60</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Weer, William: <a href="#page117">117</a> and <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page119">119</a>, <a href="#page120">120</a>, <a href= +"#page121">121</a>, <a href="#page130">130</a>, <a href= +"#page133">133</a>; ideas on Indian relations with U.S. government, +<a href="#page133">133</a>, <i>footnote</i>; communication with +Ross, <a href="#page134">134</a>; proposes Cherokee Nation abolish +slavery by vote, <a href="#page134">134</a>, <i>footnote</i>; sends +out two detachments to reconnoitre, <a href="#page136">136</a>; +joins Campbell at Fort Gibson, <a href="#page136">136</a>-137; +faults and failures, <a href="#page139">139</a>, <a href= +"#page140">140</a>-142; arrested by Salomon, <a href= +"#page139">139</a>; Ritchie's men run amuck and attack their +comrades in brigade of, <a href="#page197">197</a></p> +<p>Welch, O.G: <a href="#page29">29</a></p> +<p>Wells, J.W: <a href="#page267">267</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>West, The: indifference towards, <a href="#page43">43</a>; +character of war in, <a href="#page44">44</a>; character of +leaders, <a href="#page45">45</a>; criticism of Confederate +management of Indian affairs in, <a href="#page149">149</a>-150; +establishment of Indian superintendency left unsettled by +Provisional Government, 174-175; Price submits plan of operations +for, <a href="#page186">186</a>, <i>footnote</i>; circumstances and +conditions concerning migrations of eastern tribes, <a href= +"#page227">227</a>; project for concentrating tribes in Indian +Territory, <a href="#page230">230</a>, <i>footnote</i>; keep too +many men needlessly in, <a href="#page259">259</a>; desertions, +<a href="#page292">292</a> and <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Western Military District: <a href="#page43">43</a>, <a href= +"#page47">47</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>West's Battery: <a href="#page267">267</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Whistler, W: <a href="#page69">69</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>White, George E: <a href="#page157">157</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>White Auxiliary (Confederate): urged by Pike, <a href= +"#page24">24</a> and <i>footnote</i>; ordered to Little Rock, +<a href="#page129">129</a>, <a href="#page147">147</a>; Kirby Smith +thinks possible to separate from Indian troops, <a href= +"#page310">310</a></p> +<p>White Auxiliary (Federal): Dole's recommendation regarding, +<a href="#page99">99</a>; Stanton's instructions regarding, +<a href="#page100">100</a>; not heard from, <a href= +"#page102">102</a>; orders for, <a href="#page109">109</a> and +<i>footnote</i>; Indians ask for evidence of existence, <a href= +"#page118">118</a>; composition, <a href="#page118">118</a>; +comparison with Indians, <a href="#page123">123</a> and +<i>footnote</i>; brigaded with Indian Home Guards, <a href= +"#page125">125</a>; retrograde movement, <a href= +"#page143">143</a>, <a href="#page203">203</a>; Blunt orders +Salomon to send to support of Indian Brigade, <a href= +"#page192">192</a>-193, <a href="#page203">203</a></p> +<p>White Chief: <a href="#page68">68</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>White Cloud: <a href="#page77">77</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>White Hair: <a href="#page207">207</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page238">238</a>, <i>footnote</i>; principal chief of +Osages, <a href="#page240">240</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Whitney, H.C: <a href="#page50">50</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page52">52</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page54">54</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Wichita Agency: <a href="#page64">64</a>, <i>footnote</i>; +tragedy, <a href="#page183">183</a>-184; Belmont, temporary, +<a href="#page274">274</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Wichita Mountains: <a href="#page153">153</a></p> +<p>Wigfall, Louis T: <a href="#page264">264</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page277">277</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Wilder, A. Carter: <a href="#page230">230</a>, <i>footnote</i>, +<a href="#page322">322</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Wilder, D.W: <a href="#page58">58</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href= +"#page305">305</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Willamette River: <a href="#page232">232</a></p> +<p>Williams, James M: <a href="#page284">284</a>, <a href= +"#page285">285</a></p> +<p>Williams, the: <a href="#page327">327</a></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="page403" id="page403"></a>[pg +403]</span> +<p>Williamson, George: <a href="#page327">327</a></p> +<p>Wilson, Hill P: work cited, <a href="#page226">226</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Wilson's Creek (Mo.): battle of, <a href="#page34">34</a>, +<i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page49">49</a></p> +<p>Wolcott, Edward: <a href="#page83">83</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Wolf Creek (Ark.): <a href="#page135">135</a>, <a href= +"#page136">136</a>, <a href="#page145">145</a>, <a href= +"#page164">164</a></p> +<p>Wood, W.D: <a href="#page218">218</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Woodburn, James Albert: work cited, <a href="#page57">57</a>, +<i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page60">60</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Woodruff's Battery: <a href="#page147">147</a>, <a href= +"#page150">150</a>, <a href="#page154">154</a></p> +<p>Wright, Marcus J: work cited, <a href="#page19">19</a>, +<i>footnote</i>, <a href="#page187">187</a>, <i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Wyandot City (Kans.): <a href="#page204">204</a>, +<i>footnote</i></p> +<p>Wyandots: robbed by secessionist Indians, <a href= +"#page206">206</a> and <i>footnote</i>; escape into Kansas, +<a href="#page206">206</a>; want to render military service, +<a href="#page206">206</a>, <i>footnote</i>; Dole's abortive treaty +with, <a href="#page236">236</a>-237, <i>footnote</i></p> + +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 12541 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/12541-h/images/004.png b/12541-h/images/004.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b0f0db7 --- /dev/null +++ b/12541-h/images/004.png diff --git a/12541-h/images/039.png b/12541-h/images/039.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a555b41 --- /dev/null +++ b/12541-h/images/039.png diff --git a/12541-h/images/093.jpg b/12541-h/images/093.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..bd3c81c --- /dev/null +++ b/12541-h/images/093.jpg diff --git a/12541-h/images/245.png b/12541-h/images/245.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6a21e5b --- /dev/null +++ b/12541-h/images/245.png diff --git a/12541-h/images/315.png b/12541-h/images/315.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2d28218 --- /dev/null +++ b/12541-h/images/315.png |
